---
dataset: boom
task_categories:
- time-series-forecasting
modalities:
- time-series
size_categories:
- 100M<n<1B
pretty_name: BOOM
dataset_creators:
- Datadog
paperswithcode_id: boom-benchmark
tags:
- time-series
- forecasting
- observability
- foundation models
- boom
license: apache-2.0
viewer: false
---

# Dataset Card for BOOM (Benchmark of Observability Metrics)

## Dataset Summary

**BOOM** (**B**enchmark **o**f **O**bservability **M**etrics) is a large-scale, real-world time series dataset designed for evaluating models on forecasting tasks in complex observability environments.
Composed of real-world metrics data collected from Datadog, a leading observability platform, the benchmark captures the irregularity, structural complexity, and heavy-tailed statistics typical of production observability data. Unlike synthetic or curated benchmarks, BOOM reflects the full diversity and unpredictability of operational signals observed in distributed systems, covering infrastructure, networking, databases, security, and application-level metrics.

Note: the metrics comprising BOOM were generated from internal monitoring of pre-production environments, and **do not** include any customer data. 

![Dataset](intro_figure_boom.png)
*<center>Figure 1: (a) Boom is comprised of observability time series data with distinct semantic categories corresponding to various temporal patterns; percentages indicate proportion of each category in Boom.
   (b) 2D PCA projections of statistical features from [GiftEval](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Salesforce/GiftEval) and Boom highlight a clear distinction in the underlying time series characteristics of these two benchmarks.
   (c) Boom is comprised of data from various system domains. </center>*


Boom consists of approximately 350 million time-series points across 32,887 variates. The dataset is split into 2,807 individual time series with one or multiple variates. Each represents a metric query extracted from user-generated dashboards, notebooks, and monitors.
These series vary widely in sampling frequency, temporal length, and number of variates. Looking beyond the basic characteristics of the series, we highlight a few of the typical challenging properties of observability time series (several of which are illustrated in Figure 1):

- Zero-inflation: Many metrics track infrequent events (e.g., system errors), resulting in sparse series dominated by zeros with rare, informative spikes.

- Highly dynamic patterns: Some series fluctuate rapidly, exhibiting frequent sharp transitions that are difficult to model and forecast.

- Complex seasonal structure: Series are often modulated by carrier signals exhibiting non-standard seasonal patterns that differ from conventional cyclic behavior.

- Trends and abrupt shifts: Metrics may feature long-term trends and sudden structural breaks, which, when combined with other properties, increase forecasting difficulty.

- Stochasticity: Some metrics appear pseudo-random or highly irregular, with minimal discernible temporal structure.

- Heavy-tailed and skewed distributions: Outliers due to past incidents or performance anomalies introduce significant skew.

- High cardinality: Observability data is often segmented by tags such as service, region, or instance, producing large families of multivariate series with high dimensionality but limited history per variate.

## Evaluating Models on BOOM

We provide code with example evaluations of existing models; see the [code repository](https://github.com/DataDog/toto).

## Dataset Structure

Each entry in the dataset consists of:

- A multivariate or univariate time series (one metric query with up to 100 variates)
- Metadata including sampling start time, frequency, series length and variates number. Figure 2 shows the metadata decomposition of the dataset by number of series.
- Taxonomy labels for dataset stratification:
  - **Metric Type** (e.g., count, rate, gauge, histogram)
  - **Domain** (e.g., infrastructure, networking, security)
  - **Semantic Class** (e.g., skewed, seasonal, flat)

![Metadata](metadata.png)
*<center>Figure 2: Representative figure showing the metadata breakdown by variate in the dataset: (left) sampling frequency distribution, (middle) series length distribution, and (right) number of variates distribution.</center>*

## Collection and Sources

The data is sourced from an internal Datadog deployment monitoring pre-production systems and was collected using a standardized query API. The data undewent a basic preprocessing pipeline to remove constant or empty series, and to impute missing values.

## Comparison with Other Benchmarks

The BOOM Benchmark diverges significantly from traditional time series datasets, including those in the [GiftEval](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Salesforce/GiftEval) suite, when analyzed using 6 standard and custom diagnostic features computed on normalized series. These features capture key temporal and distributional characteristics:
 - Spectral entropy (unpredictability),
 - Skewness and kurtosis (distribution shape),
 - Autocorrelation coefficients (temporal structure),
 - Unit root tests and transience scores (stationarity and burstiness).


![Metadata](density_plots.png)
*<center>Distributional comparison of 6 statistical features computed on normalized time series from the BOOM, GIFT-Eval, and LSF benchmark datasets. The broader and shifted distributions in the BOOM series reflect the increased diversity, irregularity, and nonstationarity characteristic of observability data.</center>*


BOOM series exhibit substantially higher spectral entropy, indicating greater irregularity in temporal dynamics. Distributions show heavier tails and more frequent structural breaks, as reflected by shifts in skewness and stationarity metrics. A wider range of transience scores highlights the presence of both persistent and highly volatile patterns—common in operational observability data but largely absent from curated academic datasets.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) applied to the full feature set (Figure 1) reveals a clear separation between BOOM and [GiftEval](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Salesforce/GiftEval) datasets. BOOM occupies a broader and more dispersed region of the feature space, reflecting greater diversity in signal complexity and temporal structure. This separation reinforces the benchmark’s relevance for evaluating models under realistic, deployment-aligned conditions.

## Links:
  - Paper (To add)
  - [Codebase](https://github.com/DataDog/toto)
  - [Toto model (Datadog's open-weights model with state-of-the-art performance on BOOM)](https://huggingface.co/Datadog/Toto-Open-Base-1.0)

## Citation

```bibtex
TODO
```