[30000, "Marshall County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. Census 2020 recorded the population at 46,095. The county seat (and only city) is Plymouth.<PIC> The Indiana State Legislature passed an omnibus county bill on 7 February 1835 that authorized the creation of thirteen counties in northeast Indiana, including Marshall. It was named for U.S. Chief Justice John Marshall, who died in 1835. The government of the county was organized in 1836, during the early years of settlement and before the forced removal of the Potawatomi people in 1838. The first settlers had arrived in the county in 1835; they arrived as a result of the end of the Black Hawk War as well as the completion of the Erie Canal. They consisted primarily of settlers from New England, \"Yankees\" descended from the English Puritans who settled New England in the colonial era. They were mainly members of the Congregational Church, although due to the Second Great Awakening many of them had converted to Methodism and some had become Baptists before migrating to the new area. As a result of this heritage, some place names in Marshall County are named after places in New England, such as Plymouth, which is named after Plymouth, Massachusetts, the site where the Mayflower landed in 1620. The low, rolling hills of Marshall County are completely devoted to agriculture where possible (significant drainages are wooded). The highest points on the terrain are three approximately equal swells (900'/274 meters ASL) along the south border line with Fulton County, 1.4 mile (2.2\u00a0km) NW of Richland Center.\nMarshall County contains three significant bodies of water: Lake of the Woods (NE portion); Lake Maxinkuckee (SW portion); and part of Koontz Lake (NW portion). The Yellow River flows through northern, central, and western portions of Marshall County, past Plymouth; the Tippecanoe River flows southwesterly through the SE part of the county.\nAccording to the 2010 census, Marshall County has a total area of 449.74 square miles (1,164.8\u00a0km\u00b2), of which 443.63 square miles (1,149.0\u00a0km\u00b2) (or 98.64%) is land and 6.11 square miles (15.8\u00a0km\u00b2) (or 1.36%) is water. St. Joseph County - north\nElkhart County - northeast\nKosciusko County - east\nFulton County - south\nPulaski County - southwest\nStarke County - west/CST Border Menominee Wetland Conservation Area (W of Plymouth)\nPotawatomi Wildlife Park (on W bank of Tippecanoe River in SE county) US\u00a06\n US\u00a030\n US\u00a031\n SR\u00a08\n SR\u00a010\n SR\u00a017\n SR\u00a025\n SR\u00a0106\n SR\u00a0110\n SR\u00a0117\n SR\u00a0331  Argos\nBourbon\nBremen\nCulver\nLapaz\nPlymouth (city) Koontz Lake (partial) Burr Oak\nDonaldson\nHarris\nHibbard\nInwood (called \"Pearson\" 1854\u20131856)\nMaxinkuckee\nOld Tip Town\nTeegarden\nTippecanoe\nTyner\nWalnut Bourbon\nCenter\nGerman\nGreen\nNorth\nPolk\nTippecanoe\nUnion\nWalnut\nWest In recent years, average temperatures in Plymouth have ranged from a low of 16\u00a0\u00b0F (\u22129\u00a0\u00b0C) in January to a high of 86\u00a0\u00b0F (30\u00a0\u00b0C) in July, although a record low of \u221225\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221232\u00a0\u00b0C) was recorded in January 1985 and a record high of 109\u00a0\u00b0F (43\u00a0\u00b0C) was recorded in July 1936.  Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.86 inches (47\u00a0mm) in February to 4.48 inches (114\u00a0mm) in June. The county government is a constitutional body, and is granted specific powers by the Constitution of Indiana, and by the Indiana Code.\nCounty council: The legislative branch of the county government; controls spending and revenue collection in the county. Representatives are elected to four-year terms from county districts. They set salaries, the annual budget, and special spending. The council has limited authority to impose local taxes, in the form of an income and property tax that is subject to state level approval, excise taxes, and service taxes.\nBoard of commissioners: The executive body of the county; commissioners are elected county-wide, to staggered four-year terms. One commissioner serves as president. The commissioners execute acts legislated by the council, collect revenue, and manage the functions of the county government.\nCurrent commissioners:\nStan Klotz, Mike Burroughs, Kevin Overmyer (as of July 2020)\nCourt: The county maintains a small claims court that handles civil cases. The judge on the court is elected to a term of four years and must be a member of the Indiana Bar Association. The judge is assisted by a constable who is also elected to a four-year term. In some cases, court decisions can be appealed to the state level circuit court.\nCounty Officials: The county has other elected offices, including sheriff, coroner, auditor, treasurer, recorder, surveyor, and circuit court clerk. Officials are elected to four-year terms. Members elected to county government positions are required to declare party affiliations and to be residents of the county.\nMarshall County is part of Indiana's 2nd congressional district and is currently represented by Jackie Walorski in the United States Congress. It is also part of Indiana Senate districts 5 and 9 and Indiana House of Representatives districts 17 and 23. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 47,051 people, 17,406 households, and 12,516 families in the county. The population density was 106.1 inhabitants per square mile (41.0/km\u00b2). There were 19,845 housing units at an average density of 44.7 per square mile (17.3/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the county was 93.5% white, 0.5% black or African American, 0.5% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 3.8% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 8.4% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 35.4% were German, 11.2% were Irish, 9.4% were American, and 8.5% were English.\nOf the 17,406\u00a0households, 35.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.2% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 28.1% were non-families, and 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.15. The median age was 38.4 years.\nThe median income for a household in the county was $47,697 and the median income for a family was $58,017. Males had a median income of $43,732 versus $30,033 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,493. About 8.7% of families and 12.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.1% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.", ["w_s15"]]
[30001, "Geoffroy de Lagasnerie (born in 1981), is a French far-left philosopher and sociologist.\nHe is the author of several books, articles and lectures pertaining to social and political philosophy, epistemology and critical theory, and the sociology of culture and intellectual life; with a particular interest in the work of Pierre Bourdieu and Michel Foucault.<PIC>  Lagasnerie studied at \u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure de Cachan, where he received the agr\u00e9gation in economic and social sciences. He later on received his PhD in Sociology from the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences. After teaching at the Sorbonne and Sciences Po universities, Lagasnerie took up a position as a professor of philosophy and human sciences at the \u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d'Arts in Cergy.\nHe is the director of the \u00e0 venir collection published by Fayard. His work largely pertains to social and political philosophy, epistemology and critical theory, as well as the sociology of cultural and intellectual life. Additionally, Lagasnerie has been highly critical of the higher education system in France.\nIn 2015 he published The Art of the Revolt: Snowden, Assange, Manning. The book focused on the role of whistleblowers, particularly Edward Snowden, Julian Assange, and Chelsea Manning, in maintaining and strengthening democracy. The French weekly journal Les Inrocks named Lagasnerie as one of the most influential thinkers in contemporary French culture, and included the book in its list of the most influential essays of 2015.The Art of the Revolt was translated into English in 2017.\nIn September 2015, Lagasnerie published a Manifesto for an Intellectual and Political Counteroffensive alongside writer Edouard Louis. Featured on the front page of Le Monde, and later reprinted in English by the Los Angeles Review of Books, the letter denounced the legitimization of right-wing agendas in public discourse and offered terms for leftist intellectual reengagement in public debate.\nIn February 2016, Lagasnerie published an article in openDemocracy titled\u00a0: \"Beyond Powerlessness\" which calls for the creation of new political practices.\nIn 2016, Lagasnerie published Juger. The book is a reflection on the criminal justice system, power and violence. It also includes reflections on the methodology of sociology: in the last chapter, Lagasnerie argues that ethnography is an inherently \"conservative\" framework for understanding society. The French weekly journal Les Inrocks included the book in its list of the top events of 2016. Its academic reception was much more mixed, and the book received strong criticism. \nHe is described by Achille Mbembe as \"one of the most talented of the new wave of French theory.\"\nHe is described by France Inter, a major French public radio channel, as one of the most important intellectuals in France today.\nHe is committed in the antiracist movement and the fight against police brutality in France as part of Comit\u00e9 Adama (after the name of a victim of police brutality). De Lagasnerie co-wrote a book with Assa Traor\u00e9 on the fight against state violence and police brutality.\nIn his book La Conscience Politique, he  argues for a more realist political theory, one that fully acknowledges that state violence is the one thing in one's life that one can never escape.  Foucault Against Neoliberalism?, Rowman and Littlefield,  2020\nJudge and Punish. The Penal State on Trial. (Trans. Lara Vergnaud). Stanford University Press, 2018.\nThe Art of Revolt. Snowden, Assange, Manning. Stanford University Press, 2017. L'empire de l'universit\u00e9. Sur Bourdieu, les intellectuels et le journalisme, Amsterdam, 2007.\nSur la science des \u0153uvres. Questions \u00e0 Pierre Bourdieu (et \u00e0 quelques autres), Cartouche, 2011.\nLogique de la cr\u00e9ation. Sur l'Universit\u00e9, la vie intellectuelle et les conditions de l'innovation, Fayard, 2011.\nLa derni\u00e8re le\u00e7on de Michel Foucault. Sur le n\u00e9olib\u00e9ralisme, la th\u00e9orie et la politique, Fayard, 2012.\nQue signifie penser, in Fran\u00e7ois Caillat (dir.), Foucault contre lui-m\u00eame, PUF, 2014.\nL'Art de la r\u00e9volte. Snowden, Assange, Manning, Fayard, 2015.\nJuger. L\u2019Etat p\u00e9nal face \u00e0 la sociologie, Fayard, 2016.\n\"Penser dans un monde mauvais\", PUF, 2017.\nLe Combat Adama, with Assa Traor\u00e9, Stock 2019\nLa conscience politique, Fayard, 2019\nSortir de notre impuissance politique, Fayard, 2020 Exister socialement. Sur la sociologie et les th\u00e9ories de la reconnaissance, in Pierre Bourdieu, l'insoumission en h\u00e9ritage. with \u00c9douard Louis (dir.) Didier Eribon, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Lordon, Arlette Farge and Annie Ernaux. PUF, 2013.\nQue signifie Penser?  in Foucault contre lui-m\u00eame, by Fran\u00e7ois Caillat (dir.), Leo Bersani, Arlette Farge, George Didi-Huberman, PUF, 2014. Translation Foucault Against Himself, Arsenal Pulp Press, 2015. L'inconscient sociologique, Les Temps Modernes, 3/2009, n\u1d52\u00a0654, p.\u00a099-108, lire en ligne. \"Penser enfin le contemporain\u00a0: Geoffroy de Lagasnerie | Le Magazine Litt\u00e9raire\". www.magazine-litteraire.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-26.\nMinkmar, Nils (2015-11-19). \"Essay Theater der Sicherheit\". Der Spiegel. Vol.\u00a048. Retrieved 2016-03-26.\n\"Arr\u00eat\u00e9 du 7 avril 2003 portant nomination d'\u00e9l\u00e8ves \u00e0 l'\u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure de Cachan\". Legifrance. 7 April 2003. Retrieved 9 August 2015.\n\"Lettre n\u00b054 de l'ehess\" (in French). \u00c9cole des hautes \u00e9tudes en sciences sociales. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2015.\n\"GEOFFROY LAGASNERIE\". le site de l'\u00c9cole nationale sup\u00e9rieure d'arts de Cergy-Pontoise. Retrieved 13 July 2015.\nCassiano Elek Machado (15 June 2013). \"Foucault viu neoliberalismo como o novo', diz escritor Geoffroy de Lagasnerie\". le site du quotidien Folha de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 13 July 2014.\nJean-Marie Durand (24 January 2015). \"Assange, Manning et Snowden, un nouveau rapport \u00e0 la politique\". le site du magazine Les Inrockuptibles. Retrieved 13 July 2014.\nMichel Abescat et Olivier Tesquet (5 March 2015). \"Les \"lanceurs d'alerte\" inventent-ils une nouvelle forme de d\u00e9mocratie\u00a0?\". le site du magazine T\u00e9l\u00e9rama. Retrieved 13 July 2015.\n\"France culture: Laure Adler s'entretient avec Geoffroy de Lagasnerie, philosophe\". le site de France Culture. 4 May 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.\nJean Birnbaum (13 January 2011). \"\"Logique de la cr\u00e9ation\", de Geoffroy de Lagasnerie\u00a0: la fabrique des d\u00e9bats intellectuels\". le site du quotidien Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 13 July 2015.\n\"L'anonymat r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e8re l'id\u00e9e d\u00e9mocratique. Intervention \u00e0 Ce soir ou jamais\" (vid\u00e9o). le site web d\u2019h\u00e9bergement de vid\u00e9os YouTube. 27 February 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.\n\"Entretien avec Geoffroy de Lagasnerie sur l'universit\u00e9\". le site hors-s\u00e9rie d\u00e9di\u00e9 aux entretiens film\u00e9s avec des personnalit\u00e9s artistiques ou intellectuelles. 24 January 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.\n\"Les Inrocks - Les 10 essais les plus marquants de 2015\". Les Inrocks. Retrieved 2016-01-07.\n\"The hundred who reinvent the culture\". Les Inrocks. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.\n\"The Art of Revolt: Snowden, Assange, Manning | Geoffroy de Lagasnerie\".\n\"Manifeste pour une contre-offensive intellectuelle et politique | Blog | Le Club de Mediapart\". Club de Mediapart (in French). Retrieved 2016-01-07.\n\"Intellectuels de gauche, r\u00e9engagez-vous!\". Le Monde.fr (in French). ISSN\u00a01950-6244. Retrieved 2016-01-07.\n\"Manifesto for an Intellectual and Political Counteroffensive\". The Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 2016-01-07.\n\"Beyond powerlessness\". openDemocracy. Retrieved 2016-02-19.\n\"Juger. L'Etat p\u00e9nal face \u00e0 la sociologie\". Le site de Geoffroy de Lagasnerie (in French). December 2015. Retrieved 2016-04-01.\n\"Les Inrocks - Les \u00e9v\u00e9nements livres attendus en 2016\". Les Inrocks. Retrieved 2016-03-26.\nR\u00e9daction. \"Le tribunal des flagrants d\u00e9lires \u00ab\u00a0sociologiques\u00a0\u00bb\". Zilsel (in French). Retrieved 2021-12-23.\n\"1968 volume 4\u00a0: Geoffroy de Lagasnerie\".\n\"\u00ab\u00a0La venue de d\u00e9put\u00e9s Nupes \u00e0 la marche Adama prouverait que la gauche n'est pas coup\u00e9e des luttes\u00a0\u00bb\". L'Obs (in French). 2022-06-29. Retrieved 2022-07-07.\n\"Le Combat Adama\". tribunemag.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-08-09.\nBooks, Five. \"The Best State & Violence Books | Five Books Expert Recommendations\". Five Books. Retrieved 2020-08-09.\nEarle, William James (2020). \"A Critical Study of Geoffroy de Lagasnerie's La conscience politique\". The Philosophical Forum. 51 (3): 199\u2013219. doi:10.1111/phil.12259. ISSN\u00a01467-9191. S2CID\u00a0225410183.", ["w_s18"]]
[30002, "The Florida Heartland is a region of Florida located to the north and west of Lake Okeechobee, composed of six inland, non-metropolitan counties\u2014DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Highlands, and Okeechobee. In 2000, The US Census Bureau recorded the population of the region at 229,509. In 2010, The US Census Bureau recorded the population of the region at 253,399, a growth rate of 11.0%. The most populous county in the region is Highlands County, and the region's largest cities are Avon Park and Sebring, both with slightly more than 10,000 people. Unlike the coastal areas to the east and west, the rural nature of the Florida Heartland is culturally closer to the Deep South than the rest of South Florida and has traditionally been inhabited by Americans of predominantly English ancestry.  While located in Palm Beach County, the nearby rural cities of Belle Glade and Pahokee, located on the southeastern shore of Lake Okeechobee, are more associated with the Florida Heartland than the remainder of South Florida.<PIC> The region is primarily rural in nature, with the primary economic driver being agriculture.  Important products grown in this area include tomatoes, beef, sugarcane, cucumbers and citrus products including oranges.\nIn Hardee county, phosphate mining is also a substantial industry, particularly along the Peace River basin. As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 229,209 people living in the Florida Heartland.\nThe racial makeup of the region was:\n65.6% White (150,302)\n22.2% Hispanic (50,817)\n9.8% Black (22,510)\n1.2% Other/Pacific Islander (2,687)\n0.7% Asian (1,701)\n0.5% Native American (1,192) Each county in the region has its own county government.  Within each county, there are also self-governing cities and towns.  The majority of land in each county is controlled directly by the county government.  It is common for incorporated municipalities to contract county services in order to save costs and avoid redundancy. Each of the six counties has its own school board, with four of the county school systems consisting of one high school, one alternative school and no more than two middle schools. Highlands County has three high schools while Hendry County has two.\nThe six school districts are all members of the Heartland Educational Consortium, located in Lake Placid, Florida.  The Consortium is one of three educational consortia in the state, created by state legislature to provide support to small and rural school districts.\nSouth Florida State College, the largest post-secondary institution based within Florida's Heartland, is located in Avon Park and has campuses in Lake Placid, Bowling Green and Arcadia.\nOther community colleges that have campuses in the Florida Heartland include the Indian River State College's Dixon Hendry Campus in Okeechobee, and the Fort Myers-based Florida SouthWestern State College with its Hendry/Glades Center in LaBelle.  There are no interstate Highways in the Florida Heartland. The Florida's Turnpike passes through the northeastern corner of Okeechobee County, and includes the Fort Drum service plaza, but there are no exits along that segment. Interstate 75 briefly passes through extreme southwestern DeSoto County, but there are no exits in the county.\nU.S. Highways in the region:\nUS 17\nUS 27\nUS 441\nUS 98\nState Roads in the region include:\nState Road 17\nState Road 29\nState Road 64\nState Road 66\nState Road 70\nState Road 710\nState Road 78\nState Road 80 There is no scheduled airline service in the Florida Heartland. The following General Aviation airports operate in the region:\nArcadia Municipal Airport\nAvon Park Executive Airport\nAirglades Airport (Clewiston)\nLaBelle Municipal Airport\nOkeechobee County Airport\nSebring Regional Airport\nWauchula Municipal Airport There are no seaports, as there is neither a seacoast nor navigable rivers, but the Okeechobee Waterway is a navigable canal which crosses the region, connecting the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean through Lake Okeechobee.  There is a proposal underway for a potential \"Inland Port\" to be located in the Florida Heartland.  This inland port would be an extension of the Ports of West Palm Beach, Everglades and Miami which lack the current and available real estate to expand their facilities. There are three freight lines operating in the Florida Heartland, with approximately 190 miles of track: CSX Transportation,\nSeminole Gulf Railway, and South Central Florida Express.\nAmtrak service operates on CSX tracks, with stops in Sebring and Okeechobee. Tourism is an economic driver in the area, but far less so than most of the rest of the state. The lack of development and amenities results in fewer tourists visiting the area, and there are no oceanfront beaches to attract nearby residents.\nThe largest tourist attraction is the Sebring International Raceway, southeast of Sebring in Highlands County. There, the 12 Hours of Sebring, an American Le Mans Series race usually held in the second week of March, drew a \"paying crowd\" of more than 169,000 in 2006.  Many seasonal residents live in the area during the winter months only, as temperatures in south Florida stay very moderate during that time of year. Lake Okeechobee and Lake Istokpoga attract fishers to the area. Area code 863 is used throughout the region.  There are two daily newspapers published in the Heartland, the Okeechobee News (Okeechobee), and Highlands News-Sun (Sebring).\nOther daily newspapers that serve the Heartland include:\nThe Ledger (Lakeland)\nThe News-Press (Fort Myers)\nThe Miami Herald (Miami)\nThe Orlando Sentinel (Orlando)\nThe Palm Beach Post (West Palm Beach)\nTampa Bay Times (St. Petersburg)\nCharlotte Sun (Port Charlotte)\nThe DeSoto Sun Herald (Arcadia) There are no local television stations in the Florida Heartland. TV service originates in Fort Myers, Miami, Orlando, Tampa, and West Palm Beach. The following radio stations operate in the Heartland:\nWAFC Clewiston\nWLMX Okeechobee\nWAPQ-LP Avon Park\nWAUC Wauchula\nWBIY LaBelle\nWAVP Avon Park\nWFLJ Frostproof\nWCXS Arcadia\nWITS Sebring\nWQJS Clewiston\nWJCM Sebring\nWJFH Sebring\nWOKC Okeechobee\nWWLL Sebring\nWWOJ Avon Park\nWWRZ Fort Meade\nWWTK Avon Park\nWWWP-LP Arcadia (off air)\nWZSP Nocatee\nWSRQ-FM Zolfo Springs\nWRMI, a Miami-based shortwave radio station, broadcasts from facilities near Okeechobee.  The Okeechobee site was previously the longtime home of Family Radio's WYFR from 1977 to 2013.   Arcadia, DeSoto County\nAvon Park, Highlands County\nBowling Green, Hardee County\nClewiston, Hendry County\nLaBelle, Hendry County\nLake Placid, Highlands County\nMoore Haven, Glades County\nOkeechobee, Okeechobee County\nSebring, Highlands County\nWauchula, Hardee County\nZolfo Springs, Hardee County There are no United States Census Bureau-designated Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the Florida Heartland. However, the Census Bureau has identified five Micropolitan Statistical Areas:\nArcadia, Fla. Micropolitan Statistical Area (DeSoto County, Florida)\nClewiston, Fla. Micropolitan Statistical Area (Hendry County, Florida)\nOkeechobee, Fla. Micropolitan Statistical Area (Okeechobee County, Florida)\nSebring, Fla. Micropolitan Statistical Area (Highlands County, Florida)\nWauchula, Fla. Micropolitan Statistical Area (Hardee County, Florida)", ["w_s19"]]
[30003, "Jadranka Jovanovi\u0107 (Serbian Cyrillic: \u0408\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0408\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u045b; [j\u01cedra\u014bka j\u0254\u028b\u01ce\u02d0n\u0254\u028bit\u0255]) is a primadonna of Opera in the National Theatre in Belgrade, Serbia. She was born in Belgrade (born 8 January 1958), and she is one of the most popular artists in the classic music in her country with a respected international career. She has also been a member of the National Assembly of Serbia since 2016.<PIC> In her native-town she graduated-B.A. in theory of music and solo singing and M.A. in solo singing.\nShe debuted as Rosina in Rossini's \"Il Barbiere di Seviglia\" at the National Theater in Belgrade, where she interpreted all main mezzo-soprano roles.\nHer international career started at Teatro Alla Scala in Milan where she appeared in Carmen (Mercedes) and Andrea Ch\u00e9nier (Bersi), conducted by Claudio Abbado and Riccardo Chailly. At La Scala she also appeared in the leading role in the world premiere staging of Orfeo by Luigi Rossi.\nShe mostly performed in Italian theatres, opera houses and festivals: \nRoma (Teatro Argentino) and Milano (Teatro Carcano), she appeared with Jos\u00e9 Carreras in fantasy based on Carmen;\nFirenze (Teatro Comunale) The Gambler (Blanche) by Sergei Prokofiev, with Daniela Dessi, Dimiter Petkov and maestro Edoardo Mata.\nParma (Teatro Reggio), Falstaff (Mrs. Slender) by A.Salieri;\nThe Donizetti Festival in Bergamo \u2013 Il Diluvio Universale (Ada), and Fausta (Irella);\nPalermo (Teatro Massimo) Rigoletto (Maddalena);\nCagliari (Teatro Romano) La Forza del Destino (Preziosilla);\nCatania (Teatro Bellini) Il Capello di Paglia Firenza (La baronessa de Champigny) conducted by M.Arena and the Countess of Czardas (Silva);\nPesaro \u2013 The Rossini Festival: Mose in Egitto, conducted by D.Renzetti;\nTrieste (Teatro Verdi) The Countess Maritza by E.Kalman, The Little White horse by R.Benatchy, Hary Janos by Z.Kodally, Miss Juliette by A.Bibalo with Jose Cura.\nShe sang in various operas in other countries:\nBarcelona (Teatro Liceo) Adriana Lecouvreur (Principessa de Bouillon) with Mirella Freni and Pl\u00e1cido Domingo, and Roberto Devereux (Sara) conducted by Richard Bonynge;\nLissabon (Teatro Nacional de Sao Carlos) she sang Elena in Mephistopheles by A.Boito conducted by Daniel Nazareth, and Mass in c-minor by Mozart in Gulbenkian Foundation with maestro Claudio Schimone;\nRio de Janeiro (Teatro Municipal):\nCarmen (Carmen) with Pl\u00e1cido Domingo and Justino Dias; Requiem \u2013 G.Verdi, conducted by Anton Guadagno, Il Barbiere di Siviglia (Rosina) and Ariadne auf Naxos (Compositor) conducted by Eugene Kohn.\nS\u00e3o Paulo (Teatro Municipal) Carmen (Carmen) conducted by Isaac Karabtchevsky,\nTokyo (Bunka Kaikan)- Carmen (Carmen);\nAthens Festival (Irodion)- Carmen (Carmen)\nIn National theatre in Dublin, she sang Eboli in Don Carlo, and in Mexico City (Teatro de la Ciudad) Il Barbiere di Siviglia (Rosina).\nAt the Palm Beach Opera (USA) she interpreted main roles in LA: Cenerentola and L`Italiana in Algeri, also Eboli in Don Carlo with maestro Anton Guadagno.\nAmneris in opera Aida she sang in Austria in the festival Gars am Kamp, Opera Zagreb, and samer festival `Split-Peristil` in Croatia.\nAt Georges Enescu Festival in Bucharest (Romania) she was Abigaille (Nabucco), as well as in Festival in Split, end Festival in Skopje (Macedonia).\nIn Bulgaria National opera Sofia she sang Adalgisa (Norma),\nToronto \u2013 Glenn Gould Hall, Recital.\nJovanovi\u0107 sung leading role in the first performance of Carmen in the Middle -East, in Abu Dhabi. She also sang at The Royal Opera de Vallonie(Liege), L'Opera de Nice, L`Opera de Toulon, L`Opera de Bordeaux, Teatro Cervantes (Malaga), Teatro della Maestranza (Siviglia), Teatro Victoria Eugenia (San Sebastian), Teatro Vittorio Emanuele (Messina), Bedzih Smetana Hall (Prag), Opera Budapest, Opera Odessa (Ukraina), Salzburg (Mozarteum), Dubrovnik Samer Festival, Opera Ljubljana i Opera Maribor (Slovenia), Thesaloniki, Brno, Beijing...\nAt Figeras (Spain) she participated first world performance fragment of the opera \u00catre Dieu with libretto of Salvador Dal\u00ed.\nShe has performed two recitals at Kennedy Center (Washington, D.C) as well as a performance at Carnegie Hall (New York). Jovanovi\u0107 was given the twelfth position on the Serbian Progressive Party's Aleksandar Vu\u010di\u0107 \u2013 Serbia Is Winning electoral list in the 2016 Serbian parliamentary election. She is not herself a member of the party but ran as an aligned non-partisan candidate. The list won a landslide victory with 131 out of 250 parliamentary mandates, and Jovanovi\u0107 was sworn in as a legislator on 3 June 2016. During the 2016\u201320 assembly, she was a member of the parliamentary committee on the diaspora and Serbs in the region; a member of the culture and information committee; the leader of Serbia's delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Francophonie (where Serbia has observer status); and a member of the parliamentary friendship groups with Algeria, Azerbaijan, Australia, China, France, Germany, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Uganda, and the United States of America.\nShe received the twenty-third position on the Progressive Party's list in the 2020 election and was elected to a second term when the list won another landslide majority with 188 mandates. She continues to serve on the diaspora and culture committees and lead Serbia's delegation to the Francophonie. She is also now the leader of Serbia's friendship group with France and a member of the friendship groups with Australia, Azerbaijan, Brazil, China, Egypt, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Morocco, Qatar, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States of America. In 2021, she was awarded the Order of Kara\u0111or\u0111e's Star.", ["w_s20"]]
[30004, "The Killer Beez (Killa Bees) are a large street gang based in New Zealand, mainly based in the South Auckland area. They were founded in 2003, as a large rogue street gang in Otara, as a spin-off of the larger \"Tribesmen\" gang. The Killer Beez were formerly headed by Josh Masters, a well-known kickboxer, also a former vice-president of the Tribesmen MC.\nIn 2013, there were 138 members in prison, up from 96 in 2011. Most Killer Beez inmates housed in Mt Eden Corrections Facility are housed in the Delta Unit.  The Killer Beez emblem or \"patch\" consists of the words \"Killer Beez\" and \"AO MOJO\" that act as the surrounding rockers for their Skull Fingers Up emblem of a middle finger extended upright with a partially extended thumb. Evident in all of the gang's music videos, released on the YouTube account colourwayrecords, the gang predominantly wear black and yellow, the same colours used in their logo.<PIC> Killer Beez members are commonly referred to as Killer(s) or simply as KB by those closely associated with the gang.\nA common phrase within the gang's music, as well as being used in its logo, is the term AO, pronounced as separate letters, which is an acronym for the gang motto, All Out. Josh Masters (founder and overall Killer Beez leader)\nVila Lemanu (high-ranking chapter leader)\nRory O'Neill (member)\nChristopher Shadrock (member) The New Zealand Companies Office lists Colourway Records as registered from 19 February 2007 until 25 February 2014. The company was directly owned by the partner of Josh Masters, Natalie Patricia Eyles. The company address listed was a well known pad for The Killer Beez Gang.\nThe Killer Beez effectively controlled the record label Colourway Records. Colourway Records was among the assets seized by the New Zealand Police in the 2008 drug raids.\nColourway Records has released several titles, including \"Put Ya Colourz On\", which also feature Young Sid and Josh Masters. They also released an album in 2008, Skull Fingers Up. In May 2008, Josh Masters and 41 other members from both the Tribesman and The Killer Beez gangs were arrested in a police sting. In total 60 Killer Beez were arrested in an operation which involved 110,000 intercepted messages. Charges included supplying methamphetamine, conspiracy to supply methamphetamine and money laundering. Masters pleaded guilty and fought to have that overturned, but failed.\nIn June 2008, several Killer Beez members, including leader Vila Lemanu and member Christopher Shadrock, were convicted for killing Chinese businesswoman Joanne Wang, after they ran her over in a Manukau shopping mall carpark in front of her 8-year-old son.\nIn November 2008, Masters received a 'jailhouse beating' for an outburst in court, leading to complications in the trials of multiple associates.\nOn 15 May 2010, Killer Beez member Latu Kepu killed prison guard Jason Palmer with a single punch at medium-security Springhill Prison. The death has been a rumoured gang hit ordered by the Killer Beez.\nOn 3 August 2012, Masters was sentenced to 10 years and 5 months in prison for organising drug deals after police intercepted thousands of his coded phone conversations.\nIn September 2014, Killer Beez associate Hendrix Hauwai, 17, attacked Lucy Knight, punching her in the head after she tried to intervene in a failed bag-snatch outside a North Shore supermarket. In February 2014, Hauwai was sentenced to jail for 4 years and 9 months by North Shore District Court Judge Pippa Sinclair.\nIn October 2016, six guards were attacked with three being injured in a premeditated attack at Auckland Prison at Paremoremo. The attack occurred on 19 October 2016 after a group of inmates in C Block at Auckland Prison attacked guards with three suffering stab wounds to their heads, necks, hands and shoulders just before 2pm. It is widely thought by inmates at Paremoremo that the attack was planned and carried out by members of the Killer Beez gang.\nOn 4 November 2016, prominent Killer Bee, Rory William O'Neill, was fatally shot in Blockhouse Bay, two months after being released from prison. O'Neill was reported to have asked not to be released due to the Killers Beez ensuring his safety within the prison system.\nIn October 2017, members of the Killer Beez and the 36 (Three Six) gangs were involved in a shooting, where three males in Otara were shot in a drive-by shooting. Although the assailants were not identified, the victims of the shooting identified them as members of the gangs.\nOn April 26, 2019 Killer Beez head Josh Masters, a prominent gang member was shot by a member of the Tribesmen at a Harley Davidson dealership in Mount Wellington, Auckland. It was an extremely unusual event as both the Killer Beez and Tribesmen were very close gangs that were in a very strong alliance considering the Killer Beez was founded by the Tribesmen as a feeder gang for the Tribesmen.\nIn May 2022, conflicts between the Tribesmen and Killer Beez led to shootings in South Auckland. Seven shootings occurred in the suburbs of \u014ctara, Papatoetoe, Flat Bush, Papakura, Te Atat\u016b, Henderson and Mt Albert on the night of the 24th, with two more on the 25th.", ["w_s21"]]
[30005, "Chiyo Uno (\u5b87\u91ce \u5343\u4ee3, November 28, 1897\u2013June 10, 1996) was a Japanese author who wrote several notable works and was a known kimono designer. She had a significant influence on Japanese fashion, film and literature.<PIC> Uno was born in Iwakuni, Yamaguchi. Following an initial literary success and winning of a short story prize, Uno left her first husband and moved to Tokyo. Like many young Japanese of the 1920s, Uno was fascinated with American and European culture and dress and was one of the first women in Japan to bob her hair like a flapper. Beyond hairstyles, Uno also began to pursue the life of a free-spirited woman. She wanted to be a moga, or \"modern girl\", and not confined to just the role of supportive wife and mother. She became part of the Bohemian world of Tokyo, having liaisons with other writers, poets and painters. In 1933, Uno started publishing the serialised novel Confessions of Love (\u8272\u3056\u3093\u3052, Iro zange), which brought her much fame. The novel details an artist and his various love affairs, and a suicide attempt with his mistress. Uno not only had a romance with Seiji T\u014dg\u014d, the artist on whose biography the novel was based on, but she then turned their involvement into a best-selling story. She also wrote convincingly from the perspective of a man in Confessions of Love, which further added to her book's appeal.\nShortly after the success of Confessions of Love, Uno started a magazine called Sutairu (\u30b9\u30bf\u30a4\u30eb), or Style, which was the first of its kind in Japan to focus on foreign fashions. In terms of her own native fashion, Uno also proved talented at designing kimono. Sutairu took up much of her time through the following decades, yet she continued to write and to intrigue a faithful audience of Japanese women, who found a sense of liberation in Uno's prose. Even if Uno's readers remained within conventional boundaries themselves, they could escape briefly through her stories of lovers and entanglements. And despite her obvious femininity, from Confessions of Love throughout her literary career, Uno was able to write skillfully from both male and female voices. Uno also became successful as a kimono designer, and along with her assistant designer Tomiyo Hanazawa, Uno traveled to the United States to stage the first kimono fashion show in the United States in 1957. In later years, Uno's popularity was given formal status as she was recognized by the Emperor and assumed the honor of being one of Japan's oldest and most talented female writers. In 1983 she published the memoir I Will Go On Living (Ikite yuku watakushi), which was widely read and adapted for television. She stated that the essence of her life was to have not followed anyone else's rules and to have done as she pleased. Married often with varying success, Uno found it difficult to stick with just one man, and it was said that she would even move to a new house every time a major affair or marriage ended. 1957, Noma Literary Prize", ["w_s25"]]
[30007, "County Route\u00a041 (CR\u00a041) in Onondaga County, New York is a 6.20-mile (9.98\u00a0km) highway in the Finger Lakes towns of Skaneateles and Marcellus. The route is unsigned, like most of Onondaga County's routes, serving as a connector between the villages. The route begins at an intersection with U.S. Route\u00a020 (US\u00a020) in Skaneateles and heads northeast for most of its length. Route\u00a041 does not intersect with another state-maintained highway, but does follow the former alignment of two. The highway ends at an intersection with CR\u00a083 (South Street) and CR\u00a0150 (Platt Road).\nRoute\u00a041 was once part of a realignment of a 19th-century turnpike, the Seneca Turnpike. Being a newer alignment, the signs along the highway read \"New Seneca Turnpike\". The route, when the 1930 New York State Route renumbering occurred, was designated as part of New York State Route\u00a0175 (NY\u00a0175) from US\u00a020 to NY\u00a0174, which is now part of CR\u00a041. The highway then followed an older alignment of Route\u00a0174 southward, out of Marcellus. Route\u00a0175 was decommissioned and realigned several times along that alignment, and the Route\u00a0174 alignment came in the 1970s. By 1989, Route\u00a041 was assigned along its entire alignment.<PIC> CR\u00a041 begins at an intersection with US\u00a020 (East Genesee Street) in the village of Skaneateles. Route\u00a041 heads to the northeast through the densely populated community, passing homes and trees. The highway then intersects with the northern terminus of East Lake Street, the continuation of NY\u00a041. The county route, however, continues to the northeast, leaving the village portion of Skaneateles at an intersection with Highland Avenue, losing its Onondaga Street moniker. The highway, now known as the New Seneca Turnpike, parallels US\u00a020 in a less dense area of Skaneateles.\nThe highway continues, leaving Skaneateles for the town of Marcellus. After a while, the dense housing becomes farmland and fields, with the highway continuing towards downtown Marcellus. However, as the route progresses farther, this reverts itself, and houses follow along the highway once again. Route\u00a041 then intersects with Gully Road and the Old Seneca Turnpike, a realignment of itself. The real \"Old Seneca Turnpike\" is intersected farther north. After passing a large farm, Route\u00a041 intersects with the northern terminus of CR\u00a0259A (Richard Road).\nRoute\u00a041 passes to the south of a pond, making a swing to the north. The route then makes a swing to the east, and soon after a straight path to the northeast. The highway intersects with CR\u00a0211A (Lawrence Road), which heads eastward towards NY\u00a0174. After the county route, the population around Route\u00a041 quickly dips, and fields surround the highway. A local road, CR\u00a0202 (Murphy Road), starts to the west after a short distance. The northeast curving begins to straighten into a northward track, until intersecting with the southern terminus of CR\u00a0236 (Gypsy Road). A short distance after, Route\u00a041 intersects with CR\u00a0133, the old alignment of the Seneca Turnpike, and the two highways merge.\nThe county highway then follows the Old Seneca Turnpike along East Main Street, entering the village of Marcellus. Route\u00a041 then makes a turn to the south along an old alignment of NY\u00a0174.  The population becomes dense once again, as Route\u00a041 follows South Street towards its eastern terminus. Paralleling Marcellus County Park, the highway continues southward. Route\u00a041 finally terminates at an intersection with CR\u00a083 (South Street) and CR\u00a0150 (Platt Road). South Street continues towards an intersection with NY\u00a0174 and NY\u00a0175.  Route\u00a041 from US\u00a020 to South Street, is a realignment of the Seneca Turnpike, which was assigned in 1800. Originally chartered as Genesee Road, the Seneca Turnpike consisted of a highway from Canandaigua to Utica. The turnpike had a long track in Onondaga County, running along CR\u00a0133, NY\u00a0174, NY\u00a0175, NY\u00a0173, and NY\u00a092. The turnpike was realigned in 1806 onto CR\u00a041 instead of CR\u00a0133. After CR\u00a041, it continued along the same track. The Seneca Turnpike Corporation, which maintained the turnpike, closed its doors in 1852. As of 2008, County Routes 41 and 133 still retain the Seneca Turnpike moniker. In 1930, during a massive State Route renumbering, the Skaneateles\u00a0\u2013 South Street alignment of CR\u00a041 was assigned as NY\u00a0175. The rest was portioned as an alignment of NY\u00a0174. The NY\u00a0174 alignment remained intact for many years, while NY\u00a0175 went through several different alignments. NY\u00a0175 was truncated off the CR\u00a041 alignment by 1936, until being realigned back onto the highway in the 1960s. However, this time, the highway was maintained by the Onondaga County Department of Transportation. NY\u00a0175 was realigned by 1989 onto CR\u00a073 (the Lee Mulroy Highway) south of CR\u00a041. The alignment of CR\u00a041 in Marcellus was established as a county highway in the 1970s and 1980s, when NY\u00a0174 was realigned onto a different highway. The entire route is in Onondaga County.", ["w_s29"]]
[30008, "Kuniko Inoguchi (\u732a\u53e3 \u90a6\u5b50, Inoguchi Kuniko, born May 3, 1952) is a Japanese political scientist and politician. She served as Japan's first Minister of State for Gender Equality and Social Affairs from 2005 to 2006, and is currently a member of the House of Councillors representing Chiba Prefecture for the Liberal Democratic Party.<PIC> She received her Ph.D. in Political Science from Yale University in 1982. She also received an M.A. from Yale University in 1977 and a B.A. from Sophia University in 1975.\nShe taught first as Associate Professor, then Professor, in the Faculty of Law at Sophia University, Tokyo, from 1981 to 2002.  During this period, she was also a visiting fellow at Harvard University's Center for International Affairs under the Fulbright Program. She was selected in 1993 among 100 Global Leaders for Tomorrow by the World Economic Forum.\nShe was asked by the government to serve on a number of councils, including the Prime Minister's Defence Policy Review Council, the Prime Minister's Administrative Reform Council, and the Prime Minister's Gender Equity Council.  She was also a member of the Special Committee on the ITER Project.  She served as an executive member of both the Japan Association for International Relations and the Japan Association of Gaming and Simulation, among others.  In addition, she has served as a lecturer at civil service training institutions and a commentator on foreign policy and international affairs for newspapers and television. But it is known that her political slant is close to the Social Democratic Party, not to the Liberal Democratic Party, and she strongly opposed strengthening the Japan Self-Defense Forces at the Prime Minister's Administrative Reform Council.\nHer publications include War and Peace (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1989, in Japanese), which earned her the Yoshino Sakuzo Prize, An Emerging Post-Hegemonic System: Choices for Japan (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1987, in Japanese), Invitation to Political Science (co-authored, Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1989, in Japanese) and academic articles published in various journals. She served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, as Head of the Delegation of Japan to the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, Switzerland, from April 2002 to April 2004. She also served the challenging post of President to the Conference on Disarmament from 18 August to 31 December 2003, and her efforts during this tenure were highly commended by Member States. She also served as Western Group coordinator at the commencement of the 2004 session of the Conference on Disarmament.\nIn addition to her duties as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Conference on Disarmament, She was appointed Chairperson of the United Nations First Biennial Meeting of States on Small Arms and Light Weapons, held in New York in July 2003. In this capacity, she instigated numerous consultations with States, regional and international organizations, and non-governmental organizations in the lead-up to the Meeting.  As Chairperson, she led the Meeting to a successful conclusion with her unfailing drive and enthusiasm.  Furthermore, She served as co-chair of the Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, an intersessional body of the Meeting of the States Parties to the convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction in 2004.  She has also made invaluable contributions in her capacity as board member of the Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), and Member of the United Nations Secretary-General's Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, particularly in the field of disarmament and reconciliation. She is also an active member of the Club of Rome.\nDuring her term as Ambassador to the Conference on Disarmament, she participated in numerous television programs and documentaries. She also contributed articles to various newspapers and periodicals on a wide range of topics in order to further the causes of disarmament and world peace. Inokuchi was elected to the House of Representatives as a representative of the Tokyo proportional representation block in the September 2005 general election. She entered the Liberal Democratic Party candidate list at the urging of Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, and was one of the best-known of the many \"Koizumi Children\" that entered the Diet as a result of the 2005 election.\nIn a surprise move on 31 October 2005, she was appointed Minister of State for Gender Equality and Social Affairs, and was placed in charge of policies associated with equal opportunities and social justice including gender equality, youth affairs, and consumer protection. She advocated providing additional financial support to families with small children, promoting equal employment policies, and promoting a change in the traditional view that women are to take primary responsibility for child care and housekeeping.\nInoguchi declined to run in the 2009 general election after the LDP offered her a lower position on the proportional representation ballot. She returned to the Diet following the 2010 House of Councillors election, in which she won a seat as an LDP candidate representing Chiba Prefecture. She held her seat in the 2016 House of Councillors election. During the campaign, Junichi Ishii, a more senior member of the House representing Chiba, publicly called Inoguchi a liar when she said she was living in the city of Ichikawa, claiming that she spent most of her time over the past six years living in Bunkyo, Tokyo, outside the prefecture.\nAs of 2017, she serves as director of the House's Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defense and as a member of its Committee on Oversight of Administration, Special Committee on Okinawa and Northern Problems, and Board of Oversight and Review of Specially Designated Secrets. She is married and has two daughters. Her husband is Takashi Inoguchi, senior vice president of United Nations University.\nDuring and after the 2005 election, she drew media attention for her collection of brightly-colored outfits, particularly a puffy blue dress that she wore to the Cabinet confirmation ceremony in the Imperial Palace.", ["w_s33"]]
[30009, "The Battle of Almaraz was a battle of the Peninsular War which took place on 18\u201319 May 1812, in which the Anglo-Portuguese Army under Lord Hill destroyed a French pontoon bridge across the River Tagus, in Almaraz, Spain. The bridge was protected by two French garrisons at either end.\nThe action was swift-moving, deceptive, and daring. The decisive result produced a substantial improvement in the Allied position by keeping French forces separated ahead of the imminent Battle of Salamanca.<PIC> By late April 1812, the Duke of Wellington had successfully captured the strategic border fortresses of Badajoz and Ciudad Rodrigo, commanding the two major routes between Spain and Portugal. He now prepared to advance into Spain with the largest army he had commanded to date, which was strong enough to take on any French army. There were two French armies in Spain, however: Marmont's Army of Portugal, garrisoned near Salamanca, and Soult's Army of the South. The Tagus River separated the two armies.\nThe only bridges over the Tagus were at Toledo, Talavera, Arzobispo, Almaraz, and Alc\u00e1ntara. The Alc\u00e1ntara Bridge was destroyed by the Portuguese, under Col. Mayne, on 14 May 1809. The bridges at Toledo, Talavera, and Arzobispo were under French control but, according to Napier, the left bank of the Tagus at Talavera and Arzobispo was \"so crowded by the rugged shoots of the Sierra de Guadalupe, that it may be broadly stated as impassable for an army\".  Any artillery and heavy baggage moving between the two armies would have to cross at Toledo or Almaraz. The latter bridge, built by the city of Plasencia under the reign of Emperor Charles V in the 16th Century and known by the local people as the Albalat Bridge, was partially destroyed by the Spanish on 14 March 1809, to prevent its use by the French. The Portuguese under Colonel Mayne destroyed the bridge at Alcantara on 14 May 1809, for the same reason. The French built a pontoon bridge in the autumn of 1809, just west of the Albalat bridge. It was about 200 metres long and built with heavy pontoons. The central span was a light boat, designed to be removed at night for security.\nGeneral Rowland Hill was detached with his 2nd Division to attack the pontoon bridge over the Tagus. His force, numbering around 6000 men with nine guns, was virtually the same as that which surprised Jean-Baptiste Girard at the Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos, in 1811. The task facing Hill was a considerable one as the bridge of boats was protected on both banks by strong earthworks. The southern end of the bridge was protected by a bridge-head that was overlooked by Fort Napoleon.\nFort Napoleon was a strong fort, capable of holding 450 men and situated atop a hill above a steep embankment. It was not a difficult climb for any attacking troops, however, and entry into the fort was eased slightly by two large scarps, rather like steps, which led onto the fort's ramparts. The rear of the fort sloped down to the bridge-head and was protected by a palisaded ditch and loop-holed tower that would act as the last place of refuge should Hill's men gain entry into the fort. On the northern bank of the Tagus stood Fort Ragusa, in which was stored all the garrison's supplies and ammunition. This five-sided fort also had a 25-foot high, loop-holed tower that was to be the last place of defence. This fort was also covered by a field work close to the bridge.\nThe French had further strengthened the position at the bridge by securing the main road from Trujillo at a point about six miles south of the bridge. Here, where the road ascends the Sierra de Mirabete, the pass was commanded by a castle around which the French had built a 12-foot-high (3.7\u00a0m) rampart that housed eight guns. This was connected to a fortified house close to the road by two small works, Forts Colbert and Senarmont. The mountains were impassable to any wheeled vehicles, and the only other pass through the mountains, La Cueva, was two miles to the east of Mirabete. The road on the southern side of the mountains was passable to vehicles, but once through the pass the road deteriorated into little more than a footpath.\nHill's plan involved dividing his force into three columns. The first, comprising the 28th, 34th, and the 6th Ca\u00e7adores, under Christopher Chowne, was to storm the castle of Mirabete. The second, or centre column, comprising the 6th and 18th Portuguese infantry along with all the artillery, was to proceed along the main road and attack the works defending the pass. The third column, Kenneth Howard's brigade comprising the 50th, 71st, 92nd and a single company of the 5/60th, and commanded by Hill himself, was to climb the road leading through the pass of La Cueva and approach Almaraz via the path. The three columns set off at nightfall on 16 May, but at dawn all three were far from their objectives due to the rough nature of the terrain.\nIt was clear to Hill that there was little chance of being able to surprise the garrison at the bridge. Therefore, he sought another way to get his guns through the mountains. The French garrison was still unaware of Hill's force, and Hill thought he might succeed if he attacked Fort Napoleon and the bridge using only his infantry.\nOn the evening of May 18, Howard's brigade proceeded through the pass of La Cueva, reinforced by the Portuguese Ca\u00e7adores. By dawn on 19 May, Hill's men had reached a point just half a mile from Fort Napoleon, but they were seen that morning as they crossed the mountains. The garrison inside Fort Napoleon, commanded by Colonel Aubert, was alerted, and the two centre boats of the bridge were removed.\nThe attack on the bridge at Almaraz began at dawn on 19 May, when Chowne's guns opened up against the castle at Mirabete. The defenders of Fort Napoleon, warned of the presence of Hill's troops, were prepared for the assault but were still taken by surprise when the 50th and part of the 71st burst from their cover and charged up towards the fort in the face of fire from the defenders and from the guns in Fort Ragusa. British troops were struck down as they dashed forward, but some reached the top of the hill and flung their ladders against the scarp. The men pulled themselves onto the first of the two steps and drew their ladders up. They placed the ladders on the step, climbed to the top of the ramparts, and were soon engaged in hand-to-hand fighting with the defenders along the ramparts.\nFirst up was Captain Candler of the 50th, who leapt over the parapet and was struck by several French musket balls.  His men followed him, and the defenders soon began to retreat to the bridge-head. The commander of the fort, Colonel Aubert, refused to run and put up a gallant fight. He refused the offer of surrender, and a sergeant of the 50th ran him through with his pike. French troops tried to get to safety inside the tower but were forced to surrender. The guns of Fort Ragusa were unable to fire for fear of hitting their own men fleeing to the river.\nThe defenders of the bridge-head joined in the retreat across the pontoon bridge. The guns inside Fort Ragusa fired briefly against Fort Napoleon until answered by the captured guns.  The action had lasted just 40 minutes. Four grenadiers of the 92nd swam to Fort Ragusa and brought back some boats to repair the pontoon bridge. Soon the rest of Hill's force arrived to find the French abandoning all their works on both sides of the river. Hill had these works blown up and the bridge burned. The castle at Mirabete remained in French hands after Sir William Erskine, 2nd Baronet spread a rumour that Soult's entire force was approaching. This caused Hill, who had intended to level the castle, to retire to Trujillo and lose the chance to achieve complete success. The raid on the bridge at Almaraz cost the British 33 killed and 148 wounded, of which 28 of those killed and 110 of those wounded belonged to the 50th Regiment. French losses were estimated at about 400, 259 of whom were prisoners.\nIn 1813, the Duke of Wellington sent Lieutenant Colonel Henry Sturgeon of the British Royal Staff Corps to repair the bridge. Sturgeon constructed a suspension bridge, similar to the one he built at Alc\u00e1ntara. The Spanish built the present bridge between 1841 and 1845.", ["w_s35"]]
[30010, "A temporary crown (provisional crown, interim crown) is a temporary (short-term) crown used in dentistry. Like other interim restorations, it serves until a final (definitive) restoration can be inserted. Usually the temporary crown is constructed from acrylic resins (monomethacrylate-based/polymethacrylate-based) or, chemical-cure/light cure composite (dimethacrylate-based), although alternative systems using aluminium crown forms are occasionally used. Temporary crowns function to protect the tooth, prevent teeth shifting, provide cosmetics, shape the gum tissue properly, and prevent sensitivity.<PIC> The functions of temporary crowns are:\nMaintain the dental aesthetic\nProvisional restorations offer dental aesthetics purposes, especially for anterior teeth. A patient can evaluate the aesthetic of the temporary crown if that is to be changed in the definitive restoration.\nMaintain the tooth's function\nOvereruption of opposing teeth and drifting of adjacent teeth can be prevented by providing provisional restoration. Masticatory function for posterior teeth can be restored as well.\nConfirm that the tooth preparation is sufficient\nThese include whether sufficient tooth has been prepared to accommodate the definitive restoration and any undercuts present will be removed. If deficiencies in the tooth prep are found, these can be rectified and the temporary crowns can be relined or remade.\nPrevent dentine hypersensitivity\nExposed dentinal tubules in vital teeth can be covered with temporary crowns to prevent any dentinal fluid movement\nPrevent coronal leakage\nTemporary crowns block bacteria entry to prevent pulpal inflammation and maintain a good coronal seal to the root canal filling. Problems \npreformed crowns are unlikely to fit perfectly, and need chair side adjustments\na large bank of preformed crowns is required to fit all variations of tooth morphology\nPolycarbonate crowns\nA tooth-coloured shell that is slightly larger than the tooth preparation is selected and is reduced to the correct dimensions using a bur until it seats fully on the tooth preparation without bedding into the gingiva. Petroleum jelly is smeared over the tooth and acrylic resin is spread over the fitting surface of the crown. The shell is removed once the resin has polymerised and the restoration is trimmed until fit is satisfactory.\n2. Plastic crowns\nClear plastic crowns can be selected and trimmed with a scissors without traumatising the gingiva. Small holes can be made on the canine tips, incisal angles and cusps with a probe before filling crowns with acrylic resin to reduce risk of bubbles formation. Once the resin has set, the restoration can be checked for occlusion and margins before being cemented in.\n3. Composite crowns\nPreformed malleable composite crowns are soft and easily moulded to the tooth in situ. They can be partially cured for two to three seconds in the mouth and removed to be fully cured outside the mouth. Final check for occlusion, fit and margins can be carried out prior to cementing provisional restoration.\n4. Metal-based crowns\nWhen a permanent crown needs replacement or sectioning for caries removal, the original crown can be modified and used as a temporary restoration. The crown can be relined with bis-acrylic composite resin and cemented on temporarily. Chairside temporary crowns can be made in the mouth using a suitable mould. It is extremely useful in cases where the tooth to be prepared is structurally intact. The material used is usually that of a bis-acrylic composite material (e.g. ProTemp), or one which consists of the higher acrylics, usually a mixture of poly(ethyl methacrylate) and poly(isobutyl methacrylate). Custom-formed provisional crowns allow for shaping of the gingival tissues in order to achieve a satisfactory emergence profile of the definitive restoration. This is indicated particularly when restoring bone-level dental implants. A sectional impression of the tooth to be prepared is made.\nPrepare the tooth for the chosen design of restoration.\nA thin layer of petroleum jelly can be smeared onto the preparation to facilitate the removal of the provisional restoration from the tooth once the material is set\nSyringe the bis-acrylic composite resin into the sectional impression of the tooth that has been prepared, and relocate the impression in the mouth. Ensure that the impression is fully seated over the teeth \u2013 an obvious click can often be felt as the impression passes over the bulbosity of the remaining teeth.\nRemove the impression before complete polymerisation of the bis-acryl resin. At this stage, the resin will feel rubber.\nOnce removed from the mouth or impression, any material flash and ledges can be removed with a high speed diamond bur or abrasive polishing discs. The marginal fit and occlusion are checked with the provisional restoration in situ and adjusted if necessary, ideally outside of the mouth.\nThe provisional restoration can then be cemented with a temporary luting cement.\nRemove excess cement from the margins, carefully using dental floss interproximally. An ideal provisional cement should exhibit the following characteristics: capability of retaining the provisional crown for months, but easy on removal of the temporary prosthesis; easy removal of excess cement from around the margins; good marginal seal; and compatibility with provisional restorations. Adhesive cements should be avoided as they are difficult to remove. Eugenol containing products are advantageous as they are adhesive without being difficult to remove. However, eugenol has an inhibitory effect on the polymerisation of methacrylate-based resins, and may potentially lead to a lower resin-dentine bond strength.\nPrior to the cementation of the provisional crown, the occlusion should be checked. Any deficiencies in the provisional crown can be amended by the addition of more temporary crown and bridge material, or a light cured composite.\nIf a temporary crown becomes de-cemented, it is important that a dentist examine the patient as overeruption of the opposing teeth may prevent accurate fitting of the final crown. If a dentist cannot be seen in a timely manner, the temporary crown may be re-cemented by applying temporary cement to the temporary crown. A systemic study found that di-methacrylate-based provisional restorations had better flexural strength and hardness than the mono-methacrylate-based ones, while, within the mono-methacrylate group, poly-methylmethacrylate showed better flexural strength than poly-ethylmethacrylate. Oral hygiene tooth brushing and flossing is crucial to prevent gingival inflammation and bleeding. Patients are advised to pull the dental floss out buccally instead of pulling back up through the contact point. This is to avoid accidentally pulling out a provisional restoration.", ["w_s37"]]
[30011, "Christopher Anton Arthur (born 25 January 1990) is an English professional footballer who last played as a left midfielder or left\u2013back for Ware. Arthur was born in Enfield, London. started his career in the youth team of Queens Park Rangers (QPR), and was sent on work experience to Conference South side Hayes & Yeading United in December 2007. In July 2008 he signed his first professional contract for QPR. He was sent out on loan in 2008 to Conference Premier side Kettering Town, where he made four league appearances. He went out on loan again to another Conference outfit in Rushden & Diamonds on a one-month loan deal in March 2009. He made two appearances during his spell at Nene Park. In the summer of 2009, Arthur was released from QPR.\nAfter a short spell playing in Turkey, he returned to the Conference South when he signed for Bishop's Stortford in September 2010. In December 2010, he signed for League Two club Rotherham United on a two-month deal after a successful trial with the club. He failed to make a first-team appearance for the club and was released when his contract expired. In September 2011, he signed for Conference South side Havant & Waterlooville. After making four appearances for the Hawks, he left in October to sign for League Two club Northampton Town on a deal until January 2012.\nHe made his professional debut for the Cobblers on 8 October 2011, in a 1\u20130 home defeat to Crawley Town, replacing Ashley Corker in the second half. His first start for the club came a week later in a 3\u20130 defeat to Port Vale at Vale Park. On Aidy Boothroyd's arrival as Northampton manager, Athur was released having made only seven appearances for the club.\nArthur returned to Havant & Waterlooville in December 2011 before signing a two\u2013year contract in January 2012. During his second spell with the club he made a total of 56 league appearances, scoring two league goals.\nOn 28 May 2013, Arthur joined AFC Wimbledon on a one-year deal for an undisclosed fee. On 3 August 2013, Arthur made his AFC Wimbledon debut in a 1\u20131 draw against Torquay United, replacing George Francomb in the 68th minute. He scored his first goal for the Dons when he scored the winner in a 3\u20132 win over Scunthorpe United.\nOn 21 August 2014, Arthur joined Conference Premier side Woking on a one-month loan deal after struggling to make an impression in the Wimbledon side. Two days later, Arthur made his Woking debut in a 1\u20131 draw against Welling United, playing the full 90 minutes.\nOn 6 January 2015, after numerous loan extensions to his Woking contract, Arthur joined the Cards permanently after his contract was mutually terminated by AFC Wimbledon. Arthur went on to make 17 more appearances before signing on for the 2015/16 campaign.\nOn 8 June 2016, Arthur joined League Two club Crawley Town on a one-year deal. On 9 August 2016, Arthur made his Crawley Town debut in a 2\u20131 defeat against Wolverhampton Wanderers in an EFL Cup tie. On 3 September 2016, Arthur made his league debut for Crawley Town in a 3\u20130 away defeat against Portsmouth, replacing Andre Blackman in the 52nd minute.\nOn 31 January 2017, Arthur returned to his former side Woking of the National League on loan on a one-month deal. On the same day, Arthur made his Woking return in a 3\u20130 home defeat against Tranmere Rovers, replacing Macauley Bonne in the 76th minute. On 3 March 2017, Arthur's loan at Woking was extended for a further month.\nOn 4 August 2017, Arthur signed a deal with National League side Aldershot Town following his release from Crawley. Just over a week later, Arthur made his Aldershot debut during their impressive 6\u20130 home victory over Guiseley, featuring for the full 90 minutes. He joined Brighton-based National League South side Whitehawk on a month's loan on 7 November 2017. Four days later, Arthur featured for the entire 90 minutes during Whitehawk's 3\u20131 away defeat against Gloucester City.\nOn 22 December 2017, following a termination in his Aldershot contract, Arthur joined Isthmian League Premier Division side Leatherhead. He went onto appear ten times, scoring once before making the move to fellow Isthmian League side Kingstonian in March 2018.\nFollowing his release from Kingstonian, Arthur had spells at New Salamis and Gosport Borough. He signed for Ware in the Isthmian League South Central division for the 2020\u201321 season before it was curtailed in October 2020. Ware transferred to the Southern League Division One Central for the following campaign and Arthur signed on for another season.<PIC> Appearance(s) in Southern League Cup\nAppearance(s) in FA Trophy\nAppearance(s) in Football League Trophy\nAppearance(s) in EFL Trophy\nAppearance(s) in Aubrey Cup", ["w_s40"]]
[30012, "Lemonhead is an American brand of candy, first introduced in 1962, produced by the Ferrara Candy Company. Lemonheads are a round, lemon-flavored candy consisting of a sweet coating, soft sour shell, and a hard candy core. Popular varieties are Grapeheads, Cherryheads and Appleheads.\nInspiration for the Lemonhead name came from Salvatore Ferrara seeing his grandson, Salvatore II, the third generation, after delivery. Salvatore II was a forceps baby and he noted that his new grandson's head was lemon-shaped.\nThe candy was born out of the same cold panned process as the company's Red Hots in 1962. In this process, layer after layer of sugar and flavors are added until the candy reaches the desired shape and size. They are most commonly sold in their standard 1 centimeter size, but they are also produced in a single-sale 3\u00a0cm version. Lemonhead candies are gluten and fat-free. Ferrara now makes 500 million Lemonheads per year.\nSome time between the 1980s and late 1990s, Ferrara Pan brought all of their fruit-flavored candies under a consistent naming convention: Lemonheads, Grapeheads (formerly Alexander the Grape), Cherryheads (formerly Cherry Chan/Cherry Clan) and Appleheads (formerly Johnny Apple Treats).<PIC> Grapeheads\nCherryheads\nAppleheads\nChewy Lemonheads and Friends (including Lemonheads, Grapeheads, Cherryheads, Appleheads, and Orangeheads)\nChewy Lemonheads Tropical\nChewy Lemonheads Fruit Mix\nChewy Lemonheads Flavor Fusers\nLemonhead Gummies Lemonhead candies have been commercially successful since their inception. Lemonheads and other sour candy can also be attributed an increase in growth in non-chocolate confectioners\u2019 sales as opposed to chocolate companies\u2019 sales in the 2015 fiscal year. CEO of Ferrara Candy, Todd Siwak, said, \u201cWe are seeing a desire in Millennials for cherry gummy candy, especially with sour, sweet, and intense flavors\u201d.  Being the product of a Chicago company, Ferrara Pan was a prominent sponsor of The Bozo Show on WGN-TV (along with its national superstation feed), with Lemonhead specifically promoted, and a gift package of various Ferrara Pan candies often being given as a close-bucket prize during the \"Grand Prize Game\".\nIn the 1980s, Lemonhead candy advertisements were mostly centered around sports. The commercials followed a similar pattern and featured a children's sports team; the player who made a mistake would be labeled the \"lemonhead\". \nIn the 2010s, Lemonhead candy commercials featured athletes as well as the Lemonhead mascot. The mascot was pictured alongside popular athletes scoring in games or otherwise achieving athletic success. \nIn 2014, the company rebranded the mascot to feature a more mature figure as the face of Lemonhead candies. Lemonheads and other Ferrara candies served as the inspiration for Alana Ferrara's recently opened Sugar Estate at Breckenridge. The Estate is a luxury cabin decorated with Ferrara candies, including Lemonheads. Artist Andy Thomas painted 20 Lemonhead candies across the cabin to inspire guests to find them all.  In 2014 it was reported that Lemonhead candies were undergoing a rebrand that included updated packaging and a new mascot. While the company's marketing department said the mascot would be losing his little boy image, the mascot came under heavy scrutiny for supposedly appearing \u201ccreepy\u201d and for lacking appropriate social media savvy. The public largely agreed and the new mascot became the subject of ridicule across popular social media platforms. Ferrara Candy Company came under fire in 2017 because of their Lemonheads due to the opaque packaging. A lawsuit was filed claiming that customers had been deceived into believing there was more product in the boxes than there actually were because of the packaging. The Ferrara Candy Company settled for $2.5 million with the plaintiff and agreed to provide cash payment for those who were impacted and to modify quality control procedure. Lemonheads are sometimes recommended by pregnant women and parenting bloggers for the relief of nausea commonly caused by morning sickness during pregnancy. Those undergoing chemotherapy are also sometimes advised to suck on Lemonheads or other sour lemon candies, as these promote salivation.", ["w_s41"]]
[30013, "Below is the list of populated places in Ordu Province, Turkey by the districts. In the following lists first place in each list is the administrative center of the district<PIC> Ordu\nAk\u00e7atepe, Ordu\nAkkise, Ordu\nAlembey, Ordu\nAl\u0131nca, Ordu\nAlisayvan, Ordu\nAltunyurt, Ordu\nArpak\u00f6y, Ordu\nArt\u0131kl\u0131, Ordu\nAtak\u00f6y, Ordu\nAyd\u0131nl\u0131k, Ordu\nBahariye, Ordu\nBayad\u0131, Ordu\nBayraml\u0131, Ordu\nBoztepe, Ordu\nBurhanettink\u00f6y, Ordu\nCumhuriyet, Ordu\n\u00c7avu\u015flar, Ordu\nDedeli, Ordu\nDelikkaya, Ordu\nD\u00fczk\u00f6y, Ordu\nEmen, Ordu\nErenli, Ordu\nEskipazar, Ordu\nEy\u00fcpl\u00fc, Ordu\nGerce, Ordu\nG\u00f6k\u00f6mer, Ordu\nG\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fk\u00f6y, Ordu\nG\u00fcn\u00f6ren, Ordu\nG\u00fczelyal\u0131, Ordu\nHac\u0131lar, Ordu\nHatipli, Ordu\nH\u00fcrriyet, Ordu\nI\u015f\u0131kl\u0131, Ordu\nKaraa\u011fa\u00e7, Ordu\nKaraca\u00f6mer, Ordu\nKaraoluk, Ordu\nKayaba\u015f\u0131, Ordu\nKayadibi, Ordu\nK\u0131sac\u0131k, Ordu\nK\u0131z\u0131lhisar, Ordu\nKovanc\u0131, Ordu\nK\u00f6kenli, Ordu\nKurtulmu\u015f, Ordu\nKuylu, Ordu\nMubarek, Ordu\nO\u011fmaca, Ordu\nOrhaniye, Ordu\nOrtak\u00f6y, Ordu\nOsmaniye, Ordu\n\u00d6celi, Ordu\n\u00d6rencik, Ordu\n\u00d6v\u00fcnd\u00fck, Ordu\nPelitli, Ordu\nSa\u011f\u0131rl\u0131, Ordu\nSarayc\u0131k, Ordu\n\u015eenk\u00f6y, Ordu\n\u015eenocak, Ordu\nTerzili, Ordu\nTeyneli, Ordu\nTikence, Ordu\nTopluca, Ordu\nUzunisa, Ordu\nUzunmusa, Ordu\nYa\u011f\u0131zl\u0131, Ordu\nYara\u015fl\u0131, Ordu\nYemi\u015fli, Ordu\nYe\u015filk\u00f6y, Ordu\nY\u0131ld\u0131zl\u0131, Ordu\nYukar\u0131tepe, Ordu\nZafer, Ordu Akku\u015f\nAkp\u0131nar, Akku\u015f\nAmbarg\u00fcrgen, Akku\u015f\nCeyhanl\u0131, Akku\u015f\n\u00c7aml\u0131ca, Akku\u015f\n\u00c7avdar, Akku\u015f\n\u00c7ay\u0131ralan, Akku\u015f\n\u00c7\u00f6kek, Akku\u015f\n\u00c7ukurk\u00f6y, Akku\u015f\nDa\u011fyolu, Akku\u015f\nDamyeri, Akku\u015f\nD\u00fc\u011fencili, Akku\u015f\nEsentepe, Akku\u015f\nGedikli, Akku\u015f\nG\u00f6k\u00e7ebay\u0131r, Akku\u015f\nG\u00fcrgenliyatak, Akku\u015f\nHalilu\u015fa\u011f\u0131, Akku\u015f\nKara\u00e7al, Akku\u015f\nKarg\u0131, Akku\u015f\nKemikgeri\u015f, Akku\u015f\nKetendere, Akku\u015f\nK\u0131z\u0131lelma, Akku\u015f\nKo\u00e7cuvaz, Akku\u015f\nKurtbo\u011faz, Akku\u015f\nKu\u015f\u00e7ulu, Akku\u015f\nK\u00fclek\u00e7ili, Akku\u015f\nMeyval\u0131, Akku\u015f\nMuratl\u0131, Akku\u015f\nOrmanc\u0131k, Akku\u015f\nOrtab\u00f6lme, Akku\u015f\nSalman, Akku\u015f\nSeferli, Akku\u015f\n\u015eahink\u00f6y, Akku\u015f\nTuzakk\u00f6y, Akku\u015f\nYe\u015filg\u00fcneycik, Akku\u015f\nYe\u015filk\u00f6y, Akku\u015f\nYolba\u015f\u0131, Akku\u015f\nYukar\u0131d\u00fc\u011fencili, Akku\u015f Aybast\u0131\nAlacalar, Aybast\u0131\nBe\u015ftam, Aybast\u0131\n\u00c7ak\u0131rl\u0131, Aybast\u0131\nHisarc\u0131k, Aybast\u0131\nKayaba\u015f\u0131, Aybast\u0131\nPelit\u00f6z\u00fc, Aybast\u0131\nSar\u0131yar, Aybast\u0131\nSefal\u0131k, Aybast\u0131\nToygar, Aybast\u0131\nUzundere, Aybast\u0131\nZaferimilli, Aybast\u0131 \u00c7ama\u015f\nBudak, \u00c7ama\u015f\nEdirli, \u00c7ama\u015f\nHisarbey, \u00c7ama\u015f\nKocaman, \u00c7ama\u015f\nSaitler, \u00c7ama\u015f\nS\u00f6ken, \u00c7ama\u015f \u00c7atalp\u0131nar\nAkkaya, \u00c7atalp\u0131nar\nElmak\u00f6y, \u00c7atalp\u0131nar\nG\u00f6ller, \u00c7atalp\u0131nar\nG\u00fcndo\u011fdu, \u00c7atalp\u0131nar\nKarahamza, \u00c7atalp\u0131nar\nKarahasan, \u00c7atalp\u0131nar\nKayatepe, \u00c7atalp\u0131nar\nKe\u00e7ili, \u00c7atalp\u0131nar\nMadenk\u00f6y, \u00c7atalp\u0131nar\nOrtak\u00f6y, \u00c7atalp\u0131nar\nSayacat\u00fcrk, \u00c7atalp\u0131nar\n\u015eirink\u00f6y, \u00c7atalp\u0131nar \u00c7ayba\u015f\u0131\nAkbaba, \u00c7ayba\u015f\u0131\nE\u011fribel, \u00c7ayba\u015f\u0131\nG\u00f6ksu, \u00c7ayba\u015f\u0131\n\u0130\u00e7erib\u00fck\u00fc, \u00c7ayba\u015f\u0131\n\u0130lk\u00fcvez, \u00c7ayba\u015f\u0131\nKap\u0131l\u0131, \u00c7ayba\u015f\u0131\nK\u00f6kl\u00fck, \u00c7ayba\u015f\u0131 Fatsa\nAhmetler, Fatsa\nArpal\u0131k, Fatsa\nAslancami, Fatsa\nA\u015fa\u011f\u0131ard\u0131\u00e7, Fatsa\nA\u015fa\u011f\u0131tepe, Fatsa\nA\u015fa\u011f\u0131yava\u015f, Fatsa\nBacanak, Fatsa\nBa\u011flarca, Fatsa\nBah\u00e7eler, Fatsa\nBa\u015fk\u00f6y, Fatsa\nBeyceli, Fatsa\nBolaman, Fatsa\nBozda\u011f\u0131, Fatsa\nBucakl\u0131, Fatsa\nBuhari, Fatsa\nB\u00fclb\u00fcl, Fatsa\nB\u00fcy\u00fckko\u00e7, Fatsa\n\u00c7\u00f6mlekli, Fatsa\n\u00c7\u00f6tel\u00fc, Fatsa\nDemirci, Fatsa\nDereyurt, Fatsa\nDuayeri, Fatsa\nD\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnl\u00fck, Fatsa\nEskiordu, Fatsa\nGeyik\u00e7eli, Fatsa\nG\u00f6lk\u00f6y, Fatsa\nHatipli, Fatsa\nH\u0131d\u0131rbeyli, Fatsa\nHoylu, Fatsa\nIl\u0131ca, Fatsa\n\u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc, Fatsa\n\u0130slamda\u011f, Fatsa\nKabakda\u011f\u0131, Fatsa\nKale\u00f6n\u00fc, Fatsa\nKarata\u015f, Fatsa\nKayaca, Fatsa\nK\u0131lavuz\u00f6mer, Fatsa\nK\u0131l\u0131\u00e7l\u0131, Fatsa\nK\u00f6sebuca\u011f\u0131, Fatsa\nKulak, Fatsa\nK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckko\u00e7, Fatsa\nMehmetakif, Fatsa\nOluklu, Fatsa\n\u00d6rencik, Fatsa\nSalihli, Fatsa\nSaraytepe, Fatsa\nSazc\u0131lar, Fatsa\nSefak\u00f6y, Fatsa\nSudere, Fatsa\nTahtaba\u015f, Fatsa\nTayal\u0131, Fatsa\nTepecik, Fatsa\nYal\u0131k\u00f6y, Fatsa\nYaprakl\u0131, Fatsa\nYass\u0131bah\u00e7e, Fatsa\nYass\u0131ta\u015f, Fatsa\nYava\u015f, Fatsa\nYenido\u011fan, Fatsa\nYenikent, Fatsa\nYeniyurt, Fatsa\nYe\u015filk\u00f6y, Fatsa\nYe\u015filtepe, Fatsa\nYukar\u0131ard\u0131\u00e7, Fatsa\nYukar\u0131bah\u00e7eler, Fatsa\nYukar\u0131tepe, Fatsa\nYusuflu, Fatsa G\u00fclyal\u0131\nAmbarc\u0131l\u0131, G\u00fclyal\u0131\nAyr\u0131l\u0131k, G\u00fclyal\u0131\nKestane, G\u00fclyal\u0131\nMustafal\u0131, G\u00fclyal\u0131\nTa\u015fl\u0131\u00e7ay, G\u00fclyal\u0131\nTurnasuyu G\u00fcrgentepe\nAlaseher, G\u00fcrgentepe\nBahtiyarlar, G\u00fcrgentepe\nTikenlice, G\u00fcrgentepe\nEskik\u00f6y, G\u00fcrgentepe\nG\u00fclbelen, G\u00fcrgentepe\nG\u00fcltepe, G\u00fcrgentepe\nHasanc\u0131k, G\u00fcrgentepe\nI\u015f\u0131ktepe, G\u00fcrgentepe\n\u015eirink\u00f6y, G\u00fcrgentepe\nTepek\u00f6y, G\u00fcrgentepe\nTuzla, G\u00fcrgentepe G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nAhmetli, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nAk\u00e7al\u0131, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nAlanyurt, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nAydo\u011fan, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nBay\u0131ralan, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nBulut, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nCihadiye, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\n\u00c7atak, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\n\u00c7etilli, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nDamarl\u0131, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nDirekli, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nD\u00fczyayla, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nEmirler, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nG\u00fczelyayla, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nG\u00fczelyurt, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nHaruniye, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nH\u00fcrriyet, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\n\u0130\u00e7yaka, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nKale, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nKarahasan, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nKonak, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nKoz\u00f6ren, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\n\u00d6zl\u00fc, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nS\u00fcleymaniye, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y\nYuvap\u0131nar, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y \u0130kizce\nDereba\u015f\u0131, \u0130kizce\nDevecik, \u0130kizce\nDumantepe, \u0130kizce\nD\u00fczme\u015fe, \u0130kizce\nEsentepe, \u0130kizce\nKaynarta\u015f, \u0130kizce\nKervansaray, \u0130kizce\nKiraztepe, \u0130kizce\n\u00d6zp\u0131nar, \u0130kizce\n\u015eenbolluk, \u0130kizce\nYo\u011funoluk, \u0130kizce Kabad\u00fcz\nAkg\u00fcney, Kabad\u00fcz\nDerin\u00e7ay, Kabad\u00fcz\nDi\u015fkaya, Kabad\u00fcz\nEsenyurt, Kabad\u00fcz\nGelinkaya, Kabad\u00fcz\nG\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fdere, Kabad\u00fcz\nG\u00fclp\u0131nar, Kabad\u00fcz\nHarami, Kabad\u00fcz\nKirazdere, Kabad\u00fcz\n\u00d6zl\u00fckent, Kabad\u00fcz\nYe\u015filada, Kabad\u00fcz\nYoku\u015fdibi, Kabad\u00fcz Kabata\u015f\nAlankent, Kabata\u015f\nBeylerli, Kabata\u015f\nKuzk\u00f6y, Kabata\u015f Korgan\nA\u015fa\u011f\u0131kozp\u0131nar, Korgan\nBelalan, Korgan\nBeyp\u0131nar\u0131, Korgan\nB\u00fcy\u00fckak\u00e7akese, Korgan\n\u00c7aml\u0131, Korgan\n\u00c7ay\u0131rkent, Korgan\n\u00c7iftlik, Korgan\n\u00c7itlice, Korgan\nDurali, Korgan\nKarak\u0131\u015fla, Korgan\nKo\u00e7cu\u011faz, Korgan\nSo\u011fukp\u0131nar, Korgan\nTatarc\u0131k, Korgan\nTepealan, Korgan\nTerzili, Korgan\nYenik\u00f6y, Korgan\nYe\u015filalan, Korgan\nYe\u015fildere, Korgan\nYe\u015filyurt, Korgan\nYukar\u0131kozp\u0131nar, Korgan Kumru\nA\u011fcaalant\u00fcrk, Kumru\nAk\u00e7adere, Kumru\nAvdullu, Kumru\nBal\u0131, Kumru\nBall\u0131k, Kumru\n\u00c7at\u0131l\u0131, Kumru\nDerbent, Kumru\nDivan\u0131t\u00fcrk, Kumru\nDuman, Kumru\nErgent\u00fcrk, Kumru\nEsence, Kumru\nEski\u00e7okde\u011firmen, Kumru\nFizme, Kumru\nG\u00f6k\u00e7eli, Kumru\nG\u00fcneycik, Kumru\nKaraa\u011fa\u00e7, Kumru\nKaracalar, Kumru\nKayaba\u015f\u0131, Kumru\nKonakl\u0131, Kumru\nKovanc\u0131l\u0131, Kumru\nK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckak\u00e7akese, Kumru\nOrta\u00e7okde\u011firmen, Kumru\n\u015eenyurt, Kumru\nTekkek\u00f6y, Kumru\nYaln\u0131zdam, Kumru\nYemi\u015fken, Kumru\nYeniak\u00e7aalan, Kumru\nYenidivan, Kumru\nYeniergen, Kumru\nYukar\u0131damlal\u0131, Kumru Mesudiye\nAbdili, Mesudiye\nAlan, Mesudiye\nAr\u0131c\u0131lar, Mesudiye\nAr\u0131kmusa, Mesudiye\nArmutkolu, Mesudiye\nArpaalan, Mesudiye\nA\u015fa\u011f\u0131g\u00f6k\u00e7e, Mesudiye\nA\u015f\u0131kl\u0131, Mesudiye\nBal\u0131kl\u0131, Mesudiye\nBay\u0131rk\u00f6y, Mesudiye\nBayrakl\u0131, Mesudiye\nBe\u015fb\u0131y\u0131k, Mesudiye\nBeya\u011fa\u00e7, Mesudiye\nBeyseki, Mesudiye\nBirebir, Mesudiye\nCelal, Mesudiye\n\u00c7altepe, Mesudiye\n\u00c7ardakl\u0131, Mesudiye\n\u00c7avdar, Mesudiye\n\u00c7er\u00e7i, Mesudiye\n\u00c7itliksar\u0131ca, Mesudiye\n\u00c7ukuralan, Mesudiye\nDar\u0131caba\u015f\u0131, Mesudiye\nDay\u0131l\u0131, Mesudiye\nDereba\u015f\u0131, Mesudiye\nDo\u011fan\u00e7am, Mesudiye\nDursunlu, Mesudiye\nErikk\u00f6y, Mesudiye\nEsatl\u0131, Mesudiye\nG\u00f6\u00e7beyi, Mesudiye\nG\u00fclp\u0131nar, Mesudiye\nG\u00fcneyce, Mesudiye\nG\u00fcvenli, Mesudiye\nG\u00fczelce, Mesudiye\nG\u00fczle, Mesudiye\nHamzal\u0131, Mesudiye\nHerk\u00f6z\u00fc, Mesudiye\nIl\u0131\u015far, Mesudiye\nKale, Mesudiye\nKarabay\u0131r, Mesudiye\nKaraca\u00f6ren, Mesudiye\nKavakl\u0131dere, Mesudiye\nK\u0131\u015flac\u0131k, Mesudiye\nKonac\u0131k, Mesudiye\nMahmudiye, Mesudiye\nMusal\u0131, Mesudiye\nP\u0131narl\u0131, Mesudiye\nSar\u0131ca, Mesudiye\nSar\u0131yayla, Mesudiye\nTop\u00e7am, Mesudiye\nT\u00fcrkk\u00f6y\u00fc, Mesudiye\n\u00dc\u00e7yol, Mesudiye\nYa\u011fmurlar, Mesudiye\nYardere, Mesudiye\nYav\u015fan, Mesudiye\nYe\u015filce, Mesudiye\nYe\u015fil\u00e7it, Mesudiye\nYeveli, Mesudiye\nYukar\u0131g\u00f6k\u00e7e, Mesudiye\nYuval\u0131, Mesudiye Per\u015fembe\nAl\u0131nca, Per\u015fembe\nAna\u00e7, Per\u015fembe\nAziziye, Per\u015fembe\nBekirli, Per\u015fembe\nBeyli, Per\u015fembe\nBo\u011fazc\u0131k, Per\u015fembe\nBolatl\u0131, Per\u015fembe\n\u00c7amaras\u0131, Per\u015fembe\n\u00c7aytepe, Per\u015fembe\n\u00c7erli, Per\u015fembe\nDo\u011fan, Per\u015fembe\nEfirli, Per\u015fembe\nEkinciler, Per\u015fembe\nG\u00fcndo\u011fdu, Per\u015fembe\nG\u00fczelyurt, Per\u015fembe\nHac\u0131lar, Per\u015fembe\n\u0130me\u00e7li, Per\u015fembe\n\u0130stanbulbo\u011faz\u0131, Per\u015fembe\nKazanc\u0131l\u0131, Per\u015fembe\nK\u0131rl\u0131, Per\u015fembe\nKovanl\u0131, Per\u015fembe\nKurtulu\u015f, Per\u015fembe\nKutluca, Per\u015fembe\nKuyluca, Per\u015fembe\nMedrese\u00f6n\u00fc, Per\u015fembe\nMersin, Per\u015fembe\nNeneli, Per\u015fembe\nOk\u00e7ulu, Per\u015fembe\nOrtatepe, Per\u015fembe\nRamazan, Per\u015fembe\nSaray, Per\u015fembe\nSelimiye, Per\u015fembe\nS\u0131rakovanc\u0131, Per\u015fembe\nSo\u011fukp\u0131nar, Per\u015fembe\n\u015eenyurt, Per\u015fembe\nTarlac\u0131k, Per\u015fembe\nTepecik, Per\u015fembe\nTepek\u00f6y, Per\u015fembe\nT\u00f6ngeld\u00fcz\u00fc, Per\u015fembe\nYarl\u0131, Per\u015fembe\nYazl\u0131k, Per\u015fembe\nYenik\u00f6y, Per\u015fembe\nYeni\u00f6z, Per\u015fembe\nYe\u015filk\u00f6y, Per\u015fembe\nYumruta\u015f, Per\u015fembe Ulubey\nAkoluk, Ulubey\nAkp\u0131nar, Ulubey\nAyd\u0131nlar, Ulubey\nBa\u015f\u00e7ardak, Ulubey\nBelenyurt, Ulubey\nCevizlik, Ulubey\n\u00c7a\u011flayan, Ulubey\n\u00c7ubuklu, Ulubey\nDo\u011flu, Ulubey\nDurak, Ulubey\nElma\u00e7ukur, Ulubey\nEym\u00fcr, Ulubey\nF\u0131nd\u0131kl\u0131, Ulubey\nG\u00fcvenk\u00f6y, Ulubey\nG\u00fcvenyurt, Ulubey\nG\u00fczelyurt, Ulubey\nHocao\u011flu, Ulubey\nKad\u0131nc\u0131k, Ulubey\nKal\u0131cak, Ulubey\nKarde\u015fler, Ulubey\nK\u0131ranya\u011fmur, Ulubey\nKirazl\u0131k, Ulubey\nKo\u015faca, Ulubey\nKumanlar, Ulubey\nKumrulu, Ulubey\nOhtam\u0131\u015f, Ulubey\nOyumg\u00fcrgen, Ulubey\n\u00d6ren, Ulubey\nRefahiye, Ulubey\n\u015eahinkaya, Ulubey\n\u015eekeroluk, Ulubey\n\u015e\u0131hlar, Ulubey\nUzunmahmut, Ulubey\nYenisayaca, Ulubey\nYukar\u0131k\u0131z\u0131len, Ulubey \u00dcnye\nA\u011f\u0131dere, \u00dcnye\nAtak\u00f6y, \u00dcnye\nAyd\u0131ntepe, \u00dcnye\nBa\u015fk\u00f6y, \u00dcnye\nBeylerce, \u00dcnye\nCevizdere, \u00dcnye\n\u00c7akmak, \u00dcnye\n\u00c7atak, \u00dcnye\n\u00c7atalp\u0131nar, \u00dcnye\n\u00c7ataltepe, \u00dcnye\n\u00c7\u0131narc\u0131k, \u00dcnye\n\u00c7i\u011fdem, \u00dcnye\nDenizb\u00fck\u00fc, \u00dcnye\nDerek\u00f6y, \u00dcnye\nDizdar, \u00dcnye\nD\u00fczk\u00f6y, \u00dcnye\nD\u00fczsaylan, \u00dcnye\nElmal\u0131k, \u00dcnye\nErenyurt, \u00dcnye\nEsenkale, \u00dcnye\nEskik\u0131z\u0131lcakese, \u00dcnye\nFatih, \u00dcnye\nG\u00f6b\u00fc, \u00dcnye\nG\u00f6lc\u00fc\u011fez, \u00dcnye\nG\u00fcnp\u0131nar\u0131, \u00dcnye\nG\u00fczelkale, \u00dcnye\nG\u00fczelyal\u0131, \u00dcnye\nHanyan\u0131, \u00dcnye\nH\u0131zaba\u015f\u0131g\u00fcnl\u00fck, \u00dcnye\nH\u0131zarba\u015f\u0131kumarl\u0131, \u00dcnye\n\u0130nkur, \u00dcnye\nKad\u0131lar, \u00dcnye\nKale, \u00dcnye\nKaledibi, \u00dcnye\nKe\u015f, \u00dcnye\nKillik, \u00dcnye\nKocuklu, \u00dcnye\nKu\u015f\u00e7ulu, \u00dcnye\nKu\u015fdo\u011fan, \u00dcnye\nNadirli, \u00dcnye\nNurettin, \u00dcnye\nOrtak\u00f6y, \u00dcnye\nPelitliyatak, \u00dcnye\nP\u0131narba\u015f\u0131, \u00dcnye\nSahilk\u00f6y, \u00dcnye\nSarayc\u0131k, \u00dcnye\nSar\u0131halil, \u00dcnye\nSaylan, \u00dcnye\nSofutepesi, \u00dcnye\n\u015eenyurt, \u00dcnye\nTaflanc\u0131k, \u00dcnye\nTa\u015f\u00e7a, \u00dcnye\nTekkiraz, \u00dcnye\nTepek\u00f6y, \u00dcnye\nU\u011furlu, \u00dcnye\n\u00dc\u00e7p\u0131nar, \u00dcnye\nYav\u0131, \u00dcnye\nYayc\u0131, \u00dcnye\nYaylal\u0131, \u00dcnye\nYazkona\u011f\u0131, \u00dcnye\nYenikent, \u00dcnye\nYenik\u0131z\u0131lcakese, \u00dcnye\nYenik\u00f6y, \u00dcnye\nYe\u015filada, \u00dcnye\nYe\u015filkent, \u00dcnye\nYi\u011fitler, \u00dcnye\nY\u00fcceler, \u00dcnye According to Law act no 6447, all Turkish provinces with a population more than 750 000, were renamed as metropolitan municipality. Furthermore, the central district was renamed Alt\u0131nordu. All districts in those provinces became second level municipalities and all villages in those districts  were renamed as a neighborhoods . Thus the villages listed above are officially neighborhoods of Ordu.", ["w_s44"]]
[30014, "Coffee City is a small town in southeast Henderson County, Texas, United States. The population was 278 at the 2010 census, up from 193 at the 2000 census.\nThe city was developed after the construction of Lake Palestine in the early 1960s.  As it is located on a sliver of Henderson County, a wet county, which extends eastward onto Lake Palestine and Texas State Highway 155, a number of liquor stores sprung up by the 1980s to capture business from residents of Tyler and neighboring Smith County (which at the time was dry).  The importance of Coffee City declined in 2012 with the passage of legislation which allowed beer and wine sales in Tyler. Coffee City is located in southeastern Henderson County. It is on the west shore of Lake Palestine, a reservoir on the Neches River. The town limits extend into the center of the lake, which is the border with Smith and Cherokee counties. To the south, the town includes Ledbetter Bay and its two inlets Ledbetter Inlet and Highsaw Cove, while to the north the town extends beyond the Caney Bay inlet.\nTexas Highway 155 crosses Ledbetter Bay as it passes through Coffee City, then crosses Lake Palestine into Smith County. The highway leads northeast 19 miles (31\u00a0km) to Tyler and south 6 miles (10\u00a0km) to Frankston. Athens, the Henderson county seat, is 29 miles (47\u00a0km) west of Coffee City by highway.\nAs of the 2010 census the town had a total area of 6.6 square miles (17.2\u00a0km\u00b2), of which 1.9 square miles (5.0\u00a0km\u00b2) were land and 4.7 square miles (12.2\u00a0km\u00b2), or 70.96%, were water.<PIC> As of the census of 2000, there were 193 people (current census is around 600) With active annexations, 84 households, and 58 families residing in the town. The population density was 105.4 people per square mile (40.7/km\u00b2). There were 109 housing units at an average density of 59.5 per square mile (23.0/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the town was 56.99% White, 41.45% African American and 1.55% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.52% of the population.\nThere were 84 households, out of which 22.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.8% were married couples living together, 16.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.69.\nIn the town, the population was spread out, with 20.7% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 20.7% from 25 to 44, 31.6% from 45 to 64, and 20.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.9 males.\nThe median income for a household in the town was $34,792, and the median income for a family was $40,833. Males had a median income of $26,607 versus $30,833 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,789. About 26.6% of families and 22.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 44.0% of those under the age of eighteen and 31.0% of those 65 or over. Coffee City is served by the Brownsboro Independent School District, Frankston Independent School District, and LaPoynor Independent School District.", ["w_s45"]]
[30015, "The Yugurs, Yughurs, Yugu (Chinese: \u88d5\u56fa\u65cf; pinyin: Y\u00f9g\u00f9z\u00fa; Western Yugur: Sar\u00efg Yog\u00efr; Eastern Yugur: \u0160era Yogor), traditionally known as Yellow Uyghurs, are a Turko-Mongolic ethnic group and one of China's 56 officially recognized ethnic groups, consisting of 16,719 persons according to the 2000 census. The Yugur live primarily in Sunan Yugur Autonomous County in Gansu, China. They are mostly Tibetan Buddhists.<PIC> The ethnic groups' current, official name, Yugur, derived from its autonym: the Turkic-speaking Yugur designate themselves as Yog\u00efr, \"Yugur\" or Sar\u00efg Yog\u00efr, \"Yellow Yugur\" and the Mongolic-speaking Yugur likewise use either Yogor or \u0160era Yogor, \"Yellow Yugur\". Chinese historical documents have recorded these ethnonyms as S\u0101l\u01d0 W\u00e8iw\u00f9r or X\u012bl\u01ceg\u01d4r. During the Qing dynasty, the Yugur were also called by a term that included \"f\u0101n\", the Classical Chinese term for Tibetic ethnic groups (Chinese: \u897f\u5587\u53e4\u5152\u9ec3\u756a; pinyin: X\u012bl\u01ceg\u01d4r Hu\u00e1ng F\u0101n, \"X\u012bl\u01ceg\u01d4r Yellow Barbarians/Tibetans\"). In order to distinguish both groups and their languages, Chinese linguists coined the terms X\u012bb\u00f9 Y\u00f9g\u00f9r, \"Western Yugur\" and D\u014dngb\u00f9 Y\u00f9g\u00f9r, \"Eastern Yugur\" based on their geographical distribution. The Turkic-speaking Yugurs are considered to be the descendants of a group of Old Uyghurs who fled from Mongolia southwards to Gansu after the collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate in 840, where they established the prosperous Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom (870-1036) with capital near present Zhangye at the base of the Qilian Mountains in the valley of the Ruo Shui. The population of this kingdom, estimated at 300,000 in Song chronicles, practised Manichaeism and Buddhism in numerous temples throughout the country.\nIn 1037 the Yugur came under Tangut domination. The Gansu Uyghur Kingdom was forcibly incorporated into the Western Xia after a bloody war that raged from 1028\u20131036.\nThe Mongolic-speaking Yugurs are probably the descendants of one of the Mongolic peoples that invaded Northern China during the Mongol conquests of the thirteenth century. The Yugurs were eventually incorporated into Qing China in 1696 during the reign of the second Qing ruler, the Kangxi Emperor (1662\u20131723).\nIn 1893, Russian explorer Grigory Potanin, the first Western scientist to study the Yugur, published a small glossary of Yugur words, along with notes on their administration and geographical situation. Then, in 1907, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim visited the Western Yugur village of Lianhua (Mazhuangzi) and the Kangle Temple of the Eastern Yugur. Mannerheim was the first to conduct a detailed ethnographic investigation of the Yugur. In 1911, he published his findings in an article for the Finno-Ugrian Society. About 4,600 of the Yugurs speak Western Yugur (a Turkic language) and about 2,800 Eastern Yugur (a Mongolic language). Western Yugur has preserved many archaisms of Old Uyghur. The remaining Yugurs of the Autonomous County lost their respective Yugur language and speak Chinese. A very small number of the Yugur reportedly speak Tibetan. They use Chinese for intercommunication.\nBoth Yugur languages are now unwritten, although the Old Uyghur alphabet was in use in some Yugur communities until end of 19th century. The Turkic-speaking Yugur mainly live in the western part of the County in M\u00ednghu\u0101 District, in the Townships of Li\u00e1nhu\u0101 and M\u00edngh\u01cei, and in D\u00e0h\u00e9 District, in the centre of the county.\nThe Mongolic-speaking Yugur mainly live in the county's eastern part, in Hu\u00e1ngch\u00e9ng District, and in D\u00e0h\u00e9 and K\u0101ngl\u00e8 Districts, in the centre of the county.\nThe Yugur people are predominantly employed in animal husbandry. The traditional religion of the Yugur is Tibetan Buddhism, which used to be practiced alongside shamanism.", ["w_s46"]]
[30016, "Won Woo-young (Hangul: \uc6d0\uc6b0\uc601; [w\u028cn.u.j\u028c\u014b]; born 3 February 1982) is a South Korean sabre fencer. He won gold at the Olympics, World Championships, Asian Games and Asian Championships and is the first Asian fencer to win gold in the men's individual sabre event at the World Championships.\nAfter retiring, he became a sports commentator for Seoul Broadcasting System and covered fencing events at various international tournaments. In November 2021, he was appointed coach of the men's sabre team. Won attended Hongik University High School, then one of the few schools in Seoul with a fencing team, and was a year ahead of future sabre teammate Kim Jung-hwan. One of their seniors was foil fencer and future Olympic silver medalist Choi Byung-chul. He graduated from Korea National Sport University in 2004. Won began competing internationally in 2004 and won the bronze medal at the sabre 2006 World Fencing Championships, after losing 15-10 to Zsolt Nemcsik in the semi-final. At the sabre 2010 World Fencing Championships, he won the gold medal, beating then-world number 1 Nicolas Limbach 15\u20139 in the final. It was the first time an Asian fencer had won the gold medal at a sabre event in the World Championships.\nWon, together with Oh Eun-seok, Kim Jung-hwan and Gu Bon-gil, were selected for the national team to compete at the 2012 Summer Olympics The Olympics began on a sour note for them as he, Kim and Gu all did not make it past the semi-final stage of the individual event; he lost in the last 16 to Nikolay Kovalev, the eventual bronze medallist. They managed to win a historic gold in the team event, South Korea's first ever Olympic gold medal in the men's team sabre category. The quartet continued to dominate in the team events; in the year 2014 alone they swept gold at both the Asian Championships and Asian Games hosted at home and won silver at the World Championships. They had a disappointing run at the 2015 World Championships as none of them reached the final in the individual event and then lost by only a point to France in the quarter-finals of the team event. A week later, they successfully defended their team gold medal at the Asian Championships, his last major international competition. He and Oh both retired from the national team at the end of the season.\nIn 2016 Won was awarded the Order of Sports Merit Cheongnyong (Hangul: \uccad\ub8e1\uc7a5; English: Blue Dragon) class, the South Korean government's highest honor bestowed on professional athletes who meet the criteria.<PIC>      Won retired from the national team in 2015 but continued to play amateurly and coach at his club. He also became a commentator for SBS and covered fencing events at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics and the 2018 Asian Games.\nIn November 2021, ahead of the Orleans Grand Prix, the Korean Fencing Federation announced that Won had been appointed coach of the men's sabre team. Won married his girlfriend of three years, a flight attendant, in September 2015.", ["w_s48"]]
[30017, "Nicholas Gunn is a classically trained songwriter, lyricist, and music producer. He is known for his originating instrumental works and his current works featuring vocalists from the electronic music space across Trance, Melodic House, and Chill. He is also the owner of Blue Dot Studios, a record label and music publishing company, based in Los Angeles, California.<PIC> Nicholas Graham Gunn was born in Rochester, Kent in South East England. He studied flute under a formal classical education from age seven till age eleven when his family moved to Southern California.  After moving to Southern California Gunn continued his classical flute studies under private instruction.  During junior high school and high school Gunn played wind ensemble in the band during concert season and drums and percussion during the marching season.  After high school Gunn sidestepped music for a year, focusing his efforts towards modeling and acting which led to a small role on the national TV show Freddy's Nightmares as Monkey Puke Stone on season 2 episode 11 \"Dreams That Kill\". Early on Gunn found himself immersed in a passion for recording his own instrumental style of music. Gunn shunned popular terms such as New Age and the connotation associated with his own music, preferring the term Instrumental or World Music.  After unsuccessful attempts to obtain a recording deal from submissions, Gunn self-released his debut recording Afternoon in Sedona in 1992.  With national radio starting to escalate and CD sales starting to occur, Gunn received interest from nature retail chain Natural Wonders, which led him to a record deal with Sausalito, California-based instrumental music label Real Music.\nRe-released under Real Music in 1993, Afternoon in Sedona became an instant best seller at national retail chains such as The Nature Company and Natural Wonders. It was his second album, The Sacred Fire, released in 1994, that first landed Gunn on the Billboard charts for New Age Album, where it ran for five weeks and peaked at number ten.\nTaking part in Real Music's \"National Park Series\", Gunn's third album, The Music of the Grand Canyon, was released in 1995 and sold over 100,000 copies its first year. Once again Gunn found himself Top Ten on the Billboard charts and charted for fourteen weeks. Outside of Real Music and the \"National Park Series\", Gunn has gone on to release numerous albums influenced by the beauty of America's landscape and parks, such as Return to Grand Canyon (1999), Through the Great Smoky Mountains (2002), Journey to Yellowstone (2003), and Beyond Grand Canyon (2006).  Beyond Grand Canyon was also released as a DVD, in which Gunn paired his musical compositions with photography of the Grand Canyon taken by Michael Fatali, creating a unique audio-visual experience.\nOn Crossroads, his fourth album released in 1996, Gunn began to incorporate a Latin influence into his sound, a theme which has subsequently embraced a number of his other albums, most notably Breathe (2004) and Encanto (2007), on which he collaborated with award-winning Latin guitarist Johannes Linstead.  It was also on his 14th album, Thirty-One Nights, that he heavily incorporated this Latin influence working with Flamenco guitarist, Chris Fossek. Inspired by his trip to Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, the album also features Spanish spoken word.  Released on 11 September 2012, Thirty-One Nights charted No. 8 on the Billboard chart in its debut week. It was also chosen by John Diliberto and Echoes as one of the Top 25 Albums for October 2012.\nSince 1991, Gunn has sold millions of copies of his instrumental music albums, an impressive feat considering that the marketing of his albums have mostly bypassed the traditional route of radio and mainstream outlets, finding large success through niche retail chains such as the Nature Company, Natural Wonders, and gift stores throughout the National Parks.\nGunn began combining his electronic sound with his instrumental roots in 2015 with the release of Under the Influence of Music. In his subsequent singles, Ibiza Sunset and Saint Lucia, one can hear his classic instrumental \"Nicholas Gunn\" sound moving into a more Ambient / Electronic space.\nIn 2018, Gunn continued this transition towards a more electronic sound and began introducing his own style of vocals and lyric writing. Older (feat. Alina Renae), released in 2018, showcases his first vocal-driven track under his Nicholas Gunn solo career. This was followed by the album, Riding the Thermals, which features four vocal tracks by the vocalist Alina Renae. Riding the Thermals went on to peak at #6 on the USA iTunes Electronic Albums and #22 on Brazil's iTunes Best Selling Albums, amongst others. On April 24, 2020, Gunn continued to shape his vocal ambient/electronic sound with the release of his 20th studio recording, Pacific Blue, which again features four vocal tracks by singer Alina Renae, and on February 12, 2021, he released Sound Condition, a compilation of 10 new songs, also featuring Renae's vocals. Gunn quickly immersed himself into electronic music by founding the musical act Limelght with then collaborator and partner, Tanner Wilfong. The duo released music under the moniker Limelght from 2017 through 2019 until the act was retired. In 2020 Gunn then began transitioning his ambient sound towards a more electronic House and Chill sound, featuring vocalists from around the globe. Gaining attention from electronic music label giant, Armada Music, Gunn expanded his reach and musical style by releasing music on this trend setting label. His track Higher with musical act York featuring world renowned vocalist Sam Martin as well as California featuring Chris Howard and Sensing You with AVIRA all debuted on Armada Music in 2021. Remixes from industry dance legends such as Richard Durand and Giuseppe Ottaviani have gone on to become favorites on A State of Trance which is followed by over 40 million listeners per week. Gunn has emerged as one the leading songwriters and lyricists within the electronic music space, writing music behind the scenes for such renowned artists as Armin van Buuren, Aly & Fila, Luke Bond and many more. In 2021 Gunn's song, For All Time (feat Kazi Jay) was voted Tune of the Year by fans on A State of Trance. In January 2019, after a hiatus from owning and operating his own label, Gunn saw an opportunity to remerge as a label owner and entrepreneur and started Blue Dot Studios, a record label focused on individuality and artistry based in Los Angeles, CA. The labels' first release, in 2019, was Gunn's own album Riding the Thermals. This was followed by the release of artist Little Warrior, and her album Lovesick, and then a single titled Time for Peace by artist Anna B May.\nIn 2020, Gunn released his album Pacific Blue which won several accolades including the Zone Music Reporter Best Chill/Groove Album of the year. In 2021 Gunn released Sound Condition which continued to express his continued desire to work with lyrics and vocalists.\nIn 2020, Blue Dot Studios expanded upon its relationship with Sony The Orchard and entered into an exclusive publishing administration deal with Sony / ATV. Today, Blue Dot Studios continues to thrive distributing several labels with many releases each month. Over the course of his career, Gunn has consistently monetarily contributed to the National Park systems. Along with record label Real Music, Gunn donated a portion of the proceeds from each sale of The Music of the Grand Canyon to the Grand Canyon Association. To date, in excess of $130,000 has been donated from sales. Gunn also named the American Lung Association as a beneficiary of a portion of sales from his album Breathe.  1993 \u2013 Afternoon in Sedona\n1994 \u2013 The Sacred Fire\n1995 \u2013 The Music of the Grand Canyon\n1996 \u2013 Crossroads\n1998 \u2013 Passion in My Heart\n1999 \u2013 Return to Grand Canyon\n2001 \u2013 The Great Southwest\n2002 \u2013 Through the Great Smoky Mountains: A Musical Journey\n2002 \u2013 A Christmas Classic\n2003 \u2013 Journey to Yellowstone\n2004 \u2013 Breathe\n2006 \u2013 Beyond Grand Canyon\n2007 \u2013 Encanto (Johannes Linstead and Nicholas Gunn)\n2012 \u2013 Thirty-One Nights\n2013 \u2013 Twenty Years of Discovery\n2015 \u2013 Beauty (single from series Under the Influence of Music)\n2016 \u2013 Nature (single from series Under the Influence of Music)\n2016 \u2013 Love (single from series Under the Influence of Music)\n2016 \u2013 Reflection (single from series Under the Influence of Music)\n2016 \u2013 Celtic Wedding Processional\n2016 \u2013 Passion (single from series Under the Influence of Music)\n2016 \u2013 Material (single from series Under the Influence of Music)\n2016 \u2013 Under the Influence of Music: The Complete Series\n2017 \u2013 Ibiza Sunset (single)\n2017 \u2013 Saint Lucia (single)\n2017 \u2013 Don't Leave Me Now (single) Limelght\n2018 \u2013 Older (feat. Alina Renae) (single)\n2018 \u2013 Canis Major (single) Limelght\n2018 \u2013 Intoxicated featuring Alina Renae (single) Limelght\n2018 \u2013 Right Now featuring Alina Renae (single) Limelght\n2018 \u2013 We Are Light featuring Alina Renae (single) Limelght\n2018 \u2013 Run and Hide featuring Alina Renae (single) Limelght\n2018 \u2013 Don't Leave Me Now, Tom Fall Remix (single) Limelght\n2018 \u2013 Little Warrior \u2013 Where Did You Go, Limelght Remix (single) Limelght\n2019 \u2013 Riding the Thermals (Studio Album)\n2019 \u2013 Riding the Thermals (Deluxe Edition)\n2019 \u2013 Nicholas Gunn \u2013 I'm Coming Home, Limelght Remix (single) Limelght\n2019 \u2013 Those Summer Days featuring Jaik Willis (single) Limelght\n2019 \u2013 Run ands Hide, The Remixes (singles) Limelght\n2020 \u2013 Pacific Blue (Studio Album)\n2021 \u2013 Sound Condition (Studio Album)\n2021 \u2013 Higher with York featuring Sam Martin (single)\n2021 \u2013 Broken featuring Alina Renae, Giuseppe Ottaviani Remix (single)\n2021 \u2013 Angels featuring Alina Renae, Scorz Remix (single)\n2021 \u2013 California featuring Chris Howard (single)\n2021 \u2013 Sensing You with AVIRA (single)\n2021 \u2013 Beautiful Mind (single) ", ["w_s51"]]
[30018, "lzip is a free, command-line tool for the compression of data; it employs the Lempel\u2013Ziv\u2013Markov chain algorithm (LZMA) with a user interface that is familiar to users of usual Unix compression tools, such as gzip and bzip2.\nLike gzip and bzip2, concatenation is supported to compress multiple files, but the convention is to bundle a file that is an archive itself, such as those created by the tar or cpio Unix programs. Lzip can split the output for the creation of multivolume archives.\nThe file that is produced by lzip is usually given .lz as its filename extension, and the data is described by the media type application/lzip.\nThe lzip suite of programs was written in C++ and C by Antonio Diaz Diaz and is being distributed as free software under the terms of version 2 or later of the GNU General Public License (GPL).<PIC> 7-Zip was released in 2000; a tool employing LZMA first became available on Unix-like operating systems in 2004 when a port of the command-line version of 7-Zip (p7zip) was released. In the same year, the LZMA SDK became available, which included the program called \u201clzma_alone\u201d; less than a year later, Lasse Collin released LZMA Utils, which at first only consisted of a set of wrapper scripts implementing a gzip-like interface to lzma_alone. In 2008, Antonio Diaz Diaz released lzip, which uses a container format with checksums and magic numbers instead of the raw LZMA data stream, providing a complete Unix-style solution for using LZMA. Nevertheless, LZMA Utils was extended to have similar features and then renamed to XZ Utils.  lzip is capable of creating archives with independently decompressible data sections called a \"multimember archive\" (as well as split output for the creation of multivolume archives). For example, if the underlying file is a tar archive, this can allow extracting any undamaged files, even if other parts of the archive are damaged.\nAs for the file format, special emphasis has been put on enabling integrity checks by means of an integrated 32-bit checksum for each compressed stream; this is used in combination with the lziprecover program to detect and reconstruct damaged data. This recovery tool can merge multiple copies of an archive where each copy may have damage in a different part of the file. lzip has two parallel interfaces provided in the default distribution.\nplzip compresses any file in a parallel way. Using it with tar is insufficient, since the conventional tar program needs the entire stream before a file to locate it for decompression, resulting in non-parallel extraction.\ntarlz combines tar and lzip into a parallel archiver much like modern archivers like RAR or 7-Zip. The solid compression blocks align with tar file boundaries, so extracting a file only requires decompressing that particular member block.  In popular Linux distributions, lzip can usually be installed from official package repositories.\nCygwin offers lzip as a maintained optional package (Archive category of its setup installer), and its GNU tar utility program has support for .lz archives (with --lzip option for creation). MinGW-w64 distributes lzip through a maintained package in MSYS2 (pacman -S lzip).\nLzip is also available for Android in a terminal-interface which was ported by Master-Console Inc. The GNU Autotools support lzip.  Adding dist-lzip to AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE will build lzip-ed tarballs.\nVersions 1.23 and newer of GNU tar support using lzip to handle compressed files transparently.\nGNOME's archiving tool, Archive Manager, supports lzip files. The Linux distribution Dragora GNU/Linux-Libre employs lzip for its software packages.\nLzip is used to distribute the Time Zone Database from IANA, and the GNU version of the Linux kernel.\nThe European Parliament publishes complete dumps of its database in JSON format compressed with lzip.\nLzip is used in NASA's Planetary Data System (PDS).", ["w_s53"]]
[30019, "Francisco \"Paco\" Palmieri is an American diplomat who previously served as Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs, leading the State Department\u2019s efforts to advance U.S. foreign policy goals in the region from January 2017 to November 2018. Palmieri managed the successful 2018 Summit of the Americas in Peru, U.S. engagement with the Lima Group unifying 15 Western Hemisphere democracies in a multilateral diplomatic response to the crisis in Venezuela, the reorientation of U.S. foreign assistance in support of the Colombia peace process, the formulation and adoption of a new comprehensive U.S. political and economic Caribbean 2020 strategy, the launch of the renegotiation of the 50-year old Columbia River Treaty with Canada, and the multi-agency response to the ongoing migration challenges emanating from Central America.  He also was responsible for the daily management of the Bureau\u2019s 53 overseas U.S. diplomatic missions, 12,000 employees, and implementation of the Hemisphere\u2019s $1.58 billion foreign assistance and $290 million operating budgets. He most recently served as the Civilian Deputy and Foreign Policy Advisor to Admiral Craig S. Faller at United States Southern Command, succeeding former Ambassador Jean Elizabeth Manes in July 2021.<PIC> Palmieri previously served as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for the Western Hemisphere from January 2016 to January 2017 and as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Central America and the Caribbean from January 2014 to January 2016.  In this role, he was the principal U.S. negotiator on the Alliance for Prosperity plan adopted by El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras.  Mr. Palmieri also served as the Director of the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs\u2019 Office of Policy Planning and Coordination in 2011-2012.\nFrom 2012 to 2014, Palmieri served as Deputy Executive Secretary in the Department of State\u2019s Executive Secretariat, where he managed the flow of information to multiple Secretaries of State and coordinated their overseas travel.  He also served in the Executive Secretariat as Deputy Director of the Staff Support Office (2000-2001), and as a Senior Watch Officer (1999-2000) and Watch Officer (1990-1991) in the Operations Center.  He directed and worked on the evacuation of more than 23 U.S. embassies due to war, terrorist attacks, internal political conflicts, and natural disasters through his crisis management response work in the Executive Secretariat.\nHe led the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement\u2019s (INL) Latin American and Caribbean Programs Office, where he was responsible for over $800 million in programs, including Plan Colombia and the Merida Initiative, 19 Narcotics Affairs offices throughout the Western Hemisphere, and more than 1,500 employees.  He was the Director of Embassy Baghdad\u2019s INL Office from 2010-2011.  In Iraq, he managed a $1 billion program with over 1,000 employees.  He also served as Director of the Near East and South and Central Asia Office in the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (DRL).\nOverseas, Palmieri served as Political Counselor at the U.S. Embassy in Tegucigalpa, Honduras from 2001 to 2005.  He also served in San Salvador as the Human Rights Officer at the end of El Salvador\u2019s internal conflict (1988-1990), Santo Domingo as a Vice Consul, and Madrid as a Political-Military Affairs Officer.\nIn July 2018, President Donald Trump announced his intention to nominate Palmieri to be the next Ambassador of the United States to Honduras. This nomination was reported favorably by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations in September 2018, but was returned to the President at the close of the 115th Congress without consideration by the full Senate. In February 2019 it was reported that the Trump administration would discontinue its efforts to appoint Palmieri as ambassador to Honduras, in the face of opposition from Senator Marco Rubio, a proponent of a more hard-line approach to U.S. policy in Latin America.\nIn March 2019, Palmieri was appointed a Senior Diplomatic Fellow for Latin American Studies at the Wilson Center.\nPalmieri is Charg\u00e9 d'Affaires Colombia since June 1, 2022. Mr. Palmieri earned an M.S. in International Strategic Studies from the National War College in June 2006.  He received his A.B. in Politics from Princeton University in 1983 and attended the University of Texas\u2019s Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs from 1985-1986, where he studied under the Honorable Barbara Jordan.", ["w_s56"]]
[30020, "Francis Drake (January 1696 \u2013 16 March 1771) was an English antiquary and surgeon, best known as the author of an influential history of York, which he entitled Eboracum after the Roman name for the city.<PIC> Drake was born in Pontefract, where his father, Reverend Francis Drake, was vicar, and was baptised there on 22 January 1696. While still an adolescent, he was apprenticed to a York surgeon called Christopher Birbeck. Birbeck died in 1717, and, at the age of 21, Drake took over the practice. Ten years later he was appointed to the prestigious office of city surgeon of York. In 1720, in York Minster, Drake married Mary Woodyeare, daughter of a former secretary to Sir William Temple. There were five sons, only two of whom survived childhood. Mary Drake died in 1728 at the age of 35 and was buried in the church of St Michael le Belfrey, where there is a wall monument to her. Drake had always been interested in history and had inherited a number of historical manuscripts. In 1729, he contacted Thomas Hearne, asking for help in compiling a history of York, but to no avail. His half-sister's husband, however, who was a schoolmaster in Leeds, encouraged him, and, with the aid of a number of other historians and collectors, he started work. Acknowledged as giving Drake assistance with Eboracum were: John Anstis, Brian Fairfax, Roger Gale, George Holmes, Henry Keepe, Benjamin Langwith, and Browne Willis.\nBy April 1731, Drake was asking the city corporation for permission to inspect the historical documents in its care, and the corporation, as well as allowing him to do so, voted him \u00a350 towards the cost of acquiring and printing illustrations for his book. Another \u00a350 was contributed by Lord Burlington, who had rescued Drake from an unjust imprisonment for debt and was the dedicatee of the book.\nEboracum, a folio-sized book of around 800 pages with the subtitle The History and Antiquities of the City of York, from its Original to the Present Time; together with the History of the Cathedral Church and the Lives of the Archbishops, was published in 1736, much of the cost having been borne by the 540 subscribers, who included the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London, but not the Archbishop of York, Lancelot Blackburne, for reasons that are not clear. Francis Drake was elected Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London and of the Royal Society (1736). In 1741 he was appointed honorary surgeon to the new York County Hospital, retiring in 1756 (although he was relieved of the position during 1745\u20136 because of his Jacobite sympathies). The duties of this post were not onerous, and he continued to devote most of his time to historical work. Between 1751 and 1760, he published, with the bookseller Caesar Ward, the thirty volumes of The Parliamentary or Constitutional History of England from the Earliest Times to the Restoration of King Charles II, with a second edition, in twenty-four volumes, appearing in 1763.\nIn 1767, failing health compelled him to leave York to live with his eldest son, Francis, who was the vicar of St Mary's Church, Beverley. He died in Beverley and was buried in the church, where a memorial tablet was placed by his son. Drake became a Freemason in September 1725, shortly before his election as Junior Warden in the old lodge in York, which had now decided to call itself the Grand Lodge of All England meeting since time immemorial in the City of York. He delivered an address, as he had heard that meetings of Freemasons contained a lecture on architecture or geometry. On re-election the following year, his words were better recorded. On that occasion he used his speech to claim the precedence of his own lodge over all other masonic lodges, since the old charges stated that the first lodge was held in York.\nThe York lodge disappears from history during the 1730s, but it enjoyed a revival in 1761, with Drake as the first Grand Master. Although ill health caused Drake to retire, the impetus he imparted to the lodge gave it life for the next thirty years. His real importance to historians of Freemasonry lies, however, in his 1726 address, giving a rare insight into the mind of an 18th-century mason.", ["w_s57"]]
[30021, "Black Kids are an American indie rock band. Formed in Jacksonville, Florida in 2006, the group consists of singer/guitarist Reggie Youngblood, keyboardists/backup singers Ali Youngblood and Dawn Watley, bassist Owen Holmes, and drummer Kevin Snow. The Black Kids' debut EP, Wizard of Ahhhs, received favorable critical response in 2007, and was followed by the Partie Traumatic album, which debuted at number five on the UK Albums Chart in July 2008. Black Kids formed in Jacksonville in 2006. The lineup consists of siblings Reggie Youngblood (born September 14, 1977 in the Philippines) (lead vocals and guitar) and Ali Youngblood (born October 15, 1982) (keyboards and backing vocals), Owen Holmes (born August 24, 1980) (bass guitar), Kevin Snow (born May 25, 1979) (drums), and Dawn Watley (born March 1, 1985) (keyboards and backing vocals). Although they initially performed only in Jacksonville, they received national attention after a breakout performance at the Athens Popfest in Athens, Georgia on 11 August 2007, which led to a sudden flurry of coverage in the music press, including NME, Vice, The Guardian, and The Village Voice. The same month, Black Kids' demo EP, Wizard of Ahhhs, was released via free download on their MySpace page. Soon after, Black Kids began working with Quest Management, the company that manages Bj\u00f6rk and Arcade Fire. In October, the EP received a favorable review of 8.4 out of 10 from Pitchfork, including a \"Best New Music\" commendation.\nBlack Kids participated in the CMJ Music Marathon in New York City in October, earning the band exposure in The New York Times and USA Today. In December the band traveled to London for a brief tour. Rolling Stone called them one of ten \"Artists to Watch\" for 2008 and the band was also included in the BBC Sound of 2008 poll.\nBlack Kids toured the United Kingdom in early 2008, including the Vice Live Tour with Friendly Fires and Ipso Facto, a Sons and Daughters tour, and a Kate Nash tour. In April and May, Black Kids toured the United States as an opening act for Cut Copy. The band played the summer festival circuit in the U.S. and the UK, including the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in April, Radio 1's Big Weekend in May , Glastonbury Festival in June, and T in the Park and Camp Bestival in July. Black Kids then headlined an international tour in the U.S. and Europe from June to November.\nWhile in the UK in early 2008 the band recorded their debut album, Partie Traumatic, with producer Bernard Butler, former guitarist of Suede. Their first single, \"I'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You\", was released in the UK on 7 April and debuted at #11 on the UK Singles Chart. \"Hurricane Jane\", the follow-up single, was released in the UK on 23 June, where it charted at #36. The album Partie Traumatic was released on 7 July in the UK on Almost Gold Recordings, debuting at #5, and was released two weeks later in the US on Columbia Records, debuting at #127.\nIn 2009, Black Kids performed at the Big Day Out festivals in New Zealand and Australia. They have also toured with Kaiser Chiefs in the U.K. and Mates of State in the U.S. Their song \"I'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You,\" was used in a trailer for the movie Fame, and is featured on the soundtrack of the 2009 film Jennifer's Body. \"I'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You\" was also offered as an iTunes Free Download in July 2008. It is also featured as The Twelves remix version in FIFA 09, and was performed on Glee on 10 May 2011. \"Hurricane Jane\" was also on the playlist of Pro Evolution Soccer 2010.\nThe band played new songs on their Mini-Tour along Florida as seen on their setlist. The new songs are possible related or at least contain the words 'Trippin', 'Smokes', 'Castles', 'Rude Boys' and 'Weird Hearts'. On a session for XPN2, Owen Holmes, their bassist, acting out as Gospel Music, his solo project, told that the band is still having fun together as friends and enjoying their spare time a little bit, but still, they are writing songs for their second album. In April, their drummer, Kevin Snow, tweeted that \"a second album is in the works, hoping we'll be finished soon.\"\nIn August 2013, the band started to tour again in Brazil and on the East Coast of the United States. They played \"Clocks\" and \"Wake Up\", two new songs. They stated that the album they were recording in 2010 was scrapped, and that they started recording again in early 2013.\nAfter touring in 2013, the band resettled throughout the U.S. and continued writing and performing in side-projects: Reggie created Blunt Bangs and Owen recorded under the moniker Gospel Music, releasing albums via Kill Rock Stars.\nIn 2015, the band regrouped in Athens and began working on their second album, Rookie. Rookie was co-produced by Andy LeMaster and was recorded at Chase Park Transduction in Athens, Ga. The band announced their second album in the summer of 2017 and released the first single, \"Obligatory Drugs.\" When asked about their absence from the music scene, frontman Reggie Youngblood told Billboard, \"It wasn't until 2015 where I felt like we could [make] a record that we would feel good about,\". The band continued to preview material from the upcoming album, releasing the single \"If My Heart Is Broken,\" followed by exclusively premiering the video via Playboy. In August, the band released the music video for \"IFFY,\" which was created by TV on the Radio's Kyp Malone.\nOn 15 September 2017, Rookie was released. The band played a record-release show at Los Angeles' Echoplex the following night, which marked the beginning of their fall U.S. tour.<PIC>    ", ["w_s60"]]
[30022, "Value capture is a type of public financing that recovers some or all of the value that public infrastructure generates for private landowners.\nIn many countries, the public sector is responsible for the infrastructure required to support urban development. This infrastructure may include road infrastructure, parks, social, health and educational facilities, social housing, climate adaptation and mitigation tools, and more. Such infrastructure typically requires great financial investment and maintenance, and often the financing of such projects leans heavily on the government bodies themselves.\nPublic entities, tasked with creating and maintaining this infrastructure, are constantly in search of mechanisms which can allow for fiscal support of these investments. One such mechanism of financing is Value Capture. Value capture schemes secure and recover a portion of the benefits delivered by public investments, in order to offset the costs of the investment itself. Value Capture strategies operate under the assumption that public investment often results in increased valuation of private land and real estate. \"Capturing\u201d the subsequent increase in value, governments are able to recuperate funds, which can ultimately be used to generate additional value for communities in the future. Public investments, such as building transportation or sewer facilities, can increase adjacent land values, generating an unearned profit for private landowners. The unearned value (increases in land value which otherwise profit private landowners cost-free) may be \"captured\" directly by converting them into public revenue (see georgism). Thus, value capture internalizes the positive externalities of public investments, allowing public agencies to tax the direct beneficiaries of their investments.\nUrban planners and finance officials are often interested in value capture mechanisms, for at least two reasons: 1) because they offer a targeted method to finance infrastructure benefiting specific land, and 2) because some such investments can generate private investment in the area, which will more widely benefit the city (e.g., by providing employment opportunities, shopping and other amenities, and a more robust and diverse tax base.)  It can be politically useful to capture for the city treasury a share of the positive externalities of city-financed investment.  This can help address public concern about the fact or perception of unfair windfalls when specific owners\u2019 land values increase after urban infrastructure investment is paid from general city revenues.\nAlthough it is not always talked about as such, the most common value capture mechanism is the general real property tax, with no special features other than regular assessment of market value; this is because the common real estate tax includes the less known land value tax.  The value of any given land is determined by its proximity to various amenities (both public and private).  Thus, for example, when a new subway station or highway interchange is installed, land near the new facility becomes more valuable.  Investment in capital improvements to land can synergistically generate capital investment in other nearby locations, which further increases land value.  Thus, even if the rate of taxation does not change, the tax revenue generated from properties which benefit goes up by way of higher land values and increased development.  The effectiveness of value capture depends, of course, on a smoothly functioning ad valorem property or land value tax system, with regularly updated assessments.<PIC> Value capture strategies can be applied to developers or landowners, and they can be applied before or after a public improvement is built. In the case of new public transit facilities, the property value premium nearby can be as high as 167%.  Types of value capture include the following:\nLand value tax (LVT)\nTax-increment financing (TIF)\nSpecial assessment districts or improvement districts\nInfrastructure impact fees (such as traffic or utility fees)\nJoint development\nAir rights\nExactions, public easements, or other nonpossessory interests", ["w_s61"]]
[30024, "Darrel Treece-Birch (born 21 January 1967, in Fleetwood, England is an English hard rock/progressive rock keyboard player and songwriter, best known for his work with the Melodic Hard Rock band Ten, as a solo artist and up until 2020, with the progressive rock band, Nth Ascension.<PIC> Darrel Treece-Birch started playing keyboards from an early age. Inspired by the early electronica music of Oxygene and Equinox of Jean-Michel Jarre and the ambient orchestration of Vangelis, he soon got involved in various bands, with the most notable one being the Fleetwood-based Purple on the Storm.\nDarrel Treece-Birch was a founding member of the northwest English progressive rock band Nth Ascension (originally formed as Nth Degree in 2010). In 2011, the band released their first studio album under the name Nth Ascension, entitled Frequencies of Day & Night, which was issued as a free download via the Aurovine website. Late 2012 saw the addition of a fifth member, a full time bass player. The second studio album by Nth Ascension entitled Ascension of Kings, was released in late 2014 via Sonic Vista Music to much critical acclaim. Nth Ascension's third album In Fine Initium was released in October 2016 on Melodic Revolution Records garnering much international attention from reviewers and fans. Nth Ascension released the album Stranger than Fiction under their own label Metatronic Records on 31 May 2019. In March 2021, Darrel Treece-Birch officially left Nth Ascension.\nDarrel Treece-Birch joined the melodic hard rock Band Ten in 2011, with whom he has released eight studio albums so far, 2012's Heresy and Creed, 2014's Albion, 2015's Isla De Muerta and EP The Dragon and Saint George, 2016's compilation album Battlefield \u2013 The Rocktopia Records Collection, 2017's Gothica, 2018's Illuminati and 2022's Here Be Monsters.\nDarrel Treece-Birch is an accomplished solo artist who was signed to US label MRR in 2015 to January 2019, and released four studio albums with Melodic Revolution Records, including Celestial a two-part digital only release in October 2015, his critically acclaimed album No More Time, August 2016 (which included guest appearances by several of his colleagues and former bandmates from Ten, Nth Ascension and Counterparts UK), Healing Touch (where he composed, performed, played all instruments, mixed, mastered and produced the work including the original painting for the artwork) October 2017 and finally in December of 2018 releasing his digital only instrumental album The first step...is to take one.\n2018 was a record year for Treece-Birch releasing an album with Ten: Illuminati, guesting on Signal Red's Under The Radar, (Steve Grocott's band (guitarist - Ten)), producing, mixing, mastering and performing on Michael-Alan Taylor's (vocalist -Nth Ascension) album Avalonia: The Sonnets of Guinevere, and releasing his album The first step ... is to take one in addition to recording his final album with Nth Ascension.\nIn 2021 Darrel performed as guest musician for Gary Hughes\u2019 new solo album Waterside in which he played keyboards and acoustic drums. He also created and produced the sleeve/booklet art for both Waterside and the double-album best of compilation titled \"Decades\" also by Gary Hughes and released by Frontiers Records. In October 2021, Treece-Birch performed on the debut studio album entitled Prophecy by the British melodic Hard Rock band TAO.\nAs of 2022, Treece-Birch has been working on several solo projects and the upcoming fifteenth studio album by Ten.  Heresy and Creed (2012)\nAlbion (2014)\nIsla De Muerta (2015)\nThe Dragon And Saint George EP (2015)\nBattlefield \u2013 The Rocktopia Records Collection' (2016)\nGothica (2017)\nIlluminati (2018)\nOpera Omnia: The Complete Works (2019)\nHere Be Monsters (2022) Waterside (2021) Frequencies of Day & Night (2011)\nAscension Of Kings (2014)\nIn Fine Initium (2016) Celestial  (2015) Released by Melodic Revolution Records - 2 October 2015 - EAN MRRCD22118\nNo More Time (2016) Released by Melodic Revolution Records - 19 August 2016 - EAN MRRCD22129\nHealing Touch (2017) Released by Melodic Revolution Records - 27 October 2017 - EAN MRRCD22146\nThe first step...is to take one (2018) Released by Melodic Revolution Records - 14 December 2018 EAN MRRDM201164 Signal Red (Under The Radar) released 2018\nMichael-Alan Taylor (Avalonia: The Sonnets of Guinevere) 2018\nSignal Red (Alien Nation) released 2020\nTAO (Prophecy) released 2021\nScar For Life (Sociophobia) released 2022\nTony Mitchell (Kiss Of The Gypsy) releasing September 2021 St. Annes International Kite Festival (St. Annes by the Sea, UK) August 2018", ["w_s68"]]
[30025, "Mary Cecilia Rogers (born c. 1820 \u2013 found dead July 28, 1841) was an American murder victim whose story became a national sensation.\nRogers was a noted beauty who worked in a New York tobacco store, which attracted the custom of many distinguished men, clearly on her account. When her body was found in the Hudson River, she was assumed to have been the victim of gang violence. However, one witness swore that she was dumped after a failed abortion attempt, and her boyfriend's suicide note suggested possible involvement on his part. Rogers' death remains unexplained. She inspired Edgar Allan Poe's pioneering detective story \"The Mystery of Marie Rog\u00eat\".<PIC> Mary Rogers was probably born in 1820 in Lyme, Connecticut, though her birth records have not survived. She was a beautiful young woman who grew up as the only child of her widowed mother. At the age of 20, Mary lived in the boarding house that was run by her mother, although it was her amazing beauty that made her the talk of the neighborhood. Her father James Rogers died in a steamboat explosion when she was 17 years old, and she took a job as a clerk in a tobacco shop owned by John Anderson in New York City. Anderson paid her a generous wage in part because her physical attractiveness brought in many customers. One customer wrote that he spent an entire afternoon at the store only to exchange \"teasing glances\" with her. Another admirer published a poem in the New York Herald referring to her heaven-like smile and her star-like eyes. Some of her customers included notable literary figures James Fenimore Cooper, Washington Irving, and Fitz-Greene Halleck. On October 5, 1838, the newspaper the Sun reported that \"Miss Mary Cecilia Rogers\" had disappeared from her home. Her mother Phoebe said she found a suicide note which the local coroner analyzed and said revealed a \"fixed and unalterable determination to destroy herself\". The next day, however, the Times and Commercial Intelligence reported that the disappearance was a hoax and that Rogers only went to visit a friend in Brooklyn. The Sun had previously published a story known as the Great Moon Hoax in 1835, causing controversy. Some suggested this return was actually the hoax, evidenced by Rogers's failure to return to work immediately. When she finally resumed working at the tobacco shop, one newspaper suggested the whole event was a publicity stunt managed by Anderson. On July 25, 1841, Rogers told her fianc\u00e9 Daniel Payne that she would be visiting her aunt and other family members. Three days later, on July 28, the police found her corpse floating in the Hudson River in Hoboken, New Jersey. Referred to as the \"Beautiful Cigar Girl\", the mystery of her death was sensationalized by newspapers and received national attention. The details of the case suggested she was murdered, or dumped by abortionist Madame Restell after a failed procedure. Months later, the inquest still ongoing, her grief-stricken fianc\u00e9 Daniel Payne committed suicide by overdosing on laudanum during a bout of heavy drinking. A remorseful note was found among the papers on his person where he died near Sybil's Cave on October 7, 1841, reading: \"To the World \u2013 here I am on the very spot. May God forgive me for my misspent life.\"\nThe story, much publicized by the press, also emphasized the ineptitude and corruption of the city's watchmen system of law enforcement. At the time, New York City's population of 320,000 was served by an archaic force, consisting of one night watch, 100 city marshals, 31 constables, and 51 police officers.\nThe popular theory was that Rogers was a victim of gang violence. In November 1842, Frederica Loss came forward and swore that Rogers' death was the result of a failed abortion attempt. Police refused to believe her story, and the case remained unsolved. Interest in the story waned nine weeks later when the press began publicizing a different, unrelated murder case, that of John C. Colt's murder of Samuel Adams. Rogers' story was fictionalized most notably by Edgar Allan Poe as \"The Mystery of Marie Rog\u00eat\" (1842). The action of the story was relocated to Paris and the victim's body found in the River Seine. Poe presented the story as a sequel to \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\" (1841), commonly considered the first modern detective story, and included its main character C. Auguste Dupin. As Poe wrote in a letter: \"under the pretense of showing how Dupin... unravelled the mystery of Marie's assassination, I, in fact, enter into a very rigorous analysis of the real tragedy in New York.\" In the story, Dupin suggests several possible solutions but never actually names the murderer.", ["w_s69"]]
[30026, "Van Cortlandt Manor is a 17th-century house and property built by the van Cortland family located near the confluence of the Croton and Hudson Rivers in the village of Croton-on-Hudson in Westchester County, New York, United States. The colonial era stone and brick manor house is now a museum and is a National Historic Landmark.<PIC> By Royal Charter, Van Cortlandt Manor was originally a 86,000-acre (35,000\u00a0ha) tract granted as a Patent to Stephanus Van Cortlandt in 1697 by King William III, stretching from the Hudson River on the west to the first boundary line between the Province of New York and the Colony of Connecticut, on the east, twenty English miles in width by ten in height, in shape nearly a rectangular parallelogram, forming, \"The Manor of Cortlandt.\" The massive holding was acquired by direct purchase from the Indians, in part, by Stephanus van Cortlandt, a native born Dutch gentleman of New York, and in part by others whose titles he subsequently bought, this tract, together with a small tract on the west side of the Hudson River opposite the promontory of Anthony's Nose, which he also purchased from the Indians.\nThe Manor House was built sometime before 1732 but was not any owner's principal residence until a grandson, Pierre Van Cortlandt, moved there in 1749.  At that time the manor house was on a 1,000-acre (405\u00a0ha) portion of the original tract.\nPierre brought his family to the estate in 1749 and created the manor's most vibrant days, according to some.  He established a self-sustaining community  of an apple orchard, dairy farm, bee house, kiln, tavern, and carpenter and blacksmith shops.\nAt this time, though, tensions leading to the Revolutionary War were building and the manor would become a place of wartime retreat. Pierre sided with the colonies and the manor was used to assist the Continental Army, using its resources to make food and supplies.  Pierre was involved with military legislature, and his son Philip was a soldier for the Continental Army.  Eventually Pierre and his family vacated the manor in the thick of the war.  The manor was ransacked by the British Army and left in poor standing. Philip, becoming a brigadier general by the war's end, returned and, along with his sister, Catherine, brought the manor back to working order.\nVan Cortlandt Manor became an essential stop on the route from New York to Albany in the years that followed the war. The mills were once again thriving and provided the community and travelers with food, supplies, and lodging.  Pierre and his wife did not return until 1803 once the manor was in full working order again.  \nThe manor was passed down in the family until it was sold to a non-relative, Otis Taylor, in 1945.  By this time the property had lost luster, and was not the flourishing estate it had once been.  Some buildings and barn houses were taken down to accommodate for more modern facilities, such as a drive-in movie theater.\nIn 1953 John D. Rockefeller Jr. purchased the property and began restoring the manor to previous prominence.  In 1961, Van Cortlandt Manor became registered as a National Historic Landmark.\nThe house is not included in the area of the hamlet of Cortlandt Manor, New York. It is one of the historic sites owned and operated by Historic Hudson Valley.", ["w_s74"]]
[30027, "The floral clock in Frankfort, Kentucky, is a landmark located behind the Kentucky State Capitol. Dedicated in May 1961 by Governor Bert T. Combs, the clock was constructed as a joint project between the state government and the Garden Club of Kentucky.<PIC> On April 10, 1961, Combs appropriated US$50,000 from the governor's contingency fund to construct the clock on the lawn of the state capitol. Combs had seen a similar clock in Edinburgh, Scotland, and believed it would be a colorful addition to the capitol grounds. When construction was completed on the clock, some ridiculed it as \"Combs' Folly\" or \"Big Bert\" (an allusion to London's Big Ben). Combs' political foe, A. B. \"Happy\" Chandler, was particularly critical, declaring \"It's amazing what some people will think of when they have nothing better to do.\" In a subsequent gubernatorial campaign, Chandler mocked the clock, declaring \"Well, they don't say it's half past 2 in Frankfort anymore. They say it's two petunias past the jimson weed.\" Chandler's derision became the minority view in time, however; according to journalist John Ed Pearce, the clock became one of the most talked-about and visited tourist attractions in the state and the most visited place in Frankfort. The face of the clock measures 34 feet (10\u00a0m) in diameter and is tilted at a 26-degree angle. The word \"Kentucky\" is spelled out in large letters around the top of the clock. The minute hand is 20 feet (6.1\u00a0m) long, and the hour hand is 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m) long; both weigh approximately 500 pounds (230\u00a0kg). The clock face is composed of more than 10,000 flowers, and the planter that holds them weighs 100 short tons (91\u00a0t). The majority of the flowers consist of Joseph's coat and begonias. All of the flowers used in the clock face are grown in greenhouses near the capitol and owned by the state.\nInstead of sitting on a bank of earth as most similar floral clocks do, the Frankfort clock is suspended above a pool of water. The pool is 36 feet (11\u00a0m) in diameter and 4.5 feet (1.4\u00a0m) deep. Visitors often use the pool as a wishing well. Until the early 1970s, coins thrown into the pool were used by Kentucky's child care agencies to purchase recreation and gym equipment and to fund Garden Club scholarships to the University of Kentucky for students studying horticulture or land design; now the money is used solely for scholarships. The coins are collected from the pool every three weeks. In the first three years following the clock's dedication, $6,000 in coins was collected from the pool.\nA mechanism housed in the stone pedestal that supports the clock moves its hands. The mechanism is composed of six gears and an electrical meter [sic]. Every sixty seconds, the minute hand moves 1.5 feet (0.46\u00a0m), and the hour hand moves proportionately. Every hour, an additional control mechanism makes any necessary corrections to the displayed time and is capable of resetting the clock in the event of a power failure. In May 1962, the National Council of State Garden Clubs presented the state of Kentucky with its Bronze Seal Award for its efforts to beautify the state capitol, with the clock being a large part of that effort. In 2002, the capitol grounds, including the floral clock, were featured on the HGTV series \"Great American Gardens\".", ["w_s77"]]
[30028, "Transports A\u00e9riens Intercontinentaux was a private French airline, based at Orly Airport, Paris. In 1963, it was merged with Union A\u00e9romaritime de Transport on 1 October 1963 to form UTA French Airlines. In the early 1950s its routes were Paris - Tunis - Damascus - Karachi - Bangkok - Saigon - Hanoi, Paris - Algiers - Fort Lamy - Douala - Brazzaville - Tananarive (Antananarivo), Paris - Casablanca - Bamako - Abidjan, and Paris - Casablanca - Bamako - Dakar.\nBy 1957 the route continued beyond Saigon to Darwin, Brisbane, Noumea, and Auckland. As the airport for Tahiti began construction, T.A.I. began to fly to Bora Bora on the Society Islands in French Polynesia in 1958. Until the Papeete Airport in Tahiti airport opened in 1960, the island was served by TAI Short Solent flying boats.\nIn the late 1950s the airline flew the Sud-Est Armagnac, a French manufactured airliner, as well as Douglas DC-4s and Douglas DC-6s with these aircraft having a light green livery with white cabin top and fin. They bought their first Douglas DC-8 jet airliners during 1960. The company extended its service to Jakarta in Indonesia. The livery changed to an attractive yellow, green, and black striped tail with \"T.A.I.\" on it, and a green stripe down the fuselage. The February 1959 Official Airline Guide (OAG) lists eleven departures a week from Paris Orly Airport: seven DC-6Bs to mainland Africa, two to Tananarive, one to Auckland and one DC-7C to Djakarta. In 1960, the airline was serving the Bora Bora Airport in French Polynesia with Douglas DC-7C flights nonstop to Honolulu with continuing, no change of plane service to Los Angeles and was also operating direct DC-7C service between Bora Bora and Noumea via a stop in Nandi.\nMillions of revenue passenger-kilometers, scheduled flights only: 300 in 1957 and 369 in 1960.\nAccording to its 1 April 1963 system timetable, the airline was operating Douglas DC-8 jet service on a number of international routes including Paris Orly Airport - Athens - Teheran - Karachi - Rangoon - Phnom Penh - Jakarta; Paris Orly Airport - Athens - Beirut - Karachi - Bangkok - Saigon - Darwin - Sydney - Noumea; Paris Orly Airport - Marseille - Athens - Djibouti - Tananarive; Paris Orly Airport - Marseille - Bamako - Ouagadougou - Abidjan and Paris Orly Airport - Marseille - Niamey - Abidjan as well as Noumea - Nandi - Papeete, Tahiti - Los Angeles and Papeete, Tahiti - Honolulu. This same timetable also lists Douglas DC-6B propliner service between Paris Orly Airport, Marseille, Bamako, Ouagadougou and Abidjan as well as regional service in the Pacific flown with Douglas DC-4 propliners linking Noumea with Auckland, Port Vila, Espiritu Santo, Wallis Island and Papeete, Tahiti.<PIC> On 26 October 1946, Amiot AAC.1 F-BBYL was written off at Marignane Airport.\nOn 6 January 1947, Amiot AAC.1 F-BBYK struck Mont Ventoux in Provence in poor weather while operating a cargo flight; all three crew on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.\nOn 8 December 1950, Douglas C-54A F-BELB crashed into high ground on climbout from Bangui Airport due to crew error, killing 46 of 56 on board; the accident remains the worst in the Central African Republic.\nOn 18 July 1951, Douglas C-54A F-BDRI crashed on climbout from Arivonimamo Airport; there were no fatalities, but the aircraft was written off.\nOn 20 February 1956, Douglas DC-6B F-BGOD crashed 18\u00a0mi southeast of Cairo International Airport due to crew errors (although crew fatigue was also possible), killing 52 of 64 on board.\nOn 24 September 1959, TAI Flight 307 (a Douglas DC-7C, F-BIAP) crashed on climbout from Merignac Airport due to pilot error, killing 54 of 65 on board (one person initially survived, but later died in the hospital).", ["w_s79"]]
[30029, "Plastic pants (also known as Waterproof Pants, Plastic Panties, Diaper Dover's, Nappy Covers, Dry Joggers, Nappy Wraps, Wraps, or Pilchers) are devices worn over a diaper with the purpose of containing liquid or solid waste that could leak through the fabric. They are waterproof and have a plastic feel, rather than the soft.Today, plastic pants are usually made out of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polyurethane (PU).  Latex rubber is sometimes used, however it has significant drawbacks in these applications: it is easily damaged by rough handling, oils, creams, and ointments; it does not allow air to ventilate; it also makes a characteristic rustling noise when moved, which limits its use in situations where discretion is necessary.\nThe availability of inexpensive, and easily worked, man-made waterproof materials since the 1950s has significantly improved the quality of life of those with continence problems, and has contributed to changes in clothing style and freedom, especially for infants and menstruating women.<PIC> At the turn of the 20th century, oiled silk was used as a waterproofing medium in adult clothing, but not until latex rubber was commercially available in the 1920s did the idea of wearing a protective garment become commonplace. Ladies' panties were worn with a waterproof latex crotch insert or a waterproof panel in the back of an underskirt, to make coping with heavy menstruation cycles easier and socially safer. The original diaper covers were made from oiled wool, which was naturally waterproof. Newly available latex pants for covering diapers reduced the difficulties in caring for young children on long journeys, on special social occasions, and overnight.\nDuring the 1950s, plastics, mainly PVC, replaced latex on account of their lower cost, ease of maintenance, and lack of noise when handled. However, the history of these garments has influenced their modern names: \u201cRubber pants\u201d and \u201cRubbers\u201d are used commonly to mean waterproof pants of all kinds, even though they are typically now made of plastic rather than latex.\nThe invention of superabsorbent polymers (for diapers and incontinence pads), and blood-gelling polymers (for sanitary pads) largely displaced traditional cloth diapers and pads. Not only were these modern absorbent materials lighter and less bulky, but they became available as an \u201call-in-one\u201d solution with their own integral waterproof plastic backing. This eliminated the need for separate waterproof underwear in many situations. Nevertheless, waterproof pants are still used as a second line of defense where absolute protection from leakage is crucial. The development of plastic pants contributed significantly to juvenile fashion. Until the late 1950s, infants of both sexes usually wore short dresses until they were ready for toilet training thus avoiding the risks to clothing and hygiene of having top clothes in prolonged close contact with a damp or soiled diaper. Effective and easily obtainable waterproofing \u2013 whether integral with the pad or as separate pants \u2013 safely allowed a child to be dressed in trousers. The development of disposable diapers made the fit of clothing even neater as the new diapers were less bulky than the cloth ones.", ["w_s81"]]
[30030, "While flash memory remains one of the most popular storages in embedded systems because of its non-volatility, shock-resistance, small size, and low energy consumption, its application has grown much beyond its original design. Based on its original design, NOR flash memory is designed to store binary code of programs because it supports XIP (eXecute-In-Place) and high performance in read operations, while NAND flash memory is used as a data storage because of its lower price and higher performance in write/erase operations, compared to NOR flash. In recent years, the price of NAND flash has gone down much faster than that of NOR flash. Thus, to reduce the hardware cost ultimately, using NAND flash to replace NOR flash (motivated by a strong market demand) becomes a new trend in embedded-system designs, especially on mobile phones and arcade games. The replacement depends on well-designed management of flash memory, which is carried out by either software on a host system (as a raw medium) or hardware circuits/firmware inside its devices. Here, an efficient prediction mechanism with limited memory-space requirements and an efficient implementation is proposed. The prediction mechanism collects the access patterns of program execution to construct a prediction graph by adopting the working set concept. According to the prediction graph, the prediction mechanism prefetches data (/code) to the SRAM cache, so as to reduce the cache miss rate. Therefore, the performance of the program execution is improved and the read performance gap between NAND and NOR is filled up effectively. Using NAND Flash for boot code requires the use of DRAM to shadow the code.<PIC> Different from the popular caching ideas in the memory hierarchy, this approach aims at an application-oriented caching mechanism, which adopts prediction-assisted prefetching based on given execution traces of applications. The designs of embedded systems are considered with a limited set of applications, such as a set of selected system programs in mobile phones or arcade games of amusement-park machines. Besides, SRAM capacity and computing power are constrained in the implementation. Four essential components are included in the hardware design: host interface, SRAM (cache), NAND flash memory, and control logic. In order to fill up the performance gap between NAND and NOR, SRAM serves as a cache layer for data access over NAND. The host interface is responsible to the communication with the host system via address and data buses. Most importantly, the control logic manages the caching activity and provides the service emulation of NOR flash with NAND flash and SRAM; it must have an intelligent prediction mechanism implemented to improve the system performance. There are two major components in the control logic: The converter emulates NOR flash access over NAND flash with an SRAM cache, where address translation must be done from byte addressing (for NOR) to Logical Block Address (LBA) addressing (for NAND). Note that each 512B/2KB NAND page corresponds to one and four LBA's, respectively. The prefetch procedure tries to prefetch data from NAND to SRAM so that the hit rate of the NOR access is high over SRAM. The procedure should parse and extract the behavior of the target application via a set of collected traces. According to the extracted access patterns from the collected traces, the procedure generates prediction information, referred to as a prediction graph. The access pattern of an application execution over NOR (or NAND) consists of a sequence of LBA's. As an application runs for multiple times, the \u201cvirtually\u201d complete picture of the possible access pattern of an application execution might appear. Since most application executions are input-dependent or data-driven, there can be more than one subsequent LBA's following a given LBA, where each LBA corresponds to one node in the graph. Nodes with more than one subsequent LBA's are called branch nodes, and the others are called regular nodes. The graph that corresponds to the access patterns is referred to as the prediction graph of the specific application. If pages in NAND flash could be prefetched in an on-time fashion, and there is enough SRAM space for caching, then all data accesses could be done over SRAM.\nTo save the prediction graph over flash memory with overheads (SRAM capacity) minimized, the subsequent LBA information of each regular node is saved at the spare area of the corresponding page. It is because that the spare area of a page in current implementations has unused space, and the reading of a page usually comes with the reading of its data and spare areas simultaneously. In such a way, the accessing of the subsequent LBA information of a regular node comes with no extra cost. Since a branch node has more than one subsequent LBA's, the spare area of the corresponding page might not have enough free space to store the information. Thus, a branch table is maintained to save the subsequent LBA information of all branch nodes. The starting entry address of the branch table that corresponds to a branch node can be saved at the spare area of the corresponding page. The starting entry records the number of subsequent LBA's of the branch node, and the subsequent LBA's are stored in the entries following the starting entry. The branch table can be saved on flash memory. During the run time, the entire table can be loaded into SRAM for better performance. If there is not enough SRAM space, parts of the table can be loaded in an on-demand fashion. The objective of the prefetch procedure is to prefetch data from NAND based on a given prediction graph such that most data accesses occur over SRAM. The basic idea is to prefetch data by following the LBA order in the graph. In order to efficiently look up a selected page in the cache, a cyclic queue is adopted in the cache management. Data prefetched from NAND flash is enqueued, while those transferred to the host is dequeued, on the other hand. The prefetch procedure is done in a greedy way: Let P1 be the last prefetched page. If P1 corresponds to a regular node, then the page that corresponds to the subsequent LBA is prefetched. If P1 corresponds to a branch node, then the procedure should prefetch pages by following all possible next LBA links in an equal base and a round-robin way. As of 2021, 2D NAND replacement by 3D NAND has commenced. 3D NAND has the advantages of lower cost per bit and the latest controller technology for better reliability. Consequently, even at the low GB level, 3D NAND is the preferred option for code storage.", ["w_s84"]]
[30032, "USCGC Sorrel (WAGL/WLB-296) was a Cactus (A) class buoy tender of the United States Coast Guard built by Zenith Dredge of Duluth, Minnesota. Her keel was laid 26 May 1942, launched 28 September 1942 and commissioned on 15 April 1943.<PIC> After commissioning Sorrel joined her sister ships Cactus and Cowslip in Boston, Massachusetts until 25 July 1947.  During her tenure in Boston she was used for maintaining navigational aids and ice breaking.  On 25 July 1947 she reported to Rockland, Maine and then on 25 October 1948 she returned to Boston where she would remain until 1 May 1954.  All during this time of being shuffled between Boston and Rockland, she frequently worked out of Argentia, Newfoundland.\nOn 8 December 1948 Sorrel freed icebound USS\u00a0Whitewood, on 23\u201324 October 1950 rescued 8 crew from the motor vessel North Voyager, on 29 November 1951 assisted following collision between motor vessel Ventura and fishing vessel Lynn near Boston, on 20\u201321 July 1952 towed disabled fishing vessel Richard J. Nunan to Portland, Maine for repairs and on 19 February 1953 towed disabled fishing vessels Geraldine and Phyllis to Boston, Massachusetts for repair.\nOn 1 May 1954 Sorrel was reassigned to Sitka, Alaska for maintaining navigational aids, search and rescue missions, ice breaking, law and treaty enforcement and enforcement of U.S. territorial waters.  On 12\u201313 September 1956 assisted fishing vessel Valencia near Sitka, Alaska, on 18 June 1958 assisted fishing vessel Guardian 120 miles west of Sitka, and on 10\u201311 July 1958 assisted residents at Lituya Bay and Yakutat Bay following an earthquake in the region. On October 22, 1962 Sorrel assisted in the successful rescue of 95 passengers of a Northwest Airlines DC-7C that crashed near Sitka, Alaska.\nOn 1 July 1965 Sorrel was reassigned to Seward, Alaska where she would remain until 18 April 1973.  On 13 September 1966 assisted towing fishing vessel Jo Ann to Cordova, Alaska, on 6 November 1967 fought a fire at Shelter Cove, Alaska, on 4 November 1969 medevaced two crewman seriously burned in a fire on the Japanese fishing vessel Koshin Maru, and on 21 November 1970 medevaced crewman from fishing vessel Lee Ann to Seward, Alaska for medical aid.\nFrom 18 April 1973 to 31 March 1976 Sorrel was stationed in Cordova, Alaska.  On 31 March 1976 Sorrel left Alaska and reported to the Coast Guard Yard at Curtis Bay, Maryland for major renovation under the Service Life Extension Program (SLEP). Under SLEP, she would get new generator and propulsion systems, navigational electronics, new vang supported boom system (eliminating the distinctive Cactus (A) Class \"A\" frame boom support), reworked superstructure and renovations to crew's living spaces.\nFollowing SLEP, on 2 December 1982 Sorrel reported to Governor's Island, N.Y. to continue her career as a buoy tender until decommissioned on 20 June 1996. Sorrel was sold and is now the SS Reliance operated by Sea Scout Ship #13 of Stockton, California.  She was used for training cruises to teach seamanship to young men and women.\nIn 2007, the Reliance was sold to Seaway Trading Inc and renamed Fearless.", ["w_s86"]]
[30033, "Christine Negroni (born December 19, 1956) is an American aviation and travel writer whose work appears in The New York Times, the Washington Post, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Fortune, and other publications. She is the author of two books, Deadly Departure (2000) and The Crash Detectives: Investigating The World's Most Mysterious Air Disasters (2016).\nShe is an on-camera contributor for ABC News and writes the aviation-themed blog Flying Lessons.<PIC>  Negroni began her journalism career in 1978. She worked as an on-camera broadcast journalist for WMAZ Macon, Georgia and KSLA Shreveport, Louisiana, New Jersey Nightly News in Newark and Trenton, New Jersey, WFSB in Hartford, Connecticut, WGN in Chicago. She worked for CNN in New York from 1993-1999.  She has been the recipient of awards from the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (Emmy nomination), Society of Professional Journalists Sigma Delta Chi and Associated Press. From 1988 to 1991 Negroni was a correspondent at the CBS bureaus in Atlanta, New York and Chicago. Her stories appeared on the CBS Evening News with Dan Rather. She was a contributor to the award-winning program Sunday Morning with Charles Kuralt. In 1990 she received the National Association of Hispanic Journalists Excellence Award. She was honored by the National Air Disaster Alliance & Foundation for journalism in 2010. In 1993 Negroni became a New York-based correspondent for CNN, creating the network's aviation beat where she reported exclusives in travel and aviation news. In 2000 HarperCollins published Negroni's book, Deadly Departure: Why The Experts Failed To Prevent The TWA Flight 800 Disaster And How It Could Happen Again. The New York Times called it a \u201cwell-written, well-researched chronicle of events surrounding the crash of Flight 800.\u201d It was a New York Times Book of the Year in 2000. From 2001 to 2008, Negroni was the Director of Investigations for New York aviation law firm, Kreindler & Kreindler. There she was responsible for coordinating the factual elements for a civil suit against financial sponsors of the September 11th attacks. She also examined liability issues arising from commercial and private airplane accidents. Negroni represented the flying public as a voting member of a Federal Aviation Administration rulemaking advisory committee on aging aircraft systems from 2000-2005. In 2009 she was on the President's short list for a nomination to the National Transportation Safety Board. She is a member of the International Society of Air Safety Investigators where she has presented papers on the overuse of emergency helicopter ambulances in the United States, airline flags of convenience as a global security and safety issue and assessing the effectiveness of human factors in aviation safety.\nThe International Air Transport Association has invited Negroni to present at industry conferences on airport ground handling safety (Vancouver 2007) and crisis communications (Istanbul 2014). Since 2003, Negroni has contributed to newspapers, magazines, online and broadcast publications, writing about experiential travel, transportation, and aviation. Select publications include The New York Times, the Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, Macleans, Seattle PI, Air & Space, WAG Wanders, RunwayGirlNetwork and Travel + Leisure.\nNegroni is an aviation safety specialist for ABC News. She regularly appears as a guest aviation and travel expert for television documentaries. Negroni was born on December 19, 1956 in Miami, Florida, the daughter of Jaime Negroni, and Dione Negroni Hendrick both deceased\nShe is married to Jim Schembari, an editor at The New York Times. They have four children.", ["w_s98"]]
[30034, "Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Frederick Pickard VC, CB (12 April 1844 \u2013 1 March 1880) was a British Army officer and courtier. For his actions in New Zealand in 1863, he was awarded the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. After further service and promotion in the Royal Artillery, Pickard was appointed an Equerry to the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn in 1871; seven years later, he was made Assistant Keeper of the Privy Purse and Assistant Private Secretary to the Queen and promoted to lieutenant-colonel, but died of tuberculosis in France, aged 35, less than two years later.<PIC> Pickard was born on 12 April 1844 at Forest Hill in the Nottinghamshire town of Worksop. He was the third son of a former officer in the Royal Artillery, Henry William Pickard (1794\u20131873), JP, of Sturminster Marshall, Dorset, and 11 Carlton Crescent, Southampton, and his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of John Fullerton, of Thrybergh Park in Yorkshire. The Pickard family claimed descent from a medieval Lord Mayor of London; in the 18th century, Jocelyn Pickard, a barrister from Lincoln's Inn, moved to Bloxworth House in Dorset and married a Dorsetshire heiress; Henry William Pickard was his great-grandson in the direct male-line, although he was his father's youngest son. In 1858, Pickard was promoted from being a gentleman cadet in the Royal Artillery to the rank of lieutenant. In May 1871, Pickard was appointed Equerry to Prince Arthur, later the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn; later that year, he was promoted to the rank of second captain, and in 1872 to brevet major. In December 1877, the Queen appointed Pickard a groom-in-waiting after the resignation of Lieutenant-Colonel William Henry Frederick Cavendish; the following year, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and in July he stepped aside as Connaught's Equerry, when he was appointed Extra Equerry and Captain Alfred Mordaunt Egerton replaced him. Later that year, the Queen appointed him Assistant Keeper of the Privy Purse, and her Assistant Private Secretary, and shortly afterwards, he was promoted to the full rank of major. In March 1879, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath. When Pickard was a 19-year-old lieutenant, he was serving in the Invasion of Waikato (one of the campaigns in the New Zealand Wars); he and Assistant Surgeon William Temple were awarded the Victoria Cross, the United Kingdom's highest bravery award, for the following deed, which took place on 20 November 1863 at Rangiriri, New Zealand. His citation reads:\nFor gallant conduct during the assault on the enemy's position at Rangiriri, in New Zealand, on the 20th of November last, in exposing their lives to imminent danger, in crossing the entrance of the Maori keep, at a point upon which the enemy had concentrated their fire, with a view to render assistance to the wounded, and, more especially to the late Captain Mercer, of the Royal Artillery.\nLieutenant Pickard, it is stated, crossed, and re-crossed the parapet, to procure water for the wounded, when none of the men could be induced to perform this service, the space over which he traversed being exposed to a crossfire; and testimony is borne to the calmness displayed by him, and Assistant-Surgeon Temple, under the trying circumstances in which they were placed. On 1 March 1880, Pickard died at Cannes, in France, reportedly of tuberculosis. He was buried at the city's Grand Jas Cemetery. His medal group \u2013 consisting of his Victoria Cross, the insignia of the Order of the Bath, the Russian Order of St Stanislas and the Austrian Order of Leopold, and his New Zealand Medal \u2013 were purchased at auction in New Zealand on behalf of the Michael Ashcroft Trust in 2002. They are on display at the Lord Ashcroft Gallery in the Imperial War Museum in London.", ["w_s101"]]
[30036, "HMS Tetcott was a Type II British Hunt-class destroyer built for the Royal Navy during World War II. She was the only Royal Navy ship to be named after the Tetcott fox hunt.  Following completion on 11 December 1941 the ship headed for Scapa Flow where it arrived on 16 December and joined the Home Fleet.  The vessel collided with the corvette Heartsease on 23 December which meant that the next two months were spent in repair on the Clyde and later in Southampton. The vessel was finally ready for service again on 2 March 1942 and returned to Scapa Flow for working-up. On 15 April 1942 Tetcott joined convoy WS18 at the ocean escort Clyde Assembly point. The ship escorted this convoy to Cape Town, detaching briefly to call into Freetown on the way.\nAt Cape Town, Tetcott headed into the Indian Ocean and on to Alexandria via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal, arriving in early June 1942 where she joined the 9th Destroyer Flotilla.\nOn 10 June the ship sailed with Grove carrying supplies to the garrison at Tobruk. Grove was torpedoed on 12 June during the return journey and Tetcott picked up the survivors. On 16 June the ship came under heavy Axis air attack whilst defending of ships returning to Alexandria following the termination of Operation Vigorous.\nIn July the ship operated as part of Operation Exporter off Palestine and Syria.  On 4 August, with the destroyers Sikh and Zulu the ship attacked the German submarine U-372 and forced the U-boat to the surface. 16 German crew and a Lebanese civilian were rescued.\nIn September 1942, the ship was assigned with Hero to convoy duties in the Red Sea, but returned to the Mediterranean in October. In November 1942, the ship formed part of the close escort for Convoy MW13, from Alexandria to Malta. This convoy succeeded in reaching Malta, and the ship formed part of the close escort on the return journey. In December, Tetcott was one of the escorts in the Alexandria to Malta convoy, MW14, after which she joined the 22nd Destroyer Flotilla at Algiers.<PIC> In January 1943 the ship escorted Orion from Malta to Alexandria during cover for passage of a Malta and on 1 February rescued survivors from the minelayer Welshman which had been torpedoed off Sollum. She continued patrol and escort duties in the eastern and central Mediterranean for the next two months.\nIn July she took part on Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily, and in September the Salerno landing, Operation Avalanche. In January 1944, the ship was assigned to the Northern Attack Force for Operation Shingle, the Anzio Landings, and provided shore bombardment in support of the landings.\nFrom February until August 1944, the ship operated in the Adriatic Sea providing shore bombardment and operating as a convoy escort. In September she supported the invasion of the Aegean islands, and then worked as part of the liberation of Greece. Deployments off Greece and Albania continued until March 1945. Tetcott then operated off the Italian coast, and was slightly damaged in April during the bombardment of Genoa. The ship returned to the UK, arriving at Portsmouth on 21 May before heading to Gibraltar in June for a refit, which started on 5 July. The ship was due to be assigned to the Indian Ocean following the refit but this was cancelled with the surrender of Japan and instead the refit was cut short and the ship placed in reserve on 17 January 1946 before heading back to the UK.\nIn November 1952, it was announced that the ship would be preserved at the Penarth Docks, but this plan failed. Instead the ship was towed to Gibraltar where she remained until September 1955 when she was towed back to the Barrow in Furness, in Extended Reserve, having had much of her equipment removed and the vessel no longer maintained and placed on the Disposal List. In January 1956 Tetcott was reclassified as a hulk and in August transferred to BISCO for scrapping. Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev.\u00a0ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN\u00a0978-1-86176-281-8.\nEnglish, John (1987). The Hunts: a history of the design, development and careers of the 86 destroyers of this class built for the Royal and Allied Navies during World War II. England: World Ship Society. ISBN\u00a00-905617-44-4.", ["w_s110"]]
[30037, "The Fire HDX, formerly named Kindle Fire HDX, was a high-end model in Amazon Fire line of tablet computers. It was announced on September 25, 2013 and was available in two models, 7\u00a0inch and 8.9\u00a0inch. The 7\u00a0inch WiFi model was released on October 18, 2013 and the 8.9\u00a0inch WiFi model was released on November 7, 2013 in the United States.\nIn September 2014, Amazon released the second generation of the Fire HDX 8.9 model that has a faster processor and a more powerful graphics processing unit. In addition, the name \"Kindle\" was removed from all of the Fire tablets' names.\nThe Fire HDX tablets were discontinued, and the Fire HD tablet line now includes the most powerful versions of Amazon Fire devices.<PIC>  Both the 7\u00a0inch and 8.9\u00a0inch LCD models contain a Qualcomm Snapdragon 800 processor that has an Adreno 330 GPU.  The models also have a 1.2\u00a0megapixel front camera that shoots 720p HD video.  The 8.9\u00a0inch model has an 8\u00a0megapixel rear camera that shoots HD 1080p video. The exterior surface has angular, raised plastic edges with the power and volume buttons located on the backside. The Fire HDX features Dolby Digital Plus audio engine powering the two attached speakers. A normal user will get about 12 hours of battery life from a full charge.\nThe Fire HDX 8.9\" refresh in 2014 uses a Qualcomm Snapdragon 805 processor with an Adreno 420 GPU. The sound system features Dolby Atmos speaker technology and the Wi-Fi version weighs 13.2 ounces (375 grams). Both models use Fire OS 3 which is a proprietary fork of Android 4.2.2. It features \"Mayday\", a button for free tech support available any time, \"Silk\", a cloud-accelerated browser, the Amazon Appstore for games and apps and Amazon.com services for media content purchases. The tablets can send video content to a supported TV, game console or through a device like a Wireless Display HDMI adapter wirelessly using \"Second Screen\", but cannot send content via a HDMI cable like its predecessor, the Kindle Fire HD.\nThe 2014 refresh uses Fire OS 4 \"Sangria\", which features profiles so each user on the tablet can have their own settings and apps. Sascha Segan of PC Magazine mentioned: \"Press the Mayday button, and within 15 seconds, a live Amazon operator appears in a video chat window on your screen to answer all of your Kindle Fire questions. He or she will even tell you what apps to download. I've never seen anything else like it on a tablet.\" In his review of the Kindle Fire HDX 7\" he called the Mayday remote video support feature as \"revolutionary\" and \"Amazon's most exciting feature\".\nIn June 2018, however, Amazon \"quietly\" discontinued the Mayday feature. The Fire HDX's UI has a \"Carousel\" which contains the most recent apps used and ones that have been updated or purchased recently.  The Carousel also holds documents, videos, music, and books. The  Fire HDX also has a favorites tab in which the user can access the users apps from any other application. Overview on generations and models for all Fire tablet devices:\nNote: Items in bold are currently available.\nDetailed specifications for all Fire HDX tagged tablet devices:\nThe Model number consists of three parts: first the KF prefix for 'Kindle Fire', second one or two letters derived from the code name, third WI for Wi-Fi or WA for cellular interface. Engadget gave the Fire HDX an 85 out of 100, saying that it may be the most compelling case for Amazon's tablet ecosystem. While advanced users may be turned off by the limited app selection, the display's gorgeous color accuracy may make the tablet a good buy for everyone else, especially Amazon Prime members.\nPC Magazine gave the Amazon Kindle Fire HDX 7\" (Wi-Fi) edition 4 out of 5 and rated \"Excellent\" while following pros were noted: \"Sharp screen. Fast processor. Extremely easy to use. Amazing live tech support.\"\nThe Fire HDX's screen has high color accuracy and high pixel density at 339\u00a0PPI, and as of early 2013 was one of the highest of tablet devices commercially available.  However, CNET pointed out that no Google Play access means limited app selection compared to other Android tablets and some users may be bothered by an additional $15 to remove ads on the lock screen, while ads on the home screen can be removed with a system setting.", ["w_s111"]]
[30038, "Hideo Noda (\u91ce\u7530 \u82f1\u592b, Noda Hideo, July 15, 1908 \u2013 January 12, 1939), also known as Hideo Benjamin Noda and Benjamin Hideo Noda, was a Japanese-American modernist painter and muralist, member of the Shinseisakuha movement in Japan, student of Arnold Blanch, and uncle of Japanese printmaker Tetsuya Noda, as well as alleged communist spy recruited by Whittaker Chambers.<PIC>  Noda was born on July 15, 1908, in Agnew's Village, as the second son of Eitaro Noda, who had emigrated from a small village in the Kumamoto Prefecture of Japan. He returned for some years to his home prefecture in Kumamoto, where he attended junior high school. Returning to California, he graduated from Piedmont High School in Oakland in 1929. Noda soon attended the California School of Fine Arts (CSFA\u2014now San Francisco Art Institute. There he met Arnold Blanch, who taught at the Art Students League in New York. Noda saw Diego Rivera paint \"The Making of a Fresco Showing the Building of a City,\" April\u2013June 1931, at the school.\nLater in 1931, he was studying mural-tempera painting there under Blanch, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, and George Grosz. He lived for a time at the Woodstock Art Village with fellow students Sakari Suzuki and Jack Chikamichi Yamasaki.\nIn 1932, he won a prize from the Chicago Art Institute and exhibited at the Corcoran Gallery of Washington, DC. He was a member of the Mural Painters Guild and the Woodstock Artists Association\nIn 1933, Noda became one of several assistants to Rivera on the artist\u2019s work for Man at the Crossroads in Rockefeller Center Plaza in New York City. (Other assistants included: Lucienne Bloch, Stephen Pope Dimitroff, Lou Block, Arthur Niendorf, Seymour Fogel, and Antonio Sanchez Flores.)\nPhotographer Walker Evans knew Noda in New York in 1933. Estelle Hama, wife of painter Art Hama, recalled of 1933-1934 \"I met Art in New York at the John Reed Club. They had just formed. He was a protege of the artist Kuniyoshi. I knew Kuniyoshi. Well, everyone knew Yasuo in those days. They were friends Isamu Noguchi, Hideo Noda, and Eitaro Ishigaki.\"\nIn 1934\u20131935, Noda's work appeared in the Whitney Museum's \"Second Biennial Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting\" along with Kuniyoshi's. According to an entry, \"Hideo Noda participates in Whitney Second\nBiennial; his painting 'Street Scene' is purchased by the museum.\" The Brooklyn Daily Eagle noted, \"Look for Hideo Noda's 'Street Scene.' Noda is a mural painter and a real modern, immensely responsive to the daily sorrows and beauties of people in 1935.\" Noda was \"involved in a conflict over a mural he designed for Ellis Island in 1934\u20131935. In 1935, Noda's murals lost out to those of Edward Laning for Ellis Island: \nIt was a great relief to PWA, to the College Art Association, to Architects Harvey Wiley Corbett and Chester Holmes Aldrich and to Edward Laning last week to learn that Commissioner of Immigration & Naturalization Rudolph Reimer at Ellis Island had finally approved Artist Laning's designs for murals for the dining hall at New York's immigrant station. Cheered, Muralist Laning and his two assistants, James Rutledge and Albert Soroka, hustled to get his cartoons on tempera and gesso panels as soon as possible...\nNo sooner was Muralist Hideo Noda's cartoon submitted to him than Commissioner Reimer blossomed out as a stickler for artistic detail. The Noda mural was promptly rejected because Negro cotton pickers were shown wearing turtlenecked sweaters and creased trousers, because the creature pulling a poor blackamoor's farm cart seemed to be a full-blooded Percheron stallion. Artist Noda threw up his hands and his job, went back to California.\nReturning to California in 1937, he painted the mural \"School Life\" in the Piedmont High School.\nReturning to Japan, he continued his work \"in the modern art, art societies, Shinseisakka (ja:\u65b0\u5236\u4f5c\u5354\u4f1a) and Nikka.\" Noda joined the John Reed Club of New York, where Eitaro Ishigaki and \"Chuzo Tomatzu\" (Chuzo Tamotsu) were founding members. (A fellow student of the Art Students League, member of the John Reed Club, and artist concerned with African-American rights was Esther Shemitz, by 1931 wife of Whittaker Chambers.) In New York, Noda became acquainted with leftist American art historian Meyer Schapiro, a classmate of Chambers at Columbia, and they corresponded between 1934 and 1936.\nIn his 1952 memoir, Whittaker Chambers claimed to have recruited Noda, who he said was a communist, in late 1934 as translator for the head of a Tokyo spy cell. Helping him were either J. Peters or Meyer Schapiro. Chambers organized the cell from New York City with the help of John Loomis Sherman, who would head the Tokyo cell, and Maxim Lieber, whose literary agency would provide cover for an \u201cAmerican Feature Writers Syndicate.\u201d Sherman and Noda spent an unsuccessful year (1935) in Tokyo, at the end of which the cell closed suddenly and both returned to New York.\nChambers provided perhaps the longest description of Noda by a contemporary. He claims he was a member of the American Communist Party. He says he was a relative of one of Japanese premier, Prince Fumimaro Konoe. \"He was extremely intelligent, alert, personable and likable.\" Noda agreed to go to Japan to work for Sherman, who gave him the underground name \"Ned.\" In 1936, upon Noda's return to New York from the failed Tokyo cell, Chambers gave him his next instructions, namely to go to Southern France (Nice or Antibes) and wait until contacted. At that time, Chambers advised him to get out of the underground: Noda reacted by denouncing Chambers as a \"Trotskyist wrecker.\" Chambers records his last sightings: \nSome time in 1937 or 1938, Hideo Noda... flitted through New York again. \n Before Noda had been alert, somewhat as birds are, as if in him mental and physical brightness were one. Now he seemed a little faded and tired. \n Our brief meeting was stiff. Perhaps he still considered me a \"diversionist mad dog\" and was disappointed to find that I had not, after his denunciation of me to the Party, been purged. But I suspect that Noda was so silent because, had he begun to speak, the words that came out would have been: \"Oh, horror, horror, horror!\" I stood and watched Ned as he walked away, something that I did not often do. I never saw him again. Noda died of a brain tumor on January 12, 1939, in Tokyo. According to the New York Times, he had been \"visiting Japan for about a year.\" According to the Brooklyn Daily News, he died on January 11, 1939, at the Imperial University Hospital, Tokyo. Surviving him were his wife, Ruth Noda in New York, and his parents in Japan. His wife had just returned to New York, and he was to join her shortly. In his 1952 memoir, Chambers \"wondered whether, in Ulrich's words, Noda had 'been shot by them or shot by us'.\"\nA 1940 issue of the Bulletin of the New York Public Library notes under \"Limited or Other Special Editions\" the following entry: \"Mrs. Ruth Noda Hulley \u2014 No. 120 of a limited edition of 500 copies of Album Hideo Noda, by Shinseisaku-Ha.\" In his 1939 obituary, the New York Times declared: \nMr. Noda's art, which was one of the modern school, achieved wide recognition in Japan, where he was considered an important figure in the modern movement known as Shinseisakka. In this country, his work was gaining increasing appreciation as critice noted in it a distinctive \"mode,\" which in his later works approached the surrealism of Paul Klee and Joan Mir\u00f3.\nThe Brooklyn Daily Eagle noted, \"Noda is a mural painter and a real modern, immensely responsive to the daily sorrows and beauties of people in 1935.\" A number of Japanese-American artists involved themselves in Communism during the 1930s: \nBoth Ishigaki and Noda were members of the communist John Reed Club... However, as Japan\u2019s militarism became threatening to the U.S., Noda was actually \"censured\" because he was a second-generation Japanese American who had been educated in Japan in his youth...\n (The \"censure\" above may include reference to Noda's loss of the Ellis Island mural competition.)\nAttracting these artists were the plight of African-Americans: \nLiberal American artists responded with protest images, again encouraged by the ACA Galleries. Japanese American artists could easily empathize with their black contemporaries, another minority facing discrimination, and they made work that joined them in protest. Among them were Ishigaki, painter Hideo Noda, the young sculptor Leo Amino... The young Noguchi dramatically suspended a contorted, life-sized figure from a rope in his 'Death (Lynched Figure)' (1934).\nOutside the West Coast, Japanese expatriate intellectuals formed bonds with African Americans. In New York, Eitaro Ishigaki painted a black history mural for a Harlem courthouse, while he, Isamu Noguchi, and Hideo Noda each produced artworks of lynchings.   According to the Japanese entry of Wikipedia (as of November 28, 2014), the following represent Noda's major works:\nLandscape 1932 (1932) watercolor and paper\nLandscape 1936 (1936) oil on board\nPerson, ink\nPerson (people of the market), watercolor Man at the Crossroads (1933), assisted Diego Rivera, Rockefeller Center Plaza\nSchool Life (Piedmont High School) (1937) fresco (Kumamoto Prefectural Museum of Art, Kumamoto, Japan\nOther major works include his 1933 \"Scottsboro Boys\" (now in the Shinano Desin Museum) and \"Street Scene\" (which appeared in the 1934\u20131935 exhibit at the Whitney). Other works appeared in a 2013 exhibition in Japan, including the 1936 \"Tokyo Botanical Garden\" sketch. Kumamoto Prefectural Museum of Art: Hideo Noda (numerous URLS)\nOkawa Museum of Art 1931: California School of Fine Arts (now San Francisco Art Institute)\n1932: Woodstock Art Show: \"Danger, Keep to the Right\" and \"The Agitators\"\n1933: Eighth Street Gallery (with Samuel Shane)\n1933: Art Institute of Chicago\n1934: American Contemporary Art Gallery (ACA Gallery)\n1934\u20131935: Whitney Museum: Second Biennial Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting (November 27, 1934 \u2013 January 10, 1935): \"Street Scene\"\n1935: Nika Art Exhibition (Japan)\n1995:  Nerima Kuritsu Bijutsukan: Amerikan sh\u012bn no Nihonjin gatatachi ten: Shimizu Toshi, Kuniyoshi Yasuo, Ishigaki Eitar\u014d, Kitagawa Tamiji, Noda Hideo (April 29 \u2013 June 4, 1995)\n2013: Gallery Toki No Wasuemono/Watanuki Inc.: Hideo Noda, Tamiji Kitagawa, Yasuo Kuniyoshi (April 19\u201327, 2013) Noda receives mention in many books about Rivera that detail the New York mural.  This includes The Fabulous Life of Diego Rivera by Bertram Wolfe and Rivera's own Portrait of America with photographs by Walker Evans. The Piedmont High School sold its mural to the Kumamoto Prefectural Museum of Art: \nThe Noda Fund was established by the Board of Education to use proceeds from the sale of a mural by artist (and former PHS student) Benjamin Hideo Noda to establish a fund from which the interest earned is used for grants to support visual arts at the secondary level. The Noda account is fully funded, and there are no changes to report at the second interim and there are no significant changes in the multi-year projects. KotoBank: Noda Hideo\nUki City : Noda Hideo\nArt of Kumamoto Prefecture. Kumamoto Prefectural Museum of Art. 1995.\nKuboshima (1992). My Love Died Young Painters. Kodansha Gendaishinsho. pp.\u00a0171\u2013202.\nKumamoto Prefecture Encyclopedia. Kumamotonichinichishinbunsha. 1982. p.\u00a0647.\nAsano, Toru (1982). Amerika ni Mananda Nihon no Gakatachi: Kuniyoshi, Shimizu, Ishigaki, Noda to Amerikan Shiin kaiga (Japanese Painters Who Studied in America and the American Scene). Tokyo & Kyoto.\n\"Guide to the California Asian American Artists Biographical Survey Records\". Online Archive of California.\n\"Asians in America\". Asians in American.\nShiPu Wang (2017). \"We Are Scottsboro Boys: Hideo Noda\u2019s Visual Rhetoric of Transracial Solidarity.\" The Other American Moderns. Matsura, Ishigaki, Noda, Hayakawa. Penn State University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-271-07773-4.", ["w_s117"]]
[30039, "This is a list of rivers of Argentina.<PIC>  This list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name. Rivers in the table above are in bold. R\u00edo de la Plata\nUruguay River\nGualeguaych\u00fa River\nMocoret\u00e1 River\nMiri\u00f1ay River\nAguapey River\nPepiri-Guazu River\nParan\u00e1 River\nArrecifes River\nGualeguay River\nNogoy\u00e1 River\nArroyo del Medio\nSaladillo Stream\nLudue\u00f1a Stream\nCarcara\u00f1\u00e1 River\nTercero River (Calamuchita River)\nCuarto River (Saladillo River, Chocancharava River)\nSalado River (Salado del Norte, Juramento River, Pasaje River, Calchaqu\u00ed River)\nHorcones River\nUrue\u00f1a River\nArenales River\nRosario River\nGuasamayo River\nSan Javier River\nFeliciano River\nGuayquirar\u00f3 River\nCorriente River\nParan\u00e1 Min\u00ed River\nTapenag\u00e1 River\nPalometa River\nSanta Luc\u00eda River\nNegro River\nGuaycur\u00fa River\nParaguay River\nR\u00edo de Oro\nBermejo River (Teuco River)\nBermejito River\nDorado River\nTeuquito River\nSeco River\nSan Francisco River\nGrande River\nMojotoro River (Lavay\u00e9n River)\nPescado River\nIruya River\nR\u00edo Grande de Tarija\nIta\u00fa River\nLipeo River\nPilcomayo River\nPilaya River (Bolivia)\nSan Juan del Oro River (Bolivia)\nR\u00edo Grande de San Juan\nUrugua-\u00ed River\nIguazu River\nSan Antonio River\nLuj\u00e1n River\nReconquista River\nMatanza River (Riachuelo)\nSamboromb\u00f3n Bay\nSamboromb\u00f3n River\nSalado River Quequ\u00e9n Grande River\nSauce Grande River\nNaposta Stream\nSauce Chico River\nColorado River\nDesaguadero River (Salado River, Bermejo River, Vinchina River) (usually does not reach the Colorado)\nAtuel River\nDiamante River\nTunuy\u00e1n River\nSan Juan River\nMendoza River\nTupungato River\nCasta\u00f1o Viejo River\nCalingasta River\nR\u00edo de los Patos\nBlanco River\nJ\u00e1chal River\nBlanco River\nHuaco River\nBarrancas River\nGrande River\nR\u00edo Negro\nNeuqu\u00e9n River\nAgrio River\nLimay River\nColl\u00f3n Cur\u00e1 River\nAlumin\u00e9 River\nChimehuin River\nTraful River\nChubut River\nChico River\nSenguerr River\nMayo River\nGuenguel River\nTecka River\nChico River\nDeseado River\nPinturas River\nF\u00e9nix Grande River\nSanta Cruz River\nChico River\nChal\u00eda River (Shehuen River)\nBelgrano River\nLa Leona River\nCoig River (Coyle River)\nPelque River\nGallegos River\nChico River\nGrande River\nFuego River Carapari River\nItiyuro River\nTartagal River\nSalado River (Colorado River)\nBel\u00e9n River\nAbauc\u00e1n River\nMar Chiquita (C\u00f3rdoba)\nDulce River\nSaladillo River\nSal\u00ed River\nPrimero River (Suqu\u00eda River)\nCosqu\u00edn River\nSegundo River (Xanaes River)\nCruz del Eje River\nConlara River\nQuinto River (Popopis River)\nMalarg\u00fce River Abauc\u00e1n River\nAgrio River\nAguapey River\nAlumin\u00e9 River\nArenales River\nArrecifes River\nAtuel River\nAzul River\nBarrancas River\nBel\u00e9n River\nBelgrano River\nBermejo River (Teuco River)\nBermejito River\nBlanco River\nBlanco River (R\u00edo de los Patos)\nCalingasta River\nCarapari River\nCarcara\u00f1\u00e1 River\nCasta\u00f1o Viejo River\nChal\u00eda River (Shehuen River)\nChico River (Lower Chubut)\nChico River (Upper Chubut)\nChico River (Santa Cruz)\nChico River (Gallegos)\nChimehuin River\nChubut River\nCoig River (Coyle River)\nColl\u00f3n Cur\u00e1 River\nColorado River\nConlara River\nCorriente River\nCosqu\u00edn River\nCruz del Eje River\nCuarto River (Saladillo River, Chocancharava River)\nDesaguadero River (Salado River, Bermejo River, Vinchina River)\nDeseado River\nDiamante River\nDorado River\nDulce River\nFeliciano River\nF\u00e9nix Grande River\nFuego River\nFutaleuf\u00fa River\nGallegos River\nGrande River\nGrande River (Jujuy)\nGrande River (Tierra del Fuego)\nR\u00edo Grande de San Juan\nR\u00edo Grande de Tarija\nGualeguay River\nGualeguaych\u00fa River\nGuasamayo River\nGuaycur\u00fa River\nGuayquirar\u00f3 River\nGuenguel River\nHorcones River\nHuaco River\nHua Hum River\nIguazu River\nIruya River\nIta\u00fa River\nItiyuro River\nJ\u00e1chal River\nLa Leona River\nLimay River\nLipeo River\nLudue\u00f1a Stream\nLuj\u00e1n River\nMalarg\u00fce River\nManso River\nMatanza River (Riachuelo)\nMayer River\nMayo River\nMendoza River\nMiddle Stream\nMiri\u00f1ay River\nMocoret\u00e1 River\nMojotoro River (Lavay\u00e9n River)\nNaposta Stream\nR\u00edo Negro\nNegro River\nNeuqu\u00e9n River\nNogoy\u00e1 River\nPalena River (Carrenleuf\u00fa River, Corcovado River)\nPalometa River\nParaguay River\nParan\u00e1 River\nParan\u00e1 River\nPelque River\nPepiri-Guazu River\nPescado River\nPico River\nPilcomayo River\nPinturas River\nPrimero River (Suqu\u00eda River)\nPuelo River\nQuequ\u00e9n Grande River\nQuinto River (Popopis River)\nReconquista River\nR\u00edo de la Plata\nR\u00edo de los Patos\nR\u00edo de Oro\nRosario River\nSaladillo River\nSaladillo Stream\nSalado River (Salado del Norte, Juramento River, Pasaje River, Calchaqu\u00ed River)\nSalado River (Buenos Aires)\nSalado River (Colorado River)\nSal\u00ed River\nSamboromb\u00f3n River\nSan Antonio River\nSan Francisco River\nSan Javier River\nSan Juan River\nSanta Cruz River\nSanta Luc\u00eda River\nSauce Chico River\nSauce Grande River\nSeco River\nSegundo River (Xanaes River)\nSenguerr River\nTapenag\u00e1 River\nTartagal River\nTecka River\nTercero River (Calamuchita River)\nTeuquito River\nTraful River\nTunuy\u00e1n River\nTupungato River\nTurbio River\nUrue\u00f1a River\nUrugua-\u00ed River\nUruguay River\nVizcachas River", ["w_s120"]]
[30041, "The Fletcher, later Aubrey-Fletcher Baronetcy, of Clea Hall in the County of Cumberland, is a title in the Baronetage of Great Britain. It was created on 20 May 1782 for Henry Fletcher, a Director of the Honourable East India Company and Member of Parliament. He was a descendant of Philip Fletcher (17th century), whose brother Sir Richard Fletcher was the father of Sir Henry Fletcher, 1st Baronet, of Hutton in le Forest (see Fletcher baronets for more information on this branch of the family). Fletcher was succeeded by his son, Henry, the second Baronet. He was High Sheriff of Cumberland from 1810 to 1811. His grandson, the fourth Baronet, was a prominent Conservative politician. In 1903 he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Aubrey on inheriting the Aubrey estates on the death of Charles Aubrey. Aubrey-Fletcher died childless and was succeeded by his younger brother, Lancelot, the fifth Baronet. He assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Aubrey on succeeding to the title in 1910. His eldest surviving son, Henry, the sixth Baronet, was Lord-Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire from 1954 to 1961. He was succeeded by his son, John, the seventh Baronet. He was High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire in 1961. As of 2008 the title is held by his son, Henry, the eighth Baronet, who succeeded in 1992. He is Lord-Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire since 2006.<PIC> Sir Henry Fletcher, 1st Baronet (1727\u20131807). He established the family seat at Ashley Park, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey. He was MP for Cumberland from 1768 to 1802.\nSir Henry Fletcher, 2nd Baronet (4 February 1772 \u2013 10 August 1821). Fletcher was the son of Sir Henry Fletcher, 1st Baronet, and his wife Catherine Lintot. He married Frances Sophia Vaughan in 1801. They had at least one child. From 1810 to 1811 Fletcher served as High Sheriff of Cumberland. He died in August 1821, aged 49, and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son, Henry. Lady Fletcher died in February 1828.\nSir Henry Fletcher, 3rd Baronet (18 September 1807 \u2013 6 September 1851). Fletcher was the son of Sir Henry Fletcher, 2nd Baronet, and his wife Frances Sophia Vaughan. He was educated at New College, Oxford. Fletcher married Emily Maria Browne in 1834 and they had at least seven children: Eliza Emily Fletcher, died 1935; Sir Henry Aubrey-Fletcher, 4th Baronet; Lieutenant Edward Fletcher (1841\u20131881); Sir Lancelot Aubrey-Fletcher, 5th Baronet; Adelaide Maria Fletcher, 1848\u20131926; Reverend Philip Fletcher (1848\u20131928); John Lowther Fletcher (1851\u20131928). Fletcher died in September 1851, aged 43, and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son, Henry. Lady Fletcher died in January 1888.\nSir Henry Aubrey-Fletcher, 4th Baronet (1835\u20131910)\nSir Lancelot Aubrey-Fletcher, 5th Baronet (13 March 1846 \u2013 5 January 1937). Fletcher was the second son of Sir Henry Fletcher, 3rd Baronet, and his wife Emily Maria Browne, and the younger brother of Sir Henry Aubrey-Fletcher, 4th Baronet, who died without issue in 1910. The same year he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Aubrey. Fletcher was married three times and had at least three children. He married firstly Gertrude Isabella Howell (d. 1878). They had one son (who lived between 1876 and 1882). After her death in 1878 he married secondly Emily Harriet Wade (d. 1911). They had at least two children: Kathleen Margaret Aubrey-Fletcher (1884\u20131959); Sir Henry Lancelot Aubrey-Fletcher, 6th Baronet After her death in 1911 he married thirdly Aileen Mary Macpherson. They had no children. In 1916 Aubrey-Fletcher donated part of his brother's estate in Angmering to the parish to be used as a recreation ground. The area is today known as Fletcher's Field. Aubrey-Fletcher died in January 1937 and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son, Henry. Lady Aubrey-Fletcher died in June 1968.\nSir Henry Lancelot Aubrey-Fletcher, 6th Baronet (1887\u20131969)\nSir John Henry Lancelot Aubrey-Fletcher, 7th Baronet (22 August 1912 \u2013 19 June 1992)\nSir Henry Egerton Aubrey-Fletcher, 8th Baronet (born 1945)\nThe heir apparent is the present holder's son John Robert Aubrey-Fletcher (born 1977), whose brother pulled HRH Prince William the Duke of Cambridge's ear while watching the Gold Cup at the Cheltenham Festival in March 2013. He has been a friend of Prince William since they both attended Ludgrove School in Berkshire.", ["w_s126"]]
[30042, "Ariel Borysiuk ([\u02c8ar\u02b2\u025bl\u00a0b\u0254\u02c8r\u0268\u0255uk]; Ukrainian: \u0410\u0440\u0456\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u044e\u043a; born 29 July 1991) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Albanian side KF La\u00e7i. He has twelve caps with the Poland national team.  Born in Bia\u0142a Podlaska, Borysiuk made his debut in the Ekstraklasa on 23 February 2007 at the age of 16 years and 213 days, becoming the second youngest footballer ever to play for Legia. He is also Legia's youngest ever goalscorer, notching his first goal for the club on 19 April 2008 away to Odra Wodzis\u0142aw at the age of 16 years and 265 days. This goal also made him the second youngest player to score a goal in the Ekstraklasa with only legend W\u0142odzimierz Luba\u0144ski being younger when he scored. On the last day of the 2011\u201312 winter transfer window, Borysiuk transferred to 1. FC Kaiserslautern. He was sent off on his debut for Kaiserslautern against 1. FC K\u00f6ln for receiving two yellow cards, which came in the 35th and 40th minute. Kaiserslautern eventually lost the game 1\u20130. On 19 January 2014, Boriysiuk joined Russian side Volga on loan for the remainder of the season. On 10 March 2014, Boriysiuk made his Volga debut in a 5\u20131 away defeat to Amkar Perm, in which he replaced Artur Sarkisov inside only twenty-three minutes. After only appearing four times for Volga, Boriysiuk returned to 1. FC Kaiserslautern at the end of the campaign. On 14 July 2014, it was announced that Borysiuk had joined Polish club Lechia Gda\u0144sk on loan for the 2014\u201315 Ekstraklasa. On 19 July 2014, Borysiuk made his Lechia Gda\u0144sk debut in a 2\u20132 draw against Jagiellonia Bia\u0142ystok, in which he played the full 90 minutes. Although, he failed to score once in his loan spell at Lechia Gda\u0144sk, Borysiuk managed to feature in every Ekstraklasa fixture for the 2014/15 campaign.\nOn 26 July 2015, after an impressive debut season at Lechia Gda\u0144sk, Borysiuk made his stay permanent. On 28 August 2015, Borysiuk scored his first goal for Lechia Gda\u0144sk in a 1\u20131 draw with Podbeskidzie. On 11 January 2016, Borysiuk re-joined Legia Warsaw after an impressive spell at Lechia Gda\u0144sk. On 21 February 2016, Borysiuk made his comeback for Legia Warsaw in a 2\u20131 victory over Zag\u0142\u0119bie Lubin, in which he replaced Stojan Vranje\u0161 in the 32nd minute.<PIC> On 22 June 2016, after only featuring thirteen times for Legia Warsaw, it was announced that Borysiuk would join English side Queens Park Rangers on a three-year deal.  After featuring in 10 league games, Borysiuk was allowed to go on loan in January 2017, returning to Poland to play for Lechia Gda\u0144sk, who he been on loan with a few years earlier. On 26 January 2018 Borysiuk moved to back to Lechia Gda\u0144sk after his unsuccessful spell in English football. Initially after joining, Borysiuk was back in the Lechia team, playing 12 of the team's final 18 games of the season helping the team to avoid relegation. With the introduction of Piotr Stokowiec as the Lechia manager he found himself out of the starting eleven, and sometimes even seen as just a reserve. After the good start Lechia made in the 2018-19 season, they found themselves top of the league after 19 games and going into the winter break. During this time Borysiuk had only managed to make 5 appearances, playing an average of only 30 minutes in each of those games. Due to his lack of first team football Borysiuk moved to Wis\u0142a P\u0142ock on loan. While on loan for Wis\u0142a he played 12 games for the second half of the season scoring two goals. With Lechia winning the Polish Cup at the end of the season and finishing in a record equaling 3rd place Borysiuk knew that chances would be limited in the squad for him. The club agreed to a contract termination on 3 July 2019, meaning he was able to join his next club on a free transfer. On 29 July 2019, Borysiuk signed for Sheriff Tiraspol. On 10 August 2021, Borysiuk joined Indian Super League side Chennaiyin on a one-year deal. On 26 July 2022, he signed a two-year contract with Albanian Kategoria Superiore club KF La\u00e7i. Before being capped for the senior team, Borysiuk also represented Poland at U21 level, having made his first appearance on 5 June 2009 against Sweden. As of match played 20 February 2022\nAppearance(s) in UEFA Europa League\nAppearance(s) in Promotion play-offs", ["w_s131"]]
[30043, "John Trobaugh (born 1968) in Lansing, Michigan is an American artist specializing in photography and based in Birmingham, Alabama. Trobaugh received his BFA in 1996 with honors from University of Alabama at Birmingham and went on to study photography at the School of Visual Arts. In 2003 he received his Master of Fine Arts from the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.\nHis photography has been published in Art Papers, selected as the cover artist. He has also been published in The Chronicle of Higher Education, NY Arts Magazine, The Washington Post and The Advocate as well as The Birmingham News and World of Wonder, among many others.\nWhile teaching at Sheldon State in Tuscaloosa Alabama, Trobaugh's work was censored before a planned exhibition. The case has yet to be resolved but gained national attention due to censorship issues. He was  forbidden to discuss this censorship as part of his art appreciation class. Trobaugh later resigned his post.\nRichard Meyer, chair of the art department at The University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California, spoke about Trobaugh's work at various national conferences about censorship. Trobaugh was also presented in The Smithsonian National Gallery and is the author of several articles including Art Papers.<PIC> In 2005, Space One Eleven exhibited Trobaugh's work alongside Karen Graffeo for\"In This Place\". M. K. Matalon organized this exhibition to investigate place and location in relationship to contemporary Southern issues.\nTrobaugh's work was selected to be part of Patterns of Nature in Denver, Colorado.\nTrobaugh was included in \"Politics, Politics: Nine Artists Explore the Political Landscape\" curated by Anne Arrasmith and Peter Prinz of Space One Eleven. This exhibition was funded by the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts and included Pinky Bass, Clayton Colvin, Peggy Dobbins, Randy Gachet, binx Newton, Arthur Price, Paul Ware, and Stan Woodard.\nTrobaugh was a presenter for Photography in the Digital Age by The Society For Photographic Education South Central Regional Conference, 2003. This meeting took place at the University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham Museum of Art in Birmingham, Alabama\nIn 2009, Trobaugh moved to Worcester, Massachusetts with his husband and son. Trobaugh became involved in Worcester civic life first through Worcester Pride, a local LGBTQ+ organization, then by running for school committee. Trobaugh works in the Diversity and Inclusion Office at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. In Potentially Harmful: The Art of American Censorship, Trobaugh's work was shown alongside Dread Scott, Robert Mapplethorpe, Sue Coe, Lynda Benglis, Andres Serrano, Karen Finley, Alma Lopez, John Jota Leaos, Benita Carr, Anita Steckel, Renee Cox, Gayla Lemke, Marilyn Zimmerman, John Sims, The Critical Art Ensemble, Eric Fischl, Tom Forsythe, Nancy Worthington, David Avalos, Scott Kessler, Louis Hock and Elizabeth Sisco. This project was funded by a major grant from The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts with considerable local support from the Atlanta Bureau of Cultural Affairs, and the Georgia State University College of Arts and Sciences Visiting Artists and Scholars Fund, the College of Law, the Ethics Center, Women's Studies, African American Studies, the department of communications and additional private donors. Photographs by John Trobaugh were removed from display for \u201cinappropriate\u201d content at an exhibition at Shelton State Community College in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. The photographs portray Ken and G.I. Joe posed in romantic (though not sexually explicit) couplings. this decision involved the National Coalition Against Censorship. -Queer Caucus for Art\nThe censoring of my work from this faculty exhibition served to illustrate this point because administrators \u201cloved\u201d the images, yet the president of the college removed the whole series. People ask why would I want to show my work in the South anyway? I was raised here, the fantasy world was created here, and the images are made or based in the South. Why shouldn't the South see what the South created? -John Trobaugh \nHis most recent series, called Double Duty, are photographs using the 12\" dolls to make social commentary,\" the text says. \"Trobaugh's photographs uncannily portray human likeness and gesture.\" True. In fact, for a second, we thought someone had found and posted photos we took in the '70s. Just for a second. -Stephen Saban of The WOW Report\nActually I like Trobaugh's photos more than David Leventhal. Nothing is more subjective than art and nothing is more common in art than homoeroticism. -Stephen Smith, Birmingham Free Press, 2004", ["w_s143"]]
[30044, "Milton Pouha \"Tony\" Finau (born September 14, 1989) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour. Milton Pouha Finau was born on September 14, 1989 in Salt Lake City, Utah. He won the Utah State Amateur Championship in 2006, defeating future PGA Tour player Daniel Summerhays in the 36-hole championship match. Although Finau had college scholarship offers in basketball, he turned professional at the age of 17 and began playing on mini-tours including the Gateway Tour, NGA Hooters Tour, and National Pro Tour.\nFinau and his brother Gipper competed on the Golf Channel's The Big Break in 2009. Finau finished second on Big Break Disney Golf.\nFinau played on the PGA Tour Canada in 2013, making seven cuts in eight starts. He finished T-3 at the 2013 Web.com Tour qualifying school to earn his Web.com Tour card for 2014. He won his first title in August 2014 at the Stonebrae Classic. He finished 8th in the regular season, and 12th in the Web.com Tour Finals to earn his PGA Tour card for the 2014\u201315 season.\nIn March 2016, Finau won his maiden title on the PGA Tour at the Puerto Rico Open. He won in a sudden death playoff over Steve Marino with a birdie on the third extra hole. He had earlier missed a putt for the victory outright on the 72nd green. The result moved Finau into the top 25 in the FedEx Cup standings.\nFinau opted not to defend his Puerto Rico title in 2017, instead taking his chances to get into the field at the 2017 WGC-Dell Technologies Match Play, but was two players short of entering the field, which takes the top 64 available players from the Official World Golf Ranking. Finau qualified for the first three majors in 2018, including his first Masters appearance, by making it to the Tour Championship in 2017. He finished in a tie for 10th place at the 2018 Masters, despite dislocating his ankle in the Par-3 contest the day before the first round. In June 2018, Finau finished in 5th place at the U.S. Open after a double-bogey on the 18th hole, his highest finish to date in a major tournament.\nFinau finished the 2018 PGA Tour season ranked sixth in the season-long FedEx Cup. He earned over $5,600,000 in the 2017\u201318 season with 11 top-10 finishes. His best finishes in the season were second at the Safeway Open and The Northern Trust. He also finished T2 at the Genesis Open.\nIn September 2018, U.S. team captain Jim Furyk named Finau as a captain's pick for the 2018 Ryder Cup at Le Golf National outside of Paris, France. The U.S. lost the Ryder Cup to the European side 17 1/2 to 10 1/2. Finau finished with a 2-1-0 record and won his singles match over Tommy Fleetwood (6 and 4). Up till then Fleetwood had gone 4-0-0 in the fourball and foursome matches (with partner Francesco Molinari).<PIC> On October 28, 2018, Finau lost a playoff against Xander Schauffele in the WGC-HSBC Champions. He still won more than $1,000,000 by finishing second.\nIn April 2019, Finau was in the final group of the Masters Tournament with Francesco Molinari and Tiger Woods. He ended the tournament tied for 5th. In December 2019, Finau played on the U.S. team at the 2019 Presidents Cup at Royal Melbourne Golf Club in Australia. The U.S. team won 16\u201314. Finau went 0\u20131\u20133 and halved his Sunday singles match against Hideki Matsuyama.\nIn February 2020, Finau lost the Waste Management Phoenix Open in a sudden death playoff to Webb Simpson. Finau, who lost to Simpson's birdie on the first extra hole, had held a two stroke lead with two holes to play, but Simpson finished with consecutive birdies to force the playoff. \nIn July at the Memorial Tournament, Finau held a four-stroke lead in the third round before faltering on the back nine with two double bogeys. His struggles continued on Sunday, including a triple bogey on the par-four sixth hole, ultimately shooting six over par on the day and finishing the tournament in eighth place, two under par. A week later, Finau's T-3 placing at the 3M Open meant that he now shares the PGA Tour record (30) for the most top-10 finishes in a four-year period without a win. In early 2021, Finau had a stretch of five weeks where he finished in the top 4 in all four tournaments that he entered. He finished fourth at The American Express, tied second at the Farmers Insurance Open, tied second at the Saudi International on the European Tour and he lost in a playoff to Max Homa at the Genesis Invitational at Riviera Country Club in Pacific Palisades, California. Finau won the 2021 Northern Trust, beating Cameron Smith in a playoff.\nIn September 2021, Finau played on the U.S. team in the 2021 Ryder Cup at Whistling Straits in Kohler, Wisconsin. The U.S. team won 19\u20139 and Finau went 1\u20132\u20130 including a loss in his Sunday singles match against Ian Poulter. In July 2022, Finau won the 3M Open for his third career PGA Tour win. Finau trailed tournament leader Scott Piercy by five shots and second-place Emiliano Grillo by one when the final round began, but everything turned on the back nine when Piercy shot a final-round 76 with a back-nine 41 while Finau shot a final-round 67 with a 33 on the back nine that include a bogey 6 at the last. One week later, Finau won the Rocket Mortgage Classic for back-to-back victories. Finau is of Tongan and Samoan descent, the first person of such ancestry to play on the PGA Tour. Finau's brother Gipper made the cut in the Utah EnergySolutions Championship at the age of 16 but did not succeed as a tournament professional. He is the cousin of NBA basketball player Jabari Parker and former NFL football player Haloti Ngata.\nFinau runs the Tony Finau Foundation, an organization aimed at empowering youth and their families in the local community. He is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He and his wife, Alayna Finau, have five children.  PGA Tour playoff record (2\u20133)  European Tour playoff record (0\u20131) CUT = missed the half-way cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Most consecutive cuts made \u2013 8 (2017 Open \u2013 2019 PGA)\nLongest streak of top-10s \u2013 3 (twice) CUT = missed the halfway cut \"T\" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic \u00b9Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic\nNT = No tournament \"T\" = Tied Note that the Championship and Invitational were discontinued from 2022. Amateur\nJunior Ryder Cup: 2004, 2006\nProfessional\nRyder Cup: 2018, 2021 (winners)\nPresidents Cup: 2019 (winners)", ["w_s144"]]
[30046, "Khvicha Kvaratskhelia, also known with a nickname Kvara (Georgian: \u10ee\u10d5\u10d8\u10e9\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d0, romanized: khvicha k'varatskhelia; born 12 February 2001) is a Georgian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Serie A club Napoli and the Georgia national team.  Kvaratskhelia began his career at Dinamo Tbilisi in 2017 after coming through the youth ranks before joining Rustavi one year later.\nIn 2018, The Guardian named Kvaratskhelia among 60 best young players worldwide. On 15 February 2019, Kvaratskhelia joined Russian club Lokomotiv Moscow on loan. He made his Russian Premier League debut on 10 March 2019 in a game against Anzhi Makhachkala as an 86th-minute substitute for Jefferson Farf\u00e1n.\nOn 1 July 2019, Lokomotiv announced that Kvaratskhelia had left the club after his loan expired. Following that, Lokomotiv Moscow manager Yuri Semin said he was very disappointed after failing to agree on a permanent transfer with Kvaratskhelia as Semin considered him extremely talented. On 6 July 2019, Kvaratskhelia signed a five-year deal with Rubin Kazan. In his first game on 15 July 2019, which happened to be over his previous club Lokomotiv, he came on as a substitute in the second half and scored an equalizer, with the final score being 1\u20131. 18 year-old Khvicha was named as best player of the match by Rubin fans on the official site of the club.\nKvaratskhelia then netted his second for Rubin on 30 November 2019, another late equaliser in added time to Akhmat Grozny.\nOverall, his purchase was hailed by some Russian media outlets as the main transfer success for Rubin, who saw the player's price increased five times in a single season between June 2019 and June 2020.\nBased on the votes among Rubin supporters, Kvaratskhelia won Player of the Month nomination four times in 2020/21, namely in August, September, October and April.\nIn early 2021, L'Equipe published a list of 50 best players born in the 21st century, with Khvicha being the only RPL player in it.<PIC> On 7 March 2022, FIFA announced that, due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, foreign players in Russia can unilaterally suspend their contracts until 30 June 2022 and they are allowed to sign with clubs outside of Russia until 30 June 2022. On 24 March 2022, Rubin Kazan announced that Kvaratskhelia's contract has been suspended. On the same day, he joined Dinamo Batumi.\nKvaratskhelia took part in 11 matches of the league, scoring eight times and providing two assists. Erovnuli Liga named him the best player of round 2 of the season, which coincided with the period between April and July. On 1 July 2022, Napoli confirmed the signing of Kvaratskhelia on a deal lasting until 2027 from Dinamo Batumi for a reported fee of 10-12 million Euros. He made his debut for the club on 14 July, 2022 in a friendly against Eccellenza Trentino-Alto Adige club A.S.D. Anaune Val di Non, scoring two goals and providing an assist. Kvaratskhelia made his debut for Georgia national team on 7 June 2019 in a Euro 2020 qualifier against Gibraltar, as a starter.\nOn 14 October 2020, he opened his goal account in a 1\u20131 UEFA Nations League draw with North Macedonia. On 28 March 2021, he scored against Spain, followed by another goal three days later against Greece. On 11 November 2021, Kvaratskhelia's double brought victory to his team over Sweden.\nHe scored three times in four games of the first phase of the 2022\u201323 Nations League and topped the list of players in two nominations, including in the overall ranking. Khvicha is the son of former  player Badri Kvaratskhelia. He has a brother, Tornike Kvaratskhelia (b. 2010), who plays in the \"Avaza\" football academy.  As of match played 25 May 2022\nAppearances in UEFA Europa Conference League As of match played 09 June 2022\nAs of match played 09 June 2022\nScores and results list Georgia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kvaratskhelia goal. Lokomotiv Moscow\nRussian Cup: 2018\u201319\nIndividual\nRussian Premier League Best Young Player: 2019\u201320, 2020\u201321\nGeorgian Footballer of the Year: 2020, 2021", ["w_s150"]]
[30047, "Hoag's Object is a non-typical galaxy of the type known as a ring galaxy. It is named after Arthur Hoag, who discovered it in 1950 and identified it as either a planetary nebula or a peculiar galaxy. The galaxy has approximately eight billion stars, and is roughly 100,000 light years across.<PIC> A nearly perfect ring of young hot blue stars circles the older yellow nucleus of this ring galaxy c. 600 million light-years away in the constellation Serpens. The diameter of the 6 arcsecond inner core of the galaxy is about 17\u00b10.7\u00a0kly (5.3\u00b10.2\u00a0kpc) while the surrounding ring has an inner 28\u2033 diameter of 75\u00b13\u00a0kly (24.8\u00b11.1\u00a0kpc) and an outer 45\u2033 diameter of 121\u00b14\u00a0kly (39.9\u00b11.7\u00a0kpc). The galaxy is estimated to have a mass of 700 billion suns. By comparison, the Milky Way galaxy has an estimated diameter of 150-200 kly and consists of between 100 and 500 billion stars and a mass between 800 billion and 1.54 trillion suns.\nThe gap separating the two stellar populations may contain some star clusters that are almost too faint to see. Though ring galaxies are rare, another more distant ring galaxy (SDSS J151713.93+213516.8) can be seen through Hoag's Object, between the nucleus and the outer ring of the galaxy, at roughly the one o'clock position in the image shown here.\nNoah Brosch and colleagues showed that the luminous ring lies at the inner edge of a much larger neutral hydrogen ring. Even though Hoag's Object was clearly shown on the Palomar Star Survey, it was not included in either the Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies, the Catalogue of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies, or the catalogue of galactic planetary nebulae.\nIn the initial announcement of his discovery, Hoag proposed the hypothesis that the visible ring was a product of gravitational lensing.  This idea was later discarded because the nucleus and the ring have the same redshift, and because more advanced telescopes revealed the ring's knotty structure, which would not be visible if the galaxy were a product of gravitational lensing.\nMany of the galaxy's details remain mysterious, foremost of which is how it formed. So-called \"classic\" ring galaxies are generally formed by the collision of a small galaxy with a larger disk-shaped galaxy, producing a density wave in the disk that leads to a characteristic ring-like appearance. Such an event would have happened at least 2\u20133 billion years ago, and may have resembled the processes that form polar-ring galaxies. However, there is no sign of any second galaxy that would have acted as the \"bullet\", and the likely older core of Hoag's Object has a very low velocity relative to the ring, making the typical formation hypothesis quite unlikely. Observations with one of the most sensitive telescopes have also failed to uncover any faint galaxy fragments that should be observable in a collision scenario. However, a team of scientists that analyzes the galaxy admits that \"if the carnage happened more than 3 billion years ago, there might not be any detritus left to see.\"\nNoah Brosch suggested that Hoag's Object might be a product of an extreme \"bar instability\" that occurred a few billion years ago in a barred spiral galaxy. Schweizer et al claim this is an unlikely hypothesis because the nucleus of the object is spheroidal, whereas the nucleus of a barred spiral galaxy is disc-shaped, among other reasons. However, they admit evidence is somewhat thin for this particular dispute to be settled satisfactorily.  \nA few other galaxies share the primary characteristics of Hoag's Object, including a bright detached ring of stars, but their centers are elongated or barred, and they may exhibit some spiral structure. While none match Hoag's Object in symmetry, these galaxies are known to some as Hoag-type galaxies.", ["w_s151"]]
[30048, "Daniel Anthony Johnson (born 8 October 1992) is a Jamaican professional footballer who plays for Championship club Preston North End and the Jamaica national team as a midfielder.\nJohnson previously played for Aston Villa and had brief loan spells at Yeovil Town, Chesterfield and Oldham Athletic.  Born in Jamaica, Johnson played for Crystal Palace as a schoolboy before moving on to Aston Villa's academy. Johnson's potential was recognised following the 2010\u201311 season. Extra responsibility was placed on Johnson when academy coach Tony McAndrew handed him the captain's armband. As well as leading Villa to the Barclays Premier Academy League Group B title, he was an inspiration during the FA Youth Cup campaign. A left-foot strike from the edge of the box in round four against Peterborough United crowned a true captain's performance and ignited a cup run that would see the young lions reach the semi-finals. His performances for the academy and reserve teams had already caught the eye of manager at the time Gerard Houllier. The Frenchman called up Johnson to Aston Villa's first team for the first time, where he was an unused substitute in Villa's 2\u20131 League Cup win over Burnley. In January 2011, the midfielder signed his first professional contract at Villa Park.\nJohnson had another season of great progress in 2011\u201312, featuring in all but one of the title-winning reserve team's fixtures as well as making the first team bench for six Premier League games. In the reserve ranks, Johnson once again demonstrated his ability to supply goals from the central ground. He found the net five times, including a wonder strike in a 3\u20131 defeat against a Manchester United side featuring the likes of Phil Jones, Chris Smalling and Tom Cleverley. That scoring knack was also replicated on the European stage during Villa's run to the quarter-finals of the NextGen Series. Johnson was the only player to feature in all seven of the club's NextGen games and he managed three goals in the process. Those strikes came in home and away wins against Fenerbah\u00e7e and in a 3\u20132 defeat by Rosenborg. In March 2012, he extended his contract to summer 2013 but he has still yet to make his official debut for Villa. On 13 June 2013, Johnson signed a new two-year deal keeping him at the club until 2015. Johnson made a series of short loan moves to League One sides over three seasons. On 23 October 2012, Johnson joined Football League One side Yeovil Town on a month-long youth loan deal, and made his Football League debut as a substitute that evening in Yeovil's 3\u20131 victory over Shrewsbury Town.\nJohnson joined Chesterfield on a three-month loan in August 2014 and made his debut in a 2\u20131 away win over Port Vale on 30 August. Johnson played 13 times for Chesterfield, becoming a first team regular.\nOn 10 November 2014, Johnson joined another League One side, Oldham, on a two-month deal until 5 January 2015. On 23 January 2015, Johnson joined Preston North End for an undisclosed fee, believed to be \u00a350,000, on a two-and-a-half year contract. Johnson started life off well at Preston scoring 8 goals in 18 appearances. Johnson and his teammates won promotion to the Championship on 24 May 2015, following a 4\u20130 win over Swindon Town in the play-off final at Wembley.<PIC> In June 2019, Johnson received an invite to play for the Jamaica national side for the CONCACAF Gold Cup in July 2019. On 31 August 2019, he was called up for Jamaica's CONCACAF Nations League matches against Antigua and Barbuda and Guyana. However, on 5 September, Johnson withdrew from the squad, with his agent citing a lack of a direct flight from London to Montego Bay. He debuted with the Jamaica national team in a 3\u20130 friendly loss to Saudi Arabia on 14 November 2020.  Appearance in the Football League Trophy\nAppearances in the League One play-offs As of match played 27 January 2022  Preston North End\nFootball League One play-offs: 2015\nIndividual\nNorth West Football Awards Championship Player of the Year: 2020\nPreston North End Player of the Year: 2019\u201320", ["w_s152"]]
[30049, "Burke's Landed Gentry (originally titled Burke's Commoners) is a reference work listing families in Great Britain and Ireland who have owned rural estates of some size. The work has been in existence from the first half of the 19th century, and was founded by John Burke. He and successors from the Burke family, and others since, have written in it on genealogy and heraldry relating to gentry families. It has evolved alongside Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage; the two works are regarded as complementing each other. Since the early 20th century the work also includes families that historically possessed landed property.<PIC> The title of the first edition in 1833 expressed its scope clearly: A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, enjoying Territorial Possessions or High Official Rank, but uninvested with Heritable Honours. It looked at both the family history and the arms of selected families who owned land or occupied important posts in the United Kingdom but did not hold inherited titles. This excluded group, consisting of peers and baronets, had their own book called Burke's Peerage.\nAt the time the series started, the group it covered had considerable political, social and economic influence in their localities and in some cases nationally. During the 20th century, the power of rural landowners and the public's interest in buying books about them largely disappeared. Few of the families in the books still own country estates, a rare example being the Fulfords of Great Fulford near Dunsford in Devon who were mentioned in the 2012 TV series \"Country House Rescue\" and were described in Burke's Landed Gentry as having lived there since the reign of King Richard I (1189\u20131199). Until 1914, possession of landed property was a strict requirement; if a family sold or lost its estates, it was no longer included in Burke's Landed Gentry. Illustrating this point, at least half of the families included in 1861 were omitted from the 1914 edition. Following the alienation of families from their land after the First World War, however, the editors considered that so strict a policy was no longer productive, and in recognition of historical and genealogical value many pedigrees appeared titled (family name) 'formerly of' or 'late of' (place). Owing to the characteristic prose style developed by John Burke, the publication's founder, the material included in Burke's Landed Gentry, often based on work by many earlier authorities, was made more readable than had previously been the case, a style maintained by his successors; this prose style, when subsequently employed by John Burke's son, Ulster King of Arms Sir Bernard Burke, took a turn towards flowery wording in keeping with the literary tastes of the Victorian period in which he wrote. The widespread inclusion of family legends which, due to the large number of families included in each edition, the Burke family were unable to comprehensively check, resulted in some criticism of the accuracy of information contained in the volumes. Accordingly, more recent editions are more scrupulously checked and rewritten for accuracy. Advertisements for the 1894 edition stated: \"Apocryphal statements, which had crept into former editions, have been expunged, erroneous particulars and incorrect descents discovered and omitted...\" This dedication to accuracy reached its peak under the chief editorship, from 1949 to 1959, of L. G. Pine \u2013 who was very sceptical regarding many families' claims to antiquity: ('If everybody who claims to have come over with the Conqueror were right, William must have landed with 200,000 men-at-arms instead of about 12,000') \u2013 band Hugh Massingberd (1971\u201383). ", ["w_s153"]]
[30050, "Ren\u00e9 Vautier (French:\u00a0[\u0281\u0259ne votje]; 15 January 1928 \u2013 4 January 2015) was a French film director. His films, which were often controversial with French authorities, addressed many issues, such as the Algerian War, French colonialism in Africa, pollution, racism, women's rights, and apartheid in South Africa. Many were banned or condemned, and one caused him to go to prison for a year.<PIC> He was born on 15 January 1928 in Camaret-sur-Mer, Finist\u00e8re, France, the son of a factory worker and a teacher. He joined the French Resistance during World War II at the age of 15 and later received the Croix de guerre and the Order of the Nation from Charles de Gaulle for his militant activity. He then joined the French Communist Party and studied film-making at the Institut des hautes \u00e9tudes cin\u00e9matographiques, where he graduated in 1948.  Vautier made his first film, Afrique 50, in 1950, when he was 21. He was assigned to visit French West Africa and make an educational film, but he was appalled by the conditions he witnessed, including lack of doctors and crimes committed by the French Army. The resulting film was confiscated by police using legislation decreed by Pierre Laval, but Vautier managed to recover enough footage to publish the 17-minute film in 1950. It was hailed as the first anti-colonial French film. He was indicted thirteen times for it and sentenced to a year in prison. The documentary was banned for forty years. He worked with Louis Malle to make Humain, trop humain in 1973, a film about conditions in a Citro\u00ebn car plant. Vautier directed Peuple en marche, which gives the history of the National Liberation Army and the Algerian War, in 1963. Another Algerian War film, Avoir 20 ans dans les Aur\u00e8s (1972), won the International Federation of Film Critics Award at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival. He made over 180 films, many of them destroyed by the French government. Several of Vautier's other films were presented at Cannes, including Mourir pour des images, Comment on devient un ennemi de l'int\u00e9rieur, Les trois cousins, and Vacances tunisiennes. In January 1973, he went on hunger strike to protest film censorship. He received the Order of the Ermine in 2000. On 4 January 2015, he died at a hospital in Cancale, Brittany. Capitalism\nUn Homme est Mort, film about the death of the worker \u00c9douard Maz\u00e9, during the manifestations and strikes in Brest (Bretagne, France) during March-April 1950. The title is taken from one of Paul \u00c9luard's poem in Au rendez-vous allemand (1944).\nAnneaux d'or, with Claudia Cardinale in her first act, one of his rare fiction movie, which got the Silver Bear at the festival of West-Berlin in 1956.\nHumain, trop humain (1973) in collaboration with Louis Malle.\n\"Classe de lutte\" (1969) in collaboration with the workers of Medvedkine Group and Chris Marker.\n\"Transmission d'exp\u00e9rience ouvri\u00e8re\" (1973)\n\"Quand tu disais Val\u00e9ry\", (1975) the movie follows a long strike of the caravane factory Caravelair at Trignac, best French movie at the festival of Rotterdam.\nColonisation, especially in Algeria\nUne nation, l'Alg\u00e9rie, (1954) one of the copy is destroyed, the second disappeared. After the revolution of 1 November 1954, the movie narrates the true story of Algeria's conquest by France. Ren\u00e9 Vautier is prosecuted for interfering with the internal security of the state for a sentence in the film: \"Algeria will be independent anyway\".\nAfrique 50 (1956) Ren\u00e9 Vautier's first movie released and first French anti-colonilisation movie\n  Alg\u00e9rie en flammes (1958)\nUn Peuple en marche (1963) a movie about the transition between the Algerian war of independence and the reconstruction of the country.\nAvoir 20 ans dans les Aur\u00e8s (1972) with Alexandre Arcady, Yves Branellec, Philippe L\u00e9otard. Receive the International Critics Prize at Cannes festival in 1972. http://www.avoir20ansdanslesaures.net/wp/\n\"Le cinema des premiers pas\" made in Algeria in 1985 and about his participation in the cinematographic activity in an independent Algeria.\nRacism in France\nLes trois cousins (1970) drama fiction about the living conditions of three Algerian cousins looking for a job in France. Award for the best Human right movie in Strasbourg.\nLes Ajoncs (1971)\nLe Remords (1974)\nVous avez dit\u00a0: fran\u00e7ais\u00a0? (1986), Reflection around the notion of French citizenship and French history of immigration.\nSouth-African Apartheid\nLe Glas (1964)\nFrontline (1976) made with Oliver Tambo and co-produced with the National African Congress.\nEnvironment\nMar\u00e9e noire, col\u00e8re rouge (1978), best documentary worldwide at 1978 Rotterdam Film Festival.\nMission pacifique (1988), documentary with witnesses of atomic explosions in the Pacific Ocean and sinking of Greenpeace boat Rainbow Warrior.\nHirochirac (1995), about the involvement of Jacques Chirac with nuclear tests.\nExtreme-Right politics in France\n\u00c0 propos de\u2026 l'autre d\u00e9tail (1984), Documentary about people that have been tortured during the Algerian War of Independence by Jean-Marie Le Pen.\nCh\u00e2teaubriant, m\u00e9moire vivante (1985)\nFeminism\nQuand les femmes ont pris la col\u00e8re (1977), in collaboration with Soazig Chappedelaine.\nBretagne\nMourir pour des images (1971)\nLa Folle de Toujane (1974), fiction, in collaboration with Nicole Le Garrec.\nLe Poisson commande (1976), Oscar of the best movie about the Sea.\nVacances en Giscardie (1980)\nHistoires d'images, Images d'Histoire (2014), documentary, in collaboration with Mo\u00efra Chappedelaine.", ["w_s154"]]
[30051, "Spain's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) (Spanish: Zona econ\u00f3mica exclusiva de Espa\u00f1a) is the 30th largest in the world with 1,039,233\u00a0km\u00b2 (401,250\u00a0sq\u00a0mi). It is mostly in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. This is approximately double the entire Spanish land area. Together the land and sea surface would account for approximately 0.3% of the world's land surface.<PIC> The Spanish EEZ is divided into three compact regions: the Cantabrian and Atlantic regions (\u00c1rea Atl\u00e1ntica), the Mediterranean together with the Gulf of C\u00e1diz region (\u00c1rea mediterr\u00e1nea junto) and the dependent area of the Canary Islands (\u00c1reas de las Canarias). It is located in the Mediterranean Sea (Balearic Sea, Alboran Sea) and the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay). The most notable areas are the Canary Islands, the Balearic Islands and the north western area in the Bay of Biscay.   Algeria on 17 April 2018 establishes an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) off its coasts by Presidential Decree No. 18-96 of 2 Rajab 1439 corresponding to 20 March 2018. The permanent Mission of Spain to the United Nations on 27 July 2018 declares his disagreement with the EEZ announced by Algeria and that the Government of Spain hereby indicates its willingness to enter into negotiations with the Government of Algeria with a view to reaching a mutually acceptable agreement on the outer limits of their respective exclusive economic zones, The same was done by the Italian mission on 28 November 2018. The two countries indicated that the Algerian measure had been taken unilaterally and without consulting them.\n25 November 2018 The Algerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent an oral note in response to the Spanish protest, explains that the Algerian Government does not recognize the largely exorbitant coordinates contained in Royal Decree 236/2013, which overlap with the coordinates of Presidential Decree n\u00b0 18\u201396 establishing an exclusive economic zone off the coast of Algeria. The Algerian Government wishes to emphasize that the unilateral delimitation carried out by Spain is not in conformity with the letter of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and has not taken into consideration the configuration, the specific characteristics and the special circumstances of the Mediterranean Sea, in particular for the case of the two countries whose coasts are located face to face, as well as the objective rules and relevant principles of international law to govern the equitable delimitation of the maritime areas between Algeria and Spain, in accordance with article 74 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Algeria expressed its willingness to negotiate for a just solution\n20 June 2019 a communication from Algeria addressed to the Italian embassy and the Spain embassy in Algiers to show their eligibility in her exclusive economic zone. Spain formerly disputed the EEZ's southern border, maintaining that it should be drawn halfway between Madeira and the Canary Islands. But Portugal exercises sovereignty over the Savage Islands, a small archipelago north of the Canaries, claiming an EEZ border further south. Spain objected, arguing that the Savage Islands do not have a separate continental shelf, citing article 121 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Spain no longer disputes the Portuguese claim since 2015. The British overseas territory of Gibraltar is disputed by Spain, Gibraltar has jurisdiction over its territorial waters, however, Spain argues that the Treaty of Utrecht would only give the British jurisdiction over the internal waters of the port. This discussion would lead both parties to a diplomatic conflict that returned after a fishing dispute in 2013.", ["w_s155"]]
[30052, "Vernal Leroy \"Nippy\" Jones (June 29, 1925 \u2013 October 3, 1995) was an American professional baseball first baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for three National League clubs during the 1940s and 1950s, and won World Series rings with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1946 and the Milwaukee Braves in 1957. He threw and batted right-handed, stood 6\u00a0feet 1\u00a0inch (1.85\u00a0m) tall and weighed 185 pounds (84\u00a0kg).<PIC> Jones was born in Los Angeles, and signed with the Cardinals upon graduation from John C. Fremont High School in Inglewood, California, in 1943. After batting .304 for the Cardinals' Pacific Coast League affiliate Sacramento Solons in 1943, Jones left baseball for two years in order to serve in the United States Marine Corps during World War II.\nHe returned in 1946, spending most of the season with the Cardinals' triple A affiliate Rochester Red Wings. However, he did appear in sixteen games with the Cardinals, and was on their post-season roster. He struck out in his only plate appearance of the 1946 World Series against the Boston Red Sox in game five.\nHe split 1947 between St. Louis and Rochester before earning a starting job with the Cards in 1948. Having originally come up with the Cardinals as a second baseman, he played first base for the 1948 Cardinals, with future Hall of Famer Stan Musial shifting to the outfield. He batted .254 with ten home runs and 81 runs batted in in his first full season for the second place Cardinals. Jones remained with the Cardinals through 1951. Following the season, he was selected by the Philadelphia Phillies in the rule 5 draft. He appeared in only eight games for the Phillies in 1952, spending most of the season with their triple A affiliate, the Baltimore Orioles.\nHe returned to the Sacramento Solons in 1953, who were at that point, unaffiliated. He remained with the club through the beginning of the 1957 season. The Milwaukee Braves were in second place behind the Cardinals, and purchased Jones' contract when slugging first baseman Joe Adcock went down with an injury. The highlight of his season occurred on July 26, when he hit a walk off home run in the eleventh inning to lift the Braves to a 6\u20133 victory over the New York Giants. After finishing second to the Brooklyn Dodgers two years in a row, the Braves won the National League in 1957, and faced the New York Yankees in the World Series.\nJones is remembered for being involved in a controversial \"shoe polish incident\" in the 1957 Fall Classic. He pinch hit in Games 1 and 3, grounding out both times. Both of those games were won by the Yankees. Game 4 went into extra innings, and when the Yankees took a 5\u20134 lead in the tenth, the Braves were looking at the possibility of falling three games to one in the series.\nJones led off the Milwaukee half of the tenth inning, pinch hitting for Warren Spahn. He jumped back from a low pitch that home plate umpire Augie Donatelli called a ball. Jones protested that it had hit his foot, and he was awarded first base after showing Donatelli a shoe polish mark on the ball to prove it. Yankees manager Casey Stengel vehemently protested the call, but to no avail. The Braves scored three runs in the tenth, including a two-run home run by Eddie Mathews to end the game and even the series at two games apiece. The play was the turning point in the series, as the Braves went on to win the series in seven games.\nA similar incident would be repeated twelve years later by Cleon Jones of the New York Mets in Game 5 of the 1969 World Series. After the 1957 World Series, Jones returned to the Sacramento Solons, and remained with them until 1959. He spent one season with the Portland Beavers before retiring in 1960.\nFollowing his retirement from baseball, Jones worked in public relations and title-insurance businesses in Sacramento, California, and became a professional fishing guide.\nJones died due to a heart attack on October 3, 1995. He was survived by his wife of 49 years, Nora, four children and six grandchildren.", ["w_s158"]]
[30053, "Begum Om Habibeh Aga Khan (15 February 1906 \u2013 1 July 2000) was the fourth and last wife of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III.  The couple married thirteen months after the Aga Khan III and his third wife were divorced by mutual consent. The Begum was well known for her generosity towards and compassion for the impoverished and the elderly. Her Egyptian Om Habibeh Foundation worked towards the alleviation of poverty and the improvement of quality of life in the area surrounding Aswan, Egypt, and in Le Cannet she established a retirement home.  She was particularly interested in women's issues and, an accomplished artist and sculptor, she was also interested in the arts including classical music, ballet, and the opera. The Begum died at the age of 94 in Le Cannet and was buried in the mausoleum of her husband at Aswan.  She was born Yvonne Blanche Labrousse in the town of S\u00e8te, France on 15 February 1906. She was called Yvette. She was the daughter of Adrien Labrousse, a tramway conductor, and Marie Brouet, a seamstress. Her family soon moved to Cannes and later on to Lyon where the young Yvette spent most of her childhood. In 1929, at the age of twenty-four, she became Miss Lyon and one year later she was named Miss France. As a beauty queen and a representative of France, she traveled to many countries around the world. She found herself particularly taken by Egypt and, in the late 1930s, she moved to Cairo and adopted the faith of Islam. Yvette Labrousse met Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah, Aga Khan III in Egypt and they married on 9 October 1944 in Switzerland. The new Begum assumed the name of Om Habibeh after one of the Prophet Muhammad's wives. Her husband playfully nicknamed her \"Yaky\", which was composed from the initials of \"Yvette\", \"Aga\" and \"Khan\". The Begum designed their villa at Le Cannet near Cannes and it was named \"Yakymour\", combining her nickname \"Yaky\" and \"Amour\", the French word for love.\nIn 1954, Om Habibeh was given the title of Mata Salamat, which literally means serene or peaceful mother. Of his marriage to Begum Om Habibeh, the Aga Khan III wrote in his memoirs, \"I can only say that if a perfectly happy marriage be one in which there is a genuine and complete union and understanding, on the spiritual, mental, and emotional planes, ours is such.\" Shortly before his death, the Aga Khan III chose a location on the West Bank of the Nile as his final resting place. The location was highly symbolic, for centuries earlier the Aga Khan's ancestors had founded the Fatimid dynasty with its capital in Cairo. The Fatimids represented one of the apogees of Muslim culture, being patrons of the arts, architecture, literature, pluralism and scientific endeavors, all fields that were equally dear to the Aga Khan III and Om Habibeh. Immediately after her husband's death, she oversaw the building of a mausoleum, a task that took 16 months and the help of architect Farid El-Shafie and contractor Hassan Dorra.<PIC> When the Aga Khan III appointed his grandson, Karim, to succeed him to the title of Aga Khan IV, he also indicated in his will that he desired Begum Om Habibeh to offer her wise counsel during the first seven years of the Imamat of Karim Aga Khan IV. The Aga Khan III stated in his will that the Begum had been familiar for many years with the issues facing his followers and he had confidence in her wise judgment. After the death of her husband, the Begum predominantly lived in Aswan and Le Cannet, but also stayed in Geneva and Paris. She died at the age of 94 in Le Cannet on 1 July 2000. In 1991, the Begum established the Om Habibeh Foundation, a not-for-profit organization that has contributed to health and educational facilities in Aswan. A kidney dialysis centre at the local hospital was set up by the foundation, as were several schools in the area.  In Le Cannet, she established a retirement home and in 1999, the Mayor of Le Cannet Rocheville unveiled a bronze statue in her honor in the Jardin des Oliviers. Begum Om Habibeh is often remembered as the 'Red Rose' due to her daily ritual of placing a red rose upon the tomb of her husband during the time she spent in Egypt. When she was away, she arranged for the ritual to be carried out by the gardener.  Her relationship with the Aga Khan III is widely remembered as a great love story and has been called a legendary and storybook romance.  Member of the Order of the Pleiades, 1st Class.\n 25th Centennial Anniversary Medal (14 October 1971).", ["w_s160"]]
[30054, "Happy Refugees are a British post-punk band from London, formed in 1981. The band are noted for their quirky mix of DIY garage rock, shambling post-punk, and delicate introspection. They are considered to be one of the last bands of the DIY era, and have been compared to The Fall, Swell Maps, and Captain Beefheart.  After leaving Stoke-based group The Pits in 1980, Tim Shutt moved to London. In February 1981, he decided to rerecord two of The Pits' songs: \"Hamburger Boy\", and \"Switch\". Phil Bourne and Dave Robbins from The Colors Out of Time played guitar and bass for the session, Shutt's then-housemate Kevin Rodgers filled in on drums, and an old bandmate of Shutt's, Paul Johnston, came along to help out. This recording was to be the beginning of Happy Refugees.\nShutt has since explained their choice of name: \"I [liked] the idea of us all being refugees from something. 'Happy' was added to the band name. [Paul Johnston] was adamant that it should not have 'The' added. The name of the band was to be Happy Refugees.\"\nThe band was initially a four-piece, made up of Shutt, Johnston, and Rodgers, with a friend from college, Paul Lamb, playing bass. Their first formal release as a group was the double A-sided single Warehouse Sound / Enshrined in a Memory in 1982. It was released on their own imprint, Gymnasium Records, and distributed by Red Rhino, a member of the Cartel. This first single was met with acclaim, albeit underground. Nick Flynn and Paul Harvey joined later that year on keyboard and guitar, and the band began to write material for their first studio album, Last Chance Saloon, as well as playing in clubs around London. Last Chance Saloon was recorded in a single day in May 1983 to save money, and was released in early 1984.\nAlthough the band split up weeks after recording the album, Shutt and Johnston carried on performing under the Happy Refugees moniker until 1986. Rodgers and Flynn formed their own band with their friend Clive Williams, called The Hotel Complex, while Harvey moved to Newcastle to join Pauline Murray's band, and was later to join the reformed Penetration in 2001.<PIC> In 2010, after a two and a half decade hiatus from music, Shutt received a phone call from Dan Selzer, who wanted to rerelease Last Chance Saloon on New York-based Acute Records.  Return to Last Chance Saloon was released in 2011, and included the band's 1982 single, as well as outtakes and demos not included on the original LP. It was made available both on vinyl and as a downloadable package, and was well received.\nHappy Refugees reformed that same year, with Hotel Complex bassist Clive Williams replacing Lamb, who had died in 2007. The group visited New York to promote the record. While there, they recorded a live session on WFMU, as well as several other live performances, one as guests of American indie-rockers Crystal Stilts at The Knitting Factory, Brooklyn.\nThe band described themselves as inspired by the experience, and returned to the UK to write and record the songs for a second album, released on Gymnasium Records, with Harvey, by then a leading stuckist, providing the cover art. This album, titled Beyond Moth and Rust, was made available on iTunes and Spotify on 22 December 2014, and was officially released in vinyl format on 23 February 2015. It includes several songs the band had written in the eighties, but never recorded, such as \"What's Your Appeal\", and \"Ill Wind\", as well as various newly penned tracks. Crystal Stilts and Irish four-piece Girls Names have named the band as an influence. In 2012, NME featured Last Chance Saloon as one of 100 Great Albums You've Never Heard at the behest of Dylan Baldi of Cloud Nothings, and in 2014, \"Hamburger Boy\", a song from Last Chance Saloon, was named in The story of UK DIY: 131 experimental underground classics from 1977-1985 by FACT Magazine. Additionally, the cover of their first single Warehouse Sound / Enshrined in a Memory, featuring a photocopied picture of a bush, was shown in a 2012 exhibition of great punk graphics at the Hayward Gallery, London. Tim Shutt - lead vocals (1981\u20131986, 2010\u2013present)\nPaul Johnston - guitar (1981\u20131986, 2010\u2013present)\nPaul Lamb - bass guitar (1981\u20131983)\nKevin Rodgers - drums (1981\u20131983, 2010\u2013present)\nNick Flynn - keyboard (1982\u20131983, 2010\u2013present)\nPaul Harvey - guitar (1982\u20131983, 2010\u2013present)\nClive Williams - bass guitar (2010\u2013present) Warehouse Sound / Enshrined in a Memory (Double-single) (1982, Gymnasium)\nLast Chance Saloon (1984, Gymnasium)\nReturn to Last Chance Saloon (2011, Acute)\nBeyond Moth and Rust (2015, Gymnasium)", ["w_s167"]]
[30055, "Kyle Duerr Seager (born November 3, 1987) is an American former professional baseball third baseman who played his entire career for the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 2011 to 2021. He was selected by the Mariners in the third round of the 2009 MLB draft, and made his MLB debut in 2011. In 2014, Seager was an All Star and won a Gold Glove Award. Seager is the eldest of three sons born to Jeff and Jody Seager. His brother Corey was selected by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the first round of the 2012 draft, while brother Justin was selected by the Mariners in 2013. He grew up a New York Yankees fan and idolized Derek Jeter.\nSeager attended Northwest Cabarrus High School in Kannapolis, North Carolina, where he earned Co-North Carolina Player of the Year honors. He enrolled at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), where he played college baseball for the North Carolina Tar Heels. With UNC, he had a career .353 batting average with 17 home runs, 66 doubles and 167 runs batted in (RBIs). In 2008, he set a school record for doubles in a season (30), was a semifinalist for the Golden Spikes Award, and was named to the watch list for both the Dick Howser Trophy and the Brooks Wallace Award.\nDuring the summers of 2007 and 2008, Seager played collegiate summer baseball for the Chatham A's in the Cape Cod Baseball League.  The Seattle Mariners selected Seager in the third round, with the 82nd overall selection, of the 2009 MLB draft. Seager spent the majority of the 2009 season with the Class-A Clinton LumberKings. He hit .275 with one home run and 22 RBIs. He also played one game with the AZL Mariners and two with the Class-A Advanced High Desert Mavericks. Seager spent the entire 2010 season with the High Desert Mavericks, batting .345 with 14 home runs and 74 RBIs.\nHe was ranked by Baseball America as the ninth best prospect in the Mariners organization for 2011. He split the season between the Double-A Jackson Generals, batting .312 with 4 home runs and 37 RBIs in 66 games, and the Triple-A Tacoma Rainiers, where he hit .387 with three home runs and 17 RBIs in 24 games. On July 6, 2011, Seager had his contract purchased by the Mariners. He hit his first Major League home run on August 19, 2011, against the Tampa Bay Rays at Tropicana Field, and finished the year with a .258 batting average, three home runs, and 13 RBIs in 53 games. In 2012, his first full MLB season, Seager hit .259 with 20 home runs and 86 RBIs in 155 games.\nOn June 4, 2013, Seager hit a grand slam against the Chicago White Sox in the 14th inning. It was the first time in MLB history that a player hit a game-tying grand slam in extra innings. He finished 2013 with a .260 batting average, 22 home runs and 69 RBIs in 160 games.\nOn April 23, 2014, Seager drove in five runs to avoid a sweep against the Houston Astros. He hit a two-run home run in the seventh inning to cut the Astros lead to 3\u20132, and hit a walk-off three-run shot in the bottom of the ninth, allowing the Mariners to win 5\u20133. The first walk-off hit of his career, his performance earned him an April Co-Player of the Week Award, shared with Jos\u00e9 Abreu of the White Sox. On June 2, Seager went 4\u20134 with a double, two triples and a three-run home run against the New York Yankees. The first Mariner to accomplish the feat, he became the first MLB player with two triples and at least one double and homer in a game since Hal Breeden for the Montreal Expos in 1973. On June 15, he went 4\u2013for-4 with two singles and two doubles and three RBIs. On July 7, he was named to his first All-Star team as an injury replacement for Toronto Blue Jays player Edwin Encarnaci\u00f3n. He finished the 2014 season with a .268 batting average, 25 home runs and 96 RBIs in 159 games. On November 4, he was awarded a Gold Glove.\nOn December 2, 2014, the Mariners finalized a seven-year, $100 million contract extension with Seager. In 2015, he hit .266 with 26 home runs and 74 RBIs in 161 games.\nOn April 25, 2016, he hit his 100th career home run in a game against Houston. He finished 2016 with a.278 batting average, 30 home runs and 99 RBIs in 158 games and he and his brother, Corey, made history by becoming the first pair of brothers in major league history to each hit 25 or more homers in the same season. On defense, he led the major leagues in fielding errors, with 18.\nIn 2017, he hit .249 with 27 home runs and 88 RBIs in 154 games, his sixth consecutive season with at least 20 home runs and at least 154 games played. On April 7, 2018, he reached 1,000 career hits against the Minnesota Twins. Seager continued his streak of seasons with 20 or more home runs and at least 154 games played, hitting 22 home runs with 78 RBIs in 155 games but hit a career-low .221 in the process.\nIn 2019, during a spring training game, Seager sustained an injury to his left hand while attempting a diving play on a ball. He was later diagnosed with a hand injury and would require hand surgery that would sideline him for 8 to 10 weeks. He missed 53 games before returning to the lineup in late May 2019. On August 13, 2019, in an 11-6 victory over the Detroit Tigers, Seager became the 11th Mariner to hit 3 home runs in a game and the first since 2010; the third home run was a ricochet off the glove of Goodrum when a teammate collided with him near the wall. In 106 games, Seager hit .239 with 23 home runs and 63 RBIs, extending his streak of consecutive seasons of 20 or more home runs to eight.\nOn August 5, 2020, in a game against the Los Angeles Angels, Seager hit his 200th career home run. On August 17, Kyle faced his brother, the Dodgers Corey Seager, for the first time in an MLB game and both homered in the game, becoming the first pair of brothers to homer in the same game since C\u00e9sar and Felipe Crespo did it on June 7, 2001.\nIn 2020, Seager batted .241/.355/.433 with 9 home runs and 40 RBIs and led the AL with 6 sacrifice flies.\nIn 2021, Seager batted a career-low .212, but set career highs in home runs and RBIs, with 35 and 101, respectively. He also led all third basemen with 43 double plays. The Mariners declined Seager's option for 2022, and on December 29, Seager announced his retirement from baseball.\nDuring the following off-season, the Texas Rangers inquired if Seager would be interested in coming out of retirement to join up with his brother, Corey, who had signed with the team a few months earlier. Kyle Seager declined the offer, saying he was happy doing chores at home.<PIC> Seager and his wife, Julie, married in 2011. They have two daughters and a son. They reside in Salisbury, North Carolina.", ["w_s169"]]
[30057, "Lake Minchumina (Menchuh Mene\u2019 [m\u0259nt\u0361\u0283\u02b0uh m\u0259n\u0259] in Koyukon; Minchu Mina\u2019 in Dinak'i) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the CDP is 30.<PIC> Lake Minchumina is located at 63\u00b053\u203238\u2033N 152\u00b018\u20327\u2033W (63.893902, -152.302012).\n\"If we were to cut out a map of Alaska from a piece of paper and balance the map on the point of a pencil, we would have found the center point of the physical structure of the state. That point is at 63\u00b050\u2019 N, 152\u00b0 W. or near Lake Minchumina.\"\n\"General Mitchell looked at Alaska on a globe. He saw that Alaska was approximately equal distance from all of the major urban-industrial centers of the world. Figure L.1 is a map of Alaska as seen from space. It is centered on Lake Minchumina in Interior Alaska. Note that we can see the major centers of Asia (Tokyo and Beijing are shown), Europe (Moscow, Berlin, Paris, and London are shown), and North America (New York, Toronto, and Los Angeles are shown). General Billy Mitchell viewed Alaska's relative location and found that it was, indeed, central to the urban-industrial world.\"\nFootnote\nFigure L.1 - Alaska from Space. Orthographic projection\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 244.1 square miles (632\u00a0km\u00b2), of which, 216.4 square miles (560\u00a0km\u00b2) of it is land and 27.7 square miles (72\u00a0km\u00b2) of it (11.34%) is water. Minchumina has a continental subarctic climate (K\u00f6ppen Dfc). Lake Minchumina first appeared as an unincorporated village on the 1950 U.S. Census. It appeared again in 1960, but did not report in 1970 or 1980. It returned again in 1990 as a census-designated place (CDP).\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 32 people, 16 households, and 9 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 0.1 people per square mile (0.1/km\u00b2). There were 41 housing units at an average density of 0.2/sq\u00a0mi (0.1/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 84.38% White, 3.12% Native American, and 12.50% from two or more races. 6.25% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.\nThere were 16 households, out of which 25.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.8% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.67.\nIn the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 18.8% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 40.6% from 25 to 44, 31.3% from 45 to 64, and 3.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116.7 males.\nThe median income for a household in the CDP was $36,250, and the median income for a family was $33,750. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $26,781. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line. It was previously served by the Minchumina School of the Iditarod Area School District.", ["w_s180"]]
[30058, "Stefan Simchowitz (born in Johannesburg, South Africa on October 8, 1970) is a Los Angeles based art collector, art curator, and art advisor. He is a vocal proponent of social media as a legitimate way of discovering, distributing, and popularizing the fine arts, primarily using Facebook and Instagram as platforms for self-promotion, discovering new artists, and endorsing those he already manages.<PIC> Simchowitz is Jewish, spent his early years in South Africa, but otherwise lived a mobile childhood. He graduated from Stanford University with a bachelor's degree in economics, finishing the program in three years. Shortly after, he attended the American Film Institute in Los Angeles. Simchowitz would go on to produce and assistant produce fifteen films. Simchowitz believes that conversations on social media hold a degree of influence over the artworld comparable to other canonical forums for artistic discussion and legitimization, including art reviews written by critics for key publications. Supporters see his method as concerned with diversifying the number of systems which recognize and produce credible artists. A number of them, including, but not limited to Sterling Ruby, Oscar Murillo, Lucien Smith, Petra Cortright, Zachary Armstrong, Kour Pour, Jon Rafman, and Marc Horowitz have all been advised by Stefan Simchowitz. In November 2015, he was ranked No. 95 in Art Review Magazine's POWER 100, a list of 2015's \"most influential people in the contemporary artworld.\"\nStefan Simchowitz engages in a hybrid practice that includes art dealing, art advising and art collecting. He believes that \"the alchemy of art is that it\u2019s not just the artist who produces the work but the spectator and the audience that essentially refines the art in its raw state into a refined product.\" As such, once he discovers a young, talented, generally unknown artist with whom to work, he sets about generating a market for them and their work, building demand, which eventually drives up prices. This part of his practice functions not unlike that of an art gallery. In the meantime, Simchowitz provides a patron-like role for the artist, providing them with the finances needed to live, maintain a full-time studio and produce work. He believes that the artist must be committed to their creative work on a full-time basis and that financial hardship, as well as the need to make ends meet, can be detrimental to the challenge of making good art. However, in exchange for footing the bill, Simchowitz buys any new work at a discount.\nSimchowitz burst into the public stage when a 2014 Bloomberg article about speculation in the contemporary art market reported on his purchase on-the-cheap of 34 paintings by the Colombian artist Oscar Murillo near the beginning of his career in the early 2000s, paying as low as US$1,500 for some canvases. Since then, between 2012 and 2014, the value of a Murillo work surged by nearly 3,000 percent. In the current auction climate, a typical piece by the artist can command as much as US$400,000 at auction. However, Simchowitz rarely sells the work which he collects, and currently sits on a collection of over 1,500 contemporary works that he values personally at around US$30 million, with \"five percent of the works accounting for fifty percent of the value.\"\nIn addition to dealing and collecting, Simchowitz also works as an art advisor. He serves a roster of clients whom he advises about the acquisition of contemporary art, offering advice, not only on works produced by artists under his representation, but also on art outside his immediate reach (pieces typically for sale at galleries and auction houses).\nOn March 6, 2021, Simchowitz opened his first art gallery under his namesake, Simchowitz.com. After college, Simchowitz started a film production company responsible for a number of feature films and shorts, such as Darren Aronofsky's drama, Requiem for a Dream. The Farewell (2011)\nLula (2007)\nThe Wild (2006)\nTill Human Voices Wake Us (2002)\nSlap Her... She's French (2002)\nRequiem for a Dream (2000)\nThe Love Letter (1999)\nComing Soon (1999)\nGuinevere (1999)\nJudas Kiss (1998)\nStarstruck (1998)\nThe Alarmist (1997)\nLittle City (1997)\nThe House of Yes (1997)\nJohns (1996)\nThe Chili Con Carne Club (1995) In 1999, Simchowitz co-founded the visual content provider MediaVast. Later in 2007, Getty Images acquired the company for a reported US$207 million. At the time of the sale, the repository held approximately 8.5 million images. Simchowitz is a popular target for critics who claim that his particular penchant for promoting young, undiscovered artists through bulk acquisitions of their work to later flip for profit, destabilizes established workings of the art world \u2014 age-old, value-determining systems composed of a long-standing and tight network of critics, publications, universities, museums and galleries that collectively define the nature of 'good' art. He subverts the establishment by selling his curated acquisitions directly to a diverse network of wealthy clients who trust his taste implicitly.\nIn the media, he has received both ample praise and heavy criticism. He has been called the Michael Milken of the art world, and \"a Sith Lord from the Brotherhood of Darkness,\" by Jerry Saltz. Art Review's entry on Simchowitz states that \"if the artworld needed its Howard Stern, its Ari Gold, its Donald Trump, it got 'Simcho': a brash, publicity-hungry yet highly intelligent collector-adviser-dealer...\". Andrew M. Goldstein of Artspace argued that \"his approach to collecting and nurturing artists systematically abrogates\u2014annihilates\u2014a whole series of beliefs that lie at the foundation of the art world's critical, institutional, and commercial structures.\" Simchowitz's trademark transparent and honest attitude leads some to believe that he is simply lifting the veil off of previously hidden activities already prevalent in the artworld. Marc Spiegler, director of Art Basel, attributes Simchowitz's success to the fact that he does exactly what the galleries do, except at a significantly faster clip, and the \"he has taken a market that was built on opacity and been much more transparent. He goes to an artist's studio; he puts the stuff on Instagram.\" Spiegler characterizes Simchowitz's practice as similar in function to galleries of past, in that he holds exclusive access to his collector base. As such, the approach has been characterized as paradigm-shifting in the context of the  contemporary art artworld, while snuggly fitting into an extended historical lineage of the artworld's many businessmen.\nIn 2013, along with Dublin gallerist Ellis King, Simchowitz sued Ghanaian artist Ibrahim Mahama. Mahama had been paid by the dealers, but refused to authenticate derivative works they produced from Mahama's installations of Ghanaian coal sacks. In 2016, Simchowitz settled with Mahama.\nIn 2017 the Dutch art collective Keeping It Real Art Critics published a documentary about Simchowitz under the disguise of being a German television crew.", ["w_s181"]]
[30059, "Enfield is a suburb in Adelaide, Australia. The suburb is about a 10-minute drive north from Adelaide city centre. The suburb is bordered by Gepps Cross, Blair Athol and Clearview at the northern end, and Prospect, Sefton Park and Broadview at the southern end. Enfield was established as a village in 1843 by George Hickox as group of 44 quarter-acre blocks. Hickox named the village after his birthplace in Middlesex, United Kingdom. The name \"Enfield\" is derived from the Anglo-Saxon word enedfeld meaning \"duck field\". Two houses and one church in Enfield are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register.\nPine Forest in Gurney Terrace, was built in the 1850s by colonist Charles French Folland Snr.\nBarton Vale in Walker Court was the first \"grand home\" built by pastoralist Edmund Bowman, who arrived in the colony in 1839. The house was originally part of a farm, and was occupied by the Bowman family until 1922. After being acquired by the Salvation Army, it was became Barton Vale Girls' Home. Taken over by the state government in 1947, it was renamed Vaughan House Training School for Girls, named after Adelaide social reformer Dorothy Vaughan (1881\u20131974), and used as a government-run reformatory (\"home for wayward girls\") and known as Vaughan House until 1979. From then until 1993 it was renamed the South Australian Youth Remand and Assessment Centre. Singer-songwriter Ruby Hunter was placed in this home after having an argument with her foster brother in the family in which she had been previously placed.\nSt. Clement's Anglican Church on Main North Road had its Foundation Stone laid on the 27th July 1858 but the Church was not opened for worship until 1867. The church was designed by James William Cole in the Gothic Style on land donated by William Bartley. In 1878 the boundaries of the parish extended \u2018from Prospect Village, north of North Adelaide to within 12\u00bd miles of Gawler, including the districts of Enfield, Salisbury and Virginia\u2019. It become known as the \u201cLittle Church on the Hill\u201d and it was a landmark for ships coming into port. For many years the Emblem of the City of Enfield depicted St. Clement\u2019s Church in the top right hand corner. In 1969 urgent repairs were needed to maintain the old building. Advice from independent sources, including the National Trust, agreed that major restorations needed to be carried out to preserve the old church. Services are still conducted at the church each Sunday. Enfield is governed by the City of Port Adelaide Enfield council (seated at Port Adelaide) at the local government level. The council has one of its main offices located in the Enfield Public Library, the site of the seat of the former City of Enfield, which amalgamated with the City of Port Adelaide in 1996.\nAt state government level, Enfield is contained in the state electoral district of Enfield.\nThe Enfield electorate was first created in 1956-1970 and then later re-established as a part of the 1998 electorate redistributions. Another redistribution in 2003 resulted in the alteration of the southern border. Enfield has two public schools, Enfield High School and Enfield Primary School. Enfield High (now merged with Roma Mitchell Secondary College) is located on Grand Junction Road. Enfield Primary is located nearby.\nSt Gabriel's School in Whittington Street is a Catholic primary school with enrolments from Reception to Year 7. It is the parish school of the Good Shepherd Church in Clearview. Enfield has a small shopping centre located near the library, which includes Enfield Post Office. The southern end of Enfield is well serviced by Northpark Shopping Centre, Regency Plaza and Sefton Plaza, located in the neighbouring suburbs of Prospect and Sefton Park. Several bus routes travel from Adelaide CBD to various destinations in the northern suburbs via Main North Road, on Enfield's western boundary. Circle Line route 300 services Regency Road on the southern boundary of Enfield and links the suburb with various destinations, such as Arndale Shopping Centre and Norwood. Bus routes 237 and 361 travel along Grand Junction Road on the northern boundary of Enfield to Port Adelaide, Valley View and Tea Tree Plaza.<PIC>", ["w_s182"]]
[30060, "Leighlinbridge Castle, also called Black Castle, is in the village of Leighlinbridge, County Carlow, Ireland, on the River Barrow.\nThe early castle was built c.1181 for the Normans. In the 1540s a Carmelite friary was converted into a new fort by Edward Bellingham. The remains of the castle are now dilapidated - a 50-foot-tall (15\u00a0m) broken castle tower and parts of one side of an enclosing wall are still extant.<PIC> The Norman castle, was founded c.1181 by John de Clahull (or Claville) under the auspices of Hugh de Lacy.\nThe original construct, together with the nine-arched bridge over the River Barrow formed the main landmarks of the town; and the construction of the castle, in itself creating a place of importance has been credited as a key cause in the development of the town of Leighlin-Bridge.\nIn the early 1270s the Carmelites first came to Ireland, and established their first friary in Leighlinbridge, on a site near the castle. The bridge across the river was built c.1320. Another castle, the 'White Castle' was built nearby, c.1408, by Gerald FitzGerald, 5th Earl of Kildare. By 1840 there were no remains of this castle, and its location had been lost.\nIn 1543 the friary was suppressed, and in 1546 Edward Bellingham converted the friary into a fort with a surrounding wall - the fort became a military center for all of Leinster. Bellingham also established a stables at the castle, of around two dozen horses.\nIn 1577 Rory Oge O'More of Laois is said to have captured the castle (then under the command of George Carew) and destroyed part the town; according to John Ryan in The History and Antiquities of the County of Carlow (1833) the castle was not captured and though the skirmish between assailants and defenders came to the gates of the castle it was repelled.\nDuring the 1590s O'Neill rebellion (see Nine Years' War ) the castle was repaired and re-garrisoned for the crown. In 1604 the castle was granted as socage by the king to George Tuchet, Lord Awdeley.\nDuring the Irish Rebellion of 1641 the castle was initially garrisoned by the Catholic confederation, and in 1647 and 1649 was used as a rallying point by the Maquis of Ormond. In 1649 the castle was captured by Col. Hewson for the forces of Oliver Cromwell. In the 1840s the remains of the castle itself consisted of a four sided enclosure wall  315 by 234 feet (96 by 71\u00a0m), approximately 7 feet (2.1\u00a0m) thick and enclosed on three sides by a ditch (or moat), and on the fourth by the river. The 15th C. keep was situated at the northwestern corner, rectangular in form and nearly 50 feet (15\u00a0m) tall. By the 1840s the structure was derelict, with only one outer wall remaining, and a single floor of the keep, supported by an arch still standing;  there was also the remains of a round tower in the southwest corner - the remains rose to 24 feet (7.3\u00a0m) with walls 10 feet (3.0\u00a0m) thick.\nA more modern analysis of the Black Castle classifies it as a three-story limestone tower house, with the lowest story vaulted, with the roof enclosed by walls with mural passageways. Both the tower and the surrounding rectangular bawn have artillery openings, and are architecturally indicative of a 16th-century building.", ["w_s188"]]
[30061, "Eiji Toyoda (\u8c4a\u7530 \u82f1\u4e8c, Toyoda Eiji, 12 September 1913 \u2013 17 September 2013) was a Japanese industrialist.  He was largely responsible for bringing Toyota Motor Corporation to profitability and worldwide prominence during his tenure as president and later, as chairman. He was succeeded as the president of Toyota by Shoichiro Toyoda.<PIC> Toyoda studied mechanical engineering at Tokyo Imperial University from 1933 to 1936. During this time his cousin Kiichiro established an automobile plant at the Toyoda Automatic Loom Works in the city of Nagoya in central Japan. Toyoda joined his cousin in the plant at the conclusion of his degree and throughout their lives they shared a deep friendship. In 1938, Kiichiro asked Eiji to oversee construction of a newer factory about 32\u00a0km east of Nagoya on the site of a red pine forest in the town of Koromo, later renamed Toyota City. Known as the Honsha (\"headquarters\") plant, to this day it is considered the \"mother factory\" for Toyota Motor production facilities worldwide.\nToyoda visited Ford River Rouge Complex at Dearborn, Michigan, during the early 1950s. He was awed by the scale of the facility but dismissive of what he saw as its inefficiencies. Toyota Motor had been in the business of manufacturing cars for 13 years at this stage, and had produced just over 2,500 automobiles. The Ford plant in contrast manufactured 8,000 vehicles a day. Due to this experience, Toyoda decided to adopt American automobile mass production methods but with a qualitative twist.\nToyoda collaborated with Taiichi Ohno, a veteran loom machinist, to develop core concepts of what later became known as the 'Toyota Way', such as the Kanban system of labeling parts used on assembly lines, which was an early precursor to bar codes. They also fine-tuned the concept of Kaizen, a process of incremental but constant improvements designed to cut production and labor costs while boosting overall quality.\nAs a managing director of Toyota Motor, Toyoda failed in his first attempt to crack the U.S. market with the underpowered Toyota Crown sedan in the 1950s, but he succeeded with the Toyota Corolla compact in 1968, a year after taking over as president of the company. During the car's development phase, Toyoda, as executive vice-president, had to overcome the objections of then-president Fukio Nakagawa to install a newly developed 1.0-liter engine, air conditioning and automatic transmissions in the Corolla.\nAppointed the fifth president of Toyota Motor, Toyoda went on to become the company's longest serving chief executive thus far. In 1981, he stepped down as president and assumed the title of chairman. He was succeeded as president by Shoichiro Toyoda. In 1983, as chairman, Eiji decided to compete in the luxury car market, which culminated in the 1989 introduction of Lexus. Toyoda stepped down as chairman of Toyota in 1994 at the age of 81. In his later years, Toyoda was hospitalised for hip problems, and needed to use a wheelchair for a time, yet remained affable and enjoyed tackling sudoku puzzles. He spent most of his last years undergoing treatment at the Toyota Memorial Hospital in Toyota City, Japan, close to company headquarters.\nFive days after his 100th birthday, Toyoda died of heart failure in the Toyota Memorial Hospital on 17 September 2013. Paying tribute to Toyoda, David Cole, former chairman of the Center for Automotive Research, said \"He was a real visionary and inspirational leader who understood what it would take to make Toyota a successful company.\" Leslie Kendall, curator of the Petersen Automotive Museum, described Toyoda as the Japanese equivalent of Henry Ford.  April 1971 \u2013 Medal of Honor with Blue Ribbon\nNovember 1983 \u2013 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure\nNovember 1990 \u2013 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun March 1985 \u2013 Commander of the Order of Prince Henry of Portugal (ComIH)\nDecember 1990 \u2013 Knight Commander of the Order of the White Elephant of Thailand\nApril 1991 \u2013 Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown of Belgium\nApril 1992 \u2013 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Thailand\nSeptember 1993 \u2013 Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia (AC)\n1994 \u2013 Automotive Hall of Fame, USA\nMay 2001 \u2013 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Direkgunabhorn of Thailand Born into a family of textile manufacturers, Eiji Toyoda is the son of Heikichi Toyoda, the brother of Toyoda Loom Works founder Sakichi Toyoda. The descendants of Sakichi Toyoda have long dominated the upper management of Toyota Motors, which was incorporated in 1937. Eiji Toyoda died in September 2013. With his wife, Kazuko Toyoda (died 2002), he had three sons (Kanshiro, Tetsuro and Shuhei) and many grandchildren.", ["w_s190"]]
[30062, "Phil Stubbins is a former player and football manager. He was recently appointed Head Coach of Adelaide Croatia Raiders.<PIC> Stubbins is from Hull, England, migrating to Australia in 1988. \nAfter schoolboy beginnings with his hometown club Hull City AFC, Stubbins also played top flight Football in Australia for both Heidelberg United and South Melbourne FC, as well as fulfilling further playing opportunities within South East Asia.\nLeaving Australian football altogether for a period in 1993, he pursued interests onto the Australasian PGA Golf Tour.\nHis golfing ambitions failed however, lured back to football as player/manager of Westvale Olympic FC in 1994.\nHe spent the next few years fulfilling a coaching/playing role until retiring from playing altogether in 2001. Although never actually participating on the PGA golf tour, Stubbins successfully secured his Australasian PGA Tour card in 1993 and 1994. \nHe led the field at qualifying school in 1993 by shooting a -5 under par 68 on the opening day. Venue \u2013 Spring Valley Golf Club, Victoria. Westvale Olympic FC\nStubbins first stint into club management was with Westvale Olympic. Together with the club he successfully travelled through the State leagues of Victorian football by claiming a championship in each of the years 94, 95, 96, 98.\nWhittlesea Stallions FC\nWhittlesea Stallions FC became a newly formed member of the Victorian State League in 2000. Stubbins coached the youthful Stallions to two championships in their first two campaigns before moving on in 2004.\nHeidelberg United FC\nAs a former player of the club, Stubbins returned as coach to Heidelberg United in 2004. His first year in charge was again to prove fruitful, as the club were crowned champions of the Victorian State League, 1st division. The club finished Runner/up in the Victorian Premier League the following season and also attained a grand final berth against eventual winners Green Gully FC.\nRichmond FC\nJoining the German backed outfit in last position on the Victorian Premier League table as their Manager, Stubbins successfully helped steer the club away from relegation and finish a respectable mid-table.\nCoach of the Year\nStubbins was named Victorian, Coach of the Year in 2005/6 and was appointed Head Coach of the Victorian State team. During this time the representative team won the Mayor's Cup tournament in China by overcoming Tianjin Teda FC in the Final.\nAdelaide United\nIn 2007 Stubbins joined Adelaide United of the Australian A-League as first team Coach with Aurelio Vidmar, as manager. Together they experienced many successful occasions during their Asian Champions League forays and a place in the prestigious World Club Cup in 2008.\nThey also held a place in the A-League Grand Final of 2009, losing 1\u20130 to Melbourne Victory.\nAustralian Institute of Sport\nStubbins spent a year with the Men's football program in Canberra.\nThe institute is a facility for Sports Science and Best Practice.\nThailand\nIn 2012 Stubbins further expanded on his football experiences by taking an offer to work in South East Asia and the Thai Premier League, in particular.\nHe spent a year with Police United FC as their Technical Director before moving over to Bangkok Glass FC with (7) games remaining of their campaign as Manager/Head Coach. Stubbins concluded the campaign as 'Coach of the Month' for Thailand. \nHowever, both parties agreed on a split before the season got under way in March 2013.\nIn September 2013 Stubbins accepted a mid-season offer to join Ayutthaya FC of Thailand. The 1st division club ultimately going on to consolidate an 8th-place finish in the league after undertaking a twelve-game unbeaten run under Stubbins guidance.\nNewcastle Jets\nStubbins signed as Head Coach of the Australian A-League club the Newcastle Jets on 5 May 2014.\nThis proved a difficult time for Stubbins, as the club continued its struggles to find finals football for the fifth straight season despite the change of management.\nPrince Alfred College\nIn October 2015, Stubbins joined the Prince Alfred College as Head of Football.\nCampbelltown City SC\nIn September 2019 Phil Stubbins was appointed Head Coach with Campbelltown City SC, after serving a year as assistant coach. The club were crowned National Premier league Champions of South Australia in 2019 and 2020. Adelaide United became the first ever Australian football team to reach an Asian Champions League Final when they played Japanese Champions Gamba Osaka in 2008.\nMost notable wins from ACL campaigns.. Adelaide United 3v0 Bunyodkor (Uzbekistan Champions) / Adelaide United 1v0 Kashima Antlers (Japanese champions) / Shaendong Lueng (Chinese champions) 0v2 Adelaide United / Pohang Steelers (Sth Korean Champions) 0v2 Adelaide United In 2008 Adelaide United participated in the FIFA Club World Cup with Manchester United the eventual winners of the Tokyo held event.\nAdelaide United defeated Waitakere FC NZ 2\u20131 in their opening match and further went on to defeat African Champions, Al Ahly FC of Egypt 1\u20130.\nThey exited the FIFA World Club Cup in the Quarter finals by losing to eventual finalist's Gamba Osaka of Japan 0\u20131. Stubbins joined Football Federation Australia in 2011. Working as an assistant/analyst with various Australian National youth teams and also with the Men's football program at the Australian Institute of Sport. In 2012 Stubbins further expanded on his football experiences by taking an offer to work in South East Asia and the Thai Premier League, in particular.\nHe spent a year with Police United FC as their Technical Director before moving over to Bangkok Glass FC with (7) games remaining of their campaign as Manager/Head Coach. Stubbins concluded the campaign with Bangkok Glass FC as 'Coach of the Month' for Thailand. \nHowever, both parties agreed on a split before the season got under way in March 2013.\nIn September 2013 Stubbins accepted an offer to join 16th placed Ayutthaya FC of Thailand. The 1st division club ultimately going on to consolidate an 8th-place finish in the league after undertaking a twelve-game unbeaten run under Stubbins guidance. Pro Diploma / AFC 'A' Licence / F.A. International Licence ", ["w_s195"]]
[30063, "Richard Warren Roberts (born 1953) is an inactive Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.<PIC> Roberts was born in New York City, New York and is African American. Both of Roberts's parents were public school teachers. His mother was involved as a chorister at the Metropolitan Opera, and his father was avidly involved with the NAACP and participated in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. His father also participated in the 1968 march in Memphis, Tennessee, following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Roberts attended the High School of Music and Art in New York City and was a 1970 graduate.\nRoberts studied mathematics at Vassar College, graduating in 1974 with a Artium Baccalaureus degree cum laude. He continued his education at both the School for International Training in Brattleboro, Vermont, and Columbia Law School in New York City. In 1978, he received a Master of International Administration from the School for International Training, and a Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School. In 1983, Roberts helped found the Washington, D.C., chapter of Concerned Black Men, Inc. The vision of this organization is to help provide more black male role models for children in various communities across the United States. Roberts held the positions of secretary and deputy general counsel for the Washington, D.C., chapter. He is a Master of the Edward Bennett Williams Inn of Court; an Archon in Sigma Pi Phi, Epsilon Boul\u00e9; and a member of The DePriest 15 and of the Judicial Council of the Washington Bar Association. He was earlier a member of the National Black Prosecutors Association and of the National Conference of Black Lawyers, Washington, D.C. Chapter.\nAccording to the Biography by the National Conference on Citizenship, Roberts has held various academic, community, and legal positions. In academic settings, he served for four terms on the Board of Trustees of Vassar College, has been a visiting faculty member of the Harvard Law School Trial Advocacy Workshop for over 37 years, and was an Adjunct Professor of trial practice at Georgetown University Law Center. He also served on the faculty of the Department of Justice National Advocacy Center, and has been a writing coach for first year students at Howard Law School.\nRoberts has also held positions on the Board of Directors for the Abramson Scholarship Foundation, as well as the Council for Court Excellence and their executive committee. Roberts was a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and co-chaired a local public school restructuring team. He has served on the Board of Directors of the Historical Society of the D.C. Circuit; the Steering Committee of the African-American Alumnae/i of Vassar College; and the Board of Directors of the Alumnae and Alumni of Vassar College. The first position that Roberts held was as a Trial Attorney position for the Civil Rights Division of the United States Department of Justice. He held this position from 1978 to 1982. In this position, Roberts prosecuted the murder of two black Salt Lake City joggers who were killed for racial reasons by Joseph Paul Franklin, a white supremacist.\nWhile prosecuting Franklin, the 27-year-old Roberts met Terry Mitchell, a 16-year-old wounded survivor of Franklin's attack on the joggers and one of two key eyewitnesses at his trial. Mitchell alleged 35 years later that Roberts raped her repeatedly, \"nearly every day for several weeks\", before and after the trial. She says he obtained her silence by telling her that if their sexual relationship ever came to light it would surely result in a mistrial for Franklin and his subsequent release.\nAfter his tenure as a trial attorney for the Department of Justice, Roberts joined the international law private practice, Covington & Burling. He was an attorney at Covington & Burling for four years until 1986.\nIn 1986, Roberts was then appointed as an Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York  He served underneath United States Attorney Rudy Giuliani, who later served as Mayor of New York City. He held the position of Assistant United States Attorney for two years until he was appointed as an Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, underneath United States Attorney Jay B. Stephens. In 1993, when President Bill Clinton appointed Eric Holder as United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, Roberts was picked as the Principal Assistant United States Attorney.  Roberts held the position of Principal Assistant U.S. Attorney for two years until 1995.\nOne of the most notable cases that Roberts prosecuted was Washington, D.C., Mayor Marion Barry. Mayor Barry was arrested after a sting at the Vista Hotel involving crack cocaine.\nAttorney General Janet Reno appointed Roberts to the position of Criminal Section Chief of the United States Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, in 1995. He served in this position for three years until 1998. President Bill Clinton nominated Roberts to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia on January 27, 1998, to a seat vacated by Charles R. Richey. He was then confirmed by the United States Senate on June 5, 1998, received his commission on June 23, 1998 and sworn in on July 31, 1998. He served as Chief Judge and a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 2013 until March 16, 2016, when he took inactive senior status. Roberts issued a court order prohibiting the CIA destroying evidence of its use of interrogations in July 2005. CIA Director Michael V. Hayden acknowledged in December 2007 that the CIA had subsequently destroyed hundreds of hours of tapes of the use of \"extended interrogation techniques\", including the technique known as \"waterboarding\", where subjects's lungs are filled with water, so they experience the first stages of drowning.\nMany commentators have described the CIA's destruction of this evidence as a violation of Roberts's court order. On January 24, 2008, Roberts demanded an explanation from the CIA for the tapes destruction.\nOn March 25, 2008 Charles Carpenter, a lawyer for a Guantanamo captive from Yemen named Hani Abdullah brought suit against the CIA, before Roberts, arguing that the evidence the CIA destroyed would have helped prove his client's innocence. Roberts oversaw a lawsuit by Abu Zubaydah challenging his detention at Guantanamo Bay detention camps which was filed in July 2008 after the Boumediene v. Bush ruling. As of 2015, the judge had failed to rule on any motions related to the case, even the preliminary ones. This led Zubaydah's lawyers to file motion asking Roberts to recuse himself for \"nonfeasance\" in January 2015. On March 16, 2016, Roberts took inactive senior status, citing unspecified health issues. Judge Karen L. Henderson signed Roberts's certificate of disability, allowing him to take early senior status. That same day, Terry Mitchell, the eyewitness from the Franklin trial, filed a federal suit against him, accusing him of repeatedly raping her when she was a witness in a high-profile Utah murder case 35 years earlier. Roberts said that her accusations \u201care perplexing and demonstrably false\u201d and \u201cflat wrong.\u201d  Roberts's lawyers told members of the press that their client, who was 27 and unmarried at the time, did indeed have a consensual sexual relationship with Mitchell but that it occurred after the trial ended. Mitchell also filed a judicial misconduct complaint, and the ensuing extensive investigation found that neither the facts nor the law supported her claims, conclusions that Mitchell did not challenge. Her lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice in 2021. Montgomery Blair Sibley, the last lawyer for the late Deborah Jeane Palfrey, sued Roberts for his refusal to file Sibley's request to have a prior judge's gag order lifted, that forced Sibley to keep Palfrey's customer list private.  Palfrey was a prominent arranger of trysts with high class call girls, and Sibley alleged her client list was packed with highly placed Washington insiders. In April 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court denied the request to lift the lower court order, in place since 2007, that bars Sibley from releasing any information about her records. For Roberts's prosecutorial efforts against Joseph Paul Franklin, the U.S. Attorney General awarded him with a special commendation. Roberts also graduated cum laude from Vassar College in 1974 with a bachelor's degree.  When Roberts was a civil rights prosecutor in the Justice Department, he was hired into the Attorney General's Honors Program. Roberts was inducted into the Hall of Fame of the Council on Legal Education Opportunity. He was bestowed the Outstanding Service to Vassar Award.", ["w_s196"]]
[30064, "Neil Andrew Mellor (born 4 November 1982 in Sheffield, South Yorkshire) is an English retired professional footballer who began his career at Liverpool in the Premier League and most recently played as a striker for Preston North End. He made his name in 2004 by scoring a stunning last-minute goal from long range to give Liverpool a 2\u20131 victory over Arsenal at Anfield. Mellor also scored a vital goal and set up another during Liverpool's match with Olympiacos at Anfield during the group stage of the 2004\u201305 UEFA Champions League, which Liverpool went on to win. In December 2011, a knee injury sustained following a tackle by Milton Keynes striker Jabo Ibehre resulted in Mellor being forced into announcing his retirement on 9 May 2012. Since his retirement, Mellor has been doing media work, including match updates for Sky Sports News and work for LFC TV.  Mellor is the son of former Manchester City, Norwich City, Sheffield Wednesday and Brighton and Hove Albion player Ian Mellor. A strong, physical, centre forward, Mellor was top scorer in Liverpool's run to the FA Youth Cup semi-final during the 2000\u201301 season scoring eight goals in four games. He was also the top scorer for the under-19 team and Joe Corrigan's reserves during the 2001\u201302 season and in total scored 46 goals (56 including friendlies). Mellor progressed through the ranks at Liverpool and in the 2002\u201303 season he scored 20 goals for the reserve team. He made his first team debut in the same season and played a total of six games and scored in a League Cup semi-final match against Sheffield United. Although the Reds lost the match 2\u20131, Mellor showed promise and was rewarded in March 2003 with a new three-year contract running to 2006. Despite his goal he was left out of the squad for the victorious 2003 Football League Cup Final.\nManager G\u00e9rard Houllier sent Mellor on a year-long loan to West Ham United in August 2003. He scored two goals in the 3\u20130 win over Crystal Palace at the end of September, but an injury hit spell at Upton Park, in addition to playing under three different managers and being forced to play out of position, proved unsettling. Mellor was soon back at Anfield and hit 10 goals in just four games for the reserves. Before the start of the 2004\u201305 season, Mellor suffered a knee injury but regained fitness and a return to the first team in the 3\u20130 League Cup victory at Millwall. In the next round he scored two goals to knock out holders Middlesbrough, and in late November he started a UEFA Champions League game at Monaco.\nAfter becoming a fixture in first team squad, Mellor burst into the starting team with some style. With Liverpool and Arsenal level at 1\u20131 with 90 minutes gone at Anfield in November 2004, he cracked in a sensational 30-yard volley to win the game for Liverpool. Things got better still for Mellor ten days later when Liverpool were being held 1\u20131 by Olympiacos in a game they had to win by two clear goals to progress to the Champions League knock out stages. He was brought into the game to replace Milan Baro\u0161 and within two minutes, he scored with a typical goal poacher's finish. Then, a cushioned header from Mellor set up Steven Gerrard to rifle in the third Liverpool goal and seal Liverpool's place in the last 16. He scored his second and what proved to be his final league goal for Liverpool in December 2004 in the 3\u20131 win over Newcastle at Anfield.\nIn March 2005, Mellor was ruled out for the remainder of the 2004\u201305 season after undergoing surgery on both knees. This robbed the young striker of his chance of European glory as his teammates succeeded in bringing a fifth European cup back to Anfield. Although Mellor played no part in the knock out stages, his contribution to that year's success was massive. Mellor returned to action for the Liverpool reserve side in the 2005\u201306 season coming on as a substitute in their 2\u20130 victory at Manchester United in December 2005. He was back on the scoresheet in his first start in a year as Liverpool cruised into the quarter-finals of the Liverpool Senior Cup after a 3\u20130 win over Runcorn.\nIn January 2006, Mellor joined Wigan Athletic on loan for the remainder of the season. In his first match against Middlesbrough, he scored the winner during injury time in a 3\u20132 victory. However, further knee injuries that required more surgery ended his spell at Wigan after three games.\nIn 2006, despite a relative lack of first-team football at Liverpool, Mellor was voted into 90th position in a poll to find 100 Players Who Shook the Kop, ahead of such players as Mohamed Sissoko and Nigel Clough.\nAfter his retirement from professional football, Mellor returned to Liverpool to do media and commentary work with their in-house television company LFC TV. In August 2006, Mellor signed a three-year contract with Football League Championship club Preston North End for an undisclosed fee, thought to be in the region of \u00a31.5m. Manager Paul Simpson said, \"Neil is a goalscorer and hopefully that will continue to be the case. He is a tremendous signing. He has had his injury problems but we are happy he is over those and it's just a case now of building up his fitness levels.\" Another knee injury suffered in a pre-season friendly against Bolton Wanderers required more surgery and delayed Mellor's debut for Preston. Mellor finally got his first goal for Preston in the 3\u20131 victory over Southampton in March 2007. Out of favour under the Paul Simpson managerial era, Mellor had to prove himself over again to new P.N.E boss Alan Irvine. Under Irvine, Mellor finally got going and scored nine goals under him after Christmas 2007. Mellor again showed his panache for the 30-yard volley on 30 July 2008 by scoring in similar fashion for Preston North End in their friendly against Motherwell at Fir Park, which earned a 1\u20131 draw for Preston. During pre-season 2008\u201309 Mellor scored eight goals.\nDespite the promising pre-season and Mellor being a favourite amongst sections of the Deepdale crowd, indifferent form led to him losing his place to new signing Jon Parkin. Mellor regained his place in the team in time to score in Preston's 3\u20131 victory away at local rivals Blackpool, but another injury saw him miss a number of games. He regained fitness for a match against former club Liverpool in the FA Cup 3rd round, which Preston lost 2\u20130.\nMellor scored his first goal for Preston North End since March 2010 on the opening day of the 2011\u201312 season, scoring their first goal in a 4\u20132 defeat to Colchester United at Deepdale. In the December of that season, Mellor picked up a knee injury in the 1\u20130 win over Milton Keynes and was ruled out for three months. After an injury-plagued season at Preston, Mellor announced his retirement on 9 May 2012.<PIC> On 2 July 2010, Mellor rejoined former manager Alan Irvine at Football League One side Sheffield Wednesday on a season long loan. Mellor played his first league game for The Owls on 7 August 2010 against Dagenham & Redbridge, coming on as a substitute in place of Clinton Morrison. He scored his first professional career hat-trick for Sheffield Wednesday on 10 November 2010 in a 4\u20131 win at Hillsborough over Hartlepool United in the Football League Trophy. He then repeated this feat just 10 days later in another 4\u20131 win, this time away against MK Dons in the league.\nAfter he sustained a minor injury against Carlisle United, Mellor struggled to regain form, and rarely started games. Mellor was eventually recalled to first team action against Colchester United in a game where he scored two goals in a 2\u20131 victory for the Owls. A few days later, he started another home match, this time against Tranmere Rovers setting up two first half goals, before winning a penalty, of which Owls captain Tommy Miller duly converted. Mellor scored the final goal of the match from a tight angle at the 90-minute mark. Appearance(s) in UEFA Champions League\nAppearance(s) in Football League Championship play-offs\nAppearance(s) in Football League Trophy", ["w_s199"]]
[30065, "Frederick Manson Bailey CMG (8 March 1827 \u2013 25 June 1915) was a botanist active in Australia, who made valuable contributions to the characterisation of the flora of Queensland.<PIC> Bailey was born in London, the second son of John Bailey (horticulturist and first Colonial Botanist of South Australia) and his wife, n\u00e9e Manson. Frederick was educated at the foundation school of the Independent Church at Hackney, London. The family went to Australia in 1838 arriving at Adelaide on 22 March 1839 in the Buckinghamshire. John Bailey was appointed colonial botanist soon afterwards and was asked to form a botanic garden. John Bailey resigned in 1841, began farming, and subsequently started a plant nursery at Adelaide. In these ventures, he was assisted by his son, Frederick. In 1858, Bailey went to New Zealand and took up land in the Hutt Valley. In 1861, Frederick started a seedsman's business in Brisbane. For some years, he was collecting in various parts of Queensland, and he also contributed articles to the newspapers on plant life. Bailey married Anna Maria, eldest daughter of the Rev. T. Waite in 1856.\nIn 1874, Bailey published a Handbook to the Ferns of Queensland, and in the following year was made botanist to the board appointed to investigate diseases of livestock and plants. Consequently, Bailey in 1879 published An Illustrated Monograph of the Grasses of Queensland with Karl Staiger. He was afterwards put in charge of the botanical section of the Queensland Museum, in 1881 was made colonial botanist of Queensland, and held this position until his death. He published in 1881 The Fern World of Australia, and in 1883 appeared A Synopsis of the Queensland Flora, a work of nearly 900 pages to which supplementary volumes were added in later years. This work was superseded by The Queensland Flora, published in six volumes between 1899 and 1902 with an index published three years later. In the meantime, there had been A Companion for the Queensland Student of Plant Life and Botany Abridged (1897), a revised reissue of two earlier pamphlets. Among other works of Bailey was A Catalogue of the Indigenous and Naturalised Plants of Queensland (1890). This was expanded into a Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants, Both Indigenous and Naturalised (1912), which appeared with many illustrations.\nBailey travelled widely, important expeditions included Rockingham Bay, Seaview Range and the upper Herbert River (1873), western Queensland, Roma and Rockhampton (1876), Cairns and the Barron River (1877), Bellenden Ker (1889), Georgina River (1895), Torres Strait (1897) and British New Guinea (1898). Bailey was awarded the Clarke Medal of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1902, and was created C.M.G. in 1911. Bailey died on 25 June 1915 at Kangaroo Point, Brisbane. He is buried in South Brisbane Cemetery. Frederick Manson Bailey's name has been attached to about 50 species of plants by fellow botanists, such as Acacia baileyana and Grevillea baileyana. A son, John Frederick Bailey, who survived him, was director of the Brisbane and then Adelaide botanic gardens.", ["w_s202"]]
[30066, "Francis Edward Noel-Baker (7 January 1920 \u2013 25 September 2009) was a British Labour Party MP. His father was Labour MP and Nobel Peace Prize-winner Philip Noel-Baker.\nBorn in London, Noel-Baker was educated at Westminster School and King's College, Cambridge and served with the Intelligence Corps in World War II.\nHe was first elected to the House of Commons in the Labour landslide at the 1945 general election as Member of Parliament for Brentford and Chiswick. When elected, he was the youngest Labour MP. He lost his seat at the 1950 general election, but returned to Parliament at the 1955 election as MP for Swindon. He resigned his seat in March 1969, by taking the Chiltern Hundreds.\nIn 1971 he left the Labour Party in response to the party's opposition to British membership of the European Economic Community. He later joined the Social Democratic Party and later still the Conservative Party.\nIn 1948, Francis acted covertly for the British Government inside Francoist Spain. His report \"Spanish Summary\" with a foreword written by Lady Megan Lloyd George M.P. had a huge influence in shaming the British and other governments and worldwide organisations for allowing Francoist Spain to remain undefeated in Europe until the Spanish transition to democracy.\nThough Francis duly lost his seat in the 1950 election, he won Swindon by a small majority in 1955 and increased it beyond the 10,000 mark over the two following elections. Vociferous in parliament, diligent in his constituency, and gradually taking charge at the family estate on the large Aegean island of Euboea, he managed \u2013 for a time at least \u2013 to reconcile socialism in Britain with feudalism, albeit enlightened and benign, in Greece.\nFluent in modern Greek, in 1956 he played a semi-official part in the Tory government's dealings with the Greek Cypriot leader Archbishop Makarios and the Enosis independence movement in Cyprus. In fact, there were times when he gave the impression of being at Westminster, Swindon, Euboea and Cyprus simultaneously.\nIn 1959 his father won a Nobel peace prize, and when Harold Wilson became Labour prime minister in 1964, both Philip and Francis were led to expect jobs in the new administration. However, the telephone calls never came. Francis was bitterly disappointed at being overlooked.\nIn April 1967, the democratic west was shocked by a military coup in Greece. The regime established by \"the colonels\" was widely condemned, but not by Francis, who knew more about politics in Athens than most. He maintained that the colonels' rule represented reform from the prevalent political corruption, and a way forward for ordinary Greeks.\nHis undisguised support of the new regime made his political life in Britain increasingly precarious, indeed untenable, and in time affected his health. In 1968 he announced his intention not to contest the 1970 election, and retired from parliament the following year.\nIn the period that ensued, he spent an increasing proportion of his time in Greece, becoming active in a range of Cypriot, environmental and charitable activities. As a lordly host with his wife and family at his beloved Achmetaga, he displayed generosity, humour, and loyalty to friends in all walks of life.\nWhile he was an MP Noel-Baker advocated reforms to moderate the influence of outside interests in Parliament. In 1961 he published an article in Parliamentary Affairs warning that \"the door, in fact, is wide open for a new form of political corruption, and there is an uneasy feeling in Parliament and outside that its extent could be much greater than the known or published facts reveal\".\nBefore his death in 2009 Noel-Baker was one of the few surviving members of the 1945 Parliament, the others being  Michael Foot and John Freeman. He married in 1947 (dissolved 1956), Ann Saunders. In 1957 he married secondly Barbara Sonander, who died of skin cancer in 2004. Four sons and a daughter from his two marriages survive him, and a son predeceased him.<PIC>", ["w_s203"]]
[30067, "Za kri\u017een [za kri\u0292en] (local vernacular Croatian for \"Following the Cross\") is a night procession that happens every Maundy Thursday on the island of Hvar, Croatia. The event has centuries of tradition and is included in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.\nThey go through the towns: Svir\u010de, Vrbanj, Vrboska, Jelsa, Pitve and Vrisnik\nThe procession is a unique ceremony of a special piety, and an expression of a religious and cultural identity of the inhabitants of the middle part of the island of Hvar that has been held for five centuries. Their 8-hour duration, in which everyone passes 25\u00a0km is also notable, as is its stress for its passion play content. The backbone of the procession is the Gospin pla\u010d [\u0261ospin plat\u0283] (English: Weeping of the Lady), octosyllabic Passion text from the 15th century that in the form of music Dialog sing chosen singers, kantaduri [kantaduri]. The procession Za kri\u017een every year starts at exactly at 22 hours so that six Processions start simultaneously from six Parish churches from the middle part of the island, in villages Vrbanj, Vrboska, Jelsa, Pitve, Vrisnik and Svir\u010de. Every Procession revolves in that big circle, so that at 7 in the morning every one would return in its own starting point.\nEvery procession is led by a crossbearer carrying a cross. The role of the crossbearer is an immense honor on the island, and is determined as many as 20 years in advance. The crossbearer goes in the accompaniment of helpers, two followers that carry the big candle holders, two lead singers and several responders that sing the Gospin pla\u010d. All are dressed in formal suits \u2013 white brotherhood tunics. By number, the biggest one is the Procession of Jelsa, in which the number of pilgrims can surpass one thousand. Others are significantly smaller, and only the one from the village Pitve can surpass one hundred pilgrims. The Procession of Jelsa is also specific after the custom that the crossbearer runs across the last hundred meters of the way.\nPassing through all six villages included in the procession, the participants show their piety in all the churches on the way. The priest in every of the churches blesses the crossbearer and encourages him, and the singers sing the Gospin pla\u010d, and the walking continues. The processions must not meet, and to accomplish this, their movements are carefully coordinated.\nDuring the way, the pilgrims pray and sing, and particularly impressive is the singing of the Gospin pla\u010d in the original form.\nOn Good Friday these six villages relax, until the pious people have rested from the exhausting night. Only in the afternoon hours the villages come to life when the locals go to participate in the piety of the Holy Week. Emergence of the Procession is bound to the Crucifix of Sveti kri\u017ei\u0107 [s\u028beti kri\u0292it\u0255] (Croatian: Holly Little Cross), that is kept in the Hvar Cathedral since 1510. After the records in the Archive, Sveti kri\u017ei\u0107 was in 1510 in care in the house of Nikola Bevilaqua. In the time of turmoil between the commoners and the nobility on 6 February 1510. Sveti kri\u017ei\u0107 has started to bleed. Then on Hvar started the intense worship of the Cross.\nThe first written record of the procession dates from 16 February 1658.\nIn 2009 the tradition of the Procession Za kri\u017een was written in the UNESCO's Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage.<PIC>", ["w_s206"]]
[30068, "The Nieuport-Delage NiD 37 was a single-engine, single-seat monoplane fighter aircraft and racer designed and built in France in the early 1920s.  It had a small foreplane to bring the centre of pressure forward.  Heavy, slower than expected and with turbo-supercharger problems, development ended without any entering service.<PIC> Though the NiD 37 has sometimes been termed a sesquiplane, it could be described as a shoulder-wing monoplane with a small foreplane. Its immediate predecessor was the NiD 31, which had a similar flying surface. The two designs had little else in common however.\nThe fuselage of the NiD 37 was constructed in Nieuport-Delage's standard manner with a monocoque shell of spirally wound and glued tulipwood with a final outer fabric covering.  This gave a smooth finish to the circular cross section structure which tapered gently to the tail from a dome-shaped nose housing the 224\u00a0kW (300\u00a0hp) Hispano-Suiza 8Fb water-cooled V-8 engine and its Rateau turbo-supercharger. The engine was mounted with its output shaft low in the nose and drove a two-blade propeller.  Though this was of the wooden, fixed-pitch type, it was intended that it would be replaced by a variable-pitch Lavasseur airscrew later. A single, cylindrical Lamblin radiator was suspended below the engine between the undercarriage legs.\nDieudonn\u00e9, the designer of the NiD 37, paid particular attention to the pilot's field of view, and the open cockpit, with screen and faired headrest, was placed well forward, above the engine. To improve the pilot's view downward, the leading edges of the main wing, which were otherwise straight and unswept, were curved in towards the root, meeting the fuselage behind the pilot who could see vertically down between the wing and the trailing edge of the foreplane, aligned with the leading edge of the outer sections of the mainplane and mounted well below on the undercarriage struts. Apart from long, curved tips, this foreplane had straight edges and constant chord; it had a span of about 40% that of the mainplane and less than 20% of its area.  Its function was largely to bring the centre of pressure forward.   The main wing was slightly tapered away from its roots and with square tips.  It was built around four spars and covered in stressed 3-ply, with long-span ailerons.  On each side a V-form pair of tubular struts within aerofoil fairings braced the lower fuselage to the wing.\nThe trailing edge of the mainplane had a long fillet reaching almost to the curved leading edge of the broad tailplane; mounted at mid-fuselage, this had strong inboard sweep, decreasing outwards. It carried horn-balanced elevators.  The fin was smaller, with a rounded, balanced rudder.  The NiD 37 had a fixed, conventional undercarriage with its mainwheels, streamlined with partial (45\u00b0) aluminium fairings, mounted on faired V-struts. These had short forward projections to carry the foreplane at axle height. The NiD 37 first appeared in public at the Paris Air Show in December 1922, though it had not then flown. It carried twin 7.7\u00a0mm (0.303\u00a0in) Vickers machine guns mounted in the nose in front of the cockpit and over the engine.\n Its first flight took place the following April. Tests proved disappointing as the NiD 37 was heavy compared with its competitors and slower than expected and never achieved the predicted 250\u00a0km/h (155\u00a0mph) top speed.  There were also problems with the turbo-supercharger because of the limitations of the high-temperature alloys of the time. As a result of these problems, development was abandoned. A second aircraft was built as a racer with a substantially reduced wing area and a cantilevered upper wing. Some sources list this as a NiD 37, others as the 41. After a carburetor fire during the 1922 Coupe Deutsch, it withdrew and was retired permanently.\nNieuport-Delage also had plans for a larger three seat development of the same concept under the designation NiD.39, also with the pilot over the engine, however with the lack of success of the fighter/racer, it was not proceeded with and the number was reused for an unrelated biplane airliner. Data from Green and Swanborough\nGeneral characteristics\nCrew: One\nLength: 7.16\u00a0m (23\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in)\nWingspan: 11.80\u00a0m (38\u00a0ft 9\u00a0in)\nHeight: 2.97\u00a0m (9\u00a0ft 9\u00a0in)\nWing area: 26.80\u00a0m\u00b2 (288.5\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) total; upper wing 21.78\u00a0m\u00b2 (234.4\u00a0sq\u00a0ft)\nEmpty weight: 980\u00a0kg (2,161\u00a0lb)\nGross weight: 1,420\u00a0kg (3,131\u00a0lb)\nFuel capacity: 240\u00a0L (53\u00a0imp\u00a0gal; 63\u00a0US\u00a0gal)\nPowerplant: 1 \u00d7 Hispano-Suiza 8Fb upright water cooled V-8, 220\u00a0kW (300\u00a0hp)\nPropellers: 2-bladed fixed pitch\nPerformance\nMaximum speed: 250\u00a0km/h (160\u00a0mph, 130\u00a0kn) at 7,000\u00a0m (23,000\u00a0ft) estimated, but not achieved\nWing loading: 53\u00a0kg/m\u00b2 (10.8\u00a0lb/sq\u00a0ft) including both flying surfaces\nPower/mass: 0.16 kW/kg (0.095 hp/lb)\nArmament\n2 \u00d7 7.7\u00a0mm (0.303\u00a0in) Vickers machine guns fixed in nose", ["w_s211"]]
[30069, "\"Started\" is a song recorded by Australian rapper Iggy Azalea for her second studio album In My Defense. The song was written by Azalea alongside Ronny Wright and produced by American record producer J. White Did It. It was released by Bad Dreams and Empire on 3 May 2019 as the second single from the album.   \nIt has had over 80 million streams on Spotify becoming the first track from the album to do so.  \nAn accompanying music video for the track, directed by Colin Tilley, was shot the prior month in Los Angeles, California and also premiered that day.<PIC> \"Started\" is a hip hop song, with a length of three minutes and six seconds. It was written by Azalea and Ronny Wright and produced by J. White Did It, who had also produced Azalea's previous single \"Sally Walker\". The track finds Azalea boasting, \"I started from the bottom and now I'm rich... You started out hating, now you love my drip.\" It is described as an unapologetic \"brag-heavy cut [...] club banger about making your way to success after having nothing\" and was noted to borrowing and twisting the Drake line \"started from the bottom,\" by adding \"and now I'm rich\".  A music video for the track was shot in April 2019 in a Los Angeles mansion in California. It was directed by Colin Tilley, who also directed the music videos for Azalea's previous singles, \"Savior\", \"Kream\" and \"Sally Walker\". Azalea said she considered it her best yet by tweeting, \"Started is the best video I've ever made.\" After changing her Twitter layout and unveiling the cover artwork, Azalea followed up her announcement tweet with: \"Imagine NOT knowing an Anna Nicole Smith quote when you see one. Can\u2019t relate,\" and implied the visuals would reference Smith. She then regularly shared more stills from the video on social media, with the presence of a \"sugar daddy\" and flaunting a lavish lifestyle suggesting the main themes to be wealth and gold digging. She also posted pictures on set of the visuals with drag queen Trixie Mattel and tweeted: \"I wrote a scene just for her in sallywalker but she was on tour so I HAD to write her into the story for started when I found out she\u2019d be in town.\" Azalea confirmed the video would be dropping on the same day. The video, which includes an appearance from Trixie Mattel in a skit, as well as Vanessa Vanjie Mateo (who previously made an appearance in the video for \"Sally Walker\"), features Azalea playing a sugar baby after it opens with her marriage to an older man in a wheelchair, who uses an oxygen mask. Azalea is seen in a short white gown and donning many different looks throughout, including a diamond wig during a pool scene and a suit made out of hundred-dollar bills. Halfway through the video, Azalea starts to grow tired of him until another version of herself and Mattel appear in an infomercial for Die Slow Cake Co., a poison cake mix to kill a sugar daddy, with the jingle: \"If your name's in his will and you want your bread/ Call 1-833-DADDYS-DEAD.\" She then attempts to suffocate him with a cushion on their bed and he eventually dies during a feast. Azalea is left to enjoy her new life on her own by redecorating, with the help of Mateo, and hosting a lavish party afterwards to celebrate her wealth. In the context of the video, the song's lyrics reference how the sugar baby character's many naysayers believed she would not become rich, and has managed to prove them wrong. Iggy Azalea \u2013 Primary artist   ", ["w_s218"]]
[30070, "The Espace Dal\u00ed is a permanent exhibition in France devoted to Salvador Dal\u00ed consisting mainly of sculptures and engravings. The museum, near the Place du Tertre in the Montmartre district of Paris, has around 300 original artworks. The collection features mainly three-dimensional sculptures of Dal\u00ed's best known surrealistic paintings.\nThe collection exhibited is part of the Dal\u00ed Universe collection, curated by Beniamino Levi, Italian gallerist and collector. Sculptures such as Space Elephant and Alice in Wonderland are presented, and the visitor can also see other aspects such as Moses and monotheism, Memories of Surrealism, Don Quixote, etc. Music plays in the background, and there are creative workshops for children to give them the opportunity to become familiar with Dal\u00ed's art. Adjacent to the museum are two art galleries: the Galerie Dal\u00ed which presents a selection of some of the artist's works (sculptures, engravings and lithographs), and the Galerie Montmartre, which shows the works of several contemporary artists.<PIC> Espace Dal\u00ed presents each year a new temporary exhibition\u00a0:\n2008\u00a0: Dal\u00ed et la Mode,\n2008/2009\u00a0: Dal\u00ed - Hologrammes et jeux d'optique\n2009\u00a0:  Dal\u00ed \u00e0 l'\u0152uvre] Espace Dal\u00ed shows the heart of the creation in the artist stating, from April 10 to June 24, Dal\u00ed at work. Over 100 photographs taken in 1950 by a friend and specialist Master Robert Descharnes, reveal the artist in full creativity. Carefully selected by Nicolas Descharnes, expert of the work, these photographs show the artist, visionary, struggling with his most unusual tools often. The eye of Robert Descharnes seized the moment to play the creation of the work.\n2009/2010\u00a0:  Dal\u00ed d'Or et Bijoux de Gala The Espace Dal\u00ed turns into a jewel box and houses the collection of jewels and gold items designed by Salvador Dal\u00ed in 1960's. Sumptuous pieces illuminate the largest exhibition of works by the Catalan master in France. These jewelry and coins praise the career of the world-renowned artist.\n2012\u00a0: Sign\u00e9 Dal\u00ed, la collection Sabater Espace Dal\u00ed presents for the first time in France the collection of works offered and autographed by Salvador Dal\u00ed to his friend and Secretary Enrique Sabater. From February 10 to May 10, 2012, the public admired a hundred dedications composed of oils, watercolors, sketches, drawings, models of furniture, photographs that are evidence of the friendship between the Catalan genius and the man who was his secretary for more than twelve years.\n2014\u00a0: Dal\u00ed fait le mur, 22 artistes street art s'invitent chez Dal\u00ed Polymorphic, explosive, rebel, bewildering, funny, unusual, non-conformist, popular: description of the Dal\u00ednian method or that of the Street Art? Beyond the creative process, what brings these creators close to one another is their unique way of revealing the world: provocative, iconoclastic and wild. Just like Dal\u00ed, street artists are limitless when it comes to their sources of inspiration and convictions, the materiel and the mediums they use. About twenty urban artists have met the challenge. In dialogue with the works exhibited at Espace Dal\u00ed, each of them created an artwork which dares to confront the surrealist universe with the vocabulary and the codes of urban art: painting, stencil, design, light painting, sound and installation.\n2015\u00a0: Daum, Variations d'Artistes - Who could bring together in the same exhibition the following artists: Arman, Ben, C\u00e9sar, Paella Chimicos, Louis Derbr\u00e9, Etienne, Carlos Mata, Hilton McConnico, J\u00e9r\u00f4me Mesnager, Alain S\u00e9chas, Richard Texier\u2026 and Salvador Dal\u00ed?  Only Daum can, the famous master glassmaker from Lorraine, partner with artists for over 130 years. In 1968, when the Daum approached the extravagant Salvador Dal\u00ed to ask him to work with crystal, neither one would have imagined that the combination of craftsmanship and art would live on, adding new horizons for the French manufacture that possesses unique French expertise.", ["w_s219"]]
[30071, "John-Ross (JR) Rizzo, M.D., M.S.C.I., is an American physician-scientist at NYU Langone Medical Center. He is an Associate Professor, serving as Vice chair of Innovation and Equity for the Department of Physical medicine and rehabilitation at Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, with cross-appointments in the Department of Neurology and the Departments of Biomedical & Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering New York University Tandon School of Engineering. He is also the Associate Director of Healthcare for the NYU WIRELESS Laboratory in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at New York University Tandon School of Engineering. He leads the Visuomotor Integration Laboratory (VMIL), where his team focuses on eye-hand coordination, as it relates to acquired brain injury, and the REACTIV Laboratory (Rehabilitation Engineering Alliance and Center Transforming Low Vision), where his team focuses on advanced wearables for the sensory deprived and benefits from his own personal experiences with vision loss.\nHe is also the Founder and Chief Medical Advisor of Tactile Navigation Tools, LLC, where he and his team work to disrupt the assistive technology space for those with visual impairments of all kinds, enhancing human capabilities.\nHe partners with a number of industrial sponsors and laboratories throughout the country to help breakthrough new barriers in disability research and/or motor control.<PIC> As a young boy, he was diagnosed with Choroideremia, a congenital, X-linked, recessive disease of the retina and choroid, associated with nyctalopia and degenerative peripheral vision.  It has deeply influenced his thinking about functional dependencies and his professional goals.\nRizzo completed his undergraduate degree at New York University magna cum laude with an honors thesis in neural science and a double minor in chemistry and psychology. He was a Dean's Scholar and also conferred the Founders Day Award. He completed his medical school training on an academic scholarship at New York Medical College Alpha Omega Alpha (Iota Chapter) Honors and placed in top contention for his medical student research in neuro-ophthalmology under the tutelage of Prof. Sansar Sharma. His residency was completed at the Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine at New York University School of Medicine, where he completed a Chief Year and was selected for multiple leadership positions. His fellowship was completed in clinical research through the Physician Scientist Training Program at New York University School of Medicine\u2019s Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI) under a grant from the NIH (NCATS) in partnership with Rusk and the NYU Center for Neural Science / Dept. of Psychology under Prof.Michael S. Landy. Since 2013 he has been a faculty member working on and creating teams that focus on a number of cutting-edge research foci: the Visuomotor Integration Laboratory (VMIL), focused on eye-hand coordination, as it relates to acquired brain injury (ABI), the REACTIV Laboratory (Rehabilitation Engineering Alliance and Center Transforming Low Vision), focuses on advanced wearables for the sensory deprived.\nHis quest is to better understand how eye control intersects with hand control during eye-hand coordination after acquired brain injury (ABI) and what role vision and eye movements play in hand-focused motor recovery. As a secondary mission, he has and will continue to focus on leveraging technology in novel applications to better objectify accepted clinical measures, to assist in instrumenting the medical ecosystem to improve medical science, and to create innovative assistive technologies to help foster functional independence. Rizzo has won awards for his work in disability research, particularly focused on the intersection of ocular motor and manual motor control and on assistive technology. He was awarded the Crain\u2019s 40 under 40 award in New York Business for his medical devices, including his wearable technology. In 2016, he was conferred the title of \u201cHealthcare Re-writer\u201d by Forbes and KPMG\u201d (having conceptualized or worked on technologies that have the potential to massively transform healthcare). Dr. Rizzo has also been featured in a number of lay articles and also featured in videos and press releases. \nIn 2018, he was a highlighted speaker in NYU's TEDx \u201cRe-Vision\u201d Series. in which he explains his life story and how he made turned his disability into a super power through the use of assistive technology and advanced wearables. In 2018, ACRM recognized John Ross Rizzo, for contributions to the field made during his early career work and he received the Deborah L. Wilkerson Early Career Award. He was inducted into the Susan Daniels Disability Mentoring Hall of Fame that honors those who are making a significant difference in the lives of youth and adults with disabilities through mentoring and to raise awareness about the importance of mentoring for individuals with disabilities(Class2019). Broadly, Rizzo focuses on the best innovation practices to support novel technologies in clinical applications. He has worked to quantitatively characterize accepted clinical measures and to instrument the medical ecosystem to create algorithmic approaches to care routines.\nHis research mission is broadly divided into two scientific domains.\nThe first domain is motor control and behavioral science in brain injury. He seeks to understand how eye control intersects with hand control during eye-hand coordination after acquired brain injury (ABI) and what role vision and eye movements play in motor recovery. His Team was instrumental in characterizing eye-hand dyscoordination in stroke and has worked to translate these findings to other patient populations. The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health, among other foundations and governmental sponsors.\nHis second domain is assistive technologies. Given his penchant for technology and vision, he coupled his interests and began designing mobility solutions for the visually impaired. While the white cane is still the mainstay with regards to mobility solutions for those with vision loss, it is outdated. Dr.Rizzo and his Team have developed a new mechanical white cane that hybridizes the conventional cane with an adaptive mobility device called DragonFly. The DragonFly leverages a disparate navigation strategy that avoids the swinging and inefficiencies of current cane use, avoiding frequent musculoskeletal injuries and mitigating falls. He and his team have also developed a new advanced wearable platform that can be considered a sensory augmentative aid with omnidirectional spatial perception. This device maps the environment in three dimensions through the use of distance and ranging sensors, along with sensor fusion, and then selectively re-displays the information via a torso-mounted haptic interface, vibrating the obstacles in the user\u2019s immediate vicinity onto their abdomen spatiotopically. Audio output is also leveraged through a bone conduction headset that also contains a microphone for voice control. The research was funded by the National Science Foundation, among other foundations, corporate sponsors, and governmental agencies. Rizzo, John-Ross, et al. \"Post-stroke Oculomotor Abnormalities evident during Objective Eye Tracking but Not under Clinical Assessment.\" STROKE. Vol. 46. TWO COMMERCE SQ, 2001 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103 USA: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, 2015.\nRizzo, John-Ross, et al. \"Objectifying eye movements during rapid number naming: methodology for assessment of normative data for the King\u2013Devick test.\" Journal of the neurological sciences 362 (2016): 232-239.\nRizzo, John-Ross, et al. \"Sensor fusion for ecologically valid obstacle identification: Building a comprehensive assistive technology platform for the visually impaired.\" 2017 7th International Conference on Modeling, Simulation, and Applied Optimization (ICMSAO). IEEE, 2017.\nRizzo, John-Ross, et al. \"The intersection between ocular and manual motor control: eye\u2013hand coordination in acquired brain injury.\" Frontiers in neurology 8 (2017): 227.\nRizzo, John-Ross, et al. \"Disrupted saccade control in chronic cerebral injury: upper motor neuron-like disinhibition in the ocular motor system.\" Frontiers in neurology 8 (2017): 12.\nRizzo, John-Ross, et al. \"eye control Deficits coupled to hand control Deficits: eye\u2013hand incoordination in chronic cerebral injury.\" Frontiers in neurology 8 (2017): 330.\nRizzo, John-Ross, et al. \"A new primary mobility tool for the visually impaired: A white cane\u2014adaptive mobility device hybrid.\" Assistive technology 30.5 (2018): 219-225.\nRizzo, John-Ross, et al. \"The effect of linguistic background on rapid number naming: implications for native versus non-native English speakers on sideline-focused concussion assessments.\" Brain injury 32.13-14 (2018): 1690-1699.\nRizzo, John-Ross, et al. \"Eye-hand re-coordination: A pilot investigation of gaze and reach biofeedback in chronic stroke.\" Progress in brain research. Vol. 249. Elsevier, 2019. 361-374.\nRizzo, John-Ross, Sabrina Paganoni, and Thiru M. Annaswamy. \"The \u201cNuts and Bolts\u201d of Evidence-Based Physiatry: Core Competencies for Trainees and Clinicians.\" American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation 98.10 (2019): 942-943.\nRizzo, John-Ross, et al. \"Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum.\" JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) 145 (2019): e58885.", ["w_s220"]]
[30072, "Ocean View is a coastal region in the independent city of Norfolk, Virginia in the United States. It has several miles of shoreline on the Chesapeake Bay to the north, starting with Willoughby Spit to the west and the Joint Expeditionary Base -- Little Creek in the independent city of Virginia Beach on the east.<PIC> The entire area of South Hampton Roads was part of Elizabeth River Shire when it was formed in 1634. From this original shire (or county), in 1636, New Norfolk County was formed, which was divided again into Upper and Lower Norfolk counties in 1637. Lower Norfolk County was split in 1691 to form Princess Anne County and Norfolk County.\nThe Ocean View area was to remain part of Norfolk County for over 225 years, until it and the adjacent Willoughby Spit area were annexed by the independent City of Norfolk in 1923. (Virginia has had independent city political subdivisions since 1871). A small portion of East Ocean View adjacent to the Little Creek Amphibious Base was added in a land-swap with the city of Virginia Beach in 1988. The area which became known as Ocean View City was originally a 360-acre (1.5\u00a0km\u00b2) tract called the Magagnos Plantation which had extensive frontage on the Chesapeake Bay east of Willoughby Spit and west of Little Creek.\nThe Ocean View area was surveyed and laid out with streets and lots as Ocean View City in 1854 by William Mahone, a young civil engineer who was building the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad. Under the leadership of Walter H. Taylor, about 30 years later, a narrow gauge steam passenger railroad service was established between Norfolk and Ocean View, a 9-mile long line crossing what was then known as Tanner's Creek (later renamed Lafayette River). Originally named the Ocean View Railroad, it was later known as the Norfolk and Ocean View Railroad. A small steam locomotive named the General William B. Mahone hauled ever increasing volumes of passengers, primarily on the weekends. The steam service was later replaced by electric-powered trolley cars, becoming both a popular resort and a streetcar suburb of the City of Norfolk. Initially, the improvements consisted of the swimming beach and cottages. The location was quite popular for Sunday outings from Norfolk.\nThe popular Nansemond Hotel was built about 1928; it was destroyed in a fire in 1980.\nWith the advent of additional electric streetcars in the late 19th century, an amusement park was developed at the end-of-the-line and a boardwalk was built along the adjacent beach area. These were a favorite of sailors on leave from the Norfolk Navy Base. Buses replaced the streetcars in the late 1940s. In the mid 20th century, for a number of years, AM radio station WGH broadcast live from a booth under the roller coaster.\nCompletion of the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel in 1957 connected the Ocean View area to the Virginia Peninsula. However, it and other newer highways encouraged visitors to continue on to the Virginia Beach resort area on the Atlantic Ocean, a small city which boomed after merging with Princess Anne County in 1963. In particular, construction of nearby Interstate 64 and the Virginia Beach Expressway (now part of Interstate 264) made it easier for tourists from afar to bypass Ocean View en route to the Oceanfront area of Virginia Beach. After several years of decline in the 1970s, during which Busch Gardens in Williamsburg opened less than an hour's drive away, Ocean View Amusement Park was closed after Labor Day, 1978 and was torn down soon after the filming of a 1979 made-for-TV movie called The Death of Ocean View Park, which starred Mike Connors of Mannix fame, Barry Newman, and Academy Award winner Martin Landau. A key scene featured blowing up the landmark wooden roller coaster \"The Rocket\". While there had been popular concern as to the structural integrity of the famous but aged wooden structure, early attempts to film its destruction with explosives met with failure. Finally, on the third attempt, and with a bulldozer off camera helping to pull the structure down, the landmark appeared to explode in a large fireball. Also, the 1977 movie Rollercoaster  (with Timothy Bottoms), George Segal, Henry Fonda, and Richard Widmark, features \"The Rocket\", as well as other shots of the park in the opening sequences.\nIn the early 21st century, as the entire coastal property market surged with new growth, redevelopment in the Ocean View community has resulted in new upscale residential properties replacing old beach cottages and small motels along the resort strip.  Property values, especially bay front property, particularly in the East Beach neighborhood, have increased significantly in value.\nToday, U.S. Route 60 is the main roadway paralleling the bay along the resort strip on Ocean View Avenue. U.S. Route 460 begins at its junction in front of the site of the former amusement park, where a city park and a high rise condominium is now located. In a large-scale urban renewal project begun in the 1990s, the city of Norfolk invested over $50 million to develop, as part of a public-private partnership, an upscale new urbanist waterfront neighborhood named \"East Beach\" in East Ocean View.  As part of the project, the city acquired and tore down more than 1,600 buildings across 100 acres, and relocated hundreds of low-income residents. The master plan for the neighborhood was designed by Andr\u00e9s Duany with Duany Plater-Zyberk. The neighborhood is fashioned after classic Southeastern seaboard coastal villages, and includes 700 residences, neighborhood restaurants, boutique shops, a Bay Front Club, offices, parks and public places.\nIn 2003, a massive beach restoration project was completed by the city, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Virginia Port Authority, which involved a large-scale rebuilding of sand dunes, planting of vegetation, and the placement of 10 offshore breakwaters to slow erosion and protect the neighborhood from coastal storms.  In 2007, the American Shore and Beach Preservation Association named East Beach one of the nation's top seven restored beaches. Not only was the Amusement Park well known to the region, so was Harrison's Fishing Pier. Owned by Bill Harrison and managed by Charlie Woodard. It was heavily damaged during Hurricane Isabel in September, 2003. A new pier was built, called the Ocean View Fishing Pier.\nNow owned by Ronnie Boone Jr., it continues to be an Ocean View landmark and attraction. This fishing pier is 1,690 feet long.", ["w_s231"]]
[30073, "Mirrie Irma Hill (n\u00e9e Solomon) OBE (1 December 1889\u00a0\u2013 1 May 1986) was an Australian composer.<PIC> Mirrie Irma Jaffa Hill was born on 1 December 1889 in the Sydney suburb of Randwick. She was the youngest of three, born to Levien Jaffa Solomon and Kate Caroline. She had a good ear early on, detecting dissonance and running out of the room whenever her aunt would play Mendelssohn's Songs Without Words. She studied composition with Alfred Hill, who would later become her husband, at Shirley School, Edgecliff.\nWith Alfred Hill as conductor, Godfrey Smith and the Sydney Amateur Orchestral Society performed Mirrie Hill's first orchestral work, Rhapsody for Piano and Orchestra, in 1914 at the Sydney Town Hall. She was unable to study in Germany because of World War I, so she instead went to the New South Wales State Conservatorium of Music, where she was awarded a scholarship by the director, Henri Verbrugghen. After finishing her schooling at the Conservatorium in 1918, Hill was made assistant-professor of harmony, counterpoint and composition there. After retiring from the Conservatorium in 1944, Hill worked as an examiner for the Australian Music Examinations Board from 1959 to 1966. Hill's exploration into music inspired by the indigenous peoples of Australia started when anthropologist Charles P. Mountford asked her to compose the score for the film he was making about Aboriginal life. For inspiration, Mountford gave Hill recordings he had made of performances of indigenous Australian songs. Hill drew from these recordings for both her suite Three Aboriginal Dances and Arnhem Land Symphony. Although the indigenous songs influenced Hill's Symphony, she has explained that the symphony was not meant to be specifically Aboriginal in its make-up.\nMirrie Hill described her own music as \"not [in] the very modern idiom but entirely individual as to style and content.\" She composed in many different genres, but her favourite was classical orchestral music. She created over five hundred pieces, ranging from chamber music and film scores to elementary works for children. Although she did create many longer pieces of music for orchestra and ensembles, Hill became known as a miniaturist because a great deal of her published works were short. In 1921, she married her previous teacher, Alfred Hill, who had three children from a previous marriage. She never had any children of her own. They were married in the Sydney suburb of Mosman, and built a home there, where they lived for most of their lives. Due to the fact that Alfred Hill was such a recognized composer, Mirrie Hill's work was often overlooked. She was described by the people around her as a shy and happy person; she put her husband's career before her own for most of her life. She received greater recognition for her works after her husband's death. In 1975 she was made a life member of the Fellowship of Australian Composers and in 1980 was appointed an OBE (Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire). Hill composed pieces for orchestra and chamber ensembles, as well as choral pieces, film scores, songs and solo instrumental works. She often incorporated Aboriginal themes and traditional Jewish melodies. Selected works include:\nRhapsody for Piano and Orchestra (1914)\nThe Leafy Lanes of Kent (1950)\nThree Miniature Pieces for the Piano\nThree Aboriginal Dances (Brolga, The Kunkarankara Women, Nalda of the Echo) (1950)\nArnhem Land symphony (1954)\nHer works have been recorded and issued on CD, including:\nDance of the Wild Men\u00a0\u2013 Early 20th Century Australian Piano Music Artworks\nAdditional works include:\nMeditation (1954)\nMarch of a Robot (1973)\nDance of the Cunning Mouse (1973)\nMy Bird Sings (1973)\nMerry Imp (1976)\nCome Summer (1969)\nThree Nice Mice (1970)\nPipe Reel (1970)\nChild Fantasies (1935)\nGarden Sketches (1934)\nMr. Roo (1948)\nBell Birds (1952)\nThe Dancing Fawn (1969)\nParty Tunes (1957)\nAll In a Day (1950)\nThree Highland Tunes (1971)\nDancing Feet (1950)\nWillow Wind (1973)\nLost- my little black puppy: he scampers away (1949)\nFor Hire (1949)\nDreams (1942)\nWaltz (1942)", ["w_s232"]]
[30074, "Derek McCulloch (born 1964) is a writer, known for graphic novels such as Stagger Lee, Gone to Amerikay, Pug, and Displaced Persons. He was born in Ottawa, Ontario, raised in Grande Prairie, Alberta, and lives in Oakland, California.<PIC> Throughout the mid-1980s and early 1990s, he was the publisher of Strawberry Jam Comics, and wrote To Be Announced and night life. He was also co-founder of The Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund in Canada and co-edited the organization's two True North anthologies. His stories have appeared in comics series including Open Season, Shred!, and Cerebus High Society. He works as a technical editor at an engineering company.\nHe wrote Stagger Lee, a graphic novel based on the story of Stagger Lee and drawn by Shepherd Hendrix, which was published by Image Comics in May 2006. It has been nominated for several awards, including the Eisner Awards 2007 and the Eagle Awards 2006, and won several Glyph Comics Awards in 2007, including Story of the Year and Best Writer.\nMcCulloch wrote Gone to Amerikay, an original graphic novel drawn by Colleen Doran and released in 2012 to numerous positive notices from The Wall Street Journal, Boing Boing, Irish Echo, The Miami Herald, Irish Central, and The Sunday Times, Dublin edition.   An excerpt from the book was included in the anthology The Best American Comics 2013 under the title \"The Story of Gr\u00e1inne N\u00ed Mh\u00e1ille.\"\nIn 2009, he released his first book for children, T. Runt!, illustrated by Jimmie Robinson.\nIn 2010, he self-published a print on demand anthology of short stories, Stories of a Callow Youth.\nPug, his 2010 graphic novel with artist Greg Espinoza, was nominated for the 2011 Spinetingler Award, in the category of Best Crime Comic/Graphic Novel.\nIn December 2011, The Repertory Theatre of St. Louis announced that its 2012 new theatre series, Ignite! would feature a reading of a stage musical adaptation of Stagger Lee with a book by McCulloch and music and lyrics by Stew and Heidi Rodewald.  When the reading took place on March 15, 2012, it was with not just book but also lyrics by McCulloch.  It was directed by Amanda Dehnert and had a cast including Ken Page, Rebecca Naomi Jones, and Javier Munoz.\nIn August 2014, Image Comics published Displaced Persons, an original graphic novel by McCulloch and Anthony Peruzzo, described as a \"tale of murder, love, crime, friendship, betrayal, and just the slightest bit of time travel,\" taking place in San Francisco in the years 1939, 1969, and 1999.  Displaced Persons was previously announced (and solicited) in 2008 as a project for McCulloch and Rantz Hoseley.  but Hoseley was not connected with the final version of the book.\nIn February 2016, 59E59 Theaters, an off-Broadway theater announced a stage musical adaptation of Damon Runyon's Madame La Gimp, with a book by McCulloch and Giles Havergal, lyrics by McCulloch, music by Kyle Athayde, and arrangements and orchestrations by Peter and Will Anderson.  The production was scheduled for October 2016, and was to be directed by Amanda Dehnert.\nIn December 2018, the first of several collaborations with musician Richard Stuverud appeared, when Green Monkey Records included their song \"Empty Branches\" (lyrics by McCulloch, music written and performed by Stuverud) on their 2018 Christmas compilation, \"A Green Monkey Christmas for Martians Up on Mars.\"  The following year, two different versions of their song \"Snowing in Frisco\" appeared on Green Monkey's \"Hail the Jolly Christmas Monkey!\"\nIn May 2020, Stuverud released his first solo album, \"Memories in Kodachrome,\" with 10 of its 11 songs featuring lyrics by McCulloch.  \"Empty Branches,\" by Richard Stuverud, lyrics by Derek McCulloch, music by Richard Stuverud (on  \"A Green Monkey Christmas for Martians Up on Mars\"), December 2018\n\"Snowing in Frisco Part 1,\" by Richard Stuverud, lyrics by Derek McCulloch, music by Richard Stuverud and Dave Flores (on \"Hail the Jolly Christmas Monkey!\"), December 2019\n\"Snowing in Frisco Part 2,\" by Richard Stuverud, lyrics by Derek McCulloch, music by Richard Stuverud (on \"Hail the Jolly Christmas Monkey!\"), December 2019 \"Memories in Kodachrome,\" by Richard Stuverud, lyrics by Derek McCulloch, music by Richard Stuverud, May 2020", ["w_s234"]]
[30075, "The Samsung SPH-N270 or Matrix phone is a bar style mobile phone released in 2003, made to resemble the phone used in The Matrix Reloaded. The design crew of the Matrix worked closely with Samsung to develop a phone whose features and release date would coincide with the movie. The SPH-N270 was not intended as a mainstream phone for everyday use. Instead, it was marketed solely to fans of the series as a piece of rare, high quality merchandise.<PIC> Perhaps the most remarkable feature of the phone is its spring-loaded earpiece which snaps up to reveal the screen. A small amount of the screen is left visible when the earpiece is down to display important status information. The phone can be configured so that snapping up the earpiece answers an incoming call.\nThe 1000mAh lithium ion found in the N270 has a backplate matching the Matrix phone, making it somewhat proprietary. Three connectors are present on the SPH-N270. The two ports on the bottom are used for a wall charger/car adapter and a variety of extensions including a USB cable. The port on the top is meant for a headset but most users of the phone do not employ a headset because the SPH-N270 is designed with aesthetics in mind.\nOther than physical conveniences, the phone features an assisted GPS receiver, English and Spanish languages, multiple alarms, a calendar, a to-do list and a simple calculator. A notable emphasis of the Samsung SPH-N270 is integration with voice. While 300 contacts stored in the phone can be dialed automatically from the menu, utterance of their names also triggers a phone call. In addition, phone digits can be spoken for contacts not present in the phone book. The phone has an option to match text to the user's speech. Digits displayed on the screen would be read aloud by the user to improve voice recognition.\nThe phone runs a heavily modified version of MediaTek's MAUI Operating System, which is based on Nucleus OS. The green code on a black background, made famous by The Matrix (cf. Digital rain), is found in many menus of the phone by default. The phone is mostly made of black plastic and the buttons show stylized green digits. The manual, box and collector's tin also feature the \"Matrix code\". The charger is the only item in the package with no reference to the Matrix films. It is also the only item in the package compatible with multiple phones.\nSamsung is only displayed on the phone's casing and Sprint is only mentioned on-screen when the battery is improperly inserted. When the phone is turned on, the message \"WELCOME\" is shown, and when the phone is turned off, the message \"GOOD BYE\" is shown, in a manner reminiscent of Neo's first encounter with the Matrix. Three screensaver themes that come with the phone are Reloaded, The Animatrix and Camera, even though the SPH-N270 cannot be used as a camera. Several ringtones from the first two Matrix films can be selected along with a beep option and a vibrate option. These ringtones can be applied to contacts individually.  Unlike the Nokia 8110 which appeared in The Matrix but existed already, the SPH-N270 was made specifically to be released in 2003, together with the second Matrix film. Many fans initially pleased with the phone's release expected the phone to be the exact prop used in The Matrix Reloaded. However, the prop used in the film was slightly different and presumably not functional. The phone was used only twice in the movie, but accurate 3D models of it were portrayed in Final Flight of the Osiris and Enter the Matrix. The phone was also noted to be similar, but less functional and less businesslike than the real Nokia \"Matrix-Phone\" successor at the time, the Nokia 8910i or the experimental Nokia 7650 (released a in 2002). Even for 2003, the Matrix phone was by no means a high-end product. While USB transfer was available to some extent, the phone did not support Bluetooth or IrDA and had no video or MP3 capabilities. Many users chose not to buy the phone because it was not web-capable. No web browser or means of sending text messages was included in the firmware. The SPH-N270 is also not a camera phone even though Samsung is regarded highly for its camera-phones. The Samsung N270 was only sold on a special section of the Samsung website running exclusively in Flash. The website has since been taken down as all of the phones have been sold. Only 10,000 Matrix phones were produced and each one was clearly numbered. However, the number of phones actually produced remains in question as serial/production numbers higher than 2500 have not been verified or seen for sale on eBay or through other sites. The phone cost $500 and was restricted for use with Sprint PCS. However, since the phone is considered a collector's item, it can sometimes be found on eBay for sale at prices of up to $1,000 or more. It was also restricted for sale in the U.S., since Sprint PCS is an American network, although many fans have successfully used it in other countries with CDMA networks through analog and digital roaming.", ["w_s246"]]
[30077, "Jeffrey Ross Gunter is an American dermatologist who served as the U.S. Ambassador to Iceland from 2019 to 2021.<PIC> Gunter graduated from Beverly Hills High School. He received his Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from the University of California, Berkeley in 1983, and his Doctor of Medicine degree from the USC School of Medicine in 1987. Gunter is based in Lancaster, California, outside Los Angeles. His dermatology practice, GunterMD Dermatology, has offices in Lancaster as well as Texas, Nevada, and Arizona. He was a clinical professor of medicine at University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and chief resident of dermatology at Los Angeles County+USC Medical Center.\nGunter is a Republican Party donor and a member of the board of directors of the Republican Jewish Coalition. In 2016, he donated $58,563 to several state Republican Party organizations, $33,400 to the Republican National Committee and $5,400 (the maximum contribution) to Donald Trump's presidential campaign. Gunter also gave $100,000 to the Trump Victory PAC and $100,000 to Trump's inaugural committee.  On August 21, 2018, Trump nominated Gunter to serve as U.S. Ambassador to Iceland; the Senate took no action on the nomination, which expired on January 3, 2019 at the end of the 115th Congress. Trump then renominated Gunter on January 16, 2019, at the outset of the 116th Congress; on May 23, 2019, following a hearing in the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Gunter was confirmed by the Senate by voice vote. Gunter presented his credentials on July 2, 2019. He left office on January 20, 2021.\nGunter had never visited Iceland prior to his nomination to the ambassadorship. In July 2020, CBS News reported, that, according to interviews with diplomats, officials, and persons familiar with the situation, Gunter was \"paranoid\" about his security in the Icelandic capital, Reykjavik, despite its status as one of the world's safest cities; Gunter asked the State Department to seek special permission from the Icelandic government for him to carry a gun, had requested to wear a \"stab-proof vest\" and have door-to-door armored car service. Three diplomatic sources interviewed by CBS News said that Gunter was persuaded not to arm himself because it would be perceived as insulting to Iceland; the embassy nevertheless placed an advertisement in the Icelandic press seeking full-time Icelandic bodyguards, which CBS News' sources described as a way to \"placate Gunter's 'irrational' concerns.\" \nAccording to those interviewed by CBS News, the work climate at the Embassy in Reykjavik was \"untenable\" under Gunter's leadership; in fewer than two years on the job, Gunter had already had seven deputy chiefs of mission (DCMs), the second-highest positions at the embassy, held by career foreign service officers. A State Department official told CBS that the first DCM spent months learning Icelandic, but was rejected by Gunter, reportedly because the ambassador \"didn't like the look of him\" at their first meeting. The second DCM spent only six months in Iceland, and was followed a series of short-term temporary DCMs, with whom Gunter reportedly clashed frequently. CBS News also reported that Gunter \"accused others of various, unsubstantiated infractions, including trying to undermine him to Washington and being complicit with the 'deep state.'\"\nIn February 2020, after taking personal leave after a conference in Washington, Gunter refused to return to his post in Reykjavik. The State Department attributed Gunter's delayed return to Iceland to the COVID-19 pandemic; however, \"multiple sources in Washington, Reykjavik and elsewhere said Gunter wanted to work remotely from California and told senior officials he would not go back overseas unless expressly ordered to do so by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo.\" A series of senior State Department officials failed to persuade Gunter until Pompeo called him; Gunter returned to Iceland in May 2020. Gunter is controversial in Iceland, with many objecting to his description of COVID-19 as \"the Invisible China Virus!\" on Twitter.\nIn late October 2020, Icelandic newspaper Fr\u00e9ttabla\u00f0i\u00f0 reported that an employee of the embassy had contracted COVID-19. The article also discusses how the embassy decided to fast track its scheduled relocation despite the news. Gunter had reportedly made this decision to ensure that the move would be complete in time for the upcoming US presidential election.\nFollowing the publication, the US embassy Facebook page posted a statement claiming the article was \u201cirresponsible\u201d, \u201cshameful\u201d and \u201cfake news\u201d. The statement mentions that the illness was with a local employee and that the embassy was \u201cone of the safest havens from COVID-19 in Reykjav\u00edk\u201d. The post incorrectly claimed that Iceland had one of the highest rates of COVID-19 infections in Europe.\nAn Department of State Office of Inspector General report published in October 2021 was highly critical of Gunter's tenure as ambassador. The report stated that under Gunter, the U.S.-Icelandic relationship \"became so strained at one point ... that the then-Undersecretary for Political Affairs instructed the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs (EUR) to work directly with the Icelandic Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\" The report also found that Gunter had frequently failed \"to respect diplomatic protocol or to coordinate with the Icelandic Government on policy initiatives and press statements touching on sensitive defense-related subjects,\" causing public controversy in Iceland, and that he \"insisted on personally reviewing all contact with Icelandic Government officials and discouraged or restricted embassy officers from engaging with most Icelandic contacts.\" The OGI report found that Gunter had created a \"threatening and intimidating environment\": \"For example, staff reported to OIG multiple instances in which the former Ambassador had threatened to sue Department officials and embassy staff who expressed disagreement with him, questioned his wishes, or were perceived to be 'disloyal' to him. In addition, many employees reported to OIG that the former Ambassador threatened reprisal against employees who communicated with Department officials in Washington while conducting their official duties.\"", ["w_s250"]]
[30078, "Danish National Archives (Danish: Rigsarkivet) is the national archive system of Denmark. The primary purpose is to collect, preserve and archive historically valuable records from central authorities, such as ministries, agencies and national organisations and make them available to the public. The archive is part of the Ministry of Culture.\nPreviously the term Danish State Archives (Danish: Statens Arkiver) was used as the collective name for the archive system. In 2014 the archives were reorganised, and the name Rigsarkivet (which had previously only applied to the Danish National Archives in Copenhagen) became the new collective name for the entire archive system.<PIC>  Prior to 2014, Danish State Archives was the term used to refer collectively to these archives:\nDanish National Archives (Copenhagen)\nDanish Data Archives (Odense)\nDanish National Business Archives (Aarhus)\nRegional Archives:\nProvincial Archives of Zealand, Lolland-Falster and Bornholm (Copenhagen), closed in 2012 when its collections were merged with the Danish National Archives in Copenhagen.\nProvincial Archives of Southern Jutland (Aabenraa)\nProvincial Archives of Funen (Odense)\nProvincial Archives of Northern Jutland (Viborg)\nRegional archives held records transferred from regional authorities, like courts of law, the county authorities, the police and many other local authorities. Records from central authorities, such as ministries, agencies and national organisations, were held at the Danish National Archives. The Danish National Business Archives kept registers, documents, etc. from companies and organisations in the business sector. The Danish Data Archives, the newest of the seven archive holding bodies, kept historical and social science studies such as registers, databases and other electronically stored information. In 2014, the Danish State Archives were reorganised, and the separate archives became reading rooms in a larger archive system. On 1 October 2014, the name Danish State Archives (Danish: Statens Arkiver) was replaced with the name Danish National Archives (Danish: Rigsarkivet). The new Danish National Archives were organised as:\nDanish National Archives, Copenhagen (formerly the Danish National Archives in Copenhagen, which had absorbed the collections of the Provincial Archives of Zealand, Lolland-Falster and Bornholm in 2012)\nDanish National Archives, Aarhus (formerly the Danish National Business Archives)\nDanish National Archives, Aabenraa (formerly the Provincial Archives of Southern Jutland)\nDanish National Archives, Odense (formerly the Provincial Archives of Funen)\nDanish National Archives, Viborg (formerly the Provincial Archives of Northern Jutland)\nIn 2015, Danish National Archives, Aarhus was closed and its collections were moved to Danish National Archives, Viborg. Today the Danish National Archives includes four reading rooms (Copenhagen, Aabenraa, Odense, and Viborg).  The headquarters of the Danish National Archives, Copenhagen are located next to Christiansborg Palace on Slotsholmen. A new purpose-built storage building was opened in 2009 at Kalvebod Brygge. It was designed by PLH Arkitekter. The archive was founded in 1889 out of two older national archives, Gehejmearkivet (1296-1883) and Kongerigets arkiv (1861-1884). In 2012 the collections of the Provincial Archives of Zealand, Lolland-Falster and Bornholm were merged into the Danish National Archives. In 2014, the Danish National Archives was renamed Danish National Archives, Copenhagen and the term Danish National Archives came to represent all former Danish State Archives. The Danish National Archives, Copenhagen holds the archives of the Danish overseas trading companies, including the archives of the Danish East India Company, the Danish Asiatic Company, the Danish West India and Guinea Company and the Danish West India Trading Company, and reflects Denmark's relations with foreign countries such as the European States, Russia, Turkey, North African states and the American states.  The archives of the Danish overseas trading companies were inscribed on UNESCO\u2019s Memory of the World Register in 1997.\nThe Sound Toll Records, which provide detailed information about every ship and cargo that entered the Baltic and departed from the Baltic through the Danish straits starting in the 15th century, are held at the Danish National Archives and in 2007, the collection was inscribed on the Memory of the World Register. The documents are stored on electrically powered mobile shelving \u2013 double-sided shelves, which are pushed together so that there is no aisle between them. A large handle on the end of each shelf allows them to be moved along tracks in the floor to create an aisle when needed. The units have a small AC or DC motor hidden in the base that automatically moves the units when a single button is pressed.", ["w_s251"]]
[30079, "The Baroness Gertrud von Le Fort (full name Gertrud Auguste Lina Elsbeth Mathilde Petrea Freiin von Le Fort; 11 October 1876 \u2013 1 November 1971) was a German writer of novels, poems and essays.<PIC> Le Fort was born in the city of Minden, in the former Province of Westphalia, then the Kingdom of Prussia within the German Empire. She was the daughter of a colonel in the Prussian Army, who was of Swiss Huguenot descent. She was educated as a young girl in Hildesheim, and went on to study at universities at Heidelberg, Marburg and Berlin. She made her home in Bavaria in 1918, living in Baierbrunn until 1939.\nDespite publishing some minor works previously, Le Fort's writing career really began with the publication in 1925 of the posthumous work Glaubenslehre by her mentor, Ernst Troeltsch, a major scholar in the field of the philosophy of religion, which she had edited. She converted to Roman Catholicism the following year. Most of her writings came after this conversion, and they were marked by the issue of the struggle between faith and conscience.\nIn 1931, Le Fort published the novella, Die Letzte am Schafott (The Last at the Scaffold), based on the 1794 execution of the Carmelite Martyrs of Compi\u00e8gne.  An English translation, titled The Song at the Scaffold, appeared in 1933.  In 1947, Georges Bernanos wrote film dialogue to a proposed cinema scenario by Philippe Agostini based on Le Fort's novella, but the screenplay was not filmed at the time.  Following Bernanos' death, after discussion with Bernanos' literary executor, Albert B\u00e9guin, Le Fort granted permission for publication of Bernanos' work in January 1949, and gifted her portion of the royalties due to her, as creator of the original story, over to Bernanos' widow and children.  Le Fort requested that Bernanos' work be titled differently from her own novella, and Beguin chose the new title Dialogues des Carm\u00e9lites.  This formed the basic for the opera by Francis Poulenc from 1956.\nLe Fort went on to publish over 20 books, comprising poems, novels and short stories. Her work gained her the accolade of being \"the greatest contemporary transcendent poet\". Her works are appreciated for their depth and beauty of their ideas, and for her sophisticated refinement of style. She was nominated by Hermann Hesse for the Nobel Prize in Literature, and was granted an honorary Doctorate of Theology for her contributions to the issue of faith in her works.\nIn 1952, Le Fort won the Gottfried-Keller Prize, an esteemed Swiss literary award.\nAmong her many other works, Le Fort also published a book titled Die ewige Frau (The Eternal Woman) in 1934, which appeared in paperback in English in 2010.  In this work, she countered the modernist analysis on the feminine, not with polemical argument, but with a meditation on womanhood.\nIn 1939 Le Fort had made her home in the town of Oberstdorf in the Bavarian Alps, and it was there that she died on 1 November 1971, aged 95. Hymnen an die Kirche. Poetry; first published in Munich by Theatiner Verlag (1924).\nDas Schwei\u00dftuch der Veronika, I. Band: Der r\u00f6mische Brunnen. A novel; Munich, K\u00f6sel & Pustet, now known as K\u00f6sel-Verlag (1928).\nDer Papst aus dem Ghetto. Novel; Berlin, Transmare Verlag (1930).\nDie Letzte am Schafott. Novella; Munich, K\u00f6sel & Pustet (1931). Translated as The Song at the Scaffold by Ignatius Press (2011).\nDie ewige Frau. Essay; Munich, K\u00f6sel & Pustet (1934). Expanded publication in 1960 with the same publisher. Expanded version translated as The Eternal Woman: The Timeless Meaning of the Feminine by Ignatius (2010).\nDie Madgeburgische Hochzeit. Novel; Leipzig, Insel Verlag (1938).\nDie Opferflamme. Short story; Leipzig, Insel (1938).\nDas Gericht des Meeres. Short story; Leipzig, Insel (1943).\nDas Schwei\u00dftuch der Veronika, II. Band: Der Kranz der Engel. Novel; Munich, Beckstein (1946)\nDie Consolata. Short story; Wiesbaden, Insel (1947).\nDie Tochter Farinatas. Collection of four short stories: Die Tochter Farinatas, Plus Ultra, Das Gericht des Meeres, and Die Consolata; Wiesbaden, Insel (1950). Plus Ultra translated under the same title in The Wife of Pilate and Other Stories by Ignatius (2015).\nGel\u00f6schte Kerzen. Collection of two short stories: Die Verfemte and Die Unschuldigen; Munich, Ehrenwirth (1953). Translated respectively as The Ostracized Woman and The Innocents in The Innocents and Other Stories by Ignatius (2019).\nAm Tor des Himmels. Novella; Wiesbaden, Insel (1954). Translated as At the Gate of Heaven in The Wife of Pilate and Other Stories by Ignatius (2015).\nDie Frau des Pilatus. Novella; Wiesbaden, Insel (1955). Translated as The Wife of Pilate in The Wife of Pilate and Other Stories by Ignatius (2015).\nDer Turm der Best\u00e4ndigkeit. Novella; Wiesbaden, Insel (1957). Translated as The Tower of Constance in The Innocents and Other Stories by Ignatius (2019).\nDie letzte Begegnung. Novella; Wiesbaden, Insel (1959). Translated as The Last Meeting in The Innocents and Other Stories by Ignatius (2019).\nDie H\u00e4lfte des Lebens. Autobiography; Munich, Ehrenwirth (1965).\nDer Dom. Short story; Munich, Ehrenwirth (1968).  Helena M. Tomko\u00a0: Sacramental Realism: Gertrud von le Fort and German Catholic Literature in the Weimar Republic and Third Reich (1924-46)\n\"The Wife of Pilate\" [de] is a 1955 novella by Gertrud von Le Fort.", ["w_s256"]]
[30080, "The Tan rabbit is a small fancy breed of rabbit shown throughout \nthe world. While originally from England, in recent years it has gained popularity in the United States. Tans come in four varieties: black, blue, chocolate and lilac. Full grown Tans weigh 4-6\u00a0pounds.<PIC> Tans originally come from England where they have been shown since the late 1800s.\nIn the United States, the accepted adult weight ranges are:\nDoes (females): 4 - 6 pounds\nBucks (males): 4 - 5\u00bd pounds\nTans are a full arched breed. Rabbits with this type show an arch starting at the nape of their neck, running smoothly over their shoulders, midsection and hips. Tans have a very lean, compact, well balanced body. Tans should be short and deep in body type. They are visually striking because of their unique markings, contrast and intensity of their coloration. There are four varieties (colors) in the Tan breed: black, blue, chocolate and lilac. All four varieties have identical patterned markings. The Tan coloration is an intense, deep red color that is should be even from the chest to tail. Young rabbits are often free fed a pellets and grass hay. Adult rabbits can be given unlimited grass hay, but pellets must be rationed. Tans typically do not have an issue with going over the ideal maximum weight, so obesity is less of a concern than it is with other breeds. Most breeders recommend a heaping half cup of pellets once a day. Tans are a fairly small rabbit and can be housed in a cage as small as 24\" X 18\"  as long as they receive regular exercise. Cages preferably should be all-wire otherwise as this helps prevent respiratory disease. If the rabbit is to be housed in a hutch with solid sides and a solid roof, at least part of the cage should be made of wire to promote ventilation. Being an active animal, Tans need regular exercise. They should never be allowed to roam an area outside their cage unattended. All areas they are allowed to explore should first be rabbit-proofed. Rabbit safe toys are good to keep in their cage. There are four varieties (colors) in the Tan breed: black, chocolate, blue and lilac. While Tans are shown by variety, not group, in terms of color genetics there are two basic informal color groups: black/blue and chocolate/lilac.  Blue is the recessive of black and lilac is the recessive of chocolate. Many recommend breeders who are just starting out to stay within one color group until you become more familiar with color genetics. This means breeding black to black or black to blue or chocolate to chocolate or chocolate to lilac. It is traditionally not recommended to breed a recessive color to another recessive color (i.e. blue to blue), but such crosses can occasionally be successful for the advanced breeder.\nWhile the average Tan litter is around 4 babies, litter sizes can certainly vary. Tans are not known for having common genetic defects. In general, most Tan babies will be born healthy. However, Tans are a very hyperactive breed and sometimes as a result they will have babies outside the nest box or have them inside the nest box but inadvertently step on the babies as they jump in and out of the box. These problems are more common with new moms and nervous and/or unsocialized rabbits. These issues can be reduced by not allowing strangers in the barn and keeping a calm, stress free environment for the first week or so following kindling (birth). Additionally, Tans that are raised from birth with constant handling will be less stressed by the presence of humans when they have their own babies.\nAll Tans are born with the patterned marking. In that sense, you will not get any \"mismarked\" in a litter like is common with other marked breeds such as Dutch, English Spots, Hotots, etc. While marking, type and color quality will vary, typically the majority of babies produced will at meet the minimum requirements to be shown at an ARBA sanctioned show. Although all herd are different, in general butting teeth and split penis seem to be the most common genetic disqualifications seen on the show table. Breeders should be extra vigilant of these issues when evaluating potential show stock. Ripped/pulled teeth, ripped/pulled toenails and broken tails are common disqualifications that are not genetic in nature and should not affect one's decision as to whether or not the rabbit should be used for breeding.\nDepending upon location, the most difficult part of working with Tans may be finding stock. The American Tan Rabbit Specialty Club (ATRSC) in the United States and the National Tan Rabbit Club in Great Britain both maintain lists of club members on their websites. Some breeders will ship rabbits if the buyer is not within driving distance.  Many individuals throughout the world attend the annual American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA) National Convention to buy rabbits that are not available locally. The ARBA National Convention is held each fall in a different part of the United States. The American Tan Rabbit Specialty Club (ATRSC) also hosts a Tan National Show each spring in a different location within the United States. In the United States, the ARBA Standard of Perfection is the official publication that outlines the show requirements for each breed. \"All breed\" shows are held in various locations throughout the country nearly every weekend. At these shows all ARBA accepted breeds compete within their respective breed for the Best of Breed honor. Amongst all Best of Breeds a Best in Show winner is selected. Sometimes there are awards given to other top animals at the show, such as Reserve Best in Show or Best of Group.\nTans are judged as a full-arch \"running breed\" in the United States. This means they are allowed to move freely on the show table as they are evaluated by the judge to best evaluate the type, color and markings of the animal.\nIn the United Kingdom the British Rabbit Council (BRC) determines the show criteria for their sanctioned shows.  The National Tan Rabbit Club  is also the breed club for the breed in the United Kingdom and was the first breed club ever to represent the Tan Rabbit for enthusiasts.", ["w_s257"]]
[30081, "The E-belt asteroids were the population of a hypothetical extension of the primordial asteroid belt proposed as the source of most of the basin-forming lunar impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment. The E-belt model was developed by William F. Bottke, David Vokrouhlicky, David Minton, David Nesvorn\u00fd, Alessandro Morbidelli, Ramon Brasser, Bruce Simonson and Harold Levison.  It describes the dynamics of an inner band of the early asteroid belt within the framework of the Nice model. The extended-belt asteroids were located between the current inner boundary of the asteroid belt and the orbit of Mars with semi-major axis ranging from 1.7 to 2.1 astronomical units (AU). In the current Solar System most orbits in this region are unstable due to the presence of the \u03bd\u2086 secular resonance. However, prior to the giant planet migration described in the Nice model the outer planets would have been in a more compact configuration with nearly circular orbits.  With the planets in this configuration the \u03bd\u2086 secular resonance would be located outside the asteroid belt.   Stable orbits would have existed inside 2.1 AU and the inner edge of the primordial asteroid belt would have been defined by Mars-crossing orbits. During the migration of the giant planets the \u03bd\u2086 secular resonance would have moved inward as Saturn moved outward.  Upon reaching its current location near 2.1 AU the \u03bd\u2086 secular resonance and other related resonances would destabilize the orbits of the E-belt asteroids. Most would be driven onto planet-crossing orbits as their eccentricities and inclinations increased. Over a period of 400 million years impacts of the E-belt asteroids yield an estimated 9-10 of the 12 basin-forming lunar impacts attributed to the Late Heavy Bombardment. As their orbits evolved many of the E-belt asteroids would have acquired orbits similar to those of the Hungaria asteroids with high inclinations and semimajor axis between 1.8 and 2.0 AU.  Because orbits in this region are dynamically sticky these objects would form a quasi-stable reservoir.  As this population of the E-belt asteroids leaked from this reservoir they would produce a long-lived tail of impacts after the traditional end of the late heavy bombardment at 3.7 billion years ago.  A remnant representing roughly 0.1\u20130.4% of the original E-belt asteroids would remain as the current Hungaria asteroids.  Evidence for the Moon does not support comets from the outer planetesimal belt as the source of the basin-forming lunar impacts. The size frequency distribution (SFD) of ancient lunar craters is a similar to the SFD of main belt asteroids instead of that of comets. Samples recovered from the Moon containing impact melts have a range of ages rather than the sharp spike expected if comets produced the LHB. Analysis of highly siderophile elements in these samples shows a better match for impactors from the inner Solar System than for comets.\nStudies of the dynamics of the main asteroid belt during giant planet migration have significantly limited the number of impactors originating from this region. A rapid alteration of Jupiter's and Saturn's orbits is necessary to reproduce the current orbital distribution.  This scenario removes only 50% of the asteroids from the main belt producing 2\u20133 basins on the Moon. Examination of samples recovered from the Moon indicates that the impactors were thermally evolved objects.  E-type asteroids, an example of this type, are uncommon in the main belt  but become more common toward the inner belt and would be expected to be most common in the E-belt.  The Hungaria asteroids, which are a remnant of the E-belt in this model, contain a sizable fraction of E-type asteroids.\nThe decay of the population of E-belt asteroids captured onto Hungaria like orbits produces a long-lived tail of impacts which continues past the LHB. The continuation of the bombardment is predicted to generate basin-forming impacts on the Earth and Chicxulub-sized craters on the Earth and Moon.  Impact craters on the Moon and impact spherule beds found on the Earth dated to this period are consistent with these predictions.\nThe E-belt model predicts a remnant population will remain on Hungaria-like orbits. The initial population of E-belt asteroids was calculated based on the population of potential basin-forming impactors remaining among the Hungaria asteroids.  The result was consistent with calculations based on the recent estimates of the orbital density of the main asteroid belt before the planetary migration.<PIC>", ["w_s259"]]
[30082, "The Sheridan Inn is a historic hotel in Sheridan, Wyoming.  Designed by the architect Thomas R. Kimball of Omaha, Nebraska in 1893, it was constructed by the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad as part of its development program in Wyoming associated with extension of the railway.  Equipped with the first bathtubs and electric lights in that part of Wyoming, the inn was considered the \"finest hotel\" between Chicago and San Francisco. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.\nBuffalo Bill Cody managed the hotel for the railroad from 1894 to 1896. He mostly attracted sportsmen for big game hunting in the Big Horn Mountains to the west, and hosted numerous notable guests. He often auditioned talent for his Wild West Show from the broad front porch during his ownership.<PIC> Designed in the style of hotels which Kimball had seen in Scotland, the three-story, wood-frame inn is 145 feet long under a gambrel roof, with broad porches 30 feet wide on two sides. The porches were designed with a gradual slope so that rainwater would run off. The hotel had 64 bedrooms on the second and third floors, each with its own dormer window. The large dining room sat up to 160 guests. The barns and livery stable associated with the Cody Transportation Company were at the rear of the property, but no longer survive. He ran a stage line between the inn and Deadwood, South Dakota. The inn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places when it was established in 1966.\nAfter condemnation in 1967, the inn was purchased by Neltje Doubleday Kings, who had recently moved to the area from New York City.  She undertook renovations and in 1968, \"re-opened the Inn\u2019s saloon, which was followed a year later by the re-opening of the dining room, the Ladies Parlor and the Wyoming Room, an all new addition to the Inn.\"  The inn could host large social gatherings and became a center of community events. She also added a small gift shop and art gallery to the interior.  She operated the inn for 18 years.  She has since worked full-time as an artist, exhibiting her work under the name of Neltje.\nSince 1990, the inn has been owned and operated by The Sheridan Heritage Center, Inc. The nonprofit organization has restored the entire outside of the building, installed a fire alarm system, and brought the first floor up to ADA standards and city codes. In 2006 it initiated a capital campaign to raise money for needed structural improvements in a \"Core and shell\" program, as interior conditions have deteriorated. Many rooms are smaller than current expectations for such space and spaces would need to be reworked. Plans are to redevelop upper floors to yield 22 rooms, with the entire facility to be operated as a boutique hotel. The national economy has affected fundraising and in April 2012, the inn faced foreclosure. On September 6, 2012, it was announced that the Sheridan Inn would close on October 1, 2012.\nAs of October 2013, the inn was purchased by Bob and Dana Townsend and Custom Services out of Tulsa Oklahoma. The first floor ballrooms have been reopened and a new restaurant named Open Range Bar & Grill opened in January 2015, but is now closed.  The hotels rooms were opened to the public for the first time in over 50 years on May 15, 2015.", ["w_s262"]]
[30083, "Shite-hawk (also spelled shitehawk) or shit-hawk or shitty hawk is a slang name applied to various birds of prey that exhibit scavenging behaviour, originally and primarily the black kite, although the term has also been applied to other birds such as the herring gull.  It is also a slang derogatory term for an unpleasant person.<PIC> The term \"shite-hawk\" is believed to have originated as military slang by the British Army in India and Egypt, as a derogatory term for the black kite (Milvus migrans), which was despised by soldiers for its habit of stealing food from their plates:\nAt the transit camp the British soldier normally made his acquaintance with the kite-hawk [i.e. black kite], known familiarly as the 'shite-hawk'. 'There used to be thousands of them,' remembers Charles Wright. 'When one drew one's food from the cook-house and went to take it across to the dining room to eat at the tables underneath the sheds, these kite-hawks would swoop down and take the lot off your plate if you weren't careful. So you had to walk waving your arms above the plate until you got it under cover.'\n\u2014\u2009Charles Allen, Plain Tales from the Raj\nEric Partridge, an etymologist, claimed that the term was used to refer to the vulture by the soldiers in the British Army in India during the period 1870\u20131947, although the earliest recorded use of the term in print in the Oxford English Dictionary is 1944.  In recent years, in the United Kingdom, the term \"shite-hawk\" has also been applied to the herring gull (Larus argentatus), which is known for its mobbing and scavenging behaviour. Although \"shite-hawk\" originally referred to the black kite in India and elsewhere, and British naturalists Mark Cocker and Richard Mabey explicitly note that the \"red kite never suffered the indignity of its relative's nickname\", in recent years, following the successful reintroduction of the red kite into Scotland and England during the 1990s, the term has also started to be used for the red kite in Britain, apparently due to confusion between the two species of kite.  Thus, in 1999, Lord Burton announced in the House of Lords that \"[p]ossibly one of the most highly protected birds today is the [red] kite, known by the British Army throughout the world as a shite-hawk\".\nIn March 2011, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio programme called The Kestrel and Red Kite, in which presenter Rod Liddle repeatedly asserted that the red kite (Milvus milvus) was historically known as the shite-hawk in England.  However, he provided no evidence for this assertion, and the only other references to the red kite being called a shite-hawk in medieval times are very recent, for example a historical novel published in 2011 (but set in 1513), and in a poem written by Christopher Hodgson (published 2005):\nAnd in Medieval times, with waste piled publicly, Its habit of scavenging in sewage Earned it the sobriquet, \"Shite hawk\" \u2014 Red Kite by Christopher Hodgson The name was used in the television series Trailer Park Boys by character Jim Lahey, who is known for using metaphors with the slang \"shit\". The character used the slang again in the Trailer Park Boys film.\nMilitary badges depicting birds of prey are also sometimes referred to as shite-hawks.  Examples include the eagle badge on the sleeves of the 4th Indian Division of the British Indian Army, and the eagle on the left breast pocket of members of Pathfinder squadrons in the Royal Air Force.\nThe term \"shitehawk\" has also been used as a derogatory term for an offensive or unpleasant person, equivalent to the word \"shit\".  For example: in 1997, the band Half Man Half Biscuit described the driver of a car parked on the pavement as \"a thoughtless shitehawk\" in the song He who would Valium take on their album Voyage to the Bottom of the Road.\nCharlie Brooker used the term in an episode of Newswipe when referring to an American news anchor who patronised Susan Boyle. He was referring to the anchor saying the word \"gobsmacked\" was one of her \"favourite British words\".\nThe Senior Rates\u2019 mess at RNAS Culdrose is called the Shy Talk Inn.\nIn the BBC series Steptoe and Son, Harold uses the phrases \"more meat on a Bombay shitehawk\" referring to Albert's emaciated appearance, and \"eyes like a shitehawk\".", ["w_s264"]]
[30084, "\u00c1ngel Eduardo Reyna Mart\u00ednez (born 19 September 1984) is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.  Reyna came out of Club Am\u00e9rica's reserves but was given his professional debut at San Luis on 31 July 2005. He scored his first goal in the Primera Divisi\u00f3n against Pumas UNAM on 5 February 2006. After his stint at San Luis, Reyna was signed by Club Necaxa. On 18 December 2008 he signed with Mexico City giants Am\u00e9rica, where he was \"born\" as a footballer, to be the new reinforcement for the Clausura 2009 season. His debut was against rivals Chivas Guadalajara in the InterLiga tournament where the match ended in a 1\u20131 draw.\nFor the Bicentenario 2010 season, after the shooting of Salvador Caba\u00f1as, Reyna became a reference player for the team and one of their top scorers, going on to score 7 goals in 16 appearances, including the 9000th goal in the history of the  Estadio Azteca in a 2\u20132 draw with Pachuca.\nOn 3 April 2011 Reyna scored his first hat-trick for Am\u00e9rica in a 5\u20134 win against Puebla in the Clausura 2011 tournament. On 1 May 2011 after scoring the second goal in the 91' minute in the 2\u20130 win over home-side Pumas, Reyna scored his 13th league goal, thus becoming \ngoalscoring champion of the Clausura 2011. He made team history by scoring 13 goals making him the second Mexican-born goalscoring champion, the last one being Cuauhtemoc Blanco in 1998, who scored 16 goals.\nOn 24 October 2011, Reyna was separated from the first team after saying that the team's captain, Aquivaldo Mosquera, was made of \"water\" and that Am\u00e9rica had a defense of \"plastic\". Am\u00e9rica was in the 16th position of the league and had one of the worst defenses in the tournament. After that declarations Reyna was separated of the team. On 21 December 2011, Reyna joined C.F. Monterrey. Reyna scored 4 goals and 3 assist in his first tournament with Monterrey. His team won the 2011-12 CONCACAF Champions League and was the runner-up for the Mexican Clausura 2012. He showed off on the CONCACAF following tournament by scoring a hat-trick in the 5\u20130 victory over Chorrillo F.C. in the opening match. In 2013 Reyna was sent on loan to Pachuca where he scored five goals in 16 matches played. On 17 June 2013 Veracruz reached an agreement with Monterrey to purchase Reyna. He had an outstanding start with the club by scoring 7 goals in only the first 3 league matches. On 29 May 2014 Reyna made a controversial move to Guadalajara for a fee of US$3.56 million. In August 2015 Reyna was sent to train with the reserve squad after the club's president said he was not showing commitment with the team. On 10 March 2016, the club announced that they had reached an agreement to terminate his contract by mutual consent. He was then signed by Atletico Celaya.     In 2010 Reyna was called up by Javier Aguirre to play a series of friendlies with the Mexico national team against Bolivia national team, North Korea national team, and Iceland national team, where he appeared as a substitute in all three matches.\nAfter being the Clausura 2011 top-goalscorer, he was called up by new national team coach Jos\u00e9 Manuel de la Torre for a series of friendlies against Ecuador and New Zealand national football team, and for the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup.<PIC> Monterrey\nCONCACAF Champions League: 2011\u201312\nGuadalajara\nCopa MX: Apertura 2015\nMexico\nCONCACAF Gold Cup: 2011\nIndividual\nMexican Primera Divisi\u00f3n Attacking Midfielder of the Tournament: Clausura 2011\nMexican Primera Divisi\u00f3n Golden Boot: Clausura 2011", ["w_s267"]]
[30085, "Husein \"Huska\" Miljkovi\u0107 (1905 \u2013 27 May 1944) was a Bosniak military commander who fought with various military formations in Yugoslavia during World War II. A communist politician during the interwar period, he joined the Yugoslav Partisans following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia but defected to the Usta\u0161e in mid-1941. He defected back to the Partisans in December 1941 and was made leader of communist forces in northwestern Bosnia during 1942. Following a political disagreement, he defected to the Usta\u0161e yet again in February 1943 and was given command of 100 soldiers. He formed his own 3,000-strong Bosniak militia with the help of the Germans and Croats in late 1943. He agreed to align himself with the Partisans once again in early 1944, prompting Bosniak anti-communists within his militia to assassinate him in May 1944.<PIC> Husein Miljkovi\u0107 was born in 1905 in the village of Trnovi, near Velika Kladu\u0161a. He belonged to a Bosniak peasant family and never attended school. In his youth, he worked as a logger and construction worker. In the 1920s, he became a delegate to the parliament of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in Belgrade. His political activities led to him being fined and imprisoned multiple times by Yugoslav authorities. In 1937, he became one of the founding members of the Communist Party in Velika Kladu\u0161a. On 6 April 1941, Axis forces invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Poorly equipped and poorly trained, the Royal Yugoslav Army was quickly defeated. The extreme Croat nationalist and fascist Ante Paveli\u0107, who had been in exile in Benito Mussolini's Italy, was then appointed Poglavnik (leader) of an Usta\u0161e-led Croatian state\u2014the Independent State of Croatia (often called the NDH, from the Croatian: Nezavisna Dr\u017eava Hrvatska). The NDH combined almost all of modern-day Croatia, all of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of modern-day Serbia into an \"Italian-German quasi-protectorate.\"\nMiljkovi\u0107 became the leader of an anti-Usta\u0161e uprising of mostly Serb citizens on Petrova Gora following the establishment of the NDH. He defected to the Usta\u0161e in August 1941 and joined the Croatian Home Guard in Petrinja. He fought with the Croatian Home Guard until December, when he defected back to the Yugoslav Partisans and returned to Kordun. He was then transferred to the Vojni\u0107 branch of the Communist Party of Croatia (KPH). At the beginning of 1942, he became a member of the regional committee of the KPH in Karlovac. He was named commander of Velika Kladu\u0161a following the communist capture of the town in February and became the leader of the Yugoslav Partisans in Cazin. Between March and September, he served as the secretary of the regional KPH committee in Cazin. He objected when the committee was merged with the KPH headquarters in Biha\u0107 in September and was distanced from the regional communist leadership of northwestern Bosnia shortly afterwards.\nHaving attained the rank of deputy commander, Miljkovi\u0107 deserted the Partisans as the Biha\u0107 field battalion began retreating from Drvar towards Livno in February 1943. He returned to Cazin and surrendered to the Usta\u0161e 11th Infantry Regiment. He then joined the regiment in fighting against the Partisans and took command of a unit consisting of 100 men. Miljkovi\u0107's unit served under the 3rd Mountain Brigade of the Croatian Home Guard from June to September 1943 and was later incorporated into the 114th J\u00e4ger Division of the Wehrmacht.\nWith the help of the Germans and the Usta\u0161e, Miljkovi\u0107 formed his own militia. It consisted of eight full battalions. Approximately 3,000 soldiers joined. The unit attracted Muslim conscripts from the Croatian Home Guard and united them under the motto \"For Islam!\". Miljkovi\u0107 won the support of a small circle of citizens of Velika Kladu\u0161a and local Islamic religious leaders.\nThe Partisans launched an unsuccessful attempt to destroy Miljkovi\u0107's militia in November 1943. Under German protection, Miljkovi\u0107 began collaborating with the Chetniks against the Partisans. According to some sources, he was promoted to the rank of Colonel within the Croatian Home Guard at around this time.\nThe Germans, Croatians, Chetniks, and Partisans all wished to reach their own individual agreements with Miljkovi\u0107 due to the large size of his militia. Miljkovi\u0107 began negotiating with both the Usta\u0161e and the Partisans in late 1943. The Usta\u0161e proposed that his forces align themselves with the NDH and form the Krajina Brigade, while the Partisans offered to accept Miljkovi\u0107 into their ranks. Miljkovi\u0107 accepted the Partisan offer in January 1944 and allowed for some of his troops to join newly formed Partisan Muslim brigades. Shortly after, his entire militia joined the Partisan 4th Corps and he was promoted to the Partisan rank of Colonel. Miljkovi\u0107's agreements with the Partisans caused him to fall out of favour with the Germans and the Usta\u0161e and he was killed on 27 May 1944. The affiliation of his killers is disputed. Historian Noel Malcolm writes that he was killed by pro-Usta\u0161e members of his militia. Journalist Tim Judah states that his killers were Bosniaks working either for the Usta\u0161e or the Partisans. Miljkovi\u0107 is a controversial figure. His followers organized a unit known as the Green Cadre (Zeleni kadar) following his death and joined the Usta\u0161e in carrying out atrocities against Serb civilians. They also committed terrorist acts throughout northwestern Bosnia for several years following the war. Several dozen people were killed in such attacks, which lasted until the last of the outlaws were captured in 1950.\nMiljkovi\u0107 is buried inside a mosque in Velika Kladu\u0161a. Several authors assert that the post-war politician and businessman Fikret Abdi\u0107\u2014who led the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia during the Bosnian War\u2014drew inspiration from him.", ["w_s271"]]
[30086, "In association football, the Panenka is a technique used while taking a penalty kick in which the taker, instead of kicking the ball to the left or right of the goalkeeper, gives a light touch underneath the ball, causing it to rise and fall within the centre of the goal, deceiving the goalkeeper who is counted on by the taker to have guessed a side and committed to a dive away from the centre.\nThe technique was invented by Czech player Anton\u00edn Panenka, who introduced it to the world in the UEFA Euro 1976 final in Belgrade, when he beat West German goalkeeper Sepp Maier to claim the title for the Czechoslovakia national team. After its much publicised debut in the tournament, the Panenka kick has been used on rare occasions and mostly by highly respected players who can deal with the consequences of missing such an attempt. \nOriginally, in Czech language the kick is called Vr\u0161ovick\u00fd dloub\u00e1k - a reference to the Prague district of Vr\u0161ovice, where Panenka's home club Bohemians is based.\nThis style of penalty kick is also called Il cucchiaio (\"the spoon\") in Italy, cavadinha (\"little dig\") in Brazil and penal picado (\"poked penalty kick\") in Argentina and elsewhere in South America.<PIC> The aim of the technique is not to chip the ball over the goalkeeper, but to take advantage of the fact that many goalkeepers will dive to either side of the goal in anticipation, rather than waiting to see in which direction the ball is going. It is a very risky technique, because the subtle touch on the ball gives it a very slow speed, thus allowing the goalkeeper to move back from where they jumped, or even to simply remain in the same spot and wait for the ball to fall easily into their hands. In addition, the subtle touch is most easily applied by a taker who slows down as he or she is about to strike the ball, making it possible for the goalkeeper to recognize what the taker is intending. The move is known for only being used by confident penalty takers who dare to risk missing the kick. Some players that have used the Panenka kick have been criticized by the specialized media or their team's members and supporters, especially if they miss it.\nAccording to studies, a Panenka has a lower scoring probability over placement or power, though it is alleged that if successful, a Panenka's psychological impact on the opposite team may be profound, which may be why penalty takers elect to use it. Anton\u00edn Panenka, though, saw the penalty as a reflection of his own personality.  Anton\u00edn Panenka came to international prominence playing for Czechoslovakia in the 1976 European Championship; Czechoslovakia reached the final, where they faced West Germany. After extra time, the result was 2\u20132, and so the first penalty shootout in a European Championships final ensued. The first seven kicks were converted, until West Germany's fourth penalty taker, Uli Hoene\u00df, ballooned his shot over the bar. With the score 4\u20133, Panenka stepped up to take the fifth Czechoslovakian penalty, to win the match under immense pressure. He feigned shooting to the side of the goal, causing West German goalkeeper Sepp Maier to dive to his left, and then gently chipped the ball into the middle of the net. The perceived impudence of the shot, in addition to its success, led a watching French journalist to dub Panenka \"a poet\", and his winning kick is one of the most famous ever, making Panenka's name synonymous with that particular style of penalty kick. After the game, Panenka was told that he could have been punished if he missed, as it may have been seen as disrespecting the Communist system in place at the time in his home country. On viewing the penalty Pel\u00e9 described Panenka as being \"either a genius or a madman\". As well as winning the 1976 European Championship, Panenka helped Czechoslovakia come third in the 1980 tournament, after scoring once again in a 9\u20138 penalty shootout win. In the finals of the 1982 World Cup, Panenka scored twice with penalties, but these were the only Czechoslovakian goals, and the team did not progress beyond the first group stage.\nThe Panenka penalty has since been successfully performed by many other players in a wide range of competitions.  Only a small number of these have been, like Panenka's original, in major cup finals \u2013 Zinedine Zidane in the 2006 FIFA World Cup Final, Alexis S\u00e1nchez in the 2015 Copa Am\u00e9rica Final, and Odsonne \u00c9douard in the 2020 Scottish Cup final. Examples of Panenkas outside finals include Sebasti\u00e1n Abreu for Uruguay in their 2010 FIFA World Cup quarter-final shoot-out against Ghana, Andrea Pirlo for Italy in their Euro 2012 quarter-final shoot-out against England, Lionel Messi with the winner in a UEFA Champions League game for Paris Saint-Germain against RB Leipzig in 2021, and Karim Benzema for Real Madrid against Manchester City in a UEFA Champions League semi-final in 2022. \nAs with all penalty attempts, not every one is successful. In the 2019 A-League Grand Final Perth Glory player Brendon Santalab, who had scored multiple Panenka penalties previously in his career, played his last game as a professional. The match ended in a penalty shootout between Sydney FC and Santalab's club Perth Glory. With the score at 3 to 1 in favour of Sydney FC, Santalab took Perth's third penalty, attempting a Panenka, but Sydney FC goalkeeper Andrew Redmayne was expecting it. The keeper stood upright and easily saved the weak kick. Sydney FC scored their next penalty, winning the shootout and the A-League Championship 4 to 1. Former England captain Gary Lineker infamously failed a Panenka which at the time, would have put him level with Bobby Charlton for the England team's top scorer, the missed penalty instead leaving him one goal behind on 48 for the rest of his career.", ["w_s276"]]
[30087, "A special election was held on April 11, 2017, to determine the member of the United States House of Representatives for Kansas's 4th congressional district after the incumbent, Mike Pompeo, resigned because of his nomination by President Donald Trump as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. Republican Ron Estes received 52.2% of the vote and won, while runner-up Democrat James Thompson lost with 46% of the vote.<PIC> Kansas's 4th congressional district is located in the south-center region of the state, centering on the city of Wichita and Sedgwick County, which contain approximately two-thirds of the district's voters. Sixteen other counties make up the rest of the district, including Barber, Butler, Chautauqua, Comanche, Cowley, Edwards, Elk, Greenwood, Harper, Harvey, Kingman, Kiowa, Pratt, Stafford, and Sumner counties, as well as a portion of southwestern Pawnee County. Regarded as a conservative district, the seat is considered to be safe for Republicans; the Fourth District had a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+15 following the 2016 presidential election. Going into the election, the seat had not been held by a Democrat in more than twenty years, since Dan Glickman lost his reelection campaign in the 1994 midterms. At the time of the special election, the Republican Party held about a 2-to-1 advantage in voter registration in the district, with 186,850 registered Republicans to 95,788 registered Democrats. Republican Donald Trump won the district by a 27-point margin in the 2016 presidential election, receiving 60% of the vote to Democrat Hillary Clinton's 33%. Republican Mitt Romney defeated Democrat Barack Obama by a similar 26-point margin in 2012, taking approximately 62% of the vote to Obama's 36%. On January 23, 2017, the U.S. representative for Kansas's 4th congressional district, Mike Pompeo, resigned after being nominated by President Donald Trump as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. He was confirmed by the United States Senate. Gov. Sam Brownback had five days to declare a special election to be held between 45 and 60 days after being called. The day following Pompeo's resignation, Brownback declared a special election to take place on April 11.\nNominees for each party were selected by a district convention of party activists. Independent candidates were eligible to gain ballot access upon submitting 3,000 signatures within the first 25 days after the election was called.\nAlthough not initially expecting a close race, the National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC) spent $100,000 on advertising in the last week of the campaign, and Republican politicians Sen. Ted Cruz of Texas, President Donald Trump, and Vice President Mike Pence recorded robocalls or campaigned in person supporting their nominee Ron Estes. On April 10, the Cook Political Report moved the rating of the district to Lean Republican. Estes won the election by 6.2% over political newcomer James Thompson. This not only marked a dramatic shift from the 61.6%\u201329.6% margin that Pompeo had been re-elected by in the previous year's regularly-scheduled election, but this was also the closest race in the district since incumbent Todd Tiahrt, who held the seat from 1995 to 2011, edged out Democrat Randy Rathburn by 3% in 1996. The Republican Party selected a nominee at a convention held on February 9, 2017.  Ron Estes, State Treasurer Joseph Ashby, former radio talk show host\nGeorge Bruce, attorney\nAlan Cobb, former Donald Trump campaign staffer\nTodd Tiahrt, former U.S. Representative Eric Kidwell, attorney\nPete Meitzner, Wichita City Councilman Willis Hartman, businessman\nMark Hutton, state representative\nMark Kahrs, state representative\nTy Masterson, state senator\nMichael O'Donnell, Sedgwick County Commissioner\nSusan Wagle, President of the State Senate Ron Estes\nFederal Politicians\nDonald Trump, President of the United States\nMike Pence, Vice President of the United States\nTed Cruz, Texas Senator  The Democratic Party selected a nominee at a convention held on February 11, 2017.  James Thompson, attorney and U.S. Army veteran Laura Lombard, entrepreneur\nDennis McKinney, former Kansas State Treasurer and former Minority leader of the Kansas House of Representatives\nRobert Tillman, nominee for this seat in 2012 and candidate for this seat in 2016\nCharlie Walker, police officer Kevass Harding, former Wichita School Board member Carl Brewer, former mayor of Wichita\nDan Giroux, attorney and nominee for this seat in 2016\nHenry Helgerson, state representative\nJim Ward, state representative James Thompson\nU.S. Senators\nBernie Sanders, U.S. Senator from Vermont\nOrganizations\nOur Revolution  The Libertarian Party selected a nominee at a convention held on February 11, 2017.  Chris Rockhold, educator Gordon Bakken, candidate for this seat in 2016\nJohn Kostner, farmer and rancher     The Associated Press called the election for Estes while he was leading by 6% with 88% of precincts reporting. The lead was 6.2% when all the votes were tallied.", ["w_s278"]]
[30088, "Forest Hills Central High School is located in Ada Township, Michigan, near Grand Rapids. It is one of three high schools in the Forest Hills Public Schools system. The district also includes Forest Hills Eastern High School (FHE) and Forest Hills Northern High School (FHN).<PIC> Forest Hills Central High School (originally \"Forest Hills High School\") became the first high school of the newly formed Forest Hills School District in the fall of 1958. The doors opened in September with only freshman and sophomore students. The first graduating class was 1961.\nThe school was memorable for its campus style construction consisting eventually of thirteen separate buildings, including an auditorium added in 1977. The classroom buildings were long hallways, which connected five or six individual rooms. Michigan winters were not amenable to the open campus and the constant walks outside from building to building. In addition, the student population continued to grow, and the buildings began to quickly deteriorate.\nIn 1986, Central High was completely rebuilt with the exception of the auditorium, the gymnasium, the cafeteria, and the art/industrial arts wing, all of which were incorporated into one new building. Since that time, the school has undergone numerous building and remodeling projects.\nIn 2009, the building underwent a multimillion-dollar construction project that included a new weight room, student and staff parking lots, main office renovation, athletic field entrance, athletic office, classrooms, and a new gym entrance and foyer. Also added to the new gym entrance were heated sidewalks. In 2010, the auditorium was remodeled. The demographic breakdown of the 1,315 students enrolled in 2015-16 was:\nGENDER\nMale - 49.0%\nFemale - 51.0%\nETHNIC BACKGROUND\nNative American/Alaskan - 0.3%\nAsian - 6.2%\nBlack - 2.5%\nHispanic - 1.7%\nWhite - 85.6%\nMultiracial - 3.7%\n7.1% of the students were eligible for free or reduced-cost lunch. Forest Hills Central's athletic teams compete under the \"Rangers\" mascot. Most teams compete in the Ottawa-Kent Conference White division. Forest Hills Central offers the following varsity sports: Baseball\nBasketball\nBowling\nCross-country\nFootball \u2013 1994 state runner-up \nGolf \u2013 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2010 state runner-up, 2009, 2011 state champions\nHockey\nLacrosse \u2013 2007 was the first year of competition separate from Forest Hills Northern. Prior to that, the two schools fielded a combined team. 1990 state champions, 2008 runners-up. 2010 Division II State Champions. 2012 Division II State Champions 2013 Division II state runners-up. 2016 State Champions, 2018 Runner Up State Champions, 2019 State Champions.\nSkiing \u2013 1996 state champions\nSoccer \u2013 2004, 2015 state champions\nSwimming and diving\nTennis \u2013 1998, 2003 state champions, 2001, 2002, 2011 runner-up, 2014 state champions, 2015 state champions, 2016 state champions\nWrestling Basketball\nBowling\nCross-country\nCompetitive cheer\nField hockey\nGolf\nGymnastics\nLacrosse\nSkiing \u2014 2017 state champions\nSoccer \u2013 2005, 2007, 2008, 2017 state champions, 2003 runner-up\nSoftball\nSwimming and diving \u2013 1993, 1994 state champions, 1995, 2007 runner-up\nTennis \u2013 1985 state runner-up \nTrack and field\nVolleyball \u2013 1986, 1987 state runner-up\nWater polo\nWrestling \u2013 2020 state champions The Grand Rapids Supplemental School (\u30b0\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u30e9\u30d4\u30c3\u30ba\u88dc\u7fd2\u6388\u696d\u6821 Gurando Rappizu Hosh\u016b Jugy\u014d K\u014d), a part-time Japanese school, holds its classes at the high school. Adam Grinwis (born 1992, class of 2010), professional soccer player\nKyle Visser (born 1985, class of 2003), professional basketball player\nGretchen Whitmer (born 1971), 49th Governor of Michigan\nAnnette Ziegler (born 1964, class of 1982), Chief Justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court\nKim Zimmer (born 1955), actress, Guiding Light and Santa Barbara", ["w_s281"]]
[30089, "Mariusz Kwiecie\u0144 (Polish:\u00a0[\u02c8mar-ju\u0282 \u02c8kvj\u025b-t\u0255\u025b\u0272], born 4 November 1972) is a Polish operatic baritone who has sung leading roles in the major opera houses of Europe and North America. He has received particular distinction in the title role of Mozart's Don Giovanni, which he has sung at the Metropolitan Opera, Lyric Opera of Chicago, Vienna State Opera, Bilbao Opera, Houston Grand Opera, San Francisco Opera, Santa Fe Opera, Warsaw Opera, Royal Opera House, London, and Seattle Opera, where he won the company's 2006\u201307 Artist of the Year award for the role.<PIC> Kwiecie\u0144 studied at the Warsaw Academy of Music and began his professional career as Aeneas in Purcell's Dido and Aeneas at the Krak\u00f3w Opera in 1993. In 1995 he sang the title role in The Marriage of Figaro in Luxembourg and Pozna\u0144. He made his Warsaw Opera debut the next year as Stanis\u0142aw in Moniuszko's rarely performed Verbum Nobile. Debuts in major European and American opera houses soon followed.\nA former student of the Metropolitan Opera's Lindemann Young Artist Development Program, he made his Met debut in 1999 as Kuligin in Jan\u00e1\u010dek's K\u00e1\u0165a Kabanov\u00e1. By 2003 he was singing leading baritone roles there, eventually giving over 200 performances, including Marcello in La boh\u00e8me (2003), Silvio in Pagliacci (2004), Count Almaviva in The Marriage of Figaro (2005), Guglielmo in Cos\u00ec fan tutte (2005), Dr. Malatesta in Don Pasquale (2006), Enrico in Lucia di Lammermoor (2007), Belcore in L'Elisir d'Amore (2012), the title role in Eugene Onegin (2013-2017), and Zurga in The Pearl Fishers (2015-2018).\nKwiecie\u0144 has won awards in several international voice competitions, including the Vienna State Opera and Hamburg State Opera Prizes in the 1996 Hans Gabor Belvedere Competition and the Mozart Interpretation Prize and Audience Choice Award in the 1998 Francisco Vi\u00f1as Competition in Barcelona. He was also selected to represent Poland in the 1999 Cardiff Singer of the World competition.\nIn 2015, he became the recipient of the Gold Cross of Merit for his contributions to promoting Polish culture on the initiative of President of Poland Bronis\u0142aw Komorowski.\nIn 2017, he received a Grammy Award nomination in the Best Opera Recording category for his performance in Szymanowski: Kr\u00f3l Roger conducted by Antonio Pappano and produced by Jonathan Allen.\nIn September 2020 he announced his retirement from the stage due to recurrent back problems, and became Artistic Director of the Wroc\u0142aw Opera. A Night At The Opera (Kristine Jepson,  Mariusz Kwiecie\u0144,  Matthew Polenzani,  Valerian Ruminski,  Indra Thomas, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Charles Rosekranz), 2008, Naxos 8557309\nBrahms: Ein deutsches Requiem, Atlanta Symphonie Orchestra and Chorus 2008, CD, Telarc\nChopin. Pie\u015bni (Songs), 2009, CD and iTunes\nTchaikovsky: Eugene Onegin, Blu Ray and DVD 2009, a Bolshoi Theater production filmed at Paris Opera (Palais Garnier 9/2008, Bel Air Classiques\nDonizetti: Lucia di Lammermoor, Blu Ray and DVD, Metropolitan Opera 2009, Deutsche Grammophon\nDonizetti: Don Pasquale, Blu Ray and DVD, Metropolitan Opera 2011, Deutsche Grammophon\nSlavic Heroes Arias from Russian, (Eugene Onegin, Iolanta, Mazeppa, Prince Igor, Aleko, Sadko), Polish (Halka, The Haunted Manor, Verbum nobile, King Roger) and Czech (The Cunning Peasant, The Devil's Wall) operas. Polish Radio Symphony Orchestra, Lukasz Borowicz, 2012, HMF\nMozart: Don Giovanni, Blu Ray and DVD, Royal Opera House 2014, Opus Arte\nTchaikovsky: Eugene Onegin, Blu Ray and DVD, Metropolitan Opera 2014, Uni Dist Corp (Music)\nSzymanowski: Kr\u00f3l Roger, Royal Opera House 2015, Opus arte\nBizet: Les P\u00eacheurs de Perles, Blu Ray and DVD, Metropolitan Opera 2017, Warner Classics/Parlophone\nDonizetti: La Favorite, Blu Ray and DVD, Bayrische Staatoper 2017, Deutsche Grammophon/Verve Label Group", ["w_s288"]]
[30090, "Hohenau is a city & district of the Itap\u00faa Department, Paraguay, located 8 kilometers away from Trinidad and 365 kilometers away from Asunci\u00f3n. It has extensive cultivation fields and streams nearby like the Capi'ivary, Poromoc\u00f3, Mansisovy, Santa Mar\u00eda and others.<PIC> The name comes from its elevated position sloping slightly downhill to the Paran\u00e1 river, from the German hoch 'high' and Au(e) 'floodplain'. The city was founded on March 14, 1900 by Carlos Reverchon, Guillermo Closs, Ambrosio Scholler and Esteban Scholler, helped by German colonists.\nFounder Wilhelm (Guillermo) Closs, who was of German descent, was born on 31 October 1841 in Baumschneis, Brazil (today's Dois Irm\u00e3os). Closs established a place called \"Serra Pelada\" in the state of R\u00edo Grande do Sul. Later, he decided to move to Paraguay, where he met Hohenau's future co-founder Reverchon. Together, they drafted plans for a massive wave of German immigrants to settle in the region.\nAided by the Austrian consul to Paraguay, they successfully persuaded the government to allow for the construction of a colony. By a decree dated September 12, 1898, the Paraguayan government gave Closs and Reverchon a share of 16 square leagues in the then Alto Paran\u00e1, Encarnaci\u00f3n Department.\nOn March 14, 1900, the first settlers arrived from Encarnaci\u00f3n. In August 1900, the arrival of 8 more families (a total of 55 people) set the stage for mass migration to the colony. Some of these first families were the Dresslers, Kuschels, Fritzes, Jachows, and others.\nThese families faced many problems, such as disease, scarcity of resources, and a lack of communication, which were gradually overcome. The town's status was elevated to an official district in 1944.\nIn the 1930s and '40s, the colony began to attract many non-Germans, such as Poles, Ukrainians, and Russians, and to a lesser degree Belgians and French. Later, in 1958, a large wave of Japanese arrived. These settlers then went on to found the district of La Paz. The city is 220 square kilometers in area. It is bordered on the north and the east by the Obligado district, on the south by the Trinidad district, and on the west by the Jes\u00fas, La Paz, and San Pedro del Paran\u00e1 districts.\nIt is located in a zone rich in hydrographic resources, with the Paran\u00e1 river and the Capi'ivary stream. The climate is sub-tropical, ideal for agriculture, with temperatures ranging from 3-4\u00a0\u00b0C in winter to 37-38\u00a0\u00b0C in summer. Hohenau has a total population of 7,987 inhabitants. The inhabitants are mainly focused on agriculture, specifically on the cultivation of soy, cotton, corn, manioc, yerba mate, tung, sorgo, citric, bean, peanut, and watermelon, and the stock breeding of cows, pigs and poultry.\nThere are also some small industries including flour mills, yerba mate mills, wineries, brick factories, bakeries, saw-mills, carpentry shops, and starch factories.\nAccording to the General Directorate of Statistics, Polls, and Census, the Hohenau district has the second-highest living standard in Paraguay, behind the capital, Asunci\u00f3n. An important tourist attraction is the Alto Paran\u00e1 Hunting and Fishing Club, where traditional dorado fishing takes place.\nAmong the other attractions this city offers are the German and Japanese colonies, where visitors can see unique architectural characteristics, typical foods, and cultivated fields.\nHohenau can be reached by the Ruta Sexta Doctor Juan Le\u00f3n Mallorqu\u00edn, a road that crosses the urban center of the city and connects it with the cities of Encarnaci\u00f3n and Ciudad del Este. A network of local roads connects Hohenau with other places in the surrounding area. The city has a dance school, culinary arts academy, tailoring academy, barber academy, and other institutions that teach computer science and typewriting.\nMedical institutions in the city include SOS Aldea de Ni\u00f1os, founded August 21, 1971 on land donated by the German Association of Hohenau with 17 buildings housing 160 children; the Mother and Child Hospital; the SOS Hospital with 40 beds and 2500 monthly consultations; and the Adventist Clinic that started its medical assistance service to the district and the department in 1963. Center:\nSan Jos\u00e9\nSan Bl\u00e1s\nCerro Cor\u00e1\nCONAVI\nPrimavera\nObrero\nSanta Luc\u00eda\nRural zone:\nHohenau 1 (Puerto Hohenau)\nHohenau 2 (Centro Urbano)\nHohenau 3 (Campo \u00c1ngel)\nHohenau 4 (Caguaren\u00e9)\nHohenau 5 (Santa Mar\u00eda) Nazi war criminal Dr. Josef Mengele lived in hiding in Hohenau between 1959 and 1960.", ["w_s291"]]
[30091, "Music for Films is the seventh solo studio album by  British musician Brian Eno, released in 1978 and following his ambient album Ambient 1: Music for Airports. It is a conceptual work intended as a soundtrack for imaginary films, although many of the pieces had already appeared in actual films.<PIC> The album is a loose compilation of material from the period 1975 to 1978, composed of short tracks ranging from one-and-a-half minutes to just over four, making it the antithesis of the long, sprawling, ambient pieces he later became known for. The compositional styles and equipment used also carried over onto Eno's work on some of David Bowie's 1977 album Low.\nUnlike Eno's later ambient works, Music for Films utilises a broader sonic palette, with Eno's synthesizers and \"found sounds\" being supplemented by standard studio instrumentation played by other musicians (see Credits). Originally released as a limited-edition (five hundred copies) LP in 1976 which was sent to a selection of filmmakers for possible inclusion in their work, the commercial Music for Films release was expanded to include a number of pieces for, as Eno put it, \"possible use as soundtracks to 'imaginary' films\". In fact, excerpts from the album did appear in at least seven films and one TV series: \nThree further Film albums were released: Music for Films Volume 2 in 1983 (originally only available as a part of the ten-LP box set Working Backwards: 1983-1973), Music for Films III in 1988 (which consisted of work by various artists), and More Music for Films in 2005, which combined tracks from the box set LP along with tracks from the original 1976 limited edition release. The album has manifested in several forms, featuring different track-listings and track-times.\n1\u00a0: Promotional LP, 1976 (the Director's Edition), issued in a limited number of 500 copies. There are two versions:\nA test pressing with 25 tracks (where the titles are not given).\nOfficial release with 27 tracks. Many of those tracks were taken from Another Green World or appeared later on the official 1978 issue. Essentially all of the 'unreleased' tracks are available on the Music for Fans, Vol. 1 bootleg and \u2013 rather more officially \u2013 on the Eno Instrumental Box Set.\n2\u00a0: Original 1978 release. The LP packaging featured a matte finish on the outside with a glossy finish on the inside, opposite of standard LP covers at the time.\n3\u00a0: Editions EG reissue. The tracks were rearranged into what Eno felt was a more satisfactory sequence. This is now the \"standard\" issue. (Note: the cassette version of the Editions EG reissue used the track order from the original 1978 version, though the packaging listed the tracks in the rearranged order.)\n\"Deep Waters\" appears in More Music for Films as \"Dark Waters\".\n\"Dark Waters\" is unpublished elsewhere. All songs composed by Brian Eno, except where noted.\n1978 version\n\"M386\"\n\"Aragon\"\n\"From the Same Hill\"\n\"Inland Sea\"\n\"Two Rapid Formations\"\n\"Slow Water\"\n\"Sparrowfall (1)\"\n\"Sparrowfall (2)\"\n\"Sparrowfall (3)\"\n\"Quartz\"\n\"Events in Dense Fog\"\n\"There Is Nobody\"\n\"A Measured Room\"\n\"Patrolling Wire Borders\"\n\"Task Force\"\n\"Alternative 3\"\n\"Strange Light\"\n\"Final Sunset\"\nLimited-edition 1976 promo issue\n\"Becalmed\"\n\"Deep Waters\"\n\"'There Is Nobody'\"\n\"Spain\"\n\"Untitled\"\n\"The Last Door\"\n\"Chemin de Fer\"\n\"Dark Waters\"\n\"Sparrowfall (1)\"\n\"Sparrowfall (2)\"\n\"Sparrowfall (3)\"\n\"Evening Star\"\n\"Another Green World\"\n\"In Dark Trees\"\n\"Fuseli\"\n\"Melancholy Waltz\"\n\"Northern Lights\"\n\"From the Coast\"\n\"Shell\"\n\"Little Fishes\"\n\"Empty Landscape\"\n\"Reactor\"\n\"The Secret\"\n\"Don't Look Back\"\n\"Marseilles\"\n\"Final Sunset\"\n\"Juliet\"\nEditions EG reissue\n\"Aragon\"\u00a0\u2013 1:37\nPerformed by: Eno, Percy Jones, Phil Collins, Paul Rudolph\n\"From the Same Hill\"\u00a0 \u2013 3:00\n\"Inland Sea\"\u00a0 \u2013 1:24\n\"Two Rapid Formations\" \u2013 3:23\nPerformed by: Eno, Bill MacCormick, Dave Mattacks, Fred Frith\n\"Slow Water\" \u2013 3:16\nPerformed by: Eno, Robert Fripp\n\"Sparrowfall (1)\"\u00a0 \u2013 1:10\n\"Sparrowfall (2)\"\u00a0 \u2013 1:43\n\"Sparrowfall (3)\"\u00a0 \u2013 1:23\n\"Alternative 3\"\u00a0 \u2013 3:15\n\"Quartz\"\u00a0 \u2013 2:02\n\"Events in Dense Fog\"\u00a0 \u2013 3:43\n\"There Is Nobody\"\u00a0 \u2013 1:43\n\"Patrolling Wire Borders\" (Eno, Percy Jones)\u00a0\u2013 1:42\nPerformed by: Eno, Paul Rudolph, Phil Collins, John Cale, Rod Melvin\n\"A Measured Room\"\u00a0 \u2013 1:05\nPerformed by: Eno, Percy Jones\n\"Task Force\"\u00a0 \u2013 1:22\n\"M386\"\u00a0 \u2013 2:50\nPerformed by: Eno, Percy Jones, Phil Collins, Paul Rudolph\n\"Strange Light\" (Eno, Fred Frith)\u00a0\u2013 2:09\nPerformed by: Eno, Fred Frith, Rhett Davies\n\"Final Sunset\"\u00a0 \u2013 4:13 Rhett Davies \u2013 trumpet on \"Strange Light\", assistant producer\nJohn Cale \u2013 viola on \"Patrolling Wire Borders\"\nRod Melvin \u2013 electric piano on \"Patrolling Wire Borders\"\nPaul Rudolph \u2013 guitar on \"Aragon\", \"Patrolling Wire Borders\" and \"M386\"\nPhil Collins \u2013 percussion on \"Aragon\", \"Patrolling Wire Borders\" and \"M386\"\nPercy Jones \u2013 bass guitar on \"Aragon\", \"A Measured Room\" and \"M386\"\nRobert Fripp \u2013 electric guitar on \"Slow Water\"\nFred Frith \u2013 electric guitar on \"Two Rapid Formations\" and \"Strange Light\"\nBill MacCormick \u2013 bass guitar on \"Two Rapid Formations\"\nDave Mattacks \u2013 percussion on \"Two Rapid Formations\"\nRitva Saarikko \u2013 cover photograph  ", ["w_s300"]]
[30092, "Henry Saxon (16 August 1918\u00a0\u2013 3 October 2005) was an artist specialising in miniatures. His paintings typically comprised verse or biblical text set in fine borders with one or more inset illustrative pictures.<PIC> Henry Saxon was born in Ashton-under-Lyne in 1918 and as he grew up his grandfather encouraged him to follow his artistic talent. At the age of fourteen he joined the Manchester School of Art and studied art and, in particular, calligraphy.\nAt 21, Henry joined the Army Medical Corps, married at 23 and lived in Africa until the end of the World War II.  He then returned to England to join his wife Agnes.  In 1940 he produced most of the 67 illustrations for a medical text on radiography: 'The Handbook of Radiography' by John A. Ross MA(Camb), MRSC (Eng), LRCP (Lond), DMRE (L'pool). Published by HK Lewis & Co London, 1940.\nAfter the war his only child Moira was born and he returned to work in the printing industry where he was introduced to John Spencer, Hon. RMS, who introduced him to miniature art and his niche specialty of miniature illuminated calligraphy started.\nIn 1985 he was elected to Associate Membership of the Royal Miniature Society after a number of years exhibiting with them and also helping with the production of their magazine.  Two years later he was awarded the prestigious Gold Memorial Bowl. He has also won the Gordon Drummond and the Fairman members subject miniature awards, is a founder member of the Hilliard society of miniaturists and was elected as a Signature member of the Miniature Artists of America winning awards in Georgia and Florida. Through his life, Henry produced many hundreds of miniatures. The calligraphy is typically exquisite, normally of poems or passages of scripture and beautifully set.\nThe work starts with the draft text using a fine lead pencil, sanded to an even sharper point. Then with specially adapted pens, ground down by hand to produce a fine tip the text is completed and any gold leaf brushed onto the required sections. Then the borders and any paintings are incorporated. This illuminated script of a song, Candle in the Wind, written and popularized by Elton John. It was painted after the Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997 at which the song was sung by its composer. It features a classically illuminated first letter with a gold border and scroll text title. Heraldic roses, approximately 18, decorate and tumble around the relatively 'large' illuminated and highly decorative initial letter G; note the white burning candle in the centre of the G.  A very fine line border in gold leaf, decorative at two of the corners, surrounds the whole illumination and text. A totally unique oval miniature of the head of the Virgin Mary with a gold crown; there is an extravagant use of gold leaf for the crown. This miniature is painted in an icon style.  Henry is conveying his own beliefs through this miniature. The amazing feature is the background, which looks alive, without solid colour but shimmering (Henry's background in printing would have helped him with the intricate Pointillism). This is a moment of cosmic significance, as the Virgin Mary accepts the task of bearing the Son of God. He achieved this through complex colour and use of dark and light.  Scrolled wording of Mary's words:  \"My soul magnifies the Lord\" is at the base of the miniature.  Henry constantly looked for new ways of expression to enhance the calligraphy text he chose, and this is an unusual and strong demonstration of this trait. An oval miniature with biblical text from Proverbs Chapter 32, a border of scrollwork in autumnal colours growing in intensity to the base of the oval. Classic simplicity. The very delicate illustration, title and initial letters of each verse are in blue on a white background. The title is set in the top border which includes objects which are hinted at, you have to delve into this miniature and explore it to discover these. This miniature was placed in an exhibition of miniatures by seventeen contemporary miniaturist at the Medici Galleries in Grafton Street, Bond Street, London in 1985. This is the only miniature by Henry that has been printed and reproduced. Three verses of a hymn by Bishop Frank Houghton (1894\u20131972) describing the mystery of the Incarnation of Christ.  The two small miniature illustrations depict the splendour of the Godhead at the top and the lowly nativity scene at the bottom.  The border is in a rich blue with scroll work of gold leaf draws attention to the reference of 'saphire-paved courts'.  The nativity has similarities to one within a group of pictures from an English manuscript \"Psalter:  ms. Arundel 83, British Museum Six scenes from the childhood of Christ, folio 124 R.\" of the 14th century at the British Museum, A plate of which is within Treasures of Illumination English Manuscripts of the Fourteenth Century (c1250 to 1400) described by The Rev. Canon F. Harrison, MA, FSA Chancellor and Librarian of York Minster.  (1937) London:  The studio Ltd.  New York:  The Studio Publications Inc. Amazing and very details scroll work on the border surrounding the 7 verses, the lettering and calligraphy is very small.  8 small miniatures each surrounded by a border of gold-leaf are present, 5 different shapes have been used for these.  5 of these small miniatures have burst of light with a bird which gives a sense of movement and flight.  The slightly larger miniature of a cuckoo at the top centre also incorporates boughs and leaves of a tree.  There are two small portraits within each side of the border one a school boy and the other a more mature man reflecting, both of these illustrate the wording within the poem.  This miniature is painted in predominantly blue but also with green. Two borders surround the text from Ignatius Loyola (1491). The outer border a fine line of gold-leaf. The inner border is also outlined with gold leaf and is totally filled with scroll work of reds and pinks changing through to purples and to blues, the main swathes are in green. The top and right section of the border are narrow compared to the bottom border and the left border which has yet a further increase. A small raised square miniature framed by curved gold leaf is on the top left corner of the border;  it depicts the head of Christ at the crucifixion. The background to this small miniature of Christ's death can be compared to that of the miniature of the Magnificat the response to announcement of Christ's conception, and of both it could be said: \"The amazing feature is the background, which looks alive, without solid colour but shimmering. This is a moment of cosmic significance.\" The contrasts between the two backgrounds are in the colouring: the announcement of the conception is full of colour but the crucifixion is in solely brown tones.  This miniature displays calligraphy which is comparatively large for Henry, showing it probably was a miniature painted after his stroke, Henry displayed a strong determination to overcome his disability and continue with his fine miniature art work. This miniature is a consideration of the difference between contentment and the burden of much with text by John Bunyan. One wonders why such an ornate illumination with much use of gold leaf has been chosen. There is gold leaf on the pinnacles, borders, and in the scroll work, it is also on the border around the small raised miniature painting of the humble shepherd boy.  Perhaps it is all to create a great contrast between the simplicity of the shepherd boy with \"here little\" and the richness in gold illustrating the \"hereafter bliss\".  A detailed description of the sequence of producing this miniature is found in The Techniques of Painting Miniatures.  This miniature was exhibited as part of the 2nd World Miniature Exhibition in Hobart Tasmania in the year 2000.\nNote on Piano Key Miniatures An old piano was left outside a house in Harrow, ready for refuse.  The keys were examined and found to be ivory.  Henry sought permission to keep the unworn and unchipped keys.  Most of the piano key sized miniatures he crafted were on ivory from this source. A Windmill with brick factory chimneys in the background (now demolished).  Sense of power of the wind depicted in the clouds and the contrast of the golden calm of harvest gathered in. (Piano key) Two miniatures were painted of this text on piano keys for his first wife Agnes, one with a predominance of reds and the other with blues.  Exceptional detail on a very small 'canvas'.  (Piano key) A red background, the colour of love, which has edging at times straight and at other points intricately curved.  The short text is presented on 2 scrolls but the centrepiece is an unending knot presented in gold leaf.  (Piano key) Surrounding this blessing a large amount of gold leaf is used on the border.  The top border uses features which convey cathedral or church arches and pinnacles, (this was developed and also used in the miniature 'The Shepherd Boy Sings'):  this feature is portrayed in early illuminations in The Saint-Omer Hours 1350 British Library London Add. ms.36684 Books of Hours and Their Owners, John Hartman Thames and Hudson 1997 Adoration of the Magi. On this upright oblong piano key the heavenly blessing depicted by gold cathedral pinnacles plus a starry sky is seen to be transferred and descending to the bottom of the miniature with the word 'THEE'.  (Piano key) This picture features on the cover of The Magic of Miniatures with Psalm 121 and \"A Poem\" by Cecil Spring-Rice inside.  A line drawing of a Swiss chalet, path and tree within the alps.  A wash of walnut was applied to the Bristol board.  Touches of white can be seen on the mountains.", ["w_s303"]]
[30094, "WBOB (600 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station in Jacksonville, Florida.  The station airs a talk radio format and is owned by Chesapeake-Portsmouth Broadcasting Corporation.   Weekdays begin with a local news and information show, followed by mostly syndicated programming, including shows from Laura Ingraham, Michael Savage, Dennis Prager, Eric Metaxas, Jay Sekulow and Red Eye Radio.  Most hours begin with Townhall News.  Some hours are paid brokered programming.  The station calls itself \"AM 600 & FM 101.1 The Answer,\" a slogan often used on Salem Radio Network talk stations.\nBy day, WBOB is powered at 50,000 watts, the maximum power permitted for commercial AM stations by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).  But at night, to protect other stations on AM 600, it reduces power to 9,700 watts.  A directional antenna, located off Lenox Avenue in Jacksonville, is used at all times.  Listeners in Jacksonville and adjacent communities can also hear WBOB on FM translator station W266CX at 101.1 in Fruit Cove, Florida.<PIC>  On December 9, 1933, the station signed on as WMBR, at 1270 kilocycles.  It was owned by the Florida Broadcasting Company and transmitted using 100 watts.  In the 1940s, WMBR moved first to 1400\u00a0kHz and transmitting with 250 watts, then move to 1460\u00a0kHz and increased its power to 5,000 watts.  WMBR was a CBS Radio Network affiliate, and carried its schedule of dramas, comedies, news, sports, soap operas, game shows and big band broadcasts during the Golden Age of Radio.\nIn 1948, it added an FM station, WMBR-FM (now WEJZ), and in 1949, it put a TV station on the air, WMBR-TV (now WJXT).  WMBR-TV was the first TV station in Jacksonville and carried programming from all the major networks initially.\nMeanwhile, in 1942, another AM station went on the air in Jacksonville, WJDC at 1270\u00a0kHz.  It was owned by the Jacksonville Broadcasting Company and was powered at 5,000 watts. In a few years, it had moved to 600\u00a0kHz. It changed its call sign to WPDQ and was an ABC affiliate. Henderson Belk, a North Carolina businessman, purchased WPDQ in 1964 from Brush-Moore Newspapers. In the 1960s and early 1970s, WPDQ carried a Top 40 format, while WMBR stayed with its full service middle of the road (MOR) format. In 1975, after Belk sold the station to Robert Rounsaville of Atlanta, the two stations made a switch. WMBR took the better frequency at 600\u00a0kHz, describing its format as \"Bright MOR Personality.\"  WPDQ moved higher up the dial to WMBR's old frequency, 1460\u00a0kHz, continuing its Top 40 format.\nIn 1977, AM 600 switched its call letters to WSNY, calling itself \"Sunny 60,\" although the format remained the same. Then, in 1980, the call letters were changed to WAIV, and began simulcasting Top 40 programming from its FM sister station WAIV-FM, known as \u201cThe Big Wave.\u201d Pop Country became the new format in 1981 with a call letter change to WOKV, known as \"OK 60 The Unrock.\" Music continued on WOKV through the 1980s, with various adjustments from pop country to adult contemporary to oldies. In 1986, the station was bought by EZ Communications.  AM 600 would then flip to a news/talk format, and was Jacksonville's original home of the syndicated Rush Limbaugh Show.\nIn 1994, Prism Radio Partners acquired the former WAPE, \"The Big Ape.\" WAPE had Jacksonville's best AM signal, transmitting with 50,000 watts by day non-directional, and 10,000 watts at night with a directional signal. The WOKV callsign and news/talk programming was moved to 690 AM; the WPDQ callsign was again returned to AM 600, and flipped to an adult standards format. In 1996, WPDQ flipped to sports talk as \"The Ball\"; concurrent with the flip, WPDQ changed call letters to WBWL.\nCox Radio purchased the station in 1999, and in April 2002, WBWL was sold to The Walt Disney Company, and became Jacksonville's affiliate for Radio Disney on August 1 of that year. Children's radio programming lasted until October 1, 2010, when Radio Disney sold WBWL to Chesapeake-Portsmouth Broadcasting Corporation. The call letters were changed to WBOB, and the format flipped to conservative talk, featuring Bill Bennett's Morning in America, Laura Ingraham and Glenn Beck, along with a variety of local news and talk programming.\nAs of the 2014 season, WBOB broadcasts games from the Jacksonville Sharks Arena Football League. Also in the mid-2010s, WBOB got a power boost, going from 5,000 watts day and night, to 50,000 watts in the daytime and 9,700 watts at night.", ["w_s317"]]
[30095, "The histone code is a hypothesis that the transcription of genetic information encoded in DNA is in part regulated by chemical modifications to histone proteins, primarily on their unstructured ends.  Together with similar modifications such as DNA methylation it is part of the epigenetic code. Histones associate with DNA to form nucleosomes, which themselves bundle to form chromatin fibers, which in turn make up the more familiar chromosome. Histones are globular proteins with a flexible N-terminus (taken to be the tail) that protrudes from the nucleosome. Many of the histone tail modifications correlate very well to chromatin structure and both histone modification state and chromatin structure correlate well to gene expression levels. The critical concept of the histone code hypothesis is that the histone modifications serve to recruit other proteins by specific recognition of the modified histone via protein domains specialized for such purposes, rather than through simply stabilizing or destabilizing the interaction between histone and the underlying DNA. These recruited proteins then act to alter chromatin structure actively or to promote transcription.\nFor details of gene expression regulation by histone modifications see table below. The hypothesis is that chromatin-DNA interactions are guided by combinations of histone modifications.  While it is accepted that modifications (such as methylation, acetylation, ADP-ribosylation, ubiquitination, citrullination, SUMO-ylation and phosphorylation) to histone tails alter chromatin structure, a complete understanding of the precise mechanisms by which these alterations to histone tails influence DNA-histone interactions remains elusive.  However, some specific examples have been worked out in detail.  For example, phosphorylation of serine residues 10 and 28 on histone H3 is a marker for chromosomal condensation.  Similarly, the combination of phosphorylation of serine residue 10 and acetylation of a lysine residue 14 on histone H3 is a tell-tale sign of active transcription. Well characterized modifications to histones include:\nMethylation: Both lysine and arginine residues are known to be methylated. Methylated lysines are the best understood marks of the histone code, as specific methylated lysine match well with gene expression states. Methylation of lysines H3K4 and H3K36 is correlated with transcriptional activation while demethylation of H3K4 is correlated with silencing of the genomic region. Methylation of lysines H3K9 and H3K27 is correlated with transcriptional repression. Particularly, H3K9me3 is highly correlated with constitutive heterochromatin.  Methylation of histone lysine also has a role in DNA repair.  For instance, H3K36me3 is required for homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks, and H4K20me2 facilitates repair of such breaks by non-homologous end joining.\nAcetylation\u2014by HAT (histone acetyl transferase); deacetylation\u2014by HDAC (histone deacetylase): Acetylation tends to define the 'openness' of chromatin as acetylated histones cannot pack as well together as deacetylated histones.\nPhosphorylation\nUbiquitination\nSUMOylation\nHowever, there are many more histone modifications, and sensitive mass spectrometry approaches have recently greatly expanded the catalog.\nA very basic summary of the histone code for gene expression status is given below (histone nomenclature is described here): H2BK5ac H3K4me1 - primed enhancers\nH3K4me3 is enriched in transcriptionally active promoters.\nH3K9me2 -repression\nH3K9me3 is found in constitutively repressed genes.\nH3K27me3 is found in facultatively repressed genes.\nH3K36me\nH3K36me2\nH3K36me3 is found in actively transcribed gene bodies.\nH3K79me2\nH3K9ac is found in actively transcribed promoters.\nH3K14ac is found in actively transcribed promoters.\nH3K23ac\nH3K27ac distinguishes active enhancers from poised enhancers.\nH3K36ac\nH3K56ac is a proxy for de novo histone assembly.\nH3K122ac is enriched in poised promoters and also found in a different type of putative enhancer that lacks H3K27ac. H4K5ac\nH4K8ac\nH4K12ac\nH4K16ac\nH4K20me\nH4K91ac Unlike this simplified model, any real histone code has the potential to be massively complex; each of the four standard histones can be simultaneously modified at multiple different sites with multiple different modifications. To give an idea of this complexity, histone H3 contains nineteen lysines known to be methylated\u2014each can be un-, mono-, di- or tri-methylated. If modifications are independent, this allows a potential 4\u00b9\u2079 or 280 billion different lysine methylation patterns, far more than the maximum number of histones in a human genome (6.4\u00a0Gb / ~150\u00a0bp = ~44 million histones if they are very tightly packed). And this does not include lysine acetylation (known for H3 at nine residues), arginine methylation (known for H3 at three residues) or threonine/serine/tyrosine phosphorylation (known for H3 at eight residues), not to mention modifications of other histones.\nEvery nucleosome in a cell can therefore have a different set of modifications, raising the question of whether common patterns of histone modifications exist. A study of about 40 histone modifications across human gene promoters found over 4000 different combinations used, over 3000 occurring at only a single promoter. However, patterns were discovered including a set of 17 histone modifications that are present together at over 3000 genes. Therefore, patterns of histone modifications do occur but they are very intricate, and we currently have detailed biochemical understanding of the importance of a relatively small number of modifications.\nStructural determinants of histone recognition by readers, writers and erasers of the histone code are revealed by a growing body of experimental data.<PIC>", ["w_s328"]]
[30096, "Harry Wilfred Burch (November 20, 1900 \u2013  November 30, 1950) was an American-born, Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Hamilton Tigers, New York Americans, Chicago Black Hawks, and Boston Bruins.  Born in Yonkers, New York, Burch grew up in Toronto and scored 42 goals in 12 Memorial Cup playoff games to lead the Toronto Canoe Club Paddlers to the 1920 Canadian junior championship.\nBurch won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player in 1924\u201325. In that same season, he joined his teammates in precipitating the first player's strike in NHL history and which led to the dissolution of the Hamilton franchise.  Transferring to the newly formed New York franchise, Burch served as the team's captain, scored the first goal in Americans' history in 1925 and won the Lady Byng Trophy in 1926\u201327 as the NHL's most gentlemanly player. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1974.<PIC> Burch was born on November 20, 1900, in Yonkers, New York, but moved to Toronto at a young age and grew up in the Ontario capital as a multi-sport athlete playing lacrosse, football and hockey. In football, Burch played quarterback for the Toronto Central YMCA team that won the provincial junior championship in 1920. That same year he was a teammate of Lionel Conacher and Roy Worters with the Toronto Canoe Club Paddlers hockey team which won the 1920 Memorial Cup as the Dominion champions of Canada. Burch led all players in the Memorial Cup playoffs with 42 goals, 12 assists and 54 points in 12 games. He spent the following two seasons with the Toronto Aura Lee team in the Ontario Hockey Association. After beginning the 1922\u201323 season with the New Haven Westminsters in the United States Amateur Hockey Association, Burch was signed to a contract by the Hamilton Tigers on January 30, 1923.  He joined a Tigers team that was last in the four-team NHL, but which improved as he did. After scoring six goals in ten games to finish that season, Burch finished in a tie for third in NHL scoring in 1923\u201324 with 22 points.  The Tigers finished 1924\u201325 as the regular season champions with a 19\u201310\u20131 record, and Burch was voted the winner of the Hart Trophy as the league's most valuable player following a 20-goal regular season.\nThe NHL had expanded by two teams that season and the schedule increased from 24 to 30 games, however Burch and his teammates were not paid any extra compensation by the Tigers.   In protest, the players demanded that the team and league pay each individual $200 for the additional regular season and playoff games, or they would refuse to play the NHL championship series. After defying an order by league president Frank Calder to play, the team was disqualified and the Montreal Canadiens, who won the semi-final series, were declared league champions. The Tigers' actions constituted the first player's strike in NHL history. The Tigers franchise was sold and relocated for the 1925\u201326 season.\nThe franchise became the New York Americans, and Burch was named the team's captain, a position he would hold until 1932. The team played up his New York birth; he was dubbed both \"Yonkers Billy Burch\" and \"the Babe Ruth of hockey\". Burch scored the first goal in Americans' franchise history on December 2, 1925, in a 2\u20131 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates, and finished the season eighth in league scoring with 25 points.  He again finished eighth in scoring, with 27 points, in 1926\u201327, and was voted the winner of the Lady Byng Trophy, awarded for his \"effectiveness and a true sporting spirit\".\nFollowing a last-place finish in the Canadian Division, the Americans revamped their roster for the 1928\u201329 season.  Of the team's regulars the past season, only Burch and Lionel Conacher were retained. Burch scored 11 goals and 16 points for New York and played the only two playoff games of his NHL career after the team improved to a second-place finish. He scored only 10 points in 1929\u201330 before improving to 22 points in each of the following two campaigns. Approaching the end of his career, Burch was sold by New York to the Boston Bruins prior to the 1932\u201333 season. However, he did not see much playing time in Boston in the first part of the season and on January 17, 1933, was traded to the Chicago Black Hawks in exchange for Vic Ripley. Burch suffered a broken leg at the end of the season which spelled the end of his playing career.  Burch was the last active NHL player who had played with the Hamilton Tigers.\nBurch retired to Toronto, where he died in 1950. Montreal Gazette sportswriter Tommy Shields praised Burch as a quality NHL player: \"He broke in and played in the days when the going was rough and a player had to be good to stick. If you didn't make it, there was no going back to the amateur ranks. Billy turned pro and never looked back. He was a major leaguer all the way.\" He was posthumously inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1974.   ", ["w_s331"]]
[30097, "Keya Paha County (/\u02c8k\u026ap\u0259h\u0254\u02d0/ KIP-\u0259-haw) is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 824. Its county seat is Springview.\nIn the Nebraska license plate system, Keya Paha County is represented by the prefix 82 (it had the 82nd-largest number of vehicles registered in the county when the license plate system was established in 1922).<PIC> The name \"Keya Paha\" is taken from the Dakota language; literally translated, it means \"turtle hill\". The Dakota name for a set of small hills was given to the county and to the Keya Paha River, which runs through it.\nAll land north of the Keya Paha River (which includes a small portion of Keya Paha County and most of neighboring Boyd County) was not originally part of Nebraska at the time of statehood, but was transferred from Dakota Territory in 1882.\nKeya Paha County was organized in 1884 of land partitioned from Brown County. Keya Paha County lies on the northern boundary of Nebraska, abutting the state of South Dakota. The county's terrain consists of low rolling hills, whose level areas are used for agriculture, including center pivot irrigation. The Keya Paha River flows east-southeastward through the northeastern part of the county, while the Niobrara River flows eastward along the south county line. The county has a total area of 774 square miles (2,000\u00a0km\u00b2), of which 773 square miles (2,000\u00a0km\u00b2) is land and 0.8 square miles (2.1\u00a0km\u00b2) (0.1%) is water.\nKeya Paha County is located in Nebraska's Outback region. U.S. Highway 183\n Nebraska Highway 7\n Nebraska Highway 12\n Nebraska Highway 137 Tripp County, South Dakota - north\nGregory County, South Dakota - northeast\nBoyd County - east\nHolt County - southeast\nRock County - south\nBrown County - south\nCherry County - west\nTodd County, South Dakota - northwest Niobrara National Scenic River (part) As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 983 people, 409 households, and 292 families in the county. The population density was 1.3 people per square mile (0.5/km\u00b2); there were 548 housing units at an average density of 0.7 per square mile (0.3/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the county was 99.39% White, 0.20% Native American, and 0.41% from two or more races; 3.87% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race; 46.7% were of German, 10.6% English, 9.8% American, 7.0% Irish and 6.0% Swedish ancestry.\nThere were 409 households, out of which 24.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.30% were married couples living together, 4.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.60% were non-families. 26.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.91.\nThe county population contained 23.80% under the age of 18, 6.70% from 18 to 24, 23.40% from 25 to 44, 25.40% from 45 to 64, and 20.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 101.40 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.90 males.\nThe median income for a household in the county was $24,911, and the median income for a family was $28,287. Males had a median income of $18,750 versus $19,107 for females. The per capita income for the county was $11,860. About 22.40% of families and 26.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.30% of those under age 18 and 18.80% of those age 65 or over. As of 2008, Keya Paha County was the most Republican of all the counties in Nebraska, with 82.7% of its 707 registered voters registered as Republicans. The last Democratic Presidential candidate to win the county was Woodrow Wilson in 1916. In 1994, Ben Nelson was the last Democratic gubernatorial candidate to carry the county. Brocksburg\nBurton\nJamison\nMeadville\nMills\nNorden\nRiverview\nSpringview (county seat)", ["w_s333"]]
[30098, "The second USS Butte (AE-27) was a  Kilauea-class ammunition ship in the United States Navy.  She was laid down 21 July 1966 by General Dynamics Quincy Shipbuilding Division at Quincy, Massachusetts, and was christened and launched 9 August 1967.  She was commissioned on 14 December 1968 in the Boston Naval Shipyard and assigned to the U.S. Atlantic Fleet, originally homeported in Norfolk, Virginia.<PIC> During the crisis in Jordan in 1970, Butte was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation for her peacekeeping role in that operation.\nFrom December 1972 to July 1973 she operated in the Tonkin Gulf and was awarded the Vietnam Service Medal with one battle star.\nShortly after getting underway from Norfolk on 3 September 1974, Butte suffered a major fire in the main switchboard, disrupting all ship support electrical supply. She was towed back to the naval base for repairs which included replacing the switchboard.\nIn July 1978, Butte's homeport was temporarily shifted to Brooklyn, New York, where she underwent a major overhaul.  In June 1979, her homeport then became Naval Weapons Station Earle, New Jersey. Butte was awarded the Navy Expeditionary Medal for a 1981 Indian Ocean deployment which also took her to the Mediterranean. A 1983 deployment took Butte to the shores of Beirut, Lebanon, where she was awarded the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal for her support of U.S. Embassies overseas, including those in Beirut, Lebanon, and Tunis, Tunisia. During a 1984-85 Mediterranean deployment, she was rated as best ship in Service Squadron Two and, in May 1985, was awarded the Battle Efficiency \"E\" in Engineering, Damage Control, Command Control and Communications, Navigation/Deck Seamanship and Fleet Support. Butte underwent another major overhaul in Mobile, Alabama, from August 1985 to May 1986. Butte was a big part of Operation Goldenrod during a 1987 Mediterranean deployment when she helped with the arrest of two Lebanese terrorists in international waters off the coast of Lebanon.\nButte was in Brooklyn, NY for a short Phased Maintenance refitting yard period from April 1990 to September 1990 while Operation: Desert Shield was conducted. During the Brooklyn yard period, the ship was outfitted to accommodate its new female crew members. The shipyard allegedly did substandard repair work on the ship, and went bankrupt while the ship was in dry dock. The U.S. Navy sent the Butte to the shipyards at Naval Station Philadelphia for inspection of work already done by the Brooklyn yard and to finish the repair work. That was from late 1990 til January 1991 and the beginning of the Gulf War. The Butte was still in Earle when the War ended. The Butte would later spend a month off the coast of Cuba near Guantanamo Bay for pre-deployment Damage Control and firefighting training.  The Butte did in fact, deploy to the Mediterranean in support of continuing operations in the Persian Gulf and Kuwait, and the crew received the Southwest Asia Service ribbon. In September 1995, Butte began her last deployment as part of the USS\u00a0America battlegroup.  She spent October 1995 operating in the Adriatic Sea, supporting air strikes in Bosnia as part of Operation Deliberate Force.  The ship also visited Cannes, France, as the U.S. Navy's representative to the annual Admiral de Grasse birthday celebration.  In mid-November, Butte headed south through the Suez Canal into the Red Sea. The ship delivered turkeys and other supplies for holiday meals to United States embassies in Jordan, Eritrea, Yemen and Djibouti.  Upon departure from the Persian Gulf, Butte returned to the Adriatic, supporting the NATO Peace Implementation Forces in Operation Joint Endeavor.  Between operations in the Adriatic in January and February, she spent her time completing ammunition exchanges and \"rollback\" among the ammunition facilities in the Mediterranean.  On her way home across the Atlantic in February 1996, Butte and America conducted the last underway replenishment operation for America prior to her decommission.  Butte was scheduled to return to port on 24 February 1996, however, offsetting winds around Sandy Hook, kept her from entering port until 3 days later. She was decommissioned on 3 June 1996 and placed in service with the Military Sealift Command, where she became USNS Butte (T-AE-27). Like five of the six other ships of her class, she was overhauled upon the transfer: accommodations were improved, the main armament was taken out and she was outfitted for reduced civilian crewing. On 24 May 2004, she was put out of service by the MSC, stricken from the Naval Vessel Register and transferred to the NAVSEA Inactive Ships Maintenance Facility in Philadelphia awaiting her disposal. On 3 July 2006, the ex USS Butte was sunk as a target off the east coast of the United States using Harpoon missiles, a Mark 48 torpedo fired from the USS San Juan and EOD explosives. Coincidentally, the previous USS Butte was also sunk deliberately in 1948 after use as a target ship in Operation Crossroads.", ["w_s348"]]
[30099, "The 52 Hukams are a set of instruction in Sikhism set by Guru Gobind Singh in Nanded, Maharashtra, India in 1708. These edicts sum up the ideal way of life of the Khalsa and serve as a code of conduct for the Khalsa Panth. Members of the Khalsa (baptized Sikhs) aim to follow all the 52 edicts. \n1. Dharam dee kirat karnee \u2013 Make an honest living.\n2. Dasvand denaa \u2013 Donate a tenth share of your earnings.\n3. Gurbani kantth karnee \u2013 Learn Gurbani by heart.\n4. Amrit Vel\u0101 utthnaa \u2013 Arise during Amrit vela (early morning).\n5. Sikh sevak dee sevaa ruchee naal karnee \u2013 Devotedly serve the Sikh who serves others.\n6. Gurbani de arth Sikh vidhvanaa tuo parrhnae \u2013 Study the essence of Gurbani from learned Sikhs.\n7. Panj Kakaar dee rehit drirh kar rukhnee \u2013 Follow the discipline of The Five Ks strictly. Adhere resolutely to the five articles of faith.\n8. Shabad da abhiaas karnaa \u2013 Practice the sacred hymns to life.\n9. Sat Saroop Satgur daa dhian dharnaa \u2013 Contemplate and assimilate the beautiful truth of the True Enlightener.\n10. Guru Granth Sahib Jee noo Guru mananaa \u2013 Believe in and accept Guru Granth Sahib Ji as the Guide to enlightenment.\n11. Kaarjaan dae arambh vich ardaas karnee \u2013 When undertaking any task, first perform the prayer of Ard\u0101s.\n12. Jaman, maran, ja viah mokae jup da paatth kar tihaaval (Karaah Parsaad) kar anand sahib dia punj paurian, ardaas, pratham panj pyaariaan atae hazooree granthee noo vartaa kae oprunth sangat noo vartaaouna \u2013 For birth naming, funeral, or marriage ceremonies or devotional reading paath; recite Japji Sahib while making Karah Parshad, perform five verses of Anand Sahib, and ardaas; and then distribute Karah Prashad to the Panj Pyare, attending Granthi, and then to the sangat gathered for worship.\n13. Jad tak Karaah Parshaad vartadaa rahae sadh sangat addol batthee rahae \u2013 Until Karah Parshad has been served to everyone, the congregation ought to be still and remain seated.\n14. Anand viah binaa grahist nahee karnaa \u2013 Without the Anand Karaj marriage ceremony, carnal relations should not occur.\n15. Par istree, ma bhain, dhee bhain, kar jaananee. Par istree da sang nahee karnaa \u2013 Other than your wedded wife, consider all women as your mothers and sisters. Do not indulge in carnal marital relationships with them.\n16. Istree da mooh nahee phitkaarnaa \u2013 Do not subject your wife to cursing, or verbal abuse.\n17. Jagat jootth tambaakoo bikhiaa da tiaag karnaa \u2013 Discard worldly ways, falsehoods, and poisonous tobacco.\n18. Rehitvaan atae naam jupan vaalae gursikhaa dee sangat karnee \u2013 Make companions of Gursikhs who follow the Rehit and recite the Divine Name.\n19. Kum karan vich daridar nahee karnaa \u2013 Work hard and don't be lazy.\n20. Gurbanee dee kathaa tae keertan roaz sunanaa atae karnaa \u2013 Take part in listening to Kirtan and discussions of the essence of Gurbani every day.\n21. Kisae dee ninda, chugalee, atae eirkhaa nahee karnee \u2013 Do not gossip nor slander, or be spiteful to anyone.\n22. Dhan, javaanee, tae kul jaat da abhiman naee karnaa (Nanak daadak tahe duae goath. Saak guroo Sikhan sang hoath) \u2013 Do not be proud of riches, youthfulness or lineage. (Regardless of maternal and paternal caste or heritage, all of the Guru's Sikhs are siblings of one family.)\n23. Mat uchee tae suchee rakhnee \u2013 Maintain a high standard of purity in religious discipline.\n24. Shubh karman tao kadae naa ttarnaa \u2013 Do not avoid performing virtuous acts.\n25. Budh bal da daataa vaheguroo noo jaananaa \u2013 Appreciate intellect and power as gifts of the all knowing wondrous Enlightener.\n26. Sugandh (kasam/saunh) dae kar itbaar janaaoun vaalae tae yakeen nahee karnaa \u2013 Have no faith in oaths sworn by one attempting to convince another of sincerity.\n27. Sutantar vicharna. Raaj Kaaj dian kamaan tae doosrae mutaa dia purshaan noo huk nahee daenaa \u2013 Maintain independent thinking. In the affairs of governing the state, do not give authority to men of other faiths.\n28. Raajnitee parhnee \u2013 Study and learn about governmental policies/politics.\n29. Dushman naal saam, daam, bhaed, aadiak, upaa vartnae ate uprant udh karnaa \u2013 When dealing with enemies, practice diplomacy, employ a variety of tactics, and exhaust all techniques before engaging in warfare.\n30. Shastar vidya atae ghorhae di savaari da abhiaas karnaa \u2013 Train in the skills of weaponry and horsemanship.\n31. Doosrae mataa dae pustak, vidyaa parhnee. Pur bhrosaa drirh Gurbanee, Akaal Purakh tae karnaa| \u2013 Study the books and beliefs of other faiths. But maintain trust in Gurbani and Akal Purakh [Undying divine personification].\n32. Guroopdaesaa noo dhaaran karnaa \u2013 Follow the Guru teachings.\n33. Raheraas da paath kar kharae ho kae ardaas karnee \u2013 After reciting Rehras [evening prayers], stand up and perform Ard\u0101s.\n34. Saun valae sohilaa atae \u2018paun guru pani pita\u2026\u2019 salok parhnaa \u2013 Recite the late evening prayer Sohila [3 hymns] and the verse \"Pavan guru pani pita\u2026\" before sleeping.\n35. Dastaar binaa nahee rehnaa \u2013 Never be without the dastar [turban], wear it always.\n36. Singhaa da adhaa naam nahee bulaunaa \u2013 Address a Singh by their entire name including Singh [or Kaur], do not shorten it by half or call them nicknames.\n37. Sharaab nai saevanee \u2013 Do not indulge in drinking alcoholic beverages.\n38. Sir munae noo kanaiaa nahee daenee. Uos ghar daeve jithae Akal Purukh dee sikhee ha, jo karza-ai naa hovae, bhalae subhaa da hovae, bibaekee atae gyanvaan hovae \u2013 Do not given a daughter's hand in marriage to a shaven one. Give her to a household where the Undying divine personification Akal Purakh and tenets of Sikhism are respected, to household without debt, of a pleasing nature, which is disciplined and educated.\n39. Subh kaaraj Gurbanee anusaar karnae \u2013 Maintain all business affairs in accordance with scripture.\n40. Chugalee kar kisae da kam nahee vigaarnaa \u2013 Do not cause ruin by gossiping about other's business.\n41. Kaurha bachan nahee kahinaa \u2013 Do not speak in bitterness.\n42. Darshan yaatraa gurdwaaraa dee hee karnee \u2013 Make pilgrimages only for seeing Gurdwaras.\n43. Bachan karkae paalnaa \u2013 Keep all promises made.\n44. Pardaesee, lorvaan, dukhee, apung manukh dee yataahshkat seva karnee \u2013 Do as much possible to serve and aid foreigners, those in need, or in trouble.\n45. Dhee Putaree da dhan bikh Kar jananaa \u2013 Realize that earnings of a daughter is as poison [don't be greedy].\n46. Dikhaavae da Sikh nahee banana \u2013 Do not act a Sikh outwardly only for show.\n47. Sikhi kesaa-suaasa sang nibhaaounee \u2013 Live and die a Sikh with hair intact and unshorn.\n48. Chori, yaari, tthugi, dhokaa, dagaa nahee karnaa \u2013 Abstain from thievery, adultery, cheating, deception, swindling, and pillaging.\n49. Sikh da itbaar karnaa \u2013 Have confidence in a Sikh.\n50. Jhutthi gavaahee nahee daenee \u2013 Do not make false testimonies.\n51. Dhroh nahee karnaa \u2013 Do not participate in fraud.\n52. Langar Parshaad ik ras vartaaunaa \u2013 Serve langar [free community kitchen of a gurdwara] and prashad with impartiality.<PIC>", ["w_s353"]]
[30101, "Christian Julius Hansen (born 6 May 1814 in Christianshavn \u2013 d. 15 March 1875 in Copenhagen) was a Danish composer, organist, voice teacher and choirmaster. He studied with Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann; his works include songs, choral and orchestral pieces as well as light operas. In several of his song compositions Hansen revealed an uncommon sense of choral movement and considerable melodic vein, sometimes used fresh and cheerfully, sometimes on a quiet, slightly melancholic way.<PIC> Christian Hansen was born to stonemason Nicholas Hansen (1775\u20131834) and his second wife Frederikke Christine, n\u00e9e Hess (1775\u20131850).\nHe was admitted to the Giuseppe Siboni Conservatory when he was 11 years old, but soon had to focus his attention on composition because his beautiful voice began to change. He was encouraged by both J.P.E. Hartmann and Christoph Ernst Friedrich Weyse, to whom he dedicated his first printed work Six Romances written in 1835. In 1840 he took part in the Musikforeningen's overture competition in Copenhagen, where Gade won first prize with his Echoes of Ossian. Hansen's Overture in E major received \"honorable mention\". It was performed by the Music Society on 6 April 1842 and posthumously published by the Society.\nOn 30 December 1836 in Gjentofte he married Marie Emilie Augusta Bugge (d. 1882) and therefore had to work for his living as music teacher, until 1845 when he was appointed organist at the Garrison Church in Copenhagen, position which he exchanged in 1851. Official duties and his gregarious nature hindered him to proceed to larger compositional forms, particularly the opera which he was very fond of. Early on, he had been associated with various choral societies as conductor (Livj\u00e6gersang Association, Odeon, later Commercial and Clerical Choral Society and others), when Hartmann in 1848 got him appointed med-dirigent at the Student Choral Society for which he had great significance, being a regular conductor from 1853 until his death. In 1852 he was appointed royal chamber musician and given the affectionate nickname of Kammermusikken by his student singers. He fell good in the student's world with his jovial and genial nature, contributing as much as he could to the friendly atmosphere in the campus. King Frederick VII of Denmark appreciated the work of Christian Hansen, who traveled much at court. A substantial part of Hansen's compositions were written in connection with the academic life. He composed and arranged music for Jens Christian Hostrup's comedies; for the students carnival formulas he composed the funny parodie-operetta Leonora di Massa Carrara in  1855, King Rosmer in 1857, La massacrata and A sunday in the Alps or The watermill in the Apennines in 1874, in which his musical sense of humor showed great creativity. Also several of his songs were written for the Student Choral Society, like He swinged on the Sea in 1835, Beautiful sound and Now green woods again, both in 1847, Little Karen and Do you remember the harvest in 1853.\nHis compositions are not at all witnesses of his considerable talent which has not yet been fully considered of merit by posterity. His larger compositions are the arms song of The corsair and his bride written in 1862, his Mourning Cantate of Frederik VII  written over Christian Richardt's Long was the struggle and strive text, In distress and danger, At the Masonic Logens Consecration, and One day in spring for solo, chorus and orchestra, performed at the Music Society after his death. Hansen also wrote romances, piano music and music for Carit Etlar's R\u00f8rfuglen, performed on 29 March 1860 at the Folksteatret. In his manuscript, found in the Royal Danish Library, some of his piano pieces were dedicated to Frederik VII, such as Bagatelle en forme d'une valse, and Charakteristic Little Pieces Composed for Her grace Madam Baroness Danner. Seks romancer (1835)\nOuverture i c-mol (ca. 1836)\nOuverture i E-dur (1839)\nmusik til C. Hostrups studenterkomedier\nLeonora di Massa Carrara (operetteparodi 1855)\nKong Rosmer (operetteparodi 1857)\nEn S\u00f8ndag paa Alperne (operetteparodi)\nVandm\u00f8llen i Apenninerne (operetteparodi 1874)\nHan gynged paa Havet (1835)\nDejlige \u00d8resund (1847)\nNu gr\u00f8nnes Skoven atter (1847)\nHusker du i H\u00f8st (1853)\nR\u00f8rfuglen (syngespil 1860)\nS\u00f8rgekantate over Frederik 7. (1863)\nBagatelle en forme d'une valse (piano)\nCharakteristiske Smaaestykker componerede for Hendes Naade Fru Baronesse Danner\nI N\u00f8d og Fare (1864)\nEn Vaardag", ["w_s363"]]
[30102, "The Shelburne Railroad Station and Freight Shed are two exhibit buildings at Shelburne Museum in Shelburne, Vermont, United States.\nIn 1890 Rutland Railroad Station President Dr. William Seward Webb commissioned the building of the railroad station near the center of Shelburne village to conveniently serve passengers on the Central Vermont and Rutland Railroads.<PIC> Designed by Robert Henderson Robertson, architect of the Vanderbilt-Webb estate on Shelburne Farms, the Railroad Station reflects the popular Shingle style, which developed out of the Queen Anne and Colonial Revival styles in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The Shingle style accentuates the asymmetrical planning and prominent gables common to Colonial and Queen Anne revival structures, while the overhanging eaves, eyebrow windows, and the obligatory shingle siding blanket the structure's exterior to emphasize its fluid, continuous form. In the case of the Railroad Station, the shingled roof, which extends from the chimney peak to the edge of the overhanging porch, dominates the structure and unifies the building. Iterations of the Shingle style became common in the design of wealthy Northeasterners' summer \"cottages\", such as the house at Shelburne Farms. In applying the Shingle style to the Railroad Station, Robertson guaranteed stylistic consistency between the station and his nearby Vanderbilt-Webb estate.\nRobertson originally divided the interior of the Railroad Station into individual waiting rooms for men and women, with the stationmaster's office in between. In 1953, when the Rutland Railroad discontinued passenger service to Shelburne, Dr. Webb's son, Vanderbilt Webb, and son-in-law, Cyril Jones, gave the station to Shelburne Museum. The museum moved the station to its present site in 1959 and renovated the building, restoring the interior to Robertson's original plan in the process. That year the museum constructed the adjacent Freight Shed, which mimics the Railroad Station stylistically and reflects the type of outbuildings that every railroad would have maintained.  Railroads brought great changes in commerce and communications to New England in the second half of the nineteenth century. Before the advent of railroads, New Englanders depended on the region's lakes and rivers and the seacoast as their primary avenues of travel. Traveling inland proved difficult over roads that were muddy in spring, dusty and rutted in summer and fall, and littered with tree stumps year-round. Beginning in the late 1840s railroads brought new settlers to Vermont and helped the state's fledgling dairy industry flourish by providing access to markets for milk, butter, and cheese. Railroads connected once-remote New England communities to the rest of the country, improving mail delivery and bringing newspapers from Boston and New York City the next day instead of weeks later.\nWilliam Seward Webb served as president of the Wagner Palace Car Company and the Rutland Railroad at the turn of the twentieth century. The Shelburne Railroad Station, now at the museum, was constructed for Webb to serve the town and his estate at Shelburne Farms. Today it houses part of the museum's collection of railroad equipment and memorabilia. The communication devices displayed range from the simple message hoops and \"high-speed delivery fork\" to technological innovations like the telegraph and telephone. Other items in the collection include historic photographs and locomotive portraits, maps of the rail network in Vermont and the United States in the nineteenth century, broadsides, and timetables for Vermont railroads, and models of early locomotives.\nThe museum's collection also includes a large group of railroad lanterns and glass globes from railroads around the Northeast. Railroad lanterns served as a method of communication between conductors, brakemen, signalmen, and engineers. Also in the collection are track-setting equipment, semaphore flags, handcars, and other track maintenance equipment. The wooden replica of Old Ironsides, the first locomotive built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, was first displayed at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. Part of the collection is the Gertie Buck, a self-propelled inspection car built and used by the Dewey family on the Woodstock Railway in eastern Vermont in the last decades of the nineteenth century.", ["w_s366"]]
[30103, "Henry Brockholst Ledyard Sr. (March 5, 1812 \u2013 June 7, 1880) was the mayor of Detroit, Michigan, and a state senator, briefly served as assistant secretary under Secretary of State Lewis Cass, and was the president of the Newport Hospital and the Redwood Library in Newport, Rhode Island.<PIC> Ledyard was born in New York City on March 5, 1812, the son of prominent New York lawyer Benjamin Ledyard (1779\u20131812) and Susan French Livingston (1789\u20131864). His mother was the daughter of Revolutionary War Colonel and US Supreme Court justice Henry Brockholst Livingston (1757\u20131823) and granddaughter of New Jersey governor William Livingston.\nLedyard graduated from Columbia College in 1830, and began practicing law in New York. When Lewis Cass was appointed Minister to France in 1836, Ledyard accompanied him to Paris, eventually becoming charg\u00e9 d\u2019affaires of the embassy. Ledyard returned to the United States in 1844 and moved to Detroit, where he was active in the city and managed Cass's property holdings. He was one of the founders of the State Savings Bank, one of the original promoters of the Elmwood Cemetery, and was a member of the Board of Education.\nHe organized and promoted the first plank road company in Michigan, and was involved in a number of other ventures that promoted communication between Detroit and the interior of the state. In 1849\u20131850 he was an alderman of the city, and served as mayor in 1855 and was one of the original commissioners on the Board of Water Commissioners.\nLedyard was a Democrat, and was elected as a state senator in 1857. However, when Lewis Cass was appointed Secretary of State under James Buchanan, Ledyard resigned his post in the legislature and accompanied him to Washington, DC, and remained there until 1861, briefly serving as assistant secretary of state. Afterwards, he moved to Newport, Rhode Island, where he lived for the rest of his life. He raised funds for and was the first president of the Newport Hospital, and was the president of the Redwood Library in Newport. In 1839, Ledyard married Cass's daughter Matilda Frances Cass (1808\u20131898). The couple had five children:\nElizabeth Cass Ledyard (1840\u20131918), who married to Francis Wayland Goddard (1833\u20131889) in 1862.\nHenry Brockholst Ledyard Jr. (1844\u20131921), a twin, who married Mary R. L'Hommedieu (1847\u20131895). He was president of the Michigan Central Railroad and the Union Trust Company.\nSusan Livingston Ledyard (1844\u20131877), a twin, who married to Hamilton Bullock Tompkins (1843\u20131921) in 1876. She died the following year.\nLewis Cass Ledyard (1851\u20131932), who married to Gertrude Prince (1851\u20131905) in 1878. After Gertrude's death in 1905, Lewis married Isabelle Henning Morris in 1906. He was a prominent New York lawyer in the firm Carter Ledyard & Milburn, president of the New York Public Library, and personal counsel to J. Pierpont Morgan.\nMatilda Spencer Ledyard (b. 1860).\nHenry Ledyard died June 7, 1880, in London, England, during a brief European visit. Through his eldest son Henry, he was the grandfather of Matilda Cass Ledyard (1871\u20131960), who married Baron Clemens von Ketteler (1853\u20131900), a German diplomat, Henry B. Ledyard III (1875\u20131932), Augustus Canfield Ledyard (1877\u20131899), and Hugh Ledyard (1885\u20131951).", ["w_s370"]]
[30104, "An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism is a fundamental publication by George Green in 1828, where he extends previous work of Sim\u00e9on Denis Poisson on electricity and magnetism. The work in mathematical analysis, notably including what is now universally known as Green's theorem, is of the greatest importance in all branches of mathematical physics. It contains the first exposition of the theory of potential. In physics, Green's theorem is mostly used to solve two-dimensional flow integrals, stating that the sum of fluid outflows at any point inside a volume is equal to the total outflow summed about an enclosing area. In plane geometry, and in particular, area surveying, Green's theorem can be used to determine the area and centroid of plane figures solely by integrating over the perimeter.\nIt is in this essay that the term 'potential function' first occurs. Herein also his remarkable theorem in pure mathematics, since universally known as Green's theorem, and probably the most important instrument of investigation in the whole range of mathematical physics, made its appearance. We are all now able to understand, in a general way at least, the importance of Green's work, and the progress made since the publication of his essay in 1828. But to fully appreciate his work and subsequent progress one needs to know the outlook for the mathematico-physical sciences as it appeared to Green at this time and to realize his refined sensitiveness in promulgating his discoveries.<PIC> Poisson's electrical and magnetical investigations were generalized and extended in 1828 by George Green. Green's treatment is based on the properties of the function already used by Lagrange, Laplace, and Poisson, which represents the sum of all the electric or magnetic charges in the field, divided by their respective distances from some given point: to this function Green gave the name potential, by which it has always since been known.\nIn 1828, Green published the paper which is the essay he is most famous for today. When Green published his Essay, it was sold on a subscription basis to 51 people, most of whom were friends and probably could not understand it. The wealthy landowner and mathematician Edward Bromhead bought a copy and encouraged Green to do further work in mathematics. Not believing the offer was sincere, Green did not contact Bromhead for two years.\nUpon publishing the work, he first introduced the term 'potential' to denote the result obtained by adding the masses of all the particles of a system, each divided by its distance from a given point; and the properties of this function are first considered and applied to the theories of magnetism and electricity. This was followed by two papers communicated by Sir Bromhead to the Cambridge Philosophical Society: (1)' On the Laws of the Equilibrium of Fluids analogous to the Electric Fluid ' (12 Nov. 1832); (2)' On the Determination of the Attractions of Ellipsoids of Variable Densities ' (6 May 1833). Both papers display great analytical power, but are rather curious than practically interesting. Green's 1828 essay was neglected by mathematicians till 1846, and before that time most of its important theorems had been rediscovered by Gauss, Chasles, Sturm, and Thomson J. It did influence the work of Lord Kelvin and James Clerk Maxwell.\nThe self-taught mathematician's essay was one of the greatest advances that were made in the mathematical theory of electricity up to his time. \"His researches,\" as Sir William Thomson has observed, \"have led to the elementary proposition which must constitute the legitimate foundation of every perfect mathematical structure that is to be made from the materials furnished in the experimental laws of Coulomb. Not only do they afford a natural and complete explanation of the beautiful quantitative experiments which has been so interesting at all times to practical electricians, but they suggest to the mathematician the simplest and most powerful methods of dealing with problems which, if attacked by the mere force of the old analysis, must have remained forever unsolved.\"\nNear the beginning of the memoir is established the celebrated formula connecting surface and volume integrals, which is now generally called Green's Theorem, and of which Poisson's result on the equivalent surface \u2013 and volume \u2013 distributions of magnetization is a particular application. By using this theorem to investigate the properties of the potential, Green arrived at many results of remarkable beauty and interest. We need only mention, as an example of the power of his method, the following: \u2014 Suppose that there is a hollow conducting shell, bounded by two closed surfaces, and that a number of electrified bodies are placed, some within and some without it; and let the inner surface and interior bodies be called the interior system, and the outer surface and exterior bodies be called the exterior system. Then all the electrical phenomena of the interior system, relative to attractions, repulsions, and densities, will be the same as if there were no exterior system, and the inner surface were a perfect conductor, put in communication with the earth; and all those of the exterior system will be the same as if the interior system did not exist, and the outer surface were a perfect conductor, containing a quantity of electricity equal to the whole of that originally contained in the shell itself and in all the interior bodies. It will be evident that electrostatics had by this time attained a state of development in which further progress could be hoped for only in the mathematical superstructure, unless experiment should unexpectedly bring to light phenomena of an entirely new character.\nOne of the simplest applications of these theorems was to perfect the theory of the Leyden phial, a result which (if we except the peculiar action of the insulating solid medium, since discovered by Faraday) we owe to his genius. He has also shown how an infinite number of forms of conductors may be invented, so that the distribution of electricity in equilibrium on each may be expressible in finite algebraic terms \u2013 an immense stride in the science, when we consider that the distribution of electricity on a single spherical conductor, an uninfluenced ellipsoidal conductor, and two spheres mutually influencing one another, were the only cases solved by Poisson, and indeed the only cases conceived to be solvable by mathematical writers. Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism, Nottingham, 1828.", ["w_s371"]]
[30105, "The Masque of Blackness was an early Jacobean era masque, first performed at the Stuart Court in the Banqueting Hall of Whitehall Palace on Twelfth Night, 6 January 1605. It was written by Ben Jonson at the request of Anne of Denmark, the queen consort of King James I, who wished the masquers to be disguised as Africans. Anne was one of the performers in the masque along with her court ladies, all of whom appeared in blackface makeup.\nThe plot of the masque follows the ladies arriving at the royal court to be \"cleansed\" of their blackness by King James; a stage direction that was impossible to fulfill on stage.  As a result, The Masque of Beauty was written as a sequel to The Masque of Blackness. \nThe Masque of Beauty, originally intended for the following holiday season, was displaced by Hymenaei, the masque for the wedding of the Earl of Essex and Frances Howard. Beauty was finally performed in 1608. The sets, costumes, and stage effects were designed by Inigo Jones; Blackness was the first of many masques for the Stuart Court on which Jonson and Jones would collaborate. The music for Blackness was composed by Alfonso Ferrabosco.\nJones designed a raised and mobile stage for the masque, forty feet square and four feet off the floor; this was employed for many subsequent masques. The stage contained inner space for the machines that produced stage effects and the technicians who operated them. The King was often stilling on a stool, resembling the sun. Blackness introduced effects that Jones would repeat with variation throughout his career as a stage designer: it opened with a tempestuous seascape, simulated by flowing and billowing cloths.\nThe opening stormy sea was populated with six blue-haired merman-like tritons. The gods Oceanus (\"blue\") and Niger (black) entered, mounted upon giant seahorses. The twelve daughters of Niger, played by the Queen and her ladies in waiting, entered in the company of a dozen nymphs of Oceanus as torchbearers; the ladies of the Court were dressed in tones of silver and azure to contrast with the blackness of the makeup, with pearls and feathers in their hair, while the torchbearers, in green doublets with gold puffed sleeves, had their faces, hands, and hair dyed blue. The ladies rode in a great hollow seashell, which seemed to float upon and move with the waves, and was accompanied by six large sea monsters carrying more torchbearers. (With Blackness as with many subsequent masques designed by Jones, one of the aspects of the show most commented upon by witnesses was the dazzling intensity of light involved...which inevitably says something about the normal conditions of life in the Jacobean era.)<PIC> The text begins with Niger talking to his father Oceanus. Oceanus asks him why he has left his usual eastward course and flowed westward, into the Atlantic. Niger tells him that he has come to request help. Niger's daughters are upset because they thought themselves to be the most beautiful goddesses in the world, only to discover that paleness is thought more attractive  - and so no longer feel beautiful. The moon goddess, Aethiopia, tells the daughters that, if they can find a country whose name ends in \"tannia\", they will be beautiful once more.\nThe daughters try desperately to find the country whose name ends in \"tannia\", travelling as far as Mauritania (North Africa), Lusitania (Portugal), and Aquitania (France) in their quest. Despondent at their lack of success they pray once more to Aethiopia, who tells them that the country is Britannia and that they should seek out its sun-like king, who has the power to bleach their black complexions white. Aethiopia further advises the daughters that once a month for the next year, they should bathe in sea-dew and, thus prepared, at the same time next year, they should appear before the king again, whereupon his light will make them beautiful and white. The principal cast of the masque:\nQueen Anne................Euphoris\nCountess of Bedford........Aglaia\nLady Herbert...............Diaphane\nCountess of Derby.....Eucampse\nLady Rich........................Ocyte\nCountess of Suffolk.......Kathare\nLady Bevill.........................Notis\nLady Effingham...........Psychrote\nLady Elizabeth Howard....Glycyte\nLady Susan Vere.............Malacia\nLady Mary Wroth...............Baryte\nLady Walsingham.........Periphere\n \nA newsletter from court described the cast of the \"Queen's mask\" in December 1604, noting that three women were excused because of illness, the Countess of Nottingham, the Countess of Richmond who had measles, and the Countess of Northumberland. Lady Hatton was not invited to perform and left court. The masque was controversial in its day, in part for the production's use of body paint instead of masks to simulate dark skin. One observer, Sir Dudley Carleton expressed his displeasure with the play as such:\nInstead of Vizzards, their Faces, and Arms up to the Elbows, were painted black, which was a Disguise sufficient, for they were hard to be known; ... and you cannot imagine a more ugly Sight, than a Troop of lean-cheek'd Moors.\nCarleton also made a topical joke, comparing the huge sea-monsters that flanked the shell that housed the nymphs with an unusual sighting of a seal in the Thames at Isleworth, \"it came in company with the Sea-fish that drew in our Lady-Moors, and carried a Waiting Gentlewoman and some baggage!\".\nAnother writer described the masque dancers' appearance and the expense; \"the Queen and some dozen ladies all paynted like Blackamores, face and neck bare, and for the rest strangely attired in Barbaresque mantells to the halfe legge, having buskins all to be sett with jewells, ... it took the King betweene 4 or \u00a35,000 to execute to Queen's fancy\".\nThe representation of African people in court masques had precedents both in England and Scotland. Anne of Denmark had African servants. There was a masque involving blackface at the coronation of Christian IV of Denmark in 1596, witnessed by Anne of Denmark's brother, the Duke of Holstein and perhaps, by Inigo Jones. Kim F. Hall draws attention to The Masque of Blackness and the documented reactions of its audience, in the context of the \"growth of actual contact with Africans, Native Americans, and other ethnically different foreigners\" and a \"collision of the dark lady tradition with the actual African difference encountered in the quest for empire\". A \"pride in the revival of ancient Britain is continually yoked to the glorification of whiteness\". For Bernadette Andrea the masque reveals \"complicity with an emerging institutional racism as England's increasing investment in the transatlantic slave trade underwrote its imperialist expansion in to the Americas\".\nThe make-up used could not be quickly removed, so a metamorphosis from black to white was not staged. Anne of Denmark's apothecary John Wolfgang Rumler is known to have devised a more easily removeable blackface make-up for a masque in 1621, The Gypsies Metamorphosed.\nThe masque was expensive costing \u00a33000. It caused consternation among some English observers due to the perceived impropriety of the performance. Controversy also stemmed from the predominant role of female actresses playing what were considered traditionally male roles.\nThe texts of The Masque of Blackness and The Masque of Beauty were published together in quarto form in 1608, by the bookseller Thomas Thorpe; they were reprinted in the first folio collection of Jonson's works in 1616.", ["w_s380"]]
[30106, "Notus is a small rural city in Canyon County, Idaho. The population was 531 at the time of the 2010 census and is the smallest town out of the eight in Canyon County. It is part of the Boise metropolitan area. The present day location of the City of Notus is located along Highway 20/26.\nin 1874, the Lower Boise Post Office was established on the homestead of C.L.F Peterson. The inclusion of the Lower Boise Post Office is considered to be the primary reason for the present location of Notus. According to an Idaho Press Tribune article from 1986, Notus got its name from the daughter of a local railroad official. The daughter reportedly thought \"notus\" was of Native American origin and meant \"it's all right.\" The town of Notus was almost known as 'Lemp'.\nIn 1926, the Notus secondary school was founded. In 2017, the old building was demolished.<PIC> Notus is located at 43\u00b043\u203234\u2033N 116\u00b048\u20327\u2033W (43.726082, -116.801866).\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.39 square miles (1.01\u00a0km\u00b2), of which, 0.38 square miles (0.98\u00a0km\u00b2) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03\u00a0km\u00b2) is water. Notus has one secondary school and one elementary school. Notus also has a city park, a museum located along highway 20/26, a public library, and one restaurant.  As of the census of 2010, there were 531 people, 182 households, and 139 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,397.4 inhabitants per square mile (539.5/km\u00b2). There were 198 housing units at an average density of 521.1 per square mile (201.2/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 73.3% White, 0.2% African American, 2.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 18.5% from other races, and 5.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 29.8% of the population.\nThere were 182 households, of which 41.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23.6% were non-families. 18.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.34.\nThe median age in the city was 35.5 years. 31.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25% were from 25 to 44; 25.4% were from 45 to 64; and 11.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.1% male and 52.9% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 458 people, 147 households, and 113 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,160.7 people per square mile (453.4/km\u00b2). There were 156 housing units at an average density of 395.4 per square mile (154.4/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 86.90% White, 1.31% Native American, 0.66% Asian, 8.73% from other races, and 2.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22.05% of the population.\nThere were 147 households, out of which 44.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.6% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.1% were non-families. 18.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.12 and the average family size was 3.58.\nIn the city, the population was spread out, with 33.4% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males.\nThe median income for a household in the city was $32,813, and the median income for a family was $43,750. Males had a median income of $25,000 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,801. About 10.4% of families and 13.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.2% of those under age 18 and 28.3% of those age 65 or over. Chris Horn, former NFL wide receiver", ["w_s381"]]
[30108, "Harry \"Tony\" Leith-Ross (27 January 1886  \u2013 15 March 1973) was a British-American landscape painter and teacher. He taught at the art colonies in Woodstock, New York and Rockport, Maine, and later was part of the art colony in New Hope, Pennsylvania. A precise draftsman and a superb colorist, Leith-Ross is considered one of the Pennsylvania Impressionists. Harry Leith-Ross was born in Saint Pierre, Mauritius \u2013 an island in the South Indian Ocean \u2013 the son of banker Frederick William Arbuthnot Leith-Ross and Sina van Houten. His mother was the daughter of Dutch politician Samuel van Houten, and his younger brother was Scottish economist Sir Frederick Leith-Ross.\nLeith-Ross was educated in England and Scotland, and studied engineering at the University of Birmingham for a year. He emigrated to the United States at age 17 in 1903, and worked for his uncle's coal company. He subsequently took up advertising work in Denver, Colorado. He travelled to Paris in 1909, and studied art at the Acad\u00e9mie Del\u00e9cluse and the Acad\u00e9mie Julian. He studied in New York City at the National Academy of Design School under Charles Yardley Turner, beginning in 1910.\nThe Art Students League of New York operated a summer painting school in Woodstock, New York, which Leith-Ross first attended in 1913. His instructors included Birge Harrison and John F. Carlson. It was there that he met fellow student John Fulton Folinsbee, who would become his life-long friend. Folinsbee had contracted polio as a child, and was confined to a wheelchair. The two men shared a cabin, and Leith-Ross would carry Folinsbee around the countryside on his back. Each served as best man for the other's wedding. Folinsbee married in 1914, and he and his wife settled in New Hope, Pennsylvania in 1916, where Leith-Ross was a frequent houseguest. Both men painted en plein air, directly from nature. They were famous for spending afternoons sketching on the bridge at New Hope (and for tossing anything that displeased them into the Delaware River).\nLeith-Ross served as a second lieutenant in the United States Army during World War I.\nAfter the war, Leith-Ross taught at the University of Buffalo, and co-founded an art school in Rockport, Maine, where he taught during the summers. He met student Emily Slaymaker in Summer 1925, and they were married later that year. They lived in Woodstock, New York for a decade, then settled outside New Hope, Pennsylvania in 1935. They had one daughter, Elizabeth Leith-Ross Mow.\nHe wrote a well-regarded book on landscape painting: Leith-Ross, Harry (1956). The Landscape Painter's Manual. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. OCLC\u00a01325646.\nLeith-Ross died in 1973 in Pineville, Pennsylvania.<PIC> Leith-Ross and Folinsbee had a joint exhibition at the Toledo Museum of Art in November 1915. Leith-Ross exhibited oil and watercolor paintings at the National Academy of Design in the 1910s, and at the Art Institute of Chicago in the 1920s. He exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts most years from 1916 to 1952, and won prizes from the Salmagundi Club and the American Watercolor Society. \nLeith-Ross was elected an Associate of the National Academy of Design in 1928, and Folinsbee painted his diploma portrait. Leith-Ross appeared in at least three other paintings by Folinsbee. Leith-Ross expressed his philosophy about painting in The Landscape Painter's Manual (1956), Watson Guptill Publications. \nHis works are in the permanent collections of the James A. Michener Art Museum, the Woodmere Art Museum, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, and many private collections.\nLeith-Ross's papers are at the University of Pennsylvania.\nThe Michener Museum hosted a posthumous exhibition of his works, Poetry in Design: The Art of Harry Leith-Ross (October 2006 - March 2007).\nLeith-Ross's Connecticut Valley in Fall was appraised on Antiques Roadshow in 2017. Sunlight on Snow (1927), Thomas Colville Fine Art, Guilford, Connecticut\nLone Skater (c.1943), Woodmere Art Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\nFlag Station (1945), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\nThe Sleigh (c.1945), private collection\nSoldier's Grave (1948), private collection\nDemolition (1954), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.\nThe Fair (1958), Woodmere Art Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\nRed Barn (undated), James A. Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania\nCanal Dwellers (undated), Woodmere Art Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania", ["w_s392"]]
[30109, "A prakaram (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0903 in Sanskrit), also spelled pragaram or pragaaram) in Indian architecture is an outer part around the Hindu temple sanctum.  They may be enclosed or open and are typically enclosed for the innermost prakaram. As per Hindu religious practices, devotees start to come around the outer prakarams to the inner most before entering the sanctum.\nMost of the historic South Indian cities like Madurai, Srirangam, Sirkali, Thiruvarur and Chidambaram were built around large temples in the center of the city. The streets of the city act as extension of the prakarams of the temple. Ramanathaswamy Temple has outer set of corridors is reputed to be the longest prakaram in the world.<PIC> In the Hindu temple, the prakaram is the temple compound around the sanctum.  Typically a Hindu temple prayer hall is generally built in front of the temple's sanctum sanctorum (garbhagriha). Usually large Hindu temples have one or more prakarams. The Prakaram acts as circumambulatory passage to the devotees to come around the sanctum. Based on the size of the temple, there can be more than one Prakaram with the smaller one enclosed within the larger. As per Hindu religious practices, devotees start to come around the outer prakarams to the inner most before entering the sanctum. This is indicative of the belief that the devotees have to lose the outermost bondage to the inner most one before attaining divinity. The method is also indicative of reduction of noises in the outer space to the inner most to increase communiion with god. Ramanathaswamy Temple has outer set of corridors is reputed to be the longest in the world, measuring about 6.9 m in height, 400 feet each in the east and west and about 640 feet in the north and the south. The inner corridors are about 224 feet each in the east and the west and about 352 feet each in the north and the south. The Hindu temple structure resembles the human body with all its subtleties. The five walls encircling one another are the koshas (sheaths) of human existence. The outermost is the Annamaya kosha, symbolizing the material body. The second is Pranamaya kosha, symbolizing the sheath of vital force or prana (breath). The third is Manomaya kosha, symbolizing the sheath of the thoughts, the mana. The fourth is the Vijnanamaya kosha, symbolizing, the sheath of the intellect. The fifth and innermost is the Anandamaya kosha, symbolizing the sheath of bliss. Most of the historic South Indian cities like Madurai, Srirangam, Sirkali, Thiruvarur and Chidambaram were built around large temples in the center of the city. The streets of the city act as extension of the prakarams of the temple. These squares retain their traditional names of Aadi, Chittirai, Avani-moola and Masi streets, corresponding to the Tamil month names and also to the festivals associated. The temple prakarams and streets accommodate an elaborate festival calendar in which dramatic processions circumambulate the shrines at varying distances from the centre. The temple chariots used in processions are progressively larger in size based on the size of the concentric streets. Ancient Tamil classics record the temple as the centre of the city and the surrounding streets. The city's axes were aligned with the four-quarters of the compass, and the four gateways of the temple provided access to it. The wealthy and higher echelons of the society were placed in streets close to the temple, while the poorest were placed in the fringe streets.", ["w_s396"]]
[30110, "Patchy particles are micron- or nanoscale colloidal particles that are anisotropically patterned, either by modification of the particle surface chemistry (\"enthalpic patches\"), through particle shape (\"entropic patches\"), or both. The particles have a repulsive core and highly interactive surfaces that allow for this assembly. The placement of these patches on the surface of a particle promotes bonding with patches on other particles. Patchy particles are used as a shorthand for modelling anisotropic colloids, proteins  and water and for designing approaches to nanoparticle synthesis. Patchy particles range in valency from two (Janus particles) or higher. Patchy particles of valency three or more experience liquid-liquid phase separation. Some phase diagrams of patchy particles do not follow the law of rectilinear diameters.<PIC>  The interaction between patchy particles can be described by a combination of two discontinuous potentials. A hard sphere potential accounting for the repulsion between the cores of the particles and an attractive square potential for the attraction between the patches.  With the interaction potential in hand one can use different methods to compute thermodynamic properties. Using a continuous representation of the discontinuous potential described above enables the simulation of patchy particles using molecular dynamics. One simulation done involves a Monte Carlo method, where the best \u201cmove\u201d ensures equilibrium in the particle. One type of move is rototranslation. This is carried out by choosing a random particle, random angular and radial displacements, and a random axis of rotation. Rotational degrees of freedom need to be determined prior to the simulation. The particle is then rotated/moved according to these values. Also, the integration time step needs to be controlled because it will affect the resulting shape/size of the particle. \nAnother simulation done is the grand-canonical ensemble. In the grand-canonical ensemble, the system is in equilibrium with a thermal bath and reservoir of particles. Volume, temperature, and chemical potential are fixed. Because of these constants, a number of particles (n) changes. This is typically used to monitor phase behaviour. With these additional moves, the particle is added at a random orientation and random position.\nOther simulations involve biased Monte Carlo moves. One type is aggregation volume-bias moves. It consists of 2 moves; the first tries to form bond between two previously unbonded particles, the second tries to break an existing bond by separation. Aggregation volume-bias moves reflects the following procedure: two particles are chosen, I and J, which are not neighboring particles, particle J is moved inside the bonding volume of particle I. This process is carried out uniformly. Another aggregation volume-bias move follows a method of randomly choosing a particle J that is bonded to I. Particle J is then moved outside the bonding volume of particle I, resulting in the two particles no longer being bonded. A third type of aggregation volume-bias move takes a particle I bonded to particle J and inserts it into a third particle.\nGrand canonical ensemble is improved by aggregation volume-bias moves. When aggregation volume-bias moves are applied, the rate of monomer formation and depletion in enhanced and the grand-canonical ensemble moves increase.\nA second biased Monte Carlo simulation is virtual move Monte Carlo. This is a cluster move algorithm. It was made to improve relaxation times in strongly interacting, low density systems and to better approximate diffusive dynamics in the system. This simulation is good for self-assembling and polymeric systems that can find natural moves that relax the system. Self-assembly is also a method to create patchy particles. This method allows formation of complex structures like chains, sheets, rings, icosahedra, square pyramids, tetrahedra, and twisted staircase structures. By coating the surface of particles with highly anisotropic, highly directional, weakly interacting patches, the arrangement of the attractive patches can organize disordered particles into structures. The coating and the arrangement of the attractive patches is what contributes to the size, shape, and structure of the resulting particle. Developing entropic patches that will self-assemble into simple cubic, body-centered cubic (bcc), diamond, and dodecagonal quasicrystal structures. The local coordination shell partially dictates the structure that is assembled. Spheres are simulated with cubic, octahedral, and tetrahedral faceting. This allows for entropic patches to self-assemble.\nTetrahedral faceted spheres are targeted by beginning with simple spheres. In coordination with the faces of a tetrahedron, the sphere is sliced at four equal facets. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to determine different forms of \u03b1, the faceting amount. The particular faceting amount determines the lattice that assembles. Simple cubic lattices are achieved in a similar way by slicing cubic facets into spheres. This allows for the assembly of simple cubic lattices. A bcc crystal is achieved by faceting a sphere octahedrally.\nThe faceting amount, \u03b1, is used in the emergent valence self-assembly to determine what crystal structure will form. A perfect sphere is set as \u03b1=0. The shape that is faceted to the sphere is defined at \u03b1=1. By fluctuating the faceting amount between \u03b1=0 and \u03b1=1, the lattice can change. Changes include effects on self-assembly, packing structure, amount of coordination of the faceting patch to the sphere, shape of the faceting patch, type of crystal lattice formed, and the strength of the entropic patch. Amar B. Pawar and Ilona Kretzschmar \"Fabrication, Assembly, and Application of Patchy Particles\", Macromolecular Rapid Communications 31 pp. 150-168 (2010)\nWillem K. Kegel and Henk N. W. Lekkerkerker \"Colloidal gels: Clay goes patchy\", Nature Materials 10 pp. 5-6 (2011)\nZhenping He and Ilona Kretzschmar \"Template-Assisted Fabrication of Patchy Particles with Uniform Patches\", Langmuir 28 pp. 9915-9919 (2011)\nSKlogWiki page on Patchy Particles", ["w_s397"]]
[30111, "Thomas Penfield Jackson (January 10, 1937 \u2013 June 15, 2013) was an American jurist who served as a United States District federal judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.<PIC> Born in Washington, D.C., Jackson graduated from Dartmouth College with an Artium Baccalaureus degree in the class of 1958, and from Harvard Law School with a Bachelor of Laws in 1964. He served in the United States Navy from 1958 to 1961. He was in private practice in Washington, D.C. from 1964 to 1982. He served as President of the District of Columbia Bar Association. Jackson was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on May 24, 1982, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia vacated by Judge Oliver Gasch. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 24, 1982, and received commission on June 25, 1982. He assumed senior status on January 31, 2002. His service terminated on August 31, 2004, due to retirement. Jackson is perhaps best known to the public as the presiding judge in the United States v. Microsoft case. Jackson was the first in a series of judges worldwide to determine that Microsoft abused its market position and monopoly power in ways that were highly detrimental to innovation in the industry and consumers of the products. The summary paragraph in his findings of fact is quoted below.\nMost harmful of all is the message that Microsoft's actions have conveyed to every enterprise with the potential to innovate in the computer industry. Through its conduct toward Netscape, IBM, Compaq, Intel, and others, Microsoft has demonstrated that it will use its prodigious market power and immense profits to harm any firm that insists on pursuing initiatives that could intensify competition against one of Microsoft's core products. Microsoft's past success in hurting such companies and stifling innovation deters investment in technologies and businesses that exhibit the potential to threaten Microsoft. The ultimate result is that some innovations that would truly benefit consumers never occur for the sole reason that they do not coincide with Microsoft's self-interest. \nMicrosoft attempted to show that the judge's conduct during the case demonstrated that he unfairly favored the prosecution, but they failed to do so in court proceedings. He did speak to a reporter off the record after the evidence in the case had been heard but prior to issuing his \"Conclusions of law\" and this was contrary to judicial rules. Speaking with that reporter he expressed unfavorable opinions and statements about Microsoft Corporation and its employees which he had developed as a result of hearing the evidence and witnesses in the trial.  Speaking about Microsoft executives, he compared them to \"stubborn mules who should be walloped with  a two-by-four\" and \"gangland killers\", referring to a murder case he presided over four years earlier:\nOn the day of the sentencing, the gang members maintained that they had done nothing wrong, saying that the whole case was a conspiracy by the white power structure to destroy them. I am now under no illusions that miscreants will realize that other parts of society view them that way.\"\nThe judge also characterized Microsoft leader and co-founder Bill Gates as a Napoleon, \"unethical\", as well as  comparing him to a \"drug trafficker\" repeatedly caught as a result of telephone wiretaps.  However, it was  private meetings with journalists released after the verdict but during the appeal that granted the appeal.\nJudge Jackson's order that Microsoft be divided into two companies, one owning the Windows operating system and the other owning Microsoft's various application software products, including the Internet Explorer web browser, was also reversed on appeal.  Eight of his factual findings about Microsoft's monopolistic practices against the Sherman Antitrust Act, however, were upheld, though cut down based on the June 2001  appeal. During the appellate hearing, Harry Edwards, chief judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, stated that judges have no right to \"go run off our mouths\" about cases they're hearing.  \"The system would be a sham if all judges went around doing this.\"\nJudge Jackson, in spite of the findings of the appellate court, continued to deny that any such bias existed and insisted that any perception of bias  in the minds of observers was created by  Microsoft. His statements were a response to several  evasive tactics Microsoft used at the trial, including falsifying video evidence, non-responsiveness on the stand, and denying allegations contained in evidence.\nWhen an unrelated case involving Microsoft and charges of discrimination was assigned to him in 2001, Jackson recused himself from the  case.  The recusal has been called into question by some  commentators, as other cases have warranted a \"slap on the wrist\" of the judiciary, such as the Marion Barry trial in 1990 where Jackson said, \"that he had never seen a stronger government case and was upset  that some jurors would not vote to convict.\"  The appeals court upheld the trial, but commented that \"It is worth noting that the district court judge could have recused himself in this case.... The recusal option was a compelling one.\" Until his death, Jackson was a partner at the law firm of Jackson and Campbell, P.C..\nFor many years after his retirement from the court, Jackson served on the Board of Trustees for St. Mary's College of Maryland. He was very active on the board and also played key roles in the establishment of the Center for the Study of Democracy at the college, where he also served on the advisory board. Jackson was often on the campus, working with professors and delivering class and seminar lectures free of charge and also mentoring students.\nIn 2014, St. Mary's College of Maryland established the Thomas Penfield Jackson Award for Civic Responsibility and Democratic Citizenship in his honor. The award will be given yearly to students demonstrating exceptional citizenship and scholarship.\nJackson died of cancer at his home in Compton, Maryland on June 15, 2013.", ["w_s400"]]
[30112, "John Simpson Gray (October 5, 1841 \u2013 July 6, 1906) was a candymaker, business man, and banker from Detroit.  He was also an original investor in (and the first president of) the Ford Motor Company.<PIC> John S. Gray was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on October 5, 1841, the son of Philip C. and Amelia Gray.  In 1849, the family emigrated to the United States and settled on a farm in Wisconsin.  However, Gray's father decided farming was not a suitable profession, and in 1857 the family moved to Detroit.\nGray attended high school in Detroit in 1857 and 1858, then took a job as a school teacher in Algonac, Michigan, over the winter of 1858-59.  While Gray was engaged teaching school, his father bought a toy store in Detroit.  John entered his father's business when he returned in 1859. In 1861, the father and son sold the store and entered into a partnership with C. Pelgrim to manufacture candy, styling the firm name Pelgrim, Gray & Company.  The company grew steadily, despite suffering a disastrous fire in 1862.\nGray married Anna E. Hayward of Beloit, Wisconsin on October 31, 1864.  The couple had four children:  Philip H. Gray, Paul R. Gray, David Gray, and Alice Gray.\nSoon both Pelgrim and the elder Gray retired from Pelgrim, Gray & Co., and the firm took on a new partner, Joseph Toynton.  In 1865 the name was changed to Gray & Toynton.  The business grew rapidly, forcing moves to ever-larger quarters.  In 1870, J. B. Fox joined as a partner, with the requisite name change to Gray, Toynton & Fox, and the firm continued growing until both Toynton and Fox died in 1881. With the passing of his partners, Gray incorporated the firm (but kept the name), and by 1891 Gray, Toynton & Fox was ensconced in a five-story building, employing 150 people (and up to 200 people during the peak season) and producing $400,000 of candy per year with nationwide distribution.\nWith this wealth, Gray widened his business interests. He went into the lumber business with Orin W. Grover, incorporating as \"Grover and Gray,\" doing business in Cheboygan, Michigan, and Detroit. He was also a director of the Detroit Trust Company, the Detroit Photographic Company, and the Norris Kollar & Kuff Company, and was the president of the Detroit Library Commission.  In 1894, Gray became president of the German American Bank.\nGray eventually sold Gray, Toynton & Fox to the National Candy Company in 1903. He became a vice-president of the larger company. In February 1903, John S. Gray was approached by his nephew Alexander Y. Malcomson, a frequent financing customer at Gray's German-American Savings Bank.  Malcomson was a coal dealer, but had set up a separate partnership, Ford and Malcomson, with Henry Ford to manufacture an automobile.  However, Ford and Malcomson had absorbed more money than expected, and the manufacturing firm of John and Horace Dodge, who had made parts for Ford and Malcomson, was demanding payment.  Malcomson proposed incorporating the company to bring in new investors, and wanted Gray to join the company, thinking that Gray's name would attract others to invest.\nGray was at first disinclined to accommodate Malcomson, but Malcomson promised he could withdraw his share at any time, so Gray reluctantly agreed to invest $10,500 in return for a 10.5% stake in the company.  On the strength of Gray's name, Malcomson attracted enough other investors to bankroll the new company, even convincing the Dodges to accept stock in lieu of payment. On June 16, 1903, the Ford Motor Company was incorporated, with 12 investors owning a total of 1,000 shares valued at $100,000.  At the first meeting of stockholders, Gray was elected president, Henry Ford vice-president, and James Couzens secretary.\nDespite Gray's misgivings, Ford Motor Company was immediately profitable, with profits by October 1, 1903 of almost $37,000.  The company paid a dividend of 10% that October, an additional dividend of 20% at the beginning of 1904, and another dividend of 68% in June 1904.  Two dividends of 100% each in June and July 1905 brought the total investor profits to nearly 300% of the initial investment in just over two years; 1905 total profits were almost $300,000.\nHowever, despite the booming business, there were internal frictions in the company of which Gray nominally was in charge.  Most of the investors, Malcomson and Gray included, had their own businesses to attend to; only Ford and Couzens worked full-time at the company, and Ford chafed at the status quo.  The issue came to a head when the principal stockholders, Ford and Malcomson, quarreled over the future direction of the company.  Gray sided with Ford, and by early 1906 Malcomson was effectively frozen out of the Ford Motor Company (and, indeed, had started his own competing auto company, AeroCar).  In May, Malcomson sold his shares to Henry Ford, leaving the Ford Motor Company vice-president as majority stockholder. Gray was still president of Ford Motor Company when Malcomson sold his shares.  However, on July 6, 1906, John S. Gray died unexpectedly of heart trouble.  Gray's position as Ford president was taken over by Henry Ford himself soon afterward. Gray's estate, however, retained control of his shares in the company, until Henry Ford bought them in 1919.  For the 16 years that Gray and his heirs owned their stake in the company, they received total dividends of $10,355,075.  When the estate finally sold his shares to Henry Ford, the price was $26,250,000, making a total return of $36,605,075 on Gray's $10,500 initial investment.", ["w_s401"]]
[30113, "\u00c0lex Oll\u00e9 ([\u02c8al\u0259ks u\u02c8\u028ee]; born 1960) is one of the six artistic directors of La Fura dels Baus. Prominent works from its early period include Accions (1984), Suz/O/Suz (1985), Tier Mon (1988), Noun (1990) and MTM (1994), which established La Fura dels Baus as a top company among both critics and the public.<PIC> The first operas that \u00c0lex Oll\u00e9 directed were joint projects with Carlus Padrissa and the artist Jaume Plensa: L\u2019Atl\u00e0ntida (1996) by Manuel de Falla and Le martyre de Saint S\u00e9bastien (1997) by Claude Debussy. These were followed by La damnation de Faust by H\u00e9ctor Berlioz, which debuted in 1999 at the Salzburg Festival; DQ. Don Quijote en Barcelona (2000), with music by Jos\u00e9 Luis Turina and libretto by Justo Navarro, which premiered at the Gran Teatre del Liceu de Barcelona; \u00a0Die Zauberfl\u00f6te\u00a0 [The magic flute] (2003) by\u00a0 W. A. Mozart, as part of the Ruhr Biennale, a co-production of the Op\u00e9ra National in Paris and the Teatro Real in Madrid; Bluebeard\u2019s castle by B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k and Diary of one who disappeared (2007) by Leo\u0161 Jan\u00e1\u010dek, presented under a single programme, premiered in Opera Garnier, a co-production of the Op\u00e9ra National in Paris and the Gran Teatre del Liceu. With the collaboration of Valentina Carrasco, he directed the mise-en-sc\u00e8ne of Le grand macabre (2009) by Gy\u00f6rgy Ligeti, premiered in the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Royal de la Monnaie in Brussels. A coproduction between the Gran Teatre del Liceu, the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Royal de la Monnaie, the English National Opera and the Opera di Roma. In 2010, this stage work was selected to open the 50th Adelaide Festival of Arts in Australia.\nTogether with Carlus Padrissa he directed Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny [Rise and fall of the city of Mahagonny] (2010) by Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht, which debuted at the Teatro Real in Madrid and was rebroadcast live to 127 movie theatres in Europe and Mexico.\nIn 2011, he directed Quartet by Luca Francesconi, based on the play of the same name by Heiner M\u00fcller. The opera debuted at the Teatro alla Scala in Milan and was co-produced with the Wiener Festwochen. This production received the prestigious Abbiati Award for \"La migliore Novit\u00e0 assoluta\". This year he is also presenting Tristan und Isolde by Richard Wagner at the Op\u00e9ra in Lyon. French critics have chosen this production as one of the top three winners of the year by the newspaper Le Temps.\u00a0 In 2011, in collaboration with Valentina Carrasco, he also directed Oedipe by George Enescu, co-produced by the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Royal de la Monnaie in Brussels and the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre National de l\u2019Op\u00e9ra in Paris.\nHis first Verdi Un ballo in maschera, opened in Sydney Opera House in January 2013, won the Helpmann Award for the opera stage direction in the season 2012\u20132013. This is a production between Opera Sidney, Teatro Col\u00f3n de Buenos Aires, Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Royal de la Monnaie in Brussels and the Norwegian National Opera & Ballet of Oslo.\nDuring the 2013 he also directed\u00a0 Il Priggioniero Dallapiccola / Erwartung Schoenberg, opened \u00a0in Justice & Injustice festival in the Op\u00e9ra de Lyon and \u00a0Aida, together with Carlus Padrissa, to open the Centenario de l\u2019Arena di Verona. In 2014 he premiered Giacomo Puccini's Madama Butterfly at the Handa Opera; Faust by Charles Gounod, a coproduction of the Teatro Real and the Nederlandse Opera, and Der Fliegende Holl\u00e4nder by Richard Wagner, produced by the Op\u00e9ra de Lyon, the Op\u00e9ra de Lille, Opera Australia (Melbourne Opera) and the Bergen Nasjonale Opera.\nHe directed Pelleas et Melisande, by Claude Debussy, at the Semperoper Dresden in 2015, and later Il Trovatore, by Giuseppe Verdi, a staging inspired by World War I, co-produced by De Nederlandse Opera in Amsterdam and the Op\u00e9ra National de Paris. In February 2016, this production was rebroadcast live to 180 European cinemas during its representations in Op\u00e9ra de la Bastille in Paris. In September he opened the season at The Royal Opera House in London with Vincenzo Bellini\u2018s Norma, a show that was broadcast live in more than100 European cinemas. In October he has premiered La Boh\u00e8me by Giacomo Puccini in the Teatro Regio Torino, to celebrate the 120th anniversary of its release, a co-production with the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma.\nDuring 2017 he premiered the Christoph Willibald Gluck's Alceste at Op\u00e9ra Lyon, and the Jeanne d'Arc au B\u00fbcher Arthur Honegger and La damoiselle \u00e9lue Claude Debussy diptych, co-produced between Oper Frankfurt and Teatro Real de Madrid.\nIn 2018, he adds to his constant review of the Faust's myth, the Mefistofele by Arrigo Boito, co-produced by the Op\u00e9ra de Lyon and the Staatsoper Stuttgart.\nIn 2019, he premiered the newly created contemporary opera Frankenstein at the theater of La Monnaie de Munt, Brussels, with music by Marc Gray and libretto by J\u00falia Canosa, based on an original idea of \u00c0lex Oll\u00e9 inspired by the Mary Shelley's novel. In July, he premieres Turandot one of Giacomo Puccini's great operas, at the Tokyo Bunka Kaikan theater within the programming of the Cultural Olympiad Tokyo 2020, that tours in Japan to three other opera theaters. In October 2019, he premieres the opera Manon Lescaut of Giacomo Puccini at the Frankfurt Opera.\nIn 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all planned productions were postponed to the following seasons.\nIn March 2021, he directed the opera Arianne et Barbe-Bleue by Paul Dukas at the Opera de Lyon, in co-production with the Teatro Real in Madrid. Presented without public due to COVID-19 restrictions, it was streamed both in Medici TV and the theater's own website. Shortly after, it was broadcast in Mezzo and Arte channels. Later In July and  within the framework of the Olympic Games that were delayed a year by the pandemic, he premiered the opera Carmen, by Georges Bizet, at the New National Theater in Tokyo.\nThroughout fall and winter 2021, there will be the premiere of Idomen\u00e9e by Andr\u00e9 Campra at the Op\u00e9ra de Lille, in co-production with the Staatsoper Unter den Linden, and Rusalka by Antonin Dvor\u00e1k, at the Bergen National Opera. Idom\u00e9n\u00e9e by Campra will Premiere at the Op\u00e9ra de Lille in September and then will be revived in Berlin at the Staatsoper Unter den Linden. In collaboration with Carlus Padrissa, Oll\u00e9 created and directed Mediterrani, mar ol\u00edmpic, the epicentre of the opening ceremony of the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games, an event that fascinated and left a mark on millions of viewers around the world.\nHe has also participated in many large-scale shows, either alone or in collaboration with Carlus Padrissa, such as La navaja en el ojo, for the opening of the 2001 Valencia Biennial; Naumaquia, created for the Universal Forum of Cultures in Barcelona in 2004; the opening of the Track Cycling World Championships in Palma de Mallorca in 2007; Window of the city, the thematic show for Expo 2010 in Shanghai, China and Istambul, Istambul in 2012, in celebration of the 40th anniversary of the Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts (IKSV). In 2014 he created, with the architect Benedetta Tagliabue BCN.RESET, a route of ephemeral architecture through the streets of Barcelona. The plays that \u00c0lex Oll\u00e9 has directed include F@ust 3.0 (1998), based on the novel Faust by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe; XXX (2001), based on La philosophie dans le boudoir [Philosophy in the bedroom] by the Marquis de Sade, both in collaboration with Carlus Padrissa; Metamorphosis (2005), together with Javier Daulte, based on Franz Kafka\u2019s text and Boris Godunov (2008), with David Plana, a play based on the attack on the Dubrovka Theatre in Moscow and on the work of Alexander Pushkin. In 2010 he co-directed Samuel Beckett\u2019s First love with Miquel Gorriz, a co-production of the Chekov International Theatre Festival in Moscow and the Grec Theatre Festival in Barcelona. In 2018, he premieres L'Histoire du Soldat, by Igor Stravinski, at the Radiant-Bellevue Theater, co-produced by Lyon's National Opera, Lausanne's Opera and Montpellier's National Opera, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the premiere. His sole foray into the world of film is Fausto 5.0, a movie he co-directed with Carlus Padrissa and Isidro Ortiz, a screenplay by Fernando Le\u00f3n de Aranoa. Debuting in 2001 at the Sitges International Fantastic Film Festival, it received the M\u00e9li\u00e8s d\u2019Or Award in 2003 (among others) for the best European fantasy film.", ["w_s403"]]
[30114, "St Andrew's Church is in the town of Bebington, Wirral, Merseyside, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade\u00a0I listed building.  The architectural historian Raymond Richards considers it to be the finest old parish church in Wirral.  It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester, the archdeaconry of Chester and the deanery of Wirral North.<PIC> A church built from local Storeton sandstone was present before the Norman Conquest.  Some of the stones from this church are still present in the south wall of the present church.  A priest in Bebington was recorded in the Domesday Book.  The Saxon church was later replaced by a Norman church.  Building of the tower started in 1300 and was completed around 50\u00a0years later.  The church was remodelled in the 14th\u00a0century, the south aisle was widened and a three-bay chancel was built.  In the 16th\u00a0century rebuilding started at the east end in Perpendicular style.  The chancel and chapels were built but the scheme was interrupted by the Reformation.  In 1847 the church was reordered and the north arcade was built in Norman style.  More recently the church has been modernised by re-siting the rood screen, removing the choirstalls, installing a kitchen and toilets and creating a cr\u00e8che and meeting room in the tower.  The church is built in sandstone.  Its plan consists of a four bay nave which widens to the east, aisles to the north and south, a three bay chancel with north and south chapels, and a tower protruding from the southwest corner.  There is a contrast of styles between the chancel and the chapels, which are Perpendicular in style, and the nave, which is mainly Early Decorated.  Part of the south arcade survives from the Norman church and the north arcade is a copy of this.  The tower has deep buttresses, the western two of which are diagonal.  On the northern side is a rectangular stair turret. On the west face is a window of two lights and at the second stage is a lancet window.  The two-light bell openings are louvred. At the summit is a splay spire with lucarnes. From masons' marks, the lower parts of the tower date from the very early 14th\u00a0century while the \"ringing loft\" dates from the middle of that century. The door to the outside of the tower was blocked in the 18th\u00a0century, when a new door was cut within the church, but was re-opened in 1847. The tower had been rebuilt in 1805 after being struck by lightning. The last work of any significance was carried out in 1905. The altar is prominent; it dates from 1911, was designed by C.\u00a0E.\u00a0Deacon, and was carved by Harry Hems.  They also created the screens of 1898 and 1908.  The reredos dates from 1951, and is by Bernard A.\u00a0Miller.  The stalls include three seats with misericords depicting a dolphin, a bearded face and a pelican.  Four stalls end with poppy-heads.  The font is circular and is of uncertain date.  The stained glass in the east window was designed by T.\u00a0F.\u00a0Wilford in 1953.  That in the north transept is signed by William Warrington and is dated 1859.  On the south side of the church are two windows designed by Henry Holiday for Powell's, one of which is dated 1881 and the other 1886.  The parish chest dates from the early 16th\u00a0century.  The parish registers begin in 1558 and the churchwardens' accounts in 1774.  There is a ring of eight bells, all of which were cast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry. Five bells dated 1845 were by Charles and George Mears and the other three, dated 1907, were by Mears and Stainbank.  The two-manual organ is by Henry Willis & Sons, which replaced an earlier organ of 1885 by E.\u00a0Franklin Lloyd. In the churchyard is a sandstone sundial dated possibly 1764.  It consists of a chamfered shaft with octagonal cap, on top of which is a brass plate and gnomon.  It is listed at Grade\u00a0II.  The churchyard also contains the war graves of nineteen service personnel, four of World War I and fifteen of World War II. The church holds traditional Anglican services on Sundays, arranges various events during the week, and supports a number of groups.", ["w_s407"]]
[30115, "Cody Coughlin (born December 11, 1995) is an American professional stock car racing driver who competes part-time in the ARCA Menards Series, driving the No. 72 Ford Fusion, and part-time in the ARCA/CRA Super Series and CARS Pro Late Model Tour, driving the No. 1 Toyota/Chevrolet, both for his family team, Coughlin Brothers Racing. He has also competed in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series in the past. Coughlin started his career in drag racing, competing in the National Hot Rod Association's Jr. Drag Racing League, but eventually switched to oval track racing. He began in USAC quarter midgets, winning five races in 2009. The following year, he switched to Late models, and joined the JEGS/CRA All-Stars in 2011. In eleven races, Coughlin finished in the top ten in all but one, while also recording four top-five finishes with a best finish of second at Rockford Speedway. He was later named the series' Rookie of the Year. In 2013, he won the series championship.\nOn March 5, 2014, Coughlin was signed to Joe Gibbs Racing's driver development program.\nIn March 2014, Coughlin joined Venturini Motorsports for an ARCA Racing Series test at Motor Mile Speedway, followed by another test at Mobile International Speedway, and he made his series debut at the latter on March 22. After qualifying eighth, he finished 13th. He made ten more starts in the season, with a best finish of fourth at Kansas Speedway and Kentucky Speedway. In 2015, he won his first career ARCA pole at Talladega Superspeedway, the first pole at the track for Venturini since 2013, with a lap speed of 187.883 miles per hour (302.368\u00a0km/h). On the green\u2013white\u2013checker finish, he finished second after a three-wide battle to the finish.\nOn July 9, 2015, Coughlin made his Camping World Truck Series debut at Kentucky, driving the No. 25 Toyota Tundra for Venturini Motorsports. Due to rain canceling practice and qualifying, he never turned a lap around the track until the race, where he finished 20th. He later debuted for Kyle Busch Motorsports at Michigan International Speedway, driving the No. 54 Tundra, where he finished 20th after being involved in a late wreck with Ben Kennedy.\nIn 2016, Coughlin drove for KBM in the No. 18 Tundra for one race at Daytona International Speedway, while also running ten races in the No. 51, splitting the truck with Daniel Su\u00e1rez. At the Texas Motor Speedway race, Coughlin took over for John Wes Townley in the No. 05 Chevrolet Silverado of Athenian Motorsports while Townley was nursing an ankle injury.\nOn January 30, 2017, Coughlin joined ThorSport Racing full-time, driving the No. 13 Toyota bringing and JEGS over to sponsor him.\nFor 2018, Coughlin joined GMS Racing to drive their No. 2 truck full-time. However, on September 24, he was released due to sponsorship issues.\nAfter being unable to find a ride in NASCAR after being released from GMS, Coughlin returned to regional pro late model racing.\nOn August 2, 2022, it was revealed that Coughlin would return to ARCA to drive in the race at Michigan. He will compete in the race with a team owned by his family. It is his first start in the series since 2015 and first start in NASCAR since 2018.<PIC> In his family, Coughlin is a third-generation racer. Coughlin's grandfather Jeg Coughlin, Sr. founded Jegs High Performance, with Jeg and relatives like Cody's father John competing in drag racing; uncle Jeg Jr. is also a drag racer.\nCoughlin began to work in real estate development after he was unable to find another full-time ride in NASCAR after being released from GMS Racing. He helped plan the building of an apartment complex near New Albany, Ohio in 2022. Coughlin makes a cameo appearance in the 2018 film God Bless the Broken Road. For that year's Truck race at Michigan International Speedway, he ran a paint scheme promoting the movie.  (key) (Bold\u00a0\u2013 Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics\u00a0\u2013 Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. *\u00a0\u2013 Most laps led.)  (key) (Bold\u00a0\u2013 Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics\u00a0\u2013 Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. *\u00a0\u2013 Most laps led.)\n* Season still in progress", ["w_s410"]]
[30116, "The P\u0101t\u0113 is a Samoan percussion instrument of Tahitian origin, named after the Samoan word for \"beat\" or \"clap\" \"pulse\". It is one of many Samoan log drum variants and is of the slit drum family, and therefore is also of the idiophone percussion family. It is made from a hollowed-out log, usually of Miro wood and produces a distinctive and loud sound. Different sizes of log drums offer different pitches and volumes, as well as striking the log drum in the middle or near the ends.\nTalipalau drums are a Samoan variant a little larger than a pate drum and somewhat smaller than the Lali log drum variant. The dimensions of some Talipalau are large as 1.5 metres (4.9\u00a0ft) high and 3 metres (9.8\u00a0ft) in length; these Talipalau are a distant cousin to the Fijian Lali drum which were larger in size. The smaller pate was said to be introduced to Samoa by inter-married Tahitians whom visited and settled in Samoa some 500 years ago. However, in recent times the pate is used together with the other lesser known traditional log drum variants as well as the Samoan fala as percussive musical instruments. Because of the widespread distribution of Samoan music through the great Polynesian expansion, the use of the P\u0101t\u0113 has gained much popularity among other neighbouring Polynesian Islands such as Uvea and Futuna, Tokelau, Tuvalu and Niue.\nThere are five main Samoan wooden slit drum variants:\nThe logo, often carved straight from the carcass of giant felled trees, is the largest of the Samoan drum variants. Some of these drums were said to need upward of 70 men to carry them to the sea\u2014such was the enormity of the drums that they could only be transported by flotation. When carved into a drum, the logo can only be played by being struck from the side, for instance by sliding the beater or very large log like playing stick across the top of the drum to hit the slit lip on the other side. The logo was used to announce the King of Samoa, High Chiefs and other monarchy in the past. The logo was also used to announce attacks and signals during war (see: Samoan Civil War, the Fijian Wars and also the Tongan Wars). Samoa also has recorded historical records of lesser known battles with the neighboring islands of Manono, Pukapuka, Tokelau, Tuamotu and Rarotonga, although these battles may be classed as independent isolated inter-island skirmishes between large familial clan groups.\nLali are large drums that are always played in pairs by two drummers. One of them beats the larger of the two, called the Tatasi. The other drummer plays the smaller Lali in the rhythmic pattern called the Talua. Both slit drums are played with sticks called Auta. The Lali were said to be introduced 700 years ago via Fiji.\nThe talipalau is a medium-sized Lali drum in between the normal-sized lali and the pate. The talipalau slit drum was introduced to Samoa via Tuamotu and Tahiti. It is now part of the island group now part of the French Polynesian Island chain. The archipelago of Samoa, Tahiti and Tuamotu developed inter-island familial bonded clans over the span of 800 years.\nThe pate was introduced via Tahiti 500 years ago. It is the most well-known of the drum variants simply because of its portability and easy-to-use size, as well as because of its various different tones and pitches.\nThe fa'aali'i-nafa is a smaller indigenous Samoan pate drum also made from Milo wood.\nTahitian warriors introduced intricate wooden log pate drumming to the Samoan Islands and the Cook Islands. In Rarotonga its origins have grown into deep spiritual roots that are still found in Cook Islands drumming today.\nIn Samoa log drums have traditionally been used in communicating over large distances in times of war and for signaling times of Sa, Chief and Village Meetings. Drums are also used in traditional song and dance.\nIn Tahiti the people have taken a more contemporary approach where drumming and dancing is used more for entertainment and tourism than traditional functions. For example, French Polynesia celebrates the annual Heiva i Tahiti festival where different tribes and island clan groups are able to compete against each other in a dance and drumming competition.<PIC> First a segment of a hardwood tree trunk or thick branch is taken and stripped of its bark. Holes are then bored into the log in a straight line, from one end to the other, optionally leaving some space at each end. What remains in between the holes is then chiseled out, forming the characteristic slit. After this, the log continues to be hollowed out through the slit. Both the shape of the slit and the extent that the log is gutted will affect the tone and pitch of the pate.", ["w_s411"]]
[30117, "The Castilian Left (Spanish: Izquierda Castellana, IzCa) is a leftist nationalist political movement active in the Spanish autonomous communities of Castile-La Mancha, Castile and Leon and Community of Madrid. It strives to advocate for the national recognition of Castile, and in some cases, its independence. Other current political parties include Tierra Comunera, Castilian Party, and Ahora Castilla. Castilian Left and the other parties are categorized as part of a major political movement known as Castilian nationalism. It defends the traditions and values from the rebels of the Castilian War of the Communities, so they call themselves \"comuneros\". As a group of Castilian nationalists, they also seek to unify the other Spanish Autonomous Communities of Cantabria, Castile y Leon, Castile-La Mancha, La Rioja, and Madrid. Izquierda Castellana constituted a definitive movement in Madrid by the year 2002, as a section of Izquierda Comunera, which also included the organizations Unidad Popular Castellana, YESCA (formerly known as Juventudes Castellanas Revolucionarias), Mujeres Castellanas and the C\u00edrculo Castellano de Toledo. The Communist Party of the Castilian People (a section of the Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain in the autonomous region of Castilla y Le\u00f3n) joined on as part of Izquierda Castellana, but later left the organization. Izquierda Castellana also supports various nationalist movements around the world, such as those in the Basque Country, Palestine or Ireland, emphasizing a democratic perspective and the sovereignty of the working class. The goal of Izquierda Castellana is the attainment of what they call a united Castile, overcoming the current division of the Castilian \"nation\" between five autonomous regions (Cantabria, Castile and Le\u00f3n, Madrid, La Rioja and Castile-La Mancha) and a comarca (Requena-Utiel in the Valencian Community). It emphasizes socialism, sovereignty and republicanism, principles it reaffirms each year on April 23, in a special ceremony in the municipality of Villalar de los Comuneros. This day is celebrated by Castilian nationalist organizations such as Izquierda Castellana and Tierra Comunera as the National Day of Castile, but officially it is the festivity of the autonomous region of Castile and Le\u00f3n. A Castilian nationalist political party that seeks the defense of the rights and freedoms of the Castilian people, the constant exercise of their decision-making capacity, the progressive transformation of their society in order to achieve freedom and the preservation of their historical heritage, as the most valuable legacy to pass on to future generations. It currently does not assume a social, economic, and cultural role that defines Castile. It holds great value towards many aspects of the human nature, which includes cultural and environmental ideals, its production of raw materials of high quality, and most importantly, the existence of a political power at the service of its citizens, should allow the Castilian people build a society more prosperous and developed, that satisfaction appropriate to the needs of the people. As an organization that is fully committed to unify the Castilians amongst themselves and the rest of Spain, Tierra Comunera is responsible for multiple organized experiences that are developed by the people giving them continuity and gathering the best thing of all of them to plan a way that incorporates the illusion of all the persons and sectors that believe for a possible and united Castile. A Castilian youth organization that specialized in combat action that creates struggles by the Revolutionary Youth of their land: Castilla. Yesca arose from the militant representation that during the decade of the 90s and the early years of the new millennium that was carried out by the Revolutionary Youth Castilian. It was not simply a change of name but the natural evolution of the project after years of struggles and experiences of another step in the construction of a real Spanish organization qualified to give answers to the problems that they suffer as young. Yesca is committed to bring together people that want to real changes in society, fighting from the framework of the construction of Castile between everyone. It is something that traditionally ignite the spark; the symbolic name presents to us as what we aspire to be and a catalytic tool of ideas and actions that will lead us to kindle the flame of the social revolution, gender and national they need. For the last three decades, tens of thousands of Castilian attend \"Villarlar of the Comuneros\" on April 23 to celebrate the day of Castile. The Battle of Villalar was a battle in the Revolt of the Comuneros fought near the town of Villalar in Valladolid province, Spain. The royalist supporters of King Charles I won a crushing victory over the comuneros rebels. Three of the most important rebel leaders were captured, Juan de Padilla, Juan Bravo, and Francisco Maldonado. They were executed the next day, effectively ending armed resistance to Charles I. The Battle of Villalar represents an important historical event in Castile because it marked the end of autocratic Spanish monarchy.<PIC>", ["w_s416"]]
[30118, "John Croumbie Brown (16 May 1808 Haddington, Scotland - 17 September 1895 Haddington) was a prolific author, minister of religion, forestry pioneer in South Africa as well as soil conservationist and hydrologist. He was the grandson of John Brown (1722-1787), the renowned Scottish theologian and author.\nJohn Croumbie Brown received his education in Aberdeen, was later trained as a missionary, and in 1833 was sent to St. Petersburg by the London Missionary Society to mission to the British and American Church, spending four years there. From 1844 to 1848 he was in Cape Town where he took charge of the Congregational Church. Having an easy familiarity with the natural sciences, he presented a series of public lectures on scientific topics. His first lecture in November 1844 was under the aegis of the Cape Town Mental Improvement Society and was \"On the discoveries of modern astronomy\". This was followed by lectures on chemistry sponsored by the Institute for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. In 1847 he delivered lectures \"On the physiology and structure of the human frame\" - these lectures were subsequently published in book form in Cape Town.\nReturning to Scotland, Brown served as pastor in Aberdeen in 1849, continuing with his scientific lectures, which were well received. He furthered his botanical studies, and in April 1853 took up the post of lecturer in botany at the Joint Medical School (King's College, Aberdeen), also being awarded the degree Doctor of Laws there in 1858.\nIn April 1863, following the death of Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Pappe, Brown took up the post of Colonial Botanist at the Cape, his duties including that of professor of botany at the South African College. He toured the Cape Colony during 1863, giving lectures in an effort to popularise botany. He opposed deforestation and veld-burning, because of the loss of soil moisture. He was consulted by the government on forestry matters, and wrote several memoirs on forestry, appending a list of South African trees, shrubs, and arborescent herbs, to his annual report for 1866. His reports also touched on agricultural issues, such as diseases in fruit trees, rust, manuring, the cultivation of various crops, experimental farms, irrigation, and Cape wines. His 1863 report included the first official record of \"krimpsiekte\" or Cotyledonosis in small stock, particularly goats, caused by three genera of the Crassulaceae (Cotyledon, Tylecodon and Kalanchoe). He investigated potential dam sites, and the hydrology of the country. In 1866 the post of Colonial Botanist was abolished due to shortage of funds and Brown returned to Scotland in January 1867.\nSome South African botanists were critical of Brown's contributions to botanical knowledge, but the noted Irish botanist William Henry Harvey singled out Brown for praise in the preface to Volume 3 of the Flora Capensis \"for his unremitting kind attention to the interests of this work, and for the zeal which he has shown, since his appointment, in endeavouring to promote the study of botany in all parts of the Colony, and among the neighbouring extra-colonial missionaries\". The Cape authorities also valued his suggestions, some of which were implemented. Hence he was not regarded as an outstanding botanist, but did successfully promote interest in botany and sound methods in agriculture, forestry, and veld management.\nBrown maintained his interest in the forestry and hydrology of the Cape Colony, publishing a number of valuable works. In April 1877 he addressed the Town Council of Edinburgh and the board of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, advocating the establishment of a forestry school and arboretum in Edinburgh. Various unpublished manuscripts on South African agriculture, forestry and botany were lodged with the Faculty of Forestry at the University of Stellenbosch by his grandson, Dr. Eric A. Nobbs.<PIC> Hydrology of South Africa. London. 1875.\nWater Supply of South Africa: And Facilities for the Storage of it. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. 1877.\nForests in South Africa (Transactions of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society. 1881.\nManagement of Crown Forests at the Cape of Good Hope Under the Old Regime and Under the New. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. 1887. p.\u00a01.", ["w_s417"]]
[30119, "Guglielmo Ferrero ([\u0261u\u028e\u02c8\u028e\u025blmo fer\u02c8r\u025b\u02d0ro]; July 21, 1871 \u2014 August 3, 1942) was an Italian historian, journalist and novelist, author of the Greatness and Decline of Rome (5 volumes, published after English translation 1907\u20131909). Ferrero devoted his writings to classical liberalism and he opposed any kind of dictatorship and unlimited government. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature twenty times in six years.<PIC> Born in Portici, near Naples, Ferrero studied law in Pisa, Bologna and Turin. Soon afterward he married Gina Lombroso, a daughter of Cesare Lombroso, the criminologist and psychiatrist with whom he wrote The Female Offender, The Prostitute and The Normal Woman. In 1891-1894 Ferrero traveled extensively in Europe and in 1897 wrote The Young Europe, a book which had a strong influence over James Joyce.\nAfter studying the history of Rome Ferrero turned to political essays and novels (Between Two Worlds in 1913, Speeches to the Deaf in 1925 and The Two Truths in 1933-1939). When the fascist reign of Black Shirts forced liberal intellectuals to leave Italy in 1925, Ferrero refused and was placed under house arrest. In 1929 Ferrero accepted a professorship at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva. His last works (Adventure, Bonaparte in Italy, The Reconstruction of Europe, The Principles of Power and The Two French Revolutions) were dedicated to the French Revolution and Napoleon. In 1935 his daughter Nina Ferrero married the Yugoslavian diplomat Bogdan Raditsa.\nFerrero was invited to the White House in 1908 by Theodore Roosevelt, who had read The Greatness and Decline of Rome. He gave lectures in the northeast of the USA which were collected and published in 1909 as Characters and Events of Roman History.\nHe died in 1942 at the Mont P\u00e8lerin, Switzerland.  Roma Antica, 3 vols., Firenze: Le Monnier, 1921\u201322, with Corrado Barbagallo Militarism a contribution to the Peace Crusade (1903).\nThe Greatness and Decline of Rome translated in five volumes by Sir Alfred Zimmern (Volumes 1 and 2) and the Reverend H J Chaytor (Volumes 3 to 5)\nVolume 1: The Empire-Builders (1907).\nVolume 2: Julius Caesar (1907).\nVolume 3: The Fall of an Aristocracy (1907).\nVolume 4: Rome and Egypt (1908).\nVolume 5: The Republic of Augustus (1909).\nCharacters and Events of Roman History from Caesar to Nero (1909).\nThe Women of the Caesars (1911).\nBetween the Old World and the New, a novel (1914).\nAncient Rome and Modern America, a comparative study of morals and manners (1914).\nA Short History of Rome (with Corrado Barbagallo) translated in two volumes by George Chrystal (1918).\nVolume 1: 754 BC to 44 BC\nVolume 2: 44 BC to 476 AD\nEurope's Fateful Hour (1918).\nProblems of Peace, from the Holy Alliance to the League of Nations, a message from a European writer to Americans (1919).\nThe Ruin of the Ancient Civilization and the Triumph of Christianity, with some consideration of conditions in the Europe of today (1921).\nPeace and War (1933).\nThe Reconstruction of Europe: Talleyrand and the Congress of Vienna 1814-1845 (1941).\nSelected articles\n\"Puritanism,\" The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. CVI, 1910.\n\"American Characteristics,\" The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. CVI, 1910.\n\"The Dangers of War in Europe,\" The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. CXI, 1913. Les lois psychologiques du symbolisme, Paris, F\u00e9lix Alcan, 1895. Published under the name of \"Guillaume Ferrero\".", ["w_s418"]]
[30120, "Leeroy Jenkins is a player character created by Ben Schulz in Blizzard Entertainment's MMORPG World of Warcraft. The character became popular in 2005 from his role in a viral video of game footage where, having been absent during his group's discussion of a meticulous plan, Leeroy returns and ruins it by charging straight into combat while shouting his own name as a battle cry. The video capturing the character's behavior became an Internet meme. As a result of positive reception to the meme, Blizzard subsequently added Leeroy Jenkins into World of Warcraft as an official non-player character and as a minion card and later as a hero in the online card game Hearthstone.<PIC> The original video was released by the World of Warcraft player guild \"Pals for Life\" to video-sharing site Warcraftmovies on May 11, 2005. The video features a group of players discussing a detailed battle plan for their next encounter while Leeroy is away from his computer, preparing a plate of chicken. This plan is intended to help Leeroy obtain a piece of armor from the boss monsters, but is ruined when Leeroy himself returns and, ignorant of the strategy, immediately rushes headlong into battle shouting his own name in a stylized battle cry. His companions rush to help, but Leeroy's actions ruin the detailed plan and all the members of the group are killed.\nThe Internet meme started with the release of the video clip called A Rough Go to the World of Warcraft game forum in a thread titled \"UBRS (vid) Rookery Overpowered! blue plz.\", which presented the video in a serious context.  The thread requested that other players provide help with strategy and that Blizzard reduce the difficulty of the encounter. The video spread as an Internet meme, and Leeroy's response to the other players' chastisements, \"at least I have chicken\", was also much mimicked. When in April 2008 he was asked about his actions in the video by National Public Radio, Ben Schulz said the players \"were drinking 40s and just yelling at each other.\" As time went on, some began suggesting that the video may have been staged. Schulz had refused to confirm or deny whether the video was staged. Later, in December 2017, Schulz, along with Ben \"Anfrony\" Vinson, the cameraman of the video, released what he described as a first take/dry run of the video. Regarding the video, Vinson stated, \"We didn\u2019t think anyone would believe it was real, we thought it was so obviously satire.\" The character was included as a card within the World of Warcraft Trading Card Game released on October 25, 2006, with art by Mike Krahulik of Penny Arcade fame. A \"Leeroy Jenkins\" Legendary card was later released in Blizzard's online card game Hearthstone, as part of the game's base (\"Classic\") set, using the same art as that of the WoW Trading Card Game.\nUpper Deck Entertainment released a World of Warcraft Miniatures game in fall 2008, which included a Leeroy Jenkins figurine. The May 2005 issue of PC Gamer UK featured an article on the video, titled \"The Ballad of Leeroy Jenkins\". The article took the position that the video was designed as a negative commentary on the kind of \"nerd-guilds\" whose members fastidiously plan raids with all the seriousness of actual military tacticians. They added that they felt Leeroy is the hero acting against the geekiness of his guild.\nBlizzard eventually paid tribute to Leeroy within World of Warcraft itself creating the achievement \"Leeeeeeeeeeeeeroy!\", which awards the title of \"Jenkins\" to players who kill 50 of the rookery whelps from the video within 15 seconds. Also, in the new expansion Warlords of Draenor, Leeroy returns as a non-player character and will join the player's garrison if they help him find the Devout Shoulders he was seeking in the video. Blizzard also added a \"Leeroy Jenkins\" card to their popular online card game Hearthstone. When entering the battlefield, Leeroy gives his famous battle cry. While attacking, he says \"Time's up, let's do this!\" And when he dies, he says, \"At least I have chicken.\" In addition, the adventure mode \"Blackrock Mountain\" added a new game board themed on the mountain. In the bottom right section, there is a pink tabard with a white heart lying on the ground, a reference to the guild Leeroy was in, <PALS FOR LIFE>. In March 2022, Leeroy Jenkins debuted as a playable mercenary character in Hearthstone's Mercenaries game mode.\nLeeroy Jenkins was mentioned as part of a clue on the November 16, 2005, episode of the game show Jeopardy! as part of their college week tournament, though no contestant rang in. The meme spread further in 2009 when the Armed Forces Journal published an article titled \"Let's Do This!: Leeroy Jenkins and the American Way of Advising\". The article, by Capt. Robert M Chamberlain links Jenkins to the American approach to advising the indigenous armed forces in Iraq. Although Leeroy Jenkins is not an official character created by Blizzard, IGN acknowledged the character's iconic status and ranked him 10th place on their list of best Blizzard characters in 2017, and noted that he represents the crossing of a line which typically separates a game\u2019s content and its community. In the episode \"Little Bad Voodoo Brother\" of My Name Is Earl in 2008, Randy charges out to \"fight thirty people at once\" while shouting \"Leeroy Jenkins!\"\nIn the episode \"Murtaugh\" of How I Met Your Mother in 2009, Barney uses the quote using his name instead of Leeroy Jenkins.\nThe home media release of the 2009 film Year One includes a bonus feature titled Leeroy Jenkins: The Gates of Sodom, featuring the cast recreating the video.\nIn the episode \"Last Night Gus\" of Psych in 2011, protagonist Shawn affirms one Leeroy Jenkins to be their new prime suspect by yelling the name.\nThe United States Air Force Pararescue (PJs) use this sound bite to notify them of an upcoming medevac mission on the show Inside Combat Rescue in 2013.\nIn several episodes of Heroes Reborn (2015-2016), Miko and Ren shout out \"Leeroy Jenkins!\" as going into battle.\nIn the episode \"Chapter 5: Do Your Job\" of the TV show Barry (2018), an ex-Marine named Taylor jumps into a firefight while yelling \"Leeroy Jenkins\".\nIn the episode \"Veteran Guy\" of Family Guy, several characters find themselves in a gunfight with terrorists, when Cleveland suggests \"what's referred to as a Leeroy Jenkins\" and runs in shooting while shouting \"Leeroy Jenkins\".\nIn the fifth season episode \"Back From the Future\u2014Part Two\" of Supergirl, the character Brainy utters the Leeroy Jenkins battle-cry to distract the Lexosuits.\nIn the season two episode \"Rupture\" of The Flash, the superhero Cisco shouts \"Leeroy!\" while helping Barry Allen apprehend two enemies.\nThe video game Guild Wars features a character named \"Kilroy Stonekin\" who charges headlong into battle while shouting his own name.\nIn the season one, episode six of The Terminal List, a trap is set by James Reece. When the trap is triggered can be heard \"Ok let's do this. Leeroy Jenkins!\".\nIn season four of \"Phineas and Ferb\" in the 25th episode named \"The Klimpaloon Ultimatum\" the kids make a plan to enter a building, Buford starts rushing in while screaming his name and Phineas say the same \"stick to the plan\" as in the video. After being caught Buford said \"I used gamer strategy\"", ["w_s419"]]
[30121, "Larissa Ribeiro Ramos Tramontin (born February 4, 1989) is a Brazilian beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Terra Brasil 2009 and Miss Earth 2009, becoming the second Brazilian to win the title. Representing the State of Amazonas, Ramos won the title of Miss Terra Brasil 2009. She was crowned by Tatiane Alves, Miss Terra Brasil 2008 and Miss Earth Fire 2008, on November 28, 2008 in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.\nMiss Terra Brasil 2009 national pageant was contested by 27 pageant winners from Brazil's 26 states and the Federal District. Ramos was 19 years old at the time she was crowned Miss Terra Brasil 2009. Standing 1.78 m., she represented her country in the 9th edition of Miss Earth pageant.\nRamos court as Miss Terra Brasil 2009 included Miss Brazil Earth Air (first runner up) Naiane Alves from the state of Par\u00e1; Miss Brazil Earth Water (second runner up) Luana Athar who represented the state of Rond\u00f4nia; and Miss Brazil Earth Fire (third runner up) Debora Lyra from the state of Esp\u00edrito Santo.  On November 7, 2009, Ramos was chosen as one of the Top 15 finalists in the Evening Gown Competition of Miss Earth 2009 at the Subic Bay Yacht Club, Subic, Pampanga. On November 8, 2009, she was again selected as one of the Top 15 finalists in the Swimsuit Competition which was held at The Lakeshore in the town of Mexico, Pampanga province. In the final competition of the Miss Earth beauty pageant, Ramos was announced as one of sixteen semi-finalists who moved forward to compete for the title on November 22, 2009. She achieved one of the eight highest scores in the swimsuit and evening gown competitions for her stage chops, which advanced her as one of the top eight finalists to participate in the final round of the event.\nRamos, 20 years old at the time of the event, was crowned the Miss Earth 2009 during the coronation night at the Boracay Ecovillage Resort and Convention Center in Boracay Island. She succeeded Miss Earth 2008 winner Karla Henry from the Philippines. Miss Earth 2009 winner's court included Philippines' Sandra Seifert, 25, who was named Miss Air (1st Runner-up), Venezuela's Jessica Barboza, 22, was hailed Miss Water (2nd Runner-up), and Alejandra Echevarria, 20, of Spain got the title Miss Fire (3rd Runner-up). With Ramos winning the Miss Earth 2009 title, Brazil becomes the first country that won twice in the Miss Earth international competition since its inception in 2001, first in 2004 with Priscilla Meirelles.<PIC> On November 23, 2009, Ramos and her court were presented to the international press at the Boracay Beach in Aklan province, central Philippines, which was declared by the British publication TV Quick as the world's number one tropical beach. Ramos appeared on different television shows and various events after her win together with Miss Earth Air Sandra Seifert of the Philippines, Miss Earth Water Jessica Barboza of Venezuela, and Miss Earth Fire Alejandra Echevarria of Spain. She made a courtesy call immediately after her Miss Earth feat at the Embassy of Federative Republic of Brazil in the Philippines in Makati and she was received and congratulated by Brazil Ambassador Alcides G. R. Prates. On December 13, 2009, Ramos arrived and had a public greeting at the Eduardo Gomes International Airport in Amazonas, Brazil followed by a motorcade which headed to the Amazonas Palace. She was received with due honors by the Brazilian government led by state secretary of culture, Rob\u00e9rio Braga. After winning the Miss Earth crown in November 2009, Ramos participated in various events and travels during her three-month stay in Brazil. She traveled to Ouro Preto, a World Heritage Site designated by UNESCO, in the state of Minas Gerais. In early March 2010, she was invited to S\u00e3o Paulo for the Formula Indy car race and participated in the world-famous Rio Carnival.\nRamos returned to the Philippines on April 10, 2010 and served as one of the judges in the final competition of Miss Philippines Earth 2010 and Mr. Philippines Earth 2010, from which she traveled to Vietnam together with Carousel Productions team, to attend the official contract signing ceremony of Vietnam hosting of the Miss Earth 2010 pageant.\nOn April 18, 2010, Ramos and 1st Runner-up of Miss Earth 2009, Sandra Seifert together with Miss Earth Foundation participated in the 12th Tour of the Fireflies. The event aims to promote clean air and cycling as an alternate means of transportation. Ramos and Seifert were the special guests in the Discovery Dash event at SM Mall of Asia, Bay City, Pasay, Philippines on April 30, 2010. The event was organized by Discovery Channel. She then left the Philippines to attend the Miss Minas Gerais 2010 won by Deborah Lyra and broadcast by Band Minas where she was the special guest on May 3, 2010.\nIn the Rotary Club of Northern Guam, she was the key note environmental speaker and talked about her experience as Miss Earth and promoted environmental awareness on June 7, 2010 . Ramos was accompanied by Karla Henry Miss Earth 2008, Lorraine Schuck, EVP Miss Earth Organization, and Maria Luisa Santos, Miss Earth Guam 2009. On June 11, 2010, Ramos attended the Miss Earth Guam pageant as a special guest. She crowned Naiomie Santos, the winner of the pageant.\nIn July 2010, Ramos traveled in various countries in Europe along with Miss Earth Air 2009, Sandra Seifert. The following month, she served as honorary judge in the ten-member jury panel in the Miss Vietnam World 2010 pageant in Vinpearl Land in the central coastal city of Nha Trang, Vietnam on August 21, 2010. She awarded to 1st Runner-up Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc Ki\u1ec1u Khanh. The event was won by Luu Thi Diem Huong. She traveled back to Vietnam on August 25, 2010 along with Miss Earth Air 2009 Sandra Seifert, Miss Philippines Earth 2010 Kris Psyche Resus, and Carousel Productions officials to attend the press conference for the launching of the 10th Miss Earth pageant held at the White Palace in Ho Chi Minh City.\nRamos was in Jakarta, Indonesia on October 26, 2010 as part of her campaign about the environment. She talked about biodiversity, saving water, electricity, plant trees, and how lifestyle can help the environmental damage and create a better future. She also visited the Kompas Gramedia Group, the largest media conglomerate in Indonesia. Her visit also marked by the release of turtle hatchlings and children planting trees around the beach Pantai Mertasari, Sanur, and Bali.\nAs Miss Earth 2009, Ramos has traveled not only in Brazil but to various countries included Germany, Portugal, Italy, China, Hong Kong, England, Guam, Indonesia, Singapore,  and multiple visits in Vietnam and the Philippines to promote environmental awareness.\nOn July 27, 2013, Ramos married Alexandre Malvezzi Tramontin, a Brazilian Executive and Entrepreneur. The ceremony took place in Manaus, Ramos hometown.\nIn March 2015 Mrs. Tramontin received her bachelor's degree in Microbiology from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), one of the top institutions in the country. Later that same year, Mr. And Mrs. Tramontin moved to Denmark.", ["w_s423"]]
[30122, "Tando Yuji Velaphi (born 17 April 1987) is an Australian professional football player who plays as a goalkeeper for Kochi United.  Velaphi trained at the AIS in Canberra on a football scholarship. Velaphi began his senior career at Perth SC and while there, had loan stints at Newcastle Jets and Queensland Roar. Velaphi made his A-League debut with Queensland Roar on 12 January 2007 in a 2\u20131 win over Melbourne Victory at Docklands Stadium, his performance in the match earning praise from then-Queensland coach Frank Farina. Velaphi was re-signed for Perth Glory as their youth marquee player, keeping him at the club until the end of the 2010\u201311 season. The 2009\u201310 season was Velaphi's best, solidifying his spot between the posts and keeping 9 clean sheets over the course of the campaign. On 8 February 2011, Melbourne Victory announced that they had signed Velaphi on a two-year deal from Perth Glory on a free transfer. He made his d\u00e9but for the Victory in the 2011 AFC Champions League on 5 April, in a 1\u20131 draw against Tianjin Teda. He managed to play 4 out of the Victory's 6 Asian Champions League games. Unfortunately for Tando, he suffered an injury in the pre-season, just after the AFC Champions League, causing him to sit out for the vast majority of the season. He made his official A-League debut for the Victory in Round 26, the penultimate round of the season against the Wellington Phoenix at AAMI Park, a match in which the Victory won 3\u20130. He appeared in the following round against Perth Glory at Nib Stadium, but the Victory slumped to a 4\u20132 defeat.\nVelaphi made his first appearance of the 2012\u201313 A-League season in the Victory's Round 3 match against Adelaide United, a match which the Victory won 2\u20131. He was then replaced in the starting lineup by Nathan Coe, and failed to make another appearance in the season.\nVelaphi, along with teammates Diogo Ferreira, Spase Dilevski and Sam Gallagher, was released by Melbourne Victory in April 2013, shortly after the end of the 2012\u201313 A-League season. In his three years at the club, Velaphi made just 3 out of a possible 56 appearances for the club.<PIC> Following his release from the Victory, he joined cross town rivals Melbourne Heart on a one-year deal. He managed to play the last three matches of the 2013/14 season. Velaphi has also signed on for another 1-year deal with the Melbourne Heart after much discussion.\nAfter a successful 2014/15 season where he became Melbourne City's first-choice goalkeeper, Velaphi signed a new contract keeping him at City until the end of the 2016/17 A-League season.\nHe was released during the January transfer window of the 2015\u201316 A-League season to pursue opportunity overseas. After limited appearances at Shonan Bellmare, Velaphi returned to the A-League, signing a deal with Wellington Phoenix until the end of the 2017-2018 season. On his debut he saved a penalty from Diego Castro. In July 2018, Velaphi re-joined Perth Glory on a one-year contract, expected to create competition with Liam Reddy and Nick Feely for the number one goalkeeper position. Velaphi was released from the Glory at the end of the 2019\u201320 A-League.\nTwo months later he returned to Perth having signed a 1 year contract on 10 November 2020, the same day the side released Daniel Margush to move to the Western Sydney Wanderers FC. Velaphi played for the Young Socceroos, playing in the 2006 AFC Youth Championship and is currently a member of the Olyroos. Due to the withdrawal of first-choice Olyroos goalkeeper Danny Vukovic through suspension, Velaphi was competing with Reading back-up keeper, Adam Federici to become the Olyroos' starting goalkeeper at the Beijing Olympics, but made no appearances for the Olyroos\nTando revealed in January 2010 that his long-term ambition was to leave Australia and play regular football in Europe, in the hopes of securing a place on Australia's 2014 World Cup roster. Velaphi was born in Perth, Western Australia. His mother is Japanese and his father is Zimbabwean. Velaphi currently studies a Bachelor of Business (Sport Management)\tat Deakin University. \u00b9 - AFC Champions League statistics are included in season ending during group stages (i.e. ACL 2011 and A-League season 2010\u201311 etc.) Perth Glory\nA-League: Premiers 2018\u201319", ["w_s424"]]
[30123, "Too Much Coffee Man (TMCM) is an American satirical superhero created by cartoonist Shannon Wheeler. Too Much Coffee Man wears what appears to be a spandex version of old-fashioned red \"long johns\"  with a large mug attached atop his head. He is an anxious Everyman who broods about the state of the world, from politics to people, exchanging thoughts with friends and readers.\nThe strip is most often presented as a single page in alternative press newspapers, though occasionally the story arc stretches into multi-page stories. TMCM has appeared in comic strips, minicomics, webcomics, comic books, magazines, books, and operas. The Too Much Coffee Man comic book won the 1995 Eisner Award for Best New Series.  Too Much Coffee Man first appeared in 1991, in the Too Much Coffee Man Minicomic, as a self-promotion for Wheeler's book Children with Glue (Blackbird Comics, 1991). The minicomics, which appeared in many different formats, even one issued as a one-inch square, were self-published, photocopied, and handmade by Wheeler in initial runs of 300 black-and-white copies.\nWheeler said he created Too Much Coffee Man to make more accessible themes he had begun in a college newspaper. He said in 2011:\nIn 1991, I drew an autobiographical cartoon for The Daily Texan with themes of alienation and loneliness. When I described it, people's eyes glazed over. As a cheap gag, I started Too Much Coffee Man. I still address the same themes, except now there's coffee. People like coffee. Too Much Coffee Man started as a one-page ongoing strip running in The Daily Texan in 1991. Over time, it became syndicated to a number of alternative weeklies throughout the U.S.\nWith the January 23, 2006, installment, the \"Too Much Coffee Man\" strip was retitled \"How to Be Happy, with Too Much Coffee Man\". On February 6, 2006, the title was simplified to \"How to Be Happy\", and Too Much Coffee Man did not appear in the strip again until January 21, 2008.  Wheeler published four issues of the Too Much Coffee Man minicomic in 1991\u20131992.\nWheeler self-published the Too Much Coffee Man comic book via Adhesive Comics between 1993 and 2005. The first five issues were dated from July 1993 to February 1996. These were followed by three annual issues of Too Much Coffee Man's Color Special from 1996 to 1998. In July 1998, Adhesive released Too Much Coffee Man No. 8, thus skipping issues No. 6 and 7. After issue No. 10 (Dec. 2000), the comic became Too Much Coffee Man Magazine, featuring stories, articles, and reviews alongside TMCM material. Too Much Coffee Man strips appeared in the Austin, Texas-based anthology, Jab issues #1\u20134 and No. 6, published by Wheeler's own imprint Adhesive Comics from 1992 to 1995.\nIn 1994 TMCM appeared in the independent anthology Hands Off!, published by Washington Citizens for Fairness.\nFrom 1994 to 1996, Too Much Coffee Man stories ran in the Dark Horse Comics anthology series Dark Horse Presents, in issues #92\u201395, and #100\u2013111.  Dark Horse collected all the TMCM stories from Dark Horse Presents in the 1997 special Too Much Coffee Man \"Saves the Universe\".\n1997 was a banner year for Too Much Coffee Man, with stories in the SPX: Small Press Expo anthology, Caliber Press's Negative Burn No. 50, the Head Press anthology No Justice, No Piece!, and the trade paperback Wake Up and Smell the Cartoons of Shannon Wheeler, published by Mojo Press.\nIn 1998, TMCM stories were printed in Oni Double Feature No. 2 and Judge Dredd Megazine vol. 3, No. 41.\nFrom 1999 to 2002, Too Much Coffee Man stories ran in the Dark Horse Comics anthology series Dark Horse Extra, in issues No. 8, 10\u201313, 41\u201343, and 48.\nIn 2011, TMCM appeared in the Madman 20th Anniversary Monster!, published by Image Comics, and War of the Independents No. 1, published by Red Anvil.\nIn 2013, TMCM was featured in a three-issue how-to guide on submitting comics to the digital comics platform ComiXology. In 2014, TMCM stories appeared in BANG! The Entertainment Paper #7\u20138. With the earnings from a Converse shoe commercial, Wheeler purchased a computer, launched his website tmcm.com on December 7, 1995, and began posting his comics online. He continues to post new and newly colored Too Much Coffee Man cartoons on his website every week. Through multi-layered narratives, the comic explores issues of politics and the toils of urban society, often through the lens of the comics scene and coffee shop culture. In addition to the titular character, the creator of the strip often appears as a character, as does a \"reader\" character.\nToo Much Coffee Man \u2014 Although he spends most time in his apartment or at the local coffee shop debating with his often pessimistic cohorts, Too Much Coffee Man is capable of going into a \"manic paranoid frenzy\" in combat, allowing him to pulverize opponents. He gains his amazing powers from coffee and cigarettes \u2013 he distills his extra potent espresso mix in a secret laboratory above the coffee shop. TMCM rarely sleeps and his nerves are shot from an excess of caffeine. He has also been in outer space and in a U.S. prison. Visually, the character is a parody of superheroes, which since their inception have been colloquially referred to by industry professionals as \"long-underwear characters\". Too Much Coffee Man wears literal long underwear, dressing in what appears to be a spandex version of old-fashioned red \"long johns\"  (full-body underwear with a buttoned flap on the back for bodily functions) with a large mug attached atop his head; it remains unclear whether he is wearing it or whether it is physically part of him.\nToo Much Espresso Guy \u2014 Too Much Coffee Man's cynical friend. The espresso cup atop his head is strapped on in an obvious way.\nToo Much German White Chocolate Woman With Almonds \u2014 their mutual friend. She is pale-skinned, worries a lot, and has large almonds on her face.\nUnderwater Guy \u2014 another mutual friend, who wears a wetsuit with a diving snorkel and mask.\nMystery Woman \u2014 Too Much Coffee Man's secret love.\nTrademark Copyright Man \u2014 Too Much Coffee Man's archenemy. Too Much Coffee Man \"Saves the Universe\" (Dark Horse, July 1997)\nToo Much Coffee Man's Guide for the Perplexed (Dark Horse, 1998) ISBN\u00a01-56971-289-1\nToo Much Coffee Man's Parade of Tirade (Dark Horse, 2000) ISBN\u00a01-56971-437-1\nToo Much Coffee Man's Amusing Musings (Dark Horse, 2001) ISBN\u00a01-56971-663-3\nHow to be Happy (Dark Horse, 2005) ISBN\u00a01-59307-353-4\nScrew Heaven, When I Die I'm Going to Mars (Dark Horse, 2007) ISBN\u00a01-59307-820-X\nToo Much Coffee Man Omnibus (Dark Horse, August 2011) ISBN\u00a01-59582-307-7 \u2014 collects all previous Dark Horse collections\nToo Much Coffee Man: Cutie Island and Other Stories (BOOM! Studios, March 2012) ISBN\u00a01-60886-098-1  In 1994, Converse shoe company licensed the rights to use Too Much Coffee Man for a 15-second commercial spot, first airing during a Saturday Night Live episode. The character has also been used in advertising for Hewlett-Packard.Marvel Comics and the cable television network Comedy Central were developing a potential animated series or special with the production company Nelvana in 2000 and 2001. However, the project was abandoned after both Wheeler and Comedy Central agreed that the script lacked quality. In 2000, jazz musician Bob Dorough recorded a CD entitled Too Much Coffee Man. The character appears on the cover, drawn by Shannon Wheeler, and there is a title track (originally intended to be music for an animated series based on the character) as well as a cover of the Richard Miles composition \"The Coffee Song\".<PIC> The Too Much Coffee Man Opera appeared on stage for the first time in 2006. Wheeler, fellow cartoonist Damian Willcox, and composer Daniel Steven Crafts adapted the strip into an opera. Too Much Coffee Man Opera debuted at Brunish Hall at the Center for Performing Arts in Portland, Oregon, on September 22, 2006. A sample performance, which preceded the debut, was given at the Opera America convention in Seattle, Washington. Wheeler later teamed with Portland-based comic Carolyn Main to write a second act. This new, extended version, dubbed Too Much Coffee Man: The Refill, debuted again at Brunish Hall in April 2008.\nMiscellaneous\nArtist Shannon Wheeler drew Too Much Coffee Man for an appearance on Rootless Coffee Co.'s HYPERSPACE coffee line.", ["w_s429"]]
[30125, "Jos\u00e9 Luis Burciaga Jr. (born November 16, 1981 in Oak Cliff, Texas) is an American retired soccer player who is currently the General Manager of Keene FC. He is the former founder of Wizards Futbol Club, a youth soccer academy. Burciaga played youth soccer for the Dallas Texans Soccer Club and graduated from Duncanville High School where he was the 2000 District 7 soccer MVP and two-time All State. Instead of attending college, Burciaga opted to turn professional after finishing high school, signing a Project-40 contract with MLS.\nBurciaga was selected 12th overall in the 2001 MLS SuperDraft by the Kansas City Wizards. Although a star with United States youth national teams, he was not immediately ready for MLS. He played two games on loan to the Portland Timbers of the USL A-League. He also played three games for Project 40 and one game with the Pittsburgh Riverhounds in an August 2001 U.S. Open Cup game. He finished the season with the Wizards with three games, two of them starts.\nBurciaga tore his left knee's ACL in preseason and missed the entire 2002 season rehabbing the injury. He came on strong in 2003, earning the left back starting position in preseason and looking poised to finally come into his own; he tore his right knee's ACL in the fourth game of the season and so finished the year with only those four starts. After two painful years, Burciaga returned to the Wizards' lineup in 2004 and was injury-free for the entire year. Given the opportunity, he seized the left back position and kept it all year long. He finished the season with 21 starts out of 24 games played, and added one goal and one assist.\nIn 2005, Burciaga was selected out of all the MLS players to the MLS Select team vs. Real Madrid at the Estadio Santiago Bernab\u00e9u for the Trofeo Bernabeu. 2006 was Burciaga's breakout year, as he scored 8 goals and 8 assists, several of them spectacular, in earning MLS Best XI honors for the first time and team MVP.\nBurciaga was traded by the Kansas City Wizards to league rivals Colorado Rapids on January 16, 2008, in return for a 2009 second round 2009 MLS SuperDraft pick. Colorado opted not to renew his contract for the 2009 season.\nBurciaga trialed with Orlando City during the 2011 preseason but was not offered a contract with the team. In the spring of 2012, Burciaga attempted to earn a roster spot with MLS side D.C. United but was not successful. He ended up playing in 2012 for the Atlanta Silverbacks of the second division NASL.\nBurciaga returned to professional soccer in late 2018, signing with the Major Arena Soccer League's Dallas Sidekicks.<PIC> In 2002, Burciaga founded the Wizards Futbol Club in Dallas, Texas. Established by Jose Luis Burciaga Sr. and Jose Luis Burciaga Jr., Wizards FC is a community based not for profit organization designed to provide a high level of training and development that will prepare all players for college and beyond.\nAt the 2014 Dallas Cup, Wizards FC had two teams participating with one team going to the finals. On August 4, 2014, Wolverhampton Wanderers of England agreed to a partnership with Wizards FC. Wizards FC coaches and players will have the opportunity to work with the Academy coaches of Wolves in both North America and England, offering an insight into the player development program of one of the top English soccer academies. The partnership will provide players and coaches access to a club renowned for producing world class players.\nThe partnership will see the Wolves North American Academy hosting a series of Elite Player ID events with Wizards FC. Wolves will send Academy staff members over to work with Wizards FC players at these events. The best male and female players at these events will be invited to attend the Wolves National Camp. The National Camp will host the top players from each of partner club in North America. From the National Camp, the top players will be invited to attend the Elite Player Tour at Wolves' Academy in Wolverhampton, England.\nJose Luis Burciaga Jr. stated that: \"We are excited about our new partnership with Wolves, and we are looking forward to working together to help develop our young players to become the next generation of soccer players. Thank you to Global Image Sports for thinking about our club, and thank you Wolves for the opportunity.\" U.S. Open Cup Champion: 2004\nMLS Cup Runner Up: 2004 MLS Best XI: 2006\nKC Wizards MVP: 2006\nMLS Humanitarian of the Year: 2008\nBurciaga Jr. was recognized as an exemplary athlete within the community based on his work with the U.S. Soccer Foundation's Passback Program and the establishment of his foundation, the Jose Luis Burciaga Jr. Foundation. Burciaga Jr.'s foundation focuses on the positive impact of sports and the ideals of teamwork, discipline, and respect in the developing of young minds. The foundation promotes youth involvement in sports, education, community service, and cultural awareness.\nTop 50 MLS Moment #29. Bomb Drop: 2004\nIn 132 games played in MLS, Burciaga scored 14 times. But not many of his blasts were more impressive, and certainly none came on a bigger stage, than his goal in the 2004 MLS Cup against D.C. United at the Home Depot Center in Carson, California. \"He can crush a ball,\" said former Kansas City teammate Jimmy Conrad. \"He can crush it, and even if it skips a few times, you know it's going in.\" \"That was the first goal scored on me in MLS Cup, so I took it pretty hard,\" recalled Nick Rimando, now manning the nets for Real Salt Lake. \"Ryan Nelsen was right there, and it went by him, and that's why I reacted a bit slow to it. If I\u2019d seen it, I would\u2019ve probably reacted a little earlier. But [Burciaga] hit it well and I reacted slow, and it cost us a goal. It was kind of a shock.\"", ["w_s434"]]
[30126, "The Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Program (CLASP) is an international nonprofit organization which provides technical and policy support to governments worldwide and works to implement energy efficiency standards and labels (S&L) for appliances, lighting, and equipment. It specializes in publishing studies and analyses with relevance to S&L practitioners.\nThe organization was created in 1999 as a strategic cooperation of three organization \u2013 the Alliance to Save Energy (ASE), the International Institute for Energy Conservation (IIEC), and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL).  It became an independent, non profit 501(c)3 organization in 2005.\nCLASP conducts some of its technical analysis through an international network of partners, who are experts in the various aspects of S&L.  Currently, CLASP's network includes over 200 technical experts and S&L practitioners from more than 30 different countries.   Additionally, CLASP collaborates with various international S&L initiatives, such as Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Energy Standards Information System (APEC ESIS) and International Energy Agency Efficient Electrical End-Use Equipment (IEA 4E), to facilitate information exchange and connect S&L experts in similar regions or areas of expertise.\nCLASP joined the ClimateWorks Foundation (CWF) as a Global Best Practice Network (BPN) in March 2009. ClimateWorks' BPNs are institutions staffed by technical and regulatory experts who help design, implement, and enforce policies proven to reduce CO\u2082 emissions. The ClimateWorks Foundation focuses on the sectors and regions responsible for most of the world's carbon emissions. CLASP, as part of its partnership with ClimateWorks, moved from working exclusively in developing countries to also working in more industrialized economies including the United States and European Union.\nIn 2011, CLASP was appointed as the Operating Agent for the Super-efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment (SEAD) initiative, a multilateral collaboration initiated by the Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM) and the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC) to transform the global market toward higher energy efficiency. SEAD member governments include Australia, Brazil, Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States. China participates as an observer.<PIC> Since 1999, CLASP has worked in over 50 countries on six continents. Some of CLASP's past program locations include Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, Fiji, Ghana, Poland, South Africa, Tunisia, and Uruguay.\nCLASP currently has programs in China, Europe, India, and the United States, collaborating with policymakers, regulators, and their stakeholders to facilitate the development and \nimplementation of energy efficiency S&L.\nAdditionally, CLASP has two global programs\u2014Global Research and the SEAD Initiative\u2014which create original technical research, facilitate information exchange among countries, and disseminate S&L best practices internationally. 1999 \u2013 CLASP was established by three founding organizations \u2013 the Alliance to Save   Energy, the International Institute for Energy Conservation, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\n2000 \u2013 CLASP's first website launched in July, 2000.\n2002 \u2013 CLASP was registered as a World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) partnership.\n2004 \u2013 From 2000 to 2004, CLASP provided assistance for the development and implementation of 21 new minimum energy performance standards, energy efficiency endorsement labels, and energy information labels that will save 250 megatons of CO\u2082 by 2014.\n2005 \u2013 CLASP became an independent 501(c)3 non-profit corporation.\n2007 \u2013 CLASP became the Secretariat of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Energy Standards Information System (APEC ESIS) under direction of the APEC ESIS Project Overseers (now Japan) and Expert Group on Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EGEE&C).\n2009 \u2013 CLASP joined the ClimateWorks Foundation's network as a Best Practice Network (BPN) in March.\n2011 \u2013 CLASP was appointed as the Operating Agent of Super-efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment (SEAD), a government-led international market transformation initiative for highly efficient appliances and equipment.\n2012 \u2013 CLASP website was selected by the 16th Annual Webby Awards as an Official Honoree in the Green category. Publications\nCooling Benchmarking Study\nCLASP's Global Research team embarked on the development of a series of benchmarking studies in 2010. The first analysis in the series, the Cooling Benchmarking Study, was carried out in partnership with Econoler, Navigant, Centro de Ensayos Innovaci\u00f3n y Servicios (CEIS) and the American Council for an Energy Efficiency Economy (ACEEE), and provides an international comparison of energy efficiency performance and policy measures for room air conditioners used in the residential sector. The study, which was finalized in July 2011, delivers first-of-their-kind conversion formulas to compare seasonal performance metrics of room air conditioners across economies that use different test methods.  These formulas enable countries and experts a means to compare the stringency of various S&L programs and to identify opportunities to adopt S&L best practices.\nOpportunities for Success and CO\u2082 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonization\nThe study, published in collaboration with Paul Waide of Navigant Consulting, Lloyd Harrington of Energy Efficiency Strategies, and Michael Scholand, conducts an extensive investigation of the energy efficiency standards and labeling programs in place in China, the European Union, India, Japan, and the US. It documents Minimum Energy Performance Requirements for 24 types of residential, commercial, and industrial appliances and equipment in these economies and identifies products with the greatest potential for global harmonization. The study also highlights economy-specific gap analyses, which illustrate gaps in policy coverage and estimate potential energy savings achieved through the adoption of world\u2019s most comprehensive standards.\nCompliance Counts: A Practitioners Guidebook on Best Practice Monitoring, Verification, and Enforcement (MV&E) for Appliance Standards &Labeling\nThe Guidebook, published in collaboration with Mark Ellis & Associates, is designed as a step-by-step manual for policymakers and S&L program administrators to design and implement a successful compliance regime.  Drawing on the experiences of existing S&L programs worldwide, the Guidebook provides different approaches to implementing and improving all aspects of a compliance framework, including establishment of a legal basis for MV&E activities and enforcement options for non-compliance. According to the guidebook, effective compliance regimes:  ensure that consumers receive the products they expect when making purchasing decisions; provide industry participants a fair market in which to operate; and safeguard current and future energy and greenhouse gas emissions savings from S&L programs, among other benefits.\nEnergy Efficiency Labels and Standards: A Guidebook for Appliances, Equipment, And Lighting (also available in Chinese, Spanish and Korean)\nThis guidebook is designed as a manual for government officials and others around the world responsible for developing, implementing, enforcing, monitoring, and maintaining energy efficiency labeling and standard-setting programs.\nTools\nPolicy Analysis Modeling System (PAMS)\nCLASP and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) developed the Policy Analysis Modeling System as an easy-to-use software tool to help local policymakers assess the benefit of standards and labeling programs, and to identify the most attractive targets for appliances and efficiency levels.\nGlobal S&L Database\nCLASP\u2019s Global S&L Database is an online resource that allows policy makers and S&L practitioners to compare appliance, lighting, and equipment efficiency policies and regulations across countries and by product; to explore specific information about those policies; and to view and understand the legislative framework and history of S&L by country and economic region.", ["w_s440"]]
[30127, "Ying Rudi (simplified Chinese: \u82f1\u5982\u955d; traditional Chinese: \u82f1\u5982\u93d1; pinyin: Y\u012bng R\u00fad\u00ed; born August 16, 1998) is a Chinese professional ice hockey player currently with  HC Kunlun Red Star of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Born in China, Ying first played hockey in Beijing, moving to the United States at age 9 to further his career. He returned to Beijing in 2016, becoming the first Chinese-born player to play in the KHL. Internationally he has represented China at both the junior and senior levels. Ying is also the son of actor Ying Da and the grandson of actor Ying Ruocheng. Ying Rudi was born in Beijing on August 16, 1998 to Ying Da, a director and actor, and Liang Huan (\u6881\u6b22).  Ying played youth hockey in China for the Beijing Cubs of the Beijing Youth Hockey League (BYHL) before moving to the Chicago Mission of the High Performance Hockey League (HPHL), at age 9. Ying joined the Boston Junior Bruins U18 team in the Eastern Junior Elite Prospects League for the 2012\u201313 season, before transferring to play for the junior varsity team of Phillips Exeter Academy.\nAfter two years at Exeter, Ying signed with the Toronto Patriots of the Ontario Junior Hockey League (OJHL), where he played for the remainder of the 2015\u201316 season. On August 16, 2016, Ying signed a two-year contract with HC Kunlun Red Star of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He was the first Chinese-born player to play in the KHL or NHL. After a year with the team, in which he acquired no points in 25 games, Ying was sent down to KRS Heilongjiang, the developmental minor-league affiliate team of HC Kunlun Red Star. Ying represented China as a 16-year-old at the 2014 IIHF World U18 Championship Division II. The youngest player on the team, Ying recorded seven points (five goals and two assists) in five games, the most out of any Chinese player at the tournament. He was named to the U18 Division II-B All Star Team.\nYing played for China again in 2015, where he again led the team in points, with seven (six goals and one assist). In 2016, Ying captained his team at the same tournament where he tallied three points (two goals and one assist) in four games.\nIn 2017, Ying captained the Chinese U20 National Team at the 2017 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships \u2013 Division III, where his team won second place. Despite China's loss in the finals, Ying gave a dominant individual performance, leading the tournament with 19 points (9 goals and 10 assists) in 5 games. He was awarded Best Forward of the Tournament, Best Player of Team China, as well as 2 Best Player of the Game awards.\nYing also participated at the 2017 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships and 2018 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships.<PIC> Ying first began to play hockey at a mall in Beijing, skating while his mother would shop. His parents decided to send him to the United States when he was nine in order to further is career. Initially Ying lived in Chicago, but later moved to the Boston area, where he studied at Fay School in Southborough and then entered Phillips Exeter Academy, a prep school known for its academics. His great-great-grandfather Ying Lianzhi (\u82f1\u655b\u4e4b; 1867\u20131926) was the founder of Takungpao and Fu Jen Catholic University. His great-great-grandmother Aisin Gioro Shuzhong (\u7231\u65b0\u89c9\u7f57\u00b7\u6dd1\u4ef2) was a member of the Qing dynasty royal family. His great-great-maternal grandfather Cai Rukai (\u8521\u5112\u6977; 1867\u20131923) was president of National Beiyang University. His great-grandfather Ying Qianli (\u82f1\u5343\u91cc; 1900\u20131969) was a professor at National Taiwan University and Fu Jen Catholic University. His great-grandmother Cai Baozhen (\u8521\u8446\u771f) was president of Beijing Children's Library. His grandmother (\u5434\u4e16\u826f) was a translator and interpreter of Zhou Enlai. His grandfather Ying Ruocheng was a director, actor, playwright and vice minister of culture from 1986 to 1990. His aunt Ying Xiaole (\u82f1\u5c0f\u4e50) is a Chinese-American painter.   ", ["w_s451"]]
[30128, "Admiral Molyneux Shuldham, 1st Baron Shuldham (c.\u20091717 \u2013 30 September 1798) was an officer of the British Royal Navy. He served for a time as colonial governor of Newfoundland.<PIC> Molyneux Shuldham was born in Ireland c. 1717, and was the second son of the Reverend Lemuel Shuldham, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Daniel Molyneux of Ballymulvy, of County Longford. Molyneux entered the navy in 1732 as captain's servant on board HMS\u00a0Cornwall, with Captain George Forbes (afterwards Earl of Granard and governor of County Longford). He afterwards served in HMS\u00a0Solebay with Captain Charles Fanshawe, and for upwards of four years in HMS\u00a0Falkland with Fitzroy Henry Lee. He passed his examination on 25 January 1739, being then described on his certificate as 'near twenty-two.' According to the statement in Charnock, he was not seventeen.\nOn 31 August 1739 he was promoted to be lieutenant of HMS\u00a0Tilbury, one of the ships which went out to the West Indies with Sir Chaloner Ogle, and took part in the unsuccessful attack on Cartagena in 1741. In 1742 he was first lieutenant of her when, on 21 September, she was set on fire in a drunken squabble between a marine and the purser's boy and burnt, with a large proportion of the ship's company. Shuldham, with the captain and other officers, was tried by court-martial on 15 October but was acquitted of all blame. He was promoted to commander of HMS\u00a0Blast in Jamaica on 1 May 1744. On 9 November 1745 he was attacked and captured by two Spanish privateers off the Black River, after stiff resistance. Shuldham suffered mistreatment by privateers, but was compensated by the Spanish governor of Havana. After finally returning to England, he was promoted to be captain of HMS\u00a0Sheerness on 12 May 1746, then employed on the coast of Scotland; in December 1748 he was appointed to HMS\u00a0Queenborough, and in March 1749 to HMS\u00a0Unicorn. In October 1754 he was appointed to HMS\u00a0Seaford, from which, in March 1755, he was moved to the 60-gun HMS\u00a0Warwick, going out to the West Indies, where, near Martinique on 11 March 1756, she fell in with a French 74-gun ship and two frigates, which overpowered and captured her. War had not then been declared, but hostilities had been going on for several months, as Shuldham very well knew, and the story that he mistook the enemy's ships of war for merchantmen would be but little to his credit if there was any reason to suppose it true. He, with the crew of the Warwick, was sent to France, kept a prisoner at large at Poitiers for nearly two years, and returned to England in a cartel on 16 March 1758. A court-martial acquitted him of all blame for the loss of the ship, and on 25 July 1758 he was appointed to HMS\u00a0Panther, in which he joined Commodore Sir John Moore in the West Indies and took part in the reduction of Guadeloupe and its dependent islands, March to May 1759 under Commodore Moore.\nIn July he was moved by Moore into HMS\u00a0Raisonnable, which was lost on a reef of rocks at Fort Royal off Martinique as she was standing in to engage a battery on 8 January 1762, when the island was attacked and reduced by Rear-Admiral Rodney. In April Rodney appointed Shuldham to HMS Marlborough, from which a few days later he was moved by Sir George Pocock to HMS\u00a0Rochester, and again by Rodney after a few weeks to Foudroyant. In mid-1763 he was transferred once more to a temporary command aboard HMS\u00a0Levant, with which he returned to England in August 1763. Peace had been declared between England and France, and Shuldham was ashore on half-pay until December 1766, when he was appointed to HMS\u00a0Cornwall, the guardship at Plymouth. In November 1770 he transferred to HMS\u00a0Royal Oak, then commissioned in consequence of the expected rupture with Spain. On 14 February 1772 he was appointed commodore and commander-in-chief on the Newfoundland Station, which office he held for three years. He was responsible for the construction of Fort Townshend, which was completed in 1780. Shuldham visited Chateau Bay on the Labrador coast and sent his lieutenant, Roger Curtis, to inspect the northern coast and the Moravian missionaries. On 31 March 1775 he was promoted to be rear-admiral of the white. At the general election in the following autumn he was returned to the House of Commons as member for Fowey, and on 29 September, was appointed commander-in-chief on the coast of North America from the river St. Lawrence to Cape Florida. He went out with his flag in the 50-gun HMS\u00a0Chatham, arriving at Boston on 30 December after a passage of sixty-one days, having been promoted, on 7 December while on the way out, to be vice-admiral of the blue. His work was limited to covering the operations of the troops, and preventing the colonial trade. In July 1776, he escorted Admiral Howe into New York Harbor. He was replaced by Lord Howe, and on 31 July, was created a peer of Ireland by the title of Baron Shuldham. Early in 1777 he returned to England, and from 1778 to 1783 was Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1777. He was promoted on 24 September 1787 to be admiral of the blue, and on 1 February 1793 to be admiral of the white.\nHe died at Lisbon in the autumn of 1798.  His body was transported back to England aboard HMS\u00a0Colossus, which was also carrying many of the antique vases collected by Sir William Hamilton. Colossus was wrecked in a gale on the Isles of Scilly, but while many of Sir William's vases were lost, Shuldham's body was recovered through 'heroic efforts'. He had married Margaret Irene, widow of John Harcourt of Ankerwycke Park but left no issue, and thus the title became extinct.", ["w_s455"]]
[30129, "Raymond Leroy Moore (June 1, 1926 \u2013 March 2, 1995) was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Brooklyn Dodgers, Baltimore Orioles, Chicago White Sox, and Washington Senators / Minnesota Twins from 1952 to 1963.\nA fastballing right-hander, Moore was nicknamed \"Farmer\" and \"Old Blue\". He was 6\u00a0ft 1\u00a0in (1.85\u00a0m) tall and he weighed 205 pounds (93\u00a0kg).<PIC> Born in Meadows, Maryland, Moore was originally signed by the Dodgers in 1947. He spent almost six full years in the minors, and made his major league debut on August 1, 1952 at the age of 26. Moore, who today wouldn't be considered a \"control specialist\" as he walked as many as 112 batters in a season, was used both as a reliever and starter in his career, starting mostly during his time with the Orioles, to whom he'd been traded for Chico Garc\u00eda on October 8, 1954. He also started a large number of games one year with the White Sox. He was involved in a blockbuster deal when he was sent to the White Sox, being traded with Tito Francona and Billy Goodman for Hall of Famer Larry Doby, Jim Marshall, Russ Heman and Jack Harshman.\nPerhaps his best season as a starter was 1956, while with the Orioles. That year, Moore posted a 12\u20137 record with a 4.18 ERA. He also completed nine games that season, a career high. He also had the ninth best hits allowed per nine innings ratio in 1956, with a ratio of 7.83:9.\nOn June 28, 1957, Moore threw the White Sox' fourth consecutive shutout, which set an American League record. Overall that year, he went 11\u201313 with a 3.72 ERA.\nMoore saw the only postseason action of his career as his White Sox battled the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1959 World Series. Moore only appeared in one inning in the World Series, striking out one and giving up a hit-a home run by Chuck Essegian. He was purchased from the White Sox by the Senators in June of 1960, and it was with the Senators and Twins (the Senators relocated to Minnesota after 1960) that he became one of the better closers in the league, ranking from 1960 to 1962 third, fourth and seventh in the league in saves, respectively.\nMoore finished up his career in 1963, playing his final game on September 6 against the Chicago White Sox, striking out the last batter he faced \u2013 Cam Carreon. Overall, he was 63\u201359 with 560 walks and 612 strikeouts in 10722\u20443 innings. He completed 24 of the 105 games he started, shutting out five of them. Overall, he appeared in 365 games, saving 46.\nMoore had a total of six home runs in his career, with as many as three in a season. In 1956, he hit .271 in 70 at-bats. Overall, his batting average was .187 with 56 hits in 299 at-bats. He struck out 99 times and walked seven times in his entire career.\nHe had a .946 fielding percentage in his career.\nMoore died in 1995 in Clinton, Maryland. He is buried at Cedar Hill Cemetery in Suitland, Maryland.", ["w_s458"]]
[30130, "The House of Peace Synagogue is a former synagogue of the Beth Shalom Congregation in Columbia, South Carolina. It was originally located at 1318 Park Street. After the congregation moved in the 1935, the building was used for the Big Apple Club, which was an African-American night club.  It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on August 28, 1979. In the early 1980s, the building was moved to its present location at the southeast corner of Hampton and Park Streets. In 1993, it was purchased by the Historic Columbia Foundation and is called the Big Apple.<PIC> The first Jewish congregation in Columbia, Sharit Israel, met on Assembly Street. Their building was destroyed in the burning of Columbia in the Civil War. The Jewish community diminished after the war until Eastern European immigrants arrived later in the century. In 1896, the  Reform Tree of Life synagogue was built. Because of religious differences, the Orthodox Jews in Columbia separated. In 1907, the Orthodox minyan met at a house at Park and Lady Streets that served as their first synagogue. They received a state charter in 1912. This first synagogue was destroyed in a fire in 1915. The new synagogue was built at the site. By the late 1920s, they had outgrown this facility. They moved to their third synagogue on 1719 Marion Street in early 1935. The congregation's synagogue is now at  5827 North Trenholm Road.\nThe second synagogue on Park Street was then used for the African-American night club called the Big Apple Club. At the club, a  dance craze, which was named the Big Apple, was popularized. Students from the University of South Carolina, who paid to watch from a balcony, learned the dance steps. Some of these students took the dance to the Roxy Club in New York in 1937. From there, the dance was briefly popular across the country.\nAfter its use as a night club, the building was used by various commercial establishments. At the time of the preparation of the National Register of Historic Places nomination, it was used by a heating and air conditioning company. In the early 1980s, it was moved nearly two blocks to the corner of Hampton and Park Streets. In 1993, it was purchased by the Historic Columbia Foundation. It has been restored and is available for rental for special occasions. The Big Apple building is two-story, wooden building with a metal gabled roof. At its Park Street site, it was on a raised brick basement. Built for a congregation that was largely Polish and Russian immigrants, it is an example of Eastern Jewish architecture.\nThe entrance to the building is in a projecting central bay. The door is flanked by wooden pilasters and sidelights under a large arch with stained glass windows. On each side of the arch is a pair of tall narrow, stained glass windows with horseshoe arches. The sides of buildings have five windows with horseshoe arches. Some of have been modified. The sides have pedimented gables with a rondelle.\nThe interior has central recessed dome. When it was the Big Apple Club, the dome had neon lights shaped like the crescent moon and shooting stars. There is a balcony on the front side of the building. This was the spectator's gallery during operation as the night club.", ["w_s465"]]
[30131, "USS Paysandu (ID-3880) was a troop transport acquired to repatriate U.S. troops from France after World War I.\nPaysandu was originally SS Bahia, a passenger-cargo ship built in 1898 for the Hamburg South American Line. With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Bahia was interned at Montevideo, Uruguay. Seized by the Uruguayan government in 1917, Bahia was transferred to the management of the United States Shipping Board in late 1918, converted into a troop transport in New Jersey and commissioned as USS Paysandu (ID-3880). Paysandu made two round trips from the United States to France between May and July 1919 before being decommissioned and returned to Uruguay.\nThe ship subsequently re-entered merchant service as SS Paysandu, before being scrapped in Denmark in 1928.<PIC> Paysandu was originally SS Bahia, a steel-hulled, single-screw passenger-cargo steamer. Bahia was built at Hamburg, Germany in 1898 by Reiherstieg Schiffswerke & Maschinenfabrik (Reiherstieg Shipbuilding and Engineering Works) for the Hamburg Sildamerikanische Dampfshifffahrts Gesellschaft (Hamburg\u2013South American Steamship Company). Bahia's yard number was 400. The ship was launched 19 April 1898 and completed in May.\nBahia had a length of 375\u00a0feet 8\u00a0inches (114.5\u00a0m), a beam of 46\u00a0feet 6\u00a0inches (14.2\u00a0m), draft of 24 feet (7.3\u00a0m) and hold depth of 27\u00a0feet 4\u00a0inches (8.3\u00a0m). She had a gross register tonnage of 4,817, net register tonnage of 3,106, and displacement of 9,004 long tons. The ship had eight watertight bulkheads, two decks, two masts and a single smokestack.\nBahia was powered by a 2,200 ihp four-cylinder quadruple expansion steam engine with cylinders of 21,\u00a032,\u00a046 and 66 inches (53,\u00a081,\u00a0117 and 168\u00a0cm) by 51-inch (130\u00a0cm) stroke, driving a single screw propeller. Steam was supplied by two doubled-ended and two single-end boilers at a working pressure of 213\u00a0psi (1,470\u00a0kPa). The ship had a speed of 12.5 knots (14.4\u00a0mph; 23.2\u00a0km/h).  Following her completion in May 1898, Bahia entered service with the Hamburg\u2013South American Line. While Bahia's particular route is not known, ships of the Hamburg\u2013South American Line operated between Hamburg, Germany and several localities in Brazil including Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and Santos, S\u00e3o Paulo; to Central America; and between Brazil and New York, United States. Bahia continued in operation with the Hamburg\u2013South American Line until the outbreak of World War I in 1914, when she was interned in Montevideo, Uruguay.\nIn 1917, Bahia was seized by the Government of Uruguay and transferred to the United States Shipping Board. Renamed SS Paysandu, the ship departed Montevideo 30 September 1918, arriving at New York shortly after the end of the war on 24 November 1918. With the foreign contingent of the American Cruiser and Transport Force having withdrawn at the close of the war, the U.S. government needed additional capacity to repatriate U.S. troops from France, and Paysandu consequently became one of 56 ships selected for conversion into troop transports. The ship was converted  between 5 January and 1 March 1919 at Hoboken, New Jersey by the W. & A. Fletcher Company, at a cost of $173,360. On 29 January, while still undergoing conversion, Paysandu was acquired by the U.S. Navy and commissioned as USS Paysandu (ID-3880). After the conversion, USS Paysandu had a troop-carrying capacity of 25 officers and 1,300 enlisted men, and a crew complement of 21 officers and 168 enlisted men.\nAssigned to the Cruiser and Transport Force, Paysandu departed for the Army's large embarkation center at St. Nazaire, France, where, on 16 May, she embarked elements of the Baltimore 313th Infantry Regiment, including the 2nd Battalion and K, M, and Machine Gun Companies\u2014a total of 27 officers and 1,351 men. The ship departed St. Nazaire for Newport News, Virginia at 4 pm the same day, with the remainder of the regiment leaving two days later aboard USS\u00a0Antigone\u00a0(ID-3007).\nThe regimental historian notes of the voyage aboard Paysandu that the ship \"was not in very good condition, as she had been laid up for years in South America and it was impossible to get any speed out of her. She was only 375 feet long and had no cargo in her and pitched and rolled constantly, causing a great deal of seasickness.\" Nonetheless, the troops were in good spirits as they were homeward bound. Paysandu had better food and accommodations than the troops had enjoyed on their outbound journey to France aboard USS Leviathan, and the troops were permitted on deck more frequently. To help pass the time on Paysandu, the Regimental \"theatrical talent\" organized shows and concerts, while \"moving picture outfits\" and boxing and wrestling matches provided further entertainment. The Regimental barbers were also kept busy, as many of the troops were keen to look their best on their arrival home.\nThough Paysandu had departed St. Nazaire two days earlier than Antigone, the latter arrived at Newport News first, on 29 May, with Paysandu docking three days later on the night of Sunday, 1 June, her troops disembarking the following morning. On 3 June, the Regiment departed in two contingents on the steamer Essex for Baltimore, where the returning troops received a reception of such enthusiasm it is said to have \"resembled a riot.\"\nAfter disembarking the 313th, Paysandu made a second voyage to France, returning to the United States 14 July. On her two-round trips between France and the United States, the ship repatriated a total of 2,736 troops, including four sick or wounded. Her naval assignments complete, Paysandu was detached from the Cruiser and Transport Force 16 July and decommissioned on the 29th, after which she was returned to the USSB, who in turn re-delivered the vessel to her owners, the Government of Uruguay. Following her return to the Uruguayan Government in late 1919, Paysandu re-entered merchant service as SS Paysandu. Little is known about her subsequent career, but the ship is known to have made a couple of voyages to New York in this period, one from Montevideo in May 1920 and another from Buenos Aires, Argentina in January 1923.\nSS Paysandu was scrapped at Copenhagen, Denmark, on 26 January 1928.", ["w_s466"]]
[30133, "Indra Putra Bin Mahayuddin PB (born 2 September 1981) is a Malaysian professional footballer who plays for Malaysia Premier League club Perak. He is the all-time highest goalscorer of the Malaysia Super League. He is a versatile forward, who can operate as a striker or a winger.  Indra Putra has played in the Perak Academy when he was a teenager. He then was promoted to the senior team in 2002, helping Perak to clinch the Malaysian Premier One League in 2002 and 2003. Then, in 2004, Indra Putra Mahayuddin moved to Pahang in a high-profile transfer. There, Indra helped Pahang to win the inaugural edition of the rebranded Malaysian Super League in his first season.\nIndra Putra Mahayuddin was described as the best Malaysian football player in his generation by former Perak's coach Steve Darby. He was the 2004 Malaysian Super League season top goalscorer with 15 goals from 21 games played. He remains, until this day, the last Malaysian football player to win that accolade.\nHe joined Selangor for the 2008 season, after his contract with Pahang expired. During 2009 season, Indra Putra joined Kelantan and were partnered upfront by his former teammate in Perak Khalid Jamlus. On 18 April 2009, he was the villain among the Negeri Sembilan supporters after stamping on Negeri's defender, Rahman Zabul. Amazingly, he escaped the red card. He was part of the Kelantan team that play in that year Malaysia FA Cup final against Selangor where Kelantan lost 3\u20131 on penalties his spot kick hit the bar which cost Kelantan the match. Kelantan suffered another setback when lost the 2009 Malaysia Cup final against Negeri Sembilan. Indra scored a consolation goal from the free kick. However, Indra was chosen as the most valuable player for the 2009 season. He was part of the Kelantan's 2010 Malaysia Cup winning team. Indra signed with Kuala Terengganu-based club, T-Team in 2011. After one season with T-Team, Indra returned to Kelantan for the 2012 season. During the 2012 Malaysia Cup final at the Shah Alam Stadium, he scored an extra-time winner and clinched a dramatic 3\u20132 victory over ATM. During the season, he also help the team win the 2012 Super League and 2012 Malaysia FA Cup, completing the treble.<PIC> Indra joined Felda United, who were just relegated to the Premier League, at the end of the 2013. He helped the club finish runners-up in the 2014 Malaysia Premier League, and the club was promoted straight back to the Malaysia Super League after only being in the second division for one season. On 30 December 2015, Indra was officially announced as Kelantan new signing during a friendly match with PKNP by Kelantan FA President, Annuar Musa. He was released at the end of his contract. On 3 December 2017, Indra signed a contract with newly promoted side Kuala Lumpur after being released by Kelantan. He scored his first goal in a 2\u20132 draw against Pahang FA. He then scored his second goal against his former club, Kelantan FA in a 4\u20132 defeat. On 27 April 2019 he scored 100 goal in Malaysian Super League against PKNS; his first goal was 21 February 2004 against Sabah FA. The right-footed player started represented Malaysia for the 2001 Sea Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.  After that, he joined national team in the FA Premier League Asia Cup 2003 and also in the 2002 Tiger Cup in Thailand, helping Malaysia national football team to a 4th-place finish.\nIn 2002, Indra was call up for an international friendly match against five times World Cup winners Brazil. He was selected as one of first eleven to played against Brazilian stars such as Ronaldo and Barca's Ronaldinho.\nHe also been called up by Malaysia national football team coach Norizan Bakar for the AFC Asian Cup 2007 in July, co-hosting by 4 countries Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and Malaysia. In the competition, Indra Putra is the only Malaysian player to score a goal, against China, as Malaysia crashed out in the group stages having lost all group games.\nIndra Putra also represented the Malaysia XI squad against Chelsea at Shah Alam Stadium on 29 July 2008. The Malaysia XI eventually lost 0\u20132.\nHe was unexpectedly recalled to Malaysia national team, after a long period of absence, for a match against Indonesia on 14 September 2014 by national coach Dollah Salleh. He entered the match as a substitute, which ended in a 2\u20130 loss to Malaysia.  As of 12 September 2021 As of 22 Oct 2020.   Perak\nLiga Perdana 1: 2002, 2003\nPahang\nMalaysia Super League: 2004\nMalaysia FA Cup: 2006\nKelantan\nMalaysia Super League: 2010, 2012\nMalaysia FA Cup: 2012, 2013\nMalaysia Cup: 2012, 2013\nKuala Lumpur City\nMalaysia Cup: 2021 AFF Suzuki Cup Runners-up: 2014\nPestabola Merdeka Runners-up: 2008\nSoutheast Asian Games:  Silver 2001 Malaysia Super League Golden Boot: 2004\nFAM Football Awards\u00a0\u2013 Best Striker Award: 2009\u00a0\u2013 Kelantan FA\nFAM Football Awards\u00a0\u2013 Most Valuable Players\u00a0: 2009\u00a0\u2013 Kelantan FA The first player to reach 100 goals in Malaysia Super League\nAll-time highest goalscorer in Malaysia Super League: 102 goals", ["w_s470"]]
[30134, "The capped heron (Pilherodius pileatus) is a water bird endemic to the neotropics, inhabiting rainforest from the center of Panama to the south of Brazil. It is the only species of the genus Pilherodius, and one of the least known of the heron family, Ardeidae. It is superficially similar to the group of the night herons, but is active during daytime or at twilight.<PIC> The capped heron was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1780 in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux from a specimen collected in Cayenne, French Guiana. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by Fran\u00e7ois-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enlumin\u00e9es D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text.  Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Ardea pileata in his catalogue of the Planches Enlumin\u00e9es. The capped heron is now the only species placed in the genus Pilherodius that was erected by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach in 1853. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek \u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 pilos \"cap\" and \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 er\u014ddios meaning \"heron\". The specific epithet pileatus is Latin for \"capped\".\nThere is little known about the relationship of P. pileatus with the other species of the family Ardeidae, because of its lack of inclusion in genetic studies. With the little information available it is believed that its closest living relative is the whistling heron (Syrigma sibilatrix). This species is very distinct from other herons, being the only one with a blue beak and face, and a black crown. The belly, chest, and neck are covered with yellowish-white or light-cream feathers. The wings and back are covered with white feathers. Three to four white long feathers extend from the black crown. No sexual dimorphism in color or brightness has been noted.\nThe body length of an adult varies between 510 and 590\u00a0mm, the wing chords between 263 and 280\u00a0mm, the tail between 95 and 103\u00a0mm, and the tarsus between 92 and 99\u00a0mm. The weight of an adult varies between 444 and 632\u00a0g.\nThe juveniles are very similar to the adults. They only differ in body length and that the white feathers are slightly grey. The capped heron is endemic to the neotropics and almost exclusive to rainforest. It is present in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. It inhabits low lands up to 900 m above sea level, though in Venezuela it is only found below 500 m, and in Ecuador below 400 m. Although there are no migrations registered to this species and it is believed that is sedentary, there may be seasonal movements in Darien, Panama. The capped heron normally inhabits swamps and ditches in wet grasslands or rainforests. Sometimes it can venture into deeper ponds and rivers. They prefer to forage on the shore or in floating vegetation, but have also been observed in trenches of coffee plantations and flooded rice fields. Capped herons hunt mainly for fish, but also aquatic insects and larvae, tadpoles, and frogs. Fish taken as prey tend to be between 1 and 5\u00a0cm long. The insects are hunted in the nearby vegetation along the river or pond, and the fish in the shallow waters.\nIn a typical hunting sequence the heron will stand erectly searching for potential prey; after locating it they will crouch slowly and extend their neck; finally they will introduce their beak into the water at a great speed to catch the prey. The frequency of success observed is 23%. They can also use the same sequence while walking in the shallows. They usually walk slowly, covering the same area repeatedly pausing for a few seconds, then slowly moving one foot to take a new step. There are reports of individuals doing aerial hunting, peaking, gleaning, foot paddling, dipping, swimming feeding, and bill-vibrating.\nCapped herons move frequently between feeding sites, sometimes flying up to 100m. They may be crepuscular, but have been observed foraging during broad daylight, unlike the night-herons. They usually hunt solitarily.  Capped herons are strongly territorial; the same bird may be seen at a foraging site for weeks at a time.  One capped heron was seen chasing another away from a foraging site, until the other bird settled high in a tree. The capped heron is normally solitary, although there are cases where they have been found in couples or groups. Birds may be seen with other species such as snowy egrets (Egretta thula) and scarlet ibis (Eudocimus ruber), however other studies have found that they avoid large mixed-species flocks, appearing in fewer than 1% of 145 observed feeding aggregations. Capped herons appear to be submissive to great egrets (Ardea alba), but dominant to snowy egrets (Egretta thula) and striated herons (Butorides striatus). There is very little known about the reproduction of this species. Captive breeding in Miami, USA indicates that a female may lay 2-4 dull white eggs, incubation lasts 26\u201327 days, and that the chick has white down. However, these captive individuals failed to have any young survive, possibly due to a deficient diet or abnormal behavior in the adults. Based on birds with a similar biology, it is likely that they maintain family groups and care for young even after the young have reached the fledgling stage. There may be a two-cycle breeding pattern, with northern and southern populations breeding at different times of the year. This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for a Vulnerable rating under the range-size criterion. The population size has not been quantified, and the trend is not known, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size or trend criteria. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern. Nevertheless, it occurs in very low densities and is considered \"rare\" in Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, and Panama.\nThe capped heron appears to be adaptable and may be expanding its use of man-made habitats. People have found some individuals in pools along the Transamazonian Highway Brasil.  However, given that it is mainly a riverine forest species, the loss of this habitat due to logging and conversion of forest to pasture might pose long-term threats.", ["w_s474"]]
[30135, "USS Straub (DE-181) was a  Cannon-class destroyer escort in service with the United States Navy from 1943 to 1947. She was sold for scrap in 1974.<PIC> USS Straub was laid down on 7 June 1943 by the Federal Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co., at Newark, New Jersey. Sponsored by Mrs. Margaret H. Straub, the escort was launched on 19 September and commissioned on 25 October 1943 at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Straub remained in New York City until 11 November, then departed for Great Sound Bay, Bermuda, and shakedown. The shakedown exercises in waters around Bermuda lasted for approximately one month, and Straub returned to New York on 13 December. There she joined elements of Convoy UGS-28, escorted them to Norfolk, Virginia, and thence across the Atlantic as far as the Azores. The convoy arrived at Bahia Angra, Terceira, Azores, on 8 January 1944; and Straub conducted antisubmarine patrols among the islands until detached on 16 January to join Task Group TG 21.11 in screening escort aircraft carrier Mission Bay\u00a0(CVE-59) to Casablanca.\nThe task group made Casablanca on 25 January and, the same day, Straub began her voyage home. She arrived at New York on 6 February and began a period of availability which lasted until her embarkation on the 20th for Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. As a part of the antisubmarine screen of Task Group TG 27.2, she was reunited with Mission Bay as escort to her and Wake Island\u00a0(CVE-65). The task group called at Recife, where Straub reported for duty with the U.S. 4th Fleet, and then moved on to Rio de Janeiro, entering port on the 7th. Straub was detached the next day and steamed out of Rio de Janeiro bound for Montevideo, Uruguay.\nStraub put in at Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for three days and, instead of making for Montevideo, visited Bahia, Brazil, from 17 to 28 March. From there, she put to sea and joined TG 41.6 on the 31st. Led by escort carrier Solomons\u00a0(CVE-67), Straub and the rest of TG 41.6 plied the ocean searching for enemy submarines until 12 April. The task group returned to Recife for two days and sortied on 14 April for another U-boat hunt. This second patrol, on 14 to 30 April, and the third, from 4 to 20 May, were both fruitless. After an 11-day repair period at Recife, Straub exited the harbor with TG 41.6 on 31 May 1944 for their fourth patrol.\nAt the end of two weeks of quiet cruising, Straub picked up a report of a submarine sighting sent by one of Solomons' pilots. In company with Herzog\u00a0(DE-178), she sped off to the U-boat's reported position to initiate a box search and engage the marauder if possible. In the meantime, six other planes found the submarine, attacked, and sank her. That evening, Straub entered the area of the sinking to pick up survivors. She was able to recover the submarine's commanding officer, her executive officer, and 18 other crewmen. Late that night, she was forced by darkness to give up the search for Lt. (jg.) Chamberlain, the pilot whose depth charges had finished off both the U-boat and his own aircraft. The prisoners were transferred to Solomons on the next day, 16 June, and TG 41.6 returned to Recife on the 23rd.\nStraub continued patrols with Solomons and TG 41.6 until 22 August. At that time, she joined TG 41.7 and carrier Tripoli\u00a0(CVE-64) and patrolled out of Recife for U-boats until sailing for New York on 15 November. The escort remained in New York from 26 November to 27 December. She then moved via Key West, Florida, to Trinidad. There, between 11 and 30 January 1945, she participated in various tests and exercises.\nReturning to Recife on 30 January, she stayed in that port until 5 February when she got underway to escort Omaha\u00a0(CL-4) on an official visit to Montevideo, Uruguay. Straub escorted her back to Recife between 22 and 28 March and sailed the next day for New York, arriving on 8 April. Following a week's availability at New York, she set sail for Casco Bay, Maine, where she arrived on 15 April. From there, Straub set out for antisubmarine patrols in which she was engaged until 8 May. On that date, the escort reported at New London, Connecticut, for two weeks' duty as a target ship for submarine exercises off New London.\nMoving from New London to Norfolk, Virginia, Straub joined convoy UGS-94 as part of its antisubmarine screen. She sailed with the convoy all the way to Mers El K\u00e9bir, Algeria, and, after stopping along the way at Horta in the Azores, returned to the United States on 19 June 1945. She underwent repairs at Boston, Massachusetts, from 19 June to 25 July and, after exercises out of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, sailed westward. She transited the Panama Canal on 13 and 14 August and arrived in San Diego, California, on the 24th. During her passage from Panama, Japan capitulated. Three days later, she sailed from San Diego, rendezvoused with Wisconsin\u00a0(BB-64), and escorted her to Hawaii. Upon arrival in Pearl Harbor on 4 September 1945, Straub was employed in various patrols and as an escort to carriers conducting flight operations. On 4 November, she was assigned duty as a weather station vessel in the Hawaii area. She spent just over two months alternating between Pearl Harbor and weather station duty. Straub weighed anchor on 12 January 1946, transited the Panama Canal on 26 and 27 January, and arrived at New York on 1 February. At the completion of pre-inactivation overhaul, she sailed from New York on 20 February bound for Green Cove Springs, Florida, and there remained with the Atlantic Reserve Fleet until October 1958 when she was shifted to Charleston, South Carolina. Straub was struck from the Navy List on 1 August 1973, sold on 17 July 1974 and subsequently scrapped. A semi-fictional \"DE-181\" was portrayed in the 1957 film The Enemy Below, starring Robert Mitchum and Curd J\u00fcrgens. Named Haynes in the film, she was portrayed by the  Buckley-class destroyer escort Whitehurst\u00a0(DE-634).  Stock footage of the Straub was used in an episode of Wonder Woman, The Bermuda Triangle Crisis.  It also appeared briefly in an episode of \"The Bionic Woman\" of part III, Kill Oscar Goldman.", ["w_s475"]]
[30136, "A lump sum contract in construction is one type of construction contract, sometimes referred to as stipulated-sum, where a single price is quoted for an entire project based on plans and specifications and covers the entire project and the owner knows exactly how much the work will cost in advance. This type of contract requires a full and complete set of plans and specifications and includes all the indirect costs plus the profit and the contractor will receive progress payments each month minus retention. The flexibility of this contract is very minimal and changes in design or deviation from the original plans would require a change order paid by the owner.  In this contract the payment is made according to the percentage of work completed.  The lump sum contract is different from guaranteed maximum price in a sense that the contractor is responsible for additional costs beyond the agreed price, however, if the final price is less that the agreed price then the contractor will gain and benefit from the savings. \nThere are some factors that make for a successful execution of a lump sum contract on a project such as experience and confidence, management skills, communication skills, having a clear work plan, proper list of deliverables, contingency, and dividing the responsibility among the project team. \nAccording to Associated General Contractors of America (AGC), \u201cIn a lump sum contract, the owner has essentially assigned all the risk to the contractor, who in turn can be expected to ask for a higher markup in order to take care of unforeseen contingencies. A Contractor under a lump sum agreement will be responsible for the proper job execution and will provide its own means and methods to complete the work.\u201d\nIn lump sum Contracts or fixed-price contracts, the contractor is evaluating the value of work as per the documents available. Mainly these documents can be specifications and the drawings. In pre-tender stage Contractor evaluates the cost to execute the project (based on the above documents such as drawings, specifications, schedules, tender instruction and the clarification received for the raised queries). And the contrast to these documents Contractor is evaluating and agreeing with the owner (or employer) to complete the works without exceeding the agreed lump sum amount.<PIC> The owner's risk is reduced due to the price of the contract being fixed and variations are not as much like other contracts. \nThere are fewer change orders and they are reduced. \nThe bidding and contractor selection is less complicated.\nObtaining construction loans are easier with this type of contract.\nThe profit margins and percentages are greater for engineers and contractors.\nPayments and instalments are made on regular basis which provides the contractor with a reliable cash flow.\nManagement of the contract is a lot easier for the owner.\nIt creates an improved communication and relationship between the design team, contractor, and the owner. There is a higher risk for the contractor.\nProper change order documentation is required which could be time-consuming.\nHigher fixed price due to unforeseen conditions.\nThe contractor selection usually takes longer.\nThe design has to be completed before the start of activities.\nChange orders could be rejected by the owner.\nIt increases the adversarial relationship among the stakeholders of the project.\nThe contractor has a freedom to choose its own methods.\nPotential for disputes between the client and the contractor, due to for example unbalanced bids, change orders, design changes, and compensation for early completion. Variations occur due to fluctuation in prices and inflation, provisional items, statutory fees, relevant events such as failure of the owner to deliver goods, etc. Where the cost of a specific activity is identified as a \"provisional sum\", a variation in actual cost may be accepted by the employer.\nVariations are typically broken down into two categories, beneficial and detrimental, where the former is for improvement of work quality, cost and schedule reduction, and the latter is a negative change in performance or quality of work due to client's financial difficulties. There are many reasons for variations to occur but main causes are normally due to omission in design, inadequate design, changes in specifications and scope, and lack of coordination and communication among the stakeholders.", ["w_s476"]]
[30138, "Heath and Reach is an English village and civil parish near the Chiltern Hills in Bedfordshire. It is 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) north of Leighton Buzzard and 3 miles (4.8\u00a0km) south of Woburn and adjoins the county boundary with Buckinghamshire. Nearby places are Leighton-Linslade, Great Brickhill and the Duke of Bedford's Woburn Abbey, Woburn Safari Park and Woburn Golf Club.\nSt Leonard's Church dates from the 1580s.\nLocated 40 miles (64\u00a0km) from central London, the village is 6 miles (9.7\u00a0km) from the M1 and benefits from a non-stop fast train from nearby Leighton Buzzard to Euston in just 30 minutes.<PIC> There was a sizeable Roman settlement at Heath and Reach. Fragments of pottery, coins and traces of buildings were found in 1971 near Overend Green Farm, by the Roman road, Watling Street. The village was originally two small hamlets in the Royal Manor of Leighton and records are found for Heath in 1220 and Reach in 1216.\nHeath and Reach was part of the parish of Leighton and was the property of the King of England. In 1539 a Muster Roll during the reign of Henry VIII listed the fighting men of the village, those aged 16\u201360, as \"25 males who could be relied upon to fight in Henry's wars with France and the defence of Calais.\"\nAs a prominent Royalist, Lord Leigh's estates were seized in 1644 and given to Parliamentarians: the Royal Manor of Leighton, which included Heath and Reach, handed to Colonel John Okey, commander of the New Model Army dragoons and a signatory to the execution of Charles I. When Okey was executed for treason at the 1660 Restoration Charles II transferred the royal manor lease back to Lord Leigh whose line continued as lords of the manor into the 19th century.\nLieutenant Robert Strong, who was killed in action near Ypres in 1915, was from Heath and Reach. First born son of Robert Strong of Gig Lane, Robert Jr was British Army bandmaster in India prior to the war and a noted sportsman. Lieutenant Arthur Pearson was also from Heath and Reach, a pilot of 29 Squadron, Royal Flying Corps, was awarded the Military Cross in the Battle of the Somme for \"conspicuous gallantry\". He was shot down in flames and killed 1917 by von Richthofen. 'Heath and Reach' is the name of the constituency that sends a Councillor to Central Bedfordshire Council. It includes the villages of Heath and Reach, Hockliffe, Eggington, Stanbridge, Tilsworth, Tebworth and Wingfield. The seat has been held by Councillor Mark Versallion since its creation in 2011. The parish is bounded in the south-west by the River Ouzel, in the north-east by the A5 (Watling Street), and includes the Kings's Wood nature reserve and the 400 acres (160\u00a0ha) Rushmere Country Park woods. The highest point is 480 feet (150\u00a0m) above sea level. 'Heath and Reach' is also included in the postal addresses of properties in nearby Old Linslade The village lower school St Leonard's was founded in 1846 by the Church of England and educates 100 children aged 4\u20139. There is also an on-site pre-school. The school's key stage 1 results remain \"exceptionally above national and local averages\" and Ofsted rate the school Outstanding. The village's annual Pancake Race organised every Shrove Tuesday by the Heath and Reach Women's Institute is a major feature of village life, raising money for charity. Leighton Buzzard Children's Theatre, run by Sally and David Allsopp, has been based in Heath and Reach since 1992. The group has raised over \u00a390,000 for various charities through musical theatre and drama productions starring local children aged 4 to 18 who regularly perform at the local Library Theatre and School Theatres. There are 570 homes in the parish and besides the church, school and golf club, the village has two pubs and a village store and a thriving Royal British Legion. There is also a sports association with tennis courts, playing fields and pavilion and a separate recreation ground. The village benefits from several community use meadows, public footpaths and bridleways. There is also a fishing club at the ten-acre Jones Lakes. Leighton Buzzard Golf Club lies just to the southwest of the village. Heath and Reach is also home to a heritage narrow gauge railway, which maintains the largest collection of narrow-gauge locomotives in the UK. There are 26 structures within Heath and Reach civil parish that are listed by Historic England for their historical or architectural interest. No building is listed as Grade I, the designation of highest significance, and Heath Manor is listed as Grade II*. The disused quarry on the outskirts of Heath and Reach has been used for film purposes, most notably The Mummy Returns (2001), The Da Vinci Code (2006), and Singularity (2012). The world relay gold medalist and TV presenter Kriss Akabusi MBE lives in Heath and Reach.", ["w_s482"]]
[30139, "Callum Hawkins (born 22 June 1992) is a British distance runner, who competed in the marathon at the 2016 Summer Olympics. He is the Scottish record holder in the marathon and the British all-time number three at that distance behind Mo Farah and Steve Jones. Hawkins is also the all-time Great Britain number two (and European all-time number six) in the half marathon. He is the Great Scottish Run course record holder and was the first British man to win that event in 23 years. Hawkins was born on 22 June 1992 in Elderslie near Paisley. He has two elder brothers [Scott Hawkins, Derek. Callum and Derek were encouraged to take up distance running, and are trained by their father Robert, a former international runner. In 2010\u20132012 Hawkins competed for the Butler University in the United States, earning all-American status, and winning the 2011 Men's Athlete of the Year award for the Great Lakes Region. He was the first athlete from the Butler University to win the award. After that he studied mechanical engineering at the University of the West of Scotland. Some time before 2013 he had two surgeries on his left knee. At the 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships held in Bydgoszcz, Poland, Hawkins finished 47th in the junior men's race in a time of 24 minutes and 21 seconds.\nIn 2013 he finished seventh in the men's under-23's race at the European Cross Country Championships. At the 2014 European Cross Country Championships he improved to a fifth-place finish in the under-23's race.\nHawkins competed at the 2014 Commonwealth Games held in Glasgow, Scotland, representing the host nation in the men's 10,000 metres, finishing 20th.\nIn October 2015 he finished the Great Scottish Run in a time of one hour two minutes and 42 seconds, setting a personal best to in second place overall behind Uganda's Moses Kipsiro and winning the gold medal for Scottish athletes. Later that month he competed in his first marathon in Frankfurt, finishing twelfth in two hours 12 minutes and 17 seconds, in a race won by Ethiopia's Sisay Lemma.\nAt the 2016 London Marathon, his second event over the distance, Hawkins finished eighth overall, and was the first British-qualified athlete to finish, in a time of two hours 10 minutes and 52 seconds. This time was inside the qualifying time of two hours 14 minutes needed to earn him a place in the Great Britain team for the 2016 Summer Olympics to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He was joined in the men's marathon by fellow British athletes, Tsegai Tewelde and his brother Derek Hawkins.\nHawkins finished ninth in the marathon at the 2016 Olympics in a time of 2:11:52.\nIn October 2016 he again ran the Great Scottish Run and this time was the overall winner of the event in 1:00:24. This would have been a new Scottish half-marathon record, but the race was found to be 150 m short, which invalidated the result.\nIn January 2017 he became the first British athlete to beat Mo Farah in any race for 7 years at the Great Edinburgh International Cross Country race, which has been held annually since 2005. In fact Callum was 2nd in this race overall (with Farah in 7th) - Callum had put in a strong performance to lead for most of the race, but was out-sprinted by Leonard Korir in the final straight.\nIn February 2017 Hawkins won the Kagawa Marugame Half Marathon in Japan, in 60:00, setting a new Scottish half-marathon record. The previous record was set by Allister Hutton in 1987.\nIn August 2017 Hawkins finished 4th in the men's marathon at the 2017 World Championships, equalling the best ever performance by a British runner in this event.\nHawkins competed at the 2018 Commonwealth Games held in Gold Coast, Australia, and collapsed near the finish while leading, from heat exhaustion in 30 degree heat.\nHawkins came fourth in the men's marathon at the 2019 World Athletics Championships, the same placing as in 2017.  He competed in the men's marathon at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.<PIC> ", ["w_s486"]]
[30140, "Maria Vladimirovna Mukhortova (Russian: \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430; born 20 November 1985) is a Russian pair skater. With former partner Maxim Trankov, she is the 2008 European silver medalist, a five-time Grand Prix medalist (including one gold medal at Troph\u00e9e Eric Bompard), 2005 World Junior champion, 2004 Junior Grand Prix Final champion, and 2007 Russian national champion. In her early career, she competed with Egor Golovkin and Pavel Lebedev. She also competed one season with J\u00e9r\u00f4me Blanchard. Mukhortova was born in Saint Petersburg but began skating in her father's hometown of Lipetsk when she was 6 years old. She became attracted to pair skating, however, there were no related opportunities in Lipetsk so her mother took her back to Saint Petersburg when she was thirteen.  Mukhortova and Maxim Trankov trained in the same practice group under coaches Ludmila Velikova and Nikolai Velikov, but with different partners. Mukhortova first competed with Pavel Lebedev during the 2001\u201302 and the 2002\u201303 season, skating with him on the ISU Junior Grand Prix and finishing fourth at the 2002 and 2003 World Junior Championships. The pair had frequent arguments but due to good results, Mukhortova initially declined to switch partners, however, a year later in 2003, she accepted Trankov's suggestion to skate together. In their first season together, they won the bronze medal at the Junior Grand Prix Final and the 2004 World Junior Championships. The following season, they competed on both the Grand Prix and Junior Grand Prix and won the 2005 World Junior Championships. In the 2005\u201306 Olympic season, they were assigned to the 2006 World Championships after Tatiana Totmianina / Maxim Marinin withdrew. They placed 12th in their debut at the event.\nAfter the 2005\u201306 season, Mukhortova and Trankov switched coaches to Tamara Moskvina. In August 2006, Artur Dmitriev became their coach and in December 2006 they moved to Oleg Vasiliev.\nIn the 2006\u201307 season, Mukhortova and Trankov won the 2007 Russian Nationals, but were forced to miss the Europeans after she suffered an injury in practice. They returned in time for the 2007 Worlds, moving up one place to 11th. The following season, they won the silver medal at the 2008 Europeans and finished 7th at the 2008 Worlds. They had to take a short break in the middle of their long program at Worlds because Trankov was suffering from swelling in his arm, but returned to complete their skate after some alterations to his costume.\nIn the 2008-09 season, Mukhortova and Trankov qualified for their first Grand Prix Final, won a bronze medal at the 2009 European Championships, and moved up to 5th place at the World Championships.\nFor the 2009-10 season, the pair was assigned to the 2009 Troph\u00e9e Eric Bompard, where they set a new overall personal best score and defeated two-time world champions Aliona Savchenko & Robin Szolkowy. Their second Grand Prix event was the 2009 Skate Canada where they placed second. They won another bronze medal at the 2010 European Championships but finished a disappointing seventh at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games. At the 2010 World Championships held in Turin, Italy, in March 2010 they finished in 4th place. Shortly thereafter, the pair ended their partnership.<PIC> In May 2010, it was announced that she had teamed up with J\u00e9r\u00f4me Blanchard to compete for Russia. At the 2011 Russian Championships, they finished 7th overall. In February 2011, their coach Oleg Vasiliev said they had taken some time off due to funding issues. On March 4, Vasiliev confirmed their partnership had ended; Mukhortova would consider competing with a new partner or move into show skating. Mukhortova joined the Russian Ice Stars in 2011.        ", ["w_s494"]]
[30141, "C-STEM (Center for Integrated Computing and STEM Education) is a UC Approved Educational Preparation Program for Undergraduate Admission for all UC campuses, meaning that participation in the C-STEM program is recognized in the UC admissions process as achievements that have explicitly prepared students for college and career. C-STEM has University of California A-G Program Status. High schools can easily add the A-G approved rigorous C-STEM curriculum to their own school\u2019s A-G course lists to satisfy the UC/CSU admission requirements.\nThe C-STEM center is located on the University of California \u2013 Davis campus. The Center aims to transform computing, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM) education in both formal and informal K-14 programs through integrated learning, guided by two key objectives:\nClose the achievement gap by broadening participation of students traditionally underrepresented in computing and STEM related careers and post-secondary study.\nDevelop students\u2019 21st century problem-solving skills to tackle real world concerns through integrated computing and STEM education.\nThe C-STEM Center has developed innovative educational technology C-STEM Studio  and RoboBlockly with computing in C/C++ for K-14 hands-on integrated learning.\nC-STEM Studio is a platform for teaching computing, science, technology, engineering and mathematics with robotics (Barobo Linkbot, Lego Mindstorms NXT, EV3, and Arduino boards). RoboBlockly is a web-based robot simulation for learning coding and math. The Center has also developed integrated C-STEM curriculum that integrates computing and robotics into Common Core compliant math courses with coding and math activities for grades 1 through 9.\nThe vision of the C-STEM is to provide formal computing education for all K-12 students. C-STEM ICT Pathway provides 12-years computer science education for K-12 students. The Pathway includes robotics and math with coding activities in RoboBlockly and C/C++ for elementary school students, rigorous Computer Programming course for middle school students, and Computer Programming courses and AP Computer Science Principles for high school students.\nOne of goals for the C-STEM program is to provide formal computing education for all K-12 students.  The C-STEM Center studies how to use innovative computing and robotics technologies to increase student interest and help them learn STEM subjects with an emphasis on Algebra, a gatekeeper for high-school graduation, university education and careers in STEM fields. The C-STEM program helps close the achievement gap, engages traditionally unrepresented groups and at risk students in learning STEM subjects while preparing all students to be career and college ready.\nThe C-STEM Center provides unique professional development for teachers without any prior computing experience through C-STEM 2-Day Academy, On-Site Training, 1-Week Institute, and Train-the-Trainer program to integrate computing and robotics into their classroom teaching. The annual C-STEM Day is organized to build public awareness and advocate for Integrated Computing and STEM education. The C-STEM Center and its partners organize curriculum-based RoboPlay Competitions on C-STEM Day, typically held at the end of May each year, to further engage students in project-based team activities and to showcase their accomplishments and creativity in not only math and engineering, but also in writing, art, music and film production. Various C-STEM awards and scholarships are presented at the awards ceremonies to outstanding students to recognize their achievement and inspire them to pursue computing and STEM related careers and post-secondary study.<PIC> The one-week GIRL Camps in summer are designed to inspire girls in middle school to pursue computing and STEM related careers and post-secondary studies through near-peer mentoring with fun and exciting robotics activities. The girls also learn leadership and communication skills and meet inspiring women leaders working with science and technology to gain exposure to the variety of opportunities available to them. The annual C-STEM Conference on Integrated Computing and STEM Education provides a forum for educators to discuss the current educational landscape as well as issues related to integrated learning in computing and STEM education.  Participants share their views, experiences and best practices, are given opportunities to discuss and influence the future direction of integrated computing, and STEM education.", ["w_s496"]]
[30142, "Infante Henry of Aragon (1400 \u2013 15 June 1445), 1st Duke of Villena, 4th Count of Alburquerque, Count of Ampurias, was the Grand Master of the Order of Santiago.<PIC> A member of the House of Trastamara, Henry was the third son of King Ferdinand I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque, 3rd Countess of Alburquerque. His older brothers were King Alfonso V of Aragon and King John II of Navarre but Henry's main estates were in Castile, left to him by his parents. As a child, Infante Henry came to the Castilian royal court, his paternal uncle, King Henry III of Castile, having secured a place for him in the royal council of Henry's five years younger cousin, King John II of Castile.\nIn 1409, Lorenzo Su\u00e1rez de Figueroa, Grand Master of the Order of Santiago, died. Infante Henry was proclaimed the new Grand Master despite being a child of merely nine years. After the death of his aunt, Catherine of Lancaster, Henry aspired to influence his weak cousin John's reign and get a grip on power. In November 1418, Henry married his first cousin, Infanta Catherine of Castile, the sister of King John II of Castile. The marriage was a part of an agreement by which Henry's older brother Alfonso V married Catherine's older sister Maria and by which Henry's sister Maria married Catherine's brother John II. Marriage to the King's sister increased Henry's power even more, to the point that the King began to consider him a threat and started seeking support in \u00c1lvaro de Luna. In 1420, Henry, with the help of some other noblemen, laid siege to the castle in which John II was residing, claiming that the King had been kidnapped by de Luna and demanding the King's surrender. After a few days, however, he lost the support of the noblemen and had to give up. The Infante was arrested and charged with treason and imprisoned in the Castle of Mora. He was released thanks to the efforts of his brother, after which he fled into exile.\nAfter \u00c1lvaro de Luna was disgraced in 1427, Henry regained some of his former power. He and his wife returned to Castile to claim her inheritance and they were successful; having already been granted the Dukedom of Villena by her brother, they received the rest of her dowry. In 1429, his brothers, the King of Aragon and the King of Navarre, declared war on Castile and had the Duke of Villena's support. The war was avoided thanks to their sister Maria's efforts. Henry then had to flee again, this time seeking shelter in the Kingdom of Naples. Alfonso was there fighting for the crown of Naples. Villena was helping Alfonso when he was imprisoned in August 1435 after a battle along with him and their brother John. They were again liberated thanks to the efforts of their sister, the Queen of Castile.\nHis mother died in 1435, having willed her comital title to Henry. The new Count of Alburquerque returned to Castile one last time in 1438, after an uprising of the noblemen. He took part in the uprising and armed conflicts with his brother-in-law. In October 1439, his wife Catherine died after suffering a miscarriage. Their marriage was childless and her brother confiscated the Dukedom of Villena which he had given to her. Shortly thereafter, the widowed Infante married Beatriz de Pimentel, by whom he had one child:\nHenry of Aragon (1445\u20131522), 1st Duke of Segorbe, whose granddaughter Anne was the last member of the House of Trastamara.\nIn 1445, Henry took part in the First Battle of Olmedo, helping his brother, the King of Navarre, against their brother-in-law, the King of Castile. According to one theory, the King of Navarre planned to conquer the southern part of the Kingdom of Castile and proclaim Henry its king. However, Henry was wounded and died of infection a few weeks later.", ["w_s497"]]
[30143, "Cory Fulton Lidle (March 22, 1972 \u2013 October 11, 2006) was an American professional baseball player. A right-handed pitcher, Lidle played in Major League Baseball with the New York Mets, Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Oakland Athletics, Toronto Blue Jays, Cincinnati Reds, Philadelphia Phillies and the New York Yankees from 1997 to 2006. Lidle was killed when the small aircraft he owned crashed into a residential building in New York City. Lidle graduated from South Hills High School in West Covina, California in 1990. He was a high school teammate of future major leaguers Jason Giambi and Aaron Small. Lidle was not drafted by any baseball teams, but he was signed by the Minnesota Twins as an amateur free agent. He was released in 1993 and spent a season playing for the unaffiliated Pocatello Posse in Idaho while bartending. After one season in Pocatello, he was signed by the Milwaukee Brewers. Due to his participation as a replacement player during the 1994 Major League Baseball strike, he was ineligible to join the Major League Baseball Players Association. In 1996, Lidle was traded to the New York Mets. Lidle made his major league debut on May 8, 1997 with the Mets. He became a trusted relief pitcher that season, going 7-1 with a 3.19 earned run average out of the bullpen. Lidle had arm surgery in 1998. Lidle later played for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Oakland Athletics, Toronto Blue Jays, Cincinnati Reds, Philadelphia Phillies and New York Yankees. His best season was 2001, when he achieved a 13-6 record with a 3.59 ERA (10th in the American League) for Oakland, helping the Athletics win the wild card. In August 2002, he gave up only one run during the whole month (setting Oakland's record for consecutive innings without an earned run), won all five of his starts, and was one of the prime movers in the A's historic run of 20 straight wins. It was on this Oakland team where Lidle earned the nickname \"Snacks\", for his apparent love of \"inhaling\" junk food in the bullpen.\nAfter the 2002 season, Lidle was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays, for whom he played one season. In 2003, Lidle led the major leagues with 123 earned runs allowed and had a 5.75 ERA that was the worst among qualified starters. Lidle then signed with the Cincinnati Reds, who later traded him to the Philadelphia Phillies.\nLidle played for the Phillies for parts of three seasons, amassing a record of 26-20. On July 30, 2006, Lidle was traded along with outfielder Bobby Abreu from the Philadelphia Phillies to the New York Yankees for minor league shortstop C. J. Henry, the Yankees' first round pick in the 2005 draft, along with left-handed reliever Matt Smith, minor league catcher Jes\u00fas S\u00e1nchez, and minor league right-hander Carlos Monasterios. After being traded, he criticized his former team, stating: \"On the days I'm pitching, it's almost a coin flip as to know if the guys behind me are going to be there to play 100 percent.\" He noted his excitement to join a Yankees team that expected to win. In his first start for the Yankees, Lidle went six innings, giving up one run on four hits en route to an 8-1 Yankee victory as part of a sweep against the Toronto Blue Jays. On August 21, 2006, he went six three-hit shutout innings, completing an improbable five-game sweep (in four days) over the then second place Boston Red Sox (who went from 1+1\u20442 games behind to 6+1\u20442  games behind).\nLidle \"became known for his outspoken nature, challenging the legitimacy of Barry Bonds\u2019s home run records\" in a 2006 interview.\nOn October 7, in his final game (Game Four of the 2006 ALDS), Lidle lasted only an inning and a third, allowing three earned runs on four hits as the Yankees lost to the Detroit Tigers, 8-3. He was criticized for telling a reporter, \"We got matched up with a team that, I think, was a little more ready to play than we were,\" which was taken by some as a jab at manager Joe Torre. For damage control, he called the radio talk show Mike and the Mad Dog and gave an extended defense of himself and the Yankees; the interview became contentious.\nIn his major league career, Lidle had a 82-72 record with a 4.57 earned run average.<PIC> Lidle was married and had one son. He and his wife, Melanie (nee Varela), were married in 1997. Their son, Christopher Taylor Lidle, was born September 18, 2000.\nLidle was a descendant of Robert Fulton, the inventor of the steamboat, as reflected in his middle name. Lidle's twin brother, Kevin, also played baseball, as a catcher and pitcher for various minor league teams between 1992 and 2002, and for an independent team in 2005. On October 11, 2006, Lidle and co-pilot/flight instructor Tyler Stanger were flying a Cirrus SR20 airplane when it crashed into the Belaire Apartments complex at 524 East 72nd Street on New York City's Upper East Side, killing them both. The plane was flying above the East River past the Queensboro Bridge toward restricted airspace. A strong wind from the east due to an incoming front caused the plane to be blown into the building as it was making a 180-degree turn. In addition to the deaths of Lidle and Stanger, 26 were injured in the accident, about half of them New York City firefighters.\nLidle was the third Yankee to die in a plane crash. The prior two were catcher Thurman Munson (on August 2, 1979) and pitcher Jim Hardin (on March 9, 1991). Yankees owner George Steinbrenner described Lidle's death as a \"terrible and shocking tragedy that has stunned the entire Yankees organization\" and offered his condolences to Lidle's wife and six-year-old son. On October 12, 2006, before the 2006 NLCS game in New York City between the New York Mets and the St. Louis Cardinals, both teams and all spectators observed a moment of silence in Lidle's memory.\nThe Yankees wore black armbands during the entire 2007 season in memory of Lidle. On April 2, 2007, Cory's widow Melanie and his son Christopher both threw the ceremonial first pitch on Opening Day at Yankee Stadium.", ["w_s499"]]
[30144, "Marcelo dos Santos (born 17 May 1975), known as Marcelinho Para\u00edba or simply Marcelinho, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder, and is manager of Treze.\nIn Brazil, he is also known as Marcelinho Para\u00edba, which refers to the state in which he was born, as a means to distinguish himself from other players also called \"Marcelinho\". He was one of the best playmakers in the Bundesliga because of his extravagant skills that include his visionary passing, abundance of tricks, and his world-class technique. Born in Campina Grande, Para\u00edba, Marcelinho Para\u00edba began his career in Campinense, where he won two league titles there. Between 1994 and 1995, he played for Santos. Two years later, however, he made his breakthrough at S\u00e3o Paulo, where he won two Paulist\u00f5es before being sold to Olympique de Marseille.\nHe only spent a year in France, and in 2001 he returned to Brazil to play for Gr\u00eamio, where he began to experience the pinnacle of his career. At that time, Marcelinho Paraiba was called \"Marcelinho Para\u00facho\" by Gremistas, because of his passage in the team. He became champion and top scorer of the Campeonato Ga\u00facho, and champion of the Copa do Brasil, where he scored a goal in the second game in the final against Corinthians, but did not play in the league that year because before the tournament, he signed a five-year contract with Hertha BSC.\nMarcelinho played for Hertha from 2001 to 2006. He is ranked among the most important players in the association's history and there Marcelinho was known as a technically talented player, serving as a playmaker and leader while performing in both the midfield and forward area. In addition, he carried the responsibility of executing the free kicks, corner kicks, and penalty kicks of the club. The personal trademarks of this extravagant football player are his usually remarkable shoes and his often multicolored hair. He was capped fives times for the Brazil national football team, for which he scored once. At the beginning of the 2006\u201307 season, he arbitrarily extended his off-season vacation by nine days, which led to some slight tension with the Hertha association management. After Marcelinho had expressed himself, in the following the days, contradictory statements as to whether he wanted to remain at Hertha or not, he ended his term with them, signing a three-year contract with Turkish club Trabzonspor for approximately 2.5 million euros.\nIn August 2008, Marcelinho Para\u00edba returned to Brazil to play for Flamengo. On 6 March 2009, Coritiba signed the forward on a free transfer until the end of the year, as Marcelinho terminated his contract with Flamengo. After the relegation of Coritiba, he re-signed for S\u00e3o Paulo on 18 December 2009. On 9 August 2010, he was loaned to Sport till the end of the 2010 season and his contract was extended to the end of the 2011 season.\nMarcelinho subsequently represented Sport, Boa Esporte, Fortaleza, Internacional de Lages (two stints), Joinville, Oeste, Ypiranga de Erechim Treze and Portuguesa.<PIC> On 15 March 2020, he announced his retirement as a professional player, playing for Perilima against Centro Sportivo Paraibano in the eighth round of the 2020 Campeonato Paraibano; however, eight months later, he changed his mind and rejoined Treze in an effort to help them avoid relegation. He made his first appearance since returning from retirement on 28 November as a half-time substitute in a 1\u20131 draw with Vila Nova, being substituted himself in the 78th minute.  On 10 December 2020, after Treze suffered relegation from the 2020 Campeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie C, Marcelinho was appointed manager of the club for the 2021 campaign. Despite a promising start in the 2021 Copa do Nordeste, he couldn't arrest a drop in performance which saw his side finish fourth in the first stage of the 2021 Campeonato Paraibano, and on 24 May 2021 he was dismissed. He joined Sport-PB as manager in September 2021. He was in role for only 15 days before resigning due to off-field problems. In late October 2021 he was announced as the coach of Oeirense for the 2022 season. He was sacked in February 2022, after six games of the season, following a heavy defeat. On 11 March 2022 he was announced as coach of Treze for a second time.  Campinense\nCampeonato Paraibano: 1991, 1993\nS\u00e3o Paulo\nCampeonato Paulista: 1998, 2000\nGr\u00eamio\nCampeonato Ga\u00facho: 2001\nCopa do Brasil: 2001\nHertha BSC\nDFB-Ligapokal: 2001, 2002\nBoa Esporte\nTa\u00e7a Minas Gerais: 2012 kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2002\u201303, 2004\u201305", ["w_s500"]]
[30146, "The official coat of arms of the Republic of Costa Rica was designed in 1848, with modifications in 1906, 1964, and 1998.  The latest change was the addition of smoke to distinguish the three volcanoes.<PIC> Before 1821, Costa Rica was part of the Spanish Empire and did not have a local coat of arms. The arms of the reigning monarch were used instead. The only city that had a local coat of arms was the city of Cartago, awarded by King Phillip II in 1565. After independence from Spain in 1821, Costa Rica established different government boards trying to decide its future, debating between being independent (republicans) or join the Mexican Empire (imperialists). Lack of decision led to the Battle of Ochomogo on 5 April 1823, with the decision to remain independent and moving the capital city from Cartago to San Jos\u00e9. Due to the long distances and difficult communication at the time, imperialists realized the Mexican Empire no longer existed since March 1823. In March 1824, when Costa Rica joined the United Provinces of Central America arms promulgated by the new republic's constitution became the arms of the State of Costa Rica. This coat of arms consists of a triangle, in which five volcanoes rise out of the sea symbolizing the five member states of the United Provinces; above the volcanoes is a shining red Phrygian cap and a rainbow. This coat of arms with small changes is still used by the national coat of arms of El Salvador and Nicaragua.\nOn 2 November 1824, Costa Rica adopted its first coat of arms as a state within the federation which showed the right side of a naked male's chest and extended arm surrounded by a circle of green mountains and the legend free state of Costa Rica. In 1840, after Costa Rica's withdrawal from the federation, a new coat of arms was adopted, the first for Costa Rica as a sovereign and independent state. It consisted of an eight-pointed shining star in a blue field surrounded by a yellow circle with the legend State of Costa Rica. This coat of arms was suppressed in 1842 by Francisco Moraz\u00e1n during his failed bid to reunite the Federal Republic of Central America. The 1824 arms were used during this period. The basis of the current national coat of arms of Costa Rica was adopted 29 September 1848, during the presidency of Dr Jose Maria Castro Madriz together with the new flag. Both designs are attributed to Pacifica Fernandez, wife of Mr Castro Madriz. These arms were significantly modified by law number 18 of 27 November 1906, which eliminated the military symbols, national flags and horn of plenty contained in the 1848 design.\nIn 1964 two stars were added to the original five in order to complete seven, which by then was the number of provinces of the country. In 1848, when the original design was adopted the current provinces of Puntarenas and Limon had not reached that status.\nOn 5 May 1998, by Executive Decree No. 26853-SP, the coat of arms was given its current form, including the smoking volcanoes. Before this date, the three mountains did not show smoke coming out of their tops.\nAs officially described, the coat of arms represents: three volcanoes (one for each of the three mountain ranges in the country) and an extensive valley between two oceans (Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea) with a merchant ship in each one (representing the maritime history of the country). In the horizon a rising sun.  All are surrounded by a golden frame with golden beads (coffee). Two palms close the arms joined by a white ribbon with the motto \"Rep\u00fablica de Costa Rica\" in gold. An arch of seven stars represent the provinces of the republic. The arms are crowned by a blue ribbon with the motto \"America Central\".", ["w_s507"]]
[30147, "Matthew  Bryan-Amaning (born 9 May 1988) is a British/Ghanaian professional basketball player, who plays for the Cheshire Phoenix of the British Basketball League (BBL). Bryan-Amaning played four seasons for the University of Washington Huskies, during the 2010\u201311 season he averaged 16 points and 8 rebounds. Some of his best performances included 30 points against Arizona State on 22 January, 15 rebounds against Oregon State on 8 January and 4 steals and 7 blocks in a narrow 87\u201386 loss at Arizona on 19 February. Such performances led to Bryan-Amaning being named Pac-10's most improved player and first-team All-Pac-10. At the 2011 Pacific-10 Conference Men's Basketball Tournament Bryan-Amaning helped the Huskies to their third Pac-12 tournament championship.<PIC>  Following graduation, Bryan-Amaning was touted as a late second-round pick in the 2011 NBA draft, but went undrafted and decided to begin his career in Europe. In 2012, he was a member of the New Orleans Hornets squad in the NBA Summer League, where he averaged 2.2 ppg and 2.2 rpg with a 75 FT%. In 2013, Bryan-Amaning was again asked to play in the NBA Summer League, this time with the Chicago Bulls. He averaged 3.2 ppg, 3.0 rpg and 1.6 bpg, including a 5-block outing against the Portland Trail Blazers. In July 2014, he joined the Portland Trail Blazers for the 2014 NBA Summer League. Bryan-Amaning began his professional career with Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi of the Turkish Basketball League after signing a one-year contract with the club in July 2011. He signed with the Serbian team Radni\u010dki Kragujevac for the 2012\u201313 season, where he averaged 8.2 points and 3.2 rebounds per game in the Adriatic League. In October 2013 he signed a short-term deal with his hometown club London Lions of the British Basketball League, after a deal with Korean side Anyang KGC fell through. On 29 October 2013 he signed with Olympique Antibes. He left them in April 2014, and moved to SO Maritime Boulogne of the LNB Pro B for the rest of the season. In September 2014 he signed a one-year deal with MHP Riesen Ludwigsburg of Germany. On 28 October 2014 he left Ludwigsburg after playing five games in Bundesliga and averaging 7.2 points and 2.8 rebounds per game. Three days later, he signed with Soles de Mexicali of the Mexican LNBP. On 20 May 2015 he signed with Soles de Santo Domingo of Dominican Republic for the 2015 LNB season. On 2 September 2015, he returned to Soles de Mexicali. In April 2016, he signed with San Lorenzo de Almagro of the Argentine Liga Nacional de B\u00e1squet. He helped them to win the league title. In August 2016, Amaning signed with Japanese club Rizing Fukuoka for the 2016\u201317 season. In August 2017, he signed with Boca Juniors of Argentina for the 2017\u201318 season. However, he never appeared in an official game for Boca Juniors. On January 17, 2018, he signed with Defensor Sporting Club of the Liga Uruguaya de Basketball.\nIn March 2020, Bryan-Amaning signed with Zamalek in Egypt to play in the 2020 BAL season. The season was however delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, causing him to leave without playing a game. On September 13, 2020, he rejoined the London Lions. However, Bryan-Amaning parted ways with the team on October 13. On November 13, 2020 Bryan-Amaning signed a short-term deal with the Worcester Wolves of the British Basketball League (BBL), following his departure from the London Lions in pre-season. Bryan-Amaning began his international career at Under-16 level with England in 2004, moving up to Under-18 level and then into the Under-20 ranks with Great Britain in 2008, where he was ranked fourth among all players in the European Championships in blocked shots with 1.6 per game, as well as 12th in scoring, including a 41-point haul against the Czech Republic.\nBryan-Amaning made his senior debut for Great Britain against Canada in 2010. His best performance for GB came at the 2011 London Invitational where he averaged 1.7ppg and 2.7rpg against strong international competition including Croatia, China and France.", ["w_s514"]]
[30148, "Nitric oxide reductase, an enzyme, catalyzes the reduction of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrous oxide (N\u2082O). The enzyme participates in nitrogen metabolism and in the microbial defense against nitric oxide toxicity. The catalyzed reaction may be dependent on different participating small molecules:  Cytochrome c (EC: 1.7.2.5, Nitric oxide reductase (cytochrome c)), NADPH (EC:1.7.1.14), or Menaquinone (EC:1.7.5.2). Nitric oxide reductase was assigned Enzyme Commission number (EC) 1.7.2.5. Enzyme Commission  numbers are the standard naming system used for enzymes. The EC identifies the class, subclass, sub-subclass, and serial number of the enzyme. Nitric oxide reductase is in Class 1, therefore it is an oxidoreductases.\nNitric oxide reductase belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors with other acceptors.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is nitrous-oxide:acceptor oxidoreductase (NO-forming). Other names in common use include nitrogen oxide reductase, and nitrous-oxide:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (NO-forming). Organisms reduce nitrate (NO\u2083\u207b) to nitrogen gas (N\u2082) through the process of denitrification, see Figure 1. Two important intermediates of the reduction pathway are nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N\u2082O).  The reducing reaction that transforms NO into N\u2082O is catalyzed by nitric oxide reductase (NOR).\nNO is reduced to N\u2082O also to prevent cellular toxicity. N\u2082O, a potent greenhouse gas, is released.<PIC> In enzymology, a nitric oxide reductase (NOR) catalyzes the chemical reaction:\n2 NO + 2 e\u207b + 2 H\u207a \\rightleftharpoons  N\u2082O + H\u2082O\nThe enzyme acts on 2 nitric oxide (substrate). The enzyme converts NO, electrons and protons to products: nitrous oxide, and H\u2082O.\nInputs: 2 molecules of NO, 2 electrons, 2 protons\nOutputs: 1 molecule of N\u2082O, 1 molecule of H\u2082O NOR catalyzes the formation of nitrogen to nitrogen (N--N)\u00a0 bonding. The conformation changes of the active site and attached ligands (ie. Glu211) allows NO to be positioned in the crowded binuclear center and form N--N bonds.\nThe precise mechanism of catalysis is still unknown, although hypotheses have been proposed.\nCordas et al. 2013 proposes three options: the trans-mechanism, the cis-FeB and the cis-heme b3 mechanisms.\nBased on the structure of the enzyme, Shiro 2012 proposes the following mechanism: (1) NO molecules bind at the binuclear center, (2) electrons are transferred from the ferrous irons to the NO, (3) charged NO molecules have the potential to form N to N bonds, and (4) N to O bonds are potentially broken by water, allowing for the N\u2082O and H\u2082O to be released.\nAccording to Hino et al. 2010, the changing charge of the active site causes NO to bind, form N\u2082O and leave the enzyme. The  NOR active site is positioned near two hydrogen bound glutamic acids (Glu). The Glu groups provide an electron-negative charge to the active site. The electro-negative charge reduces the reaction potential for heme b3 and allows NO to bind to the binuclear activation site. Glu residues also provide protons needed for removal of N\u2082O and production of H\u2082O.  NOR is made up of two subunits, NorC (small) and NorB (large), with a binuclear iron centre. The binuclear iron center is the active site. It is composed of two b-type hemes and a non-heme iron (FeB). The ligands are connected through a \u03bc-oxo bridge. Histidine (His) residues are attached to the heme b3 in the small subunit. The hydrophilic region of the larger subunit has His and methionine (Met) ligands. Structure is similar to cytochrome oxidases.\nThe active site is conserved between cNOR and qNOR, although differences (ie. heme type) occur between cNOR and qNOR. Enzymatic folding produced 13 alpha-helices (12 from NorB, 1 from NorC) located within and through the membrane. The folded metalloenzyme transverses the membrane. Bacteria, archaea and fungi use NOR. qNOR is found in denitrifying bacteria and archaea, as well as pathogenic bacteria not involved in denitrification. Denitrifying fungi reduce NO using P-450nor soluble enzyme. Three types of NOR were identified from bacteria: cNOR, qNOR, and qCuNOR. cNOR was found in denitrifying bacteria: Paracoccus denitrificans, Halomonas halodenitrificans, Pseudomonas nautica, Pseudomonas stutzeri, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. cNOR was first isolated from P. aeruginosa. qNOR was isolated from Geobacillus stearothermophilus.", ["w_s522"]]
[30149, "Hamid Augustine Shirvani (born October 20, 1950) is an architecture scholar, university president and chancellor emeritus.<PIC> Shirvani was born in Tehran, Iran, and raised in London, England; he was educated in the United Kingdom and attended graduate schools in the United States.  He holds a BA in Architecture from the Polytechnic of Central London, a M.Arch from Pratt Institute, a M.S. from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, an M.L.A. from Harvard University and both an M.A. and Ph.D. from Princeton University.\nHe started his academic career as an assistant professor at Pennsylvania State University and as an Associate and Full professor at the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry at Syracuse. Dr. Hamid Shirvani is currently partner with Higher Education Innovation Group, Washington DC. Professor Shirvani served as President of Briar Cliff University; Senior Fellow with the American Association of State Colleges and Universities; Chancellor of the North Dakota University System; President of California State University Stanislaus; Provost and Executive Vice President at Chapman University; Vice President for Graduate Studies and Research at Queens College, City University of New York; Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Massachusetts Lowell; and Dean of the College of Architecture and Planning at the University of Colorado Denver.\nShirvani has served on numerous public and private boards and Commissions, including: the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education, the Midwestern Higher Education Compact, the National Association of System Heads, the NCAA Presidents Council Division II, the American Council on Education (ACE) Commission on International Initiatives, the American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU) Committee on Professional Development and Workforce Development (chairman), the Governing Board of the Stockton Site Authority, the Competition Inc., and many others. In November 2009 the General Faculty of CSU Stanislaus voted for a measure of no confidence in Shirvani. The motivation for the vote according to the Academic Senate was \"Shirvani\u2019s abandonment of the shared governance process, the deteriorating working relationship between Shirvani and faculty, and Shirvani\u2019s seeming lack of understanding of the mission of the CSU system.\"\nIn April 2010, California Attorney General Edmund G. Brown Jr. announced an investigation to accusations that the university officials including Shirvani violated public records laws when they refused to reveal the financial details of a contract with former Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin to speak at a university fundraiser, and allegedly shredded documents related to the agreement.\nThe contract was reportedly found in a recycling bin along with other CSU documents. These were found by two unnamed CSUS students after a tip they received stating that there was documents being shredded at the CSU on a Furlough Day. In August 2010, the Attorney General concluded his investigation and found that there was no misappropriation of funds by the Foundation and no violation of law. On February 5, 2013, the Fargo Forum reported that State Senator Tony Grindberg (R-Fargo) would offer an amendment to the higher education funding bill that would include language to buy out the remainder of Shirvani's contract.  This was politically motivated according to the Bismarck Tribune and was countered by the former Lieutenant Governor Omdahl. However, the State Board of Higher Education expressed their \u201cwholehearted and unequivocal support\u201d for Chancellor Shirvani. The State Board stated that \u201che has earned and fully deserves our gratitude and continued support.\u201d  Representative Robert Skarphol (R) from Tioga, called the attempt \u201cbeyond ridiculous\u201d and \u201c totally inappropriate\u201d, \u201cShirvani is highly qualified and honorable man\u201d, who \u201cbrings both the knowledge and the will to the table, and it terrifies some people within the institutions and the legislators that a real expert may finally be at the helm and the playground atmosphere at some of the campuses may be replaced with one of seriousness and accountability.\u201d\nOn March 21, 2013, the State Board of Higher Education passed a Resolution in support of Dr. Shirvani expressing that the Board \u201cendorses and gives its full support to the chancellor for his dedication and perseverance in endeavoring to improve the quality of public higher education in North Dakota.\u201d\nOn February 5, 2013, the Fargo Forum reported that State Senator Tony Grindberg (R-Fargo) will offer and amendment to the higher education funding bill that will include language to buy out the remainder of Shirvani's contract. This was politically motivated according to the Bismarck Tribune  and was countered by the former Lieutenant Governor Omdahl.\nAt the annual retreat of the North Dakota Board of Higher Education, the board went into executive session to discuss Shirvani's job performance and related proposals. On June 4, 2013, the board voted to accept a proposal which would buy out the two remaining years of his employment contract at a cost estimated to be over $800,000.\nStudent leaders in North Dakota have passed no confidence motions regarding Dr. Shirvani on February 23, 2013. However, the State Board of Higher Education expressed their \u201cwholehearted and unequivocal support\u201d for Chancellor Shirvani. The State Board stated that \u201che has earned and fully deserves our gratitude and continued support.\u201d  Representative Robert Skarphol (R) from Tioga, called the students\u2019 vote \u201cbeyond ridiculous\u201d and \u201c totally inappropriate\u201d, \u201cShirvani is highly qualified and honorable man\u201d, who \u201cbrings both the knowledge and the will to the table, and it terrifies some people within the institutions and the legislators that a real expert may finally be at the helm and the playground atmosphere at some of the campuses may be replaced with one of seriousness and accountability.\u201d  Furthermore, \u201cminutes show students no confidence votes politically motivated\u201d according to the minutes of North Dakota Student Association meeting. This is echoed by an editorial in the Great Plains Examiner.\nOn March 21, 2013, the State Board of Higher Education passed a Resolution in support of Dr. Shirvani expressing that the Board \u201cendorses and gives its full support to the chancellor for his dedication and perseverance in endeavoring to improve the quality of public higher education in North Dakota.\u201d\nAt the annual retreat of the ND Board of Higher Education, the board went into executive session to discuss Shirvani's job performance and related proposals. At the end of that session it was announced that the board bought out the remaining two years of the employment contract at a cost of over $800,000.\nHe was released from his contract on June 3, 2013. Shirvani resigned as president of Briar Cliff University after just over a year. In 2007 and again in 2009, the statewide student government body of the 23-campus California State University system recognized Shirvani as \u201cPresident of the Year.\u201d Shirvani has authored three books: Design Review Process, 1981; The Urban Design Process, 1985; \nand Beyond Public Architecture, 1990.\nShirvani has also published several dozen papers in various referred and professional journals.  In addition, he has authored numerous commentaries and editorials in the Times Higher Education, Inside Higher Education, Chronicle of Higher Education, and local newspapers.", ["w_s523"]]
[30150, "Charles Edward Bennett (December 2, 1910 \u2013 September 6, 2003) was an American politician serving as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida from 1949 to 1993. He was a Democrat who resided in Jacksonville, Florida.  He is the longest-serving member of either house of Congress in Florida's history.<PIC> He was born in Canton, New York and moved to Florida by the end of his childhood. He graduated from high school in Tampa.  Bennett was an Eagle Scout and received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America.\nIn the history of the University of Florida, he is the only person to have served both as editor of the student newspaper (The Independent Florida Alligator), and president of the student body.  As editor of the Alligator, he wrote editorial in favor of isolation and against the nation becoming involved in foreign wars.\nBennett earned his bachelor's degree in 1932, then enrolled in the Law School. After graduating with a Juris Doctor in 1934, he practiced law in Jacksonville and was elected to the Florida state legislature in 1941.\nHe resigned in March 1942 to join the United States Army and served with distinction in New Guinea as a guerrilla fighter during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. While overseas, he contracted polio which left his legs paralyzed for the remainder of his life. He went through 16 months of rehabilitation at a military hospital in Arkansas, then utilized leg braces, canes or crutches to walk. He received the Philippine Legion of Honor and the Gold Cross. In the U.S., he was awarded the Bronze and Silver Stars and was discharged as a captain in 1947.\nHe married wife Dorothy Jean in 1953 and they had four children: Lucinda (Cindy), Charles Junior (who died in 1977 from a drug overdose), James and Bruce. After the war, he was elected to Congress from what was then the 2nd District. He was re-elected 21 more times from this Jacksonville-based district, which was renumbered as the 3rd District in 1967.  He rarely faced serious opposition, even as Jacksonville fell under increasing Republican influence.  For instance, in 1972 he won 82 percent of the vote against a nominal Republican challenger (one of only six times the Republicans even put up a challenger against him) even as Richard Nixon carried the district by over 70 percent of the vote.\nIn 1951, he began proposing a code of ethics for government employees, nicknamed The Ten Commandments. After the Sherman Adams affair, the document was adopted as the first code of ethics for government service in 1958. In 1955, he sponsored the bill that added the words In God We Trust to the nation's currency. He signed the 1956 Southern Manifesto, and voted against the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968, but voted in favor of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.\nTo prove to his constituents that his handicap did not interfere with his serving in Congress, he amassed the record for the longest unbroken string of recorded roll call votes without being absent when the roll was called.   Each year, he returned his veteran's disability pension and Social Security checks to the U. S. Treasury to reduce the national debt. Leftover campaign funds were given to the National Park Service. According to The Almanac of American Politics 1980, \"He opposes unofficial office accounts, outside income for members and congressional pay raises, which led one colleague to call him 'a bit too pious.' \"\nHowever, his staunch ethical stance appeared to be too much for his colleagues in the House of Representatives, who nicknamed him, \"Mr. Clean\".  Although he was responsible for the establishment of the first temporary committee on ethics in the House, he was not named to the first formal ethics committee when it was formed.\nNot surprisingly, given the large defense presence in the Jacksonville area, Bennett was somewhat hawkish on defense policy. He was in line to become chairman of the House Armed Services Committee in 1985, one of the most powerful panels in the body; he had served on that committee for virtually all of his House career. However, he was defeated for the post by Les Aspin. While Aspin had far less seniority than Bennett, his views on defense policy were more in line with the rest of the Democratic Caucus.\nBennett was set to run for a 23rd term in 1992 in the newly renumbered 4th District against Jacksonville City Council president Tillie Fowler, his strongest Republican opponent in decades. However, he abruptly ended his bid for reelection when his wife became ill in the spring of 1992. Fowler went on to win in November. At the time of his retirement, he was the second longest-serving member of the House (behind only fellow Democrat Jamie Whitten). He is still the longest-serving member of either house of Congress in Florida's history. Proving just how Republican this district had become, the Democrats have only fielded a candidate in the district five times since Bennett's retirement, and none of them have cleared the 35 percent mark. Florida's 3rd congressional district, 1980:\nCharles E. Bennett (D) - 104,672 (77.07%)\nHarry Radcliffe (R) - 31,208 (23.0%)\nFlorida's 3rd congressional district, 1982:\nCharles E. Bennett (D) - 73,802 (84.1%)\nGeorge Grimsley (R) - 13,972 (15.9%)\nFlorida's 3rd congressional district, 1990:\nCharles E. Bennett (D) - 84,280 (72.7%)\nRod Sullivan (R) - 31,727 (27.3%) Charles Bennett was a historical scholar who researched and wrote nine books about the history of north Florida, including General MacGregor: Hero or Rogue about Gregor MacGregor, Laudonniere & Fort Caroline, Three Voyages and Twelve on the River St. Johns. \nThe Fort Caroline National Memorial and the Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve were both created through his efforts.\nHe is the only person to receive the Jacksonville Historical Society's Lifetime Achievement Award, and the society stated, \"His contributions of original research and his additions to the body of knowledge on the area's history are staggering.\"\nThe Charles E. and Dorothy J. Bennett Fund was established in 2008 at the University of Florida to encourage research and publication of Florida history. Bennett suffered a heart attack and a stroke in 2002, after which he used a wheelchair. His health steadily declined, and he died in Jacksonville in 2003 at age 92. His ashes were interred at Arlington National Cemetery.\nThe Charles E. Bennett Federal Building at 400 West Bay Street in Jacksonville is named after him as is the Charles E. Bennett Elementary School in Green Cove Springs, Florida. The bridge over the Intracoastal Waterway on Jacksonville's Wonderwood Connector was dedicated on August 27, 2004 as the Charles E. Bennett Memorial Bridge.\nA life-size cast bronze statue of Bennett was installed on a granite base in a shady corner of Hemming Plaza in Jacksonville on April 23, 2004. General MacGregor: Hero or Rogue ISBN\u00a00970498721, River City Press 2001\nLaudonniere & Fort Caroline ISBN\u00a0081731122X, University of Alabama Press, 2001\nThree Voyages ISBN\u00a00817311211, University of Alabama Press, 2001\nTwelve on the River St. Johns ISBN\u00a00813009138, University Press of Florida 1989\nA Quest for Glory: Major General Robert Howe and the American Revolution ISBN\u00a00807819824, University of North Carolina Press 1991\nThe Life of Charles Brockden Brown 1814 ISBN\u00a00820111600, Scholars Facsimiles & Reprint 1999\nFlorida's \"French\" Revolution, 1793-1795 University Press of Florida 1982\nSettlement of Florida University of Florida Press 1968", ["w_s526"]]
[30151, "Levi Casboult (born 15 March 1990) is an Australian rules footballer, who currently plays for the Gold Coast Suns in the Australian Football League, having formerly played for the Carlton Football Club from 2010 to 2021.\nCasboult, a tall and solidly built player, spent much of his formative years as a ruckman and key position player. Casboult began to play TAC Cup football with the Dandenong Stingrays in 2007. He played a total of 44 games with the Stingrays; in his first two seasons, he scored only three goals, but in 2009 he was moved into a key forward role and scored 41 goals in 20 matches.\nCasboult was recruited by the Carlton Football Club with its third round selection in the 2010 AFL Rookie Draft (at selection 44 overall). His first month at the club was eventful. Before the 2009 Christmas break, Casboult attended the team's controversial booze cruise (the fallout from which included the suspensions of Andrew Walker, Eddie Betts and Ryan Houlihan, plus a \"please explain\" to the club from the AFL); it was widely reported in the media that, in an initiation game, Casboult was handcuffed to an unnamed senior player and forced to match him drink-for-drink until barely conscious. A few days later, on 24 December, Casboult was fortunate to walk away uninjured from in a head-on car accident: his car was struck by the car of Samir Azemi, which had jumped the median strip on the Princes Highway in Dandenong. Azemi was killed in the accident.\nPlaying as a key forward and occasional ruckman for the club's VFL-affiliate, the Northern Blues, Casboult did not play an AFL game for Carlton in his first two seasons after being drafted, and was even on occasion dropped to the VFL reserves. A PCL injury at the start of 2012 made his chances of ever making his senior debut seem unlikely; but, only two VFL games after his return from that injury, Casboult was called into the senior team for his debut as starting ruckman in Round 17, 2012, after injuries and suspension resulted in Carlton's first three ruck choices all being unavailable for selection.\nCasboult won a regular place in the senior team in 2014, playing as a forward and sometimes as a back-up ruckman. Over the course of his career, he gained attention as one of the strongest contested marks in the competition. and he was a Mark of the Year finalist in 2014. Through the early part of his career, this strength in his game was offset by very poor goalkicking accuracy from set shots, returning less than 50% each season and not reliable even at close range; but after working with former Collingwood and North Melbourne full forward Saverio Rocca in 2015 and again in 2017, became one of the team's most reliable set shots. He led the team in goalkicking for the only time in his career in 2017, with a return of 34 goals, 18 behinds, and signed a two-year contract extension with the club after the season.\nAfter a 2018 season was abbreviated by injury, Casboult returned as a regular to the team in 2019 and 2020, and began playing swing key position roles in both the forwardline and backline, as well as back-up ruck. Falling out of form in 2021, Casboult played about half of the season in the senior team and was delisted at the end of the year, after 154 senior games. He was subsequently picked up by Gold Coast in the 2021 rookie draft.<PIC> Notes\nThe 2020 season was played with 17 home-and-away matches per team (down from 22) and 16-minute quarters with time on (down from 20-minute quarters with time on) due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.", ["w_s528"]]
[30152, "The Young Communist League of Norway (Norwegian: Norges Kommunistiske Ungdomsforbund, NKU) was until April 2006 the youth league of Norges Kommunistiske Parti (NKP). The NKP declared on 1 April 2006 that the NKU was no longer its youth organization, and that all youths interested in joining the movement should contact the party directly. The NKU still persisted as an organization, however, and held a congress in the middle of May 2006, where it declared its wish to cooperate with the NKP, but also to continue on its own if necessary. At the same time the NKP organized a conference of their own, where they established a new youth organization for the party, with the same name and logo as the original NKU. This has led to a conflict over the rights to the name, logo, history, international contacts and property of the NKU, which lasted until July 2008. The conflict ended in court, where both the NKU and NKP were found responsible for the problems that had arisen. However, it was decided that the NKU still had the right to their name and logo. Therefore, the NKP's re-established version of the Youth League, which had taken up several new members since 2006 had to change its name from Young Communist League of Norway (Norges Kommunistiske Ungdomsforbund) to Youth Communists in Norway (Ungkommunistene i Norge) and also change their logo. UngKom took over for the NKU as the NKP's youth league and view themselves as an incarnation of the NKU.\nAfter freezing the NKU's membership due to uncertainty over the situation in Norway, the World Federation of Democratic Youth decided to admit both communist youth organizations in February 2010.<PIC>  In 1903 in the city of Drammen as Young Social Democrats of Norway (NSU) as the youth wing of the Norwegian Labour Party. In 1923 they changed their mother party from the Labour Party to the newly formed communist party, which was formed following a conflict on the membership in Komintern.\nIn the 1930s, the youth league worked together with the communist party against strikebreakers, fascism and for the establishing of a national front to defend the country against fascism and nazism. When World War II came to Norway 9 April 1940, the youth communists prepared its organization for illegal work in case the Nazi occupation lead to communist organizations being illegalized. This happened in August the same year, a month before the illegalization of the other political parties. In addition to the communists being the fascists' and nazis' main enemy, this happened because the communists were the only ones who refused to print Quisling's statement of 10 April. By 16 April, communists urged armed resistance, while the other parties urged calm behavior.\nFollowing the illegalization, the youth league's resistance sharpened with the creation of some of Norway's first illegal papers during the war When the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact of 1939 was violated, the Youth Communists intensified their activities further. In the period 1941\u20131945 the Youth League was part of numerous sabotage-raids against Germans and German-aiding production, several of their members also contributed directly in the war effort. One example of this is Dagny Siblund from Jacobsnes in Finnmark, northern Norway, who fled to the Soviet Union and received training there before being dropped in a parachute over Norway as Norway's first female parachuter. When the war came to an end and the occupation was lifted, the organization had gained so much popularity that several of the Labour Party's Youth Wing leagues joined the communist league instead.\nIn the next few years the youth league would disagree so much with the communist party that it resulted in an open political conflict within both organizations between the so-called Furubotn-fl\u00f8y and the L\u00f8vlien-fl\u00f8y. The youth league became less prominent in Norwegian politics as the communist party lost its seats in the Storting. In 1967 a right-wing faction in the youth league was excluded from the communist party, but the faction had majority control over the central part of the communist youth league resulting in the youth league suspending to be the youth league of the communist party. In response to this the communist party established a new youth league called Communist Youth (KU) which took the NKU's seat for a couple of years until the NKU died out and they could reclaim the name and logo of the organization. The NKU again became the youth wing of the communist party.", ["w_s535"]]
[30153, "ABC Goulburn Murray (call sign: 3MRR) is an ABC Local Radio station based in Wodonga, Victoria, broadcasting to North East Victoria and Southern New South Wales. First aired on 16 December 1931 as 2CO from studios in Albury, New South Wales, in 2000 the station's AM transmitter in Corowa was reallocated to ABC Riverina.\nThe station's local programming outside of breakfast is simulcast on ABC Shepparton, while networked programming is sourced via ABC Radio Melbourne and ABC Local Radio Victoria. A tiny studio was established in the Albury Post Office building to enable its first employee, Arthur Newnham, to provide a modest offering of local programming in an on-air schedule that consisted mainly of a mix of programs relayed from the ABC's Melbourne radio stations, 3LO and 3AR. The 2CO studios later moved to various Albury locations: Temple Court in Dean Street; a large house at the corner of Dean and Thugoona streets; to Townsend Street; and then into a purpose-built studio at the corner of Olive and Wilson Streets.\nIn October 1934, 2CO played a dramatic role in the MacRobertson Air Race from Mildenhall (near London) to Melbourne when the Netherlands KLM airliner the Uiver became lost over Albury, New South Wales after being caught in a thunderstorm. 2CO announcer Arthur Newnham appealed on air for cars to line up on the Albury racecourse to light up a makeshift runway in a bid to save the plane and its occupants. The Uiver landed safely and next morning was pulled out of the mud by locals, allowing it to fly on and win the handicap section of the international air race.\nIn the early 1990s, 2CO was re-branded as CO-FM as it switched from the AM to the FM band, retaining this name until 2000 when it became ABC Goulburn Murray. In the late 1990s, the station relocated across the border to Wodonga, into another purpose-built premises, which remains the station's current home. In 2021, the ABC's decision to axe the local Mornings program on ABC Goulburn Murray and replace it with a statewide regional Mornings program was met with criticism from state Member for Shepparton Suzanna Sheed, independent candidate for Nicholls Rob Priestly, independent member for Indi Helen Haines and Wodonga-based senator Bridget McKenzie. Sheed described it as being \"part of a progressive denigration of services.\" Priestly said that the decision meant that voices in the local region had \"further been eroded\" arguing that \"issues in Gippsland are not the same as those in Shepparton or Echuca\". Haines described the decision to reduce local programming on ABC Goulburn Murray as \"a terrible idea\" and said she intended to raise the issue with the ABC's managing director David Anderson.\nAlong with ABC Goulburn Murray's Mornings program, local editions which were broadcast from ABC stations at Ballarat, Bendigo, Horsham and Mildura were also axed in favour of a single statewide regional Mornings program broadcast from ABC Gippsland in Sale between 9am and 10am, which also meant that local Breakfast programs which had concluded at 10am were also shortened by an hour. The hosts of the axed local Mornings programs were redeployed as field reporters.\nThe ABC's director of regional and local services Judith Whelan argued that the decision to replace the local Mornings programs would increase the amount of quality regional content across Victoria.  Whelan said it would enable journalists to share stories more widely stating that a single Mornings program would be better resourced and have the ability to cover bigger regional themes and increase the regional coverage of arts and culture. Airing on 106.5 FM from a transmission site on Mount Baranduda near Wodonga, and from low-powered transmission sites in Bright, Corryong, Harrietville and Myrtleford, ABC Goulburn Murray broadcasts its local programs from studios located at 1 High Street Wodonga, covering parts of northern Victoria and southern New South Wales including Albury, Wodonga, Wangaratta and Benalla.\nThe original 2CO AM transmission site was retained and is used to rebroadcast Wagga Wagga-based ABC Riverina into the southern Riverina on the 675 AM frequency.<PIC> ", ["w_s536"]]
[30154, "Youssef Raouf Boutros-Ghali or YBG (Arabic: \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a; born 20 August 1952) is an Egyptian economist who served in the government of Egypt as Minister of Finance from 2004 to 2011. He was succeeded by Samir Radwan on 31 January 2011.<PIC> Youssef Boutros-Ghali earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics at Cairo University in 1974. He then earned a Doctor of Philosophy in economics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1981. He was also a lecturer and research assistant during his stay at MIT. Upon graduation, Boutros-Ghali joined the International Monetary Fund as an EP (Economist Program). He became Senior Economist. He worked in both area and functional departments: first in the Middle East Department (MED) and later in Policy and Development Review (PDR) on Asian, Latin American and Middle Eastern countries. He gained profound knowledge of the economic problems and policy challenges of countries as diverse as the Sudan, Ivory Coast, the Philippines, China, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, and Mexico. He also did background work on the Latin American debt crisis of the early 1980s.\nAfter leaving the Fund in 1986, Boutros-Ghali was appointed as Economic Advisor to Egypt's Prime Minister and to the Governor of the Central Bank of Egypt (1986\u20131993), where he took a prominent role in negotiating the 1987 and 1991 stand-by arrangements with the Fund and the debt rescheduling agreements with the Paris Club. The reform programs initiated then ushered a turnaround in the Egyptian economy and laid the groundwork for economic reforms that are being pursued to this day. Thereafter, Boutros-Ghali was appointed Minister of State for the Council of Ministers and Minister for International Cooperation (1993\u20131996), where he continued to be active in overseeing program relationship between Egypt and the Fund. He was subsequently named Minister of State for Economic Affairs (1996\u20131997). Thereafter he assumed the position of Minister of Economy and Foreign Trade (1997\u20132001), and later Minister of Foreign Trade (2001\u20132004).\nA firm advocate of trade liberalization, as Minister of Foreign Trade, Boutros-Ghali participated in the Seattle, Doha and Cancun ministerial meetings of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and played a prominent role in launching the Doha round. He was also instrumental in concluding the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership Agreement between Egypt and the European Union in 1998. In 1999 he led the negotiations with the COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa) a free trade agreement of some twenty east and southern African countries, into which Egypt was admitted that year. To this day this has provided the basis for an expanded Egyptian presence in the African continent. Early in the following decade and through the joint body created by the US\u2013Egypt Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA), Boutros-Ghali was active in advancing the negotiations on the free trade agreement between Egypt and United States. He also headed the negotiations leading to the Qualified Industrial Zone (QIZ) agreement between Egypt, the United States, and Israel, established in 2004.\nAs Minister of Finance, Boutros-Ghali headed the Ministerial Economic Committee in charge of overseeing the design and implementation of Egypt's economic reform programs. He is credited with implementing a series of reforms that helped modernize and reinvigorate the Egyptian economy and deepen its global integration. Chief among these is a major income tax and trade reforms, coupled with deregulation and liberalization in key areas of economic activity. The tax reform program was hailed as one of the most successful reforms among developing countries, which earned Egypt the position of top reformer among developing countries in 2007 by the World Bank.\nBoutros-Ghali received the Emerging Markets Award for Finance Minister of the Year for the Middle East Region twice (2005 and 2006).\nBoutros-Ghali also received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2008.\nOn 6 October 2008, Boutros-Ghali was elected chair of the IMF's policy-setting committee the IMFC. He beat India's Finance Minister Palaniappan Chidambaram to chair the 24-member International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC) the first chairman from an emerging market economy in the 65-year history of the committee\u00a0; Boutros-Ghali was well suited to assume the chairmanship of the IMFC. Having served both at the Fund and as a prominent government official, he was well aware of the concerns of the membership and of the reforms needed at the Fund. As IMFC Chairman, at the height of the international financial crisis of 2008, Boutros-Ghali helped create a consensus among national financial authorities for a coordinated approach, with active IMF participation, to address the fallout in international financial markets. Throughout Boutros-Ghali worked to promote consensus on the Fund's most pressing reform agenda, particularly on governance reforms to enhance legitimacy and evenhandedness in surveillance, establishing a new and sustainable income model for the Fund, and adapting its instruments to better suit the evolving needs of the membership in a global economy.\nIn 2010 Boutros-Ghali enacted a far-reaching reform of the social security and pension systems in Egypt. He introduced modern concepts of pension systems notional accounting of accumulated benefits and enacted structural changes to account for the erosion of pension benefits and the burden of pension contributions on the national economy.\nBoutros-Ghali resigned from his position as Minister of Finance on 29 January 2011. He declined President Mubarak's offer to join the next government headed by Ahmed Shafik. On 31 January 2011, as part of Hosni Mubarak's responses to the 2011 Egyptian protests, the government of Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif resigned and Boutros-Ghali, declining to participate in the following government led by Prime Minister designate Ahmed Shafik, was replaced as Minister of Finance by Samir Radwan. Then, on 4 February 2011, the IMF reported that Boutros-Ghali had resigned the Chairmanship of the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC).\nOn 11 February 2011, just prior to Mubarak's resignation, the VIP lounge at Cairo Airport opened to accommodate Boutros-Ghali and his wife before they flew to Lebanon while other ex-regime officials, including Mubarak himself, were targeted with travel bans, asset freezes, and even arrests. During the chaotic three years that followed Boutros-Ghali along with many other ministers were subjected to legal proceedings. All, including Boutros-Ghali have been rehabilitated under the Sisi administration. With Boutros-Ghali residing abroad, the final steps are taking somewhat longer in winding their way through the legal system. Boutros-Ghali and two of his three sons are now permanent residents of the United Kingdom. Boutros-Ghali published texts on exchange rate and monetary policy, external debt problems and debt relief issues, IMF programs, fiscal discipline and exchange rate market reforms. Boutros-Ghali speaks fluent Arabic, English, French, Italian and Spanish. His uncle, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, was Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1992 to 1996. He and his wife have three sons, Nader, Naguib and Youssef. While in London, in October 2011 his wife, Michele, died from a thoracic aneurism. The death was unexpected and sudden and devastated the family.", ["w_s544"]]
[30155, "Tracy Gray MP is a Canadian politician who was elected to represent the riding of Kelowna\u2014Lake Country in the House of Commons of Canada in the 2019 Canadian federal election. Prior to her election in the House of Commons, she was a city councillor for Kelowna City Council.<PIC> Prior to entering public service, Gray had worked extensively in the British Columbia liquor industry. She served in senior managerial capacities at several breweries and wineries in the Okanagan Valley, including Mission Hill Winery and Granville Island Brewing. She ran the Retail and Hospitality department at Mission Hill when it was awarded the International Wine and Spirit Competition Avery Trophy for Best Chardonnay in the World.\nIn 2003, Gray launched a chain of VQA wine stores in the British Columbia Interior. Throughout its operation, the chain included the highest ranked wine store in British Columbia in terms of sales, and carried over 800 varieties of local British Columbia wine. Gray has guest lectured at the University of British Columbia Okanagan and Okanagan College about entrepreneurship and has been an advocate and mentor for women in business. Gray hosted a weekly wine lifestyle segment on Global Okanagan and has also served as a judge at several international wine competitions.\nGray was a director on the Okanagan Film Commission, an organization which promotes regional economic development in film and animation. She was also a board member for Prospera Credit Union. Gray was on the board when Prospera merged with Westminster Savings, the largest credit union merger in Canadian history, making the new organization the 6th largest credit union in Canada. She also served as a director on the Kelowna Chamber of Commerce.\nGray was appointed by British Columbia's cabinet to serve on the Passenger Transportation Board.  Gray was elected as a Kelowna City Councillor following the 2014 municipal election. While on City Council, Gray was also elected as Chair of the Okanagan Basin Water Board, and spearheaded the region's flood mitigation strategy and invasive Quagga mussel prevention campaign. In April 2017, the provincial government responded to the concerns raised by Gray and the Water Board about invasive mussels by hiring more conservation officers and providing funding for two more boat inspection stations in the area. She was also appointed as a Trustee on the Okanagan Regional Library board.\nShe also served at the regional government level as a director on the Central Okanagan Regional District board. On September 6, 2018, Gray announced she would seek the federal Conservative nomination for the electoral district of Kelowna\u2014Lake Country, stating she felt compelled to run following the Liberal government's proposed small business tax changes. She won the contested nomination on April 6, 2019. Gray was elected as the Member of Parliament for the riding on October 21, defeating Liberal incumbent Stephen Fuhr. She is the first woman to be elected as a Member of Parliament for the riding.\nGray was named to the Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet in November 2019 as Shadow Minister for Interprovincial Trade. Following the election of Erin O'Toole as Conservative party leader, in September 2020 Gray became Shadow Minister for Export Promotion and International Trade. In her capacity as Shadow Minister for International Trade, Gray moved and passed a motion in the House of Commons to establish the Special Committee on the Economic Relationship between Canada and the United States, composed of members from recognized parties to study trade issues between the two countries.\nShe was re-elected for a second term in September 2021. Following the election, Gray was re-appointed to Shadow Cabinet in a new role as Shadow Minister for Small Business Recovery and Growth. \nGray voted against a bill that would prohibit compelling people to undergo conversion therapy intended to alter their sexual orientations. \nAbortion Rights Coalition of Canada has identified Gray as anti-abortion. Gray voted in support of Bill C-233 - An Act to amend the Criminal Code (sex-selective abortion) which would make it an indictable offence for a medical practitioner to knowingly perform an abortion solely on the grounds of the child's genetic sex.  Committee on International Trade (Vice Chair)\nSubcommittee on Agenda and Procedure of the Standing Committee on International Trade Committee on Industry, Science and Technology (February 2020 to August 2020)\nSpecial Committee on the COVID-19 Pandemic (April 2020 to June 2020)\nSource: Gray is married with one adult son. She was born in Edmonton and grew up in Lethbridge, moving to Kelowna in 1989. She is a graduate of the Haskayne School of Business at the University of Calgary.\nIn her free time, Gray enjoys skiing and used to sing in a volunteer community rock band composed of elected officials in the Kelowna-area. In 2006, Gray was named RBC Canadian Woman Entrepreneur of the Year.\nIn 2008, she was named by the Women's Enterprise Centre as one of 100 'New Pioneers' in British Columbia involved in entrepreneurship.\nIn 2015, she was named as a 'Woman to Watch' by the Kelowna Chamber of Commerce and Kelowna Capital News for her work in the local wine industry and on city council.   ", ["w_s546"]]
[30156, "Cemesto is a sturdy, light-weight, waterproof and fire-resistant composite building material made from a core of sugar cane fiber insulating board surfaced on both sides with asbestos and cement. Its name is a portmanteau word combining \"cem\" from \"cement\" and \"esto\" from \"asbestos.\" A type of prefabricated home using this material came to be called cemestos.\nCemesto was introduced by the Celotex Corporation in 1937. It was manufactured in the form of boards and panels that were 4 feet (1.2\u00a0m) wide, about 1.5 inches (3.8\u00a0cm) thick, and 4 feet (1.2\u00a0m) to 12 feet (3.7\u00a0m) long. Each 4 feet (1.2\u00a0m) by 12 feet (3.7\u00a0m) panel weighs just 265 pounds (120\u00a0kg). Cemesto was used primarily for interior and exterior walls.\nThe John B. Pierce Foundation and Celotex collaborated to develop a prefabrication system for building low-cost housing using cemesto panels, in which single cemesto panels were slid horizontally into light wooden frames to create walls. A prototype cemesto house was displayed at the 1939 World's Fair in New York City. The Pierce system was first used in 1941 for building employee housing at the Glenn L. Martin Aircraft Company near Baltimore, Maryland. For this development, named Aero Acres, the architecture firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill designed gable-roofed Cape Cod houses with dimensions of 24 feet (7.3\u00a0m) by 28 feet (8.5\u00a0m), featuring large commercial-style windows in their principal rooms. In 1941 a total of 600 homes were built at Aero Acres using this design.\nDuring World War II, when other building materials were in short supply, cemesto was used extensively in the United States.  Cemesto was used to build temporary office buildings in Washington, D.C. Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill adapted the Pierce system and used cemesto panels for the designs of some 2,500 pre-fabricated homes, known by the nickname \"cemestos,\" erected in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, to house Manhattan Project workers and their families. In 1942 the U.S. Farm Security Administration built 400 cemesto homes in Maryland at a site alongside Aero Acres.\nDuring the 1940s, the manufacturer of cemesto touted it as a material that would in the future make it possible to mass-produce housing at a low cost. One use of the material during the post-war era was in the late 1940s in Circle Pines, Minnesota, where cemesto panels were used in building the first homes in what was envisioned to be a cooperative housing community for people of color. The use of cemesto in Circle Pines came to be regarded as substandard construction, as the builders failed to adequately seal the joints between cemesto panels.\nSeveral prominent architects embraced cemesto as a modern material and used it in their designs. For the Bousquet-Wightman House in Houston, Texas, built in 1941, architect Donald Barthelme used cemesto panels for exterior sheathing. In 1949 Edward Durell Stone called for cemesto panels in the design of a home to be built in Armonk, New York. That same year, Charles Eames designed his Eames House, Case Study House #8, to use brightly painted and unfinished Cemesto panels in a prefabricated steel frame.  Frank Lloyd Wright designed the Raymond Carlson House in Phoenix, Arizona, built in 1950, to use a structural system of wood posts and cemesto boards. In the Arthur Pieper House in Paradise Valley, Arizona, built in 1952 from concrete block, Wright used cemesto for the ceilings.\nIn addition to houses and office buildings, cemesto was used to build gasoline stations and factories.<PIC>", ["w_s556"]]
[30157, "Timothy Chad Hansen (born January 18, 1995) is an American football wide receiver who is a free agent. He played college football for the California Golden Bears and was drafted by the New York Jets in the fourth round of the 2017 NFL Draft. Hansen attended Moorpark High School in Moorpark, California. While there, he played high school football. As a senior, he had 49 receptions for 882 yards and 12 touchdowns. Hansen's lone scholarship offer to play college football was from Idaho State University. As a true freshman at Idaho State in 2013, he played in 11 games and had 45 receptions for 501 yards and three touchdowns. After the season, he transferred to the University of California, Berkeley, to join their team as a walk-on. After sitting out 2014, due to transfer rules, Hansen had 19 receptions for 249 yards and a touchdown over 10 games for the Golden Bears in 2015. As a junior in 2016, he was named first-team All-Pac-12 after recording 92 receptions for 1,249 yards and 11 touchdowns in 10 games. After the season, he decided to forgo his senior year and enter the 2017 NFL Draft.  Hansen was drafted by the New York Jets in the fourth round with the 141st overall pick in the 2017 NFL Draft.\nHe appeared in 15 games in his rookie season, recording 9 catches for 94 yards.\nOn September 1, 2018, Hansen was waived by the Jets.<PIC> On September 2, 2018, Hansen was claimed off waivers by the New England Patriots. He was waived on September 10, 2018. On October 2, 2018, Hansen was signed to the Tennessee Titans' practice squad. He was released on October 15, 2018. On November 13, 2018, Hansen was signed to the Denver Broncos practice squad. On January 2, 2019, Hansen was re-signed to reserve/future contract. On May 2, 2019, the Broncos waived Hansen. On June 11, 2019, Hansen was signed by the New Orleans Saints. He was waived on July 25, 2019. On July 26, 2019, Hansen was claimed off waivers by the Houston Texans. The Texans waived him on August 31 during final roster cuts. On September 25, 2019, Hansen was signed to the practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Texans on January 13, 2020.\nOn September 5, 2020, Hansen was waived by the Texans and signed to the practice squad the next day. He was elevated to the active roster on December 5 and December 12 for the team's weeks 13 and 14 games against the Indianapolis Colts and Chicago Bears, and reverted to the practice squad after each game. He had five catches for 101 yards against the Colts. He was promoted to the active roster on December 19, 2020. He was released on March 23, 2021. On June 18, 2021, Hansen signed with the Detroit Lions. He was waived on August 17, 2021. On December 21, 2021, Hansen was signed to the Atlanta Falcons practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Falcons on January 10, 2022. He was waived on May 16, 2022. Chad Hansen grew up in Fillmore, California and attended Moorpark High School. His parents are Sheri and Tim Hansen and he has two younger sisters, Erika and Jules. He is married to Bryce Watts, whom he met while attending college at UC Berkeley.", ["w_s572"]]
[30158, "Perrier's sifaka (Propithecus perrieri) is a lemur endemic to Madagascar. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of diademed sifaka\nIt has a very small range in northeastern Madagascar where its habitat is dry deciduous or semihumid forest. Part of its range is in protected areas. It is an almost entirely black sifaka and measures about 90\u00a0cm (35\u00a0in), half of which is a bushy tail. Females are slightly larger than males.\nIt moves in small family groups through the canopy feeding on fruit, leaves, flowers, buds, and seeds. Groups have territories around one hectare and vocalise with each other. The main threats faced by this sifaka are habitat destruction and fragmentation due to slash-and-burn agriculture, charcoal gathering, and logging. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as \"critically endangered\".<PIC> It has a length of 85 to 92\u00a0cm, of which 42\u201346\u00a0cm are tail. Its pelage is almost entirely black, covering everywhere on its body except for the face and ears. It has small, forward-facing eyes. The species has masses ranging from 3.7 to 6.0\u00a0kg. Minimal sexual dimorphism is seen, but females are slightly larger in weight on average. Perrier's sifaka has a very limited range in northeastern Madagascar between the Irodo River to the north and the Lokia River to the south.  The species' geographic range is concentrated on the Analamerana Special Reserve managed by Madagascar National Parks and in the Andrafiamena Protected Area managed by the NGO Fanamby. Its presence in the Ankarana National Park has been reported a few decades ago, but could not be confirmed in the last decade.\nIts habitat consists of dry deciduous and semihumid forest. \nGroups of this species have a home range around a hectare. The hypothesis that northern sifaka species had their distribution contract is supported by phylogeographic, genetic, and fossil data. In contrast to the other sifaka species, P. tattersalli and P. perrieri have a disjunct and restricted distribution in the northern\npart of Madagascar, far removed from the northern limit of their sister species. (Supplementary figure 1 in Salmona et al. 2017) In addition, bones attributed to P. cf. verreauxi (i.e. western sifaka) and P. cf diadema (i.e. eastern sifaka) were found in Ankarana (Figure 1 in Salmona et al., 2017, Jungers et al. 1995) and bones of P. cf diadema were reported at Andavakoera (Montagne des Fran\u00e7ais, Figure 1 in Salmona et al., 2017; Godfrey et al. 1996). Although these sifaka subfossils were not radiocarbon dated, they suggest that the paleodistributions of both sifaka species were much wider than today and possibly overlapping. Using population genetic analyses, Salmona et al. 2017 inferred the demographic history of P.perrieri. Their analyses show that P. perrieri underwent a major demographic decline, which most likely occurred after the mid-Holocene transition (in the last 5,000 years). While mid-Holocene climate change probably triggered major demographic changes in northern lemur species range and connectivity, human settlements that expanded over the last four millennia in northern Madagascar likely played a role in the loss and fragmentation of the forest cover. The diet of Perrier's sifaka resembles that of other sifakas, consisting of fruit, leaves, flowers, buds, petioles, and\nseeds. Sifakas are naturally suited for this herbivorous diet because they have long gastrointestinal tracts and enlarged ceca. Groups of sifaka do not show any aggression towards other groups when feeding, let alone come into contact with each other.\nSifakas in general show seasonal variation in diet. During the wet season, Perrier's sifakas contribute most of their feeding time, about 70 to 90%, to fruits and seeds, but in the dry season, most of the species' feeding time is spent on leaves and flowers. Perrier's sifakas use vocalizations to communicate including warning calls and have even been observed to make a sound described as sneezing. Sifakas have groups of two to six individuals. Dispersal of sex is unbiased, which is uncommon among most species. Aggression between groups is extremely low, as is the overall encounter rates between groups. Society is largely matriarchal and females have feeding priority. Mating habits have not been thoroughly studied yet. The reproductive cycle is bound to the season and sifakas reproduce either every year or every two years. Infants have a slow growth rate given the large abundance of food on Madagascar, but dental development is just the opposite. A hypothesis has been put forth that this is to reduce the dependency period of the offspring and increase the chance of survival for the mother, which does not have to expend energy and time to raise her offspring. Most females do not place much effort into individual offspring, as half of sifaka infants die before the age of one. Infants become independent at the age of two and reach sexual maturity at the age of four for females and five for males. Males use genital swelling to communicate that they are ready for sex. Perrier's sifaka is one of the most endangered primates due to the limited distribution and low population density. It is listed in CITES Appendix I. A recent conservation plan for Perrier's sifaka has been developed following the International Union for Conservation \nof Nature  Species Survival Commission (SSC) Lemur Red List reassessment meeting in Antananarivo in 2012. While selective logging still seems to be one of the main threads in Analamerana special reserve, deforestation for slash and burn agriculture and for charcoal production is predominant in Andrafiamena-Andavakoera protected area. Given the small total population size, persistence of local threats, and the paucity of wildlife patrols, an appraisal of its population levels and an effective control of habitat loss are urgently needed. This requires a unified regional management plan, since the species\u2019 natural range and potential areas of migration/seasonal presence overlap with three areas of different protective status, independently managed by Madagascar National Parks (Analamerana and Ankarana) and Fanamby (Andrafiamena). Given the diverse group of stakeholders involved (e.g. park services, ministries, universities, tour operators, local businesses, farmers, etc.), P. perrieri conservation requires a clearly defined institution, committed to leading its conservation plan with incentives for inclusive action that take advantage of the strengths of the different participants .", ["w_s573"]]
[30159, "Jenny Harrison is a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley.<PIC> Harrison grew up in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. On graduating from the University of Alabama, she won a Marshall Scholarship which she used to fund her graduate studies at the University of Warwick. She completed her doctorate there in 1975, supervised by Christopher Zeeman. Hassler Whitney was her postdoctoral adviser at the Institute for Advanced Study, and she was also one of the Miller Research Fellows at Berkeley.  She was on the tenured faculty at the University of Oxford (Somerville College) from 1978 to 1981, before returning to Berkeley as an assistant professor.\nIn 1986, after being denied tenure at Berkeley, Harrison filed a lawsuit based on gender discrimination. Stephen Smale and Robion Kirby were the most vocal opponents to her receiving tenure during the case, while Morris Hirsch and James Yorke were her most vocal supporters.  The 1993 settlement led to a new review of her work by a panel of seven mathematicians and science faculty who unanimously recommended tenure as a full professor. Harrison specializes in geometric analysis and areas in the intersection of algebra, geometry, and geometric measure theory.  She introduced and  developed with collaborators a theory of generalized functions called differential chains that unifies an infinitesimal calculus with the classical theory of the smooth continuum, a long outstanding problem.   The infinitesimals are constructive and arise from methods of standard analysis, as opposed to the nonstandard analysis of Abraham Robinson. The methods apply equally well to domains such as soap films, fractals,  charged particles, and Whitney stratified spaces,  placing them on the same footing as smooth submanifolds in the resulting calculus.  The results include optimal generalizations and simplifications of the theorems of Stokes, Gauss and Green.  She has pioneered applications of differential chains  to the calculus of variations, physics, and continuum mechanics.  Her solution to Plateau's problem is the first proof of existence of a solution to a universal Plateau's problem for finitely many boundary curves, taking into account all soap films arising in nature, including nonorientable films with triple junctions, as well as solutions of Jesse Douglas,  Herbert Federer and Wendell Fleming. Recently, she and Harrison Pugh have announced existence and soap film regularity of a solution to a universal Plateau's problem for codimension one surfaces using Hausdorff measure to define area.\nAs a graduate student at the University of Warwick, where Zeeman introduced her to Plateau's problem. She found a counterexample to the Seifert conjecture at Oxford. In a Berkeley seminar in 1983 she proposed the existence of a general theory linking these together, and  the theory of differential chains began to evolve. Jenny Harrison and Harrison Pugh proved that the topological vector space of differential chains satisfies a universal property determined by two natural axioms. They have used the theory to provide the first universal solution to Plateau's problem, including soap film regularity, building upon Harrison's earlier paper. Recently, Fried and Seguin have found a broad generalization to Reynolds transport theorem using the methods of differential chains. Foundational Questions Institute, research award, 2009\nMiller Institute for Basic Research in Science, Miller Professor, 2007\nRockefeller University, Visiting Research Professor, 1996\u201397\nYale University, National Science Foundation, Visiting Scholar, 1989\u201390\nOxford University, CUF Lecturer and Tutorial Fellow, Somerville College, 1978\u201381\nMiller Institute for Basic Research in Science, Miller Fellow, 1977\u201378\nInstitute for Advanced Study, Visiting Fellow, Princeton, 1975\u201376", ["w_s574"]]
[30160, "Pfaff's was a drinking establishment in Manhattan, New York City, known for its literary and artistic clientele. Opened in 1855 by Charles Ignatious Pfaff, the original Pfaff\u2019s was modeled after the German Rathskellers that were popular in Europe at the time. Charles Pfaff's beer cellar was located on Broadway near Bleecker Street (before 1862, Pfaff's address was given as 647 Broadway; after 1865, its location was advertised as 653 Broadway) in Greenwich Village, New York City. To enter the beer cellar\u2014which was actually a vaulted ceiling bar and restaurant\u2014its patrons had to go down a set of stairs.\nFrom the mid-1850s to the late 1860s, Pfaff\u2019s was the center of New York\u2019s revolutionary culture. As writer Allan Gurganus has said, \"Pfaff\u2019s was the Andy Warhol factory, the Studio 54, the Algonquin Round Table all rolled into one.\"\nHabitu\u00e9s included journalist and social critic Henry Clapp, Jr., Walt Whitman, author and actress Ada Clare, poet and actress Adah Isaacs Menken, playwright John Brougham, artist Elihu Vedder, pianist and composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk (who also had an affair with Ada Clare), actor Edwin Booth, author Fitz Hugh Ludlow, and humorist Artemus Ward. Whitman called Charlie Pfaff \"a generous German restaurateur, silent, stout, jolly,\" as well as \"the best selector of champagne in America.\" Whitman also wrote an unfinished poem about Pfaff\u2019s called \"The Two Vaults,\" which included the lines:\n...The vault at Pfaffs where the drinkers and laughers meet to eat and drink and carouse\nWhile on the walk immediately overhead pass the myriad feet of Broadway...\nWriter Fitz James O'Brien also wrote an ode to Pfaff's and to the clientele; an annotated copy of these lyrics titled At Pfaff's was pasted by Thomas Butler Gunn into his 1860 diary and can be seen at The Vault at Pfaff's website.\nClapp, considered by many the \"King of Bohemia\", founded The Saturday Press as New York's answer to the Atlantic Monthly. Started as a literary magazine, The Saturday Press eventually became a countercultural zine \"with a mix of poetry, stories, radical politics, and an enthusiastic spirit of personal freedom and sexual openness. Before it folded in 1868, it published numerous poems by Whitman and a short story by Mark Twain. The Saturday Press championed Leaves of Grass, a move that many view as a significant factor in the success of the 1860 edition.\"\nIn 1870, Charles Pfaff moved his business up to midtown. Whitman wrote about Pfaff\u2019s in Specimen Days after a visit to the restaurateur's newer location many years later:\nAn hour\u2019s fresh stimulation, coming down ten miles of Manhattan Island by railroad and 8 o\u2019clock stage. Then an excellent breakfast at Pfaff\u2019s restaurant, 24th Street. Our host himself, an old friend of mine, quickly appear\u2019d on the scene to welcome me and bring up the news, and, first opening a big fat bottle of the best wine in the cellar, talk about ante-bellum times, '59 and '60, and the jovial suppers at his Broadway place, near Bleecker Street.\nAh, the friends and names and frequenters, those times, that place. Most are dead - Ada Clare, Wilkins, Daisy Sheppard, O\u2019Brien, Henry Clapp, Stanley, Mullin, Wood, Brougham, Arnold - all gone.\nAnd there Pfaff and I, sitting opposite each other at the little table, gave a remembrance to them in a style they would have themselves fully confirm\u2019d, namely, big, brimming, fill\u2019d-up champagne-glasses, drain\u2019d in abstracted silence, very leisurely, to the last drop.\"<PIC> The original location at 653 Broadway eventually became an envelope factory. In 1975, it became a disco called Infinity, which was destroyed by fire in 1979. Today, the location is home to a few shops.\nIn the spring of 2011, a restaurant and bar using the name The Vault at Pfaff's opened at 643 Broadway, near the original Pfaff's location. It too was accessed by descending a set of stairs, which led into a refurbished cellar. The Vault at Pfaff's has since closed.", ["w_s577"]]
[30161, "Igor Pokrajac (born 2 January 1979) is a Croatian mixed martial artist, who formerly competed in the Light Heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A professional competitor since 2003, Pokrajac has also formerly competed for K-1, KSW, It's Showtime, and Jungle Fight promotions.<PIC>  Pokrajac started his professional MMA career in 2003, primarily competing in his native Croatia. Over the next six years, he compiled an impressive record of 21\u20135. In August 2009, it was announced he had signed with the UFC, with his first fight taking place against Vladimir Matyushenko on September 19, 2009 at UFC 103. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.\nPokrajac next faced James Te-Huna on February 21, 2010 at UFC 110. Pokrajac lost again, this time via third-round TKO, due to strikes. This loss was somewhat controversial, as Te Huna had Pokrajac in a modified crucifix position on the mat and landed five to six clean shots to Pokrajac's face and although Pokrajac was not able to defend himself from this position, he was signalling to the referee that he was okay, although the ref did not acknowledge this, and stopped the fight after the unanswered shots from Te Huna. Although visibly dazed, Pokrajac disputed the stoppage directly after the fight to no avail.\nPokrajac then faced James Irvin on August 1, 2010 at UFC on Versus 2. Midway through the first round, Pokrajac took Irvin down and immediately got side control on the floor. After taking multiple strikes, Irvin rolled over and was submitted by a rear naked choke, handing Pokrajac his first UFC victory.\nPokrajac fought Stephan Bonnar on December 4, 2010 at The Ultimate Fighter 12 Finale. Pokrajac lost a unanimous decision.\nPokrajac defeated Todd Brown on March 3, 2011 at UFC Live: Sanchez vs. Kampmann by TKO at the conclusion of the first round. Brown was dropped by a knee in the final minute and hit with several clean follow up shots, being saved by the end of the round. When the fighters went back to their corners, Brown was unable to stand on his own power and the fight was stopped.\nPokrajac was expected to face Krzysztof Soszynski on June 11, 2011 at UFC 131, replacing an injured Anthony Perosh.  However, Pokrajac was himself forced out of the bout with an injury and replaced by returning UFC veteran Mike Massenzio.\nPokrajac/Soszynski ultimately took place on December 10, 2011 at UFC 140. Pokrajac defeated Soszynski via first-round KO.\nPokrajac was expected to face Thiago Silva on May 15, 2012 at UFC on Fuel TV: Korean Zombie vs. Poirier, replacing an injured Brandon Vera.  However, Silva was pulled from the bout to face Alexander Gustafsson on April 14, 2012 at UFC on Fuel TV 2 after Gustafsson's original opponent Ant\u00f4nio Rog\u00e9rio Nogueira pulled out of the bout citing an injury. Pokrajac instead faced F\u00e1bio Maldonado at the event. He won the fight via unanimous decision (29\u201328, 30\u201327, and 29\u201328).\nPokrajac was defeated by Vinny Magalh\u00e3es via second round armbar on September 22, 2012 at UFC 152.\nPokrajac next faced Joey Beltran on December 15, 2012 at UFC on FX 6, replacing an injured Anthony Perosh. Pokrajac lost the fight via unanimous decision.  However, on January 10, 2013, it was announced that Beltran had failed his post fight drug test, testing positive for nandrolone and the result of the bout was changed to No Contest.\nPokrajac faced Ryan Jimmo at UFC 161 in Winnipeg, Manitoba on June 15, 2013. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.\nPokrajac faced Rafael Cavalcante on November 9, 2013 at UFC Fight Night 32. He lost via submission due to strikes in the first round.\nPokrajac faced Marcos Rog\u00e9rio de Lima on December 20, 2014 at UFC Fight Night 58. He lost the fight via TKO in the first round, and was subsequently released from the promotion shortly after. After being released from Ultimate Fighting Championship Pokrajac signed for Croatia's Final Fight Championship promotion. His debut was expected to be against Maciej Browarski, but he was replaced and he will now make his debout in heavyweight division against Archontis Taxiarchis at FFC 18 - Ljubljana on 17 April 2015. He weighted 102\u00a0kg at official weight ins. After recording three first round stoppage victories on the regional circuit across the Balkans, Pokrajac was re-signed for a second stint in the UFC. He faced Jan B\u0142achowicz on April 10, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 86. Pokrajac lost the fight via unanimous decision.\nPokrajac was expected to face Ed Herman on March 4, 2017 at UFC 209. However, Pokrajac pulled out of the fight in early February citing an injury, and was replaced by Gadzhimurad Antigulov.\nOn May 4, 2019, it was reported that Pokrajac was released by UFC. Serbian Battle Championship\nSBC Light Heavyweight Championship (one time) ", ["w_s583"]]
[30162, "Dendropsophus ebraccatus, also known as the hourglass treefrog or pantless treefrog, is a neotropical treefrog, found scattered throughout Central and South America from southern Mexico to northern Ecuador. The common names of D. ebraccatus come from the dark hourglass shaped pattern found in the centre of the back and the distinct smooth yellow thighs that contrast the rest of the brazenly patterned body. The contrasting of the smooth yellow thighs from the rest of the bodies pattern provide the illusion that D. ebraccatus is not wearing pants. The name ebraccata in Latin means \"without trousers\". D. ebraccatus has a number of unique reproductive features, such as the ability to alter rates of hatching shared  in a number of Anura families. D. ebraccatus is also unique in its ability to alter its mode of reproduction as it is the only known vertebrate to be able to do so. Dendropsophus ebraccatus is a member of the wide-ranging tree frog family Hylidae and the genus Dendropsophus. Dendropsophus is a group of small primarily  yellow tree frogs found in dense jungles throughout Central and South America. A unique feature of the genus is that all individuals within the genus have 30 chromosomes. After a large revision to the family Hylidae following Faivovich et al. (2005) the genus Dendropsophus was revived and separated from Hyla. The hourglass tree frog is native to southern Mexico, Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, western Colombia, and northwestern Ecuador. They can be found in terrestrial and freshwater habitats, usually under the canopy of tropical rainforests, and prefer temperature ranges of 74-76\u00a0\u00b0F with moderately high humidity between 60-70%. It has an upper elevation limit of 1,600 metres (Pough 2004).<PIC> These are smooth, small treefrogs exhibiting sexual dimorphism. Males are significantly smaller than females. Their dorsal coloration consists of an hourglass pattern on their backs with gold spots in this pattern. This pattern varies from bright yellow-green to pale yellow or cream. They are also called \u201cpantless frogs\u201d. When you extend their hind legs you can see that only on their thighs they do not have the pattern continued but rather just a pale yellow color. The hourglass tree frog has relatively large forelimbs in comparison to the proportion of its body. It has well developed toe discs for tree climbing. Their toe pads adhere via deformation of the soft epithelial cells.  They also have long hind limbs for jumping from tree to tree (Touchon and Warkentin 2008) [10]. As compared to most Anura they are capable of gas exchange through their permeable skin.\nThe frog family Hylidae has the unique adaptation of forming cocoons (by shedding the outer skin layer of the stratum corneum) or refuge in tree holes to protect themselves from desiccation during unfavorable conditions. They also wipe themselves with waxy lipid secretions from their lipid glands in the dorsal skin to reduce water loss (Castanho 2001) although Castanho 2001 refers to a different genus, Phyllomedusa, and does not address this trait in Dendropsophus[1]. They also secrete a watery mucus to aid in evaporative cooling.  Their granular glands contain a wide range of bioactive molecules for defense. Compounds such as alkaloids, quinones, steroids, biogenic amines and a diversity of biologically active peptides can be found across the  family Hylidae.\nAdults are nocturnal creatures, their diet consists of small arthropods. While tadpoles are macrophagous herbivores, but may display cannibalistic behavior in the presence of dead tadpoles (Cope 1874)[4]. They can make loud calls due to the elasticity of their throats. Their call is a prolonged \u201ccreek\u201d followed by several higher pitched \u201ceeks\u201d. They emit rain calls in the daytime before or during a rain shower. Hourglass tree frogs migrate to freshwater pools in vegetated areas to breed during the rainy seasons of Central and South America, between May and November [13]. Once aggregated around freshwater pools, they utilize chorus and mate finding strategies to select mates. Males hide behind foliage around edges of marshes and ponds during the night and produce long mating calls to attract potential female mates. Once a male is selected by a female, he will climb onto her back and release his sperm into her cloaca.\nFemales reproduce multiple times within the breeding season, with gaps between reproductive spells as short as 10 days. Females will lay between 180 and 300 eggs, separated between up to eight different masses within a single night [13]. Egg masses are laid either in single layers on the upper surface of leaves overhanging freshwater or in clusters connected to floating vegetation within the water itself, depending on various environmental factors. Hourglass tree frogs are unique in their reproductive plasticity, allowing them to produce both aquatic and arboreal eggs. Arboreal eggs are deposited on the upper surfaces of leaves overhanging water, so the tadpoles can roll into the water once hatched, and aquatic eggs are  attached to floating vegetation within the water to keep the eggs from sinking. If there is a risk of egg desiccation, eggs will be placed in the hydrating water, but if there is a risk of egg predation from fish in freshwater pools, eggs will be placed on leaves [13]. The threat of aquatic predation has been shown to outway the risk of desiccation. Undisturbed Aquatic eggs develop at a slightly faster rate than arboreal eggs with an average hatch time of 3.5 days after placement. Both egg groups can alter their rate of development in the presence of unfavourable conditions such as weather or predation. Rates of development and hatching time can be altered from 67% faster to 600% slower than undisturbed hatch times [13]. The rate of development is partially controlled by the rate of enzyme secretion by the hatching gland within the egg. The enzymes secreted by the hatching gland control the rate at which the eggs gel membrane is degradation [8].\nOnce eggs hatch, tadpoles either emerge in the water or roll of leaves into the pond below. Tadpoles are brown and gold with black eye bands and develop bright red tail colours in the presence of predators. Tadpoles feed on micro fauna and scavenge what they can in the water until they mature after 6\u20138 weeks. Young frogs live near pools of water and only make their way back to the forest canopy when nearing adulthood. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species listed the Hourglass Tree Frog as a species of least concern (LC) in 2010 due to wide distribution, stable, large population, and high tolerance to adapt to habitat modifications. This species population is in many protected areas throughout the range. Although it is very adaptable it still faces many threats such as deforestation, agriculture and aquaculture (livestock farming and ranching, annual and perennial non-timber crops), logging, residential and commercial development, the pet industry,  and pollution. The skin of the family Hylidae is vastly studied due to its rich sources of bioactive peptides, which has spiked the interest for drug development (Conlon 2014) [2].  Hylids use the peptides in defense against bacteria, fungi, protozoans, viruses, and desiccation (Conlon 2014) [2]. These peptides are of interest to scientist due to their anti-infective and therapeutic potential. Peptides have been found to stimulate insulin release for Type 2 diabetes mellitus therapy (Conlon 2014) [2]. They are also used for their ability to be the precursor for encoding cDNAs (Konig 2012) [6]. Pathogenic bacteria and fungi antibiotic resistance constitutes a serious threat to public health worldwide, scientists are looking to frogs skin secretions for further drug advancements (Conlon 2014) [2]", ["w_s585"]]
[30165, "David Hille (born 2 June 1981) is a former Australian rules footballer with the Essendon Football Club.<PIC> In his senior year at high school, Hille and seven other schoolmates from Peninsula Grammar lodged themselves into a station wagon and crashed it 500m up the road from where they took off in South Frankston.  Three of the boys in the car were killed, and the other three seriously injured, but Hille was not injured. The accident report claims that Hille was wearing his seatbelt, which is why he has appeared on commercials about buckling up when driving. He made his debut in 2001 with the Essendon Football Club and proved to be a solid ruckman for a number of years. In 2006, Hille was appointed stand-in captain after Matthew Lloyd suffered a season-ending hamstring injury in round three.\nHe captained his first game in Round 6, 2006. From 2007 to 2012, he held the role of vice-captain of the Essendon Football Club which he shared with Mark McVeigh for the most part.\nIn the Round 17, 2006 clash between Essendon and Brisbane Lions (the first match Essendon won under his captaincy, and since the beginning of April that year), Brisbane ruckman Jamie Charman fell heavily in a contest, seriously injuring his shoulder. The image of David Hille comforting his opponent whilst medical help arrived was often replayed by the football media as a rare example of sportsmanship in such a competitive game.\nAt the 2008 Essendon Best and Fairest, Hille swept the floor by taking the most prestigious award of the night, the 'Best and Fairest'. Hille also came away with the 'Cheersquad award'.\nHille suffered a knee injury in the second minute of the Bomber's annual ANZAC Day match against Collingwood in Round 5, 2009. Scans confirmed he had ruptured his anterior cruciate ligament, requiring a full knee construction and ending his season. On 29 August 2013, Hille announced his intention to retire from AFL Football at season's end. Hille's career at Essendon included captaining the team in 2006 in the absence of injured forward and captain Matthew Lloyd, winning Essendon's best and fairest, the W.S. Crichton Medal, in 2008 and winning the Yiooken Award in 2010, awarded for being adjudged best on ground in the annual Dreamtime at the 'G match between Essendon and Richmond.\nHille, along with 33 other Essendon players, was found guilty of using a banned performance enhancing substance, thymosin beta-4, as part of Essendon's sports supplements program during the 2012 season. He and his team-mates were initially found not guilty in March 2015 by the AFL Anti-Doping Tribunal, but a guilty verdict was returned in January 2016 after an appeal by the World Anti-Doping Agency. He was suspended for two years which, with backdating, ended in November 2016, although by this stage had already retired from football at all levels. Studied a Bachelor of Business at RMIT University and currently lives in Sydney with his wife Kirsty. David and Kirsty have a two-year-old daughter, Matilda and will soon have a second child. David completed postgraduate studies at Sydney University and now works for Deloitte as a senior analyst. Statistics are correct to Round 6 of the 2013 season.", ["w_s590"]]
[30166, "Alberto Mina (born May 2, 1982) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist who competed in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship.<PIC> A native of Campina Grande in northeast Brazil, Mina began his career at the age of 5, when his parents decided to make him learn some sport for being very active as a kid. He started training Judo, being taught by an old friend of the family, the master Roberto Fialho. Since a very young age, Alberto started being noticed because of his competitiveness and sense of discipline inside the dojo.\nThe city and the gym where he was based was the perfect environment to develop his ability. Campina Grande, has a huge tradition in martial arts. Mina's sensei, Roberto Fialho, is a direct disciple of the great Ivan Gomes, a man who competed all over the world in the early Vale-Tudo era during the 1950s until the late 1970s with a non-official record of 600 fights with 570 victories and 30 draws, having never lost a fight. Roberto Fialho is a coral belt (red and white belt) in Judo and Black belt in Jiu-Jitsu. He was the coach of a lot of the city's best fighters like the four-time Olympic judoka Edinanci Silva. Fialho himself was a World Black Belt Senior Champion in 2001 and Bronze Medal in 2006. Under the guidance of Fialho, Mina switched to jiu-jitsu in 1997, where he managed to understand the foundations of the sport very well, due to his prior experience in Judo, using his creativity to develop his own style and a fine technique. Mina soon began to be acknowledged in his local scenario, where as a teenager, he was able to compete and win in various Jiu-Jitsu championships.\nHis competitive soul always led him to learn different features of a lot of different sports to improve his technique in Jiu-Jitsu. As a natural athlete, during his teenager years Mina also practiced and competed in Judo, Swimming, Handball and Volleyball, always looking for ways to improve his athleticism to compete in Jiu-Jitsu. He also made his transition to submission grappling which was one important step for him to begin his career in Mixed Martial Arts.\nIn 2004, Mina was already an established jiu-jitsu fighter and instructor at Fialho Academy. By that time, he was experiencing submission grappling where he competed and had some of his best performances in fighting. Back then, there was a great rivalry between the fighting gyms in Campina Grande, where Mina's name was acknowledged as one of the best. Mina was then spotted and advised by his friend Jean Silva and finally made his transition to Mixed Martial Arts.\nWith over 15 years of experience, he is now a 3rd Degree Judo Black Belt and 3rd Degree Jiu-Jitsu Black Belt, representing Draculino Fight Team. Amongst several titles and participations in State, Northeast and North/Northeast Championships, one of his greatest titles was the double gold at the European Urban Gorillaz Submission Championship, where he conquered both welterweight and open class titles in 2006.\nHe has also won the Asian Open Championship twice, in 2015 and 2016 at Welterweight, and has participated in other events like Abu-Dhabi Pro. Mina joined the Jean Silva Combat Team in 2005. In MMA where he showcased all his talent by combining resources of the different sports he competed. He made his professional debut in October 2005 in a local event in his hometown called CageFight Nordeste.\nHe compiled a record of 10\u20130 interspersed with periods of inactivity, competing for several regional promotions around the world before signing with the UFC in January 2014. Mina was set to make his promotional debut against Zak Cummings on March 1, 2014 at The Ultimate Fighter China Finale. However, at the weigh-ins for the event, Cummings came in eight pounds over the welterweight limit.  On the advice of his coaches, Mina would not agree to compete at a catch weight, so the bout was scratched from the event.\nMina was expected to face Sheldon Westcott on August 23, 2014 at UFC Fight Night 48. However, in the days leading up to the event, Westcott pulled out of the bout citing an injury and was replaced by Shinsho Anzai. He won the fight via TKO in the first round and was awarded a Performance of the Night bonus.\nMina returned to face Yoshihiro Akiyama on November 28, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 79. He won the back-and-forth fight via split decision.\nMina next faced Mike Pyle on July 7, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 90. He won via knockout in the second round.\nMina faced Ramazan Emeev on May 12, 2018 at UFC 224. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.\nMina was expected to face Warlley Alves on May 11, 2019 at UFC 237. However just days after the announcement of the pairing leaked, Mina indicated that he had never agreed to the fight and had not signed a bout agreement.\nSince his last bout, he was released from the UFC. Ultimate Fighting Championship\nPerformance of the Night (One time) vs. Shinsho Anzai ", ["w_s592"]]
[30167, "Joshua Dean Fields (born December 14, 1982) is an American former professional baseball infielder. He was selected as the 18th overall pick in the first round of the 2004 Major League Baseball Draft by the Chicago White Sox. He has played in Major League Baseball for the White Sox and Kansas City Royals and in Nippon Professional Baseball for the Yomiuri Giants. Fields was a two-sport athlete at Oklahoma State University, playing both baseball and football. He was selected as a Big 12 Conference All-Star at third base in 2003, and had a career batting average of .364 over three years. Fields also earned three letters as a quarterback for the Cowboys. He led the team to two bowl games, including setting the Cotton Bowl Classic record with 307 passing yards against the University of Mississippi.  Entering 2005, Fields was ranked as the fourth-best prospect in the White Sox organization and the 95th-best prospect in Major League Baseball by Baseball America. He hit safely in 14 straight games from August 6 \u2013 August 21 for the Birmingham Barons, tied for the eighth-longest streak in the Southern League.\nPrior to the 2006 season, Fields was once again ranked as the fourth-best prospect in the White Sox organization by Baseball America. He homered in four consecutive games from May 11 \u2013 May 14 with the Charlotte Knights, and was selected to play in the All-Star Futures Game at Pittsburgh's PNC Park. Fields made his major league debut on September 13, 2006, but did not record his first major league at-bat until September 18. In that game against the Detroit Tigers, Fields hit a pinch-hit home run off Detroit's Jamie Walker. He became the third player in White Sox history to hit a home run in his first major league at-bat, joining Carlos Lee (May 7, 1999) and Miguel Olivo (September 15, 2002) as the only other White Sox to do so.\nFields entered the 2007 season ranked as the second-best prospect in the White Sox organization and the 45th-best prospect in Major League Baseball by Baseball America. Although he started the season at Triple-A Charlotte, he was called up to the White Sox after a season ending back injury to third basemam Joe Crede.  He recorded his first multi-home run game on August 10 against the Seattle Mariners, hitting both off starter Jarrod Washburn. On August 26, 2007, Fields made his first start in left field, though he only played 21 games at that position before being moved back to third base.\nFields ended his first season as a Major Leaguer by hitting a promising .244, 23 home runs, 67 RBI, and an OPS of .788 in 100 games. His 23 home runs tied him with Bill Melton for 3rd most home runs by a White Sox player in their rookie season, Melton did that in 157 games. Fields received one third-place vote for AL Rookie of the Year.\nEntering spring training for the 2008 season, Fields was expected to be the starting third baseman, with Joe Crede likely traded. However, Crede arrived at camp fully recovered from his injury and White Sox general manager Kenny Williams was said to be unsatisfied with the trade offers. This resulted in Crede being given the starting job and Fields once again beginning the season in Triple-A Charlotte. Fields had a disappointing, injury-riddled season with the Knights, in which he regressed to a .246 batting average and .772 OPS.\nOn July 25, 2008, he was called up to play with the White Sox after Crede was put on the 15-day disabled list. Fields underwent arthroscopic knee surgery at the end of the 2008 season, and was the White Sox's starting third baseman in 2009 until Gordon Beckham was recalled from Triple-A Charlotte on June 4 and took the position. \nOn July 23, 2009, in a game against the Tampa Bay Rays, Fields hit a grand slam in his first plate appearance of the game. This would later end up being the game-winning home run in Mark Buehrle's perfect game over the Tampa Bay Rays, winning 5\u20130. Fields also caught the final out of the perfect game, a groundout to White Sox shortstop Alexei Ram\u00edrez. Six days later he would be demoted to Triple A Charlotte to make room for newly acquired Mark Kotsay.<PIC> On November 6, 2009, Fields, along with Chris Getz, was traded by the White Sox to the Kansas City Royals in exchange for Mark Teahen. He played in 13 games for the Royals, hitting .306 during the 2010 season. On December 20, 2010, Fields was signed to a minor league contract by the Pittsburgh Pirates.\nHowever, on March 28 he was traded by the Pirates to the Colorado Rockies, at the conclusion of spring training, for either a player to be named later or cash considerations. He recorded a .365 batting average with the Triple-A Colorado Springs Sky Sox, before being released on June 28, in order to pursue a career in Japan. Fields signed with the Yomiuri Giants of Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan on June 28, 2011. In 40 games in Japan he hit only .202. He signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers on January 4, 2012. After failing to win a spot on the Dodgers opening day roster, he was assigned to the Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes. He played in 133 games for the Isotopes, with a .322 average with 13 homers and 71 RBI. Fields signed with the Philadelphia Phillies in late November 2012 according to Baseball America. He played 109 games with their Triple-A affiliate in 2013 after failing to earn a spot on the major-league roster. He had a .289 batting average with an OPS of .743. While Fields only struck out 6 times less than the previous year with the Isotopes, he walked 31 times less with the IronPigs in 150 less plate appearances. He also failed to hit home runs as he used to with just four of them for the year. His slugging percentage took a hit as a result, with it dropping down to .406 as compared to .488 the year before and .674 with Colorado. His struggles that year would mark the end of his time in minor league baseball.", ["w_s595"]]
[30169, "Sarah Hasted is an American curator and art dealer. Hasted was the founder and co-owner of contemporary art galleries, Hasted Hunt and Hasted Kraeutler, and has been a curator and art dealer for over 25 years. She has consulted for private collectors, and placed works of art with major Museums as well as corporate collections worldwide. Hasted has also been an adjunct professor at Parson's School of Design since 2003. In January 2017, Hasted was elected President of the Board of a not for profit organization, Moving Mountains Theater Company], founded by actor Jamie Hector from The Wire.<PIC> Hasted was raised in Santa Fe, New Mexico, the daughter of John D. Hasted, a professor of English literature, Shakespeare, and creative writing at The College of Santa Fe ( Santa Fe University of Art and Design: New Mexico Art College). Her mother, Donna Clair, is a traditional landscape painter, living in Taos, New Mexico. Hasted attended Santa Fe Public High School. After high school she attended college and graduated with honors, receiving her Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree in Photography from The College of Santa Fe in 1991. After college, she had a brief career as \na working artist. Her artworks were acquired by the Intel Corporation and one was acquired by and is in the permanent collection of the Art Institute of Chicago. Hasted's career in the arts began in 1991, with her first position in an art gallery immediately post graduation, as an assistant at the Scheinbaum & Russek gallery for 5 years, where she worked with her photography teacher, David Scheinbaum and his wife, artist and photographer, Janet Russek. There she assisted in the curating of exhibitions by Sebastiao Salgado, Beaumont Newhall and Eliot Porter and many more. Hasted was hired in 1997, as the Associate Director of the Howard Greenberg gallery and moved to New York, where she worked with vintage photography and contemporary artists, assisting in curating exhibitions by Gilles Peress, Imogen Cunningham and Iwao Yamawaki. In 1999, Hasted became the co-director of Photography at Ricco/Maresca Gallery, alongside W.M.Hunt where she instituted and directed the photography department, until they founded and opened their own gallery, Hasted Hunt, in 2005.  There she discovered, mentored and strategized the careers of artists, Paolo Ventura,    Andreas Gefeller Erwin Olaf   as well as many others. Hasted Hunt secured world wide exclusive representation of most of the artists, specifically, Albert Watson  and Jean-Paul Goude.  In the middle of the economic recession of 2008, Hasted motivated her colleagues in the photography community to band together to survive the difficult economy. A total of 13 photography galleries held exhibitions simultaneously, all photographs were images of New York and they send out a joint press release The show was reviewed by WNYC.  In 2009, Hasted moved the gallery to a ground floor space on 24th Street in the heart of New York's art district.  In 2011, the gallery became Hasted Kraeutler, and there Hasted discovered the works of Awol Erizku, Pierre Gonnord and many others. Over the years, Hasted has curated hundreds of exhibitions in all mediums and become an expert in her field.\n   The gallery was regarded as a showcase for emerging and established artists, and a recognized venue for contemporary art worldwide.  After her brother, John A. Hasted died suddenly on Christmas Eve in 2014, Hasted semi-retired from the art business. In August 2015, the gallery closed with the partnership ending acrimoniously.  In 2015, Hasted was hired as a consultant by Edelman Companies, focusing on the resale of blue chip artworks such as Pablo Picasso, Joseph Cornell, Keith Haring and Frank Stella. Sarah Hasted founded International Art Advisory LLC, founded in 2015. International Art Advisory represents artists from across the globe. Hasted was hired in 2003 as an adjunct professor by Parsons the New School of Design to develop and create a new class for their cirriculum focused on Editing and Curating in Photography. In 2008, Hasted became part-time assistant professor. For the past 18 years, she has taught the BFA and MFA thesis class in photography, in addition to the original editing class. From 2005 to 2007, Hasted served on the Benefit Arts Committee for In Motion (Her Justice), an organization that provides legal services for domestically abused women.  In January 2017, Hasted was elected as President of the Board of a not for profit organization, Moving Mountains Theater Company, founded by Jamie Hector an actor in the recognized series by HBO The Wire.", ["w_s601"]]
[30170, "Eastwell Park is a large area of parkland and a country estate in the civil parish of Eastwell, adjoining Ashford, Kent, in England. Over time, successive buildings have served as homes to Sir Thomas Moyle, the Earls of Winchilsea and Nottingham, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, and others.\nThe estate is now mainly a farming concern, raising crops and sheep. Part of the estate is landscaped to include a large shallow lake which can be fished and the distinctive Eastwell Towers. The largest building on the site today is Eastwell Manor, a stately home which is now operated as a country house hotel. The Manor and Towers are Grade II listed. The original country house at Eastwell was built for Sir Thomas Moyle between 1540 and 1550. One of the men employed on the estate was the bricklayer Richard Plantagenet, who claimed to be an illegitimate son of Richard III.\nThe first house was replaced by one built in the neo-Elizabethan style between 1793 and 1799 for George Finch-Hatton to designs by Adam's former draughtsman, Joseph Bonomi (1739-1808).\nA Victorian Tudor-style wing was later added; the house had seven bays and wings of three bays each.\nIn the mid-1860s, the 11th Earl of Winchilsea experienced serious financial difficulties, which eventually forced him to leave the property. On 4 December 1868 trustees appointed under the Winchilsea Estate Act (1865) entered into a contract to let Eastwell Park, together with its furnishings and effects, to the Duke of Abercorn for a period of five years. Lord Winchilsea had been obliged to vacate the property sometime prior to December 1868, and he was formally adjudged bankrupt on 5 October 1870.\nEastwell was next occupied by Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, the second son of Queen Victoria. He lived here with his family until 1893, when he inherited the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in Germany. During that time, Queen Victoria was a frequent visitor and there are photographs of her skating on the lake. Prince Alfred's older brother, the future Edward VII, was also a visitor. In 1875, Prince Alfred's daughter Princess Marie - who later became queen of Romania - was born at the house. In her memoirs, she recalls \"beautiful Eastwell with its great gray house, its magnificent park, with its herds of deer and picturesque Highland cattle, its lake, its woods, its garden with the old cedar tree which was our fairy mansion.\" In 1884, another of Alfred's children, Princess Beatrice - who later married into the Spanish Royal Family - was also born at Eastwell.\nAfter the First World War, the Eastwell estate faced the same economic problems that also affected many other English stately homes. In the 1920s the main house was severely damaged by fire. A smaller house in a similar style was built on the same site in 1926\u20131928.\nAfter many changes, Eastwell Manor is now operated as a country house hotel. There is an indoor swimming pool and a Champneys spa, and a nine-hole golf course has been laid out in the grounds. The rest of the estate is used for farming. The distinctive structure now known as Eastwell Towers stands a mile south-south west of the manor. It was the original main gatehouse to Eastwell Park and was built in 1848.<PIC> Home Farm at Eastwell Park was built at a distance from the main stately home. The large residence is surrounded by fields and lies close to the church of St Mary the Virgin. Next to the large shallow lake at Eastwell Park is the ruined church of St Mary the Virgin, which is now cared for by the Friends of Friendless Churches. The church dates to the 14th century but became unused after First World War. A storm in 1951 caused severe damage:  parts of the nave and the choir fell down. The tower remains reasonably intact. Marble monuments once found in the church are now on view in the Victoria and Albert Museum. A memorial located in the former choir commemorates the grave of Richard Plantagenet, alleged to be the illegitimate son of Richard III.\nGeorge Finch-Hatton, 11th Earl of Winchilsea (1815\u20131887), his second wife Lady Elizabeth Georgiana (d. 1904, daughter of Francis Conyngham, 2nd Marquess Conyngham) as well as his only son George William Finch-Hatton, Viscount Maidstone (1852\u20131879) are buried in a simple grave in the overgrown part of the church cemetery.", ["w_s602"]]
[30171, "The Knockando Woolmill is a historic woolmill in Moray, Scotland. Wool production has taken place at the site since at least the eighteenth century, and the surviving buildings house a number of pieces of historic machinery which are still in operation. It was designated a Category A listed building in 1995, still operates as a working mill, and is open to the public from April to September.<PIC> The overall site comprises several buildings, all dating to the nineteenth or early twentieth centuries. The mill itself was originally a single-storey rectangular building, but the addition of a two-storey carding and spinning mill led to its current L-plan design. Both parts of the building are rubble-built with corrugated iron roofs, and there is a large weatherboarded lean-to extension, also with a corrugated iron roof, added in the late nineteenth century to house equipment. This building contains a number of pieces of historic machinery, including two Victorian looms, made by Hutchinson, Hollingworth & Co., which are thought to be the oldest looms still to be in use.\nThere are two dwellings on the site. The mill house, where the miller's family would have lived, was built around 1910. Rubble-built, with two storeys, it features an elegant staircase with cast iron balusters, indicative of the relative wealth of the owner. There is also a cottage, the oldest remaining building on the site, dating from the early nineteenth century. Harled, with a corrugated iron roof, it has an adjoining square-plan dairy and, diagonally opposite, a winter drying shed.\nThere is a shop, built for that purpose in the late nineteenth century and still used as such. It is a single-storey square-plan rubble-built structure, to the south-east of the main mill. The building currently used as a visitor centre was originally a byre. Built in the late nineteenth-century, it is a simple, rectangular building, with plain weatherboarding and a corrugated iron roof. An early twentieth-century sawmill is attached at the west gable, and a modern extension is attached to the north wall. Wool production has taken place at the Knockando site since at least the eighteenth century. William Roy's map of Scotland, dated 1749, depicts buildings at the site, and records from 1784 make reference to a waulk mill, operated by the Grant family at Knockando. The Grants and their mill are mentioned again in the 1851 census, which also records the presence of a wool carder, a spinner and a weaver on the site.\nBy the 1860s, the mill was owned by Alexander Smith, who established the company A Smith and Son. The company built a new building for the mill, which had some water-powered machinery, but most work at this point was still done by hand. In the 1870s, a second-hand water wheel, with a diameter of fourteen feet, was installed, and in the 1880s a weaving shed was built to house the water-powered loom. The late nineteenth century was a high-point for the mill's commercial success, as evidenced by the construction of the dwelling house for the miller's family, and the shop to sell the mill's produce.\nIn the early twentieth century, Knockando Woolmill primarily served the local market for blankets, tweeds and yarn, although it benefited from contracts from the Ministry of Defence during the first world war for blankets for the services, and it was during this period that the drying shed was built. In the years following the war, the mill entered a period of decline. In 1945, a flood destroyed the weaving shed, and in the late 1940s the waterwheel was disconnected and electric motors were installed to power the machinery.\nBy the 1960s, most small district mills had either expanded to serve a larger market, or had gone out of business. Unusually, Knockando continued to operate as a local mill, still owned by the company A Smith and Son established in 1860, now under the management of Duncan Stewart, a nephew of the Smith family who continued working at the mill into the 1970s. In 1976, the mill was purchased by Hugh Jones, who, acting as the sole miller, continued to operate it in the traditional manner for thirty years.\nIn 1995 the mill, including the machinery, water power system and various outhouses, was designated a Category A listed building, but by 2000 the buildings and machinery were in a poor state of repair, so a charity, the Knockando Woolmill Trust, was established to renovate and maintain them. By 2009, the trust had raised \u00a33.3 million for renovations, including a grant of \u00a31.3 million from the National Lottery Heritage Fund, and the ownership of the mill was transferred to the trust. Renovation work was completed in 2012, and production of fabric on the site resumed. In 2016, Knockando Woolen Mill won the Europa Nostra EU Prize for Cultural Heritage, in the Conservation category, and in 2017 it was awarded funding by Highlands and Islands Enterprise to allow it to expand its production and workforce. The Knockando Woolmill produces a unique tartan. Designed in 2010 by John B Gillespie to commemorate the renovation of the mill, the Knockando Woolmill Tartan is primarily composed of red, blue and green, intended to represent the rust from the iron roof of the mill, water from the burn, and grass from the surrounding fields. The tartan is registered with the Scottish Register of Tartans, and may only be manufactured at the Knockando Woolmill. The mill continues to make fabrics on its historic machinery. It is open to visitors each year from 18 April to 26 September.", ["w_s603"]]
[30172, "Iuliia Sergeevna Artemeva (Russian: \u042e\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430, born 16 March 2005) is a Russian pair skater. With her former partner, Mikhail Nazarychev, she is the 2021 Gran Premio d'Italia bronze medalist.\nOn the junior level, Artemeva/Nazarychev are the 2020 World Junior bronze medalists, the 2020 Russian junior national bronze medalists, the 2019 JGP Croatia champions, the 2019 JGP Russia silver medalists, and 2019\u201320 Junior Grand Prix Final qualifiers.  Artemeva began learning how to skate in 2008 at the age of three. Up until the end of 2017\u201318 figure skating season she trained as a single skater in her hometown of Kazan at the Strela Youth Sports School. Coached by Svetlana Romanova and Rezeda Sibgatullina, she finished 14th at 2018 Russian Younger Age Nationals. Artemeva made the transition to pairs at the beginning of the 2018\u201319 figure skating season, teaming up with current partner Mikhail Nazarychev and relocating to Perm. Artemeva/Nazarychev only competed domestically during the 2018\u201319 season and finished 10th at 2019 Russian Elder Age Nationals. Artemeva/Nazarychev made their international junior debut in September at the 2019 JGP Russia. The team placed second in both their short program and their free skate to earn a silver medal on the all Russian podium between teammates Kseniia Akhanteva / Valerii Kolesov and Diana Mukhametzianova / Ilya Mironov. At their second Junior Grand Prix assignment, 2019 JGP Croatia, Artemeva/Nazarychev won gold and set new personal bests after placing second in the short program and first in the free skate, thus qualifying to the 2019\u201320 Junior Grand Prix Final. In qualifying to the Final, Artemeva/Nazarychev secured byes into the 2020 Russian Championships on both the senior and junior levels. They placed fourth at the Final.\nSeventh at the senior nationals, they were bronze medalists at junior nationals, securing a place at the 2020 World Junior Championships in Tallinn, Estonia. Artemeva/Nazarychev were third in the short program, narrowly behind second-place finishers Akhanteva/Kolesov.  The free skate proved a struggle, Artemeva falling on both throw jumps as well as her side-by-side double Axel attempt. They nevertheless remained in bronze medal position, aided by errors by fourth-place finishers Hocke/Kunkel of Germany.<PIC> Artemeva/Nazarychev made their Grand Prix debut at the 2020 Rostelecom Cup, where they finished fifth.  They placed eighth at the 2021 Russian Championships, and then won the Russian junior national title. Artemeva/Nazarychev were initially assigned to the 2021 Cup of China as their first Grand Prix, but following the event's cancellation they were reassigned to the 2021 Gran Premio d'Italia. Fourth in the short program, they rose to third in the free skate to win the bronze medal behind Chinese teams Sui/Han and Peng/Jin. At their second event, the 2021 Internationaux de France, they placed second in both programs to take the silver medal, making only one error in their free skate when Artemeva doubled and stepped out of her planned triple toe loop. Nazarychev said afterward \"overall it was a good performance. We set goals for ourselves to do well on the Grand Prix and I think we fulfilled that.\"\nAt the 2022 Russian Championships, Artemeva/Nazarychev finished in fifth. They also competed at the junior edition, losing to Natalia Khabibullina / Ilya Knyazhuk. On 2 June 2022, it was announced that Artemeva/Nazarychev had ended their partnership. Artemeva teamed up with Aleksei Briukhanov.     Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships. Personal bests highlighted in bold.   ", ["w_s608"]]
[30173, "WASP-15b, formally named Asye, is an extrasolar planet discovered in 2008 by the SuperWASP collaboration, which seeks to discover exoplanets that transit their host stars. The planet orbits its host star at a distance of 0.05 AU every four days. The mass of this planet is about one half that of Jupiter, but its radius is nearly 50% larger than Jupiter's, making the density of this planet only one quarter that of water; it is thought that some other form of heating must explain its extremely low density. WASP-15b's discovery was published on April 29, 2009. WASP-15 was first observed by the WASP-South branch of the SuperWASP project, which operates from the South African Astronomical Observatory, between May 4, 2006, and July 17, 2006. It was later observed by WASP-South from January 31, 2007, to July 17, 2007, and from January 31, 2008, to May 29, 2008. Further analysis taken from 24,943 collected data points revealed eleven full or partial transits.\nFollow-up observations were conducted by a European and American science team at the 1.2\u00a0m Leonhard Euler Telescope at La Silla Observatory in Chile, which further raised the possibility of the existence of a planet in WASP-15's orbit; use of the CORALIE spectrograph on the Euler Telescope between March 6, 2008, and July 17, 2008, revealed that the variations in radial velocity measurements were not because of an eclipsing binary star system.\nCORALIE and the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) revealed the spectrum of WASP-15, which was used to derive the star's characteristics. The science team studying WASP-15 found that, after running best-fit models, WASP-15's radial velocity and transit shifts were most likely due to the existence of a planet.\nWASP-15's planet, WASP-15b, had one of the lowest densities known amongst extrasolar planets when it was discovered. Its discovery paper was published by the American Astronomical Society on April 29, 2009, in the Astronomical Journal. WASP-15 is an F-type star located in the Hydra constellation. It is located approximately 290 parsecs (900 light years) from Earth and has an apparent magnitude of 10.9, making it invisible to the unaided eye. The star is 1.18 times more massive than the Sun, and has a radius that is 1.477 times larger than that of the Sun, making it more diffuse. WASP-15 has an effective temperature of 6300 K, and is thus hotter than the Sun, although at 3.9 billion years, it is also younger. WASP-15 has a metallicity of [Fe/H] of -0.17, which means that it has 68% of the iron found in the Sun. WASP-15b has a mass of 0.542 times Jupiter's mass and a radius that is 1.428 times Jupiter's radius. Due in part to its proximity to its host star, a distance of 0.0499 AU (7,500,000\u00a0km), WASP-15b is greatly inflated, with a density of 0.247 g/cm\u00b3. Another factor, such as an internal heat source, is suspected to add to this extremely high radius and extremely low density. WASP-15b orbits its host star every 3.7520656 days. It also has an orbital inclination of 85.5\u00ba, making it almost edge-on as seen from the Earth's perspective.\nThe study in 2012, utilizing a Rossiter\u2013McLaughlin effect, have determined the planetary orbit is strongly misaligned with the equatorial plane of the star, misalignment equal to -139.6+4.3\n\u22125.2\u00b0. This spin-orbit angle is making orbit of WASP-15b retrograde.<PIC> In 2019 the IAU announced as part of NameExoWorlds that WASP-15 and its planet WASP-15b would be given official names chosen by school children from The Ivory Coast.", ["w_s609"]]
[30174, "Gareth \"Gaz\" O'Brien (born 31 October 1991) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays as a fullback, scrum-half or stand-off for the Castleford Tigers in the Betfred Super League.\nHe previously played for the Warrington Wolves and the Salford Red Devils in the Super League, and on loan from Warrington at the Widnes Vikings, Castleford Tigers and St Helens in the Super League, the Swinton Lions in the Championship and the North Wales Crusaders in League 1. O'Brien has also played for the Toronto Wolfpack in the Championship and the top flight, and on loan from Toronto at Castleford in Super League XXV. O'Brien was born in Warrington, Cheshire, England. He is of Irish descent.\nHe is a product of the Warrington academy; he was seen as the long-term replacement for Lee Briers.\nO'Brien is the ambassador for the Rett syndrome research trust Reverse Rett, even posing as Mr. July in their Natural Wire Calendar, in which several players posed nude.  In the 2011 Season, O'Brien made his d\u00e9but in the 80-0 Challenge Cup win over Keighley; he marked his d\u00e9but with a try. He made his Super League d\u00e9but in Round 14 against Castleford, partnering Lee Briers as the half-backs. O'Brien steered the team to a 62\u20130 win, crossing the line for a try himself. He then featured in the record-breaking 112\u20130 home victory over the Swinton Lions in the 4th Round of the Challenge Cup. An injury prevented him from playing for the rest of the season.\nIn the 2012 Season, O'Brien featured in Round 10 (Widnes) then in Round 12 (Castleford) to Round 20 (Catalans) then in Round 22 (Bradford). He also featured in Round 4 and 5 and the quarter final of the Challenge Cup against Keighley, Bradford and Catalans. He scored against Salford (8 goals), Widnes (10 goals), Hull KR (1 try), Leeds (2 tries, 1 goal), Hull F.C. (6 goals), Catalans (1 goal) and Bradford (2 goals).\nIn the 2013 Season, O'Brien featured in Round 7 (Salford) and Round 9 (Widnes). He featured in Round 5 of the Challenge Cup against Keighley. He scored against Salford (1 goal), Widnes (3 goals) and Keighley (1 try).\nIn the 2014 Season, O'Brien featured in Round 1 (St. Helens) to Round 6 (Wigan) then in Round 9 (Widnes) to Round 11 (Bradford Bulls) and in Round 18 (Bradford Bulls) to Round 27 (Wigan). O'Brien played in Round 5 (Doncaster) of the Challenge Cup. He also featured in the playoffs in the Elimination Play Off (Widnes) to the Qualifying Semi Final (Wigan). He scored against Widnes (1 try), Bradford Bulls (2 tries), Castleford (2 tries), Huddersfield (1 try, 4 goals) and St. Helens (1 try, 1 goal).\nIn the 2015 Season, O'Brien featured in the World Club Series against St George Illawarra Dragons. He scored against the Dragons (1 try, 2 goals). O'Brien featured in Round 1 (Salford) to Round 9 (Castleford). He played in Round 17 (Catalans Dragons) to Round 18 (Huddersfield) then in Round 20 (Wigan Warriors) to Round 23 (Castleford Tigers). O'Brien also featured in the Challenge Cup in Round 6 (Dewsbury) to the Semi Final (Hull Kingston Rovers). He scored against Hull F.C. (1 goal, 1 drop goal), Catalans Dragons (6 goals), St. Helens (6 goals), Huddersfield (2 tries, 4 goals, 1 drop goal), Widnes (1 goal), Castleford (1 try, 5 goals), Leigh Centurions (4 goals), Wigan Warriors (1 try, 2 goals, 1 drop goal), Wakefield Trinity Wildcats (6 goals) and Hull Kingston Rovers (3 goals).\nO'Brien was released by Warrington at the end of the 2015 season, alongside teammates Joel Monaghan and Roy Asotasi, as the club continue their on and off-field changes. In March 2012, O'Brien was sent out on loan for a month to Super League side Widnes Vikings. He made his d\u00e9but in Round 6 against Wigan where he kicked 6 goals to help the Chemics to a 37\u201336 victory. He played in Round 7 against Hull F.C. but could only manage a goal as Widnes slipped to a 58\u201310 defeat. He featured in Round 8 (London Broncos) and kicked 7 goals to help Widnes to a 38\u201330 win. O'Brien converted Widnes' only try in the 76\u20136 loss against Catalans Dragons in Round 9. In 2013 and 2014, O'Brien played for the Swinton Lions in the Championship through their dual registration arrangement with Warrington. He made 7 appearances and scored 6 goals for the Lions in 2013, and made a further 8 appearances and scored 2 tries, 34 goals and 2 drop goals for the club in 2014. In February 2013, O'Brien joined the Castleford Tigers on a one-month loan deal. He was signed as cover for Tigers half-back Rangi Chase, who was serving a suspension. He made his d\u00e9but in Round 3 against the Bradford Bulls, and then featured in Round 4 against the Catalans Dragons when his final-moment drop goal earned a draw for Castleford. O'Brien's time at Castleford was cut short when he was recalled by Warrington following an injury to half-back Lee Briers. In May 2013, O'Brien joined St. Helens on a one-month loan deal. He made his d\u00e9but against Huddersfield, and kicked 2 goals in the 25\u201316 loss. He then featured against Bradford Bulls (5 goals). O'Brien then kicked 8 goals against the Salford City Reds, and 1 goal against the Hull Kingston Rovers. He then kicked 6 goals in the 40\u201324 victory over the Castleford Tigers. O'Brien helped the Saints to a famous 22\u201316 victory over arch rivals Wigan Warriors by kicking 2 goals. He also kicked a goal in the 26\u20136 victory over the Catalans Dragons. In May 2015, O'Brien played for the North Wales Crusaders in League 1 through their dual registration arrangement with Warrington. He made 2 appearances and scored 1 try.<PIC> O'Brien joined the Salford Red Devils for the 2016 season and was assigned squad number 14. In the Million Pound Game against Hull KR, he scored an incredible near-halfway drop goal in golden-point extra time to secure Salford's place in Super League. In his first season with the club, he made 32 appearances and scored 6 tries, 87 goals and 1 drop goal.\nOn 1 March 2017 he signed a new three-year deal with Salford. In the 2017 season, O'Brien made 29 appearances and scored 9 tries, 47 goals and 3 drop goals. On 12 March 2018, having made 4 appearances and scored 1 try and 9 goals in the 2018 season, it was announced that O'Brien would leave Salford to join Toronto Wolfpack with immediate effect. O'Brien joined Toronto Wolfpack in the Championship for an undisclosed fee on 12 March 2018. He said he \"was really impressed\" by the club and that joining the Wolfpack was an opportunity he couldn't afford to turn down. He made his d\u00e9but against Rochdale in a 17\u201318 victory. In his first season at the club, he made 24 appearances and scored 12 tries, 68 goals and 2 drop goals.\nIn the 2019 season, O'Brien made 27 appearances and scored 20 tries and 99 goals. This included 2 conversions in the Championship play-off final victory over Featherstone Rovers, to win promotion to Super League.\nO'Brien had made 5 appearances and scored 1 try and 7 goals for Toronto when the 2020 season was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. After Toronto were forced to withdraw from the 2020 competition, players were allowed to find new clubs for the rest of the season so he joined Castleford on loan. On 10 August 2020, Castleford Tigers announced the signing of O'Brien on a loan deal for the remainder of the 2020 season. He arrived as a direct replacement for full-back Jordan Rankin who had been released during the season suspension to allow him to return to Australia. Head coach Daryl Powell likened his abilities to those of Castleford fan favourite Luke Dorn: \"he can see things very quickly, his communication is great, he has got pace and his decision-making is excellent.\"\nO'Brien made 8 appearances throughout the remainder of the season, playing at fullback and scrum-half. He scored 3 tries, 7 goals and 1 drop goal in this time. Castleford announced the permanent signing of O'Brien on a three-year deal on 15 November 2020, after Toronto were denied readmission to Super League. His addition provided tough competition for the full-back and half-back positions occupied by Niall Evalds, Jake Trueman and Danny Richardson - O'Brien said, \"I'll be putting everyone on their toes, it's healthy and helps the competition that a squad needs. I'm looking forward to it.\"\nO'Brien was originally assigned squad number 16 for 2021, but he requested that this was changed to number 31 for personal reasons prior to the beginning of the season. In Castleford's round 3 Challenge Cup match against Hull KR, O'Brien kicked a 99th-minute drop goal to secure a victory for the Tigers in the fourth period of golden point extra time.\nOn 17 July 2021, he played for Castleford in their 2021 Challenge Cup Final loss against St. Helens. In 2016 he was called up to the Ireland squad for the 2017 Rugby League World Cup European Pool B qualifiers.", ["w_s610"]]
[30175, "Bj\u00f6rn Ragnar Weckstr\u00f6m (born February 8, 1935) is a Finnish sculptor and jewelry designer. He graduated from Helsinki Goldsmith\u2019s school in 1956. Since the very beginning of his career Weckstr\u00f6m has been a highly ambitious designer and artist. At first his works represented clean Scandinavian style, but in 1960s Weckstr\u00f6m found his own, totally new style which is closer to sculpture than traditional goldsmithing.<PIC> Rough matt surfaces, uncut semi-precious stones and asymmetrical forms are typical to his massive golden jewelry. Inspiration comes often from nature. When working in silver, Weckstr\u00f6m can for example portray the snowy, Finnish winter landscape with its frozen lakes. Weckstr\u00f6m considers jewelry as an art form and his designs as miniature sculptures.\nIn 1963 Bj\u00f6rn Weckstr\u00f6m started co-operation with jewelry manufacturer Kruunu-Koru Oy (later Lapponia Jewelry) and its owner Pekka Anttila. Weckstr\u00f6m became company\u2019s designer and art director. In 1965 Weckstr\u00f6m took part in the International Jewelry Contest in Rio de Janeiro, where his yellowgold and tourmaline necklace \u201cFlowering wall\u201d won the Grand Prix. Through this distinguished award, the company received worldwide recognition, launching Lapponia\u2019s international success. His designs have been in continuous production with Lapponia ever since.\nProbably the best-known piece of Weckstr\u00f6m\u2019s jewelry is necklace Planetoid Valleys which Princess Leia (Carrie Fisher) wore in George Lucas\u2019 film Star Wars in 1977. Necklace was designed for Lapponia in 1969. \nBj\u00f6rn Weckstr\u00f6m was the first designer who radically combined silver and acrylic in jewelry. Especially silver-acrylic ring Petrified lake achieved international attention when Yoko Ono was filmed wearing it on the Dick Cavett Show in 1975\nFor Nuutaj\u00e4rvi glass factory Weckstr\u00f6m has designed, inter alia, glassware series \u201cKanerva\u201d and \u201cFortuna\u201d and produced dozens of unique glassworks together with factory\u2019s glassblowers. In 2010s he has worked together with glassblower master Kari Alakoski. The artistic walk of life of sculptor Bjorn Weckstrom is characterised by impressive series of work, shaped in materials such as bronze, marble, glass and acrylic resin, as well as in often surprising combinations of the above. \nThe invitation to become a lecturer at the University of Pisa in 1979, led to an important change in his life: thereafter Weckstr\u00f6m spent the majority of his time in Italy for 30 years. Inspired by Riace bronzes 1980 Weckstr\u00f6m started to make narrative bronze sculptures. His distinctive language of expression ranges from abstract form to an individualistic interpretation of realism. Central to the bronze sculptures has been the reinterpretation of classic Greek mythology. Furthermore, the large sculptures, exploring the interaction between man and machine, outline a profound analysis of the current state of Mankind. HYY Group, Kaivopiha, Helsinki: sculpture \u201cTogether\u201d 2018\n\"The whistling City-dweller\"-sculpture, Helsinki 1995\nYLE Headquarters, Helsinki 1993: sculpture \"Narcissos\" 1993\nMonument in honour of Fazer's 100th Anniversary, Helsinki: \"Fazer's rooster\" 1991\nFazer Headquarters, Vantaa: sculpture \"Domina\" 1989\nWallrelief for Rettig Strengberg, Turku 1986 Cavaliere Ordine della Stella d\u2019Italia 2017\nEspoo City Medal 2016\nProfessor\u2019s title 1986\nPro Finlandia medal 1971\nMedal for merit no. 22 of the Finnish Goldsmiths' Association 1967\nWinner of the Lunning Prize More than 60 exhibitions in Europe, USA, Australia and Asia in 1963\u20132016\nBj\u00f6rn Weckstr\u00f6m is said to be one of the most charismatic and cosmopolitan personalities of the Finnish art world. Nowadays Bj\u00f6rn Weckstr\u00f6m lives in Espoo, Finland, but travels to Italy several times a year. He has an atelier both in Finland and in Italy. Bazar publishers has published Weckstr\u00f6m\u2019s autobiography Mitt liv som Bj\u00f6rn in 2018.", ["w_s613"]]
[30176, "Codex Purpureus Beratinus (Albanian: Kodiku i Beratit, Kodiku i Purpurt i Beratit) designated by \u03a6 or 043 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), \u03b5 17 (von Soden), is an uncial illuminated manuscript Gospel book written in Greek. Dated palaeographically to the 6th-century, the manuscript is written in an uncial hand on purple vellum with silver ink. The codex is preserved at the Albanian National Archives (Nr. 1) in Tirana, Albania. It was formerly possessed by the St. George Church in the town of Berat, Albania, hence the 'Beratinus' appellation. Codex Beratinus contains only the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark, with several considerable lacunae (Matthew 1:1-6:3, 7:26-8:7, 18:23-19:3, and Mark 14:62-end). The codex contains 190 extant parchment leaves measuring 31.4 \u00d7 26.8\u00a0cm, or approximately the same size as those of Codex Alexandrinus, and have two columns per page, but the letters are much larger. It is written with 17 lines per page, 8-12 letters per line, in very regular letters, in silver ink. The title and the first line in Mark are written in gold. The writing is continuous in full lines without stichometry. Quotations from the Old Testament are marked with an inverted comma (<).\nThe text is divided according to the \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 (chapters) and according to the Ammonian Sections (smaller than \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1). On the left margin are inserted the numerals of the \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 and above the pages are inserted the \u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 (titles) of the \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1. The numerals of the Ammonian sections are given on the left margin, and a references to the Eusebian Canons were added by a later hand in the 8th century. A note in the manuscript states that the loss of the other two Gospels is due to \"the Franks of Champagne\", i.e. some of the Crusaders, who may have seen it while at Patmos, where it was believed formerly to have been.<PIC> The Greek text of the codex is generally of the Byzantine text-type, but it contains the long Western addition after Matthew 20:28, occurring also in Codex Bezae: Aland gave for it the following textual profile: 131\u00b9, 831/2, 11\u00b2, 18\u02e2.\n\"But seek to increase from that which is small, and to become less from which is greater. When you enter into a house and are summoned to dine, do not sit down at the prominent places, lest perchance a man more honorable than you come in afterwards, and he who invited you come and say to you, \"Go down lower\"; and you shall be ashamed. But if you sit down in the inferior place, and one inferior to you come in, then he that invited you will say to you, \"Go up higher\"; and this will be advantageous for you.\"\nIn Matthew 21:9, the following interpolation occurs, sharing affinity only with syr\u1d9c\u1d58\u02b3:\n\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03b1\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\nAnd many went out to meet him; all who were seeing [him] round about were rejoicing and glorifying God.\nIn Matthew 27:9, in the phrase \u03b5\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u0399\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 (fulfilled what was spoken by Jeremiah the prophet) the word \u0399\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 (Jeremiah) is omitted, as in Minuscule 33, a, b, syr\u02e2, syr\u1d56, and cop\u1d47\u1d52.\nIn Matthew 27:16 it has additional reading \u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd (who for murder and insurrection had been thrown in prison).\nIn Matthew 27:35, it includes \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1fe4\u03b7\u03b8\u1f72\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u0394\u03b9\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f31\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f14\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd along with 0250, 037, 038, 1424, 1582, 124, 348, 788, 1279, 1579, and 517.\nAccording to B. H. Streeter, Codex Beratinus is a tertiary witness of the Caesarean text. It is grouped with N, O, \u03a3, and Uncial 080 to constitute the Purple Uncials. Aland categorized the first four into Category V, and it is certain that they are more Byzantine than anything else. Aland did not categorize Uncial 080. Formerly it was believed to have been at Patmos. According to Xhevat Lloshi it came from Ballsh. It was held in Berat, Albania from 1356. The text of the codex was published by Pierre Batiffol in 1887. \"During World War II, Hitler learned of it and sought it out. Several monks and priests risked their lives to hide the manuscript.\" Since 1971, it has been preserved at the National Archives of Albania in Tirana.\nOscar von Gebhardt designated it by siglum \u03a6, which is often used in critical editions. The Codex Purpureus Beratinus was inscribed on the UNESCO\u2019s Memory of the World Register in 2005 in recognition of its historical significance. The two Beratinus codices preserved in Albania are very important for the global community and the development of ancient biblical, liturgical and hagiographical literature and are part of the \"seven purple codices\", which were written over a period of 13 centuries, i.e. from the sixth to the eighteenth centuries. The other five \"purple codices\" are in Italy (two), France (one), England (one), and Greece (one).", ["w_s619"]]
[30177, "SN 2008ha was a type Ia supernova which was first observed around November 7, 2008 in the galaxy UGC 12682, which lies in the constellation Pegasus at a distance of about 21.3 megaparsecs (69\u00a0Mly) from Earth.\nSN 2008ha was unusual in several ways: with an absolute V band magnitude of \u221214.2 it is one of the faintest supernovae ever observed; its host galaxy type very rarely produces supernovae. Another unusual feature of SN 2008ha was its low expansion velocity of only ~2000\u00a0km/s at maximum brightness, which indicates a very small kinetic energy released in the explosion. For comparison, SN 2002cx expanded at a velocity of ~5000\u00a0km/s whereas typical\nSN Ia expand at around ~10,000\u00a0km/s. The low expansion velocity of SN2008ha resulted in relatively small Doppler broadening of spectral emission lines and this led to higher quality data.\nThe supernova was studied with ultraviolet, optical, and near-infrared photometry as well as optical spectra, using the Magellan telescopes in Chile, the MMT telescope in Arizona, the Gemini and Keck telescopes in Hawaii, and NASA's Swift satellite. Spectroscopically, SN 2008ha was identified as a SN 2002cx-type, a peculiar sub-class of SN Ia. SN 2008ha had a brightness period of only 10 days, which is significantly shorter than that of other SN 2002cx-like objects (~15 days) or normal Ia supernovas (~20 days). From the peak luminosity and the brightness time it was estimated that SN 2008ha generated (3.0 \u00b1 0.9) \u00d7 10\u207b\u00b3 M\u2299 of \u2075\u2076Ni, had a kinetic energy of 2 \u00d7 10\u2074\u2078 ergs, and ejected 0.15 M\u2299 of material.<PIC> SN 2008ha was co-discovered by Caroline Moore, Jack Newton and Tim Puckett, members of the Puckett Observatory World Supernova Search. The 14-year-old Moore received considerable attention for her role in the discovery because at the time, she was the youngest person to have discovered a supernova. Moore is currently majoring in Political Science at Georgetown University. She was born and raised in Warwick, NY. To make the discovery she spent almost 7 months sifting through Puckett Observatory Supernova Search (POSS) images. Incredibly, she made her discovery using a relatively small, low-powered telescope.\nIn July 2009, she discovered her second supernova named SN2009he.\nFrom a young age, Moore had practiced amateur astronomy with the assistance of her father. Early on she was very familiar with telescopes because of her scientific upbringing. She even converted her tree house into an observatory. Following her discovery, Moore was awarded $384,000 in grants from the University of California-Berkeley.\nMoore has since traveled across the US to promote the field of astronomy to children and discuss her discovery at astronomy events. She also used fundraising to construct an observatory in her former elementary school.\nMoore's discovery has allowed scientists to better understand the nature of the death of stars. It challenged the assumptions of the then current model for the explosive nature of supernovas. This is because 2008ha's low energy and low luminosity during the death of the star could not be explained with the current scientific model at the time due to it not being able to be distinctly classified as either a type Ia or type II Supernova. Despite being one of the weakest observed supernova on record, it was up to 1000 times brighter than the sun at one point and is approximately 70 million light years away from earth. Some scientists suggested that the supernova may have failed in exploding completely which is why the light emitted from it is so weak compared to other supernovas.\nIn reference to Moore, one astrophysicist remarked that \"the youngest person to ever discover a supernova found one of the most peculiar and interesting supernovae ever.\" President of the United States Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama met with Moore after her discovery.", ["w_s624"]]
[30178, "Mar Ammo was a 3rd-century Manichean disciple of the prophet Mani. According to Manichaen tradition he spread Manichaeism eastward into Sogdiana during the time period when Mani was living. Mar Ammo is well known as the apostle of the east in Manichean literature nevertheless his exact origins are unknown. His Syriac name (from \u02bfAmm\u0101n\u016b\u0113l) may denote that he was Aramaic in origin. However, a Parthian origin may also be seen and is mentioned by some scholars, especially due to his outstanding role in establishing the Parthian language as the official language of the eastern Manichean Church, later to be replaced by Sogdian in the sixth century. Furthermore, Mar Ammo is widely regarded as the composer of the Manichaean Parthian hymn-cycles (Huw\u012bdagm\u0101n and Angad R\u014d\u0161nan). On his way to eastern Iran, Mar Ammo was accompanied by the Parthian prince Ardavan. According to Manichaean tradition, when he reached the river Oxus on the Sogdian frontier the spirit who guarded it denied Mar Ammo entry across it. Mar Ammo fasted and prayed for two days and he either was confronted by Mani or had a vision of him who told him to read a chapter from his book The Treasury of Life which is generally believed to be a component of the Manichaean canon. When the spirit returned she asked why he was on a journey he responded that he wished to teach fasting and absentation from wine, flesh and woman. The spirit responded that there were similar men in her lands  perhaps referring to Buddhists in Sogdiana. However, when Mar Ammo read from one of Mani's books she realized he was a bringer of the \"true religion\" and allowed him to pass. The spirit can be identified with the goddess Ardvakhsh who has associations with the river. However fragmentary texts from Turpan tell a slightly different story in which Mani himself encounters the frontier spirit. Because of Mar Ammo, Manichaeism became established in Sogdiana. He was also closely associated with Mani. Mani also spent his last hours of his life with Mar Ammo whom he called \"his dearest son\". Following the death of Mani in 276 CE, at the command of the Sassanid King Bahram I, Sogdiana became home to a large Manichaean Community. This was dually because of the work of Mar Ammo and the eastward migrations of Manichaeans due to their persecution in Persia. Although Manichaeism was a fairly unified religious phenomenon, three hundred years after the death of Mar Ammo there was a schism between the Manichaean church in Babylonia and the Sogdian Manichaeans. The Sogdian Manichaeans, known as the Denawars (Middle Persian D\u0113nawar), viewed Mar Ammo as the founder of their sect and called themselves the \"Pure Ones\". However, another head of the Manichaean community, Shad Ohrmazd, is mentioned as the actual founder of the Denawari School (D\u012bn\u0101var\u012bya). The rift between the eastern and western Manichaeans was not caused by any doctrinal matters. The capital of the sect by the 8th century was centered in Kocho, on the northern Silk road. At the time it was at least active from Samarkand to Chang'an. The schism between the eastern and western churches was worked out and ended by the eighth century. Manichaeism, following its introduction into Sogdiana, would be spread in part by Sogdians eastward into the Tarim basin and China. Manichaeism would last at least for another six hundred years, fading away after the fourteenth century.<PIC>", ["w_s629"]]
[30179, "Royal Air Force Faldingworth or more simply RAF Faldingworth is a former Royal Air Force station used during and after the Second World War. It was located close to the village of Faldingworth in Lincolnshire, England.<PIC> By 1936 the RAF Expansion Scheme had overseen a period of rapid increases both in terms of aircraft operated and the development of new stations. The Faldingworth site was one of several earmarked under the expansion programme.\nAs it developed, it made an increasingly dramatic imposition on the surrounding rural landscape such as to the Lincolnshire Edge, a Jurassic limestone ridge, which forms the distinctive backbone of the county from Whitton on the Humber Estuary in the north, down to Grantham in the south.\nIt provides a continuous homogenous landscape of high quality agricultural land, with a number of local variations. To the west of the Edge, the gently undulating Trent Vale eventually flows into the moors and levels of Humberhead, draining to the Humber Estuary.\nTo the east there is a gentle transition into the Central Lincolnshire Vale between the Humber and Lincoln, while south of Lincoln the Edge is bounded by a narrow finger of Fenland, which follows the River Witham into Lincoln. To the south, the Edge merges into the more undulating Kesteven Uplands.\nAlong the top of the Edge a series of airfields were developed. They lie within an open landscape, consisting of rectilinear fields and few boundaries. Faldingworth entered service life as Toft Grange decoy airfield and later as a satellite airfield of RAF Lindholme. Late in 1943 it became a satellite of RAF Ludford Magna. After the war the base was used for storage of weapons.\nIn 1957 the site became a nuclear weapons store for the RAF's V bomber force. In times of crisis nuclear weapons from the site would be distributed to the nearby V-bomber airfields such as RAF Scampton, RAF Finningley and RAF Coningsby. With the transfer of the UK nuclear deterrent role to the Royal Navy's  Resolution-class submarines in 1968 the site was run down and finally deactivated in 1972.\nIn 1959 there was an oxygen production unit operating on the opposite side of the airfield to the nuclear weapons storage site.  Two BA1D air separation units were operated on a 24-hour basis to provide a ready supply of breathable oxygen for the aircrew of the V-bombers.  At that time RAF Faldingworth was a satellite station of RAF Scampton.\nCurrent Ordnance Survey maps show the remains of a typical wartime bomber airfield, with the former storage site overlaying the southwestern part of the airfield, about 1.25 miles (2\u00a0km) east of Spridlington.\nThere is a cluster of 127 RAF-built houses northeast of the airfield area, sold to Roger Byron-Collins' Welbeck Estate Group in 1979 and renamed The Virginia Estate. A group of RAF buildings is used as an industrial estate. The following units were here at some point:\nNo. 300 Polish Bomber Squadron (1944-1947) - Vickers Wellington X, Avro Lancaster I & III\nNo. 305 Polish Bomber Squadron (1946-1947) - de Havilland Mosquito VI\nNo. 1546 (Beam Approach Training) Flight RAF\nNo. 1667 Heavy Conversion Unit RAF\nNo. 1 Lancaster Finishing School RAF\nNo. 92 Maintenance Unit RAF (No. 92 MU)\nNo. 93 MU\nNo. 2797 Squadron RAF Regiment A memorial is now in place at the end of the main runway commemorating 300 (Polish) Squadron.", ["w_s637"]]
[30180, "Balaji Sampath (born 17 January 1973) is an Indian educationist, social activist, the founder and secretary of a non-profit Organization, Association for India's Development, India chapter, an India-based NGO that carries out science teaching and primary school programs for children to aid their educational development.\nAidIndia trains teachers in government schools with the goal of improving the quality of teaching, especially for science and mathematics by using innovative techniques and devising educational aids . The mission of AidIndia is to empower socially disadvantaged and often forgotten sections of the society through socio-economic development programs, education, providing micro credit, and imparting training in the areas of health, human rights and utilization of resources for income generation.\nBalaji is also the founder and CEO of Ahaguru. A pioneer education start-up in online coaching that engages in providing training courses on different subjects online. Balaji has written many science books for primary and higher-level education to explain very complex concepts in a simple and easy to understand language for students.<PIC> Balaji was born in Chennai, India on 17 January 1973 into a family where both of his parents were government workers. Because his parents were often transferred to different locations for their government jobs, as a child Balaji was exposed to a number of schools across India. But one thing remained constant: his problem understanding scientific subjects because of ineffective teaching. Early in life, he devised his own system of analysis and arriving at solutions. Balaji appeared for IIT JEE and obtained All India Rank 4 in 1990, considered one of the most competitive exams in India. He completed his B.Tech. degree in Electrical Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Madras in 1994, and his doctorate in Electronics and communication Engineering from University of Maryland, College Park. Balaji started his career as a volunteer for AID United States chapter from 1994 while he was doing his doctorate. After completing his PhD degree, he returned to India to work full-time on social issues in 1997 and founded AID India. He worked with the Centre for Ecology and Rural Development and the Peoples Science Movement on Health and Education Programs. Balaji organized Peoples Health assembly campaign in 2000 at a national level and began campaigning for better public education and access to healthcare, especially in the rural areas.\nIn 2011, Balaji started Ahaguru.com, an online education portal to enhance science and math learning and problem-solving skills of middle and high school students. Yahoo! News said: \"This education startup, www.AhaGuru.com, a pioneer in online coaching, provides training courses completely online. From CBSE to NEET and JEE Advanced, it covers physics, chemistry and math courses from class 7 to 12.Their best seller is the full year course, which is modelled like a classroom with an expert teacher explaining the key concepts and showing how to solve different types of questions.\". In 2021 his ahaguru platform became a very big hit, he is also known to be a predicter of future, with his ahaguru developing online from 2013 itself IIT Madras Distinguished Alumnus Award 2012.\nTimes of India Social Impact Award for AID, 2011 from Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh in 2011.\nAshoka Fellowship for innovative work on Science Education.\nLemelson Inventor Certificate for Science Education.\nMIT Indus Technovator's Award 2005 for Village Libraries and Science Education.\nRotary Distinguished Service Award by the Rotary Club of Madras South.\nPratham USA Achievement Award 2006 for improving reading skills in Tamil Nadu.\nAssociation for India's Development JS Fellowship, 1998.\nAll India Rank 4 in the IIT JEE, 1990.", ["w_s638"]]
[30181, "Pagan's Mind is a power metal band from Skien, Norway. They have released five studio albums, and the current line-up only features original members.<PIC> Founded in 2000 from the band Silverspoon by Nils K. Rue, Thorstein Aaby, and Stian Kristoffersen. Pagan's Mind released their first album, Infinity Divine, that same year. The following album, Celestial Entrance, was released in 2002 and was a relatively big success even outside of Norway. A re-recorded version of Infinity Divine was released in 2004. Their third album, Enigmatic: Calling, was released in 2005 and debuted at number 15 on the Norwegian albums chart.\nIn February 2008, power metal band Power Quest announced that Pagan's Mind guitarist J\u00f8rn Viggo Lofstad will be providing guest instrumentation for the upcoming album Master of Illusion.\nIn 2008, Pagan's Mind toured with Sonata Arctica on their Unia tour.\nIn 2009, Pagan's Mind played ProgPower USA.\nOn 2 March 2011, Pagan's Mind announced Heavenly Ecstasy as the title of their forthcoming album. The band also released a new song called \"Intermission\" as a premiere for the online radio show \"The Metal Madman\". The album was released on SPV/Steamhammer on 20 May in Germany, 23 May in other parts of Europe and in June in USA/Canada.\nOn 11 August 2014 Pagan's Mind launched a crowdfunding campaign to fund their next live release called Full Circle - Live At Center Stage, which ran till 20 September and was successfully funded by 163% through their Indiegogo campaign. On 31 July the release date of Full Circle - Live At Center Stage was announced to be on 16 October 2015 in a Blu-ray+2CD, DVD+2CD and 2LP+CD format through SPV Steamhammer GmbH.\nBetween 2014 and 2017, the band was inactive due to health issues from the members of the bands. They resumed their activities in late 2017, and started working on a new album. On January 22, they announced that due to a family situation, K. Rue would not be featured on the three shows planned in March, and would be replaced by Ole Aleksander Wagenius from the band Withem; the band stated that K. Rue's situation would not interfere with his involvement in the upcoming album. Nils K. Rue was the vocalist for Canadian power metal Band Eidolon for their final album as well as a single before the band disbanded. \nOn 28 November 2016 it was announced that Nils K. Rue would play a character named The Prophet in the next Ayreon album The Source.\nOn 22 February 2018 Northward, a hard rock project by J\u00f8rn Viggo Lofstad and singer Floor Jansen, was unveiled. The two created the project in 2007, writing an entire album worth of music in 2008 but being unable to record previously due to their busy schedules; they ultimately reunited in 2017 to finally record their self-titled debut album, which was released in 2018. Their music is influenced by Stargate, especially the theatrical film. In an interview, frontman Nils K. Rue said: \"I wouldn't say I like the TV series Stargate, because I never saw an entire episode of that. But I really like the film Stargate. Of course, I took some inspiration from that...\" Nils K. Rue\u00a0\u2013 lead vocals (2000\u2013present)\nJ\u00f8rn Viggo Lofstad\u00a0\u2013 guitar, backing vocals (2000\u2013present)\nSteinar Krokmo\u00a0\u2013 bass, backing vocals (2000\u2013present)\nRonny Tegner\u00a0\u2013 keyboards (2000\u2013present)\nStian Kristoffersen\u00a0\u2013 drums (2000\u2013present) Thorstein Aaby\u00a0\u2013 guitar  (2000\u20132003; died 2007) Ole Aleksander Wagenius\u00a0\u2013 vocals (2018)   Infinity Divine (2000, re-recorded in 2004)\nCelestial Entrance (2002)\nEnigmatic: Calling (2005)\nGod's Equation (2007)\nHeavenly Ecstasy (2011) Live Equation (2009) (DVD)\nFull Circle: Live at Center Stage (2015) (Blu-Ray, DVD)  New World Order Live and Supremacy Our Kind Live (ProgPower USA VIII Concert DVD)\nGod Equation Live 2009 (Promo/Concert Sale DVD) \"Through Osiris' Eyes\" (Celestial Entrance)\n\"Aegean Shores\" (Celestial Entrance)\n\"Enigmatic Mission\" (Enigmatic: Calling)\n\"Atomic Firelight\" (God's Equation)\n\"Intermission\" (Heavenly Ecstasy)", ["w_s639"]]
[30182, "682 Hagar (prov. designation: A909 MA or 1909 HA) is an Eunomia asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 17 June 1909, by German astronomer August Kopff at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory. The presumed S-type asteroid has a short rotation period of 4.9 hours and measures approximately 19 kilometers (12 miles) in diameter. Possibly inspired by the asteroid's provisional designation \"1909 HA\", it was named for the biblical woman Hagar. When applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements, Hagar is a core member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony S-type asteroids and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 known members. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,579 days; semi-major axis of 2.65\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Vienna Observatory on 28 June 1909, just eleven nights after prior to its official discovery observation by August Kopff at Heidelberg. This minor planet was named after the biblical woman Hagar from the Book of Genesis. She was an Ancient Egyptian servant of Sarah and the mother of Abraham's firstborn, Ishmael. The asteroid's name may have been inspired by the two letters of its provisional designation, \"1909 HA\". It is also speculated that the name comes from a list created in 1913 by the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut (ARI) containing suggestions of female names from history and mythology for the naming of minor planets (AN 196, 137). At the time, the naming process was not well developed and the ARI feared inconsistencies and potential confusion. The list was sent to several German astronomers, including Kopff, with the invitation to name all of their made discoveries up to number 700. Based on the overall spectral type of the Eunomia family, Hagar is possibly a common, stony S-type asteroid. However, observations by Pilcher (see below) found a V\u2013R color index of 0.400\u00b10.040, which rather suggest a low albedo of a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. In August 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Hagar was obtained from nine nights of photometric observations by Frederick Pilcher at the Organ Mesa Observatory (G50) in Arizona. Analysis gave a well-defined, classically shaped bimodal lightcurve with a rotation period of (4.8503\u00b10.0001) hours and a high brightness variation of 0.52\u00b10.03 magnitude (U=3). At the same time, Alexander Kurtenkov at Sofia University, and a team of Bulgarian students obtained a concurring period of 4.854\u00b10.011 hours with an amplitude of 0.49\u00b10.03 magnitude (U=3). In July 2017, French and Swiss astronomers Ren\u00e9 Roy and Raoul Behrend confirmed the period measuring a nearly identical rotation of (4.8516\u00b10.0003) hours and an amplitude of 0.51\u00b10.02 magnitude (U=3).<PIC> Two lightcurves, published in 2016, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD) and other sources, gave a concurring sidereal period of (4.850417\u00b10.000001) and (4.85042\u00b10.00005) hours, respectively. Each modeled lightcurve also determined two spin axes of (93.0\u00b0, \u221271.0\u00b0) and (277.0\u00b0, \u221235.0\u00b0), as well as (56.0\u00b0, \u221278.0\u00b0) and (255.0\u00b0, \u221257.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u2009\u03b2), respectively. American photometrist Frederick Pilcher also determined a diameter of 19\u00b14 kilometers based on a visual absolute magnitude of 12.27\u00b10.07, and an albedo of 0.057 derived from its measured V\u2013R color index (see above). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Pilcher's albedo of 0.057 and derives a diameter of 19.57 kilometers.", ["w_s642"]]
[30183, "Donna Leon (/\u02c8li\u02d0\u0252n/; born September 28, 1942, in Montclair, New Jersey) is the American author of a series of crime novels set in Venice, Italy, featuring the fictional hero Commissario Guido Brunetti. In 2003, she received the Corine Literature Prize.\nLeon lived in Venice for over 30 years and now resides in the small village of Val M\u00fcstair in the mountains of Grisons in Switzerland. She also has a home in Zurich. In 2020 she became a Swiss citizen. She was a lecturer in English literature for the University of Maryland University College\u00a0\u2013 Europe (UMUC-Europe) in Italy and taught English from 1981 to 1990 at an American military base in Italy. She has stopped teaching and concentrated on writing and other cultural activities in the field of music (especially baroque music).\nHer Commissario Brunetti novels all take place in or around Venice. They are written in English and have been translated into many foreign languages, but\u00a0\u2013 at Leon's request\u00a0\u2013 not into Italian. The ninth Brunetti novel, Friends in High Places, won the Crime Writers' Association Silver Dagger in 2000. German television has produced 26 Commissario Brunetti episodes for broadcast.<PIC> Donna Leon was born to Catholic parents, who had strong leanings to the Democratic party. Her paternal grandparents were Spanish and her maternal grandparents were Irish and German. She grew up in Bloomfield, New Jersey. Her parents put a strong focus on education for their daughter.\nThe Guardian reports: \"Leon was teaching in Iran while attempting to complete a PhD about Jane Austen when the revolution of 1978-79 interrupted her studies and her life. When her trunks were returned to her months later, following her hasty evacuation (part of it at gunpoint, on a bus), her papers were gone.\" She returned to the US and worked in New York City writing advertising copy. When she visited Italy for the first time, she fell in love with the country.\nIn 2015, she left Venice as her full-time home and began to split her time between the homes she owns in Switzerland, one in Zurich and another in the mountains. She returns to Venice approximately one week each month. Leon wrote a crime novel after seeing a scene she thought belonged in such a novel. She wrote it in 8 months and stuck it in a drawer until a friend persuaded her to submit to a writing contest, which she won. The police commissioner Guido Brunetti confronts crime in and around his home town of Venice. Each case is an opportunity for the author to reveal another aspect of the seamy underside of society and another facet of Venetian life. Brunetti reports to the vain and self-serving buffoon, Vice-Questore Patta, while Sergente (later Ispettore and with the inspector per tu) Vianello and the all-knowing and well-connected Signorina Elettra, Patta's secretary, assists Brunetti on the ground and through research.\nThese novels are successful in Germany and translated into many languages, except Italian. Leon's Commissario Brunetti novels have spawned multiple spin-off enterprises, including:\nA travel guidebook: Sepeda, Dr. Toni (author) & Leon, Donna (Introduction) (April 2009). Brunetti's Venice: Walks with the City's Best-Loved Detective (Paperback\u00a0ed.). New York: Grove Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0802144379. OCLC\u00a0259266590.\nWalking Tours of Guido Brunetti's Venice with accompanying maps: Dr. Toni Sepeda,\"the only lecturer authorized by Donna Leon to conduct events in Brunetti's Venicea\", leads individual and group tours of the locations and routes noted in Leon's Commissario Guido Brunetti novels.", ["w_s649"]]
[30184, "Spanish is the most-widely spoken language in Ecuador, though great variations are present depending on several factors, the most important one being the geographical region where it is spoken. The three main regional variants are:\nEquatorial Pacific Spanish or Equatorial Coastal Spanish\nAndean Spanish\nAmazonic Spanish\nAdditionally to the characteristics described below, Ecuadorian Spanish shares many characteristics that are widespread in Spanish in the Americas.\nOther sociolinguistic factors that influence in the way of speaking are the ethnic or social class of the speaker, and whether the speaker lives in an urban or rural area. Since the Coast and the Highlands are the most populous areas, these are the country's most widely used dialects, despite being quite different from each other. For instance, there are many idioms specific to each region or province, and others that are used and understood nationwide.<PIC> This Spanish variant is classified within the Equatorial Spanish dialect, which extends from the south Pacific coastal Colombia to the northern coast of Peru, crossing the Ecuadorian seacoast. The influential linguistic center of this dialectal region is the port city of Guayaquil.\nThe most remarkable feature of this variant, is the aspiration of the letter \"s\" at the end of words or when preceded by another consonant, often being pronounced as a smooth English \"h\". Likewise, letter \"j\" is not pronounced as strongly as in other variants [x] but rather smoothly and aspirated [h]. These features are shared with many coastal Latin American Spanish dialects along with Canary Islands.\nThus, this dialect set the phonemical axis of accentual-tonal transition throughout the American varieties of Spanish, which extends geographically from the northern semi-low intonation of Central American and the Caribbean dialects (since only the European variants of Spanish are  particularly low-pitched) to the sharp high intonation characteristic of the lands located south, typical of Peru, Chile and Argentina.\nTherefore, the variant of Spanish spoken in the Ecuadorian coast and its neighboring western Andean plains, shares many features of both Caribbean dialects of northern Colombia and Venezuela, as well as some southern features of the Peruvian seaboard, making identification of this dialect difficult to the ears of an outsider.\nIn addition, this variant has incorporated into its lexicon a number of words shared with other dialects of Ecuador which are understood only within the country. These words come mostly from the Andean Spanish dialects of Ecuador, with strong influences from Quichua (Northern Quechua), although Quechua had no historical presence in the Ecuadorian coast. This is the case of the Quechua-origin word \"\u00f1a\u00f1o\" (brother) which is widespread throughout the country.\nGuayaquil accent: One of the most outstanding accents of the region is the one from the city of Guayaquil, the largest city in the country. Being an important large city that has grown demographically through immigration, both national and international, many dialectal variations may be found mainly associated with social class, ethnicity and schooling level. In general, the \"s\" sound is dropped or aspirated when it is at the end of the syllables while women tend to overpronounce the letter \"s\"  by saying a deaf elongated sound, especially in the beginning of the syllables. Among the higher-schooled classes, the tendency is to correct the accent towards a more standard Spanish, as well as to incorporate foreign words -especially from English- into its lexicon. Amongst the lower-schooled people, other variations may be found. There is a group of people who tend to share their intonation with the coastal farmers (known as \"montubio\"). Another group of people tend to have a stronger intonation, which is generally known as \"street language\" featured by pronouncing letter \"s\" as an English \"sh\" [\u0283], in addition to a series of words in their lexicon that are not always understood by other speakers in the region.\nMontubio accent:  This the dialect spoken by the local peasants of the rural areas of the Guayas, Los Rios and Manabi provinces, known as montubio. They tend to emphasize the first syllable of most words  and to pronounce both the \"s\" and the \"z\" like the sound [\u03b8] (like th in think). This phonological type is called ceceo which is also common in some Andalusian Spanish dialects; while some montubios do not pronounce the \"s\" at all at the end of the words.\nEsmeraldas accent: The province of Esmeraldas, on the other hand, presents a very different variant noticeable to the rest of the region, with a strong African component, which closely resembles the accent spoken in the bordering coastal region of Colombia (known there as \"Chocoano\" dialect). Since this region has a majority of people of African origin, this dialect tends to be a little stronger, featuring both lexical and intonation differences.\nManab\u00ed accent: The accent spoken in the province of Manab\u00ed is somewhat similar to the dialect spoken in Guayaquil, though slight variations in intonation and lexicon make it distinct and easily identifiable as a separate variety within the Ecuadorian coastal dialect.\nOther regions in the Coast tend to speak a very similar dialect to the one spoken in the city of Guayaquil, due to its influence, specially in urban areas. Slight local variations may be found, however. In the highlands of Ecuador, a variant of Spanish is spoken, often confused by foreigners with Chilango Spanish\u2014the dialect spoken in Mexico City\u2014due to its similarities. However, it can be subdivided in four dialects:\nPastuso Spanish (spoken in the Carchi Province, at the border with Colombia and similar to the one spoken at the other side of the border, in the Colombian department of Nari\u00f1o)\n Chota Valley dialect, spoken only amongst the people of African descent that live in this valley between the provinces of Imbabura and Carchi. It is a mix of the Highland Central dialect with African influences, and different from the accent spoken in the coastal province of Esmeraldas. The Chota dialect is phonetically a highlands variety, with only slightly higher rates of s-reduction than surrounding varieties. Final /s/ is often lost in the Chota variety when it's not morphologically significant, as in the first person plural ending -mos.  This treatment of /s/ is consistent with creolized or African-influenced varieties of Spanish and Portuguese. The current Chota dialect has absorbed some popular Andean syntactic formations, including those typical of Spanish-Quechua bilinguals. The Chota dialect, especially among its older and least-educated speakers, manifests an occasional lack of grammatical agreement, changes to prepositional usage, and constructions typical of creolized Spanish. Normally redundant subject pronouns which would be dropped in other varieties are usually retained in Chotas, as in Esmeraldas and several other areas such as the Caribbean. The current dialect in Chotas offers a window into an earlier stage, when a dialect with more features of Bozal Spanish was widely spoken.\nCentral Andean, the dialect spoken in Quito and most of the Highlands.\nMorlaco Spanish, the dialect spoken in the city of Cuenca and the surrounding areas (provinces of Azuay and Ca\u00f1ar). Its main feature is the \"singing\" accent they have, many syllables being stressed where they don't correspond. As in the native languages of the region, the phoneme /r/ tends to be realized as a fricative trill [r\u031d], akin to the letter \u27e8\u0159\u27e9 in Czech. Plus, this zone has a lot of own idiomatic expressions not used elsewhere in the country.\nSouthern Highlander, the one spoken in the province of Loja.  This variant is maybe the most neutral from the Highlands region, but with a special feature, known in Spanish as lle\u00edsmo (the ancient Castilian way of pronouncing \u27e8ll\u27e9 [\u028e] as opposed to the ye\u00edsmo that is widespread in the rest of the Spanish speaking world where the sounds for ll and y are pronounced as y [\u029d]). For instance, the word \"pollo\" (chicken) would be pronounced akin to \"polio\".\nThe Spanish spoken in the Ecuadorian Andes tends to have many idioms borrowed from Quechua, the native language spoken by the indigenous from this region. Words such as \u00f1a\u00f1o (which is used by many to refer to brother or \"bro\", while \u00f1a\u00f1a would mean sister) or choclo (corn) are widely used by people of any ethnicity or social class in this area. \nVoseo (the substitution of the second-person pronoun t\u00fa for vos) is also very common in this region of the country, used only for informal conversations between friends or relatives. Word-final /s/ is often voiced to [z] before a vowel, in addition to voicing before voiced consonants (found also in other dialects). The Amazonian region has a variant similar to the Central Andean dialect, though there are little differences. For instance, the quijo population from the northern areas, use the 2nd pronoun t\u00fa but conjugate the following verb with the 3rd person,  usted. At the islands, a dialect very similar to the one from Guayaquil is spoken, with no major variations, since it is a very low-populated region if compared to the rest of the country.\nAnnex: Spanish Language\nAnnex: South American Spanish", ["w_s650"]]
[30185, "Tudor Zb\u00e2rnea (born 29 December 1955, Nisporeni region, Moldavian SSR) is a Moldavian painter. \nZb\u00e2rnea has contributed to the assertion, in Chi\u0219in\u0103u, of an original artistic thinking stream that was against \"artistic vigilance\" mentality, which was too hostile to the spectacular innovations in plastic art. Currently, he is the director of the National Museum of Fine Arts of Moldova.  He participated as chairman or member of the juries in various national and international competitions in the field of fine arts. He traveled on studies and documentaries in Germany, Italy, Turkey, Georgia, Russia, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Poland, Austria.\nHe is the author and curator of the visual art projects such as: \n\"Neighbors from the East\", Utrecht,  The Netherlands, 2006;\n\"Moldova, Contemporary Art\" \u2013 Brussels, Belgium, 2006;\nCurator of the International Painting Biennial, Chi\u0219in\u0103u, 2009, 2011, 2013.<PIC> He is a graduate of the Republican College of Fine Arts \"Ilya Repin\" from Chi\u0219in\u0103u and from the George Enescu National University of Arts in Ia\u0219i, the painting division of the Faculty of Fine Arts, in Professor Corneliu Ionescu\u2019s class. The member of the Union of Artists of Moldova. Member of the Romanian Artists' Union. Member of IAA (UNESCO). The member founder of the \"Group of ten\". In 1984, he debuted in a republican exhibition of contemporary art organized in Chi\u0219in\u0103u. He has participated in over 300 exhibitions organized in the country and abroad. To date he has had over 30 personal exhibitions in Belgium, Belarus, France, Italy, Moldova, Romania, Ukraine, Russia, and numerous relevant collective exhibitions in Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Lithuania, Russia, Turkey and Poland. He is a winner of numerous prizes, medals, trophies and other mentions at different international and national art competitions and salons, among them: \nThe Prize of the Union of Artists of Romania, 2015;\nThe Prize of the Bac\u0103u City Hall, awarded for the \"Salons of Moldova\", 2015;\nNational Award, granted by the Government of the Republic of Moldova, for outstanding merits in the arts development arts awarded in 2014;\nMinistry of Culture Award, National Art Competition, Chi\u0219in\u0103u, 2010;\nGrand Gold Medal, M. C. A. at the Cannes International Prestige Grand Prix, 2009, 2010;\nHonorary Master of Arts, 2009; Vicolo Poldo Trophy, 35th Edition, Como, Italy, 2009;\nThe prize of the Union of Artists of Moldova, 2001, 2008;\nThe Prize of the Union of Artists of Romania, 2007;\nDiploma of the Ministry of Culture, National Competition in the field of Fine Arts, Chi\u0219in\u0103u, 2009, 2008, 2005;\nSilver medal \"Eureca\" World Show (Brussels), 1998;\nHonorary Diploma of the Flemish Artists (Brussels), 1998;\nHonorary Diploma of the European Academy of Art, Brussels, 1997. The artist's works are exhibited in several museums: \nThe National Museum of Art of Moldova;\nNational Museum of Contemporary Art, Bucharest, Romania;\nState Museum of Art, Ankara, Turkey;\nNational Museum of Art, Beijing, China;\nThe Art Museum, Baia Mare, Romania;\nThe Art Museum, Bac\u0103u, Romania;\nMuseum of Art, Prahova County, Romania;\nCluj-Napoca Art Museum, Romania;\nBrukenthal National Museum, Sibiu, Romania;\nCri\u0219urii Country Museum, Oradea, Romania;\nMuseum of Comparative Art, S\u00e2ngeorz-B\u0103i, Romania;\nBelarus National Museum of Art, Minsk;\nNational Museum of Art, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan;\nMuseum of History and Art, Bac\u0103u, Romania;\nA.Mateevici Museum, C\u0103inari, Moldova;\nThe Contemporary Art Collection of the Romanian Ministry of Culture;\nThe collection of the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova;\nThe collection of the Union of Artists of Moldova;\nThe collection of the Romanian Embassy in Moldova;\nAgroindBank Moldova Collection;\nCollection of the STURZA Family Foundation;\nThe Cannes Public Collection;\nCapo d'Orlando Public Collection, Italy;\nPrivate collections in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Italy, Israel, Germany, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Russia, United States, Turkey, Venezuela, and other countries. Dan Grigorescu, Bucharest, 1995.\n***\n\"Zb\u00e2rnea deliberately cultivates the equivocation and the gloom, the neutral observation and its own projection, not so much as to create states of insecurity in the exercise of reading, but to understand what are the mechanisms by which matter is organized and the spiritual task over-determines the world of substance. He starts from the premise of the genuine creator who, in a moment of clairvoyance, has the intuition of a harmony beyond the senses that must be transferred from the virtuality into the act or, in other words, from the latent existence in the manifest of the reality. After this long negotiation with the delusions of the form, with the chromatic matter and with its consubstantial light, a new age of the image seems to set itself. The mist of ambiguity dissipates, the color leaves the practice of its own confession, the image diverges from the context and the eye begins to discern and recognize objects, faces, events and episodes isolated from a narrative covered by oblivion. What was originally a story about the birth of form (the world) in a generic version and under a globalizing view, now becomes an eposome of the form (world) ready made. Tudor Zb\u00e2rnea follows this odyssey of creation both from the perspective of the witness fascinated by the miracle and overwhelmed by his greatness, as well as from the creator himself whose gesture mixes the tenderness and the harshness, the paternal love and the lucidity of the master.\"\nPavel \u0218u\u0219ar\u0103, Bucharest, 1998.", ["w_s651"]]
[30186, "Avi Benedi (Hebrew: \u05d0\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9, born April 2, 1980) is an Israeli singer and songwriter. He has released three albums: Avi Benedi & Diamond Band in 2001 (in Austria), We Met Late (\u0412\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u043e) in 2012 (in Russia). and Loco in 2017.<PIC> Avi Benedi was born in Israel on 2 April 1980. When he was four years old, his family moved to Vienna, Austria. His parents have Russian roots. His father, Eduard Babadost, is a famous tenor in Austria, and his grandfather is a folk artist in Tajikistan. Benedi has two brothers: one is a jewelry and fashion designer, and the other is the music video director Lior Babadost.\nBenedi speaks and sings in Hebrew, English, German, Russian, Bulgarian, Persian, Bukhori, Slovakian and Romanian.  Benedi graduated from the College of Photography and Film Arts in Vienna. From 1999 until 2008, he worked as operator-in-charge at the Austrian TV channel ATV.\nHe began writing his own music and working professionally with his band, which was called Diamond Band. Together, they became very popular and, in the period 2003\u20132006, performed many concerts across the world. In Israel, Avi Benedi and the Diamond Band had their breakthrough hit with the song Live Like In A Movie, which was at the top of the music charts for four weeks.\nIn 2006, Benedi launched his solo career in Russia, where he moved to live for several years working together with Philipp Kirkorov for several projects. Since the beginning of 2014, Benedi has been working with the Bulgarian record label Payner. As a singer and composer, he became well-known in Bulgaria for his two collaborations with the singer Emilia: \"\u041a\u043e\u0439 \u0449\u0435 \u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\" (\"Boi Tegali Li\") and \"Balkania\".\nAfter the success of his two duets with Emilia, Benedi gained popularity in Bulgaria and has been a special guest at concerts broadcast by TV channel Planeta and of many TV shows. His duets with Emilia also led to his involvement in the Planeta Summer 2014 national tour. In February 2015, Who Will Tell Him won the Best Duet of 2014 prize at Planeta\u2019s Annual Music Awards.\nOn 29 October 2014, Benedi launched his first solo project: \"\u0411\u043e\u0436\u0435, \u043f\u0430\u0437\u0438\" (\"God Help Them\"). It was dedicated to the human tragedy resulting from the catastrophic floods in Bulgaria in 2014.\nIn 2015 he released two more solo songs \"\u0417\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0431, \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\" (\"Forou, Love\"), written by him and the poet Doni Vasileva, and \"\u0425\u0443\u0431\u0430\u0432 \u0435 \u0416\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0430\" (\"Life is Beautiful\") with Anelia performing the backing vocals.  He announced his new song \"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0416\u0435\u043d\u0430\" (\"True Woman\") together with Maria and Gumzata.  Benedi wrote the Hebrew part of the song and the Bulgarian part was written by Marieta Angelova. The video was released on 15 February 2016.\nIn May 2016, Benedi released a new song featuring the young Armenian star Alex, \"Ekel em Yerevan\" (\"Ekel in Yerevan\").\nIn June 2016 Benedi wrote the music for and arranged three songs. For Serbia, Andreana Cekic presented \"300 svatova\", and her colleague Jelena Paunovic presented the song \"Zeni Me\". For Israel, rapper Subliminal presented \"Tzeva Lahaim\", which became a hit in just a few days.\nBenedi began 2017 by releasing a new single, \"\u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u043d\" (\"The war within me\") on 4 January, written by Anastasiya Mavrodieva, with the video directed by his brother, Lior Babadost.\nOn 8 March 2017 Benedi promoted his new single \"La Vida Amiga\" with the video directed by Ivaylo Petkov, and announced that a Spanish album was in production. The song itself became a hit in Germany, trending on YouTube Germany, MTV Germany and Switzerland and Viva Germany. On 9 June 2017 he realised his new single \"Oye Se\u00f1orita\" written by Benedi and Sevdalina Dyakova with video directed by Lior Babadost; a week later the song was released for the Bulgarian public. His Spanish album was released in late 2017 and the song \"La Vida Amiga\" is reported to have attracted the attention of Universal Music.    2013 \u0410nnual \u201ePlaneta\u201c awards \u2013 perf. \u201e\u041a\u043e\u0439 \u0449\u0435 \u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435/Boi tegali li\u201c\n\u201ePlaneta\u201c Summer Tour 2014 \u2013 perf. \u201e\u0411\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u201c \u0438 \u201e\u041a\u043e\u0439 \u0449\u0435 \u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435/Boi tegali li\u201c\n13 years television \u201ePlaneta\u201c \u2013 perf. \u201e\u0411\u043e\u0436\u0435, \u043f\u0430\u0437\u0438\u201c\nTelevision \u201ePlaneta\u201c Awards 2014 \u2013 perf. \u201e\u041a\u043e\u0439 \u0449\u0435 \u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435/Boi tegali li\u201c\nTelevision \u201ePlaneta\u201c Awards 2015 \u2013 perf. \u201e\u0418\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430/Zug yonim\u201c Christmas Concert \u201e\u0415\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0449 \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435\u201c 2014 \u2013 perf. \u201e\u0411\u043e\u0436\u0435, \u043f\u0430\u0437\u0438\u201c", ["w_s652"]]
[30187, "John Brown (born April 3, 1990), nicknamed \"Smokey\" or \"Smoke,\" is an American football wide receiver who is a free agent. He played college football at Pittsburg State and was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the third round of the 2014 NFL Draft. He has also played for the Baltimore Ravens, the Buffalo Bills, and the Jacksonville Jaguars. A native of Homestead, Florida, Brown attended Homestead High School, where he played high school football. He was named an All-Dade County selection as a senior in 2007. In 2008, Brown enrolled at Mars Hill College in Mars Hill, North Carolina. Brown was named the SAC Freshman of the Year, after catching 27 passes for 619 yards and seven touchdowns while leading the team with 1,472 all-purpose yards. Due to academic troubles, he sat out the 2009 season before transferring to Coffeyville Community College in 2010, but he was redshirted.\nUnable to play at Coffeyville, Brown considered a transfer to MidAmerica Nazarene University, where his half-brother James Walker had played. Before Brown and Walker could play together, however, Walker was shot multiple times in July 2010 and died in April 2011 from his injuries. Walker's ailing condition and eventual demise motivated Brown to keep playing football despite his past hardships, and he eventually earned a scholarship to play for Pittsburg State University.\nIn 2011, he was a second-team AP Little All-American as all-purpose player while leading Pittsburg State to the NCAA Division II National Championship.  He was named first-team All-MIAA as kick returner and second-team All-MIAA as a wide receiver after he led his team with 61 receptions for 1,216 yards and 12 touchdowns. In 2012, he was named a first-team AP Little All-American as an all-purpose player, and first-team All-MIAA as kick returner and wide receiver. He was named the MIAA and the NCAA Division II National Special Teams Player of the Year. Brown started 10 games and led team with 63 receptions for 973 yards and eight touchdowns. In 2013, he was named 2013 MIAA Special Teams Player of the Year as well as the NCAA Division II National Special Teams Player of the Year. He was also named a second-team AP Little All-American as all-purpose player and first-team All-MIAA player as kick returner and wide receiver. He caught 61 passes for 1,198 yards and 14 touchdowns.\nHe finished as Pitt State\u2019s all-time leader in receptions (185), receiving yards (3,380) and receiving touchdowns (34). His 3,380 receiving yards ranks fifth in MIAA history. Between receiving, rushing and return yards, Brown finished his career with 7,716 all-purpose yards, 6,244 at Pitt State.   Brown was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the third round (91st overall) of the 2014 NFL Draft. Brown was the first Pittsburg State Gorilla drafted since Ronald Moore in 1993.\nIn his debut for the Arizona Cardinals, Brown caught his first professional touchdown on a 13-yard pass from Carson Palmer against the San Diego Chargers in Week 1 of the 2014 season. He followed that performance with his first multi-touchdown game two weeks later against the San Francisco 49ers. On October 26, 2014, he caught a 75-yard game-winning touchdown pass to beat the Philadelphia Eagles. In Week 10 of the 2014 NFL season, John Brown became the first rookie in NFL history to have four-game-winning touchdowns in a season. Brown finished the season with 48 receptions on 103 targets for 696 yards and five touchdowns. An injury to the Cardinal's QB, Carson Palmer, caused a sharp decline in the team's offense. On January 3, 2015, in the NFC wild card game against the Carolina Panthers, on the game's final offensive play, Brown was the final recipient of a multiple lateral play which lost 20 yards. The loss caused the Cardinals to finish the game with just 78 total offensive yards, the lowest total in NFL playoff history which broke a 56-year-old league record.<PIC> Brown and the Cardinals enjoyed a terrific season, finishing the regular season at 13\u20133. Brown concluded the regular season with 65 receptions on 101 targets for 1,003 yards and seven touchdowns. The Cardinals ultimately lost in the NFC Championship game to the Carolina Panthers. Plagued with hamstring issues throughout the season, Brown posted 39 receptions on 72 targets for 517 yards and two touchdowns in 2016. Brown's 2017 season was also plagued with injuries, dealing with quadriceps, back, and toe injuries. He played in 10 games with five starts, recording 21 catches for 299 yards and three touchdowns. On March 13, 2018, Brown signed a one-year, $5 million contract with the Baltimore Ravens.\nAfter scoring his first Ravens touchdown in the season-opener against the Buffalo Bills, he would go on to record 92 yards and his second touchdown (a 21-yard reception) against the Cincinnati Bengals the next game. In Week 4, against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he recorded three receptions for 116 yards and a touchdown in the victory. He finished the season with 42 receptions for a team-leading 715 yards and five touchdowns.  On March 13, 2019, Brown signed a three-year, $27 million contract with the Buffalo Bills.\nDuring the season opener against the New York Jets on September 8, 2019, Brown finished with seven receptions for 123 yards, including the go-ahead 38-yard touchdown reception in a 17\u201316 win after trailing 16\u20130. In a Week 7 matchup against the Miami Dolphins, Brown caught a go-ahead touchdown from Josh Allen in the fourth quarter, giving Buffalo a 17\u201314 lead. The Bills would go on to win 31\u201321 as Brown caught five passes for 83 yards and the touchdown. During the rematch with the Dolphins in Week 11, Brown finished with 137 receiving yards and two touchdowns as the Bills won 37\u201320.  During the Thanksgiving Series against the Dallas Cowboys in Week 13, Brown completed one pass for a 28 yard touchdown to rookie running back Devin Singletary. Brown also finished with 26 receiving yards himself as the Bills won 26\u201315. During a 17\u201310 Week 15 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers, Brown helped the Bills to victory with seven catches for 99 yards, as the Bills clinched a playoff berth for the second time in three seasons. In Week 16 against the New England Patriots, Brown caught one pass for a 53-yard touchdown during the 24\u201317 loss.  Brown's touchdown reception was the first one allowed by All-Pro cornerback Stephon Gilmore all season. Overall, he finished the 2019 season with 72 receptions for 1,060 receiving yards and six receiving touchdowns.\nIn the AFC Wild Card game against the Houston Texans, Brown caught four passes for 50 yards and threw a 16-yard touchdown pass to Josh Allen during the 22\u201319 overtime loss. In a season opening 27\u201317 victory over the New York Jets, Brown was targeted ten times, catching six passes for 70 yards and a touchdown. In his third game of the year, Brown suffered an injury to his calf. In Week 10, Brown suffered a high ankle sprain and was placed on injured reserve on November 28, 2020. He was activated from injured reserve and subsequently placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on December 28, 2020. He was activated from the COVID list four days later. He played in Buffalo's season finale against the Dolphins, catching four passes for 72 yards a one touchdown in Buffalo's 56\u201326 win. Overall, Brown finished the 2020 season with 33 receptions for 458 receiving yards and three receiving touchdowns.\nIn the Divisional Round of the playoffs, Brown received eight receptions for a total of 62 yards in the 17\u20133 victory over the Baltimore Ravens.\nOn March 10, 2021, Brown was released by the Bills. On March 19, 2021, Brown signed a one-year contract with the Las Vegas Raiders. He was released on August 31, 2021. On October 12, 2021, the Denver Broncos signed Brown to their practice squad. He was released on October 26, 2021. On November 8, 2021, the Jacksonville Jaguars signed Brown to their practice squad. He was released on November 29, 2021. On January 13, 2022, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers signed Brown to their practice squad. On January 22, 2022, he was elevated to the active roster. His contract expired when the teams season ended on January 23, 2022.  All of Brown's family and friends refer to him by his nickname, Smokey. The name was bestowed upon him at birth by the boyfriend of his grandmother. \u201cShe nicknamed me Smokey because when I first came out, I was blacker than what I am now,\u201d Brown said, referring to his skin color. \u201cMost people are like, \u2018Why they call you Smokey? Because you are fast?\u2019 But no.\u201d \nBrown was diagnosed with sickle cell trait in 2016 after suffering from soreness in his hamstrings. He insisted a cyst on his spine that he had treated during the 2016 season was the root cause of his leg issues, and that the sickle cell trait will not affect his football career.", ["w_s654"]]
[30188, "Marcel Paquet (21 February 1947 \u2013 22 November 2014) was a Belgian philosopher.\nThe most important influences on his thought were Spinoza, Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche, Heidegger and Michel Foucault.\nPaquet rejected all forms of Idealism in favor of the sensory world. Insofar as he considered human beings to be no more than fragments of nature, thought was considered by him to be the result of cerebral processes which operate largely beneath the level of consciousness. He insisted on the pre-eminence of the body and the fact that, for this reasons, consciousness observes the results of thought, but does not bring them into being.\nInspired by Nietzsche's notion of Eternal Recurrence - which Paquet treated not as a doctrine but an operational principle, that is as a means of disentangling ourselves from secondary aspects of our identity (determined by cultural, religious and moral factors) in order to recover our primary nature - he considered a return to the body as the sole ethical value.\nHe developed this Spinozan theme in a number of different directions: ontology (L'enjeu de la philosophie, Platon: l\u2019\u00e9ternel retour de la libert\u00e9), political philosophy (Nous autres Europ\u00e9ens, Le Fascisme Blanc) and esthetics, the latter in particular in relation to painting which he defined as the art of rendering the sensory visible. He is the author of a large number of essays consecrated to visual artists whom he knew personally: Jean Dubuffet, Alexander Calder, Andr\u00e9 Masson, Ren\u00e9 Magritte, Paul Delvaux, Fernando Botero, Sophia Vari, Corneille (one of the six founders of the Cobra movement), Bram Bogart, Anna Wilczynska-Wilska, Amann.\nHe is also the author of several philosophical novels, namely Renaissance s\u00e9condaire, Merde \u00e0 J\u00e9sus, L\u2019affaire Socrate and Marie et les Jean.\nHe died in Pozna\u0144, Poland, on 22 November 2014.<PIC> Paquet was born in Jumet, near Charleroi.   According to his own account, he had an unhappy childhood. He sought refuge in books, and in particular in Spinoza's Ethics and in Nietzsche's Antichrist. A school trip to London allowed him to discover the works of William Turner; later a visit to Amsterdam gave rise to his passion for the works of Rembrandt and Van Gogh as well as allowing him to meet the situationist painter and architect Constant, whose work Het Opstand van de Homo ludens (\"The uprising of Homo Ludens\") he translated into French.\nHe matriculated at the Free University of Brussels in 1964 and in 1967 became assistant to Professor Pierre Verstraeten. His graduation dissertation dealt with the problem of unity in Kant's thought in the Critique of Judgment (L\u2019unit\u00e9 probl\u00e9matique du kantisme dans la Critique de la force de juger).\nIn 1971, he became a junior associate (\"aspirant\") at the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research.\nHe did research into fanaticism and published a number of articles including \"Essai sur l\u2019absolu\" (Essay on the concept of the Absolute) which brought him to the attention of French philosopher G\u00e9rard Lebrun and led to a professorship in the history of German Philosophy at the University of Tunis.\nIt was during his period in Tunis, which lasted from 1972 to 1974, that he wrote his first published work L\u2019enjeu de la philosophie (\"The Question of Philosophy\") and he began work on his doctoral dissertation on \"The difference between the thought of Kant and Hegel on the question of the essence of art\" (La diff\u00e9rence des pens\u00e9es de Kant et de Hegel dans la question de l\u2019essence de l\u2019art.\nIn 1975, he was one of the founders of the publishing house Les \u00c9ditions de la Diff\u00e9rence.\nIn 1978, he obtained his doctorate and continued to work on issues related to painting (Ren\u00e9 Magritte, Paul Delvaux, Fernando Botero).\nIn 1981, he took part, together with Hans-Georg Gadamer in the colloquium \"1881: The great year of Zarathustra\" organised at the Brock University of Saint-Catharines in Canada: he made a presentation of his concept of \"dansit\u00e9\", a play on words which suggests both \"innerness\" and dance, which was later incorporated into his book Magritte ou l\u2019\u00e9clipse de l\u2019\u00eatre.\nHe subsequently took up residence in Canada, where he lived in Ontario and for a time in Quebec.\nIn 1988, he taught French literature at the University of Udine in Italy.\nUpon his return to Belgium, he made the acquaintance of Bram Bogart in relation to whom he wrote a number of articles.\nIn Paris in 1990 he met a number of artists of the \"New New Painting\" group and developed a theoretical account of their artistic approach, set out in a work published by the publishing house Nouvelles \u00e9ditions fran\u00e7aises.\nIn 1993, he created the \"\u00c9cole europ\u00e9enne de philosophie de Charleroi\". This school organized amongst other things courses on the concept of \"ethical conciliation\" and on a draft political constitution for Wallonia which Paquet drew up.\nIn 1996, he took up residence in Biarritz where in 1997 he married the painter Anna Wilczynska-Wilska. He organized a retrospective dedicated to Bram Bogart and various events devoted to the painter Amann and the pictorial movement of \"New Pigmentation\".  L\u2019enjeu de la Philosophie, \u00e9ditions de la Diff\u00e9rence, Paris, 133pp., 1976, ISBN\u00a0978 2729100070\nMichel Journiac, l\u2019ossuaire de l\u2019esprit, \u00e9ditions de la Diff\u00e9rence, Paris, 1977\nMagritte ou l\u2019\u00e9clipse de l\u2019\u00eatre, \u00e9ditions de la Diff\u00e9rence, Paris, 1982, ISBN\u00a0978 2729100254\nBotero, Philosophie de la cr\u00e9ation, \u00e9ditions Ferragus, Paris, 1985, ISBN\u00a0978 2905647009\nCorneille ou la sensualit\u00e9 du sensible, \u00e9ditions Delille, Paris, 137pp., 1988, ISBN\u00a0978 2906510012\nBogart, \u00e9ditions de la Diff\u00e9rence, series Mains et Merveilles, Paris, 1990, ISBN\u00a0978 2729112158\nPaul Delvaux et l'essence de la peinture, \u00c9ditions de La Diff\u00e9rence, Paris, 1992, ISBN\u00a0978-2729101053\nSaturne et Jupiter, \u00c9ditions de La Diff\u00e9rence, Paris, 1992, ISBN\u00a0978-2729100346\nNew New Painting, Nouvelles \u00e9ditions fran\u00e7aises, Paris, 1992, ISBN\u00a0978-2707900319\nDubuffet, Nouvelles \u00e9ditions fran\u00e7aises, Paris, 1993, ISBN\u00a0978-2203451117\nRen\u00e9 Magritte, la pens\u00e9e visible, Taschen, Cologne, 1993, ISBN\u00a0978 3822861646\nZuniga: Sculptures, \u00c9ditions de La Diff\u00e9rence, Paris, 1996, ISBN\u00a0978-2729102050\nLe Fascisme Blanc\u00a0; m\u00e9saventures de la Belgique, \u00e9ditions de la Diff\u00e9rence, Paris, 1998, ISBN\u00a0978 2729112288\nPlein air\u00a0: Sculptures monumentales de Sosno, ed. Z'Editions, 1998, ISBN\u00a0978-2877202404\nOrsini, ed. Cercle d'Art, 2002, ISBN\u00a0978-2702206478\nNous autres Europ\u00e9ens, \u00e9ditions de la Diff\u00e9rence, Paris, 2004, ISBN\u00a0978 2729115159\nPlaton, l\u2019\u00e9ternel retour de la libert\u00e9, \u00e9ditions de la Diff\u00e9rence, Paris, 2007, ISBN\u00a0978 2729116651\nBotero, Essai d\u2019analyse philosophique, \u00e9ditions aBac, Biarritz, 2012, ISBN\u00a0978 2953517415\nRouge Absolu\u00a0; Amann \u2013 Nouvelle Pigmentation, \u00e9ditions de la Diff\u00e9rence, Paris, 2012, ISBN\u00a0978 2729119522 Merde \u00e0 J\u00e9sus \u2013 Souvenirs de Jos\u00e9 de Nazareth, \u00e9ditions de la Diff\u00e9rence, Paris, 1989, ISBN\u00a0978 2729117948\nL'affaire Socrate, \u00e9ditions de la Diff\u00e9rence, Paris, 1989, ISBN\u00a0978 2729116668\nRenaissance secondaire, \u00e9ditions de la Diff\u00e9rence, Paris, 1990, ISBN\u00a0978 2729104894\nMarie et les Jean \u2013 Souvenirs de Jos\u00e9 de Nazareth II, \u00e9ditions de la Diff\u00e9rence, Paris, 2009, ISBN\u00a0978 2729117948 \"Pour un s\u00e9nat europ\u00e9en et transfrontalier des r\u00e9gions\", in Questions R\u00e9gionales et citoyennet\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne, \u00e9d. de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge, Liege, 2000\n\"Spinoza et le probl\u00e8me du fanatisme\", in Annales de l\u2019institut de Philosophie de l\u2019ULB, Brussels, 1972\n\"Hegel et le fanatisme\", in Annales de l\u2019institut de Philosophie de l\u2019ULB, Brussels, 1972\n\"Politique de th\u00e9\u00e2tre\u00a0; morale sartrienne et gracieuse dialectique\", in Revue de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1970\n\"Nietzsche et l\u2019art moderne\", in The great year of Zarathoustra (1881-1981), ed. David Goicoechea, University press of America, 1983\n\"L'Art de Hegel\", in Franco et al, Hegel Aujourd'hui, Vrin, 1995, pp.\u00a063\u201375, ISBN\u00a02711612457", ["w_s656"]]
[30189, "Malibu High School (MHS) is a public high school in Malibu, California. The school is one of three high schools in the Santa Monica\u2013Malibu Unified School District and serves students in the city of Malibu and surrounding communities.<PIC> The school is located in the northwestern part of Malibu, one block from the Pacific Ocean and the famed Zuma Beach in the Malibu Park district. Its address is on Morning View Drive, made famous by the breakout album by Incubus. The school spans 35 acres (0.14\u00a0km\u00b2) of rolling hillsides between Merritt Drive to the south, Via Cabrillo Street to the north, and Harvester Road to the east. The campus is located next to Juan Cabrillo Elementary School, a public school, and Malibu Methodist Preschool & Nursery, a private pre-kindergarten school for ages 0\u20135.\nThe school is accessible via the LA Metro bus line 534. Malibu High School is on land that was originally part of Juan Cabrillo Elementary School. That campus was partitioned in 1963 to create Malibu Park Junior High School, named after its surrounding region in Malibu. With no public secondary school in Malibu, upon promotion from middle school the high school students commuted two hours roundtrip to Santa Monica to attend Santa Monica High School.\nIn 1992, the district converted the Malibu Park Junior High School campus to its present combined middle school/high school, and allowed MHS's first freshman class to walk onto campus. The State of California erroneously shows the high school established in 1993. Classes were added every succeeding year, culminating in the original freshman class graduating in 1996.\nThe high school's first principal was Michael Matthews. Under Matthews's tenure in 2003, the school earned its designation as a California Distinguished School and first achieved a national ranking as #177 in Newsweek's Top 1200 Schools in America, a ranking system based on what percentage of a school's student body takes Advanced Placement exams in any given year. In 2007, MHS made the U.S. News & World Report list of the top 100 schools in the United States, ranking #98.\nMalibu High School saw some controversies in the 2000s. With the rise of social media, the school was featured in a 2007 CBS News story about students posting videos of teachers on YouTube. In 2008, incidents of vandalism caused a stir with racial implications. Palm trees on campus were removed in 2009. For the 2007\u201308 school year, MHS's student composition was:\n1,303 enrolled students; 52.9% male, 47.1% female\nMiddle school (grades 6\u20138) class size averages 163.7\nHigh school (grades 9\u201312) class size averages 203.8\nStudent demographics: 0.3% American Indian or Alaska Native, 2.0% Asian, 1.1% Pacific Islander/Filipino, 9.2% Hispanic or Latino, 2.5% African American, 84.7% White, 0.2% Multiple\nFor the 2007\u201308 school year, MHS's teacher composition included:\nHigh school: 64 certificated teachers; 53.1% male, 46.9% female\nHigh school: Certificated teacher demographics: 6.2% Hispanic or Latino, 4.7% African American, 87.5% White (non-Hispanic), 1.6% Multiple. The Santa Monica\u2013Malibu Unified School District had performed a polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) cleanup of the school in 2009 and 2010 with the California Department of Toxic Substance Control (DTSC) advising. In October 2013, after three teachers developed thyroid cancer, a group of teachers grew concerned that environmental contaminants at Malibu High School may be to blame; caulk tested for PCB showed levels \"slightly elevated\" above the regulatory limit of 50ppm in November 2013. The three relevant government agencies, the DTSC, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were informed and certain buildings were closed to students.\nAccording to various documents and interviews with local residents who were present during World War II, the Malibu High School site served as a military training center during that war. Upon recommendation of Hugh Kaufman, a senior EPA policy analyst, teachers approached Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER) for help. In February 2014, PEER attorneys wrote to the school district asking for a site assessment of the campus. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers responded in July 2014 that the school had never been a military site. The District hired an environmental firm named Environ, whose initial clean up plan was criticized for allowing elevated PCB levels to remain inside classrooms for 15 years or more, for not testing caulk in all rooms built prior to 1979 and for air quality monitoring of only one year. The plan was rejected by the EPA in April 2014. Environ released a second PCB clean up plan on July 3, 2014. Two weeks later PEER published PCB test results of caulking and dirt from rooms sampled in June, and not previously tested by the District, \"at thousands of times the levels previously released to the public\". Malibu High School consistently ranks the highest in SAT and API scores among its district's three high schools. MHS has periodically been awarded honors by various ranking authorities; As of 2007 Newsweek Magazine's Top 1200 Schools in America ranked Malibu High #184. In 2007 U.S. News & World Report ranked Malibu High #98 of the top 100 schools in the country and awarded a gold medal. Over fifteen Advanced Placement courses are offered at the school.\nBesides regular college-preparatory, honors, and Advanced Placement courses, the school is one of a handful in California that provides extensive resources for Special Education (SpEd) students. As of July\u00a02006, 125 SpEd students were enrolled with 26 SpEd faculty at MHS, where roughly 10% of the student body are receiving 24% of the school's instructors. Malibu High School has won several awards in instrumental and choral music. In 2011, all four MHS choirs received \"Superior\" ratings (the highest rating possible). In March 2014, the Malibu High School chorale choir performed at Carnegie Hall in New York. In the summer of 2016, the MHS Orchestra performed at Carnegie Hall. The school's monthly newspaper monthly newspaper is known as The Current, and the yearbook is called Aquarius. The Inkblot, a literary magazine, was added in 2008, showcasing student stories, poetry, cartoons, and illustrations; it was relaunched in 2016 as The Undertow. During the school's first several years in existence, MHS students who took tenth-grade Biology or the Honors Marine Biology elective course participated in a year-long field ecology study known as The Zuma Project. Taking advantage of the school's proximity to the Pacific Ocean, the program had students collect oceanographic and biological data as well as plankton samples every week during the academic year. The research program has been copied and used by other schools as part of the UCLA OceanGLOBE program. The project has since been discontinued. Malibu High School athletic teams are nicknamed the Sharks, and the mascot, a grinning Mako shark, was designed by an art student in the first graduating class of 1996. The school is a charter member of the Citrus Coast League, a conference within the CIF Southern Section that was established in 2018. Prior to that, Malibu was part of the Tri-County Athletic Association. A study published in 2007 by the MHS Site Governance Council reported that 75% of all honors and AP enrolled students participate in the school's sports programs.\nIn 2019, the school switched its 11-man football program to an eight-man format. As a result, the school no longer competes in the Citrus Coast League in that sport. Devendra Banhart, musician\nJesse Billauer, motivational speaker and surfer\nColbie Caillat, musician\nCaroline D'Amore, model, DJ and actress\nLauren Dukoff, photographer\nCaitlin Gerard, actress\nKaia Gerber, model\nTaylor Goldsmith, musician\nClay Greenbush, actor\nBella Hadid, model\nGigi Hadid, model\nBrody Jenner, television personality\nBurt Jenner, off-road racing driver\nChloe Rose Lattanzi, actress\nRob Lowe, actor, podcaster\nBlake Mills, musician\nIndia Oxenberg, film producer\nJohnny Strange (adventurer), BASE jumper and mountaineer\nDominique Swain, actress\nJordan Wilimovsky, Olympic swimmer Louis Leithold, author of The Calculus, a widely used high school and college textbook Scenes from the movie Smile (2005) were shot at Malibu High School. The film was inspired by the international organization Operation Smile and portrays real-life MHS figures such as former principal Dr. Mike Matthews (played by Sean Astin). MHS hosts a student chapter of Operation Smile to help fundraise, and every year, a few students accompany Operation Smile tours.\nScenes from the Disney Channel Original Movie Brink! were also shot at MHS and Zuma Beach.\nThe TV series 90210 showed a \"Malibu High School\" flag at a surf competition.\nThe school was referenced in the movie Double Take (2001) as Eddie Griffin's character's school.", ["w_s658"]]
[30190, "Ikenna Martin \"Ike\" Opara (/o\u028a\u02c8p\u0251\u02d0r\u0259/;born February 21, 1989) is an American former soccer player who is currently an assistant coach for Sporting Kansas City II in MLS Next Pro.  Opara played college soccer at Wake Forest University from 2007 to 2009 where he appeared in 65 games scoring nine goals and adding three assists. He was a member of Wake Forest's 2007 NCAA College Cup Championship team. He was named ACC Defensive Player of the year in 2008 and 2009.\nDuring his college years Opara also played two seasons for Cary Clarets in the USL Premier Development League.  Opara was drafted in the first round (3rd overall) of the 2010 MLS SuperDraft by San Jose Earthquakes.\nHe made his professional debut on March 27, 2010, in San Jose's opening game of the 2010 MLS season against Real Salt Lake, and scored his first professional career goal - an away match winner - against Chicago Fire on April 10, 2010.\nHis time with the Earthquakes was plagued by repeated foot injuries. Opara was traded to Sporting Kansas City from San Jose on December 12, 2012, for Kansas City's natural second-round selection in the 2013 MLS SuperDraft.\nOpara made his league debut for SKC on March 23, 2013, in a 0-0 away draw with the New England Revolution. He scored his first league goal for the club about four months after his debut, in a 2-1 away win over Real Salt Lake on July 20, 2013. His goal, scored in the 96th minute, won the match for Sporting. Although he was on the bench, Opara and SKC won the 2013 MLS Cup over Real Salt Lake on penalties. Opara logged 21 appearances and was named Sporting KC Newcomer of the Year for 2013.\nOpara would go on to establish himself as a regular, solidifying one of the top defenses in MLS over the next few seasons, alongside his central back partner Matt Besler, converted right back Graham Zusi and left back Seth Sinovic. This group won the 2015 and 2017 U.S. Open Cups alongside their stellar keeper, Tim Melia. On November 10, 2017, Opara was awarded the MLS Defender of the Year Award and was selected to the MLS Best XI for his spectacular performances during the 2017 MLS season, joining his fellow SKC player, goalie Tim Melia, on the list. On January 28, 2019 Sporting KC traded Opara to Minnesota United FC for $900,000 of TAM and an additional $100,000 contingent upon Minnesota qualifying for the playoffs for the first time in its brief franchise history. He scored his first goal for Minnesota against the Seattle Sounders off a set piece in a 1-1 home draw on May 4, 2019.  He was awarded the MLS Defender of the Year Award for 2019  On August 5, 2021, Minnesota opted to buyout Opara's contract.<PIC> Opara was selected to the United States Men's National Team on January 8, 2018. After attending the January camp for the national team, he played the full 90 minutes in a friendly versus Bosnia and Herzegovina, his only cap to date.  After departing Minnesota United, Opara served as a scout for Nashville SC.  Opara returned to Sporting Kansas City in January 2022, being named assistant coach for the club's MLS Next Pro side Sporting Kansas City II.  As of match played March 8, 2020\nAppearance(s) in MLS Cup Playoffs\nAppearance(s) in CONCACAF Champions League As of match played January 28, 2018 Sporting Kansas City\nMLS Cup: 2013\nEastern Conference Championship (Playoffs): 2013\nU.S. Open Cup: 2015, 2017\nIndividual\nMLS Best XI: 2017, 2019\nMLS Defender of the Year: 2017, 2019", ["w_s662"]]
[30191, "Erna Fergusson (January 10, 1888 \u2013 July 30, 1964) was a writer, historian, and storyteller, who documented the culture and history of New Mexico for more than forty years.<PIC> Erna was born to a wealthy and well-known family.  Her mother was Clara Mary Huning, the daughter of a very successful merchant by the name of Franz Huning.  He was an investor of real estate and owned and operated a downtown mercantile store and flourmill.    \nErna Fergusson\u2019s father was Harvey Butler Fergusson, a prominent lawyer in White Oaks, New Mexico.  It was later in 1883 that he moved to Albuquerque, where he became friends with Franz Huning.  Four years later in 1887 Clara Mary Huning and Harvey Fergusson were married.\nErna, the eldest of four children, grew up in La Glorieta, which was her primary residence in New Mexico.  However, between 1897 and 1899 Erna spent her formative years in Washington, D.C. when her father served as a delegate to the United States.  In 1906 Erna graduated from Central High School in Albuquerque.  Prior to graduating, she did preparatory work at the University of New Mexico (1904) and the Collegiate School in Los Angeles (1905).  She began teaching in the Albuquerque public schools while at the same time furthering her education. In 1912 she graduated from UNM with a Bachelor of Pedagogy Degree.  A year later Erna completed her Masters in History from Columbia University in New York.  After teaching a while in Chatham hall in Virginia she decided to return home and continue teaching in Albuquerque. Throughout her years Erna had various other occupations.  During World War II she took a job with the Red Cross as the home service secretary and State Supervisor for New Mexico.  After the war she became a reporter for the Albuquerque Herald, writing various articles regarding her hometown.  She was commissioned in 1926 by Century Magazine to write \u201cRedskins to Railroads\u201d and \u201cFrom Rodeo to Rotary\u201d two of her pieces, which many years later along with other short works became published.  While at the Herald, Erna also began a touring company alongside friend Ethel Hickey.  The touring company, Koshare Tours, provided guests with tours of the southwest, introducing them to native cultures.  Koshare Tours were so successful that Fred Harvey, a famous and well to do western hotel and restaurateur, bought the touring company and hired Erna Fergusson to direct the new endeavor\u2014Indian Detour Service.\nIn 1931 Erna Fergusson published her first book Dancing Gods, which was about Indian ceremonials.  Several histories and numerous travel books followed after her success with Dancing Gods.In her 1934 book, \"Mexican Cookbook\", Fergusson was perhaps the first to correct the English-speakers notion that \"frijoles refritos\" meant \"refried beans\", but the correction never reached the popular consciousness.\nIn 1942 Erna Fergusson helped found the Albuquerque Historical Society.  The year after she was awarded as an Honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of New Mexico.  She died in Albuquerque in 1964. Erna Fergusson can be best depicted as a New Mexico writer of the 1930s, honing the two techniques of oral interview and conversational prose style; she was a part of the Southwestern Renaissance, and greatly contributed to the historiography of New Mexico.\nAlbuquerque/Bernalillo County Library System opened a branch library bearing her name in 1966. Dancing Gods (1931)\nFiesta in Mexico (1934)\nMexican Cookbook (1934)\nGuatemala (1937)\nVenezuela (1939)\nOur Southwest (1940)\nOur Hawaii (1942)\nChile (1943)\nCuba (1946)\nMurder & Mystery in New Mexico (1948)\nHawaiian Islands (1950)\nHawaii (1950)\nNew Mexico: A Pageant of Three Peoples (1951)\nMexico Revisited (1955)", ["w_s664"]]
[30192, "Albina Nikolayevna Loginova (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430; born 7 August 1983) is a Russian compound archer. She was the World Archery number one in women's compound archery, achieving it on 9 July 2013. She now serves as a coach.<PIC> Loginova started archery in 2002 and reached the Russian national archery team for the first time in 2006. In June 2007 she became Russian national champion in the individuel compound competition to gain a spot in the Russian team that qualified for the 2007 World Archery Championships in Leipzig, Germany and the 2008 European Outdoor Championships in Vittel, France. Loginova reached the final of the World Championships in Leipzig by winning the semi final over Amandine Bouillot 114-109 after shooting a perfect 30 points in the second out of four legs. In the final she faced 2007 Indoor World Champion Eugenia Salvi of Italy who clinched her second World title of the year by beating Loginova 111-107, leaving her with the silver medal. At the European Championships in Vittel she reached the individual quarter final to lose to the eventual champion Aurore Trayan, while in the team event (alongside Sofia Goncharova and Anna Kazantseva) Russia went on to win the title with a 233-222 win over the Netherlands. At the World University Championships she claimed the bronze medal in the individual competition.\nAt the 2009 Summer Universiade in Belgrade Loginova managed to win two medals. A gold one in the mixed team event together with Danzan Khaludorov and a silver medal in the women's team event with Natalia Avdeeva and Viktoria Balzhanova. She claimed her first World title also in 2009, winning both the individual and team competition at the 2009 World Outdoor Championships in Ulsan, South Korea. In the team event she won the gold medal together with Ekaterina Korobeynikova and Viktoria Balzhanova by beating the home nation in the final. Individually she beat South African archer Jorina Coetzee in the final, while Laura Longo from Italy took the bronze medal. With the Russian team she won the gold medal at the 2010 World Cup encounter in Pore\u010d, Croatia in 2010. The European Outdoor Championships of 2010 that followed in Rovereto were less successful. Both individually and in the Russian team she was eliminated in the semi finals, having to fight for the bronze medal, which both succeeded. Later on that year the Russian team recovered with a win in the World Cup held in Antalya, Turkey, while Loginova individually managed to win the prestigious FITA Archery World Cup Final held in Edinburgh, Great Britain.\n2011 started good for Loginova at the World Cup Indoor Challenge held in Las Vegas. With a 7-1 semi final win over first seed Jamie Van Natta she reached the final in which she was too strong for the Belgian archer Gladys Willems in a 6-2 victory. At the 2011 Archery European Indoor Championships held in Cambrils, Spain she finished second behind Marcella Tonioli in the individual competition and she took the gold medal with Viktoria Balzhanova in the women's team event. In preparation to the World Championships to be held in Turin Loginova managed to win the individual and the team competition at the 2011 European Archery Grand Prix meeting in Bo\u00e9, France and a bronze medal at the World Cup meeting in Shanghai individually. Then in Turin at the World Championships she successfully defended her World Championships title with a win in the final over Pascale Lebecque.\nThe 2012 World Indoor Championships were held in Las Vegas. Individually Laginova disappointed with not even reaching the quarter finals, but in the team event Russia went on to reach the final. Together with Natalia Avdeeva and Viktoria Balzhanova, Loginova won the silver medal as the team from the United States were too strong. At the 2012 FITA Archery World Cup in Shanghai two silver medals were won (individually and in the team event), while in Antalya Loginova won her first individual World Cup gold medal after she won the World Cup Final in Edinburgh 2010. Later that year she won the bronze medal with Dmitry Kozhin in the mixed team event at the European Outdoor Championships in Amsterdam. 2005\n6th, European Grand Prix, individual, Sofia\n2006\n6th, World University Championships, individual, Slovakia\n11th, European Outdoor Championships, individual, Athens\n2007\n32nd, World Cup, individual, Varese\n World Outdoor Championships, individual, Leipzig\n12th, World Cup, individual, Dover\n2008\n World Cup, individual, Santo Domingo\n World Cup, women's team, Santo Domingo\n10th, World Cup, individual, Pore\u010d\n4th, World Cup, women's team, Pore\u010d\n6th, European Outdoor Championships, individual, Vittel\n European Outdoor Championships, women's team, Vittel\n10th, World Cup, individual, Antalya\n World Cup, women's team, Antalya\n9th, World Cup, individual, Bo\u00e9\n World Cup, women's team, Bo\u00e9\n World University Championships, individual, Tainan\n2009\n12th, World Indoor Championships, individual, Rzeszow\n4th, World Indoor Championships, women's team, Rzeszow\n European Grand Prix, individual, Riom\n5th, World Cup, individual, Pore\u010d\n, World Cup, women's team, Pore\u010d\n9th, World Cup, individual, Antalya\n9th, World Cup, women's team, Antalya\n Summer Universiade, mixed team, Belgrade\n Summer Universiade, women's team, Belgrade\n4th, Summer Universiade, individual, Belgrade\n World Cup, women's team, Shanghai\n World Cup, individual, Shanghai\n World Outdoor Championships, individual, Ulsan\n World Outdoor Championships, women's team, Ulsan\n2010\n World Cup, women's team, Pore\u010d\n6th, World Cup, individual, Pore\u010d\n9th, World Cup, mixed team, Pore\u010d\n, European Outdoor Championships, individual, Rovereto\n, European Outdoor Championships, women's team, Rovereto\n5th, European Outdoor Championships, mixed team, Rovereto\n, World Cup, women' team, Antalya\n5th, World Cup, individual, Antalya\n9th, European Grand Prix, individual, Moscow\n5th, World Cup, individual, Ogden\n World Cup, women's team, Shanghai\n4th, World Cup, individual, Shanghai\n8th, World Cup, mixed team, Shanghai\n World Cup Final, individual, Edinburgh\n2011\n World Cup Indoor Challenge, individual, Las Vegas\n European Indoor Championships, women's team, Cambrils\n European Indoor Championships, individual, Cambrils\n EMAU Grand Prix, individual, Antalya\n EMAU Grand Prix, mixed team, Antalya\n World Cup, women's team, Pore\u010d\n4th, World Cup, mixed team, Pore\u010d\n5th, World Cup, individual, Pore\u010d\n EMAU Grand Prix, individual, Bo\u00e9\n EMAU Grand Prix, women's team, Bo\u00e9\n World Cup, individual, Antalya\n5th, World Cup, women's team, Antalya\n5th, World Cup, mixed team, Antalya\n World Outdoor Championships, individual, Turin\n6th, World Outdoor Championships, women's team, Turin\n10th, World Outdoor Championships, mixed team, Turin\n8th, World Cup, individual, Ogden\n World Cup, women's team, Shanghai\n5th, World Cup, mixed team, Shanghai\n7th, World Cup, individual, Shanghai\n6th, World Cup, individual, Istanbul\n2012\n World Indoor Championships, women's team, Las Vegas\n9th, World Indoor Championships, individual, Las Vegas\n9th, World Cup Indoor Final, individual, Las Vegas\n World Cup, individual, Shanghai\n World Cup, women's team, Shanghai\n World Cup, individual, Antalya\n4th, World Cup, women's team, Antalya\n9th, World Cup, mixed team, Antalya\n European Championships, mixed team, Amsterdam\n4th, European Championships, women's team, Amsterdam\n9th, European Championships, individual, Amsterdam", ["w_s667"]]
[30193, "The Atascadero Printery is a historic building in Atascadero, California. Built in 1915 to house a printing company, it later was home to a junior college, a prep school, a Masonic Temple, a school district office, a sheriff's substation, a live-in studio for a photographer, a karate studio, a commercial business, and community events. In 2017, the building, in a state of disrepair, was put up for public auction and purchased for $300,000 by the non-profit Atascadero Printery Foundation, which plans to restore and remodel it as a community center.<PIC> The founder of the city, and publisher by trade, Edward Gardner Lewis built the edifice in 1915 for the printing of his magazines and periodicals. Sources vary on the dimensions of the building, ranging from 16,000 square feet (1,500\u00a0m\u00b2) to 19,354 square feet (1,798.0\u00a0m\u00b2). In 1916, 100,000 copies of the Atascadero News were printed here. At the time, Lewis had several magazines in circulation targeted to women, as well as a national daily newspaper. For a period, the San Francisco Chronicle's Sunday circular was also printed in the building. Some sources cite that the site housed the first and largest rotogravure printing press in the United States, while others say it was at least the first in the Western United States. During the printing house era, nearly one million copies of print media were published in the printery, making it \"the largest and most prolific operation in America\".\nThe printing company closed in the late 1920s and the building housed two prep schools before being purchased by the Masonic Temple Association in the 1950s. Around 1994, the Masons donated 99% of the building to the City of Atascadero with the hopes of it being renovated into a youth center, and a later condition that if it were not, ownership would revert to the Masons. The city decided it was more cost-effective to build a community center rather than retrofit an older building to make it earthquake-safe, but wanted to hold on to the ownership of the former printery. The 2003 San Simeon Earthquake heavily damaged the building, preventing its use by the public; it was deemed in 2017 to require $9 million in restoration. A nonprofit foundation was started in 2015 to save the building from disrepair and to gain possession of it from an LLC of local citizen Kelly Gearhart, recently convicted of fraud. Gearhart had plans to turn the building into an events center that would be used by the public at least four times a year to comply with the Masons' agreement with the city government. These plans were delayed by the legal issues Gearhart was involved in, yet prevented the city from entering the premises with Gearhart's assets being taken into bankruptcy. The building was scheduled for public auction in May 2016 with a $1 million lien and $400,000 in back taxes. In 2017, it was revealed that the purchase would require $283,000 from the newly formed nonprofit, the Atascadero Printery Foundation, and that they had raised around $40,000. The foundation then began direct negotiations with the United States Attorney's Office to see if a deal could be made to release the lien.\nIn 2017, the property ended up in an online public auction along with the other Gearhart properties. The Atascadero Printery Foundation won the bid at just over $300,000, with $60,000 coming from donations and the remaining monies from an anonymous donor as a loan. The group plans to remodel the grounds for a \"multipurpose, community facility\" including a community theater, after-school arts programs, senior citizens' club, museum, and more.\nAs of 2018, the foundation was seeking $8 million to complete restorations and remodels for the building to fulfill the vision of becoming a community center, and had planned many fundraising events to work toward this goal. The building was nominated in 2000 and secured historic status on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.", ["w_s671"]]
[30194, "Eriogonum pelinophilum is a rare species of wild buckwheat known by the common name clay-loving wild buckwheat. It is endemic to the state of Colorado in the United States, where it is known from only two counties. The most recent estimates available suggest there are 12 occurrences in existence for a total of about 278,000 individual plants in Delta and Montrose Counties. At least 7 occurrences observed in the past have not been relocated but are not yet believed extirpated. This plant is federally listed as an endangered species of the United States.<PIC> This is a subshrub with branches spreading wider than they grow tall, the plant reaching perhaps 12 centimeters tall by 40 wide. The woody stem bases emerge from a big taproot, and as they age the bark comes off in strips or plates. The upper branches are hairless or tufted with bits of hair. There are solitary leaves widely spaced on the branches. They are lance-shaped, no more than 1.5 centimeters long, and hairy on the undersides. The inflorescence is a small, dense cyme of flowers 2 or 3 centimeters long and packed with tiny whitish or cream-colored flowers. The flowers are pollinated by ants, of which 18 species have been observed on the plants.  This plant was first collected in 1958 but proved difficult to relocate in the wild. When it was finally found, Eriogonum expert James L. Reveal examined it in the field, compared it to the similar buckwheat Eriogonum contortum, and named it as a new species in 1973. Recent genetic analysis confirms that these two species and Eriogonum clavellatum are indeed similar but are 3 distinct species. The clay-loving wild buckwheat is known only from the adobe clay hills and flats near Delta and Montrose, Colorado. All the occurrences can be found within an area of land 28.5 miles long by 11.5 miles wide. The substrate is pale whitish clay with an alkaline pH that originated from Cretaceous marine sediment. This is not generally a soil type that is hospitable to most plant life; it is very fine-grained, dense, compacted, rich in calcium carbonate, and prone to shrinking and swelling. The soil does not retain water, the pH is high, it is not easy for roots to penetrate, and there is little oxygen. The clay-loving wild buckwheat grows in areas where some moisture is retained, such as swales, where snow persists a bit longer. The habitat supports a few other plants that tolerate the landscape, including mat saltbrush (Atriplex corrugata) and black sagebrush (Artemisia nova), and another adobe-adapted local endemic, the Adobe Hills beardtongue (Penstemon retrorsa). In most areas, the clay-loving buckwheat is the dominant species. This plant has a limited distribution and is found only on a specific substrate. 75% of its habitat is on privately owned land with little protection. Its limited range is threatened by a number of forces. Nearby towns have experienced rapid growth, which has led to an expansion of residential areas with construction of houses, power lines and other utilities, and roads. The area lies within the Uncompahgre River Valley, which hosts agricultural operations fed by a number of canals and ditches. These have access roads. The construction and maintenance of the canals and roads create disturbance in the habitat and help introduce invasive plants to the area. Sediment scooped from the canals is dumped in the plant's habitat. About 40% of the plant's total habitat is affected by these activities. Off-road vehicle use damages the landscape by compacting and eroding soil, creating dust, fragmenting the habitat, and crushing individual plants. The adobe clay substrate is easily broken and eroded because it is bare and contains few plant roots to hold it together. ORV use is currently prohibited in much of the plant's habitat, but if federal protection was removed the threat would be greater.", ["w_s1309"]]
[30196, "Ummera is a townland in the Civil Parish of Tomregan, Barony of Knockninny, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland.<PIC> The townland name is an anglicisation of the Gaelic placename- \"An t-Iomaire\" which means 'The Hill-Ridge' (referring to the drumlin hill in the townland). The older placename spellings include the initial 't' but it was dropped by the 1820s. The oldest surviving mention of the name is in a grant dated 14 October 1612 where it is spelled 'Taumory'. Spellings in later documents are- 1630 Tomery; 1639 Temnery; 1675 Tumerie; 1721 Temerie and 1827 Umera. It is bounded on the north by Gortaree townland, on the east by Aghindisert and Drumderg townlands, on the south by Gortineddan townland and on the west by Gortmullan and Knockateggal townlands. Its chief geographical feature is a drumlin hill reaching to 60 metres above sea-level. The townland is traversed by the B127 Border Road to Ballyconnell and the C431 Teemore Road. Ummera covers an area of 107 statute acres. The townland formed part of the ballybetagh of Calvagh in medieval times. As it was a border townland the ownership was contested between the McGovern and Maguire clans. At the time of the 1609 Ulster Plantation the townland was overlooked and does not appear on the Plantation Baronial maps. The map for Knockninny barony stops on the east bank of the stream entering the Woodford river between the townlands of Derryhooly and Corry townlands, while the Tullyhaw barony map stops where the Irish border is now, thus omitting that part of Tomregan parish which lies in County Fermanagh. The mapping of Fermanagh and Cavan only took about 10 days each, which was insufficient time to make a proper survey. A different surveyor was sent into each barony to draw up his own map so the error probably arose because the surveyor who drew the Knockninny map assumed the omitted townlands were in County Cavan and the Tullyhaw surveyor who was probably a different man then assumed the lands were in County Fermanagh. This confusion lasted a few years.  Taking advantage of this, Lady Margaret O\u2019Neill, the widow of Hugh Maguire (Lord of Fermanagh) claimed the land. An order of the Lord Deputy dated 14 October 1612 states- Wheras The Lady Margrett ny Neale, wyddowe, late wyfe to Sir Hugh Maguyre knight deceased, hath discovered the parcells of land beinge eight tates, and doe lye betweene Knockneny in the County of Fermanagh and Tollagh in the County of Cavan and not within anie Undertakers portion who have since enjoyed the same as it hath been certified by the Surveyors ... we enact that the said Lady Margrett shall receive the next Hallowtyde rent due out of the said eight tates and thence forth until his Majesty decides otherwise. The eight tates included one tate of Taumory. An Inquisition held at Newtownbutler on 20 January 1630 stated that Sir Stephen Butler owned, inter alia, 1 tate of Tomery. An Inquisition held at Netownbutler on 23 March 1639 stated that James Balfour owned, inter alia, 1 tate of Temnery. A grant dated 8 December 1675 to Charles Balfour of Castle Balfour, included, inter alia, the lands of Tumerie. A lease dated 28 July 1721 from William Balfour to Hugh Henry includes, inter alia, the lands of Temerie.\nIn July 1751 no residents were entitled to vote in the townland.\nThe Tithe Applotment Books for 1827 (which spell it as Umera) list the following tithepayers in the townland- McKenna, Crawford, Cosgrove, Wallace, Ross, McGee.\nThe Ummera Valuation Office Field books are available for May 1836.\nGriffith's Valuation of 1857 lists twelve occupiers in the townland. The landlord of Ummera in the 1850s was Robert Collins, M.D., of Garvary Lodge. In the 1901 census of Ireland, there are ten families listed in the townland.\nIn the 1911 census of Ireland, there are nine families listed in the townland. There are no historic sites in the townland.", ["w_s1318"]]
[30197, "The Colt Official Police is a medium frame, double-action revolver with a six-round cylinder, primarily chambered for the .38 Special cartridge, and manufactured by the Colt's Manufacturing Company. Released in 1908 as the Colt Army Special, the revolver was renamed the \"Colt's Official Police\" in 1927 in order to better market to law enforcement agencies. It became one of the best selling police firearms of all time, eventually in the 1950s coming to exemplify typical law enforcement officer weaponry.  The Official Police was also used by various U.S. and allied military forces during World War II.<PIC> As the 20th Century began, the older .32 caliber revolvers which had been standard-issue for the majority of American police departments began to be phased out in favor of the larger-bore .38 caliber. In 1908 Colt introduced a sleek and modernized revolver they dubbed the Army Special, which in the powerful (for the time) and popular .38 Special quickly became the issue service revolver of many departments.\nDuring the same period, revolvers began to fall out of favor with the U.S. Military, especially after the adoption on the U.S. Model of 1911 semi-automatic pistol. As military sales of their revolvers dropped off, Colt searched for an alternative market and realized the popularity and strong sales of their product line with civilian law enforcement agencies could form their replacement market.\nBy 1927 the overwhelming sales of two popular models, the Army Special and Colt Police Positive, had assured Colt's dominance of the law enforcement firearms market. Colt's marketing strategy was further fine-tuned by making a few superficial alterations to the Army Special revolver and then renaming it as the \u201cOfficial Police\u201d model. The changes included adding checkering to the trigger, matting the topstrap of the frame and widening the rear sight groove. Colt also upgraded the quality of the gun's finish from a dull blued finish to a highly polished blued surface. In 1930, Colt scored a marketing coup when they publicized that their Official Police model could easily handle the firing of heavily loaded .38 rounds intended for competitor Smith & Wesson's new large N-frame revolver, the .38-44, none of the comparable S&W revolvers could manage this feat. By 1933 the Colt sales catalog listed many law enforcement agencies as having adopted the OP as a sidearm, including the New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Kansas City, Compton and Signal Hill Police Departments and other police departments.  In addition many state police organizations and even the Federal Bureau of Investigation chose the OP as their issue revolver. The U.S. Army also bought some of the revolvers, issuing them to military police and to federal agencies in need of a revolver for their armed agents, such as the Treasury Department, Coast Guard, and the Postal Inspection Service. Many Official Police revolvers were also bought by the police forces and militaries of various South American countries.\nBetween May 1940 and June 1941, 49,764 Official Police revolvers in .38 New Police or .38/200 caliber were purchased by the British Purchasing Commission and shipped to the United Kingdom for use by British and Commonwealth armed forces as a substitute standard sidearm.  These revolvers bore British military acceptance markings and had a 5\" barrel; the butt was fitted with a military-style lanyard ring.  Most of these OP revolvers were assembled from commercial-grade parts made before 1942.\nWhen the U.S. became involved in World War II, the U.S. government requested contracts to supply .38 revolvers required for arming security personnel charged with the security of government buildings, shipyards, and defense plant installations against sabotage or theft. Commencing in 1941, small quantities of the .38 Colt Official Police were procured directly from the Defense Supplies Corporation (DSC).  When government purchasing officials objected to production delays of the OP, as well as the unit cost, Colt responded by simplifying the gun.  Savings were achieved by eliminating all unnecessary exterior polishing operations, substituting a smooth-face trigger and hammer, and fitting the gun with simplified checkered wood grips with the Colt medallion; the latter was soon replaced by 'Coltwood' molded plastic grips.  Instead of the normal bluing, the revolver was given a dull parkerized finish. Dubbed the Colt Commando, the weapon was primarily used to arm units of Military police, security guards at U.S. defense plant installations and shipyards, as well as limited clandestine issue to agencies involved in overseas espionage and military intelligence.\nIn mid-1942 the Springfield Ordnance District (SOD) was given control over procurement and distribution of the Commando, which transferred the revolvers to the end user.  A few Commandos were shipped to the U.S. Maritime Commission and used as small arms equipment on U.S. merchant ships and ships provided to the Allies under Lend-Lease.  Most Commando wartime production went to the Defense Supplies Corporation (DSC). for use by security and police forces, while approximately 1,800 Commandos were used by the U.S. Navy, with another 12,800 revolvers distributed to various military intelligence agencies. Control over procurement changed in 1944, after the DSC formally objected to being charged additional handling fees by the armed forces, and was then authorized to procure the Commando directly from Colt.\nAfter the Allied victory, Colt resumed commercial production and returned to the prewar polished blued finish, but retained the plastic grips which they labeled \u201cColtwood\u201d until 1954 when the checkered wooden grips were reintroduced. During the postwar period, Colt fell on difficult financial times and the company introduced few new models.  At Smith & Wesson, both output and new model civilian and police sales improved, and the sales margin gap between the two corporations progressively tightened. Finally in the 1960s S&W took over the lead.  A contributing factor to this change may have been Smith & Wesson's generally lower cost per unit, accompanied by a double-action trigger pull on their military & police model that was preferred by many agencies teaching the new combat-oriented double-action revolver training. Colt announced the discontinuation of the Official Police in 1969, stating that competitive production of the design was no longer economically feasible. With a total production of over 400,000 pistols, the Official Police ranks as one of the most successful handguns ever made. The Official Police was machined of fine carbon steel, with bright royal Colt blued as well as nickel-plated finishes, and was offered in 4,\u00a05 and 6 inches (100,\u00a0130 and 150\u00a0mm) barrels. Built on Colt's .41 or \u201cE\u201d frame, it was manufactured in a variety of chamberings including .22 LR, .32-20 (discontinued in 1942), .41 Long Colt (discontinued in 1938), and the most common and popular, the .38 Special. Colt's \u201cPositive Lock\u201d firing pin block safety is a standard feature of the revolver, preventing the firing pin from striking the primer unless the trigger was deliberately pulled. The pistol's sights consist of a blade front with a fixed iron open rear sight, which is a simple V-notch shaped groove milled into the revolver's top strap. The top strap has a matte finish to reduce glare down the sight plane.  The Commando was a wartime variant of the Official Police, manufactured with either a two or four inch barrel, and incorporating several production economies including a non-gloss Parkerized finish. The Commando also lacked the usual metal checkering on the hammer, trigger, and cylinder latch, as well as the reflection-deadening treatment of the commercial version's top strap. In addition, plastic material replaced the wood grips of the civilian model.  Approximately 48,611 Commando revolvers were purchased by the government during World War II.  Of this total, approximately 12,800 Commando revolvers were issued to various intelligence services such as US Military intelligence and the Office of Strategic Services (OSS).  Many of the latter were procured with the two-inch barrel, referred to as the \u201cJunior Commando\u201d. A few Commandos saw service overseas in the war zone. Regular production deliveries of two-inch \"Junior Commando\" revolvers began in March 1943, at approximately serial number 9,000.  More than 12,000 of the two-inch Commandos encountered today are actually postwar conversions from four-inch models produced during the war. A rare variant featuring a rounded grip, with barrel lengths of two and four inches. With a very limited production run of 2,500 units produced from 1955-1956, the Marshal became a true collectable. The moniker \u201cOfficial Police\u201d was borrowed by one model in a new generation of revolvers Colt introduced in the late1960s, called the \u201cMK III\u201d series. MK III models consisted of simpler versions of several classic Colt revolvers with updated lockwork.\nThe MK III product line was actually a different and original design based on a new \u201cJ\u201d frame, which failed to attain commercial success and was cancelled after only three years.", ["w_s1319"]]
[30198, "Benjamin \"Ben\" Hueso (born September 2, 1969) is an American politician currently serving in the California State Senate. A Democrat, he represents the 40th Senate District, which encompasses Imperial County and the border regions of San Diego County.Hueso is currently serving as Chair of the California Latino Legislative Caucus. He previously served as Vice-Chair from 2015 to 2016.Hueso was elected to the State Senate in a 2013 special election to replace then-Senator Juan Vargas, who was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in November 2012. Before being elected to the State Senate, he served in the California State Assembly, representing the 80th Assembly District from 2012 to 2013 and the 79th Assembly District from 2010 to 2012. Prior to that, he served on the San Diego City Council, including two years as Council President.<PIC> Hueso was born in San Diego and grew up in Logan Heights. His parents were immigrants from Mexico and community activists, running an informal community medical clinic out of their home. He graduated from Point Loma High School and then from the University of California, Los Angeles with a degree in Sociology/Urban Studies and Planning. He studied at the University of Odessa, Ukraine and completed post-graduate work in Community and Economic Development at San Diego State University. He worked for the city as a redevelopment agency staffer and also owned his own business.  Hueso was elected in a special 2005 election and reelected in the regular 2006 election to represent San Diego City Council District 8. He was the only Latino on the council at the time. He was chosen by his colleagues to serve as City Council President 2009-2010, the second person to serve in that post. He was also a member of the California Coastal Commission for two years while serving on the City Council. He was elected in November 2010 to represent the 79th District in the  California State Assembly of the California State Legislature. In 2012 he was elected to the 80th district due to redistricting. In January 2013 he declared his candidacy for the State Senate 40th district, which became vacant when State Senator Juan Vargas was elected to Congress. He won the election on March 12, 2013, avoiding a runoff by garnering 52.3% of the vote against three other candidates. He took office on March 21, 2013.In March 2017 Hueso was the lead author of the controversial California Senate Bill 649 which would have removed a city's ability to control where the 5G cell service antennas are placed, transferring that power to the state On August 18, 2019, Hueso announced that he would be a candidate for the San Diego County Board of Supervisors.  He ran to succeed incumbent Greg Cox, a popular Republican who was term-limited.  In the March 3, 2020 primary, Hueso finished in first place with 29.3% of the vote and faces Southwestern Community College Board Trustee Nora Vargas, who finished second place with 18.9%, in the November runoff.  In a mild upset, Vargas won the runoff. As of 2021, Hueso had opened a campaign account to run for the California State Board of Equalization in 2022. Hueso is a lifelong resident of Logan Heights in San Diego's District 8. He has four sons.At 2:49\u00a0a.m. on Aug 22, 2014, Sen. Hueso was arrested in downtown Sacramento on suspicion of DUI.", ["w_s1322"]]
[30199, "Joseph A. Gallian (born January 5, 1942) is an American mathematician, the Morse Alumni Distinguished University Professor of Teaching in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of Minnesota Duluth.<PIC> Gallian completed his Ph.D. thesis, entitled Two-Step Centralizers in Finite p-Groups, at the University of Notre Dame in 1971 under the supervision of Karl Kronstein. He has been a professor at the University of Minnesota Duluth since 1972.  In addition to teaching math classes, he taught a humanities course called \"The Lives and Music of the Beatles\" for 33 years and a liberal arts course on math and sports.\nGallian has authored or edited six books (Contemporary Abstract Algebra, Taylor & Francis 10th edition; For All Practical Purposes, W.H. Freeman (coauthor); Principles and Practices of Mathematics, Springer-Verlag; Proceedings of the Conference on Summer Undergraduate Mathematics Research Programs, Editor, American Mathematical Society; Proceedings of the Conference on Promoting Undergraduate Research in Mathematics (editor), American Mathematical Society; Mathematics and Sports, Mathematical Association of America) and over 100 articles.   He earned media attention in 1991 when he determined the methods used by Minnesota and many other states for assigning drivers' license numbers.\nBetween 1977 and 2019, Gallian ran forty Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) programs at the University of Minnesota Duluth.  The program has been funded by the University of Minnesota Duluth grants from the National Science Foundation (40+ years) and the National Security Agency (30+ years).  It is one of the oldest and longest-running REUs in the country.  As of the end of 2019, the program has had 254 undergraduate participants and has produced more than 240 publications in mainstream professional journals. More than 150 Duluth REU students have received a PhD degree.\nGallian served a 2-year term as the President of the Mathematical Association of America starting in January 2007. In addition, he was co-director of Project NExT from 1998 to 2012, Associate Editor of MAA OnLine since 1997, a member of the advisory board of Math Horizons from 1993 to 2013, a member of the editorial board of the Mathematics Magazine for five years and the American Mathematical Monthly for 15 years.\nIn 2021 he became a co-editor of the MAA Mugs to Donuts e-newsletter for Putnam competition students. Gallian has won both the Allendoerfer and Evans awards for exposition from the Mathematical Association of America (MAA) and was the P\u00f3lya lecturer for the MAA from 1999 to 2001.\nHis excellence in teaching earned him the Haimo Award for distinguished teaching from the MAA in 1993 and he was the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching Minnesota Professor of the Year in 2003.\nIn 2019 he received the MAA's Mary P. Dolciani Award for making a distinguished contribution to the mathematical education of K-16 students in the United States or Canada.\nIn 2011 he received the MAA's Yueh-Gin Gung and Dr. Charles Y. Hu Distinguished Service to Mathematics Award.\nIn 2000, Gallian was named by a Duluth newspaper as one of the \"100 Great Duluthians of the 20th Century\".\nIn 2013 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. Gallian, Joseph A. (2017). Contemporary Abstract Algebra, 9th edition. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. ISBN\u00a0978-1-305-65796-0.\nGallian, Joseph A., ed. (2010). Mathematics and Sports. Washington, DC: Mathematical Association of America. ISBN\u00a0978-0-88385-349-8.\nGallian, Joseph A. \"A dynamic survey of graph labeling\". www.combinatorics.org.", ["w_s1323"]]
[30200, "Melt electrospinning  is a processing technique to produce fibrous structures from polymer melts for applications that include tissue engineering, textiles and filtration. In general, electrospinning can be performed using either polymer melts or polymer solutions. However, melt electrospinning is distinct in that the collection of the fiber can very focused; combined with moving collectors, melt electrospinning writing is a way to perform 3D printing. Since volatile solvents are not used, there are benefits for some applications where solvent toxicity and accumulation during manufacturing are a concern.<PIC> The first description of melt electrospinning was by Charles Norton in a patent approved in 1936. After this first discovery, it wasn't until 1981 that melt electrospinning was described as part of a three-paper series. A meeting abstract on melt electrospinning in a vacuum was published by Reneker and Rangkupan 20 years later in 2001. Since this scientific publication in 2001, there have been regular articles on melt electrospinning, including reviews on the subject. In 2011, melt electrospinning combined with a translating collector was with proposed as a new class of 3D printing. The same physics of electrostatic fiber drawing apply to melt electrospinning. What differs are the physical properties of the polymer melt, compared to a polymer solution. When comparing polymer melts and polymer solutions, the former are normally more viscous than polymer solutions, and elongated electrified jets have been reported. The molten electrified jet also requires cooling to solidify, while solution electrospinning relies on evaporation. While melt electrospinning typically results in micron diameter fibers, the path of the electrified jet in melt electrospinning can be predictable.  A minimum temperature is needed to ensure a molten polymer, all the way to the tip of the spinneret. Spinnerets have a relatively short length, compared to solution electrospinning. The most significant parameter for controlling the fiber diameter is the flow rate of the polymer to the spinneret - in general, the higher the flow rate, the larger the fiber diameter. While reported flow rates are low, all of the fluid electrospun is collected, unlike solution electrospinning where a great part of the solvent is evaporated. The molecular weight is important as to whether the polymer can be melt electrospun. For linear homogeneous polymers, a low molecular weight (below 30,000g/mol) can result in broken and poor quality fibers. For high molecular weights (above 100,000 g/mol), the polymer can be very difficult to flow through the spinneret. Many melt electrospun fibers reported use molecular weights between 40,000 and 80,000 g/mol  or are blends of low and high molecular weight polymers. Modifying the voltage does not greatly effect the resulting fiber diameter, however it has been reported that an optimum voltage is needed to make high quality and consistent fibers. Voltages from as low as 0.7kV up to 60kV have been used to melt electrospin. Different melt electrospinning machines have been built, with some mounted vertically and some horizontally. The approach to heating the polymer does vary and includes electrical heaters, heated air and circulating heaters. One approach to melt electrospinning is pushing a solid polymer filament into a laser, which melts and is electrospun. Polymers exhibiting a melting point or glass transition temperature (Tg) are required for melt electrospinning, excluding thermosets (such as bakelite) and biologically derived polymers (such as collagen). Polymers melt electrospun so far include:\nPolycaprolactone\nPolylactic acid\nPoly(lactide-co-glycolide)\nPoly(methyl methacrylate)\nPolypropylene\nPolyethylene\nPoly(caprolactone-block-ethylene glycol)\nPolyurethane\nThese polymers are examples of the most used polymers, and a more comprehensive list can be found elsewhere. Potential applications of melt electrospinning mirror that of solution electrospinning. Not using solvents to process a polymer assists in tissue engineering applications where solvents are often toxic. Additionally, some polymers such as polypropylene or polyethylene are not readily dissolved, so melt electrospinning is one approach to electrospin them into fibrous material. Melt electrospinning is used to process biomedical materials for tissue engineering research. Volatile solvents are often toxic so avoiding solvents has benefits in this field. Melt electrospun fibers were used as part of a \"bimodal tissue scaffold\", where both micron-scale and nano-scale fibers were deposited simultaneously. Scaffolds made via melt electrospinning can be fully penetrated with cells, which in turn produce extracellular matrix within the scaffold. Melt electrospinning is also capable to formulate drug-loaded fibers for drug delivery. It is a promising new formulation technique in the field of pharmaceutical technology to prepare amorphous solid dispersions or solid solutions with enhanced or controlled drug dissolution because it can combine the advantages of melt extrusion (e.g. solvent-free, effective amorphization, continuous process) and solvent-based electrospinning (increased surface area). The electrified molten jet created via melt electrospinning has a more predictable path, and polymer fibers can be deposited accurately onto the collector. When the collector is moved at sufficient speed (referred to as the critical translation speed), straight melt electrospun fibers can be deposited in a layer upon layer  approach. This enables for the fabrication of complex, well-ordered structures. In this respect melt electrospinning writing (MEW) can be considered a class of 3D printing. Melt electrospinning writing has been performed using either a translating flat surface  or a rotating cylinder/mandrel. Most polymers that can be melt-electrospun can also be written assuming the parameters can be tuned in such a way as to produce a stable jet. Piezoelectric polymers such as polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) have also been shown to be processable via MEW, opening up potential applications in 3d printed sensors, soft robotics, and further applications in biofabrication.", ["w_s1324"]]
[30201, "Charles Longstreet Weltner (December 17, 1927 \u2013 August 31, 1992) was an American jurist and politician from the U.S. state of Georgia.<PIC> Weltner was born in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1948, he received a bachelor's degree from Oglethorpe University in suburban DeKalb County, Georgia. In 1950, he received a law degree from Columbia Law School in New York City. After serving two years in the United States Army, Weltner practiced law in Atlanta and worked to defeat Georgia's county-unit system and preserve the public school system after state leaders threatened to close the schools rather than integrate. In 1962, Weltner was elected to represent Georgia's 5th congressional district in the House of Representatives as a Democrat.\nWeltner was one of only two Southern members of Congress to condemn the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, Ala., in 1963 by white supremacists that killed four girls and injured between 14 and 22 other people. He was the only member of the state's congressional delegation (and the only Democrat from the Deep South) to vote for the Civil Rights Act of 1964, commenting that \"We must not remain forever bound to another lost cause.\" Weltner voted in favor of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.\nHe also supported quick implementation of the United States Supreme Court decision to outlaw racial segregation in public schools, the 1954 decision Brown v. Board of Education.\nIn 1966, Weltner refused to run for re-election when the state Democratic Party demanded that he sign a loyalty oath that would have required him to support Lester Maddox, an ardent segregationist who was running for governor against a Republican U.S. representative, Howard Callaway. In a speech, Weltner said, \"I love the Congress, but I will give up my office before I give up my principles.\" No other had taken the loyalty oath so literally. Weltner described Maddox as \"the very symbol of violence and repression\". Nevertheless, Maddox was chosen governor by the state legislature as a result of a general election impasse with Callaway and former Governor Ellis Arnall, who received critical votes as a write-in candidate. Maddox ridiculed Weltner for abandoning the House race: \"Anyone who would give up his seat in Congress is sick\".\nConversely, both U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy and civil rights movement leader Martin Luther King Jr., hailed Weltner's courage for rejecting Maddox. The Macon Telegraph decreed Weltner \"a public servant greatly to be admired\". The Savannah Morning News termed Weltner \"a man of principle\" but repudiated his \"foolhardy liberalism\".\nCallaway expressed \"amusement\" over the \"foolish\" loyalty oath and questioned whether Weltner withdrew from the race because he feared the Republican Fletcher Thompson, a state senator from Atlanta, would unseat him. Later Callaway referred to his House colleague Weltner as \"courageous\", but Weltner dismissed Southern Republicans at that time as \"Dixiecrats in button-down shirts\". Weltner said Callaway viewed Georgia as \"a giant company store\".\nWeltner tried to regain his seat in 1968 on the Humphrey-Muskie ticket but lost to his Republican successor, Fletcher Thompson. In 1973, Weltner ran for mayor of Atlanta but finished third behind Jewish incumbent Sam Massell and the eventual winner, Vice Mayor Maynard Jackson, an African American. After leaving politics, Weltner continued his legal career, first as a judge in the Fulton County Superior Court from 1976 to 1981 and then serving as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1981 to 1992. In June 1992, he was elected as chief justice of that body by his fellow justices, and he served in that role until his death in Atlanta on August 31, 1992, of esophageal cancer that had been diagnosed two years earlier. In 1991, Weltner became the second person to be honored with the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award, the first having been former U.S. Representative Carl Elliott of Alabama, another civil rights advocate. And honoris causa inductee of Omicron Delta Kappa in 1969, he was honored with Omicron Delta Kappa's highest honor, the Laurel Crowned Circle Award, for excellence in leadership in 1992.", ["w_s1326"]]
[30202, "The Bowman-Pirkle House is a historic two-story log house in Buford, Georgia. \nIt was built in 1818 for John Bowman, who served under General Andrew Jackson during the First Seminole War of 1816\u20131819. The house was built with the help of Cherokees as a token of the friendship between Bowman and Chief Major Ridge. According to Elizabeth Z. Macgregor of the Georgia State Commission, \"this house is probably one of the earliest structures built and occupied by whites in this Indian territory.\" In 1890, it was acquired by Bowman's daughter Amanda and her husband, Noah Pirkle, who had served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War of 1861\u20131865. It was inherited by their descendants, who kept it in the family until 1969. In 1977s, Golden Pirkle gave it to the Hall County Historical Society. The house was returned to Bowman descendants around 2003. The Bowman-Pirkle House has moved several times. The original location on Friendship Road is now a parking lot in the vicinity of a BB&T bank, Zaxby's, and Holiday Inn Express. At present, the house is on the private property of John Bowman's great-grandson near the corner of Sardis Church Road & 2699 W. Rock Quarry Road in Buford (34\u00b004'57.8\"N 83\u00b054'33.2\"W). Driving directions Initially the Hall County Historical Society recommended relocation into Gainesville on Queen City Parkway just off of Hwy. 360, Exit 5, however it was never moved to this location.\nThe house was moved to the Lake Lanier Natural History Museum near the Lake Lanier Islands Water Park in the 1980s. The house in its original location was vandalized extensively, therefore it was restored and relocated to the secure location. The original Bowman plantation was 7200 acres and had included the Lanier Islands, therefore the house would remain on its original land. It is thought construction of a new radio tower circa 2000 rendered the cabin unsafe, so its ownership was transferred back to the descendants of the Bowman family around 2003 where it was again transferred to a different location within the original 7200 acre property limits (2699 W. Rock Quarry Road, Buford GA). The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since August 14, 1973:\n     \"The Bowman-Pirkle House was built in 1818 on the Pirkle Ferry Road, now known as Friendship Road, near Flowery Branch, Georgia, in the southern portion of Hall County. It is basically a plantation plain type house with a double verandah and a later two-room, one story \"cottage\" addition with porch. The original main house was constructed of logs but has since been weatherboarded.\n     This three bay, weatherboarded house, elevated on flat bedrock, has a trabeated doorway with side lights. Its double verandah has square posts with flat bannisters that still remain on the upper porch. Around the gable edges is also a flat, scalloped wood trim. Originally there were no glazed windows, only shutters. Off the central hall, with its set of narrow stairs, are two larger rooms. The room on the right has a simple, delicately designed mantel on the rear wall; horizontal panelling boards in this room average about a foot in width. The room on the left does not have the original panelling, but a heavy mantel with the curved inset is an early mantel style. Upstairs, there apparently was only one finished room, the other area of which has no flooring or windows, and apparently was never used.\n     Probably a later addition of about 1870 is the one story, three bay \"cottage\" adjoined on the rear, its square columned porch with plain bannisters faces east. To the rear of this two room addition and to that of the main portion of the house is a continuous L-shaped shed porch. Part of the shed porch has been converted into a room on the rear of the main house portion.\n     One Stone chimney, original to the 1818 house, is on the west side of the house; another later chimney on the rear wall of the right room was probably added at the same time as the \"cottage\" portion.\n     A well house, several barns and a grape arbor are also on the property. Originally there was a covered oak-boarded walkway to the rear of the house, where the grape arbor is now, that led to a building that housed a kitchen, dining room and an upstairs bunkroom for the boys.\n     The Bowman-Pirkle House, a two story log plantation plain type house; is significantly known to have been built by John Bowman with the help of Cherokee Indians in 1818 during a transition period when this area was being ceded to the U.S. government by the Cherokees. Important persons, including Andrew Jackson and Major Ridge, a Chief of the Cherokee Nation, visited in this house during Bowman's ownership and that of its later owner, Noah Pirkle. The house with few changes remained in the Pirkle family until 1969, at which time it was given to the Hall County Historical Society.\n      John Bowman, the builder of the Bowman-Pirkle House came to North Georgia when he was a volunteer courier for General Andrew Jackson's staff. In 1818 General Jackson rested his troops at the old \"Young Tavern\" [Robert Young Inn] above Flowery Branch, Georgia, en route to the Seminole Campaign. While here John Bowman visited Major Ridge, one of the Chiefs of the Cherokees who was holding an encampment nearby. At the end of this visit, Major Ridge gave John Bowman a sizable tract of land. Bowman detached himself from the General's staff and with the aid of Cherokee braves, built the two story log house in which he resided from 1818 to 1890. In about 1822, Bowman married Mary Smith of North Carolina, the same state in which he was born April 17, 1798. The title of \"Doctor\", Bowman earned by learning from the Indians herbal medicine; he planted these herbs by a stream about a mile from his house which came to be called \"medicine hollow.\" He treated both Indians and whites and was well respected in this field. During his lifetime, Dr. Bowman also developed a large and practically self-sufficient plantation.\n     Bowman's daughter, Amanda, married Noah Pirkle in 1867. Noah Pirkle served in the Confederate Army, Co. \"A\", llth Georgia Regiment under Captain Bedell. When Sherman burned Atlanta, General John Brown Gordon sent some men to defend Athens. Their efforts kept the Federal troops from burning Athens. For three days the Federal troops attempted to cross the East Branch of the Oconee River. They suffered heavy casualties and decided to retreat. Noah Pirkle was one of the defending Confederate soldiers. They surrounded a large group of Federal troops, marched them for three days and then rested at the old John Bowman place. They placed the prisoners in the horse lot there. Seventeen men, including Pirkle, were drawn to do sentiel duty. Early the next morning Bowman invited these men in for breakfast. At the end of the meal, Pirkle looked at Amanda Pirkle who was helping to serve the table and said, \"You are beautiful, if I am still alive when the War is over, I am going to come back and marry you.\" He kept his promise.\n     At John Bowman's death in 1890, Pirkle purchased a portion of the plantation which included the house. The house was passed through the Pirkle family until 1969.\n     The Bowman-Pirkle House is a fine example of the architecture of the early settlement of Indian lands. This area of Hall County was ceded by the Cherokees officially July 8, 1817, resulting in Bowman having to buy back 1818 land grants issued by Gov. George Troup. (Three of these land grants 250 acre tracts, selling for twelve to eighteen dollars each, are still among the Pirkle family papers.) Thus, this house is probably one of the earliest structures built and occupied by whites in this Indian territory.\n     Presently the house is located on Friendship Road; but now owned by the Hall County Historical Society. It will be moved to a location inside the city limits of Gainesville on Queen City Parkway just off of Hwy. 360, Exit 5 and replaced in a farm setting adjacent to a state approved welcome center. As directed by the State Review Board, the Bowman-Pirkle House is being nominated based on its present appearance and siting. After the structure's removal and restoration, the Board will reconsider the structure in the light of changes which may affect its qualifications as a National Register property.\"\n-National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form for Bowman-Pirkle House, 14 Aug 1973<PIC> As of 1861, 10 victims of slavery were captive on the Bowman plantation. Some descendants of John Bowman own and manage historic properties of Buford including the Victor Hugo Allen mansion (son of Bona Allen).", ["w_s1327"]]
[30203, "Sabine Thillaye (born 18 May 1959) is a French-German entrepreneur and politician who has been serving as a member of the French National Assembly since 18 June 2017, representing the 5th constituency of the departement of Indre-et-Loire. She was elected as a member of La R\u00e9publique En Marche!, but left the party in 2020 and was one of the 17 initial members of the new Ecology Democracy Solidarity group in the National Assembly.<PIC> Before being elected as a member of parliament, Thillaye led a communications and signaling agency that she had founded in 1987. Being a studied legal practitioner herself, Thillaye also gave classes in German for students of law at Fran\u00e7ois Rabelais University.From 2006 to 2007, Thillaye headed the department for public relations of the business association MEDEF in the Touraine-province. Moreover, from 2016 to 2017, Thillaye was member of the board of directors of the association.Prior to her candidature with En Marche!, Thillaye had already been engaged in the promotion of the European integration. As such, she is a founding member of the association Europe Val de Loire, an organisation she presided over temporarily. Additionally, she was deputy-chairwoman of the French-German cultural center in Touraine. In June 2016, Thillaye decided to run as a candidate for the En Marche!-movement for the legislative elections of 2017, imposing herself in the second tour against Fabrice Boigard of Les R\u00e9publicains (LR).Since 2018, Thillaye has been serving as chairwoman of the Committee for European Affairs. In this capacity, she argued for an expansion of the committee's competences. Furthermore, she proposed to facilitate the exchange between the different parliamentary committees. Together with Richard Ferrand, parliamentary leader of La R\u00e9publique en Marche!, Thillaye introduced a resolution aiming at the promotion of the symbols of the European Union which was accepted on 27 November 2017. In On 28 June 2018, Thillaye introduced a report on \"The role of national parliaments in the European decision making process\u201d. Amongst other things, it recommends granting the Committee for European Affairs the status a permanent committee thus enabling it to take part in the legislative process. Furthermore, the report generally suggests strengthening the relations between the national parliaments and the European institutions.In 2019, Thillaye refused to accept the legality of vote in which Pieyre-Alexandre Anglade was elected to succeed her in the role of the committee's chair. As a consequence, she was excluded from the LREM parliamentary group after a lengthy debate in January 2020.Thillaye is also a member of the National Assembly's Defence Committee, one of the house's eight permanent committees. On the committee, she is charged with questions related to European security policy as well as French-German defence cooperation. Together with Andreas Jung, member of the German Bundestag, and her colleague from the National assembly, Christophe Arend, Thillaye served as co-chairwoman of the Franco-German parliamentary working group, which had been founded on 22 January 2018 on the occasion of the 55th anniversary of the signing of the Elys\u00e9\u00e9-treaty in 1963. It was composed of six French and six German members of parliament who contributed to the drafting of the Aachen Treaty, signed on January 22, 2019, and played a major role in the negotiations of the Franco-German parliamentary agreement, signed in Paris on March 25, 2019. Together with Jung, Thillaye was elected co-president of the bureau of the newly established Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly on the same day. Robert Schuman Foundation, Member of the Board of Directors", ["w_s1329"]]
[30204, "Cliff Swain (born March 21, 1966) is a professional racquetball player and coach from Boston, Massachusetts. Known for his dominant drive serve and on-court intensity, Swain finished as the #1 player on the  International Racquetball Tour (IRT) six times -- in 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, and 2002. He won US Open Championships in 1997 and 2001, and was inducted into the USA Racquetball Hall of Fame in 2003. A legendary figure in racquetball for over 3 decades, Swain still plays professionally and is quickly becoming a sought-after professional coach as well.<PIC> Swain was introduced to racquetball when he was 13 years old by his father, Robert \"Red\" Swain, who was a competitive handball player. Swain was naturally talented and quickly picked up the game, soon winning the Massachusetts State and New England Regional Junior Racquetball Championships. He won the US Junior National 16 and Under Racquetball Championship in 1983, and the Orange Bowl World 18 and Under Junior Racquetball Championship in 1984. Swain also played on the racquetball team at Providence College in 1984 before turning professional. Swain began his career as a professional racquetball player in 1985. It was a busy year. He won his first professional title at the Tulsa Open, and his first professional National title at the Ektelon National Championships, where he consecutively beat racquetball legends, Marty Hogan, Dave Peck, and Greg Peck. Swain was aptly named the Professional Racquetball Rookie of the Year in 1985, and remained one of the top ten professional racquetball players until 1990.\nIn 1990, at the age of 24 and when he was ranked #1, Swain left racquetball to pursue a career in  tennis at the encouragement of Ion Tiriac. Swain spent two years on the tennis circuit and had some success, although not nearly at the level he had experienced in racquetball. Swain reclaimed the #1 ranking when he returned to racquetball the following season.\nSwain ended the IRT season as the #1 ranked player 6 times: in 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, and 2002. He won the US Open Racquetball Championships 2 times, in 1997 and 2001. Swain was inducted into the USA Racquetball Hall of Fame in 2003.\nSwain has continued to play championship-level racquetball after his Hall of Fame induction. He played the Legends Racquetball Tour in 2004 and 2005, winning the Legends 35+ National Championship both years. He teamed with Marty Hogan to win the 2004 and 2005 Legends National Doubles Championship as well. Swain teamed with Woody Clouse to win the 40+ USA Racquetball National Doubles Championship in 2008, and has won 4 National 45+ Doubles titles with good friend and former coach Mike Ladge: at the 2012 and 2013 Ektelon US Nationals, and the 2012 and 2014 US Open. Swain is also an accomplished outdoor racquetball player, teaming with Josh Tucker to beat #2 ranked Rocky Carson and #4 ranked Jose Rojas on the way to the 2014 World Outdoor Racquetball (WOR) Pro Doubles Championship. Despite still competing as a professional himself, Swain is a National Racquetball Coach at Life Time Fitness and coaches juniors, adults, amateurs and professionals. His roster of notable players currently includes:\nMaria Jose Vargas - ranked #2 on the Ladies Professional Racquetball Tour (LPRT)\nCoby Iwaasa - 2015 Junior Open Singles and Doubles Canadian National Champion; 2015 Men's Open Singles and Doubles Canadian National Champion\nDane Elkins - USA Junior National Team Member, 10-time WOR Junior World Champion, 6 USA National Junior Indoor Championships, 3 USA National High School Championships. the 2017 National Paddleball Association Junior 18-and-under National Champion.\nOther professional players who Swain coaches or has coached include IRT players Jose Rojas, Charlie Pratt, Alejandro Herrera, and Brad Schopieray; and LPRT player Cece Pratt. Swain announced in 2014 that he was starting his own racquetball company. He developed the Cliff Swain Signature Series racquetball racquet, which is available along with other Cliff Swain Signature Series products on his website. His website features instructional videos, coaching videos, and match videos, as well as a racquetball magazine archive.", ["w_s1333"]]
[30205, "Kristen Richards (born July 4, 1992) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player. She is currently a member of the Professional Women's Hockey Players Association (PWHPA), following four seasons with the Markham Thunder (formerly the Brampton Thunder) of the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL). Prior to that, she played NCAA Division I hockey for Niagara and Robert Morris.  Richards skated for the Mississauga Jr. Chiefs of the Provincial Women's Hockey League (PWHL), serving as the team's captain in 2009\u201310, when she posted 47 points in 33 games. The Chiefs were one of the top programs in both the PWHL and the Ontario Women's Hockey Association (OWHA) with Richards on the team, winning the OWHA's gold medal to conclude the 2008\u201309 season. Additionally, Mississauga enjoyed top-three finishes in the league or association in 2007\u201308 (bronze medals for both the PWHL and OWHA) and 2009\u201310 (PWHL silver medal, OWHA bronze medal). Notably, Richards' Chiefs teams included future Thunder teammate Sarah Edney, future Robert Morris teammate Thea Imbrogno, and other future NCAA and professional players like Emily Pfalzer and Jenna Dingeldein.\nIn addition to the Chiefs, Richards also attended St. Basil-the-Great College School and enjoyed success with her school team, winning Ontario Federation of School Athletic Associations championships in 2008\u201309 and 2009\u201310, as well as four Toronto District College Athletic Association titles.  Richards signed with Niagara University to begin her collegiate career and made an immediate impact at NU, scoring seven times and adding seven assists as a freshman to tie for second on the team in scoring. Her first college goal (and point) came against Minnesota State on October 8, 2010, although her third goal one month later was among her biggest: Richards' overtime power play goal with 1:59 remaining toppled Mercyhurst at Dwyer Arena. The Lakers were ranked fourth in NCAA Division I at the time and were coming off of an appearance in the 2010 Frozen Four. Six days later, on November 12, 2010, Richards scored with 3:56 remaining to defeat Colgate, while her first multi-point game involved a pair of assists in a 2\u20131 victory over Wayne State on January 15, 2011.\nOn a team level, the Purple Eagles' 2010\u201311 season got off to a slow start, as NU was just 3\u201312\u20133 in early December. Things turned around a little from there, as subsequent unbeaten streaks of six games and four games helped Niagara finish second in the College Hockey America (CHA) standings with an 8\u20136\u20130 league record. However, third-seeded Syracuse abruptly ended the Purple Eagles' season in the CHA semifinals. Richards, for her part, was selected to the CHA's all-rookie team in recognition of her strong freshman season.\nFor the 2011\u201312 season, Niagara changed coaches, with assistant Josh Sciba promoted to replace the departed Chris MacKenzie. Meanwhile, Richards had quickly become considered a central part of the young team's offense, along with Jessica Hitchcock and Jenna Hendrikx. Although the Purple Eagles started the year 0\u20134\u20130, things abruptly turned around on October 14, 2011 against RPI, when Richards scored twice - the second coming on a penalty shot in overtime after she was hooked on a breakaway - to help NU to its first win of the year and the first win of Sciba's head coaching career. The come-from-behind effort set off a hot streak, as Niagara went 7\u20132\u20135 over a 14-game span to climb to 7\u20136\u20135 overall after a tie with Ohio State on December 2, 2011. While that turned out to be the pinnacle of NU's campaign - the Purps finished the regular season 10\u201315\u20138 overall and a third-place-worthy 3\u20136\u20133 within the CHA - Richards continued to demonstrate an aptitude for big, dramatic goals. On January 21, 2012 at Syracuse, she banged home a 5-on-3 advantage tally late in overtime to beat the Orange by a 2\u20131 count. Two weeks later, at Mercyhurst, Niagara found itself facing third-period deficits of 2\u20131 and 3\u20132, but Richards answered each time, the latter with just 12 seconds remaining, to force a draw with the fifth-ranked Lakers.\nIn the 2012 CHA playoffs, Niagara again saw its run come to a quick end in the semifinals, this time to a Robert Morris team en route to its first-ever conference title. Richards qualified for the All-CHA Academic Team for the second season in a row.\nShortly after the conclusion of the 2011\u201312 season, Niagara announced that it would immediately discontinue its women's hockey program, forcing Richards and other members of the team to either transfer or continue studying at NU without playing hockey. For Richards, along with defenseman Kelsey Gunn, the solution to the Niagara situation was a move south to newly crowned CHA champion Robert Morris, a transfer that paid nearly-immediate dividends. In her first official NCAA game as a Colonial (following a handful of exhibition contests), Richards scored the game-winning goal in a 2\u20130 victory over Yale. Not only that, but in a sort of a full-circle moment, it was assisted off of a turnover by Imbrogno, Richards' old teammate from St. Basil's and the Mississauga Jr. Chiefs.\nDespite playing 10 of its first 12 games on the road, RMU got off to a 9\u20133\u20132 start in 2012\u201313, following a sweep of Mercyhurst upon returning home. Along the way, Richards showed that she didn't leave her knack for late-game heroics at Niagara, as she deflected home a third-period goal to force overtime at Vermont on November 4, 2012, then fed Anneline Lauziere for the winner. RMU slumped badly after New Year's however, going just 2\u201311\u20131 in 2013 before a regular-season-ending sweep of NCAA newcomer Penn State salvaged a 13\u201314\u20133 overall record and a fourth-place finish in a tight CHA race. Richards' late season was highlighted by her hand in both Robert Morris goals (along with a third-period checking from behind major and game misconduct) in a tie with RIT on January 26, 2013 as well as two other multi-point efforts.\nThe Colonials opened the 2013 CHA playoffs with a first-round series sweep over fifth-seeded Lindenwood, but fell to Mercyhurst in the conference semifinals to close the year.\nAfter the unsuccessful CHA title defense, expectations were somewhat tempered for RMU in Richards' senior year, 2013\u201314, as the conference coaches tabbed the Colonials third in the preseason poll, although Richards - now the team's captain - was again expected to play a key role. Both team and individual rose to the challenge however, with Robert Morris' 24\u20138\u20133 final overall mark standing as the best in program history to that point (the 24 wins remain tied for the team record as of the end of 2016\u201317) and Richards depositing a career-best 26 points in those 35 games. RMU's 13\u20135\u20132 CHA record narrowly missed the school's first league regular-season title, as the Colonials were second to archrival Mercyhurst by four points.\nRichards' season was highlighted by her being named the CHA's Offensive Player of the Week on November 4, 2013, following a weekend sweep at Penn State, where she scored twice on 11 shots (of RMU's 49 total) in the second game of the series. She handed out three assists (a career-best for points) in a 6\u20134 win over Vermont on October 26, 2013, with that game and the Penn State games capping a career-best seven-game point streak. She would later add a five-game streak from November 26, 2013 against Ohio State through January 4, 2014 versus St. Lawrence. Against Syracuse on February 7, 2014, Richards and Imbrogno both assisted on a Brittany Howard goal that gave Imbrogno Robert Morris' career assist record.\nIn a bit of a parallel to the end of her time at Niagara, Richards' RMU and college career came to a close in the CHA semifinals at the hands of a team en route to a surprising championship run, in this case an RIT squad that was 16\u201315\u20133 overall during the regular season.\nAs of the end of the 2016\u201317 season, Richards' name remains a prominent part of the Colonials' record books, despite only playing two seasons at the school. Among other listings, she is sixth in team history in points per game (0.73), fourth in plus-minus rating (plus-17) and her 15 shots against Lindenwood on March 1, 2013 are an RMU single-game high. Richards entered the CWHL in 2015, when she was selected by the then-Brampton Thunder in the that year's CWHL Draft with the 16th overall pick, first in the fourth round (notably, former RMU teammate Rebecca Vint had also been selected by the Thunder with their previous selection, 11th overall, while former Mississauga Jr. Chiefs teammate Edney, who went on to play collegiate hockey at Harvard was drafted first overall by Brampton).\nThe 2015\u201316 season saw a resurgence for the Thunder, one of professional women's hockey's most storied franchises, but also one that had fallen on hard times with a 6\u201316\u20132 record in 2014\u201315 and a last-place league finish. Richards' new squad would rebound to 16\u20137\u20131, good for third place in the league standings and a playoff semifinal series with the second-seeded Calgary Inferno, although the Inferno swept the best-of-three round on the way to the 2016 Clarkson Cup.\nRichards scored her first professional goal on November 21, 2015 in a rout of the Boston Blades, while adding a shorthanded assist on the way to a 13-point season, good for eighth best on the Thunder. She also rapidly gained a reputation as one of the CWHL's most dangerous penalty killers. Brampton led the league with seven shorthanded goals (and was second with an 83.19 percent penalty kill rate), while Richards' three shorthanded points were tied for the best league-wide (with Caroline Ouellette, Marie-Philip Poulin and Cathy Chartrand). She also offered eight points over four consecutive January 2016 games including, arguably, the Thunder's biggest results of the year, a sweep of the Inferno via overtime and shootout wins at Brampton Memorial Arena on the 9th and 10th. Richards scored in the first game while setting up Candice Styles' OT winner, then had three assists the next day in a wild 8\u20137 shootout victory that saw Brampton rally from numerous large deficits, including 5\u20131 early in the second period and 7\u20135 midway through the third.\nIn 2016\u201317, the Thunder slid slightly backwards to 12\u201310\u20132, but were a carbon copy of their 2015\u201316 version in many other ways: the team finished third in the league standings, and was defeated in a playoff semifinal sweep to the eventual Clarkson Cup champion, this time Les Canadiennes de Montreal. Richards played in her 50th professional game (including playoff contests) in the regular-season finale, a shootout win over Boston on February 19, 2017.<PIC> Richards was an accomplished ball hockey player, in addition to her ice hockey exploits, at St. Basil-the-Great College. St. Basil's won the Ontario Ball Hockey Association's provincial championships in 2007, 2008 and again in 2010, with Richards earning a spot on the tournament all-star team during the 2010 run.\nIn 2015, along with future Thunder teammates Vint and Jamie Lee Rattray, Richards competed at the Canadian Ball Hockey Association national championships and helped the Toronto Shamrocks to the title. She collected an assist in the final, a 2\u20131 overtime win over Newfoundland United. Richards has credited her experience at the CBHA tournament for helping her transition to CWHL play, after taking 2014\u201315 off following her graduation from Robert Morris. Richards holds an English degree from Robert Morris University and is a certified English, special education, and ESL teacher. She is a member of the staff at De La Sale College, a private school in Toronto, Ontario that emphasizes athletics. She has also served as the head development coach of the Etobicoke Dolphins Girls Hockey Association, specializing in power skating.   2010\u201311 CHA All-Rookie Team\n2010\u201311 CHA All-Academic Team\n2011\u201312 CHA All-Academic Team\n2012\u201313 CHA All-Academic Team\n2013\u201314 CHA All-Academic Team\nCHA Offensive Player of the Week (November 4, 2013)", ["w_s1334"]]
[30206, "Indr\u0117 \u0160erpytyt\u0117 ([\u02c8\u026an.d\u02b2\u027e\u02b2e\u02d0 \u02c8\u0255\u025b\u027e\u02b2.p\u02b2i\u02d0.t\u02b2i\u02d0.t\u02b2e\u02d0]' born 1983) is a Lithuanian artist living and working in London. \u0160erpytyt\u0117 is concerned with the impact of war on history and perception, and works with photography, sculpture, installation and painting.\nHer work is held by the Victoria and Albert Museum, David Roberts's Collection and Derwent London and have been exhibited at Tate Modern, The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), The Photographers' Gallery, Museum of Contemporary Art in Krak\u00f3w and Museum Folkwang, among others. \u0160erpytyt\u0117 was born in 1983 in Palanga, Lithuania and moved to London at the age of 14. She received her MA in photography from The Royal College of Art, London and her BA in editorial photography from the University of Brighton.<PIC> Former NKVD - MVD - MGB - KGB Buildings (2009 - 2015, ongoing) centres on the after-effects of World War II in Lithuania. These black and white images tell an almost forgotten story of the domestic conflicts of war, in which people were interrogated and tortured in what were once family homes. Rather than representing the buildings themselves, or showing the inhabitants or victims directly, \u0160erpytyt\u0117 uses commissioned, hand-carved wooden models based on archival research and site visits to comment on both the physical and humanitarian scale of the conflict and to recall events that have faded over time. From the same series, Forest Brothers (2009) looks at the Lithuanian forest as a place both to hide and to disappear as it revisits the environments once home to the period's most active resistance force. A State of Silence (2006) pays tribute to the artist's father, Albinas \u0160erpytis, Lithuania's Head of Government Security, who died in suspicious circumstances in a car accident in the early hours of October 13, 2001. The large scale photographic palettes of 2 Seconds of Colour arise from a Google Image search for the term \u2018Isis beheadings\u2019. The works present the patchwork of rectangular placeholders automatically generated while the page is loading, their colours extracted from the 'black of the executioner\u2019s garments, the orange of the victim\u2019s jumpsuit [or] the blue of the sky\u2019. Responding to the oversaturated media landscape in which they find themselves, the images 'seeking to break the closed circuit between violence that is thoughtlessly executed and violence that is thoughtlessly consumed'. The 150 mph paintings depart from images of individuals jumping from New York's World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks. Each image\u2019s human subject has been removed leaving the architecture itself as sole \"witness and unintentional memorial.\"  (1944 \u2013 1991). London: self-published, 2010. ISBN\u00a09780956691705. Includes an interview with Martin Barnes and a text by Nigel Rolfe. Pokario Istorijos / Post-war Stories. Kaunas, Lithuania: Lithuanian Photographers\u2019 Association Kaunas Department, 2015. By \u0160erpytyt\u0117 (\"Forest Brothers: Former NKVD-MVD-MGB-KGB Buildings\"), Claudia Heinermann (\"Wolf Children\") and Michal Iwanowski (\"Clear of People\"). ISBN\u00a09786098099126. With a text by Sonya Winterberg (\"Wolf Children\"). Published to accompany an exhibition. English and Lithuanian language. Jerwood Photography Award, Jerwood Visual Arts, Jerwood Foundation, 2006\nThe Terry O\u2019Neill Award, 2007\nThe Fujifilm Distinction Award, 2008\nNational Media Museum Photography Bursary, 2009\nHoopers Gallery Prize, 2009\nMetro Imaging Prize, 2009\nMagenta Foundation Flash Forward Prize, 2010\nNominated for the Rencontres d\u2019Arles Discovery Award by Simon Baker, Tate Senior Curator, International Art (Photography), 2011\nShortlisted for The Arts Foundation\u2019s Still Life Photography Award, 2013  The Embassy of the Republic of Lithuania, London, 2009.\nCamera 16, Milan, 2010\nVilniaus Fotografijos Galerija, Vilnius, 2011\nThe Photographers' Gallery, London, 2010\nFfotogallery, Penarth, 2013;\nKrak\u00f3w Photomonth Festival, Museum of Contemporary Art in Krak\u00f3w (MOCAK), 2015 The Photographers' Gallery, London\nVictoria and Albert Museum, London\nRencontres d\u2019Arles, Arles, France, 2011\nNational Gallery of Art, Vilnius, 2013\nStreet Level Photoworks, Glasgow, UK\nConflict, Time, Photography, Tate Modern, London, 2014\u20132015.\nMuseum Folkwang, Essen, 2015\nTbilisi Photo Festival\nOcean of Images, Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York, 2015\u20132016 \u0160erpytyt\u0117 's work is held in the following public collections:\nVictoria and Albert Museum, London \nDavid Roberts Collection, David Roberts Art Foundation, London\nThe collection of Jay Jopling, London\nDerwent London, London", ["w_s1335"]]
[30207, "In mathematics, Cramer's paradox or the Cramer\u2013Euler paradox is the statement that the number of points of intersection of two higher-order curves in the plane can be greater than the number of arbitrary points that are usually needed to define one such curve. It is named after the Genevan mathematician Gabriel Cramer.\nThis phenomenon appears paradoxical because the points of intersection fail to uniquely define any curve (they belong to at least two different curves) despite their large number.\nIt is the result of a naive understanding or a misapplication of two theorems:\nB\u00e9zout's theorem states that the number of points of intersection of two algebraic curves is equal to the product of their degrees, provided that certain necessary conditions are met. In particular, two curves of degree n generally have n^{2} points of intersection.\nCramer's theorem states that a curve of degree n is  determined by {\\displaystyle n(n+3)/2} points, again assuming that certain conditions hold.\nFor all n\\geq 3, {\\displaystyle n^{2}\\geq n(n+3)/2}, so it would naively appear that for degree three or higher, the intersection of two curves would have enough points to define either of the curves uniquely. However, because these points belong to both curves, they do not define a unique curve of this degree. The resolution of the paradox is that the {\\displaystyle n(n+3)/2} bound on the number of points needed to define a curve only applies to points in general position. In certain degenerate cases, {\\displaystyle n(n+3)/2} points are not enough to determine a curve uniquely. The paradox was first published by Colin Maclaurin. Cramer and Leonhard Euler corresponded on the paradox in letters of 1744 and 1745 and Euler explained the problem to Cramer. It has become known as Cramer's paradox after featuring in his 1750 book Introduction \u00e0 l'analyse des lignes courbes alg\u00e9briques, although Cramer quoted Maclaurin as the source of the statement. At about the same time, Euler published examples showing a cubic curve which was not uniquely defined by 9 points and discussed the problem in his book Introductio in analysin infinitorum. The result was publicized by James Stirling and explained by Julius Pl\u00fccker. For first order curves (that is lines) the paradox does not occur, because n=1, so {\\displaystyle n^{2}=1<n(n+3)/2=2}. In general two distinct lines intersect at a single point unless the lines are of equal slope, in which case they do not intersect at all.  A single point is not sufficient to define a line (two are needed); through the point of intersection there pass not only the two given lines but an infinite number of other lines as well.\nTwo nondegenerate conics intersect in at most at four finite points in the real plane, which is fewer than the nine given as a maximum by B\u00e9zout's theorem. However, five points are needed to define a nondegenerate conic, so again in this case there is no paradox. In a letter to Euler, Cramer pointed out that the cubic curves x^{3}-x=0 and {\\displaystyle y^{3}-y=0} intersect in precisely nine points. The first equation defines three vertical lines x=-1, x=0, and x=1, and similarly the second equation defines three horizontal lines; these lines intersect in a grid of nine points. Hence nine points are not sufficient to uniquely determine a cubic curve in degenerate cases such as these.<PIC> A bivariate equation of degree n has 1 + n(n + 3) / 2 coefficients, but the set of points described by the equation is preserved if the equation is divided through by one of the coefficients, leaving one coefficient equal to 1 and only n(n + 3) / 2 coefficients to characterize the curve. \nGiven n(n + 3) / 2 points (x\u1d62, y\u1d62), each of these points can be used to create a separate equation by substituting it into the general polynomial equation of degree n, giving n(n + 3) / 2 equations linear in the n(n + 3) / 2 unknown coefficients. If this system is non-degenerate in the sense of having a non-zero determinant, the unknown coefficients are uniquely determined and hence the polynomial equation and its curve are uniquely determined. But if this determinant is zero, the system is degenerate and the points can be on more than one curve of degree n.", ["w_s1336"]]
[30208, "David Arkenstone (born July 1, 1952) is an American composer and performer. His music is primarily instrumental, with occasional vocalizations. Most of Arkenstone's music falls into new age category; however, he also worked in other genres, including even a heavy metal soundtrack for Emperor: Battle for Dune video game. His music has been described as 'soundtracks for the imagination'. Throughout his career, Arkenstone released over 50 albums and composed music for video games, including World of Warcraft, and for television, including NBC's Kentucky Derby. Arkenstone has been nominated for Grammy Awards five times.<PIC> After moving from Chicago to California at the age of ten, he was involved in various high school bands playing guitars and keyboards, playing baseball in his spare time. He studied music in college and started a progressive rock band named after himself, but he soon discovered his own musical voice in the instrumental genre. Arkenstone was influenced by writers such as J. R. R. Tolkien and Ian Fleming, and grew up listening to bands like Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Deep Purple, and Yes, as well as listening to classical music.\nArkenstone went solo and found his own sound in New Age music. He says that has been greatly aided by technology: \"Technology has produced some wonderful tools for making music. The computer allows me to fully orchestrate my pieces and really fine tune them\". His music is primarily instrumental. His albums, typically fantasy themed, often come packaged with literature and art. He worked with fantasy novel writer Mercedes Lackey on a few of his albums. Arkenstone and his ex-wife, Diane, created their own record label called Neo Pacifica. In addition to releasing their own music on the label, they have included other bands such as Earth Trybe, Enaid, and the Marquis Ensemble.\nHe has also composed music for television; channels such as the History Channel, the Discovery Channel and NBC Sports include his music. He has also written music for trailers and film soundtracks, including the independent film PRISM, as well as computer game soundtracks such as World of Warcraft, Lands of Lore 2 and 3, Earth and Beyond, Emperor: Battle for Dune, and Space Siege. He also features on 20 Years of Narada Piano.\nArkenstone has earned four Grammy nominations for his work: In the Wake of the Wind in 1992, Citizen of the World in 2000, Atlantis in 2004, and Fairy Dreams in 2020.\nArkenstone has learned to play a variety of musical instruments, including bouzouki, mandolin, guitar, bass guitar, harp, cello, flute, electronic keyboards, piano, Turkish saz, pennywhistle, melodica, and pan pipes. He also plays drums and percussion and has performed some vocalizations on his albums.\nArkenstone is also involved in the band Troika; their sound is similar to his solo work.  The band members like to remain anonymous, although the compositions are credited to Arkenstone.\nHis theme \"The Journey Begins/Kyla's Ride\" was used for the FIFA World Cup France '98 broadcastings intro by the Mexican television network Azteca.\nHis song \"Papillon (On the Wings of the Butterfly)\" is used as background music in Future World at Epcot in Walt Disney World. His song \"The Palace\" was once used as background music in Tomorrowland at the Magic Kingdom as well. \"The Palace\" also used to play in Tokyo Disneyland's Tomorrowland, and another one of his songs, \"Valley in the Clouds\" was also used.\nHe signed with Domo Records and re-released the album Echoes of Light and Shadow in 2010.\nArkenstone was a member of the composing team who developed the music for Blizzard Activision's World of Warcraft videogame's Cataclysm expansion. Along with Arkenstone, the team consists of Derek Duke, Glenn Stafford, and Neal Acree. ", ["w_s1341"]]
[30209, "Rocky Bluff Battery and Township is a heritage-listed former mining town at Watsonville, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1902 to c.\u20091926. It is also known as Stannary Hills Mill. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 December 2002. Tin was discovered in the Rocky Bluff district in 1883 but initially little development occurred. Extensive leases were acquired over the area by a South Australian company, the North Queensland Tin Mining Corporation, in 1900. The company passed the properties and fixed assets to the Stannary Hills Mines and Tramway Company Limited, an Adelaide-based company with a nominated capital of \u00a3650,000. This company took advantage of the tramway clause in the Mining Act of 1898 and commenced surveys for a narrow gauge tramway from Boonmoo, along Eureka Creek to Stannary Hills, thence over the ridge to a terminus at Watsonville.\nThe line opened to Stannary Hills in May 1902. Instead of proceeding to Watsonville it was decided to construct a branch line 11 kilometres (6.8\u00a0mi) to Rocky Bluff on the Walsh River and this opened on 18 November 1902.\nThe battery was constructed in 1902 on a machine area of 4 hectares beside the Walsh River. Sand and gravel had to be carted uphill from the river. Bricks were carted in on the Stannary Hills tramway and then lowered on a rope tramway 190 metres (620\u00a0ft) down the hill to the battery site. The battery was formally opened on 6 May 1903. Named \"Jumping Moses\", the 20 head battery, Huntington mill and Merton furnace were perched high on the steep hillside above the river.\nThe battery closed in June 1903 because the mortar box shifted and there was insufficient boiler power. The general manager, Charles S. Pasley, reported that the battery could only work at half power until the boiler was replaced by a larger one; \u00a3600 was to be spent on two frue vanners, two wheeler pans and a small four compartment jigger.\nIn 1905 new stamper foundations and storage bins were constructed, a further 10 head stamps were added and the old 20 head were replaced. New rolls were put in between rockbreaker and battery, and a travelling \"grizzly\" to take the crushed ore with the roughs taken out on a moving elevator. A Krupp ball mill reground the coarser parts of the battery pulp. All the pumps were replaced by new return pumps throughout the mill. The bases of the vanners were built in and the brickwork of the Merton furnace was repaired and relined. A slime buddle was also put in to deal more efficiently with the overflow slimes. The gravitation water supply was brought by wooden fluming about 2 kilometres (1.2\u00a0mi) up the river, except at times of reduced flow, when a system of pumping from, and returning to a dam in the river was resorted to. Motive power for the battery was supplied by a 350\u00a0hp Robey compound engine and for the dressing plant by a 30\u00a0hp high- pressure engine, steam being generated in Babcock and Wilcox boilers.\nIn 1905 the small township of Rocky Bluffs had \"some 200 inhabitants and ... a good hotel, store and provisional school\". The battery supplied electricity to the school and some of the principal buildings in the township. The township was also reticulated from the gravitational water supply.\nBecause of its steep site the township had the reputation that no wheeled vehicle, cart, wagon or buggy ever got into its main streets. A postal receiving office operated from 1903 to 1907. The battery and general work at Rocky Bluffs, the terminus of the Stannary Hills tramline, gave employment to about 50 men in 1905. Ore was shipped in from surrounding mines, such as the Arbouin, which was connected by an aerial ropeway to the tramline, the Ivanhoe, Extended, Kitchener and Eclipse mines.\nThe Stannary Hills Company spent \u00a3120,000 in three years on tramways, plant and buildings, and mine development. The company was highly successful while tin prices remained high, but after the collapse of the market in late 1907 its influence declined. Between 1904 and 1911, when the company closed down output was valued at \u00a3275,352.\nJohn Darling and Company, a South Australian company, bought the assets of the liquidated Stannary Hills Tramway and Tin Mines Limited and undertook extensive repairs in 1912 to reopen the battery. The battery was renovated in 1917. It reopened with one shift per day in the latter half of 1918 and operated into the mid 1920s. The tramway from the Junction to Rocky Bluff was dismantled in 1926. The place comprises a number of components including the formation and terminus structures of the Stannary Hills - Rocky Bluff tramway: a ropeway formation descending from the tramway to the battery including concrete brake mounts; and foundations of the battery including terraced benches and high retaining walls descending steeply to the Walsh River; an intact stone weir across the river; and two township areas, one on the river flat and the other in the gully below the battery.\nThe battery comprises four main terraced levels separated with high rock-face retaining walls. The crusher level includes sections of brick walls and flues of a two-unit Babcock boiler house, the substantial brick base of a metal chimney and concrete engine mounts. Adjacent are three pairs of concrete foundations for 30 head of stamps. The battery floor contains three circular brick bases for large agitator vats, and an intact square brick chimney associated with an arrangement of brick precipitation tanks. A furnace floor, below, contains the brick remains of a Merton furnace with flues connecting to the base of the chimney. This area also contains a small retort consisting of an iron furnace and brick firebox. Three circular concrete rendered brick buddle bases for the treatment of slimes are located on a lower level.\nEvidence of structures at the settlement sites is minimal and includes timber stumps, rock walls and a dump of green beer bottles marking a hotel or store site. A section of steel chimney has been dumped on the settlement site. A small stone building survives in the vicinity of the settlement. Rocky Bluff Battery and Township was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 December 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.\nThe place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.\nThe Rocky Bluff battery, tramway and township are significant as an expression of early integrated development in North Queensland's mining industry.\nThe place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.\nThe combination of functions in one place is unique: steam tramway and terminus, rope incline tramway, battery, weir and settlement. The battery of 30 head was one of the largest to operate in the Mareeba district.\nThe brick chimney and Merton furnace (though partly demolished), are a rare combination. The place is one of the few battery sites in Queensland with a brick chimney remaining.\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.\nDue to difficult access the place retains comprehensive evidence of the layout of a range of representative late 19th century haulage, concentrating and settlement features. The battery layout still clearly demonstrates treatment processes through its surviving structures and surface archaeology.\nThe place is important because of its aesthetic significance.\nThe battery site was selected for efficient operation above the Walsh River and the mountain and river setting is very impressive containing historic landscape values.<PIC>", ["w_s1343"]]
[30210, "Kathmandu District (Nepali: \u0915\u093e\u0920\u092e\u093e\u0921\u094c\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u093eListen\u00a0; Nepal Bhasa: \u092f\u0947: \u091c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u093e) is a district located in Kathmandu Valley, Bagmati Province of Nepal. It is one of the 77 districts of Nepal, covers an area of 413.69\u00a0km\u00b2 (159.73\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), and is the most densely populated district of Nepal with 1,081,845 inhabitants in 2001, 1,744,240 in 2011 and 2,017,532 in 2021. The capital district's is Kathmandu.<PIC> Kathmandu district is one of the three districts located in Kathmandu Valley, which itself is located in the hills of Bagmati Province. The district is located from 27\u00b027\u2032E to 27\u00b049\u2032E longitude and 85\u00b010\u2032N to 85\u00b032\u2032N latitude.\nThe district is surrounded by:\nEast: Bhaktapur District and Kavrepalanchok District\nWest: Dhading District and Nuwakot District\nNorth: Nuwakot District and Sindhupalchok District\nSouth: Lalitpur District and Makwanpur District\nThe altitude of the district ranges from 1,262\u00a0m (4,140\u00a0ft) to 2,732\u00a0m (8,963\u00a0ft) above sea level. In the urban center, the temperature fluctuates between 32\u00a0\u00b0C in summer (June\u2013July) to -2\u00a0\u00b0C in winter (December\u2013January). Except high hills including Chandragiri which has Temperate climate Kathmandu district has Sub tropical Clinate.  The annual rainfall of the district is 176.4\u00a0ml. Kathmandu district is a part of Kathmandu valley, which is a melting pot of various cultural groups, ethnicities, races, languages and religions. This vibrant culture is illustrated in the culture of the natives of the district, known as Newars, who are a multiethnic, multiracial, multireligious people bound by a Sanskritized Sino-Tibetan language of Kirat origins known as Nepal Bhasa. All the ancient settlements of the district have specific street festivals (jatras) arranged according to specific dates of the Nepal Sambat calendar. The main festivals celebrated are:\nYanya Punhi\u00a0\u2013 literally meaning Kathmandu's full moon, a week-long festival during the Yenla (the month of Kathmandu) of Nepal Sambat, a festival started by Gunakamadev, the founder of Kathmandu city to commemorate the establishment of city\nGunla\u00a0\u2013 a month in which musical bands and ordinary people make pilgrimage to Swayambhunath temple\nMohani\nDashain\u00a0\u2013 the main festival of Nepal, celebrated by visiting the various Shaktipeeths around the city\nShivaratri\u00a0\u2013 a very special festival in which people make small fire all around the city and take different types of toxic in order to show love to Lord Shiva\nBuddha Jayanti\nSa Paru\u00a0\u2013 a comic festival to commemorate dead relatives, celebrated during the full moon of Goon la\nChatha\u00a0\u2013 the birthday of Lord Ganesha of Hindu pantheon\nHoli\nPahan Chare\u00a0\u2013 a festival of Animist origin celebrated by procession of matriarchs of Kathmandu\nShree Panchami\u00a0\u2013 in the past children used to formally start education on this day. Presently, deities of wisdom, Saraswati and Manjushree (the mythological founder of the valley) are worshipped on this day\nSwanti or Tihar\u00a0\u2013 a five-day festival, the third day of which is called Laxmi Puja, when the families do their annual financial calculation and the next day marks the New Year according to Nepalese calendar, Nepal Sambat.\nAlong with these festivals, with the influx of population from other parts of Nepal, India, Tibet and South Asia, other festivals such as Teej, Chhath, Sakela, Lhosar, Janai Purnima, Deuda etc. are also celebrated. Most of the offices and industries of Nepal are in Kathmandu. The major economic hubs are New Road, Durbar Marg, Putalisadak, Asan. The district exports handicrafts, artworks, garments, pashmina, paper etc. Tourism is one of the main industries of the district. Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world visit various religious places located in the district such as Pashupatinath, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath, Buddhanilkantha etc. Freak Street and Thamel are noted tourist destinations for Western tourists. Kathmandu district is the pioneer district in education in many aspects in Nepal. Durbar High School (the first school of Nepal), Trichandra College (the first college of Nepal), Padma Kanya College (the first women's college) are all located in Kathmandu city. Tribhuwan University, the first university of Nepal, is located in Kirtipur municipality of Kathmandu district. Besides these, thousands of educational institutions are located in the district which enrolls students from Nepal, India, Bangladesh etc. The district consists of 10 Municipalities and 1 Metrocity. These are as follows: Cities and towns with 75,000+ population of Kathmandu district as per 2021 Nepal census. Dakshinkali Municipality\nShankharapur Municipality The total population of the district is 1,744,240 out of which 913,001 are male and 831,239 female in 436,355 households.\nAverage family size was 4.6 in 2001 and 4.0 in 2011 At the time of the 2011 Census of Nepal, 63% of the population in the district spoke Nepali, 17% Newari, 8% Magar, 2% Maithili, and 10% spoke other languages as their first language. Bir Hospital\nTribhuvan University Teaching Hospital\nChhetrapati Free Hospital (Chhetrapati Nishulka Chikitsalaya)\nBabukaji Memorial Hospital\nGangalal Hridaya Kendra\nManmohan Memorial Hospital\nTilganga Eye Hospital", ["w_s1347"]]
[30211, "A bookmarklet is a bookmark stored in a web browser that contains JavaScript commands that add new features to the browser. They are stored as the URL of a bookmark in a web browser or as a hyperlink on a web page. Bookmarklets are usually small snippets of JavaScript executed when user clicks on them. When clicked, bookmarklets can perform a wide variety of operations, such as running a search query from selected text or extracting data from a table.\nAnother name for bookmarklet is favelet or favlet, derived from favorites (synonym of bookmark).<PIC> Steve Kangas of bookmarklets.com coined the word bookmarklet when he started to create short scripts based on a suggestion in Netscape's JavaScript guide. Before that, Tantek \u00c7elik called these scripts favelets and used that word as early as on 6 September 2001 (personal email). Brendan Eich, who developed JavaScript at Netscape, gave this account of the origin of bookmarklets:\nThey were a deliberate feature in this sense: I invented the javascript: URL along with JavaScript in 1995, and intended that javascript: URLs could be used as any other kind of URL, including being bookmark-able.\nIn particular, I made it possible to generate a new document by loading, e.g. javascript:'hello, world', but also (key for bookmarklets) to run arbitrary script against the DOM of the current document, e.g. javascript:alert(document.links[0].href). The difference is that the latter kind of URL uses an expression that evaluates to the undefined type in JS. I added the void operator to JS before Netscape 2 shipped to make it easy to discard any non-undefined value in a javascript: URL.\n\u2014\u2009Brendan Eich, email to Simon Willison\nThe increased implementation of Content Security Policy (CSP) in websites has caused problems with bookmarklet execution and usage (2013-2015), with some suggesting that this hails the end or death of bookmarklets. William Donnelly created a work-around solution for this problem (in the specific instance of loading, referencing and using JavaScript library code) in early 2015 using a Greasemonkey userscript (Firefox / Pale Moon browser add-on extension) and a simple bookmarklet-userscript communication protocol. It allows (library-based) bookmarklets to be executed on any and all websites, including those using CSP and having an https:// URI scheme. Note, however, that if/when browsers support disabling/disallowing inline script execution using CSP, and if/when websites begin to implement that feature, it will \"break\" this \"fix\". Web browsers use URIs for the href attribute of the <a> tag and for bookmarks.  The URI scheme, such as http:, file:, or ftp:, specifies the protocol and the format for the rest of the string.  Browsers also implement a prefix javascript: that to a parser is just like any other URI. Internally, the browser sees that the specified protocol is javascript, treats the rest of the string as a JavaScript application which is then executed, and uses the resulting string as the new page.\nThe executing script has access to the current page, which it may inspect and change. If the script returns an undefined type (rather than, for example, a string), the browser will not load a new page, with the result that the script simply runs against the current page content. This permits changes such as in-place font size and color changes without a page reload.\nAn anonymous function that does not return a value, define a function, etc., can be used to force the script to return an undefined type:\njavascript:(function(s){  //Statements returning a non-undefined type, e.g. assignments})();\nHowever, if a script includes a function definition/redefinition, such as function Use_this_globally(){...}, the environment will not be populated with it. For this reason an {arbitrary script} should be wrapped in void(...);.\njavascript:void({arbitrary script}); Bookmarklets are saved and used as normal bookmarks. As such, they are simple \"one-click\" tools which add functionality to the browser. For example, they can:\nModify the appearance of a web page within the browser (e.g., change font size, background color, etc.)\nExtract data from a web page (e.g., hyperlinks, images, text, etc.)\nRemove redirects from (e.g. Google) search results, to show the actual target URL\nSubmit the current page to a blogging service such as Posterous, link-shortening service such as bit.ly, or bookmarking service such as Delicious\nQuery a search engine or online encyclopedia with highlighted text or by a dialog box\nSubmit the current page to a link validation service or translation service\nSet commonly chosen configuration options when the page itself provides no way to do this\nControl HTML5 audio and video playback parameters such as speed, position, toggling looping, and showing/hiding playback controls, the first of which can be adjusted beyond HTML5 players' typical range setting. \"Installation\" of a bookmarklet is performed by creating a new bookmark, and pasting the code into the URL destination field. Alternatively, if the bookmarklet is presented as a link, under some browsers it can be dragged and dropped onto the bookmark bar. The bookmarklet can then be run by loading the bookmark normally. This example bookmarklet performs a Wikipedia search on any highlighted text in the web browser window. In normal use, the following JavaScript code would be installed to a bookmark in a browser bookmarks toolbar. From then on, after selecting any text, clicking the bookmarklet performs the search.\njavascript:(function(document) {function se(d) {    return d.selection ? d.selection.createRange(1).text : d.getSelection(1)} \nd = se(document); \nfor (i=0; i<frames.length && (d==document || d=='document'); i++) d = se(frames[i].document); \nif (s || d=='document') d = prompt('Enter%20search%20terms%20for%20Wikipedia',''); \nopen('https://en.wikipedia.org' + (s ? '/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=' + encodeURIComponent(s) : '')).focus();})();", ["w_s1348"]]
[30212, "Love/Hate is an Irish dramatic television series broadcast on RT\u00c9 Television. The show aired between 2010 and 2014 on RT\u00c9 One and RT\u00c9 Player. The show depicts fictional characters in Dublin's criminal underworld.\nThe show is mostly filmed in Dublin, with some scenes shot in bordering counties. Since its release, it has grown in popularity with series 3 attracting close to one million viewers on several occasions.\nIn November 2014, RT\u00c9 stated that a sixth series would be made, but the show would be taking a year-long break in 2015. However, in November 2015, RT\u00c9 stated that there were no longer plans to make a sixth series. In 2017, actor John Connors confirmed that production of Love/Hate had ceased and there would be no more seasons aired.<PIC> The story is set in Dublin's criminal underworld. The first season introduced John Boy, criminal kingpin, and the four friends Darren, Nidge, Robbie and Tommy as members of his gang. The show has also featured Ruth Negga, Ruth Bradley, Killian Scott, and Chris Newman. The story focused on rivalries within the criminal milieu and the psychological effects of violence on the Darren character. It is directed by David Caffrey and produced by Simon Massey, Suzanne McAuley, and James Flynn. The first series began broadcasting on 3 October 2010 at 21:30. It was repeated on Thursday nights at 23:10 on RT\u00c9 One and placed on the RT\u00c9 Player for three weeks after broadcast. The second series began broadcasting on 6 November 2011 at 21:30.\nThe fourth season began broadcasting on 6 October 2013. The opening episode of season four attracted 970,600 viewers on RT\u00c9 One.\nEach episode cost approximately \u20ac600,000 to make. Tom Vaughan-Lawlor as Nigel \"Nidge\" Delaney\nKillian Scott as Thomas \"Tommy\" Daly\nAoibhinn McGinnity as Patricia \"Trish\" Delaney\nCharlie Murphy as Siobh\u00e1n Delaney Robert Sheehan as Darren Treacy (Series 1\u20133)\nChris Newman as Robbie Treacy\nRuth Bradley as Mary Treacy (Series 1\u20132)\nAidan Gillen as \"John Boy\" Power (Series 1\u20132)\nBrian Gleeson as Hughie \"Cueball\" Power\nRuth Negga as Rosie Moynihan (Series 1\u20132)\nPeter Campion as Stephen \"Stumpy\" Doyle (Series 1\u20132)\nLaurence Kinlan as Eric \"Elmo\" Creed (Series 1, Series 3\u20135) Peter Coonan as Francis \"Fran\" Cooney (Series 2\u20135)\nMark Dunne as Adrian \"Ado\" Kenny (Series 2\u20135)\nSusan Loughnane as Debbie (Series 2\u20134)\nIan Lloyd Anderson as Dean (Series 2\u20135)\nGavin Drea as Luke\nDenise McCormack as Linda Cooney Jimmy Smallhorne as Christopher \"Git\" Loughman\nJason Barry as Daniel \"Dano\" Loughman (Series 3\u20134)\nSe\u00e1n McGinley as Tony (Series 3\u20134)\nEve Macklin as Georgina Loughman\nPatrick Murray as Paddy\nJim Murray as Ray\nCaoilfhionn Dunne as Lizzie (Series 3\u20135)\nSiobhan Shanahan as Donna (Series 3\u20135)\nStephen Cromwell as Gary Creed\nMary Murray as Janet Hartigan (Series 3\u20135)\nLynn Rafferty as Nadine (Series 3\u20135)\nStephen O'Brien as Terry (Series 3\u20135) John Connors as Patrick Ward (Series 4\u20135)\nLeroy Harris as Glen \"Ginny\" O'Donoghue (Series 4\u20135)\nBr\u00edan F. O'Byrne as Mick Moynihan (Series 4\u20135)\nKieran O'Reilly as Ciar\u00e1n Madden (Series 4\u20135)\nAaron Heffernan as Gavin (Series 4\u20135)\nPeter O'Meara as Andrew Reddin\nBarry Keoghan as Wayne Paudge Behan as Terrence \"Big Balls\" May\nJohnny Ward as Paulie Lawless Commissioned by RT\u00c9 Drama, it is produced by Octagon Films. The producers are Simon Massey, Suzanne McAuley, and James Flynn. Shooting for the first series began on 12 October 2009. The show is written by Stuart Carolan and initially directed by David Caffrey. The director of photography is Donal Gilligan and the show was filmed on the RED camera, a digital cinema camera, now the Arri Alexa. The production designer is Stephen Daly and the costume designer is Aisling Wallace Byrne. The show is edited by Dermot Diskin.\nThe second series began filming in late March 2011 on location in Dublin.\nOn 12 December 2011, RT\u00c9.ie reported that a third series was in development. On 17 January 2012 this was confirmed by RT\u00c9.\nOn 18 December 2012, Irish Independent reported that \"filming for the fourth series of Love/Hate is expected to get underway early in the New Year\". The first episode of the fourth series was broadcast on 6 October 2013. In November 2013, RT\u00c9 released Love/Hate season 4 on DVD.\nIn September 2014, series 5 began airing on RTE1. it received high acclaim for its grittier storyline, something that some fans believed had been missing from the fourth series. The series finale was watched by over 1 million viewers and got rave reviews for ending it on a shocking cliffhanger, which included the killing of fan favourite Nidge. The show was officially cancelled in 2017 when John Connors confirmed there would be no more episodes produced, despite early reports that the show would return for a sixth series following a year long hiatus. The fifth series was released on DVD the day after the finale episode aired.  The complete series is available to view in Ireland on the RT\u00c9 Player. In the United Kingdom, seasons one and two aired on Scotland's ITV franchise, STV.\nRT\u00c9 International and the programme's producers signed an international broadcasting deal with ITV Studios Global Entertainment. ITV Global will help market and distribute the show internationally.\nThe series is expected to air on television in the US, with a broadcast date yet to be confirmed. Series 1\u20133 are now available to view via U.S. Netflix, which were added on 18 September 2013.\nAlso in the United Kingdom season 1 and 2 have been purchased by Channel 5, giving the series a UK-wide broadcast. The first season aired on 24 July 2013. Series 2 was shown on UK freeview channel Spike, following a repeat run of the first series.\nThe complete series is available on the subscription service BritBox.\nIn October 2013, it was announced that streaming company Netflix has bought the show and will make it available to its subscribers. The first three series have also been bought by TV markets in Brazil, Israel and Singapore joining Australia, New Zealand and South Korea.   Love/Hate has been well received, and has won eight Irish Film & Television Awards (IFTA), seven of them in 2012. The second series was met with critical acclaim.\nOn the eve of the third season, The Irish Times hailed the show as \"the best drama RT\u00c9 has produced.\"\nThe Guardian (UK) praised the show, comparing it to The Wire and The Sopranos, saying \"what makes Love/Hate distinctive is the way in which the scripts ... [root] the mobster genre in the trends and tensions of contemporary Irish culture.\" The programme has attracted criticism for its graphic and explicit portrayals of rape and its effects.\nAn actor playing an undercover Garda (Kieran O'Reilly) was revealed to be a real member of the Garda National Drug Unit, leading to an internal Garda investigation. Garda\u00ed are not prohibited from acting by the Garda Code. However, there was an inquiry into his appearance on the show. The second series of Love/Hate was the most watched TV show in Ireland in 2011.\n970,600 viewers tuned in to watch the series four opener on 6 October 2013. while the Season finale on 10 November 2013 attracted over one million viewers.\nThe fifth series opened with over 976,400 viewers tuning in on 5 October 2014. Each series of Love/Hate has been successful in garnering recognition and awards. The first series received the most nominations at the 8th Irish Film & Television Awards (IFTAs) in 2011, with Stuart Carolan winning Best Writer (Television). The series also won \"Best TV Show\" in the Listeners' End of Year Poll on The Ian Dempsey Breakfast Show in 2011.\nThe second series received as many nominations at the 9th IFTAs the following year. It won seven awards including Best Drama, Best Director (David Caffrey), and Best Writer (Stuart Carolan). Other major awards went to Aidan Gillen (Actor in a Lead Role \u2013 Television), Tom Vaughan-Lawlor (Actor in a Supporting Role \u2013 Television), and Denise McCormack (Actress in a Supporting Role \u2013 Television).\nIt was once again a big winner at the 10th IFTAs in 2013 when the third series was nominated for eleven categories. It took home six awards including Best Drama, Best Director (David Caffrey), and Best Writer (Stuart Carolan). Tom Vaughan-Lawlor won his second successive acting award for his portrayal of gang leader Nigel \"Nidge\" Delaney. Charlie Murphy and Susan Loughnane won Best Actress (Television) and Best Supporting Actress (Television), respectively.\nThe fourth series received eight nominations at the 11th IFTAs in 2014, meaning that the franchise had garnered the most nominations at the awards ceremony for the fourth consecutive year. It won awards for Best Writer (Stuart Carolan) and Actor in a Supporting Role Television (Peter Coonan).\nThe fifth series was nominated for seven awards at the 12th IFTAs in 2015. It won Best Drama for the third time and Stuart Carolan took home Best Writer for the fifth consecutive year. Charlie Murphy won her second award for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Television Drama) for her portrayal of Siobh\u00e1n Delaney. ", ["w_s1351"]]
[30213, "Les Essarts (French:\u00a0[le.z\u203f\u025b.sa\u0281]) is a former commune in the Vend\u00e9e department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of Essarts-en-Bocage. The town of Les Essarts is located between the A83 and the A87 freeways, between La Roche sur Yon and Les Herbiers, 55\u00a0km from les Sables d'Olonne and 30\u00a0km from Le Puy du Fou. The city was built at the Roman period. At the Middle Ages, there was a lord in the middle of the town, and a fort was built. During the war in the Vend\u00e9e, on 25 June 1795, a battle took place in the Les Essarts fort. Charette hired Louis Pageot, one of his lieutenants, to surprise the garrison of Les Essarts. 300 republicans were caught, and then shot after the execution of 748 chouans.\nDuring World War II, Germans occupied the Moulin de l'Ansonni\u00e8re. In 2008, Les Essarts counted 4946 inhabitants (an 18% raise comparing to 1999). In 1800, date people started to record the number of inhabitants there, there was 1844 inhabitants in the town.  The Old Castle\u00a0:\nThe story of the castle starts at the Roman period, according to research made in 1935, which led to the creation of a \u00ab\u00a0Suovetaurilia\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0: a sacrificial altar dedicated to March. Then, the first fort in Les Essarts (a wooden castle) was made at the feudal period. Starting from the 18th century, lords living around started to build a castle in stone. During the war in the Vend\u00e9e (1793\u20131796, counterrevolution in the Vend\u00e9e region of France during the French Revolution) the castle was partly destroyed. Descendants of the Lespinay and De Roug\u00e9 families still own it.\nThe St Pierre Church:\nThe St Pierre Church was built in the 19th century. Before that a Roman church was at this place, built in the 11th and 12th centuries. It was burnt during the war in the Vend\u00e9e by the Republican forces. The entrance of the previous church still exists, it has been transported stone by stone in the castle\u2019s park.\nThe Crypt:\nThe crypt, located near from the sacristy, was built in the 12th century. It is referenced as a historical monument since 1971.\nThe previous train station:\nIn 1898, a railroad was built to link Cholet to Les Sables d\u2019Olonne. Between La Roche sur Yon and Les Herbiers, there was the Les Essarts train station. The train disappeared in Les Essarts in 1950 and has been restored as a place to live.\nL\u2019Ansonni\u00e8re Mill:\nIt is one of the last Mill that we could found before in this town. In 1926, Alcide Gautron stopped his activity. During WWII, German people occupied it and transformed it in an observatory point. In 1992, the Mill was bought by the town hall and restored.<PIC> The town of Les Essarts has various associations with diverse goals. Thus, you can find sport clubs, like Les Korrigans dancing club, the soccer team, or the basketball team, cultural and leisure clubs, like a music club etc. Some clubs are working in the agricultural world, others in the social world, like Telethon. Also, some clubs are representing the military or the education.\nThe town of Les Essarts is also the headquarters of the cycling team Vend\u00e9e U Pays de la Loire, and of the professional cycling team Europcar (the leader of this team, Thomas Voeckler, ended up being 4th at the end of the Tour de France in 2011). The town of Les Essarts was a stage city of the Tour de France in 2005 and in 2011.\nFirst, Les Essarts was the ending town of the 2nd stage of the Tour de France 2005, which was linking Challans to Les Essarts.\nThen, on 3 July 2011, the 2nd stage of the Tour de France 2011, a team-time trial which had Les Essarts as a starting and an ending point! The departure was in the Old Castle, then they went to Boulogne, Dompierre-sur-Yon and La Merlati\u00e8re, and came back to les Essarts. Les Essarts has a partnership with Neunkirchen-Seelscheid in Germany since 1991 and with Bicester in the United Kingdom since 1992. Neunkirchen-Seelscheid is located in the Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, near from Cologne, and Bicester in the Oxford region.", ["w_s1355"]]
[30214, "Enolia Pettigen McMillan (October 20, 1904 \u2013 October 24, 2006) was an American educator, civil rights activist, and community leader and the first female national president of the NAACP.<PIC> Born Enolia Virginia Pettigen in Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, she was the daughter of Elizabeth Fortune Pettigen and John Pettigen, the latter a former slave. When she was eight years old, the family moved to Maryland in search of improved educational opportunities. Enolia Pettigen attended Frederick Douglass High School in Baltimore, Maryland and later Howard University in Washington, D.C. with the help of a scholarship from Alpha Kappa Alpha. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in education in 1926.\nMcMillan received a master's degree in 1933 from Columbia University. During her masters education, she began to question the Maryland public education system and used the topic for her master's thesis entitled Some Factors Affecting Secondary Education for Negroes in Maryland Counties (Excluding Baltimore). The thesis attacked Maryland's racist dual school system in the 1930s. She found that the system provided unequal school terms, salary scales and curricula. She became a teacher in 1927 in Caroline County, Maryland teaching at Denton High School. In 1928, she became a principal in Charles County. She became president of the Maryland State Colored Teachers' Association and regional vice-president of the National Association of Colored Teachers. After the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling outlawing segregated public schools, she was one of the first black teachers at a white school.\nShe retired from teaching in 1968. In 1969, she defeated Juanita Mitchell to become president of the Baltimore branch of the NAACP. During her presidency, the National Office was threatened with bankruptcy in 1976 due to legal proceedings against it in connection with a 1966 boycott of white merchants in Port Gibson, Mississippi. She launched a fundraising drive to help defray expenses, and her efforts resulted in the Baltimore branch raising the largest local contribution of $150,000.\nIn 1984, she became the first woman to be elected national president of the NAACP, and she held the position until 1990. The role at the time was largely ceremonial, but McMillan had considerable influence in the organization's policies and operations. Along with former NAACP Executive Director Benjamin Hooks, she is credited with organizing the organization's move from New York to Baltimore in 1986.\nShe was an outspoken critic of the Reagan Administration, which she felt harmed the NAACP's advocacy efforts in housing, education, employment and business. During her tenure, she also helped black businesses to receive federal contracts, and, in 1985, led a protest in Washington against South Africa's apartheid system.\nIn 1975, she was named the first female chair of the board of regents at Morgan State University. On December 26, 1935, Enolia Pettigen married Betha D. McMillan. They had a son, Betha McMillan Jr., in 1940. She died October 24, 2006, in Stevenson, Maryland from heart failure just four days after celebrating her 102nd birthday. She is buried at King Memorial Park in Baltimore. She was inducted into the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame in 1990.\nShe was awarded an Honorary Degree in Public Service from The University of Maryland, Baltimore County in 1991.\nIn 2000, the street near the NAACP's Baltimore branch was renamed Enolia P. McMillan Way.", ["w_s1364"]]
[30215, "Steven David Johnson (born August 31, 1987) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut with the Baltimore Orioles in 2012 and also played in MLB for the Seattle Mariners. Steve Johnson was born to Dave and Tera Johnson. His father, Dave Johnson, pitched in MLB for five seasons, including three for Baltimore, and is now a broadcaster on MASN, which airs Orioles and Nationals games. Johnson graduated from St. Paul's School in 2005 where he played baseball.  Johnson was drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 13th round of the 2005 MLB Draft out of St. Paul's School for Boys in Brooklandville, Maryland. He pitched for the GCL Dodgers in 2005, going 0\u20132 with a 9.53 ERA in six games (three starts). He split 2006 between the Ogden Raptors (14 starts) and Jacksonville Suns (two relief appearances), going a combined 5\u20135 with a 3.67 ERA. In 2007, he went 3\u20136 with a 4.85 ERA in 18 games (16 starts) for the Great Lakes Loons.\nJohnson split 2008 between the Loons (13 starts) and Inland Empire 66ers (11 starts), going a combined 12\u20138 with a 4.32 ERA. He started the 2009 season in the Dodgers' organization, pitching for the 66ers (18 games, 16 starts) and Chattanooga Lookouts (two starts). On July 30, he was traded with minor leaguer Josh Bell to the Baltimore Orioles for George Sherrill. He finished the season with the Bowie Baysox. Overall, he went a combined 12\u20137 with a 3.41 ERA in 27 games (25 starts).\nThe San Francisco Giants selected him in the 2009 Rule 5 Draft, but he was returned to the Orioles on March 16, 2010.\nJohnson had his contract purchased by the Orioles on June 3, 2012, but was immediately optioned to the Triple-A Norfolk Tides. He was called up to the major leagues for the first time on July 1, 2012, in Seattle, but did not play in the two games before he was optioned down again. He finally made his major league debut on July 15, 2012 against the Detroit Tigers in Baltimore. On August 8, 2012, he started and won his first game against the Seattle Mariners, 23 years to the day after his father pitched his first victory for the Orioles.\nOn April 24, 2013, Johnson was sent to the Norfolk Tides on a rehab assignment. He was brought up to the Orioles on May 11 to start against the Minnesota Twins, and optioned back to Norfolk the next day.  He was recalled on May 25 when Pedro Strop was placed on the disabled list.\nJohnson was outrighted off the Orioles roster on October 24, 2014. He was added back to the Orioles roster on September 1, 2015. On January 29, 2016, Johnson signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers, with an invitation to Spring Training. He was released on March 14. Johnson signed with the Seattle Mariners prior to the 2016 season. On March 4, 2017, Johnson signed a minor league deal with the Baltimore Orioles.<PIC> On August 9, 2017, the Orioles traded Johnson to the Chicago White Sox for cash considerations. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017. On April 2, 2018, Johnson signed with the Lancaster Barnstormers of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He announced his retirement as an active player via social media on December 22, 2018.", ["w_s1365"]]
[30216, "Carmen Anthony Puliafito was an American ophthalmologist. From 2007 until March 2016, he was dean of the University of Southern California's Keck School of Medicine.\nIn 2017, the Los Angeles Times revealed that Puliafito had engaged in parties with young recreational drug users and prostitutes, including at the Keck School's offices, and that Puliafito had smoked methamphetamine at these events.<PIC> Puliafito, who grew up in Buffalo, New York, received a degree in medicine from Harvard Medical School and completed a residency in ophthalmology and a fellowship in vitreoretinal surgery at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. He has an MBA from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.\nHe was appointed dean of the Keck School of Medicine of USC in December 2007. Before that, he had been director of the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute of the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, and chair of the department of ophthalmology. The institute has regularly been ranked as the best eye hospital and vision research center in the nation by US News & World Report.  In 2012, he was 21st of the most highly paid research university executives in the United States.\nIn March 2016, Puliafito resigned as dean of the Keck School of Medicine, and USC professor Rohit Varma was appointed interim dean. After leaving USC, he took a role as chief of strategic development with a pharmaceutical company called Ophthotech that was developing new drugs for eye diseases; he was laid off along with 80% of the staff in December 2016 when two Phase III clinical trials produced negative results.\nWhile dean, he served on the board of the Children's Hospital Los Angeles.\nHis license G 88200 in the State of California was revoked based on discipline orders on August 17, 2018. Puliafito was one of the inventors of optical coherence tomography; for this work, James Fujimoto, Eric Swanson and Puliafito received a Rank Prize for Opto-Electronics in 2002. In 2012, Fujimoto, Swanson, and David Huang, with Puliafito and Joel Schuman, received an Ant\u00f3nio Champalimaud Vision Award from the Champalimaud Foundation.\nPuliafito participated in research into the use of bevacizumab for the treatment of retinal disorders. The Los Angeles Times reported in July 2017 that while Puliafito served as dean and USC professor, he \"kept company with a circle of criminals and drug users who said he used methamphetamine and other drugs with them.\" The reporters reviewed video and photographs of Puliafito engaging in these activities in hotel rooms, apartments, and the dean's office. According to the newspaper, a 21-year-old prostitute had overdosed while taking drugs with Puliafito in a Pasadena hotel room on March 4, 2016; the article included a recording of a conversation between a 911 operator and Puliafito. The report said that police had found methamphetamine in the room. Three weeks later, on March 24, 2016, Puliafito resigned as dean of the Keck School of Medicine. Nothing was said about the incident; he said he was resigning because he wished to \"return to academic ophthalmology and pursue some identified opportunities in healthcare.\"\nImmediately following the publication of the 2017 Los Angeles Times report, USC announced that Puliafito had been placed \"on leave from his roles at USC, including seeing patients.\"\nIn July 2022 Paul Pringle, the reporter who first uncovered and reported the story of Puliafito's activities, published a book Bad City: Peril and Power in the City of Angels. It describes his year-long struggle to get the story published over the objections of his superiors at the Times, who did not want to offend USC. Pringle's investigation of the case began with the March 2016 incident, but the paper refused to publish it. He and colleagues persisted, continuing to research the case until the report was finally published in July 2017, long after Puliafito had resigned as dean.", ["w_s1368"]]
[30217, "Actors' Theatre of Columbus is a performing arts theater troupe located in Columbus, Ohio. It was founded in 1982 by Gary and Patricia Ellson, and was initially called Actors' Summer Theatre. Actors' Theatre presents plays by William Shakespeare and other time-honored playwrights, with relevance, to a contemporary audience.  Actors' performs outdoors from Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day weekend at Schiller Park in German Village. In 1982 Actors' Theatre kicked off its first season with a single production of Shakespeare's \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" (1590 and 1596). The success of that season proved that Schiller Park was an excellent venue for open air Shakespearean theater, and the troupe returned the following summer with two productions; Shakespeare's \"Twelfth Night\" (1601\u201302), and the troupe's first Broadway musical, \"Oklahoma!\".\nIn 2011, the troupe celebrated its 30th annual season. Over the last 30 years, the troupe has increased its schedule from one production to two in their second season, and three productions each summer from their third season on. They briefly increased to four productions during the 2005\u20132007 seasons, but have returned to three productions since the 2008 season. As part of their \"Cool Classics\" series, they have also occasionally performed at indoor venues.  Two recent Cool Classics are Tennessee Williams' \"The Glass Menagerie\" (1944) in 2010 and James Thurber's \"The Male Animal\" (1942) in 2011, both at the Columbus Performing Arts Center.  By far the most frequently produced play is Shakespeare's \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\", which has had five productions to date.\nThe troupe first performed on the grass, and later on a simple wooden stage erected at the southern end of Schiller Park. The stage had to be erected and struck for each performance. Costumes and props were stored in the Ellson home nearby, which also served as dressing room and rehearsal space. In 1995, a permanent stage was constructed on the troupe's traditional performance site. This brick and concrete platform is completely open above, allowing the construction of multi-story sets that can remain intact throughout a production's run.  The troupe's success is at least partly due to the popularity of open-air theatre in Columbus. The stage's scenic location within the park allows the audience to view the show from a gentle slope facing the stage. Audiences have a choice of bringing their own chairs, or using blankets. Food and drink are permitted during the shows.  Outdoor summer shows are free and open to the public, though donations are encouraged.\nAlthough they had moved on to other activities years before, during the 2006 season Gary and Patricia Ellson returned to co-write, produce and direct a unique musical adaptation of Shakespeare's \"Twelfth Night\". It would be the pair's final involvement with the troupe they had formed. Gary Ellson, already diagnosed with cancer during the shows run, succumbed to the disease in 2008.\nArtistic Director John S. Kuhn served the company from 2003 until 2015. Mr. Kuhn brought Actors' Theatre productions to several venues in Columbus, as well as training a new generation of ATC artists. He was succeeded by Philip J. Hickman.\nIn 2016, Actors' Theatre expanded its summer season in Schiller Park to four productions. The 2017 season includes plays by William Shakespeare, Aphra Behn, and Jon Jory.<PIC>", ["w_s1375"]]
[30218, "The Gay and Lesbian Tennis Alliance (GLTA) is a not-for-profit international organization that manages and sanctions the gay tennis circuit around the world. The goal of the organization is to promote access to tennis and diversity and acceptance within the sport.  GLTA-sanctioned tournaments provide a safe space for LGBT players to have fun playing competitive tennis in an environment where all who share the value of diversity are welcome.<PIC> The first gay tennis groups emerged in Dallas, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Houston as early as 1979. During the 1980s an informal gay and lesbian tennis \"circuit\" began to form. By the late 1980s gay tennis organizations were hosting tournaments that drew players from around the U.S., and the idea of a more formalized gay tennis circuit was becoming popular around the time of the 1990 Gay Games in Vancouver.\nThe GLTA was founded in 1991, and there are now over 80 gay and lesbian member clubs around the world. The first officers were elected at the San Diego Open in July 1991. The first Commissioner of the GLTA was Scott Williford, who was also elected to the GLTA Hall of Fame in 1992 along with Les Balmain, who founded of the San Francisco Gay Tennis Federation in 1981. Other original GLTA board members were Norm Burgos, David Black, Chris Walker, and Gary Sutton. The organization continued to grow rapidly in the 1990s and spread to Australia, Canada, and Europe. Tournaments in Thailand, Ireland and Australia were added to the portfolio of events in 2010, increasing the number of tournaments to over 80 around the globe. An estimated 10,000 players take part in GLTA tournaments each year, and the number of tournaments and players continues to grow. Individual tournaments range in size from less than 100 competitors to over 400. Depending on the location, tournaments take place on grass, clay, or cement (hard) courts. Many tournaments encourage international participation by asking local competitors to host visiting players at their homes.\nPlayers at all levels can compete within divisions determined by ability\u2014the Open division being the highest, followed by divisions A, B, C, and D. Where possible, similar divisions are provided for players over 40 years old. Each year, an international GLTA World Tour Championships invites the top 8 players in each of the 5 GLTA divisions to compete.\nTournaments are usually organized at a local level by clubs and associations, while the GLTA provides technical support, governance, and direction. Each event raises funds for charitable causes chosen by that particular association, and each cause usually has a tie to gay and lesbian issues such as HIV prevention or the mentoring of gay youth.\nThe GLTA is developing partnerships with national sports organizations such as the United States Tennis Association (USTA) which have identified diversity as a worthwhile objective. The organization has begun to formulate a financial and organizational support strategy to bring events to communities where the political, legal, and cultural situation for gays and lesbians limits opportunities to compete in the sport without hiding their sexuality.", ["w_s1376"]]
[30219, "William Loeb III (December 26, 1905 \u2013 September 14, 1981) was publisher of the Manchester Union Leader newspaper (later The New Hampshire Union Leader) in Manchester, New Hampshire, for thirty-five years from 1946 until his death. His unyieldingly conservative political views helped to make The Union Leader one of the best-known small papers in the country. The publication benefited from nationwide attention every four years during the New Hampshire primary.<PIC> Loeb was born on December 26, 1905 in Washington, D.C., the son of Catharine/Katherine Wilhelmina (Dorr) and William Loeb Jr. (1866\u20131937). His parents were both of German descent.\nHis father was executive secretary to Theodore Roosevelt, and a nationally known figure in his own day. Loeb's grandfather was William Loeb, I, a German immigrant. Loeb's siblings were Louisa Loeb-Neudorf, Amelia Olive Loeb and Lillian May Loeb.\nYoung Loeb attended The Hotchkiss School and Williams College, and soon met and married Elizabeth Nagy, a faculty member at nearby Smith College. They were married on May 29, 1926. Nagy was eight years older than Loeb, and his parents objected to the matrimony. Loeb's father excluded him from his will in light of the marriage. The couple divorced six years later on October 11, 1932, and Loeb received alimony from Nagy for several years. Later in his life, Loeb made efforts to hide the marriage, and records of the divorce (Loeb v. Loeb F-3144) were found missing at the time they were to be archived on microfiche. Loeb partnered with his friend Charlie Weaver to buy the St. Albans Messenger in St. Albans, Vermont, in 1941 to enter the publishing arena. Loeb also received cash investments from a woman named Marka Loening, who indulged in an extramarital affair with Loeb while waiting for her divorce from her estranged husband to be finalized. Loeb later used funding from Loening to buy the Burlington Daily News in 1942. One of Loeb's first infamous journalistic exploits was the publishing of his own baptismal certificate on the front page of both Vermont papers in an attempt to disprove rumors of his Jewish ancestry.\nLoeb cited ulcers for his medical exemption from service during World War II, allegedly drinking large quantities of alcohol before doctor's visits to ensure flare-ups.\nIn 1946, Loeb secured funding from Ridder Publications to buy the Manchester Union and the Evening Leader from Annie Reid Knox, the widow of former Navy Secretary William Franklin Knox. Mrs. Knox later regretted the sale, claiming she had not seen how Loeb handled his Vermont newspapers, and claiming that Loeb did not mention the involvement of the Ridder family. Loeb used $250,000 in funding from his mother's accounts to fund the purchase of his share in the papers, and in 1948 used an additional $300,000 to buy out other shareholders and gain complete control of the papers, which he then merged into the Union Leader.\nIn 1947, Loeb brought in investor Leonard Finder as a business partner in the paper. Marka Loening, increasingly resentful of the presence of Scripps-Howard heiress Elizabeth \"Nackey\" Scripps-Gallowhur in the newspaper offices, withdrew her interests in Loeb's papers that same year. Loeb's mother had been under the impression that he and Loening were to be married, but discovered upon Loening's departure that Loeb had been secretly married to Vermont resident Eleanore McAllister since 1942. Afterwards, Loeb publicly disclosed the marriage in his papers, but claimed it had taken place in 1947 and not 1942.\nMeanwhile, new competition emerged in Manchester with the return of Bernard J. \"B.J.\" McQuaid, a former Manchester Union reporter under the tenure of Colonel Knox, from military service in Europe. McQuaid founded a rival paper, The New Hampshire Sunday News, with his brother, Elias. Loeb quickly wooed Bernard McQuaid over to the Union Leader, and bought the Sunday News outright in 1948. With no other statewide media (radio signals being blocked by mountains, and other papers only local to their towns), Loeb essentially gained a media monopoly in the state for himself. He tried, but failed, to win the license for the only television station licensed in the state, WMUR-TV.\nLoeb's wife McAllister gave birth to a daughter, Katharine Penelope, on October 29, 1948.\nIn 1949, Loeb used the additional $300,000 from his mother and cash from various state politicians he endorsed to buy out Leonard Finder. Also in 1949, Loeb founded the Vermont Sunday News, largely a copy of the New Hampshire edition's content.\nOn August 5, 1949, Loeb took Nackey Gallowhur to meet his mother in New York City. There, George Gallowhur, Nackey's husband, attempted to serve her divorce papers. Loeb refused to permit Gallowhur's agents from serving her, and he was jailed briefly for interfering. Gallowhur sued Loeb for alienation of affection in accordance with an old Vermont law. Mrs. Loeb, infuriated at her son's mistreatment of Eleanore, excluded Bill from her will and sued him for the one million dollars in funding he obtained from her to finance his acquisitions of the Union Leader in 1946 and 1949.\nAlso in 1949, Loeb became the third president of American China Policy Association (ACPA), an anti-communist organization that supported the government of Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek. Loeb continued to see Nackey. In 1949, he fired the print staff at his Vermont newspapers when they attempted to unionize. Nackey was initially placed in charge of printing, but the couple left the state in 1952 in the wake of his mother's lawsuit, and moved to Reno, Nevada, where Loeb sued for divorce from McAllister and then married Nackey Gallowhur. The Vermont papers flailed in the absence of Loeb's attention, and also suffered from negative reader and advertiser reaction to his opinionated absentee editorials. The Daily News ceased operations in 1959. Loeb did not visit the St. Albans paper offices again until 1973.\nIn 1950, Loeb repeated his baptismal certificate stunt, this time on the Union Leader front page. He again hoped to dispel gossip about his Jewish heritage, this time in the wake of controversy surrounding his political endorsements.\nLoeb moved to Pride's Crossing outside Beverly, Massachusetts, in 1955 to be closer to his New England newspaper operations. In 1957, he attempted to launch a paper in nearby Haverhill, the Haverhill Journal, but the publication proved to be a drain on the staff and presses shared with his other newspapers. The Journal folded in 1965, and Loeb blamed union activity for the closure. During a newspaper strike in Boston, he imported copies of the Union Leader into the city, but stopped after incorrect sports information in the publication led to threats from figures in the city's crime world. Loeb purchased the rights to the Connecticut Sunday Herald name (but not its presses), and relaunched it from Bridgeport, Connecticut, but once again his editorial stances alienated readers, and the paper closed.\nLoeb's mother, Katherine Dorr-Loeb, died on November 24, 1966. Her will acknowledged Loeb's siblings, ex-wife Eleanore McAllister, and his daughter Katharine Penelope, but left him nothing. He filed suit, beginning a five-year legal battle that lasted through 1973 and rose to the Vermont Supreme Court, claiming that he had reconciled with his mother and that she had promised him 75 percent of her estate. He settled for less than 10 percent, after her estate had been drained of the bulk of its funds through his legal maneuvering. Loeb separated himself from Eleanore and Katharine Penelope. When his daughter suffered a near-fatal injury in an equestrian accident the next year and lost a kidney, Loeb refused to speak to her.\nLoeb's journalism r\u00e9sum\u00e9 was the subject of skepticism in 1974, when he claimed in a front-page editorial to have worked for the Hearst conglomerate, as a reporter for the New York World for eight years before buying his St. Albans paper. Hearst Corporation denied he had ever been employed there, and the World had actually ceased operations eight years before Loeb said he had started work there. Toledo Blade chairman Paul Block Jr. also denied ever seeing Loeb on the assignments he claimed to have worked.\nWilliam Loeb died in 1981 and left control of the Union Leader to his wife, Nackey. She suffered partial paralysis in a 1977 automobile accident, but continued to publish the paper until her death in 2000, when control fell to Bernard McQuaid's son, Joseph McQuaid. The Union Leader now operates several weekly community papers under the Neighborhood News, Inc. name in southern New Hampshire, the New Hampshire Mirror, a biweekly women's magazine, and the NewHampshire.Com website. On May 1, 2022, Loeb's stepdaughter accused him of sexually molesting her when she was 7 years old. The Union Leader denounced Loeb and removed his name from their masthead in response to the accusations.\nLoeb is best known for his unyielding conservatism.  The Union Leader already tilted Republican editorially when he bought it, but veered sharply to the right after his purchase.  Since then, the paper has been one of the most conservative newspapers in the nation.\nLoeb is best remembered nationally for his alleged role in attacking Edmund Muskie through The Union Leader in what is known locally as the Canuck letter, derailing the Maine senator's 1972 presidential bid. Loeb is said to have helped in the forgery and publication of the letter in the paper's op-ed section. The letter slandered French-Canadians, and implied Muskie was prejudiced against them. Muskie's emotional defense of himself in front of the Union Leader offices in Manchester was seen as a sign of weakness and instability. Muskie later claimed that there were not tears in his eyes, as many papers reported, but rather snowflakes (as it had been snowing that evening).\nLoeb also gained infamy in the 1970s for attacking then-governor Walter R. Peterson Jr.'s teenage daughter for allegedly advocating the use of marijuana. She suffered an emotional breakdown as a result of the stress and public scrutiny thrust upon her in the wake of the allegations. Loeb was instrumental in the victory of Meldrim Thomson Jr., in the next gubernatorial election, and remained a political ally of Thomson's until Loeb's death.\nWilliam and Nackey had one daughter, Edith Roosevelt Loeb-Tomasko. Nackey and George Gallowhur had a daughter from their marriage, Nackey E. Gallowhur-Scagliotti. Both daughters operate the Nackey S. Loeb School of Communications.\nAuthor Kevin Cash published a biography of Loeb entitled Who the Hell IS William Loeb? in 1975. Loeb's legal threats forced Cash to create his own publishing company, incorporated in Delaware, out of Loeb's reach. After four New Hampshire publishers balked at printing it, Cash had the book printed in Vermont.\nIn New Hampshire, his major legacy is an anti-tax pledge that has been taken not only\nby all Republicans seeking gubernatorial nomination, but all Democrats who have successfully been elected.\nLoeb did not hesitate to castigate fellow Republicans, once writing: \"This newspaper now solemnly charges that President Eisenhower has done more to destroy the respect, honor and power of the United States than any President in its history.\" (Editorial, \"Prince Of Appeasement,\" June 23, 1955, referring to the Austrian Treaty that allowed the Soviet Union to continue influence over Austria.) Loeb also stood alone among conservatives in his staunch support for Jimmy Hoffa, despite otherwise being a foe of labor.", ["w_s1379"]]
[30220, "Nabib Newaj Jibon (Bengali: \u09a8\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u09ac \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099c \u099c\u09bf\u09ac\u09a8; born 17 August 1990) is a Bangladeshi professional footballer who plays as a striker for Bangladesh Premier League club Abahani Limited Dhaka, which he captains, and also the Bangladesh national football team.<PIC>  Jibon's career started in 2006, when he played the JFA Cup U-16 tournament, his impressive performance during the competition earned him a place in the three month long Bangladesh U-17 national camp. However, he could not make it to the final squad. In 2007, he made his pioneer league debut with Noakhali Football Academy and finished the season as top scorer with 11 goals. The following year he played in the second division with Ashulia based, Gazir Char Club, but his time their did not go well as the club didn\u2019t have enough players to compete for promotion. Jibon then roamed all over the country to display his skills at different district leagues, including Khulna, and also in Chittagong, with Chittagong Mohammedan SC in 2009.\nIn 2010, Jibon made his first division debut with Uttar Baridhara Club. In 2012 the Bangladesh Championship League was introduced, as the country's professional second tier league, and after finishing runners up during the league's inaugural campaign, Uttar Baridhara earned promotion to the Bangladesh Premier League in 2013. Jibon was an integral part of the team, scoring 13 goals in just 11 matches. He attracted the interest of many top flight clubs after that season, and ended up joining Team BJMC. During his first year at the club, Jibon did not get a chance to play due to binding rules. However, during his second year he managed to get 5 goals and 10 assists out of 18 matches. He also spent time on loan at Dhaka Mohammedan in 2015, for the 2015 Sheikh Kamal International Cup, the same year he made his Bangladesh national team debut. On 1 January 2017, Jibon got his big move to Dhaka giants Abahani Limited Dhaka, under coach Gy\u00f6rgy Kott\u00e1n. He won the league title during his second year at the club. His first two seasons at the club, Jibon managed to get limited game time, with foreign strikers occupying the forward line. However, after the appointment of M\u00e1rio Lemos, during the 2018\u201319, Jibon was converted into a false nine, behind striking duo- Sunday Chizoba and Kervens Belfort. He thrived while playing in the new position, scoring 16 goals and attaining 6 assists during the league season. His best performance that season came against Rahmatganj MFS, when he managed to score a hattrick. The 2019 AFC Cup saw Abahani become the first Bangladeshi club to reach the knockouts of the competition. Jibon scored twice during the group stages, and his goals against Minerva Punjab also earned him AFC recognition. During the knockout match against North Korean side April 25 SC, Jibon also found the net as Abahani won the game 4\u20133. Jibon made his senior debut against Kyrgyzstan during 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification match in 2015.\nHe scored his first international goal against Sri Lanka in 2016 Bangabandhu Cup.         Abahani Limited\nBangladesh Premier League: 2017\u201318", ["w_s1382"]]
[30221, "Broadview is a town in Yellowstone County, Montana, United States. The population was 139 at the 2020 census.\nThe post office was established in 1908 and the town was incorporated in 1917.<PIC> Broadview is located at 46\u00b05\u203252\u2033N 108\u00b052\u203241\u2033W (46.097709, -108.877944).\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.26 square miles (0.67\u00a0km\u00b2), all land. According to the K\u00f6ppen Climate Classification system, Broadview has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated \"BSk\" on climate maps.  As of the census of 2010, there were 192 people, 66 households, and 47 families living in the town. The population density was 738.5 inhabitants per square mile (285.1/km\u00b2). There were 73 housing units at an average density of 280.8 per square mile (108.4/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.3% White, 1.0% Native American, 3.1% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.8% of the population.\nThere were 66 households, of which 34.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.6% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.8% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.91 and the average family size was 3.43.\nThe median age in the town was 39.5 years. 31.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.1% were from 45 to 64; and 16.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 52.6% male and 47.4% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 150 people, 64 households, and 41 families living in the town. The population density was 624.7 people per square mile (241.3/km\u00b2). There were 66 housing units at an average density of 274.9 per square mile (106.2/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.67% White, 0.67% Native American, and 2.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.67% of the population.\nThere were 64 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.1% were married couples living together, 4.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.95.\nIn the town, the population was spread out, with 28.0% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 20.7% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males.\nThe median income for a household in the town was $29,500, and the median income for a family was $34,688. Males had a median income of $35,417 versus $16,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,882. There were 6.4% of families and 9.8% of the population living below the poverty line, including 10.6% of under eighteens and 16.7% of those over 64. Broadview School District educates students from kindergarten through 12th grade. The mascot for Broadview High School is the Pirates.", ["w_s1390"]]
[30222, "Besposhchadny was one of 29  Gnevny-class destroyers (officially known as Project 7) built for the Soviet Navy during the late 1930s. Completed in 1939, she was assigned to the Black Sea Fleet. After the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa) in June 1941, the ship helped to lay minefields off Sevastopol. During the Siege of Odessa the ship transported troops and supplies while providing naval gunfire support to the defenders until she was crippled by German dive bombers in September. Besposhchadny was further damaged by bombs while still under repair in November and they were not completed for almost another year.\nThe ship ferried troops and supplies for the rest of the year and then provided fire support during an amphibious landing behind German lines in the Caucasus in February 1943. She later bombarded Axis positions and unsuccessfully attempted to intercept German convoys off the Crimea. After a one such attempt, Besposhchadny and two other destroyers were attacked by German aircraft in October. After repeated attacks, she was sunk with only 41 survivors. Having decided to build the large and expensive 40-knot (74\u00a0km/h; 46\u00a0mph)  Leningrad-class destroyer leaders, the Soviet Navy sought Italian assistance in designing smaller and cheaper destroyers. They licensed the plans for the  Folgore class and, in modifying it for their purposes, overloaded a design that was already somewhat marginally stable.\nThe Gnevnys had an overall length of 112.8 meters (370\u00a0ft 1\u00a0in), a beam of 10.2 meters (33\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in), and a draft of 4.8 meters (15\u00a0ft 9\u00a0in) at deep load. The ships were significantly overweight, almost 200 metric tons (197 long tons) heavier than designed, displacing 1,612 metric tons (1,587 long tons) at standard load and 2,039 metric tons (2,007 long tons) at deep load. Their crew numbered 197 officers and sailors in peacetime and 236 in wartime. The ships had a pair of geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller, rated to produce 48,000 shaft horsepower (36,000\u00a0kW) using steam from three water-tube boilers which was intended to give them a maximum speed of 37 knots (69\u00a0km/h; 43\u00a0mph). The designers had been conservative in rating the turbines and many, but not all, of the ships handily exceeded their designed speed during their sea trials. Variations in fuel oil capacity meant that the range of the Gnevnys varied between 1,670 to 3,145 nautical miles (3,093 to 5,825\u00a0km; 1,922 to 3,619\u00a0mi) at 19 knots (35\u00a0km/h; 22\u00a0mph).\nAs built, the Gnevny-class ships mounted four 130-millimeter (5.1\u00a0in) B-13 guns in two pairs of superfiring single mounts fore and aft of the superstructure. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a pair of 76.2-millimeter (3\u00a0in) 34-K AA guns in single mounts and a pair of 45-millimeter (1.8\u00a0in) 21-K AA guns as well as two 12.7-millimeter (0.50\u00a0in) DK or DShK machine guns. They carried six 533\u00a0mm (21.0\u00a0in) torpedo tubes in two rotating triple mounts; each tube was provided with a reload. The ships could also carry a maximum of either 60 or 95 mines and 25 depth charges. They were fitted with a set of Mars hydrophones for anti-submarine work, although they were useless at speeds over 3 knots (5.6\u00a0km/h; 3.5\u00a0mph). The ships were equipped with two K-1 paravanes intended to destroy mines and a pair of depth-charge throwers. Built in Nikolayev's Shipyard No. 198 (Andre Marti (South)) as yard number 322, Besposhchadny was laid down on 15 May 1936. The ship was completed on 22 August 1939 and was commissioned into the Black Sea Fleet on 2 October 1939. When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the ship was assigned to the 2nd Destroyer Division of the Black Sea Fleet. On 23\u201325 June Besposhchadny laid 114 defensive mines off Sevastopol. On 9 July, the 2nd Destroyer Division, including the destroyer leader Kharkov, Besposhchadny and her sister ships Bodry, Boyky and Bezuprechny made an unsuccessful attempt to interdict Axis shipping near Fidonisi. Besposhchadny ran aground near the Eupatoria lighthouse on 14 July and damaged her propellers. After repairs, she began escorting cargo ships to Odessa while also transporting supplies and troops there. In addition, the ship provided gunfire support. On 14\u201317 August, Besposhchadny escorted the incomplete ships being evacuated from the shipyards at Nikolayev. The destroyer helped to escort transports ferrying the 157th Rifle Division to Odessa on 16\u201321 September.  While providing fire support during the amphibious landing at Grigorievka on 22 September, Besposhchadny was attacked by Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers of StG 77. They nearly blew her bow off and she steamed to Odessa for emergency repairs. The following day, she was towed, stern-first, to Sevastopol by the destroyer Soobrazitelny. The ship was repaired using the salvaged bow from her sunken sister Bystry. While still under repair, Besposhchadny was attacked by Stukas from StG 77 on 12 November; they hit her once in the aft boiler room and near missed her several times. The bombs badly damaged her propulsion machinery and started a large fire. She was drydocked for emergency repairs on the 14th and was towed to Poti, Georgia three days later by the destroyer Shaumyan for further repairs that lasted until September 1942.\nWhile still under repair, Besposhchadny was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 4 April. The ship completed her post-repair sea trials and working up by 9 October and helped to ferry the 8th, 9th and 10th Guards Rifle Brigades and other troops from Poti to Tuapse on 19\u201328 October. On 29 November, Besposhchadny and Boyky were tasked to attack Axis shipping off the Bulgarian coast and to bombard the port of Mangalia, Romania. They failed to locate any ships and mistook coastal rocks for a convoy in heavy fog on 1 December, firing 141 shells from their main guns and six torpedoes at them. Besposhchadny, together with the light cruiser Krasnyi Krym and the destroyer Nezamozhnik, transported the 9th Mountain Rifle Division and other troops from Batumi, Georgia, to Tuapse in early December. Together with Soobrazitelny, Besposhchadny covered the sortie of a division of minesweepers off the Romanian coast and then unsuccessfully patrolled south of Fidonisi themselves on 26\u201329 December.\nThe destroyer bombarded German positions around Novorossiysk on 1 February 1943 with 206 shells from her 130\u00a0mm guns. On 4 February, she provided fire support during the amphibious landing west of  Novorossiysk, firing 151 illumination and 56 high-explosive shells. Besposhchadny fired 105 shells at Axis troops near Anapa on 13 February. During the rest of the month, the ship helped to ferry 8,037 troops from Tuapse to Gelendzhik. On the night of 30 April/1 May, Boyky and Besposhchadny shelled Axis positions on the Kerch Peninsula and then the ship bombarded Alushta on the night of 20/21 May. Boyky and Besposhchadny, together with the destroyer Sposobny made an unsuccessful attempt on 30 September to intercept German transports evacuating troops and equipment from the Kuban Bridgehead. During the night of 5/6 October, Kharkov, Besposhchadny and Sposobny attempted to intercept German evacuation convoys off the Crimean coast, but were again unsuccessful. Kharkov bombarded Yalta and Alushta while the two smaller destroyers steamed to do the same to Feodosia. The latter pair were attacked by five S-boats of the 1st S-Boat Flotilla en route. The Germans failed to damage either destroyer and Sposobny claimed one hit on S-45. On their way home the three ships were spotted by German reconnaissance aircraft and were attacked by Stukas of III./StG 3. Kharkov was damaged by their first attack and had to be towed by Sposobny. The second attack damaged all three ships and Sposobny alternated towing Besposhchadny and Kharkov. The next attack sank both Kharkov and Besposhchadny with only 41 crewmen rescued from the latter. This incident prompted Stalin to issue an order forbidding the use of ships destroyer-sized and larger without his express permission.<PIC> Yakubov & Worth, pp. 99, 102\u2013103\nYakubov & Worth, p. 101\nBudzbon, p. 330\nYakubov & Worth, pp. 101, 106\u2013107\nHill, p. 40\nYakubov & Worth, pp. 101, 105\u2013106\nBerezhnoy, p. 335\nRohwer & Monakov, p. 233\nYakubov & Worth, p. 109\nPlatonov, p. 194; Rohwer, pp. 80\u201381, 85, 92\u201394, 100, 102, 114; Yakubov & Worth, p. 109\nPlatonov, p. 194; Rohwer, pp. 204, 215\u2013216, 220\nPlatonov, pp. 194\u2013195; Rohwer, pp. 229, 231, 246, 251, 274, 280", ["w_s1400"]]
[30223, "Joondalup Health Campus is the largest health care facility in the northern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia. The 722-bed hospital has featured combined public and private services since 1996. In March 2013, the new Joondalup Private Hospital opened next to the existing hospital, within the same campus. The public and private hospitals share the emergency department, operating theatres and intensive care facilities. The hospital's campus is now run by Ramsay Health Care, which also operates Attadale Private Hospital, Glengarry Private Hospital, Peel Health Campus and Hollywood Private Hospital. On 24 April 1996, then Health Minister Kevin Prince announced an expansion of the old Wanneroo hospital into a health campus. The tender to operate the facility was won by HealthCare Australia while the facility would be built by John Holland. The agreement to operate would last for twenty years. The agreement would provide care for both public and private patients with the current 84-beds increase to 330-beds of which 70 would be private beds. It would provide for an upgraded emergency service, 25-bed psychiatric services, aged care restorative unit, improved surgical, medical and obstetric services, expanded intensive care and coronary care, a 26-bed day surgery and endoscopic unit and a 24-bed paediatric unit, day oncology, renal dialysis, St John Ambulance depot, a medical centre, community health centre and hydrotherapy pool. The state government would spend $50 to $84 million on the expansion and would take 20 months. The state government would save the taxpayer $22 million over the contract period.\nThe new emergency department was opened on 4 June 1997 by Health Minister Kevin Prince. The emergency department was expanded from a 5-bed unit to a 17-bed unit. In July, the west wing with its eight new birthing suites opened and a renal dialysis unit would open, after a staffing delay, on 9 September 1997. A north wing and theatres will open later in the year. The rest of the planned upgrades were completed in early 1998. In January 1998, a new intensive and coronary care unit opened as did a 24-bed paediatric ward. In late January 1998, a new 26 bed restorative unit, a 25-bed mental health service and a hydrotherapy pool were opened. The Joondalup Health Campus would officially open on 11 March 1998 by Premier Richard Court.\nIn March 2003, Health Minister Bob Kucera announced that a $1.35 million Dental Clinic would be built at the Joondalup Health Campus. It would be a ten-chair clinic employing 24 staff members with construction starting in September 2003 and the completion date was March 2004. A new after-hours Clinic opened at the Joondalup Health Campus in September 2004. The aim was to relieve the emergency department from treating minor ailments.\nOn 9 November 2009, a sod-turning ceremony was held at the Joondalup Health Campus that would see $317 million spent on upgrading the facilities at the hospital and see its size doubled. Ramsay Health would provide $90 million to a new private hospital with the rest of the money provided by the state government. Public beds would be increased to 451 from 280 beds, increased emergency department, new operating theatres and a 20-bed dialysis ward. Work was expected to be completed by 2013.\nExpansion continued and on 3 March 2011, a $29 million Emergency Department was opened with a total of 56 bays and separate areas for adults and children. A new public ward was opened worth $20.8 million and saw 55 new beds which included 51 single rooms, some with courtyards and two double bedrooms.\nOn the 8 March 2012, Health Minister Kim Hames opened a new theatre block which included 12 new operating theatres. Seven opened immediately and the rest opened September of that year. Other facilities opened included a nine-bed intensive care unit, a six-bed high dependency unit and a ten-bed coronary care unit. The $394 million expansion was funded by the State Government who contributed $230 million, Ramsay Health contributed $163 million while the Federal Government contributed $1.4 million.\nOn 6 June 2013, Health Minister Kim Hames opened the new private hospital at the Joondalup Health Campus. The development saw 145 new beds in the private wing and freed up 26 beds in the public wards.\nIn June 2016, a $12.1 million Telethon Children's Ward open that expanded the beds from 24 to 37 beds and includes a giant aquarium, interactive play floors and an outdoor play space for children. Contributions for the expansion came \nfrom the WA Government, Telethon and Ramsey Health Care.\nDuring 2017, the JHC saw 100,000 people pass through the emergency department and the hospital saw 30,750 surgical procedures.\nJoondalup Health Campus opened a $7.1 million Mental Health Observation Area, adjacent to the emergency department in February 2018. Partially funded by \nRamsey Health Care, the ten-bed area is made up of 4 bedrooms, 6 patient bays, a lounge, secure courtyard and waiting area. It was built by ADCO, and construction had started in 2017.\nIn the WA 2018/19 State Budget, the Joondalup Health Campus has been allocated $158 million to add eight new operating theatres, 6 bed stroke unit, further expansion of the emergency department, more 90 inpatient and 75 mental health beds, 3 new cardiac catheter laboratories, a 25-bed Coronary Care Unit, urgent care clinic and a Medihotel. Health Minister Roger Cook said a Medihotel, earmarked for the Joondalup Health Campus, aimed to assist regional patients to access to the hospital system.<PIC>", ["w_s1406"]]
[30224, "Royal Fleet Auxiliary ship Maine (formerly the SS Panama) was a hospital ship of the British Royal Fleet Auxiliary, that served during the First World War and the Second World War.<PIC> The ship was originally launched as SS Panama on Clydeside on 8 March 1902, as an ocean liner for the Pacific Steam Navigation Company of Liverpool. Her maiden voyage carried 130 first-class passengers from Liverpool to Montevideo and Valparaiso. Thereafter, she was generally engaged in a triangular route between Liverpool, Lisbon, Portugal, Vigo, Spain and various ports in South America. The 5,981\u00a0GRT, 3,507\u00a0NRT ship was registered in Liverpool assigned the United Kingdom official number 115276, signal letters TJKP. After the start of the First World War, on 25 July 1915, Panama was chartered by the British Admiralty for use as a hospital ship, without a change of name. Following conversion, she was dispatched to the Mediterranean to evacuate casualties from the Gallipoli campaign, but from the summer of 1916, she was mainly engaged in ferrying the sick and wounded from Le Havre to Netley Hospital at Southampton. In December 1916, Panama was sent to Greece to assist with the Macedonian front, but had returned to home waters by the following February. Following the Armistice of 11 November 1918, she participated in the exchange of wounded prisoners of war via Rotterdam, and in October 1919, sailed for the  for Alexandria for similar exchanges with Turkish POWs at various ports in the eastern Mediterranean, finally returning to Southampton in October 1920, where she was decommissioned. Panama was purchased outright by the Admiralty shortly afterwards for use as a hospital ship with the Mediterranean Fleet. Renamed Maine, she was the third, and longest serving hospital ship to bear the name, the first which was donated by the \"American Ladies Hospital Ship Society\" for use in the Second Boer War had been wrecked in July 1914 and replaced by the second.\nShe entered service after conversion in May 1922 and was sent to Malta and in September, evacuated Greek refugees from the Burning of Smyrna. In January 1927, she left Malta for Singapore for deployment to the China Station, returning to Portsmouth in December before rejoining the Mediterranean Fleet. On 20 February 1928 Maine broke her moorings during a storm at Malta and was grounded. In 1935 she attended King George V's Silver Jubilee Fleet Review off Spithead, where she was used to entertain important guests, her Red Cross markings having been removed for the occasion. Between July 1936 and July 1938, she participated in the evacuation of refugees from the Spanish Civil War, carrying a total of 6,574 refugees of 41 nationalities to safety. During the war, Maine acted as Base Hospital Ship at Alexandria in Egypt and treated a total of 13,514 patients, despite being damaged during air raids on the port. She also participated in the evacuation of Crete, the Siege of Tobruk and the Allied invasion of Sicily. She was the oldest hospital ship from any nation during the conflict. Following the end of the war, she assisted casualties from the Greek Civil War and the Corfu Channel incident. Maine was decommissioned on 21 February 1947, and was broken up by P & W McClellan  & Sons in Bo'ness, Scotland, in July 1948.", ["w_s1408"]]
[30225, "John of Montfort (Middle Breton: Yann Mo\u00f1forzh, French: Jean de Montfort) (1295 \u2013 26 September 1345, Ch\u00e2teau d'Hennebont), sometimes known as John IV of Brittany, and 6th Earl of Richmond from 1341 to his death. He was the son of Arthur II, Duke of Brittany and his second wife, Yolande de Dreux. He contested the inheritance of the Duchy of Brittany by his niece, Joan of Penthi\u00e8vre, which led to the War of the Breton Succession, which in turn evolved into being part of the Hundred Years' War between England and France. John's patron in his quest was King Edward III of England. He died in 1345, 19 years before the end of the war, and the victory of his son John IV over Joan of Penthi\u00e8vre and her husband, Charles of Blois.<PIC> John of Montfort was born in 1295, the only son to Arthur II of Brittany and his second wife Yolande of Dreux. In 1322 he inherited from his mother the title of count of Montfort-l'Amaury, and in 1329 he married Joanna of Flanders in Chartres. Joanna was the daughter of Louis I, Count of Nevers, and Joan, Countess of Rethel. They had: \nJohn IV, Duke of Brittany (1339\u20131399), married (1) Mary of Waltham (1344\u20131362), daughter of King Edward III of England, in 1361 in Oxfordshire; (2) Joan Holland (1350\u20131384) in 1366 in London; (3) Joan of Navarre (1370\u20131437), daughter of King Charles II of Navarre, in 1386 in Saill\u00e9-pr\u00e8s-Gu\u00e9rande.\nJoan of Brittany, Baroness of Drayton (1341\u20131402), married before 21 October 1385 to Ralph Basset, 3rd Baron Basset of Drayton On 30 April 1341, John III, Duke of Brittany, died without a male heir. His half-brother, John of Montfort, was a candidate for the succession, which was also claimed by Joan of Penthi\u00e8vre, niece of John III and wife of Charles of Blois, himself a nephew of the Philip VI, King of France. The King was, of course, favourable to his nephew.\nThe Duchy of Brittany historically had a \"semi-Salic\" mode of inheritance; male primogeniture was followed unless no direct male descendants remained. At that point the closest female descendant inherited as Duchess, with her husband serving as Duke by \"right of representation\". The position of John of Montfort was legally founded on the belief that a brother (even a half-brother) was a closer heir than a beneficiary niece, and that the Salic form of inheritance adopted by the Kingdom of France should be followed. This argument was based on the fact that since 1297 Brittany had been a Duch\u00e9-pairie (\"member and part of the crown\"), and that the legislation of the suzerain kingdom should therefore be applied. Challenges to the Salic law of the Franks had historically been rejected for the Kingdom of France, allowing Philip V to gain the throne in 1316, and Philip VI most recently. This made Edward III's support of John of Montfort quite ironic, in that the argument for Edward III to inherit the Kingdom of France was based on the opposing philosophy that the crown should be able to descend through a female line. \nA civil war, termed the War of the Breton Succession, then began and lasted 23 years. This conflict was also called La guerre de deux Jeanne, after the French names of the two duchesses in competition: Jeanne de Penthi\u00e8vre and Jeanne de Flanders, wife of John of Montfort. After the funeral of John III, Charles of Blois returned to the Court of France and John of Montfort returned to his Breton estate in Gu\u00e9rande. Then, incited by his wife (according to tradition), he went with a small army to Nantes where he was well received by the inhabitants who swore their loyalty. John then went to Limoges where he managed to obtain the ducal treasury. John returned to Nantes and was recognised as Duke in May 1341 by an assembly composed of members of the towns and minor nobles, but shunned by the major vassals with the exception of Herv\u00e9 VII, Count of L\u00e9on. Thanks to the ducal treasury, he recruited mercenaries which allowed him to perform in June and July a 'great ride in Brittany' (as described by Arthur de la Borderie) and take control of the duchy. John first gained Rennes, then Vannes and the places surrounding the Ch\u00e2teau de Suscinio, Auray, Hennebont, and then Quimperl\u00e9. Having failed to take the domains of Rohan, he submitted Quimper and Brest before descending to Carhaix, and then went back northward and captured Saint-Brieuc, Lamballe, Jugon, Dinan, Dol-de-Bretagne, and returned to Nantes via Plo\u00ebrmel.\nAlways accompanied by Herv\u00e9 VII of L\u00e9on, John obtained the submission, if not the support, of some of the major nobles who possessed several of these strongholds and had been loyal to Charles of Blois. However it would probably require getting Josselin, or the support of the high secular clergy and great lords, or more, to control the domains of the Penthi\u00e8vres and the House of Rohan, which represented about two-thirds of Brittany. John also went to England and met with Edward III of England in Windsor, who promised him military assistance and invested him with the Honour of Richmond.\nCharles of Blois then made an appeal to Philip VI, who summoned John of Montfort to a Court of Peers session in Conflans in September 1341. In this context by the judgment of Conflans, the Duchy of Brittany was attributed to Charles of Blois. Philip VI agreed to receive l'hommage lige of Charles of Blois on behalf of his wife, and confiscated from John of Montfort the French lands of the County of Montfort-l'Amaury, as well as the Viscounty of Limoges that he held more unduly.\nIn October 1341, Charles of Blois and John II, Duke of Normandy (later King of France), put together an army and penetrated into Brittany. They managed to retrieve a number of strongholds which had been lost, including Nantes, which relented on 21 November 1341 after three weeks of siege. John of Montfort was captured and imprisoned in the Louvre in Paris. Despite the change of camp of Herv\u00e9 VII de Leon (due to criticisms from John regarding his handling of the siege of Nantes), Joanna, the wife of John of Montfort, continued the armed struggle supported by his allies. After a winter break that ended on 15 April 1342, Charles of Blois resumed the fight and regained a large part of Brittany between May and September 1342. King Edward III of England decided to intervene on behalf of the House of Montfort. Charles de Blois failed to take Hennebont, which was defended by Joanna of Flanders, while Robert III of Artois was mortally wounded besieging Vannes in vain leading an English contingent. In January 1343, through Pope Clement VI, a truce was signed at Malestroit to bring peace and the liberation of John of Montfort. The latter was released in September 1343 and retired to England 27 March 1345. His return to the struggle with reinforcements provided by King Edward III of England put an end to the truce. John of Montfort unsuccessfully laid siege to Quimper, then fell ill and died in Hennebont on 26 September 1345. He was buried in the convent of the Dominicans of Quimperl\u00e9 where his tomb, which had already been desecrated, was found again in December 1883. His remains are now in the Church of Sainte-Croix de Quimperl\u00e9.", ["w_s1413"]]
[30226, "Lesil Lynn McGuire (born January 22, 1971) is an American politician in the state of Alaska. She served as a Republican member of the Alaska Senate from 2007 until 2017, after her tenure as a member of the Alaska House of Representatives from 2000 through 2006. She served Senate District N until redistricting in 2012 placed her in District K for 2013.<PIC> McGuire was born in Portland, Oregon, on January 22, 1971, before her family moved to Alaska in 1973. She attended Willamette University in Salem, Oregon, beginning in 1989, where she majored in both political science and speech. She also served two years as an intern and press aide for Senator Ted Stevens of Alaska before graduating in 1993 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. After college she attended law school at Willamette University College of Law, graduating with a Juris Doctor in 1998. In law school she worked for Willamette Law Review, the school's legal journal. After graduation, she returned to Alaska and clerked briefly for Birch Horton Bittner & Cherot before taking a position as an aide to the Alaska State House Judiciary Committee. She is a German Marshall Fellow and a Henry Toll Fellow. She has one son, Grayson McGuire Anderson. In 2000, at the age of 29, she won election to the Alaska House of Representatives to replace John Cowdery, who was elected to the Alaska State Senate. She served in the House as a moderate Republican until 2006 when she was elected to the Alaska State Senate, continuing to serve as a moderate Republican. She was the youngest member of the Alaska State Senate at the time. She was also the first woman president of PNWER where she established the Arctic Caucus, in addition to her duties with the state. She was also active with CSG, otherwise known as the Council of State Governments, having served as the past chair of the Western Region.  She has been a leader in energy and Arctic policy as well as women's rights.\nDuring the 2012 state election, McGuire joined the new Senate Majority Caucus and was appointed as Senate Rules Committee chair. The new Majority Caucus that was formed ousted the existing Bipartisan Coalition (of which McGuire was a part of) with oil tax reform being one of its main objectives. The caucus produced a law, signed by the governor, that brought the Alaska oil tax regime into a more competitive structure, as the previous tax system was among the highest in the world.\nShe has been a leader in overall state energy policy helping craft a bi-partisan energy bill that was signed into law in 2012.  This law, among other things, created an Emerging Energy Technology Fund, a Renewable Energy Grant Fund and has paved the way to expanding energy sources and technologies across the state.  Alaska is a global leader in hybrid wind technology and deployment in extreme environments.\nMcGuire announced her decision to run for Alaska's Lieutenant Governor in Alaska gubernatorial election, 2014. She was the first candidate to declare for lieutenant governor and highlighted her statewide experience. She did not run in the primary, however, and the nomination was uncontested, going to outgoing Anchorage Borough Mayor Dan Sullivan. Sullivan, paired with incumbent Governor Sean Parnell, lost in the general election.\nBeginning in 2013, she served as the Co-Chair of the Alaska Arctic Policy Commission.  The commission was made up of 10 legislators (from the Senate and the House) and 16 subject matter experts.  Over the course of two years they traveled across the state talking and listening to locals and elders from a broad range of communities and perspectives.  The work culminated in a Final Report and Implementation Plan to the Alaska State Legislature in 2015.  Deriving from that work, McGuire helped craft the first Arctic Policy for the state of Alaska.  That same year McGuire was leader in getting Alaska's Arctic Policy, the first of its kind from a sub-national jurisdiction, established into law.\nIn 2013 she established the first Women's Summit in Alaska.  The summit brings together a broad range of women leaders and speakers to convene on such topics as the gender pay gap, housing and homelessness, sexual assault and domestic violence.  Now in its 4th year, the summit works in conjunction with the University of Alaska Anchorage and has raised over $70,000 for scholarships.\nOn September 28, 2015, McGuire announced that she would not run for reelection to the state senate.", ["w_s1415"]]
[30227, "Kent is a civil parish in the northeastern corner of Carleton County, New Brunswick, Canada. It comprises one village, two local service districts, and part of one town, all of which are members of the Western Valley Regional Service Commission (WVRSC).\nThe Census subdivision of Kent Parish includes all of the civil parish except the two municipalities.<PIC> The parish was named in memory of the Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria. Kent was erected in 1821 within York County from \"all that part of the County of York lying above the Parish of Wakefield, on both sides of the River Saint John,\" territory previously unassigned to any parish. This sweeping description included modern Kent Parish, Wicklow Parish, Aberdeen Parish, parts of Brighton, Peel, and Stanley Parishes; Madawaska County; most of Victoria County; the western part of Restigouche County; and parts of Maine and Quebec then claimed by New Brunswick. Kent Parish is bounded:\non the west by the Saint John River;\non the north by Victoria County;\non the south and east by a line running due east from opposite the mouth of Whitemarsh Brook to a reserved road along the western line of grants on the Ketchum Ridge Road, then north along reserved roads on the western side of land grants along the Ketchum Ridge, West Glassville, Old West Glassville, Shikatehawk, and Denney Hill Roads to the north line of a grant south of the junction of the Denney Hill and Burke Roads, running briefly northeasterly to the northwestern corner of a lot west of the end of Kenneth Road before turning due east and running to the York County line, then running northeast along York County until it meets the Victoria County line. Kent's 1821 boundaries gave it all of the province west of Northumberland County, including the province's claims to northern Maine and parts of Qu\u00e9bec.\nIn 1832 Kent was included in the newly erected Carleton County; The eastern county line cut through Kent Parish.\nIn 1833 the sheer size of Kent Parish lead to it being split into five parishes. Wicklow and Andover comprised all of the parish west of the Saint John River, Perth all of Kent east of the Saint John between the modern county line and Grand Falls, and Madawaska all of Kent north of Grand Falls; the orphaned area in York County became unassigned land in that county. Kent retained its modern territory plus Aberdeen Parish and eastern Peel and Brighton Parishes.\nIn 1841 the southern boundary of Brighton Parish was changed, causing a change in its northern boundary due to its wording, removing all of modern Brighton and Peel Parishes and southern Aberdeen.\nIn 1850 the northern line was rotated to run due east from the mouth of the River de Chute. Kent gained a small area on the bank of the Saint John but lost a large triangle of territory that included the modern communities of Chapmanville, Kilfoil, Killoween, Maplehurst, and Moose Mountain.\nIn 1863 the southeastern part of Kent formed the bulk of Aberdeen Parish, removing Glassville and Knowlesville Settlements.\nIn 1864 the original northern line of Carleton County was restored, reversing the 1850 changes.\nIn 1896 the boundary with Aberdeen Parish underwent minor changes, taking a long narrow triangle of territory from Kent.\nIn 1956 a stretch of Crown Reserved Road along the western boundary of Aberdeen Parish was transferred to Kent, possibly in error. The town of Florenceville-Bristol occupies the southwestern corner of the parish along the Saint John River.\nThe village of Bath comprises and irregular area along the Saint John River south of the Monquart Stream. Both LSDs assess for the basic LSD services of fire protection, police services, land use planning, emergency measures, and dog control. The local service district of the parish of Kent originally comprised all of the parish outside the villages of Bath and Bristol.\nIt was established on 23 November 1966 to assess for fire protection following the abolition of county governments by the new Municipalities Act. \nCommunity services were added on 20 December 1967 and non-fire related rescue on 23 October 2015.\nToday the LSD additionally assesses for community & recreation services. The taxing authority is 209.00 Kent.\nLSD advisory committee: Yes, as of September 2017. Chair Alma Kilfoil served on the WVRSC board from at least 2015 until her resignation on 30 September 2017. Upper Kent comprises a narrow strip along the Saint John River around the community of Upper Kent.\nIt was established on 27 June 1968 to add street lighting, community planning, and garbage collection. Non-fire related rescue was added on 23 October 2015.\nToday Upper Kent additionally assesses for street lighting and community & recreation services. The taxing authority is 220.00 Upper Kent.\nLSD advisory committee: unknown Communities at least partly within the parish. bold indicates an incorporated municipality\n Bath\nBeaufort\nBeechwood\nCarlow\nChapmanville\nClearview\nFielding\nFlorenceville-Bristol\nGiberson Settlement\n Gordonsville\nHalls Corner\nHolmesville\n Johnville\nKenneth\nKilfoil\nKilloween\nLockharts Mill\nMaplehurst\nMineral\nMonquart\nMoose Mountain\nMurphy Corner\nPiercemont\nRiver de Chute Siding\nSouth Johnville\nTarrtown\n Upper Kent\nWelch Bodies of water at least partly within the parish.\nOdell River\n Saint John River\n North Branch Southwest Miramichi River\nDyer Branch\nLittle Shikatehawk Stream\nMonquart Stream\nShikatehawk Stream\nBeaver Brook Lake\nGreen Lake\nLost Lake\nMoose Mountain Lake\nMurphy Lake\nPriest Lake Parks, historic sites, and other noteworthy places at least partly within the parish.\nBeechwood Dam\nBristol Aerodrome\nMcCluskey Brook Protected Natural Area\nPorcupine Mountain Protected Natural Area\nUpper Kent Aerodrome Parish population total does not include Bath and portion within Florenceville-Bristol Population trend Mother tongue (2016)", ["w_s1416"]]
[30228, "Neal J. Sterling (born January 14, 1992) is a former American football tight end who played in the National Football League (NFL) for four seasons. He played college football at Monmouth and was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the seventh round of the 2015 NFL Draft, where he spent his first two seasons. During his final two seasons, he was a member of the New York Jets. Sterling attended Belmar Elementary School (Belmar, New Jersey) and Manasquan High School (in Manasquan, New Jersey), where he played both basketball and football. Sterling was a two-time NJSIAA Group II Central Jersey State Champion his junior and senior year at Manasquan High School under coach Pete Cahill. In his senior year, the Warriors posted a 9-3 record where Sterling led the team in offense with 40 catches for 700 yards with 8 touchdowns. He also contributed on defense at safety, where he recorded 50 tackles and one interception. After receiving multiple scholarships for both sports, he opted for a full football scholarship offer from Monmouth University in West Long Branch, New Jersey. Sterling played wide receiver at Monmouth University. He did not see time his freshman year, ultimately redshirting. In his redshirt freshman year, Sterling started all 11 of Monmouth's games where he recorded 57 receptions for 677 yards and five touchdowns. After leading the team in receptions and receiving yards, Sterling was named Northeast Conference Offensive Rookie of the Year and was a finalist for the Jerry Rice Award, given to the nation's top freshman in the FCS. During his sophomore campaign, Sterling recorded 33 receptions, 386 receiving yards, and five touchdowns while playing in all 10 games. His 33 catches were third on the team and the 386 receiving yards were second. In his junior year, Sterling played in all 12 of his games where he recorded 57 catches, 647 receiving yards, and six touchdowns which all led the team. The following year, Sterling had his best season. He again led the team in the three major receiving categories where he got 55 receptions, 905 receiving yards, and six touchdowns.  Sterling was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the seventh round with the 220th overall pick of the 2015 NFL Draft. He was waived by the team on September 4, 2015 and was signed to the practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on October 20, 2015.\nIn 2016, Sterling converted to the tight end position.  He played in 10 games with one start during the 2016 season, recording 12 catches for 110 yards.\nOn September 3, 2017, Sterling was waived by the Jaguars. On September 6, 2017, Sterling was signed by the New York Jets. He was released by the team on October 5, 2017.<PIC> On October 7, 2017, Sterling was signed to the Kansas City Chiefs' practice squad. On October 25, 2017, Sterling was signed by the Jets off the Chiefs' practice squad.\nOn November 10, 2018, Sterling was placed on injured reserve with a head injury.\nOn March 25, 2019, Sterling re-signed with the Jets. He was released on June 11, 2019. On June 13, 2019, Sterling signed with the Kansas City Chiefs. He was released on July 24.", ["w_s1417"]]
[30229, "A spherical roller bearing is a rolling-element bearing that permits rotation with low friction, and permits angular misalignment. Typically these bearings support a rotating shaft in the bore of the inner ring that may be misaligned in respect to the outer ring. The misalignment is possible due to the spherical internal shape of the outer ring and spherical rollers. Despite what their name may imply, spherical roller bearings are not truly spherical in shape. The rolling elements of spherical roller bearings are mainly cylindrical in shape, but have a (barrel like) profile that makes them appear like cylinders that have been slightly over-inflated  (i.e. like a barrel).<PIC> Spherical roller bearings consist of an inner ring with two raceways inclined at an angle to the bearing axis, an outer ring with a common spherical raceway, spherical rollers, cages and, in certain designs, also internal guide rings or center rings. These bearings can also be sealed. The spherical roller bearing was invented by engineer Arvid Palmgren and was introduced on the market 1919 by SKF. The design of the bearing that Arvid Palmgren invented is similar to the design that is still in use in modern machines. Most spherical roller bearings are designed with two rows of rollers, allowing them to take very heavy radial loads and heavy axial loads. There are also designs with one row of rollers, suitable for lower radial loads and virtually no axial load. These are also called \"barrel roller bearings\" or \"Tonnenlager\" and are typically available in the 202- and 203-series.\nThe internal design of the bearing is not standardised by ISO, so it varies between different manufacturers and different series. Some features that may or may not exist in different bearings are:\nLubrication features in inner or outer ring\nCentral flange\nGuide ring or center ring\nIntegrated seals\nCage External dimensions of spherical roller bearings are standardised by ISO in the standard ISO 15:1998. Some of the common series of spherical roller bearings are: 213, 222, 223, 230, 231, 232, 238, 239, 240, 241, 248, 249. Bearing rings and rolling elements can be made of a number of different materials, but the most common is \"chrome steel\", (high carbon chromium) a material with approximately 1.5% chrome content. Such \"chrome steel\" has been standardized by a number of authorities, and there are therefore a number of similar materials, such as: AISI 52100 (USA), 100CR6 (Germany), SUJ2 (Japan) and GCR15 (China).\nSome common materials for bearing cages:\nSheet steel (stamped or laser-cut)\nPolyamide (injection molded)\nBrass (stamped or machined)\nSteel (machined)\nThe choice of material is mainly done by the manufacturing volume and method. For large-volume bearings, cages are often of stamped sheet-metal or injection molded polyamide, whereas low volume manufacturers or low volume series often have cages of machined brass or machined steel. For some specific applications, special material for coating (e.g. PTFE coated cylindrical bore for vibratory applications) is adopted. Some manufacturers of spherical roller bearings are SKF, Schaeffler, Timken Company, NSK Ltd., NTN Corporation and JTEKT.\nSince SKF introduced the spherical roller bearing in 1919, spherical roller bearings have purposefully been refined through the decades to improve carrying capacity and to reduce operational friction. This has been possible by playing with a palette of parameters such as materials, internal geometry, tolerance and lubricant. Nowadays, spherical roller bearing manufacturers are striving to refine the bearing knowledge towards more environmentally-friendly and energy-efficient solutions. Spherical bearings are used in countless industrial applications where there are heavy loads, moderate speeds and possibly misalignment. Some common application areas are:\nGearboxes\nWind turbines\nContinuous casting machines\nMaterial handling\nPumps\nMechanical fans and blowers\nMining and construction equipment\nPulp and paper processing equipment\nMarine propulsion and offshore drilling\nOff-road vehicles", ["w_s1429"]]
[30230, "Matt Woosey (born 14 August 1984) is an English songwriter, singer and guitar player of blues, rock, folk, and pop.<PIC> Woosey's plays acoustic blues, folk and rock. He has been a musician, songwriter, and singer. He plays acoustic guitar, electric guitar and drums.\nWoosey played in a Thin Lizzy tribute band called Black Rose. It had a show in Bristol, England that was named 'Vagabonds of the Western World'. Woosey was the lead guitarist in a Malvern-based band called Taxi. It was featured on local BBC radio shows during its UK tours. In this period Woosey split his time between studying at Keele University and touring with Taxi. Taxi remained unsigned although they recorded several self-released albums. They split in 2005, after which time Woosey went solo and toured throughout the UK.\nAfter leaving university Woosey returned to his family home in Malvern, Worcestershire and formed The Strange Rain, another three-piece band in which he played acoustic guitar. The band featured original songs from Woosey and stayed together for one year producing one album. Following this Woosey carried out a tour of 100 gigs in 100 days. He also busked around the UK and Europe. Around the same time Woosey had an instrumental song featured on BBC series, It's Not Easy Being Green. He remained a solo performer until forming The Matt Woosey Band in 2011. It played several times at London's Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club, and released one album called On The Waggon. Since then, Woosey has toured and recorded with various session musicians and recorded the Hook, Line and Sinker EP and now appears primarily solo, duo (with percussionist Dave Small) or as a three or four-piece band using session musicians.\nHe was described by Tom Robinson as an \"upcoming roots artist from the UK with amazing feel+groove\". Paul Jones (BBC Radio 2) featured Woosey in his 2014 Grammy Awards radio show in January that year. Tom Robinson of BBC Radio 6 Music mentioned him on Twitter.\nWoosey toured Holland and Europe in 2012. In 2013, Woosey's album On the Waggon, gained coverage on several BBC radio shows in the UK.\nIn 2014, Woosey was included in Tom Robinson's Fresh on the Net mix session. He also appeared at the Great British Rock & Blues Festival in January 2014 and supported the Brand New Heavies at the Buxton Opera House in February 2014. Later that year, Woosey released a box set, Draw A Line, which included his first five albums. In May 2014, Woosey played with Gerry McAvoy\u2019s Band of Friends in a celebration of the music of Rory Gallagher at the Flowerpot in Derby. In 2014, he toured the UK, Ireland, Germany and Switzerland.\nWoosey signed with Robar Music Records (RMR), an independent UK label, in 2014 and released his seventh album, Wildest Dreams through RMR at a launch event in Woosey's home town on 2 November at the Malvern Coach House. The album received reviews in music publications in the UK, France and Canada with radio plays in the same countries and also the US. These included Maverick Magazine (UK), R2 (UK), Blues Matters (UK), Cashbox (Canada), Digital Blues Music (France), Blues & Co (France), on Radio Canut (France), and on WFRG 89.3 (US).\nIn November 2014, Wildest Dreams was listed as one of four 'Picks of the Month' for November by the IBBA (Independent Blues Broadcasters Association), was number 1 in the IBBA's playlist top 50 for November. In the same month Woosey was voted 'Solo Artist of the Year, 2014' along with Grainne Duffy by the Blues Matters, Writer's Poll.\nIn 2021, Matt Woosey and his eight-piece Matt Woosey Band were the protagonists of the eighth episode of the German concert film series WeLive. The series is produced by the production company punchline studio and directed by the brothers Maik and Pirmin Styrnol.  Yellow Shark Session (2004)\nLive from the West (2005)\nLive on Mars (2005)  On The Waggon (2012) Old Smithy (2008)\nWhite Lies and Black Ice (2009)\nFrame of Mind (2010)\nAll Or Nothing (2011)\nHook, Line and Sinker (2013)\nWildest Dreams (2014)\nWhile the Cat's Away (2015)\nDesiderata (2016) Draw a Line (box set) (2014) Head Over Wheels (2011)\nHead Over Wheels II (2014)", ["w_s1441"]]
[30231, "The 503 Kingston Rd is an east\u2013west Toronto streetcar route in Ontario, Canada, operated by the Toronto Transit Commission. The 503 Kingston Rd travels on a route to the downtown financial district from the Bingham Loop along Kingston Road and shares much of its track with the 501 Queen and 504 King. Originally a rush-hour service, the route was upgraded in September 2019 to run weekdays excluding evenings after the consolidation of 502 Downtowner service into this route.\nOfficially, the 503 Kingston Rd route runs from Victoria Park to York Street. However, since June 19, 2017, streetcars have been diverting to Spadina Avenue. If temporary replacement buses operate on the route, then the western terminal reverts back to York Street.<PIC> Starting at the Bingham Loop on Victoria Park Avenue, the 503 runs southwest on Kingston Road then turns west along Queen Street. At the Queen Street Viaduct bridging the Don River, it then turns southwest along King Street, enters the King Street Transit Priority Corridor and continues to Spadina Avenue, where it turns on the Charlotte Loop (via Adelaide Street West and Charlotte Street).\nThe 503 Kingston Rd runs weekdays excluding evenings. Evening, weekend and holiday service is provided by the 22A Coxwell bus route replacing streetcar service along Kingston Road. The section to the west of Queen and Coxwell is served by the 501 Queen and 504 King streetcars. Both of these routes provide all-day service. Two streetcar routes, 503 Kingston Rd and 502 Downtowner, serve Kingston Road. Route 502 Downtowner was originally named \"Kingston Rd\" while 503 Kingston Rd was originally named \"Kingston Rd Tripper\". The Kingston Rd route (today's 502 Downtowner) ran from the McCaul Loop to the Birchmount Loop until 1954 when it was cut back to the Bingham Loop. By 1968, the rush-hour route Kingston Rd Tripper (today's 503 Kingston Rd) was appearing in TTC Ride Guides. \"Tripper\" here means a rush-hour variant of a base route which in this case was the Kingston Rd route (today's 502 Downtowner).\nIn 1973, the Kingston Rd route was renamed to \"Downtowner\" (today's 502 Downtowner) with a route extension to Bathurst station that was revoked in 1984. Also in 1973, with the renaming of \"Kingston Rd\" to \"Downtowner\", the Kingston Rd Tripper became simply \"Kingston Rd\" and ultimately the 503 Kingston Rd.\nUntil December 29, 2015, the 503 Kingston Rd route operated with streetcars from Bingham Loop (Victoria Park and Kingston Road) to York Street (via King, Church and Wellington Streets), after which temporary replacement bus service served the route also from Bingham Loop to York Street. Starting June 19, 2017, streetcars resumed operating on the route but to Spadina Avenue (Charlotte Loop) instead of York Street as the western terminal.\nFrom July 31, 2017, until February 16, 2018, buses replaced streetcars on the 503 Kingston Rd route due to a shortage of streetcars resulting from the late delivery of the new Bombardier Flexity Outlook streetcars. The buses operated from Bingham Loop to York Street.\nOn February 20, 2018, streetcars returned to route 503 Kingston Rd running from Bingham Loop to Spadina Avenue. However, the roles of routes 502 Downtowner and 503 Kingston Rd were reversed. Prior to that date, route 502 provided base workday service supplemented by route 503 in the rush hours. Since that date, route 503 provides base service while route 502 provides rush-hour-only service. These changes were to support the King Street Pilot Project which resulted in increased ridership along downtown King Street. However, effective September 2, 2018, these changes were reversed, but 503 Kingston Rd continued to operate with streetcar service west to Spadina Avenue.\nOn January 7, 2019, the 503 route returned to shuttle bus operation to accommodate construction along Wellington Street. Buses used York street as the western terminal. Effective September 3, 2019, the 502 Downtowner service was suspended and replaced with the 503 Kingston Rd service to accommodate some construction projects. Route 503 service was upgraded to operating weekdays excluding evenings instead of just during rush hours. The construction projects ended in November 2019; however, the consolidation of Kingston Road service into 503 Kingston Rd remained in effect.\nIn March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a loss of ridership on the TTC. As a result, on March 24 the TTC shortened the 503 Kingston Rd route to run only along Kingston Road between Bingham Loop and Woodbine Loop. Then, effective May 11, the 22A Coxwell bus replaced the remainder of the 503 route full-time\nOn June 22, 2020, streetcar service returned to the route, running from Bingham Loop to Spadina Avenue (Charlotte Loop). Service was provided by the low-floor, accessible Flexity Outlook streetcars. The return of streetcars along 503 Kingston Rd coincided with the withdrawal of streetcars on 506 Carlton due to construction projects. From east to west:\nUpper Beaches\nLeslieville\nSouth Riverdale\nGeorge Brown College\nFinancial District", ["w_s1443"]]
[30232, "The dwarf black stingray (Hemitrygon parvonigra) is a little-known species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, found off northwestern Australia and perhaps throughout Southeast Asia at depths of 60\u2013185\u00a0m (197\u2013607\u00a0ft). Growing to a width of 51\u00a0cm (20\u00a0in), this species is characterized by an angular, diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc with a short row of spear-like thorns along the midline of the back and few dermal denticles elsewhere. Its tail bears a long fin fold along the bottom and a much shorter ridge along the top, both past the stinging spine. Plain brownish in color above, this ray can range from light to very dark. In some parts of its range, this species is occasionally caught incidentally by fisheries and sold for meat.<PIC> Peter Last and William White described the dwarf black stingray in a 2008 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) publication; it had previously been termed Dasyatis \"sp. A\". The new stingray was given the specific epithet parvonigra, from the Latin parvus (\"little\") and nigra (\"black\"), because of its superficial resemblance to the much larger black stingray (B. thetidis). The type specimen is a male 38\u00a0cm (15\u00a0in) across, collected north of Cape Lambert in Western Australia. This species seems to be most related to the longtail stingray (H. longus), and belongs to a poorly known species complex that also includes the red stingray (H. akajei). The dwarf black stingray has been found off northwestern Australia (north of Port Hedland), Indonesia (including Bali and Sabah in Borneo), and Malaysia. Possible records also exist off West Papua and the Philippines, suggesting it has a wide range. Australian rays inhabit the outer continental shelf at a depth of 125\u2013185\u00a0m (410\u2013607\u00a0ft), while Indonesian rays occur over insular and continental shelves at a depth of 60\u2013125\u00a0m (197\u2013410\u00a0ft). It is bottom-dwelling in nature. The dwarf black stingray has a diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc slightly wider than long, with rather angular outer corners and nearly straight anterior corners. The snout is a broadly triangular, with a pointed tip. The eyes are large and elevated, and immediately followed by larger spiracles. There is a wide, skirt-shaped curtain of skin with a minutely fringed posterior margin between the short, oval nostrils. The medium-sized mouth forms a strong arch, and contains four papillae (nipple-like structures) across the floor and an additional, tiny papilla near the corner of each jaw. The teeth are small and number approximately 43 rows in either jaw; those toward the center of the jaw have long, thin cusps, while those toward the corners have very low crowns. The five pairs of gill slits are slightly S-shaped. The pelvic fins are small with nearly straight margins; males have rather flattened claspers.\nThe tail measures around 1.5 times as long as the disc and is relatively broad and flattened at the base. One, rarely two serrated stinging spines are dorsally placed about a third of a disc width back from the tail base. Beyond the sting, the tail becomes thin and whip-like, bearing a long, low ventral fin fold and a much shorter dorsal ridge. There is a short row of closely spaced, spear-shaped thorns along the midline of the back, starting behind the head; 1\u20132 small, seed-shaped thorns are also present on each \"shoulder\". This species is a plain ochre to dark grayish brown above, becoming lighter towards the disc margins, on the thorns, and past the sting, and white below. Reaching 51\u00a0cm (20\u00a0in) across and 1.1\u00a0m (3.6\u00a0ft) long, the dwarf black stingray is less than a third as wide as the 1.8\u00a0m (5.9\u00a0ft) wide black stingray. The two species also differ in denticle coverage and meristic counts. Virtually nothing is known of the dwarf black stingray's natural history. It is presumably aplacental viviparous, with the developing embryos sustained by maternally produced histotroph (\"uterine milk\") as in other stingrays. Males attain sexual maturity at around 35\u00a0cm (14\u00a0in) across. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has not assessed the status of the dwarf black stingray. In Indonesian waters, it contributes to the bycatch of bottom trawl and trammel net fisheries, and is sold for meat.", ["w_s1445"]]
[30233, "Breiz Atao (also Breizh Atao) (in Breton Brittany For Ever cf. Breizh atav), was a Breton nationalist journal in the mid-twentieth century. It was written in French, and has always been considered as a French nationalist journal by the non-francized Bretons. The term is also used for the broader movement associated with the journal's political position.\nFounded in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I, Breiz Atao would exist throughout the inter-war years. It was highly influenced by the Irish War of Independence, which began in 1916 and whose aftermath ran into the 1920s. Early on it adopted an official pan-Celtic policy, and a strong pan-Latin use of the French language. In its later years it became associated with a Nordicist blood and soil ideology with aspects in common with Nazism. It ceased  publication in 1940, but was revived for an individual issue that appeared in 1944.  The journal was first published in January 1919. Initially the editorial group focussed mostly on cultural aspects of Brittany, but very soon the journal evolved into the official forum of the Breton French-speaking autonomist movement. Its founders were Camille Le Mercier d'Erm, Job Loyant, Morvan Marchal and Job de Roinc\u00e9. It was founded by the Groupe R\u00e9gionaliste Breton, presided by Job Breiz, collaborating with Korentin Kerlann). They were soon joined by young French speaking intellectuals Yann Bricler, Olier Mordrel and Fran\u00e7ois Debauvais, who soon took up important roles within the group.\nBreiz Atao organised a congress (in French) in September 1927 in Rosporden at which the Breton Autonomist Party (Parti Autonomiste Breton, or PAB) was founded. At its first meeting Maurice Duhamel was charged with maintaining links with wider French speaking political movements in France, in particular the French left wing, and became chief-editor of Breiz Atao. He gave the PAB a leftist and federalistic stance.\nHowever during the 11 April 1931 congress, the PAB fractured into different factions. The factionalism led to the abandonment of the journal Breiz Atao, which was briefly replaced by the journal \"War Sao\", run by the nationalist faction in Tr\u00e9gor, Go\u00eblo and Cornouaille, who were preaching (in French) full Breton independence. On 27 December 1931, in Landerneau, the first congress of the new Parti National Breton took place. Breiz Atao reappeared as the mouthpiece of the militants led by Olier Mordrel and Fran\u00e7ois Debauvais.\nIn March 1933, Breiz Atao published  a draft political programme, drawn up by Mordrel. In this program, Mordrel created a proposed constitution for an independent Breton state, to which the French state should concede some of its resources, including overseas colonies, art, libraries, industrial equipment etc. Its borders would be determined \"by way of a plebiscite\". He also suggested the exclusion of foreigners from citizenship, and of all persons of mixed race; people from a Nordic background would be given preference. The new state should ensure \"control of youth's education, designed to make men physically and morally healthy\".\nIn July 1940, at a Pontivy congress, Debeauvis and Mordrel decided on editing a new journal, L'Heure Bretonne (The Breton Hour). This journal succeeded Breiz Atao. However C\u00e9lestin Lain\u00e9, head of Bezen Perrot, an SS-affiliated militia, printed a one-off special issue in 1944, containing the recently deceased Debeauvais's statement of support for Lain\u00e9's activities.<PIC>", ["w_s1448"]]
[30234, "Eugenio Calabi (born 11 May 1923) is an Italian-born American mathematician and the Thomas A. Scott Professor of Mathematics, Emeritus, at the University of Pennsylvania, specializing in differential geometry, partial differential equations and their applications.<PIC> Calabi was a Putnam Fellow as an undergraduate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1946. He received his Ph.D. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1950 after completing a doctoral dissertation, titled \"Isometric complex analytic imbedding of Kahler manifolds\", under the supervision of Salomon Bochner. He later obtained a professorship at the University of Minnesota.\nIn 1964, Calabi joined the mathematics faculty at the University of Pennsylvania. Following the retirement of the German-born American mathematician Hans Rademacher, he was appointed to the Thomas A. Scott Professorship of Mathematics at the University of  Pennsylvania in 1967.  He won the Steele Prize from the American Mathematical Society in 1991 for his work in differential geometry. In 1994, Calabi assumed emeritus status. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. In 2021, he was awarded Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. Calabi has made a number of fundamental contributions to the field of differential geometry. Other contributions, not discussed here, include the construction of a holomorphic version of the long line with Maxwell Rosenlicht, a study of the moduli space of space forms, a characterization of when a metric can be found so that a given differential form is harmonic, and various works on affine geometry. In the comments on his collected works in 2021, Calabi cited his article Improper affine hyperspheres of convex type and a generalization of a theorem by K. J\u00f6rgens as that which he is \"most proud of\". At the 1954 International Congress of Mathematicians, Calabi announced a theorem on how the Ricci curvature of a K\u00e4hler metric could be prescribed. He later found that his proof, via the method of continuity, was flawed, and the result became known as the Calabi conjecture. In 1957, Calabi published a paper in which the conjecture was stated as a proposition, but with an openly incomplete proof. He gave a complete proof that any solution of the problem must be uniquely defined, but was only able to reduce the problem of existence to the problem of establishing a priori estimates for certain partial differential equations. In the 1970s, Shing-Tung Yau began working on the Calabi conjecture, initially attempting to disprove it. After several years of work, he found a proof of the conjecture, and was able to establish several striking algebro-geometric consequences of its validity. As a particular case of the conjecture, K\u00e4hler metrics with zero Ricci curvature are established on a number of complex manifolds; these are now known as Calabi\u2013Yau metrics. They have become significant in string theory research since the 1980s.\nIn 1982, Calabi introduced a geometric flow, now known as the Calabi flow, as a proposal for finding K\u00e4hler metrics of constant scalar curvature. More broadly, Calabi introduced the notion of an extremal K\u00e4hler metric, and established (among other results) that they provide strict global minima of the Calabi functional and that any constant scalar curvature metric is also a global minimum. Later, Calabi and Xiuxiong Chen made an extensive study of the metric introduced by Toshiki Mabuchi, and showed that the Calabi flow contracts the Mabuchi distance between any two K\u00e4hler metrics. Furthermore, they showed that the Mabuchi metric endows the space of K\u00e4hler metrics with the structure of a Alexandrov space of nonpositive curvature. The technical difficulty of their work is that geodesics in their infinite-dimensional context may have low differentiability.\nA well-known construction of Calabi's puts complete K\u00e4hler metrics on the total spaces of hermitian vector bundles whose curvature is bounded below. In the case that the base is a complete K\u00e4hler\u2013Einstein manifold and the vector bundle has rank one and constant curvature, one obtains a complete K\u00e4hler\u2013Einstein metric on the total space. In the case of the cotangent bundle of a complex space form, one obtains a hyper-K\u00e4hler metric. The Eguchi\u2013Hanson space is a special case of Calabi's construction. Calabi found the Laplacian comparison theorem in Riemannian geometry, which relates the Laplace\u2013Beltrami operator, as applied to the Riemannian distance function, to the Ricci curvature. The Riemannian distance function is generally not differentiable everywhere, which poses a difficulty in formulating a global version of the theorem. Calabi made use of a generalized notion of differential inequalities, predating the later viscosity solutions introduced by Michael Crandall and Pierre-Louis Lions. By extending the strong maximum principle of Eberhard Hopf to his notion of viscosity solutions, Calabi was able to use his Laplacian comparison theorem to extend recent results of Joseph Keller and Robert Osserman to Riemannian contexts. Further extensions, based on different uses of the maximum principle, were later found by Shiu-Yuen Cheng and Yau, among others.\nIn parallel to the classical Bernstein problem for minimal surfaces, Calabi considered the analogous problem for maximal surfaces, settling the question in low dimensions. An unconditional answer was found later by Cheng and Yau, making use of the Calabi trick that Calabi had pioneered to circumvent the non-differentiability of the Riemannian distance function. In analogous work, Calabi had earlier considered the convex solutions of the Monge\u2013Amp\u00e8re equation which are defined on all of Euclidean space and with 'right-hand side' equal to one. Konrad J\u00f6rgens had earlier studied this problem for functions of two variables, proving that any solution is a quadratic polynomial. By interpreting the problem as one of affine geometry, Calabi was able to apply his earlier work on the Laplacian comparison theorem to extend J\u00f6rgens' work to some higher dimensions. The problem was completely resolved later by Aleksei Pogorelov, and the result is commonly known as the J\u00f6rgens\u2013Calabi\u2013Pogorelov theorem.\nLater, Calabi considered the problem of affine hyperspheres, first characterizing such surfaces as those for which the Legendre transform solves a certain Monge\u2013Amp\u00e8re equation. By adapting his earlier methods in extending J\u00f6rgens' theorem, Calabi was able to classify the complete affine elliptic hyperspheres. Further results were later obtained by Cheng and Yau. Calabi and Beno Eckmann discovered the Calabi\u2013Eckmann manifold in 1953. It is notable as a simply-connected complex manifold which does not admit any K\u00e4hler metrics.\nInspired by recent work of Kunihiko Kodaira, Calabi and Edoardo Vesentini considered the infinitesimal rigidity of compact holomorphic quotients of Cartan domains. Making use of the Bochner technique and Kodaira's developments of sheaf cohomology, they proved the rigidity of higher-dimensional cases. Their work was a major influence on the later work of George Mostow and Grigori Margulis, who established their renowned global rigidity results out of attempts to understand infinitesimal rigidity results such as Calabi and Vesentini's, along with related works by Atle Selberg and Andr\u00e9 Weil.\nCalabi and Lawrence Markus considered the problem of space forms of positive curvature in Lorentzian geometry. Their results, which Joseph Wolf considered \"very surprising\", assert that the fundamental group must be finite, and that the corresponding group of isometries of de Sitter spacetime (under an orientability condition) will act faithfully by isometries on an equatorial sphere. As such, their space form problem reduces to the problem of Riemannian space forms of positive curvature.\nRenowned work of John Nash in the 1950s considered the problem of isometric embeddings. His work showed that such embeddings are very flexible and deformable. In his Ph.D. thesis, Calabi had previously considered the special case of holomorphic isometric embeddings into complex-geometric space forms. A striking result of his shows that such embeddings are completely determined by the intrinsic geometry and the curvature of the space form in question. Moreover, he was able to study the problem of existence via his introduction of the diastatic function, which is a locally defined function built from K\u00e4hler potentials and which mimics the Riemannian distance function. Calabi proved that a holomorphic isometric embedding must preserve the diastatic function. As a consequence, he was able to obtain a criterion for local existence of holomorphic isometric embeddings.\nLater, Calabi studied the two-dimensional minimal surfaces (of high codimension) in round spheres. He proved that the area of topologically spherical minimal surfaces can only take on a discrete set of values, and that the surfaces themselves are classified by rational curves in a certain hermitian symmetric space. Calabi is the author of fewer than fifty research articles. A large proportion of them have become a major part of the research literature.\nCalabi's collected works were published in 2021:\nCalabi, Eugenio (2021).  Bourguignon, Jean-Pierre; Chen, Xiuxiong; Donaldson, Simon (eds.). Collected Works. Berlin: Springer. ISBN\u00a0978-3-662-62133-2. Zbl\u00a01457.32001.", ["w_s1449"]]
[30235, "Thomas Kinnicut Beecher (February 10, 1824 - March 14, 1900) was a Congregationalist preacher and the principal of several schools. As a Congregational minister, his father took the family from Beecher's birthplace of Litchfield, Connecticut, to Boston, Massachusetts, and Cincinnati, Ohio, by 1832.\nAfter college and some teaching experience, Beecher later settled in Elmira, New York, where he was minister of a Congregational church. His services became popular and he presided over construction at a new church to accommodate the large congregation. Beecher became a close friend of writer Sam Clemens (Mark Twain) and presided at Clemens' marriage to Olivia Langdon. A memorial statue was erected to him in Elmira, where he worked and lived most of his life.<PIC> Thomas K. Beecher was born in Litchfield, Connecticut to Lyman Beecher and his wife Harriet Porter. His father was a minister in the Congregational Church and the family was raised as observing Christians. Thomas Beecher was one of thirteen children, including Henry Ward (who became a noted minister and abolitionist activist), William, Catherine, Edward, Mary, George, Harriet (later known as an anti-slavery activist and author of Uncle Tom's Cabin), Charles, Isabella, and James Beecher.\nFollowing Lyman Beecher, their father, Thomas' brother Henry Ward and later Thomas also became ministers.\nIn 1826 the family moved to Boston, Massachusetts. Several years later, their father was called to another church and they moved to Cincinnati, Ohio in 1832.\nFrom 1836 to 1839 Beecher went to preparatory school in Marietta, Ohio. In 1839 he attended college in Jacksonville, Illinois; he graduated in 1843. He spent a year with his father in Cincinnati and a year with his brother and minister, Henry Ward Beecher, in Indianapolis, studying theology. Beecher worked for a year at the Ohio Medical University, as an aid to the professor of chemistry and pharmacy. Beecher worked formally in several educational institutions. In 1846 he became the principal of the North-East Grammar School in Philadelphia. From 1848 to 1851, he was the head of the High School in Hartford, Connecticut.\nBeecher married Olivia Day in 1851; she died two years later.\nThomas Beecher was ordained at age 28, and he began his preaching career in Brooklyn, in the area of Williamsburg. His brother Henry Ward Beecher had a congregation in Brooklyn. Beecher moved to Elmira, New York, in 1854 and took residence at the Gleason Sanitarium on Watercure Hill. This was an area of sanitariums established for treatment of tuberculosis (TB), which had no known cure. A combination of rest and good, cold, dry air was considered beneficial. In 1857 a cottage was built for him near the Sanitarium. It was a Victorian home with its own library; it had an artesian well in the basement, where Beecher would take plunge baths. After teaching in public schools in other places, in 1854 Beecher moved to Elmira, New York, to preach at a local Congregational church. There he became a close friend to the famous author Samuel Clemens (\"Mark Twain\").\nIn 1857 Beecher married his second wife, Julia Jones. She was his deceased wife's cousin, and granddaughter of Noah Webster, author of Webster's Dictionary. \"When war broke out, Thomas Beecher worked indefatigably on behalf of the Union cause. He delivered numerous sermons denouncing secession and defending the Union.He also travelled throughout upstate New York to recruit badly needed troops for New York regiments. ...Beecher's joining the 141st New York Regiment in September of 1862\u2014he was mustered in as chaplain on 12 September 1862\nand discharged on 10 January 1863\u2014was the culmination of his efforts on behalf of the Union cause.\"\nIn 1863 to aid the cause of the Union in the Civil War, which had been underway for two years, Beecher started a regiment with A.S. Diven (the Army depended on wealthier private individuals to recruit men and outfit them with arms, horses, and uniforms), the 107th\u00a0regiment, which was soon sent to the front. Later, Beecher aided Colonel Hathaway in raising the 141st\u00a0regiment and would go into the field with them as a chaplain, serving into 1864. He sailed to South America due to depleted health in November\u00a01866. He returned 1\u00a0May 1867, feeling rejuvenated. Beecher was intimately involved with both teaching and preaching, as was typical of clergy. He also participated in a range of sports when his health was good enough: Baseball, target shooting, battledore (similar to badminton), cycling, cricket, and croquet. Beecher also enjoyed indoor games of euchre and billiards.\nIn 1870, along with the Rev. Joseph Twichell, he officiated over the marriage of Samuel Clemens (\"Mark Twain\") to Olivia Langdon. In 1854 Beecher went to the town of Elmira, New York to preach at the Independent Congregational Church. When his services became overcrowded, Beecher held the service at the newly constructed opera house and, weather permitting, at Eldridge Park.\nWhen Beecher arrived, the church was a moderate-sized wooden structure. Now known as Park Church, it is located on the west side of Wisner Park on North Main Street in Elmira. The growing congregation overwhelmed it. After one of his popular services, he asked the congregation if they felt a new church was necessary. Estimates were that a suitable one would cost  fifty thousand dollars. The vote was almost unanimous in favor of a new church, and total pledges of about eighty thousand dollars were given toward that goal.\nTo support its community, the new church also had a facility for social gatherings and events such as banquets and parties, as well a large hall where the children could play. Beecher started a public library at the church, donating his personal collection. The church held two services; one in the morning, the other in the evening. (Beecher also ministered to the prisoners of the Elmira Prison Camp).\nLater in life two services conducting two services was too taxing on Beecher's health, and he cancelled the evening service. To provide another forum, Beecher founded a club of male youths, who would meet on Tuesday nights. Beecher would ask them to report on something interesting they observed during the previous week. He also sent his pupils to mechanics, locomotive shops and other places, in order to learn through observation.\nDuring his preaching career in Elmira, Beecher was the head of the Sunday school run by the Park Church. It had about 700\u00a0members, ranging in age from five to past fifty. Different classes were led by volunteers. Thomas K. Beecher died 14\u00a0March 1900, aged 76\u00a0years. At his funeral service both a priest and a rabbi spoke. His wife Julia survived him.\nA statue in Beecher's honor was erected at Wisner Park.\nT.K. Beecher Elementary School, located in Elmira, was named in his honor.", ["w_s1451"]]
[30236, "Gian Luca Waldschmidt (born 19 May 1996) is a German professional footballer who plays as a forward for Bundesliga club VfL Wolfsburg and the Germany national team. He developed through the academy of Eintracht Frankfurt and has represented Germany at various levels.  A forward, Waldschmidt began his youth career in 2001 with SSV Oranien Frohnhausen and had youth spells at SSC Juno Burg and TSG Wieseck before joining the Eintracht Frankfurt academy in 2010.\nOn 25 April 2014, Waldschmidt signed his first professional contract, a three-year deal. This saw him promoted to the first team, although he would still appear for the under-19 team. Exactly one year later, on 25 April 2015, Waldschmidt made his Bundesliga debut, as a 73rd-minute substitute for Sonny Kittel in a 0\u20132 home loss to Borussia Dortmund. He scored his first goal for Eintracht Frankfurt on 8 August in a 3\u20130 win over Bremer SV in the first round of the German cup. On 30 June 2016, Waldschmidt signed for Hamburger SV on a four-year contract.  He made his first appearance for the Hamburg club in the Bundesliga in a 0\u20134 home loss to RB Leipzig on 17 September, coming on as a substitute in the 83rd minute, replacing Bobby Wood. He scored his first goal for the club a few seconds after coming on, in a 4\u20130 win over Hallescher FC on 24 October, in a second-round cup fixture. On 20 May 2017, the last round of the 2016\u201317 Bundesliga season, Waldschmidt scored his first Bundesliga-goal, the decisive goal in a 2\u20131 win over relegation rivals VfL Wolfsburg, in the 88th minute - two minutes after being substituted in. The goal meant that Hamburger SV avoided Bundesliga relegation play-offs for the first time in four years. In the following season, Waldschmidt made 21 league appearances in which he scored one goal. At the end of the season, Hamburger SV were relegated to the 2. Bundesliga for the first time in the Bundesliga's 55-year history. In May 2018, SC Freiburg announced they had signed Waldschmidt for the 2018\u201319 season from Hamburger SV, newly relegated to the 2. Bundesliga. The club reportedly triggered a \u20ac5 million release clause. He finished his first campaign for the club with 30 appearances and nine goals. On 14 August 2020, Benfica announced the signing of Waldschmidt on a five-year deal for 15 million euros. Waldschmidt scored twice on his Benfica debut, a 5\u20131 Primeira Liga win over Famalic\u00e3o on 18 September 2020.<PIC> On 22 August 2021, Waldschmidt returned to Germany, signing a four-year contract with VfL Wolfsburg. Waldschmidt has represented the Germany national youth football team at U16, U17, U18, U19 and U21 level. He finished as the top scorer of the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, where he scored seven goals, breaking the previous record of his compatriot, Pierre Littbarski, who scored six goals in the 1982 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.\nA few months later, on 29 August, he was called up to Joachim L\u00f6w's senior squad for UEFA Euro 2020 qualifiers against Netherlands and Czech Republic. He made his Germany national football team debut on 9 October 2019 in a friendly against Argentina. He started the game and played the whole match. He scored his first goal on 7 October 2020, against Turkey in a friendly game. Luca Waldschmidt is the son of Wolfgang Waldschmidt, who made 14 appearances for SV Darmstadt 98 in the 1983\u201384 2. Bundesliga season.  As of match played 20 March 2022\nAppearances in UEFA Europa League\nAppearance in Superta\u00e7a C\u00e2ndido de Oliveira\nAppearances in UEFA Champions League  Germany U21\nUEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up: 2019\nIndividual\nUEFA European Under-21 Championship Golden Boot: 2019\nUEFA European Under-21 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2019", ["w_s1455"]]
[30238, "The Short Type 320, also known as the Short Admiralty Type 320, was a British two-seat reconnaissance, bombing and torpedo-carrying \"folder\" seaplane of the First World War.<PIC> The Short Type 320 was designed to meet an official requirement for a seaplane to carry a Mark IX torpedo. It was larger than the earlier Short 184, and was a typical Short folder design of the time, with two-bay uneven span wings. Two prototypes were built, powered by a 310\u00a0hp Sunbeam Cossack engine, and initially known as the Short 310 Type A from the engine fitted to the prototypes. When the torpedo bomber went into production, it was powered by a 320\u00a0hp (238\u00a0kW) Cossack engine which was the origin of the name, Type 320.\nAt the same time as Shorts was designing the 310 Type A torpedo bomber, it produced a similar design for a patrol floatplane, powered by the same Cossack engine and using the same fuselage, but with equal-span three-bay wings, instead of the uneven- span wings of the torpedo bomber, known as the Short 310 Type B or North Sea Scout, and two prototypes were ordered.\nPriority was given to the torpedo bomber; the first was ready in July 1916, the second in August that year, and the prototypes were rushed to the Adriatic. In September 1916, the first prototype patrol aircraft was finished, but it proved to be little better than the Short 184 already in service, and was not ordered into production. The second prototype, Type B, was completed as a type A torpedo bomber.\nAs with conventional biplane floatplanes, the torpedo was carried between the bottom of the fuselage and the floats. Unusually, the aircraft was flown from the rear cockpit, although this did cause a problem for an observer in the front seat. The observer had to stand on the coaming to use the machine-gun, which was level with the top wing. When a torpedo was carried, the aircraft could not fly with an observer at the same time.\nThe first order placed with Shorts was for 30 aircraft, followed by orders for a further 24 and 20 aircraft, together with orders for a further 30 and 20 placed at Sunbeam.  Together with the three prototypes, this gave a total production of 127 Short Type 320s. In February 1917, 25 aircraft were ordered, and before the end of April 1917, examples were delivered to the Royal Naval Air Service in Italy. Two accidents with the aircraft, when the fuselage collapsed after the torpedo was released, delayed its use on operations. The cause was later found to be the method of securing the fuselage bracing wires.\nThe first operational use was on 2 September 1917, when six aircraft (five with torpedoes and one with bombs) were towed on rafts fifty miles south of Traste Bay to enable them to attack enemy submarines lying off Cattaro. They had to be towed into position as they could not carry enough fuel with a torpedo for the mission. The operation did not go well; with a gale-force wind and heavy seas, two of the aircraft failed to take off, so the operation was abandoned. On the return journey, one aircraft was lost and the others were damaged. It appears that the Type 320 never launched a torpedo in action.\nIn February 1918, due to the lack of operational experience, four aircraft were operated from Calshot for experiments with launching the torpedoes. Forty drops were made, and proved a valuable source of information about torpedoes entering the water when dropped at different heights and speeds. The aircraft continued to be used as reconnaissance seaplanes until the end of the war. \u00a0Japan\nImperial Japanese Navy, one only\n\u00a0United Kingdom\nRoyal Air Force\nNo. 229 Squadron RAF\nNo. 240 Squadron RAF\nNo. 248 Squadron RAF\nNo. 263 Squadron RAF\nNo. 266 Squadron RAF\nNo. 268 Squadron RAF\nRoyal Naval Air Service\nNo. 6 Wing - Italy Data from The Short Seaplanes \nGeneral characteristics\nLength: 45\u00a0ft 9\u00a0in (13.94\u00a0m)\nUpper wingspan: 75\u00a0ft 0\u00a0in (22.86\u00a0m)\nLower wingspan: 46\u00a0ft 9+1\u20442\u00a0in (14.262\u00a0m)\nHeight: 17\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in (5.33\u00a0m)\nWing area: 810\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (75\u00a0m\u00b2)\nEmpty weight: 4,933\u00a0lb (2,238\u00a0kg)\nGross weight: 7,014\u00a0lb (3,181\u00a0kg)\nPowerplant: 1 \u00d7 Sunbeam Cossack water-cooled V12 engine, 320\u00a0hp (240\u00a0kW)\nPerformance\nMaximum speed: 72.5\u00a0mph (116.7\u00a0km/h, 63.0\u00a0kn)\nEndurance: 6 hr\nService ceiling: 3,000\u00a0ft (910\u00a0m)\nArmament\nGuns: 1\u00d7 .303 in (7.7mm) Lewis gun on Scarff ring\nBombs: \n1 \u00d7 18-inch torpedo or\n2 \u00d7 230\u00a0lb (104\u00a0kg) bombs", ["w_s1462"]]
[30239, "Elias Cornelius (1794\u20131832) was an American Christian missionary and ordained minister.<PIC> Elias Cornelius' father was also named Elias Cornelius (1758\u20131823), and his mother was Rachel Stocker. His father had joined the American Revolutionary War as a surgeon after some rudimentary training, but was taken prisoner on 22 August 1777. Cornelius met Ethan Allen in prison, but escaped on 16 January 1778, and rejoined the Continental Army.\nElias Cornelius was born 30 July 1794 in Somers, Westchester County, New York.  \nAt the age of sixteen, he began his college career at Yale College. After his undergraduate years, Cornelius continued to study theology at the Yale Divinity School under Timothy Dwight IV.\nHe was licensed to preach on 4 June 1816 by the South Association of Congregational ministers, and appointed agent of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM).\nAs ABCFM agent Cornelius traveled to many cities and towns in the northeastern states including Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Maryland, preaching sermons and raising money. The majority of the money raised was to support the conversion of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indian tribes to Christianity. It was also to be used to establish schools within these nations. Cornelius continued to preach and fundraise as he traveled south where he finally ended in Northwest Georgia, near Cartersville in 1817.  He spent 18 months there and it was at this location that he encountered the Cherokee tribe who led him to the Etowah Indian Mounds. Cornelius wrote in his journal about his visit and the journal became the first published account of a white person visiting the mounds. Neither Cornelius nor the group of Cherokee who led him to the site knew the relevance or purpose of the mounds at that time. It was later discovered that the mounds were used as burial sites as well as residential areas and temples.\nIn September 1818, Cornelius married Mary Hooker, daughter of Asabel Hooker (minister of Goshen, Connecticut), descendants of Thomas Hooker (1586\u20131647).\nTheir children were:\nElias Cornelius III, born 13 August 1819, married Lydia Francis Gray, and died 7 December 1857.\nMary Hooker Cornelius, born 3 July 1821.\nThomas Hooker Cornelius, born 17 March 1823 and died 18 November 1853 in San Francisco.\nEdward Hooker Cornelius, born 10 September 1825 and died 29 April 1864 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.\nSarah Edwards Cornelius, born 14 February 1830, married George B. Little in 1850, and had two daughters.\nJeremiah Evarts Cornelius, born 25 December 1831, married Sarah Fenner Storrs (daughter of William L. Storrs)  in 1862, had a son and a daughter, and died 4 March 1896.\nOn 22 July 1819, Cornelius became associate pastor of the Tabernacle Church in Salem, Massachusetts.\nAfter the death of Jeremiah Evarts, Cornelius was named secretary of the ABCFM in October 1831, but became ill. He died on 12 February 1832.\nElias Boudinot, one of the students Cornelius introduced to the Foreign Mission School became a later Cherokee National leader and named his son Elias Cornelius Boudinot in honour of Cornelius. Elias Cornelius Boudinot grew up to be a colonel in the Confederate States Army", ["w_s1463"]]
[30240, "Guilderland High School is a public senior high school, located in Guilderland Center, New York.  It is part of the Guilderland Central School District.  Constructed in 1953, the high school has since undergone additions in 1955, 1960, 1997, 2010, and 2021.  Originally, the building functioned as a Junior-Senior High School, but after the construction of Farnsworth Middle School in 1970, the district divided the schools into two. As a school, Guilderland High School's enrollment jurisdiction also includes the village of Altamont, NY and the North Bethlehem neighborhood of Bethlehem, NY.\nCurrently, the school runs on block scheduling.<PIC> Guilderland High School boasts a variety of different course levels and types to accommodate the different needs of students.  Types include Advanced Placement, SUPA (Syracuse University Project Advance), Honors, Regents, Core, Focus, Vo-Tech, ESL, as well as various additional college programs. This school also is included in the Project Lead The Way course (PLTW) along with other schools in the United States. Guilderland High School offers numerous opportunities for students to take Advanced Placement examinations, as well as place a year ahead in various courses.  Advanced course standing may first be attained when a student is in eighth grade.\nAccelerated foreign language study is available for students in French and Spanish during a student's freshman year.  The \"2A\" course selection allows for two years of study condensed into one year.  Therefore, a student is able to progress from \"French 2A\" directly to \"French 4.\" Effectively the acceleration allows for a one-year advancement in foreign language study.\nAdditionally, Guilderland High School offers numerous Advanced Placement courses to its students. Decision to enroll in AP courses is at the discretion of the student and his or her guidance counselor, though teacher recommendations may also be influential.  At present, AP courses available to GHS students include European History, American History, English Language, English Literature, Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Chemistry, Music Theory, Studio Art, US Government and Politics, Physics, and Computer Science, but students have been known to take the Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, Biology, Statistics, Psychology, and Human Geography exams after self-preparation and/or preparation in non-AP classes. Guilderland High School is also known for its theatre program.  The group, called the Guilderland Players, was organized in the 1968-69 school year by English teacher Bob Scrafford, but did not put on their first performance, Bye Bye Birdie, until the next year. Musicals were directed for many years by the inimitable Fred Heitkamp. Producing two shows each year, a drama in the fall and a musical in the spring, the Guilderland Players, known as 'GP' by its members, is one of the largest extracurricular activities at Guilderland High School, including more than one hundred students in its cast, stage crew, and pit. It is staffed by John Fatuzzo (Pit Conductor), Claudia Golub (music director), and Andy Maycock (director). The Guilderland Players' 2006 production of Steel Pier won the SLOC Award for 'Best Choreography.' Various alumni of the Guilderland Players have also gone on to other acting opportunities, including appearing on the TV show American Dreams, the Original Broadway Cast of La Boh\u00e8me, and in the cast of multiple seasons of Park Playhouse.\nLyle E Warner, English teacher, also directed plays 1971-1973, one I remember was Lost Horizons. Guilderland High School is home to an award-winning music department. Consisting of six credit-bearing ensembles and four extracurricular ensembles, the department holds many concerts a year in addition to participating in other events or area concerts.\nThe Concert Orchestra and Symphony Orchestra are directed by Susan Curro.  She also directs the Chamber Strings, an extracurricular ensemble consisting of approximately 15 string players, with occasional guest winds, including many players in the Empire State Youth and Repertory Orchestras.  The orchestra was featured on WMHT's Music for the Holidays program in 2004.  The Wind Ensemble is directed by Kathleen Richards Ehlinger. Ehlinger, a trumpetist for the Tri City Brass Quintet, is a graduate of the Crane School of Music in Potsdam, New York and George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia. She also directs the Guilderland Town Band during the summer and is an active clinician throughout the state. The Wind Ensemble, traveled to Annapolis, Maryland in April 2007 for a music festival and received the award for best instrumental group.  The oboe section also received the best section award.  In addition, the ensemble received a rating of Gold with Distinction at its NYSSMA evaluation in 2007 and 2008. Symphonic Band and the extracurricular  Jazz Band are directed by John Fatuzzo, a recent graduate of the Crane School of Music.  Jazz Band is composed of many members of the Empire State Jazz Ensembles.\nThe Women's Choir and Concert Choir are directed by Claudia Golub. Golub also conducts the extracurricular Chamber Choir, a select group of 16-24 singers. In December 2006, the Chamber Choir performed at the NYSSMA Convention in Rochester, NY. In March 2007, the ensemble won the New York State High School A Cappella Championship.  They have also appeared at the Albany Pro Musica High School Choral Festival and on WMHT's Music for the Holidays.  The  Mixed Choir is conducted by Shannon deFrancqueville.  The Mixed Choir, with the Women's Choir, performed at the State Capitol as part of Music in Our Schools Month in 2007. \nThe music department also offers AP Music Theory, Music Theory I, Music Technology I and II, and  Music in Our Lives, as courses for credit.  Students also have the option of taking Applied Music, whether they are members of the music department or not.  Credit can be received for regular private music lessons and regular practice, with occasional performance examinations.  The school has an award-winning student newspaper named The Journal, which is published seven times in the school year.  The school's Media Club produces a live televised news program The GHS Reporter that runs at the start of homeroom prior to the televised announcements, replays on Time Warner Cable Educational-access television cable TV Channel 16 in Guilderland, and is available to view in the Media's YouTube channel here where you can view livestreams of athletic events, Board of Education meetings, graduations, concerts, informational meetings like Admissions nights, feature segments in the GHS Reporter, skits, and the GHS Reporter itself.\nThe GHS Reporter covers many stories each show, such as the ones seen here  and here.\nIn the 2005-2006 school year, the GHS Reporter won an award in New York City for a production titled \"Motivation\" that was produced during the 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 school years.  The video was centered on the club's trip to New York City and the various news packages produced.  Three packages were made: Fleet Week, Safety and Security, and the Impact of 9/11 on Surrounding Businesses. Students from the Guilderland High School Media Club as well as the student newspaper The Journal participated.\nGuilderland High School also features the yearly \"Graffiti\" Literary Magazine, run by students to publish poems, stories, and other literary works.\nThe Journal has won numerous student journalism awards. The newspaper commonly receives multiple awards at the Empire State Student Press Association's annual convention, including awards for Best Overall Newspaper, Best Design and individual writing, design, photography and graphics awards. The Journal was awarded Best Overall Newspaper by the New York State Press Association in the high school newspaper category in 2005 Better Newspaper Contest, in addition to a Best Design award and individual awards for writing. The student body of Guilderland High School is represented by the GHS Student Government, a group of elected and appointed officers and volunteers who serve both to serve as a link between the student body and administration, and also to improve student life by hosting events and aiding clubs among other duties. Guilderland's athletes are known as the Flying Dutchmen. The district offers 19 sports at all levels.  Guilderland is home to one of the top cross-country programs in the Northeast, a strong tennis program, a skilled boys' soccer team that won the Class A State Championship in 1989, the 2006, 2007 and 2008 co-ed cheerleading national champions, the 2007 New York State Section II Class A Girls' lacrosse team and New York State's 2007 section 2 class AA champion baseball team.  In 2007, the baseball team won its first title since the 1970s and the girls' lacrosse team ended Bethlehem High School's run of eight titles to win their first ever Section II and Suburban Council Title. Also in 2008, the football team became the first in school history to make it to the Section II Class AA Finals, while the boys' lacrosse team competed in the Suburban Council final.  That same year, the girls' cross country team attended the prestigious Federation Cross Country Meet for the first time since 1999, where they placed tenth out of 28 teams. The 2008 girls' lacrosse team repeated what it had accomplished in 2007 by winning back to back Suburban Council and Section II Championships.  It went on to become Regional Champions that year after defeating Lakeland-Panas High school and Kingston high school. The 2008 boys' soccer team went undefeated with 22 wins (the most in school history) on their way to their first Section II championship since 1997. They were also ranked 15th on ESPN's list of Top 50 Boys' Soccer Teams. In 2005, the boys' Tennis team went 16-0 and won the Suburban Council Championship over Bethlehem High School, and in 2011, the boys' tennis Team went 11-3 and won the Suburban Council Championship over Bethlehem Highschool.  In 2009 the Wrestling team placed 3rd in the Section II State Qualifier.  They also had six wrestlers place in Section II.  In 2010 one of the senior captains was featured as WNYT's High School Player of the Week.\nEach Year the graduating class of Guilderland High School collects a \"Senior Superlative\" survey to be presented in the yearbook. Superlatives include Best Friends, Best Smile, Easiest to talk to, Best Laugh, etc. Guilderland High School sponsors dozens of student-organizations, each advised and supervised by a teacher who may participate in the club's activities. They include but are not limited to:\nAlliance, Best Buddies, Chess Club, S.T.A.T.I.C. (Christian Fellowship), Debate Club, English Club, Environmental Club, Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA), Free the Children, German Club, Graffiti - Literary Magazine, the Guilderland Players, International Club/Cultural Fair, Jewish Student Union (JSU) Journal Newspaper, Key Club International,  Math League, Masterminds, Media Club, Medical Club (Club Med), Model United Nations, Music Council, National Honor Society, Natural Helpers, Peer Network, Philosophy Club, Ski Club, Students Against Destructive Decisions (SADD), Students for Improving Health Care (SIHC), Student Government, Students/Teachers Against Racism (STAR), Students Environmental Action Coalition, Travel Club, Tri-M Music Honor Society, Young Democrats of America, Yearbook - Tawasenthan, and Youth Ending Hunger.\nThe school's Math League is a member of the New York Math League, a contest consisting of six timed exams administered throughout every academic year. Since 2005, the Guilderland team has come first in the region and, in 2008, placed 10th in the region. In 2009, GHS earned a 6 out of 10 rating according to metrics measured by the website GreatSchools.org.  Though the school continues to achieve parity in state testing scores relative to other high schools across the state of NY, only 50% of the students passed the Mathematics A examination in 2009, which led to the school's diminished rating.\nIn 2018, GHS earned an 8 out of 10 rating according to metrics measured by the website GreatSchools.org. The school is above average in academics receiving a 10/10 in college readiness. Where the school loses points is its equity overview. Kristin Russo, 1998 - American speaker, personality, and LGBTQ activist\nHarold J. Greene, 1977 - Major General, US Army-General Officer killed in Combat August 5, 2014\nClancy Newman, 1995 - cellist and composer\nLidiya Yankovskaya, 2004 - Conductor - Orli and Bill Staley Music Director, Chicago Opera Theater", ["w_s1466"]]
[30241, "William Lavier Killefer (October 10, 1887 \u2013 July 3, 1960), nicknamed \"Reindeer Bill\" was an American professional baseball player, coach and manager. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher for the St. Louis Browns, Philadelphia Phillies, and Chicago Cubs. Killefer, who was nicknamed \"Reindeer Bill\" due to his speed afoot, is notable for being the favorite catcher of Hall of Fame pitcher Grover Cleveland Alexander and, for being one of the top defensive catchers of his era. After his playing career, he continued to work as a coach and a manager for a Major League Baseball career that spanned a total of 48 years.<PIC> Killefer made his major league debut at the age of 21 with the St. Louis Browns on September 13, 1909. After the 1910 season in which the Browns finished in last place, Killefer was released to the Buffalo Bisons of the Eastern League. Under the tutelage of Bisons' manager George Stallings, Killefer developed into a refined catcher.\nHis contract was purchased by the Philadelphia Phillies on August 19, 1911, and he played his first game as a starter on October 3. The Phillies pitcher on that day was Grover Cleveland Alexander, and the game marked the first of 250 times the pair teamed up as a battery in the major leagues. Although he was a light hitter, Killefer became known for his strong defensive skills. In 1913, he led National League catchers with 166 assists, 130 baserunners caught stealing, a 50.6% caught stealing percentage, and finished second in putouts and fielding percentage.\nIn 1914, Killefer made news when it was reported that he had signed with the Chicago Whales of the Federal League, although he denied the report. When the Phillies offered him a salary increase, he decided to sign with the Phillies, which led the Federal League to file a lawsuit against him and the Phillies. A judge ruled against the Federal League and Killefer remained with the Phillies.\nFrom 1915 to 1917, Alexander and Killefer solidified their reputation as the best battery in baseball, with Alexander posting three consecutive 30-win seasons. Killefer had one of his best seasons for the Phillies in 1917. He led National League catchers with a .984 fielding percentage, as well as in putouts, double plays, and total chances. He also had one of his best seasons offensively with a .274 batting average.\nAfter the 1917 season, in one of the most lopsided trades in major league history, the financially strapped Phillies sent Killefer and Alexander to the Chicago Cubs for two players and $55,000 in cash. With the Cubs, Killefer was credited with strengthening their pitching staff. The Cubs won the 1918 National League pennant before losing to the Boston Red Sox in the 1918 World Series. Killefer had another strong season in 1919, hitting a career-high .286 batting average and leading National League catchers in fielding percentage, putouts and assists. He served as player-manager for the Cubs in 1921 before retiring as a player at age 33. In a thirteen-year major league career, Killefer played in 1,035 games, accumulating 751 hits in 3,150 at bats for a .238 career batting average along with 4 home runs and 240 runs batted in. He had a career fielding percentage of .977. While he was not a powerful hitter, he possessed a strong throwing arm and a talent for working with pitchers. Killefer led National League catchers in fielding percentage four consecutive seasons from 1916 to 1919. He also led the league three times in putouts, assists and in baserunners caught stealing. Killefer caught 115 shutouts in his career, ranking him 16th all-time among major league catchers.\nKillefer's reputation as a defensive standout is enhanced because of the era in which he played. In the Deadball Era, catchers played a huge defensive role, given the large number of bunts and stolen base attempts, as well as the difficulty of handling the spitball pitchers who dominated pitching staffs. Richard Kendall of the Society for American Baseball Research devised an unscientific study that ranked Killefer as the most dominating fielding catcher in major league history. After his playing career ended, Killefer continued as manager of the Cubs until he was fired after 75 games in 1925. He was hired by St. Louis Cardinals manager Rogers Hornsby as a coach for the 1926 season. The Cardinals went on to win the 1926 World Series with Killefer receiving credit for his help with the pitching staff. In 1927, he was hired by the St. Louis Browns as a coach, and became their manager in 1930. Killefer enjoyed little success as the Browns' manager, never finishing above fifth place as the depression-era team had cut its payroll significantly. He was fired in 1933 and took two years off from organised baseball. \nKillefer accepted a role as manager for the Sacramento Solons in the Pacific Coast League, leading them to a first-place finish in 1937. He later coached for the Brooklyn Dodgers and managed the minor league Milwaukee Brewers. His managerial record was 524\u2013622 (.457) in nine seasons. Killefer's last on-the-field position in the major leagues was as a coach for the 1942 Philadelphia Phillies. He also served as a scout for the Cleveland Indians, the Phillies and the Dodgers. As a scout for the Indians, Killefer was involved in the signing of Larry Doby in 1947 (the American League's first black player). Killefer was credited with helping the development of such catching standouts as Bob O'Farrell, Gabby Hartnett, Rick Ferrell, and Walker Cooper.\nHe died in Elsmere, Delaware, at age 72. His brother, Red Killefer, was also a major league baseball player. Political economist Nancy Killefer is a granddaughter. ", ["w_s1467"]]
[30242, "Fanula Papazoglu (Serbian: \u0424\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0443; Greek: \u03a6\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03b3\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5, romanized:\u00a0Fano\u00fala Pap\u00e1zoglou, 1917\u2013 January 26, 2001) was a Yugoslav and Serbian classical scholar, epigrapher and academic. She was an expert in Ancient history of the Balkans. She founded the Centre for Ancient Epigraphy and Numismatics in 1970.<PIC> Papazoglu was born in Bitola, Kingdom of Serbia (modern North Macedonia), into a Greek family of Aromanian origin. She finished secondary school (1936) in Bitola, before attending the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy, where she studies classical philology, ancient history, and archeology. During the Axis occupation of Serbia she supported the Yugoslav Partisans as a member of the student organization, and spent a year in the Banjica concentration camp from 1942 to 1943.\nShe graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy in 1946, and worked at the Department for Ancient History at the Faculty of Philosophy from 1947. Her Ph.D. thesis in 1955 was Macedonian towns during the Roman period. She became a full professor in 1965.\nOn March 21, 1974 she was elected to the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU) as a corresponding member, and became a full member on December 15, 1983.\nAt the Belgrade University Papazoglu met and married the prominent Yugoslav Byzantologist of Russian origin, George Ostrogorsky, with whom she had a daughter - Tatyana, and a son - Alexander. Papazoglou retired in 1979. She died in Belgrade in 2001.\nPapazoglu wrote in the same tradition as other archaeologists of her era, culture-historical-evolutionist archaeology. Her work focused on the subject of the \"Central Balkan tribes\" (Autaritae, Scordisci, Dardani, Triballi, Moesi) which she defined as compact collective groups associated with specific archaeological cultures distinct from other archaeological cultures and defined stable borders throughout antiquity. Her work was influential in her era, but has been criticized in contemporary archaeology. The conclusions about the existence and organization of the \"central Balkan tribes\" often presuppose a theoretical framework which corresponds to modern concepts to identity formation. This framework was used irrespective of the written and material records which were made to correspond to pre-drawn conclusions about the \"Central Balkan Tribes\". Often these theoretical models served for the categorization of material finds. Mihailovi\u0107 (2021) notes that Triballi is the name of a pre-Roman people near Roman Oescus for which Papazoglu constructed a defined territory which in reality is undeterminable via available data. In turn, archaeologists of that era in Yugoslavia began to categorize all finds in the area defined as Triballian by Papazoglu as artifacts of the Triballi tribe. In a similar vein, Papazoglou constructed a Kingdom of Dardania which is never defined as such in written records and defined its borders. In reality, in the pre-Roman era only the southern \"borders\" of Dardania are defined but there is no other information about its boundary to the north. Papazoglou contrasted her construction of Dardanian society to the more \"civilized\" and \"organized\" Illyrians.  Winnifrith (2021) criticizes her comparison as an indication that she \"was anxious not only to disassociate Illyrians from Dardanians, but also Illyrians from Albanians\". Makedonski gradovi u rimsko doba (\"Macedonian towns during the Roman period\"), 1955, thesis\nPrilozi istoriji Singidunuma i srednjeg Podunavlja Gornje Mezije, 1957\nMakedonski gradovi u rimsko doba, 1957\nSrednjobalkanska plemena u predrimsko doba (\"The Central Balkan Tribes in Pre-Roman Times\"), 1969, 1978\nRimski gra\u0111anski ratovi, 1991\nIstorija helenizma (\"History of Hellenism\"), 1995 October Prize of the City of Belgrade\nJuly 7 Award (7. jul)", ["w_s1470"]]
[30243, "Isao Yamagata (\u5c71\u5f62 \u52f2, Yamagata Isao, 25 July 1915 \u2013 28 June 1996) was a Japanese film actor. In 1942, Yamagata and So Yamamura formed the Bunkaza Theatre Company.  In 1949 he made his film debut with Kirareya Senta. Yamagata became famous for his role in 1953 film Gate of Hell. He became a character actor and often played villainous roles. In 1973, Yamagata landed main role on the TV jidaigeki Kenkaku Sh\u014dbai. \nHe died of tuberculosis in 1996. He appeared in more than 180 films between 1951 and 1984.<PIC> Bungawan soro (1951)\nRingo-en no sh\u014djo (1952)\nMukokuseki-sha (1952)\nSen-hime (1953) - Samanosuke Itsumi\nPu-san (1953)\nKimi ni sasageshi inochi nariseba (1953)\nSeishun Zenigata Heiji (1953) - Plibp\nGate of Hell (1953) - Wataru Watanabe\nHigeki no sh\u00f4gun: Yamashita Tomoyuki (1953)\nHana to ry\u00fb - Dai-ichi-bu: D\u00f4kai-wan no rant\u00f4 (1954) - Shin'nosuke Mori\nSeven Samurai (1954) - Samurai #1\nWakaki hi no takuboku: Kumo wa tensai de aru (1954) - Kanematsu Kikuchi\nKakute yume ari (1954) - Ichir\u00f4 Kasuga\nJigoku no keng\u00f4 Hirate Miki (1954) - Isonoshin Yamabe\nThe Princess Sen (1954) - Dewanokami Sakasaki\nFloating Clouds (1955) - Sugio Iba\nMinan o kosh\u00f4: Hitokiri hikosei (1955)\nJoky\u00fb (1955) - Ry\u00fbjin Aramaki\nJuku no hana yome (1955)\nPrincess Yang Kwei-Fei (1955) - Yang Hsien\nUruwashiki saigetsu (1955)\nRokunin no ansatsusha (1955) - Kond\u014d Isami\nAsakusa no oni (1955)\nMeoto zenzai (1955)\nK\u00f4d\u00f4kan shitenn\u00f4 (1955)\nTarao Bannai senritsu no nanakamen (1956)\nBara no k\u00f4d\u00f4kan (1956) - Shogoro Yabe\nWarning from Space (1956) - Dr. Matsuda\nDenk\u00f4 ry\u00fbsei karate uchi (1956)\nNeko to Sh\u00f4z\u00f4 to futari no onna (1956)\nTsukigata Hanpeita: Hana no maki; Arashi no maki (1956) - Fujioka\nShinshokoku monogatari: Nanatsu no chikai kurosuisen no maki (1956)\nY\u00f4da no maden (1956) - Danj\u00f4 Sarashina\nOutlaw: List of Dupes (1956)\nThe Swamp (1956) - Buri-daijin\nShinshokoku monogatari: Nanatsu no chikai doreisen no maki (1957)\nShinshokoku monogatari: Nanatsu no chikai gaisen uta no maki (1957)\nThe Rice People (1957) - Matsunosuke Ota\n\u00d4saka monogatari (1957)\nUj\u00f4 (1957) - Shinpei Nakayama\nTajobushin (1957)\nDaibosatsu t\u00f4ge (1957) - Lord kamio\nY\u00fbreisen: Zempen (1957) - Gemba Akahana\nY\u00fbreisen: K\u00f4hen (1957) - Yamiz\u00f4\nOnna goroshi abura jigoku (1957)\nKichigai buraku (1957)\nJigok\u00fb misaki no fukush\u00fb (1957)\nFuji ni tatsu kage (1957)\nEdo no meibutsuotoko: Isshin Tasuke (1958) - Matsudaira-Izunokami\nDaibosatsu t\u00f4ge - Dai ni bu (1958)\nSeven from Edo (1958) - Tatewaki\nUguisu-j\u00f4 no hanayome (1958)\nIsshin Tasuke - Tenka no ichidaiji (1958) - Matsudaira-Izunokami\nTen to sen (1958) - Tatsuo Yasuda\nNora neko (1958)\nOnmitsu Shichishoki (1958)\nNinkyo Tokaido (1958) - Kadoi\nDo no h\u00e2jiki wa jigok\u00fb daz\u00ea (1958)\nBinan-jo (1959)\nShingo juban-shobu (1959)\nKitsune to tanuki (1959)\nDaibosatsu t\u00f4ge - Kanketsu-hen (1959)\nShingo j\u00fbban sh\u00f4bu: dai-ni-bu (1959)\nTenka no igagoe: akatsuki no kessen (1959)\nChiyari mus\u00f4 (1959)\nIsshin Tasuke: Otoko no naka no otoko ippiki (1959)\nEdo no akutaro (1959) - Tenzen Akiyama\nSenry\u00f4-jishi (1959) - Kainokami Torii\nJigok\u00fb no sok\u00f4 made tsuki auz\u00ea (1959)\nBored Hatamoto: Acrobats of Death (1959)\nR\u00f4nin ichiba - Asayake tengu (1960)\nShiroi gake (1960)\nNanatsu no kao no otoko daze (1960)\nTenp\u00f4 rokkasen - Jigoku no hanamichi (1960)\nSake to onna to yari (1960) - Mitsunari Ishida\nTokai no kaoyaku (1960) - Denbe\nWakasama Samurai Torimonochoo (1960) - Suzuki Uneme\nShoretsu shinsengumi - bakumatsu no doran (1960) - Serizawa\nSabaku o wataru taiyo (1960)\nNippatsume wa jigoku-iki daze (1960)\nMito Komon 3: All Star Version (1960)\nAk\u014d R\u014dshi (1961) - Kataoka Gengoemon\nZoku shach\u00f4 dochuki: onna oyabun taiketsu no maki (1961) - President Oyamada\nUogashi no onna Ishimatsu (1961)\nTekka daimyo (1961)\nSaigo no kaoyaku (1961)\nKashi no onna Ishimatsu (1961)\nHakubaj\u00f4 no hanayome (1961)\nEdokko-hada (1961)\nBeranme Chunori-san (1961)\nOedo Hyobanji Binan no Kaoyaku (1962) - Soshun\nMabuta no haha (1962) - Yosuke\nKisaragi mus\u00f4 ken (1962) - Izuminokami Mizuno\nAno sura no hate ni hoshi hama tataku (1962)\nHachi gatsu j\u00fbgo-nichi no d\u00f4ran (1962)\nYagy\u00fb bugeich\u00f4: Dokugan itto ryu (1962)\nSakura hangan (1962)\nKnightly Advice (1962)\nBored Hatamoto: The Mysterious Cape (1963)\nYagy\u00fb bugeich\u00f4: Katame no J\u00fbbei (1963)\nDaidokoro taiheiki (1963)\nYojinb\u00f4 ichiba (1963)\nShin meoto zenzai (1963) - Kyoichi\nKureji sakusen: Kudabare! Musekinin (1963)\nYogiri no Joshu-Ji (1963)\nYagyu Chronicles 7: The Cloud of Disorder (1963)\nKy\u00f4katsu (1963)\nHibari Chiemi no Yaji Kita Dochu (1963)\nMiyamoto Musashi: Ichij\u00f4ji no kett\u00f4 (1964)\nJakoman to Tetsu (1964)\nNijuissai no chichi (1964)\nSurai no gyanburaa (1964)\nOtoko no monsho: hana to nagadosu (1964)\nKuroi kaikyo (1964) - Senba\nAkai shuriken (1965) - Kanzo\nUna sera di Tokyo (1965) - Shinz\u00f4 Nakajima\nRadishes and Carrots (1965) - Gohei Suzuka\nShinobi no mono: Iga-yashiki (1965) - Matsudaira\nA Story Written with Water (1965) - Denzo / Shizuo's father\nBuraikan jingi (1965) - Eitaro Oshika\nShach\u00f4 gy\u00f4j\u00f4ki (1966)\nKigeki ekimae manga (1966)\nZatoichi's Pilgrimage (1966) - Boss Tohachi\nKigeki ekimae mangan (1967)\nKigeki ekimae gakuen (1967)\nSamurai Rebellion (1967) - Shobei Tsuchiya\nRikugun Nakano gakko: Mitsumei (1967)\nKigeki ekimae hyakku-nen (1967)\nAru koroshiya no kagi (1967)\nH\u00e2rubiyor\u00ee (1967)\nZansetsu (1968) - Kenichiro Shinjo\nOnna mekura hana to kiba (1968)\nBakumatsu (1970) - Hiroe Yamada\nKaoyaku (1971) - Ogata, Seizo\nLone Wolf and Cub: Sword of Vengeance (1972)\nLone Wolf and Cub: Baby Cart to Hades (1972) - Sawatari Genba\nYuki Fujin ezu (1975)\nFum\u00f4 chitai (1976)\nTokugawa ichizoku no houkai (1980) - Itakura Katsukiyo\nThe Trout (1982) - Daigo Hamada Hana no Sh\u014dgai (1963) - Arimura Jizaemon\nShiroi Kyot\u014d (1967) - Professor Azuma\nThe Water Margin (1973) - Chao Gai\nKenkaku Sh\u014dbai (1973) as Kohei Akiyama\nKarei-naru Ichizoku (1974\u201375)\nGenroku Taiheiki (1975)\nDokuganry\u016b Masamune (1987) - Mukaidate Takumi Order of the Sacred Treasure, 4th class, Gold Rays with Rosette (1988)", ["w_s1473"]]
[30244, "The Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) is an institution engaged in basic and applied research in bioengineering and nanomedicine, with experts working on tissue regeneration, biomechanics, molecular dynamics, biomimetics, drug delivery, organs \u2018on-a-chip\u2019, cell migration, stem cells, artificial olfaction and microbial biotechnology. The institute was created by the Government of Catalonia, the University of Barcelona and the Polytechnic University of Catalonia in December 2005 and is located at the Barcelona Science Park (Parc Cient\u00edfic de Barcelona \u2013 PCB). The director of the institute is Prof. Josep Samitier, who took over from founding director Josep A. Planell i Estany in 2013. In 2014 IBEC was named a \"Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence\" by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.<PIC> The institute aims to pursue interdisciplinary research in bioengineering and nanomedicine which is combined with specific transfer targets to produce new applied technologies in the health sciences. It fosters collaborations with local organisations and international research institutes, provides high-level training to staff and students, promotes innovation and technology transfer, and engages the public through outreach and educational activities. IBEC's ultimate objective is to translate research results to the clinic to improve health and quality of life. Most administrative and scientific divisions of IBEC Barcelona are located at the Barcelona Science Park (Parc Cient\u00edfic de Barcelona \u2013 PCB). The Park also hosts the research centers of several biotech and pharmaceutical companies, as well as technical services and technology platforms. The institute also has two groups located at the Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (Bellvitge University Hospital \u2013 HUB). Some of the institute's group leaders are also affiliated to the University of Barcelona or the Polytechnic University of Catalonia.  The scientific and technological research at the institute is grouped into three core application areas: Bioengineering for Regenerative Therapies, Bioengineering for Future Medicine and Bioengineering for Active Ageing.\nBioengineering for Regenerative Therapies: Molecular dynamics at the interface of cells and biomaterials; the biophysical mechanisms underlying migration at the level of cells and tissues; biomimetic systems for cell-based assays; endogenous tissue programs for organ regeneration; developmental neurobiology and regeneration; and biomaterials for regenerative therapies.\nBioengineering for Future Medicine: Nanotechnology for new biomedical systems and devices; nanoscopy for nanomedicine; nanoscale tools to study biological systems, including optopharmacology; nanomedicine-based systems for malaria; cellular and molecular mechanobiology; label-free biological characterization methods and electronic biosensors; micro- and nanorobots.\nBioengineering for Active Ageing: Developmental neurobiology and regeneration; biomaterials for regenerative therapies; signal and information processing for sensing systems; antimicrobial therapies; and biomedical signal processing and interpretation. There are 23 individual research groups within IBEC, investigating a range of topics falling into one or more of the above research areas. Principal investigators or group leaders are listed in italics:\nNanoscopy for nanomedicine Dr. Lorenzo Albertazzi \nMolecular Bionics Prof. Giuseppe Battaglia\nProtein phase transitions in health and disease Dr. Benedetta Bolognesi \nSythetic Morphogenisis Dr. Vito Conte\nBiomaterials for regenerative therapies Dr. Elisabeth Engel\nNanomalaria Dr. Xavier Fern\u00e0ndez-Busquets\nNanoscale bioelectrical characterization Dr. Gabriel Gomila\nNanoprobes and nanoswitches Prof. Pau Gorostiza\nBiomedical signal processing and interpretation Prof. Raimon Jan\u00e9 Campos\nMolecular imaging for precision medicine group Dr. Irene Marco-Rius\nSignal and information processing for sensing systems Dr. Santiago Marco\nBiomimetic systems for cell engineering group Dr. Elena Mart\u00ednez Fraiz\nPluripotency for organ regeneration group Dr. Nuria Montserrat\nTargeted therapeutics and nanodevices group Prof. Silvia Muro\nCellular and respiratory biomechanics group Prof. Daniel Navajas\nBiosensors for bioengineering Dr. Javier Ram\u00f3n Azc\u00f3n\nMolecular and cellular neurobiotechnology Jos\u00e9 Antonio Del R\u00edo Fern\u00e1ndez \nCellular and molecular mechanobiology Dr. Pere Roca Cusachs\nNanobioengineering Prof. Josep Samitier \nSmart nano-bio-devices Prof. Samuel S\u00e1nchez Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez\nBacterial infections: antimicrobial therapies Dr. Eduart Torrents\nIntegrative cell and tissue dynamics Prof. Xavier Trepat\nSynthetic, Perceptive, Emotive and Cognitive Systems (SPECS) Prof. Paul Verschure IBEC manages a Nanotechnology Platform which offers services in nanofabrication, nanomanipulation and nanocharacterization to its own scientists and to academic and industrial researchers from outside. The platform has 150m\u00b2 of class 10,000 cleanroom space and laboratories offering equipment for the fabrication and characterization of micro- and nanodevices and structures. In 2015 IBEC became the first institution in the south of Europe to acquire a 3D bioprinter that is suitable for industrial manufacture according to GMP guidelines.  IBEC's board of trustees is composed of members of the founding institutions. It is responsible for overseeing research activities and the institutional strategy, approving the operating funds and ensuring that annual goals are met. Its president is the Minister for Health of the Government of Catalonia. An International Scientific Committee (ISC) composed of scientists from the fields covered by IBEC's research plays a key role in providing strategic guidance and assessing the research directions taken.\nThe current ISC is made up of the following members: Samuel I. Stupp (president), Northwestern University, Chicago; Bernat Soria, Centro Andaluz de Biolog\u00eda Molecular (CABIMER), Seville; Jocelyne Troccaz, Universit\u00e9 Joseph Fourier-CNRS, Grenoble; Molly Stevens, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London; Krishna Persaud, University of Manchester; Lim Chwee Teck, National University of Singapore; Roger Kamm, MIT; G\u00fcnter Fuhr, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Germany; Charles J. Dorman, Trinity College Dublin; and Sergio Cerutti, Polytechnic University of Milan. IBEC receives most of its core funding from the Government of Catalonia through the Department of Health and the Department of Economy and Knowledge.\nFurther funds are provided through competitive grants obtained from the European Union under FP7 Horizon 2020 and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, among others.\nIBEC's researchers also receive financial support from the University of Barcelona or the Polytechnic University of Catalonia, the Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA),  AXA and several other sources.", ["w_s1475"]]
[30245, "Blount County is a county located in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the population was 59,134. Its county seat is Oneonta.\nBlount County is a moist county. In the November 6, 2012 elections, a countywide ballot initiative to allow alcohol sales was narrowly defeated, but Blountsville, Cleveland and Oneonta have allowed for the sale of alcohol since 2013.\nBlount County has been dubbed the \"Covered Bridge Capital of Alabama\" since it has more historic covered bridges standing within a single county than any other in the state - with earlier covered bridges known of. This county celebrates the Covered Bridge Festival every autumn in Oneonta to commemorate its three remaining covered bridges.<PIC> Blount County was created by the Alabama Territorial Legislature on February 6, 1818, formed from land ceded to the federal government by the Creek Nation on August 9, 1814. This county was named for Governor Willie Blount of Tennessee, who provided assistance to settlers in Alabama during the Creek War. This county lies in the northeastern quadrant of the state, which is sometimes known as the mineral region of Alabama. Blount County is bordered by Cullman, Marshall, Etowah, Jefferson, Walker, and St. Clair Counties. This county is drained by the Locust and Mulberry Forks of the Black Warrior River. Blount County covers 650 square miles (1,700\u00a0km\u00b2). The Warrior coal field is located in Blount County.\nCaleb Fryley and John Jones established Bear Meat Cabin in 1816. Its post office was opened in 1821, and the settlement was incorporated as Blountsville on December 13, 1827. In 1889, an election resulted in the county seat being transferred to Oneonta, Alabama. According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 651 square miles (1,690\u00a0km\u00b2), of which 645 square miles (1,670\u00a0km\u00b2) is land and 5.9 square miles (15\u00a0km\u00b2) (0.9%) is water. Marshall County \u2013 northeast\nEtowah County \u2013 east\nSt. Clair County \u2013 southeast\nWalker County \u2013 southwest\nJefferson County \u2013 south\nCullman County \u2013 northwest  Interstate 65\n U.S. Highway 31\n U.S. Highway 231\n U.S. Highway 278\n State Route 67\n State Route 75\n State Route 79\n State Route 132\n State Route 160 CSX Transportation, formerly the Louisville and Nashville Railroad  As of the 2020 United States census, there were 59,134 people, 20,847 households, and 14,874 families residing in the county. As of the census of 2010, there were 57,322 people, 16,175 households, and 16,175 families residing in the county. The population density was 88.79 people per square mile. There were 23,887 housing units at an average density of 37 per square\u00a0mile. The racial makeup of the county was 92.6% White, 1.3% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 4.1% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. 8.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.\nThere were 16,175 family households, of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.6% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25% were non-families. Alternative households included: 22.2% of households were made up of those living alone and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.72.\nBlount County's population spread was as follows: 25.40% under the age of 18, 8.40% from 18 to 24, 29.20% from 25 to 44, 24.10% from 45 to 64, and 12.90% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.30 males.\nThe median income for a household in the county was $35,241, and the median income for a family was $41,573. Males had a median income of $31,455 versus $22,459 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,325. About 8.60% of families and 11.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.20% of those under age 18 and 17.40% of those age 65 or over.  Oneonta (county seat)\nWarrior (Partly in Jefferson County) Allgood\nAltoona (partly in Etowah County)\nBlountsville\nCleveland\nCounty Line (partly in Jefferson County)\nGarden City (partly in Cullman County)\nHayden\nHighland Lake\nLocust Fork\nNectar\nRosa\nSnead\nSusan Moore\nTrafford (partly in Jefferson County) Remlap\nSmoke Rise Bangor\nBlount Springs\nBright Star\nBrooksville\nHopewell\nLittle Warrior\nMount High\nSky Ball\nSummit Blount County is a stronghold for Republicans. Since 2004, it has voted for the Republican presidential nominee with at least eighty percent of the vote every time. It was Hubert Humphrey's weakest county in the nation in 1968 with only 3.64 percent of the vote. Blount County is home to an abundance of outdoor activities, such as Rickwood Caverns State Park and the Locust Fork of the Black Warrior River that are used by canoeists and kayakers. The county is also home to the picturesque covered bridges mentioned below: the Swann Covered Bridge, the Horton Mill Covered Bridge, and the Easley Covered Bridge. As of summer 2009, all three bridges were closed due to safety concerns at the recommendation of the Alabama Department of Transportation. Restorations were completed from 2011 through 2013 and they are once again open.", ["w_s1480"]]
[30246, "Nikolai Aleksandrovich Uglanov (Russian: \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0301\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0301\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0423\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0301\u043d\u043e\u0432; December 5, 1886\u2013 May 31, 1937) was a Russian Bolshevik politician and Soviet statesman who played an important role in the government of the Soviet Union as a Communist Party leader in the city of Moscow during the 1920s. Uglanov was closely associated with the so-called \"Right Deviation\" associated with Soviet party leader Nikolai Bukharin and he fell from his leadership position during the mass collectivization campaign of 1929. Uglanov was arrested in the summer of 1936 and was executed the following spring during the secret police terror of 1937\u201338.<PIC>  Nikolai Aleksandrovich Uglanov was born 5 December 1886 to an ethnic Russian peasant family in the village of Feodoritskoye in Yaroslavl Governorate, located approximately 250 kilometers (160\u00a0mi) northeast of Moscow. His father Aleksander Uglanov supplemented the family income by working seasonally in the city of St. Petersburg and at the age of 12 Nikolai followed him there, working as an apprentice metal worker. Nikolai moved between jobs with some regularity and often returned home to Yaroslavl in between jobs.\nUglanov was introduced to radical ideas at an early age, beginning his participation in the revolutionary movement in 1903, distributing illegal literature and storing sensitive documents for underground activists. Uglanov joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party himself in 1907. As a young party activist Uglanov contributed material to the Bolshevik party paper Pravda as a worker-correspondent.\nUglanov was arrested for the first time by the Okhrana early in the summer of 1914 but he was subsequently released from captivity and inducted into the Army and sent to the front lines to fight for the Tsarist regime in World War I. In November 1914 Uglanov was severely wounded and was returned to Petrograd (St. Petersburg), where he recovered and resumed his secret revolutionary activity. During the Russian revolution Uglanov was a member of the Petrograd Soviet.\nUglanov became a functionary in the Soviet trade union movement and was selected as the head of the Petrograd Guberniia council of trade unions in 1919.'\nIn February 1921 Uglanov succeeded Sergey Zorin as secretary of the Petrograd guberniia committee of the Russian Communist Party [RKP(b)]. In this capacity he played a role in the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising, activity for which he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. He was also made a candidate member of the governing Central Committee of the Communist Party in that year.\nUglanov was sent to the city of Nizhny Novgorod in 1922 where he was made the head of the regional party organization. In 1923 he would be elevated to a full member of the Central Committee of the RKP(b). He would remain as head of the Nizhny Novgorod organization until the summer of 1924.\nIn August 1924 Uglanov was called to Moscow, where he was made the second secretary of the Communist Party in the city. He was promoted to first secretary that same October.\n20 August 1924 \u2013 November 27, 1928, First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party\nAugust 1924 - replaced Isaak Zelensky on the Secretariat of the CPSU Central Committee\n1 January 1926 elected candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\n29 November 1928 \u2014 1 July 1930, People's Commissar for Labour\nIn 1930 he became associated with Martemyan Ryutin, whose name was given to the Ryutin Platform. Ryutin was Secretary of the Krasnaya Presnya district Party committee in Moscow. Uglanov was expelled from the Party along with Ryutin in autumn 1932 in what is known as the Ryutin Affair.\nHe was arrested on 23 August 1936, sentenced to death on 31 May 1937 and shot the same day.", ["w_s1481"]]
[30247, "Immanuel (Hebrew: \u05e2\u05b4\u05de\u05b8\u05bc\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc, romanized:\u00a0'\u012amm\u0101n\u016b'\u0113l, meaning, \"God is with us\"; also romanized: Emmanuel, Imanu'el; and Emmanou\u00ebl or \u0395\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03ae\u03bb in Koine Greek of the New Testament) is a Hebrew name that appears in the Book of Isaiah (7:14) as a sign that God will protect the House of David.\nThe Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 1:22\u201323) interprets this as a prophecy of the birth of the Messiah and the fulfillment of Scripture in the person of Jesus. Immanuel \"God (El) with us\" is one of the \"symbolic names\" used by Isaiah, alongside Shearjashub, Maher-shalal-hash-baz, or Pele-joez-el-gibbor-abi-ad-sar-shalom.\nIt has no particular meaning in  Jewish messianism.\nBy contrast, the name based on its use in Isaiah 7:14 has come to be read as a prophecy of the Christ in Christian theology following  Matthew 1:23, where Immanuel (\u1f18\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u1f74\u03bb) is translated as  \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8 \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f41 \u0398\u03b5\u03cc\u03c2 (KJV: \"God with us\").<PIC>  The setting is the Syro-Ephraimite War, 735-734 BCE, which saw the Kingdom of Judah pitted against two northern neighbors, the kingdoms of Israel (called Ephraim in the prophecy) and Syria (also known as Aram or Aram-Damascus or Syria-Damascus). Isaiah 7:1\u20132 tells how the kings of Ephraim and Syria attack Jerusalem when Ahaz refuses to join them in their anti-Assyrian alliance. Ahaz wishes to ask Assyria for help, but Isaiah, at God's command, takes his son Shear-jashub (a symbolic name meaning \"a remnant shall return\") and assures Ahaz that the two enemy kings will not succeed (Isaiah 7:3\u20139). Isaiah tells Ahaz of the apparent sign by which he will know that this is a true prophecy: a young woman will give birth to a child whom she will name Immanuel (another symbolic name, meaning \"God with us\"), and the lands of the \"two kings you dread\" will be laid waste before the child is old enough to \"reject the wrong and choose the right\" (Isaiah 7:13\u201316). \nIsaiah 7:17 follows with a further prophecy that at some unspecified future date God will call up Assyria against Judah: \"The Lord will cause to come upon you and your people and your ancestral house such days as have not been seen since Ephraim broke away from Judah\u2014the king of Assyria\" (verse 7:17). Verses 7:18\u201325 describe the desolation that will result: \"In that day a man will save alive a young cow and two sheep\u2026in that day every place where there used to be a thousand vines\u2026will be turned over to thorns and briars\" (verses 7:21\u201323). Isaiah 8:1\u201315 continues the previous chapter: the prophet tells of the birth of another child, his own son named Maher-shalal-hash-baz (a third symbolic name), then predicts that after Ephraim and Syria are destroyed the Assyrians will come like a river in flood to \"cover the breadth of your land, Immanuel\" (Isaiah 8:8).\nA fourth, even longer, prophetic \"name\", is found in Isaiah 9:6 with \"Pele-joez-el-gibbor-abi-ad-sar-shalom\". This is generally translated fully in English Bible versions such as \"his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace\" (KJV). Isaiah 7:1\u20138:15, is on the surface set in the time of king Ahaz, and a prophecy concerning the two kings whom Ahaz dreads, namely Pekah and Rezin. The defeat and death of both these kings at the hands of the Assyrians is dated around 732 BCE, placing the birth of the Immanuel child late in the reign of Ahaz.\nScholars generally date the written version of these events from the reign of Ahaz's son Hezekiah some thirty years later, the purpose being to persuade Hezekiah not to join with other kings who intended to rebel against their joint overlord, Assyria. Isaiah points to the dreadful consequences that followed for Judah's northern neighbours, the kingdom of Israel and Aram-Damascus (Syria) when they rebelled in the days of Ahaz and brought the Assyrians down on themselves. In the event, Hezekiah ignored Isaiah and joined the rebels, and the prophet's warning came true: the Assyrians ravaged Judah and Hezekiah barely escaped with his throne. A century later, in the time of Josiah, the prophecy was revised to present Ahaz as the faithless king who rejected God's promise of protection for Jerusalem and the house of David, with the result that God brought Assyria to devastate the land until a new and faithful king (presumably Josiah) would arise.\nIsaiah 7\u20138 mentions three children with symbolic names: Shear-jashub, meaning \"a remnant shall return\"; Immanuel, \"God is with us\"; and Maher-shalal-hash-baz, \"the spoil speeds, the prey hastens\". Isaiah 8:18 informs the reader that Isaiah and his children are signs (\"Here am I, and the children the Lord has given me. We are signs and symbols in Israel from the Lord Almighty, who dwells on Mount Zion\"). The meaning of these name-signs is not clear: Shear-jashub has been variously interpreted to mean that only a remnant of Ephraim and Syria will survive the Assyrian invasion, or that a remnant of Judah will repent and turn to God, while in Isaiah 10:20\u201323 it seems to mean that a remnant of Israel will return to the Davidic monarchy. Maher-shalal-hash-baz is more clearly related to the expected destruction of Ephraim and Syria. As for Immanuel, \"God is with us\", Isaiah might mean simply that any young pregnant woman in 734 BCE would be able to name her child \"God is with us\" by the time he is born; but if a specific child is meant, then it might be a son of Ahaz, possibly his successor Hezekiah (which is the traditional Jewish understanding); or, since the other symbolic children are Isaiah's, Immanuel might be the prophet's own son. However this may be, the significance of the sign changes, from Isaiah 7, where Immanuel symbolises the hope of imminent defeat for Syria and Ephraim, to Isaiah 8:8, where Immanuel is addressed as the people whose land is about to be overrun by the Assyrians. The Gospel of Matthew cites the prophecy of the sign of Immanuel from Isaiah, using a Greek translation rather than the original Hebrew. Matthew begins with a genealogy of Jesus from Abraham through David to Joseph, with Jesus as \"the son of David\", (Matthew 1:1) a member of the \"house of David\" (Isaiah 7:12) to whom the sign of Immanuel was given. Matthew 1:16 indicates that Jesus is not Joseph's natural son, and Matthew never refers to Joseph as Jesus's father. Verses 1:18\u201325 turn to Mary, the future mother of Jesus, betrothed (engaged) to Joseph, but \"found with child of the Holy Ghost\" before she and Joseph \"came together\". (v.18) Joseph was about to break the engagement, but an angel appeared to him in a dream and told him of the child's divine origin, and Matthew 1:22\u201323 declares how this was the fulfillment of Scripture:\n22 Now all this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying,\n23 Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us.\nThe gospel of Matthew was written by an author who believed that Jesus was the promised Messiah, \"God with us\". At first, titles such as \"Messiah\" and \"son of God\" had described Jesus's future nature at the \"deutera parousia\", the Second Coming; but very soon he came to be recognised as having become the Son of God at the resurrection; then, in Mark, he becomes known as Son of God at his baptism; and finally Matthew and Luke add infancy narratives in which Jesus is the Son of God from the very beginning, long before being conceived of a virgin mother without a human father.", ["w_s1482"]]
[30248, "This article describes transportation in the U.S. state of South Dakota.<PIC> South Dakota has a total of 83,609 miles (134,556\u00a0km) of highways, roads, and streets, along with 679 miles (1,093\u00a0km) of interstate highways. South Dakota and Montana are the only states sharing a land border which is not traversed by a paved road. Two major interstates pass through South Dakota: Interstate 90, which runs east and west; and Interstate 29, running north and south in the eastern portion of the state. Also located in the state are the shorter interstates 190, a spur into central Rapid City, and 229, a loop around eastern and southern Sioux Falls.\nThe length of South Dakota's portion of I-29 is 252 miles (406\u00a0km). Larger cities served by the route include Watertown, Brookings, Sioux Falls, and Vermillion. The I-29 corridor features generally higher rates of population and economic growth than areas in eastern South Dakota that are further from the interstate.\nI-90 runs through the state for a distance of 413 miles (665\u00a0km), crossing the Missouri River near Chamberlain. Major cities along the route include Sioux Falls, Mitchell, Rapid City, Sturgis and Spearfish. I-90, being a major route between western national parks and large cities to the east, brings many out-of-state travelers through South Dakota, thus helping to boost the tourism and hospitality industries. A number of tourist attractions are located along the route, including the Corn Palace in Mitchell and Wall Drug in Wall. Several major U.S. highways pass through the state. U.S. routes 12, 14, 16, 18, and 212 travel east and west, while U.S. routes 81, 83, 85 and 281 run north and south.\nSouth Dakota Highway 100 is a planned limited access road in Sioux Falls. Originally known as the Eastern Corridor, the highway will wrap around the eastern and southern sections of the city, running from Exit 402 on Interstate 90 in the north and intersecting with Interstate 29 near Tea. Planning for the 17-mile (27\u00a0km) route began in 1995. South Dakota contains two National Scenic Byways. The Peter Norbeck National Scenic Byway is located in the Black Hills, while the Native American Scenic Byway runs along the Missouri River in the north-central part of the state. Other scenic byways include the Badlands Loop Scenic Byway, the Spearfish Canyon Scenic Byway, and the Wildlife Loop Road Scenic Byway. Railroads have played an important role in South Dakota transportation since the late-19th century. Historically, the Milwaukee Road and the Chicago & North Western were the state's largest railroads, and the Milwaukee's east-west transcontinental line traversed the northern tier of the state. Some 4,420 miles (7,110\u00a0km) of railroad track were built in South Dakota during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but only 1,839 miles (2,960\u00a0km) are active. BNSF Railway is currently the largest railroad in South Dakota, primarily operating former Milwaukee Road trackage; the  Rapid City, Pierre and Eastern is the state's other major carrier, mostly operating former Chicago & North Western trackage. Rail transportation in the state is confined only to freight, however, as South Dakota is one of the few states without any Amtrak service.\nMost of the traffic was freight, but the main lines also offered passenger service. After the European immigrants settled down, there never were many people moving about inside the state. Profits were slim. Automobiles and buses were much more popular, but there was an upsurge in train use during World War II when gasoline was scarce. All passenger service was ended in the state by 1970. South Dakota's largest commercial airports in terms of passenger traffic are the Sioux Falls Regional Airport and Rapid City Regional Airport. Delta Airlines, Frontier Airlines, United Airlines, American Airlines, and Allegiant Airlines, as well as commuter airlines using the brand affiliation with major airlines serve the two largest airports. Several other cities in the state also have commercial air service, some of which is subsidized by the Essential Air Service program. Public transit played a large role in the development of cities in South Dakota. There were seven cities with a streetcar system in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, however, all of these were discontinued over time. Today, only three fixed route public transit systems exist in the state, those being in Sioux Falls, Rapid City and on the Yankton Reservation. The speed limit in South Dakota  is 80 miles  per hour (129\u00a0km/h) on rural interstates, regardless of vehicle type and time of day, and 65\u00a0mph (105\u00a0km/h) on urban interstates and other highways, or up to 70\u00a0mph (113\u00a0km/h) on multilane, divided non-interstate roadways.\nSouth Dakota license plates are numbered with the first digit referring to the county of origin. Counties 1\u20139 are ranked by 1950 population, and counties 10\u201364 are numbered alphabetically.\nStudded tires are permitted to be used from October 1 to April 30, except on school buses and fire vehicles which are permitted year round.", ["w_s1486"]]
[30249, "Marc Tasman (born 1971) is an American Intermedia artist who works in a variety of media, including interactive art, performance art, video art, and photography. He is currently a Senior Lecturer at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee in the Department of Journalism, Advertising, and Media Studies. A native Louisvillian, Tasman demonstrated his interest and engagement with new media art, culture, and technology from a young age. In 1984, when Tasman was 12 years old he won a computer programming contest sponsored by the Louisville Free Public Library. Local news featured him in a story about a computer whiz.  Tasman received his Bachelor of Fine Arts in Studio Art and Photography in 1995 from the Allen R. Hite Art Institute at the University of Louisville  where he achieved the Winthrop Allen Award for outstanding graduating B.F.A. Candidate. In 2000 he received his Master of Fine Arts in Photography from Ohio State University in the Department of Art, also winning the competitive Edith Fergus Gilmore materials grant and scholarship in subsequent years. In 1992 Tasman earned a certificate in Italian language and Art history of the Italian Renaissance at the Universit\u00e0 per Stranieri in Perugia, Italy. Tasman's work often combines documentary photography with elements of performance art  and public  interventions. Tasman is most well known for his time-lapse photography piece completed in 2009. Here he made a Polaroid instant film self-portrait every day for ten years and one day\u20143,654 consecutive days beginning on July 24, 1999. He decided to continue this practice for 10 years because of the significance of a decade and the common practice in popular media of reflecting on the passing of decades. Tasman admits he chose Polaroid film for its ease of use and lack of photographic processing to attain an image. However, there were other challenges in creating the work, especially in archiving the material body of self-portraits, such as remembering to write the dates on the back, to make sure that stacks of photos were not knocked over or disarrayed, the cost of the film, and the expense of digitizing thousands of photographs. Tasman discussed with Mark Metcalf how the medium also seemed fitting to when dealing with conceptual issues of memory and storytelling. After concluding the ten years and one day period, and having digitally scanned the images, Tasman created a video from all of these Polaroids. Dick Gordon, host of the radio program, The Story with Dick Gordon, on American Public Media suggested that Tasman's project that began in 1999, illuminates the dramatic transformation that imaging technology and it social uses have undergone. \"The funny thing is that the idea of a widely shared YouTube video was something that Marc could not even have conceived of\u2014the technology wasn't there.\"\nArt and architecture critic Mary Louise Schumacher for the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel wrote that Tasman's choice of the medium of Polaroid, \"seems eerily prescient,\"  amidst the ubiquity of digital self-portraiture involved with social media, given that Polaroid stopped manufacturing film in 2009. In her review of the 2010 Wisconsin Triennial at the Madison Museum of Contemporary Art, the museum's twelfth survey of artists living and working in the state, where Tasman created a 40 foot wide by 16 foot high installation of nearly 5000 Polaroids, Schumacher described a \"striking poignancy\" that this work takes on when she learned that Tasman's maternal great-grandparents were killed during World War II and that no photographs of them survived. \"Is he searching for the faces of lost relatives in the wall-filling installation of himself? Is the sheer endurance of his project a statement of survival?\"  Art critic Katie Vaughn wrote that \"one feels almost stunned thinking about the time commitment involved in such a project\u2014and a similar feeling is evoked seeing the photographs en masse.\" Independent curator Joan Backes suggests that Tasman's piece \"represents a kind of dedication necessary for all artists, which is also a most distinguishing and inspiring characteristic of this work.\" This work is also featured in and on the cover of the book Reframing Photography: Theory and Practice, published in 2010 by Routledge.<PIC> Tasman's interventionist projects are frequently playful and political.\nAfter having several political yard signs stolen in the late summer of 2004, Tasman covered his remaining sign with oil and thorns, devised a crude motion sensitive sonic alarm, set up an infrared camcorder at his front door and recorded the nighttime scene. Tasman constructed a website, as this was before the advent of YouTube, where he posted the video clips of \"the would-be thieves and their often humorous reactions\" to being caught in the booby trap. As the trap proved to be a successful deterrent, local television and radio news broadcasts dubbed him the Video Vigilante. In 2007, his video which compiled eight failed attempts to steal the signs, \"Who is Stealing My Signs?\" was selected for the Ann Arbor Film Festival's competition program. In 2006 Tasman was awarded a Mary Nohl Fellowship, and for the subsequent year's show at the Institute of Visual Arts (Inova) at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (Fall 2007)  he produced exhibition called, \"Proposal for A New American Flag: Representing a new constellation.\"  Tasman's didactic exhibition which included videos, posters, maps, letters to government officials, and hundreds of the new American flags ranging in scale from 4 inches (which were free to the public) to 9 feet, traveled in Wisconsin to Fond du Lac where it was on view through the Spring of 2008 at the UW-Visual Art Gallery.\nTasman proposed redesigning the American flag by increasing the constellation of stars from 50 to 99, 9 rows up and 11 rows across, a symbolic representation of 9/11, the September 11 attacks. The 19 stripes of the flag, or 9 plus 10, represent the pre-attack naivete of September the tenth.\nArt critic Aisha Motlani wrote that Tasman's was \"the most thought-provoking piece\" in the Milwaukee group show and that his \"video montage of 99 flags hoisted above commercial institutions throughout the city against the sonic backdrop of vehicular and human traffic (an interesting alternative to the national anthem) offers commentary not just on the pervasive spread of consumerism under the tenets of a national identity, but also on the way the American flag has become somewhat denigrated to the level of a common and faded prop.\"\nEssayist Sarah Kanouse wrote in the show's catalog that Tasman's new flag \"makes visible in iconic form the beliefs that justify profound changes in far more significant pillars of our democracy: those civil liberties established in the bill of rights and human rights standards set by international law...Tasman offers it as an opportunity to reconsider the complex relationship between the nation, its symbols, and its future.\" Originating in 1999, the Chocolate Messiah, Choc Latai Tzvi, or Choco for short, is both a character based performance art piece and net art that interweaves public spectacle with altered news images that reflect upon Orientalism by implicating the phenomenon of media bias seen in images used to illustrate news stories about conflict in the Middle East or Eastern world. The Chocolate Messiah was inspired by Shabbetai Tzvi, a 17th-century Jewish mystic who declared himself the messiah, gained thousands of followers, was arrested in Constantinople, and converted to Islam to escape death. While the public performances are both absurd in nature  as Tasman's character strips down to red briefs, has women pour melted chocolate on him, and hands out Hershey's Kisses, witnesses call the act, \"highly spiritual.\"\nIn a characteristic photomontage on the Chocolate Messiah's web site, \"he stands beatifically amidst Buddhist monks, while dripping with blood-like chocolate syrup. 'Choco is Coming,' is written prophetically across the sky in clouds.\" Other images show a chocolate covered Choco lying face down in a bed belonging to a shocked and aghast looking Yasir Arafat.\nVincent Brook was struck, at a 2004 conference where Tasman presented a paper on the Chocolate Messiah work, by the lack of reference in general to the Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict, noting that \"this was all the artist-panelists wanted to talk about afterward, and with a level of passion that highlighted how much the conflict meant to them, and how deeply it disturbed them--too deeply, perhaps to allow it to enter their work.\nThe character Choco, however, in these \"Chocolo-Spiritual Exercise\" performances, expresses hopes that '\"simple acts of giving chocolate, symbolic gestures of love and kindness, will inspire all humanity to love one another and live in peace.\" As a documentary photographer Tasman's work became noteworthy as part of the media coverage of the 2011 Wisconsin protests and the ensuing recall elections of various elected officials in the state. Mainstream and alternative publications in the U.S. used Tasman's Creative Commons licensed images and videos including The Huffington Post, Mother Jones, The Drudge Report, BuzzFeed, and Clarion  to illustrate articles about this series of demonstrations and political actions in Wisconsin. Matt Stopera in an article for BuzzFeed compiling photographs of \"The 100 Best Protest Signs At The Wisconsin Capitol,\" included Tasman's images from the February 16, 2011, ranking the image \"Protesters at the end of the day,\" number two on this list.\nMichael Shaw, writing for Bag News and The Huffington Post used Tasman's photo, \"Firefighters led the protest into the State Capitol\" to corroborate claims that images taken from archival video footage of protests in February 2011 in Madison, Wisconsin, used in a 2012 Super Bowl commercial, Halftime in America were digitally manipulated to remove the pro-union, pro-public education messages on the picket signs.", ["w_s1487"]]
[30250, "Aniceto Arce Ruiz de Mendoza (15 April 1824, Tarija \u2013 14 August 1906) was a Bolivian lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd President of Bolivia from 1888 to1892. He also served as the 4th Vice President of Bolivia from 1880 to 1881. The Aniceto Arce Province is named after him. Arce was a native of Tarija but was educated as a lawyer and resided most of his life in Sucre, where he became one of the country's foremost silver-mining tycoons. A supporter of Linares and Constitutionalist government, he later served in Congress during the 1870s until the time of the Daza dictatorship. Unlike other capable leaders of his day, Arce did not enlist to serve when the War of the Pacific developed in 1879. Indeed, his became one of the most accommodationist voices in the political spectrum, perhaps as a result of his extensive business connections to Chile, where he sold much of his silver, invested his profits, and sought financing for his projects. His position was that the Litoral was, for various lamentable reasons, largely indefensible. Thus, the country should cut its losses and seek an alliance with Chile rather than with Peru. Despite this minority position, what rang more clearly in the ears of most Bolivians was Arce's steadfast call for the establishment of a conservative democratic order, with the primacy of law, regular elections, and rule by enlightened pro-business elites such as himself. To this end, he founded the Conservative Party, participated as one of the principals in the 1880 Congress that toppled Hilari\u00f3n Daza, and had a role in the drafting of the country's new Constitution. Moreover, he agreed to become Narciso Campero's vice-president for the crucial, nation-building 1880-84 period.<PIC> Early on, however, vice-president Arce's pro-Chile stance clashed with those of the patriotic President and retired General, who favored rearmament and a sustained diplomatic offensive against Chile, perhaps leading to a mediation of the conflict and if not, to a reinsertions of Bolivian troops in Peru's aid. Arce, as explained, favored a \"realistic\" policy of recognition that Bolivia had indeed lost its access to the Pacific, and that the best that could be done was to reach a modus vivendi with Santiago (which had the upper hand), even if this meant abandoning the hitherto sacrosanct alliance with Lima. President Campero took this to be a sign of treason and in 1881 expelled Arce, his own vice-president until then, to exile.\nEventually, Arce's name was cleared and he was allowed to return to the country. He promptly entered his name as Conservative Party candidate in the May 1884 Presidential elections, the first under the new charter and since 1873. Arce was widely expected to win too, but very narrowly lost to the \"dark-horse\" candidate Gregorio Pacheco, a man even wealthier than Arce and the country's chief philanthropist, who ran on a platform of apolitical \"efficient administration.\" Being privileged silver miners from the South who shared a conservative, pro-business philosophy, the 2 reached an understanding, with Pacheco agreeing to become president in exchange for making Arce his vice-president and pledging himself to support the Conservative party candidate in the 1884 elections. As had been agreed upon, President Pacheco supported Arce in the 1888 elections. It is thus that Arce, the Conservative Party caudillo, at long last became president in August 1888, at the age of 64. Even more so than Pacheco, Arce ruled repressively, but also consolidated many advances, including the completion of the first intra-Bolivian railway (leading from the Chilean border to Oruro) and the electrification of a number of Bolivian cities. He also promulgated a modern new set of banking and investment laws. Unabashedly pro-capitalist, devoted to practically unrestricted free entrepreneurship in the English tradition, and pro-insertion into the international economy under the aegis of foreign investment, he faced many pro-Liberal rebellions but somehow managed to hold on to power by the force of his assertive personality. He completed his term and in 1892 passed the baton to another Conservative, his understudy and vice-president Mariano Baptista.\nAniceto Arce at that point ostensibly retired from politics (he was 68 years old), although he served as an unofficial but very important adviser to the Conservative Presidents Baptista (1882\u201386) and Fernandez-Alonso (1896\u201399). He was forcefully returned to the political limelight at the turn of the century when he suffered political prosecution at the hands of the hated Liberal Party, which had at long last seized power in the so-called Civil War of 1899. Surprisingly, the elderly Arce was nonetheless allowed to present himself as candidate for president in the 1904 elections, presumably because he was 80 years old, unpopular, and therefore quite beatable. Finding the party he founded demoralized, vilified, and acephalous, the combative Arce accepted the difficult challenge of running against the officially supported, popular Liberal candidate Ismael Montes. He was trounced, losing by a wide margin\u2014the largest in Bolivian electoral history up to that point. The former president then returned to retirement in his vast rural estate, where he died 2 years later in 1906, at the age of 82. He is best remembered for his assertive temperament and firm stance in favor of a civilian democratic (although oligarchic) order and for having laid the foundation for the functioning of a modern party system in the country.", ["w_s1491"]]
[30251, "Daniel Nearing (born December 21, 1961) is a Chicago, Illinois-based director, screenwriter, and independent filmmaker.\nHogtown, his \"period-less\" American film, has been called \"the most original film made in Chicago about Chicago to date\" and named one of the 10 Best Films of 2016 by Ben Kenigsberg, who reviewed the film for The New York Times. Nearing was named the inaugural Filmmaker in Residence for the City of Chicago (Chicago Film Office, Department of Cultural Affairs and Special Events) and Chicagoan of the Year for Film (2016\u201317) by the Chicago Tribune\nHis earlier breakthrough film, the micro-budget production Chicago Heights (2010) garnered rave reviews, especially among fans of the original source material, Sherwood Anderson's influential collection of short stories, Winesburg, Ohio, a book long thought impossible to be adapted as a film. Noted film critic Roger Ebert included Chicago Heights in his list of the Top Art Films of 2010.\nNearing's storytelling style tends to be more circular than linear. He views plot as a veneer that ties together the more important, character-centered aspects of any story. Nearing is known for building sequences of vignettes and using powerful imagery to focus on the isolation and humility of human life.  He works primarily in black and white, with moments of what he refers to as \"ecstatic color\" and with heavily shadowed, \"idiosyncratic\" shot compositions. Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune says that \"Nearing's chosen way of telling a story is poetic, elliptical and sometimes unhelpfully indirect, but if he chooses, this Canadian-born, Chicago-based filmmaker could very well become a significant and lasting talent.\" Ben Kenigsberg of The New York Times says Nearing \"is not the most accessible filmmaker, but with his new feature and his previous one, he has carved out an original and boldly unfashionable niche.\"<PIC> Nearing studied for his MA in modern and contemporary literature at the University of Toronto, and went on to earn an MFA in film from Toronto's York University, and served as producer resident at the Canadian Film Centre. He has studied under Northrop Frye (Anatomy of Criticism) and Michael Ondaatje (The English Patient).\nHe began his film career as a documentary filmmaker, making narrative-driven documentaries for both Canadian and U.S. outlets such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Discovery Networks, The Sports Network and Bravo. His subjects have included juvenile homicide, the longest bridge in the world over ice-forming waters, Russians playing in the National Hockey League, and the stagecraft of some of the world's finest writers. He shifted his focus to dramatic projects and founded 9:23 Films in 2008, feeling that documentary filmmaking \"does not allow such direct access to deeper truths.\"\nAfter several attempts at a faithful adaptation of Sherwood Anderson's Winesburg, Ohio, with collaborator Rudy Thauberger, the script and its production finally clicked when Nearing decided to set the rural period piece in a contemporary city. Chicago Heights was shot for just $1,000 in 2009. Chicago Heights premiered in competition at the Busan International Film Festival and was named Best Film in a Fine Arts Discipline at the Berlin Black Film Festival.\nIn 2011 Nearing adapted Rudy Thauberger's Goalie, a widely anthologized Canadian short story about hockey and obsession.  The film had its world premiere at the Vancouver International Film Festival in Fall 2011.\nNearing followed those projects up with his original script Hogtown, a murder mystery set against the backdrop of the 1919 Chicago race riots. This film reveals the collective influence the works Sherwood Anderson, EL Doctorow and Michael Ondaatje have had on Nearing's work. Hogtown was filmed on location in Illinois, Indiana, Ontario and Paris.  The film stars Herman Wilkins, Diandra Lyle, McKenzie Chinn, Pete Giovagnoli, Dianne Bischoff, Alexander Sharon and Marco Garcia. The film made its US debut at Chicago's Gene Siskel Film Center. Bill Stamets of The Chicago Sun-Times has called it \"the most original film made in Chicago about Chicago to date.\"\nNearing is presently (2021) finalizing Sister Carrie, a romantic drama set in Chicago, Montr\u00e9al and Paris in 1919. The film hybridizes multiple literary sources: Theodore Dreiser's Chicago novel of the same name (1900), Alexandre Dumas' (Fils) \"La Dame aux Cam\u00e9lias\" (1848), Abb\u00e9 Pr\u00e9vost's \"Manon Lescaut\" (1731), and Sherwood Anderson's \"Brothers\" (1921).  The film features Eve Rydberg as Carrie and internationally known ballet performer Fabrice Calmels as Armand Duval.  Sister Carrie (Writer-Director-Producer, in post-production 2021)\nHogtown (Writer-Director-Producer, 2016)\nChicago Heights (Director, co-writer - 2010; reissued as The Last Soul on a Summer Night in 2012) Literary Olympics (Writer-Director-Producer, Bravo, 1999)\nBomb Tech (Writer - The Discovery Channel, 1998)\nGiant's Playground (Writer-Director, The Discovery Channel, 1997)\nSoviet Reunion: The Russian Red Wings (Writer-Director-Producer, TSN - The Sports Network, 1996)\nFrayne: Portrait of the Sportswriter Laureate (Writer-Director-Producer, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1995)\nThe Big Train (Writer-Director-Producer, TSN - The Sports Network, 1994)\nWhen Children Kill (Writer-Director-Producer, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1992) Nobody Knows (Writer-Director, 2010)\nGoalie (Director, 2011)\nPatrimony (Writer-Director, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1993) Hogtown - One of the 10 Best Films of 2016 - Ben Kenigsberg\nHogtown - Critics' Pick - The New York Times\nHogtown - Best Picture - 2015 Los Angeles Black Film Festival\nHogtown - Independent Film Playoff Winner - 2015 Los Angeles \"Big House\" Festival Consortium\nHogtown - Best Feature Film - 2015 Black International Film Festival\nHogtown - Best Film in a Fine Arts Discipline - 30th Black International Cinema Berlin\nHogtown - Best Film Made in Chicago, 2015 - The Chicago Reader\nChicago Heights (a.k.a. The Last Soul on a Summer Night) selected Best Art Films of 2010 by Roger Ebert\nChicago Heights - Best Film in a Fine Arts Discipline - 25th Berlin International Cinema Berlin \"'Hogtown' is the most original film made in Chicago about Chicago to date. Writer-director Daniel Nearing evokes race and writers in a mesmerizing tone poem, a follow-up to his lyrically crafted 'Chicago Heights' ... an outstanding whodunit about a detective investigating the disappearance of a movie theater millionaire in 1919 Chicago. Audacious styling mixes chiaroscuro lighting and onscreen verse... Ernest Hemingway, Sherwood Anderson, Jack Dempsey ... [are] in supporting roles for an epic tragedy of race.\"\u2013 Bill Stamets, The Chicago Sun-Times\n\"Shot for the most part in shimmering black and white, 'Hogtown' ... unfolds in loosely connected vignettes, with a mix of narrators and narrative tenses; it can feel as if you're leafing through a collection of poems ... But the film also tries to excavate a time and place, evoking the lives of the city's immigrant and marginalized residents and its 1919 race riots as well as its snowfalls, speakeasies and slaughterhouses ... 'Hogtown' plays like a find from a forgotten archive.\" Ben Kenigsberg, The New York Times\n\"Last year we created the category Best Chicago Story in hope that it would become a perennial, and that every year we could single out the locally produced short or feature that best captured the life of the city. This year we didn't even need that category, because the best Chicago story was also the best locally produced drama, period.\" - J.R. Jones, Chicago Reader\n\"Hogtown expands into a multilayered, multicultural tapestry of a city and a century ... Though made on a minuscule budget, the film is epic in its scope and ravishingly photographed (mostly in luminous black-and-white), designed, and scored.\" \u2013 Marty Rubin, The Gene Siskel Film Center\n\"Chicago's mysterious, sometimes painful beauty is revealed ... \"Hogtown\" is what it is. It captures nooks and crannies and the underside of the elevated train tracks with a true artist's eye. And there's a brief montage of gorgeously photogenic fire escapes, seen in all weather, scored beautifully by composer Paul Bhasin, that's better than the entirety of the last few features I've seen, period.\" - Michael Phillips, the Chicago Tribune\n\"Roger Ebert ... named [the filmmakers'] previous work, Chicago Heights, one of the best art films of 2010. Hogtown is a remarkably daring piece of work conceptually ... [crafting] a narrative around the 1919 race riots ... in a way that makes the entire experience feel like a dream.\" \u2013 Brian Tallerico, rogerebert.com\n\"A beautiful book has inspired this beautiful film.\" Roger Ebert, The Chicago Sun-Times\n\"This stunning adaptation of Sherwood Anderson's Winesburg, Ohio ... is an aesthetic and political knockout\u2026 both profoundly affecting on its own right and as a beau ideal of detournement.\" Monica Westin, Flavorpill\n\"poetic and haunting\" \u2013 Sergio Mims, Shadow and Act: On Media of the African Diaspora\n\"a gorgeously photographed, beautifully scored tour de force.\" \u2013 Marty Rubin, The Gene Siskel Film Center", ["w_s1498"]]
[30252, "Petr Van\u00ed\u010dek (born 1935 in Su\u0161ice, Czechoslovakia, today in Czech Republic) is a Czech Canadian geodesist and theoretical geophysicist who has made important breakthroughs in theory of spectral analysis and geoid computation.<PIC>  One of Van\u00ed\u010dek's main contributions of general relevance is least-squares spectral analysis, also called the Van\u00ed\u010dek method, a frequency spectrum computation method published in 1969 and 1971. The method is based on a least-squares fit of sinusoids to the data samples, and mitigates the drawbacks of applying Fourier analysis for analyzing long incomplete data records such as most natural datasets. Unlike with Fourier analysis, data need not be equally spaced to use Van\u00ed\u010dek analysis.\nHis discoveries in theoretical geophysics, the \"precise geoid solution\" in particular, enable millimetre-to-centimetre accuracy in geoid computation, an-order-of-magnitude improvement from previous solutions. Van\u00ed\u010dek initiated the establishing of the Canadian Geophysical Union in 1974, and served as the Union's president between 1987 and 1989.\nHe was the first chairperson of the United Nations committee for Geodetic Aspects of the Law of the Sea (GALOS), founded in Edinburgh, Scotland, by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) in 1989.\nThis and other activities led to creation of the technical supplement to the Law of the Sea, TALOS (Manual on Technical Aspects of the United Nations' Convention on the Law of the Sea) in 1982, which is on a regular re-issuing schedule by the UN. The Geodetic Commentary to the TALOS Manual, largely prepared by Van\u00ed\u010dek and published by the International Hydrographic Organization in 1996, was incorporated into the Manual.\nThe book Geodesy: The Concepts, by Van\u00ed\u010dek and Krakiwsky, now translated into several languages, is a standard text for both undergraduate and graduate courses in geodesy worldwide.\nVan\u00ed\u010dek also served as editor-in-chief and peer-reviewer for several scientific journals as well as on numerous scientific boards and committees.  Petr Van\u00ed\u010dek is a fellow of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, of the American Geophysical Union, and of the Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences (SVU). He was the first Canadian awarded the Senior Distinguished Scientist Fellowship by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, and was a Senior Visiting Scientist with the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.\nOver the course of his career, he taught or performed research at universities and labs across six continents, including the Royal Institute of Technology and the USGS. Petr Van\u00ed\u010dek was awarded the J. Tuzo Wilson Medal in 1996, the highest recognition by the Canadian Geophysical Union, for his outstanding contributions to Canadian geophysics. Since he was born into a typical bourgeois family, Petr Van\u00ed\u010dek's wife and children requested to leave Communist Czechoslovakia during the brief but liberal times of Prague Spring. They were granted exit visa just before the Soviet invasion of 1968. The family reunited in England where he was staying on a 1967 Senior Research Fellowship at the University of Liverpool. Together, they immigrated to Canada in 1969. He has one daughter and two sons.\nHe retired as Professor Emeritus in 2002, after more than thirty years of teaching at the University of Toronto and the University of New Brunswick. He lives in Fredericton, Canada.", ["w_s1499"]]
[30253, "Rent-to-own, also known as rental purchase or rent-to-buy, is a type of legally documented transaction under which tangible property, such as furniture, consumer electronics, motor vehicles, home appliances, real property, and engagement rings, is leased in exchange for a weekly or monthly payment, with the option to purchase at some point during the agreement.\nA rent-to-own transaction differs from a traditional lease, in that the lessee can purchase the leased item at any time during the agreement (in a traditional lease the lessee has no such right), and from a hire purchase/installment plan, in that the lessee can terminate the agreement by simply returning the property (in a hire purchase the buyer has a limited time, if any, to cancel the agreement).\nThe usage of rent-to-own transactions began in the United Kingdom and Europe, and first appeared in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s. While rent-to-own terminology is most commonly associated with consumer goods transactions, the term is sometimes used in connection with real estate transactions.<PIC>  The concept of rent-to-own transactions first emerged in the United Kingdom and continental European countries under the hire purchase model. One of the first rent-to-own retail stores established in the U.K. was Lotus Radio, which began operating as a radio rental business in 1933. Within the United States, the practice of retail-based rent-to-own businesses began to develop in the 1950s and 1960s. Individuals cited as key figures in the history of the rent-to-own transaction and application as a business model include Charles Loudermilk, Sr., who in 1955 began renting out Army surplus chairs and later founded Aaron Rents, and J. Ernest Talley, who started Mr. T\u2019s Rental in Wichita, Kansas in 1963, and later helped establish Rent-A-Center.\nIn response to a growing desire to share information, develop uniform practices and procedures, and cultivate a positive public image within the growing rent-to-own industry in the United States, rent-to-own dealers established a trade association, the Association of Progressive Rental Organizations (APRO), in 1980. APRO began with approximately 40 original member companies and elected an initial board of 16. Today the association has approximately 350 member companies representing approximately 10,400 stores in all 50 states, Mexico and Canada. Rent-to-own serves 4.8 million customers at any given time in the year. Rent-to-own agreements are based on a weekly or monthly rental term. In the structure of this type of transaction, the consumer (lessee) \u2013 at the end of each week or month \u2013 can choose either to renew the lease on a weekly or monthly basis by making renewal payments, or to terminate the agreement with no further obligation by returning the tangible property. Though not obligated to do so, the consumer can choose to continue making interval payments on the merchandise for a pre-specified period of time, at which point they would own the good outright. An alternative purchase option is commonly provisioned for, allowing the consumer to pay off the remaining balance on the agreement at any point in time in order to obtain permanent ownership.\nAccording to a Federal Trade Commission (FTC) survey on the rent-to-own industry in the United States conducted in 2000, consumers reported that they chose to engage in rent-to-own transactions for a variety of reasons, including: \"the lack of a credit check\", \"the ability to obtain merchandise they otherwise could not\", and, \"the convenience and flexibility of the transaction\". The most common reason cited for dissatisfaction within the survey was high prices. In addition, some survey respondents reported poor treatment by employees in connection with late rental payments, problems with repair services, and hidden or added costs.\nThe cost incurred by consumers in rent-to-own transactions has been the subject of long-term debate and differing opinion. Historically, consumer advocates, some U.S. state attorneys general and some academic researchers have expressed concern that consumers entering into rent-to-own agreements may be unaware of the potentially high long-term costs of rent-to-own in comparison to traditional installment or layaway plans. Often mentioned alongside most critiques is the question of whether prices paid for services of this type are adequate for lower-income individuals who can least afford additional financial outlays. At the same time, other academic researchers and representatives of industry associations have contended that rent-to-own transactions are not comparable to traditional methods of purchasing or financing consumer goods, in that they include services such as delivery, assembly, service and repair, all of which are factored into the higher assessed value and corresponding price charged. Also frequently noted by proponents of the unique nature of rent-to-own transactions is the point that they are not obligations to purchase, since the agreement can be terminated by the lessee at any point in time with the return of the property. The legal controversy surrounding rent-to-own transactions has centered primarily on the question of whether the transaction should be treated as a lease or a credit sale. The industry has contended that the transaction is a lease; while consumer advocacy groups have advocated for the transaction to be treated as a credit sale. As of 2011, forty-seven U.S. states, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia have passed laws characterizing the transaction as a lease. Of the five U.S. state supreme courts that have addressed the question, three (Massachusetts, Arkansas and Maine) concluded that the transaction was a lease. New Jersey and Minnesota concluded it was a credit sale based upon those states\u2019 credit laws. A federal district court in Wisconsin also found the transaction to be a credit sale under Wisconsin state law.\nAs of 2011, no U.S. federal consumer protection law specifically addresses rent-to-own transactions, but through litigation, efforts have been made in attempt to bring rent-to-own agreements under the definition of \"credit sale\" in the Truth in Lending Act. However, courts have not, as of 2011, ruled in favor of making this change at a federal level. In 2006, the United States Department of Defense labeled rent-to-own a predatory lending practice, defining it as an, \"unfair or abusive loan or credit sale transaction or collection practice\", along with payday loans, title loans, refund anticipation loans and other similar practices. In 2007, the United States Government Accountability Office raised concerns with the methodology and structure of this research. Later in the same year, the Department of Defense ultimately concluded that rent-to-own was not a form of credit and excluded it from its regulation on predatory lending practices. Consumer advocates and plaintiffs testifying in legal proceedings have at times alleged that rent-to-own stores routinely repossess merchandise when a consumer is close to acquiring ownership. At the time of a 2000 FTC survey, individuals who engaged in rent-to-own transactions reported a \"low incidence of late-term repossessions\", which the FTC suggested might be due to the reinstatement rights mandated in most states, as these rights allow consumers to reinstate this type of contract after repossession. While rent-to-own transactions are most commonly conducted for purchasing consumer goods at a retail store, this term also describes a specialized real estate agreement. The rent-to-own housing option is typically exercised more often during housing market downturns, such as the late 2000s (decade) financial crisis. Because the most recent housing market downturn was accompanied by protective regulatory scrutiny of lending practices and consumer credit agencies, acquiring a loan has become more difficult for Subprime borrowers. Some have opined that residential home rental may become the new normal, whereas proponents of rent-to-own real estate agreements argue otherwise. Tenant/buyers who have imperfect credit scores are typically drawn to rent-to-own properties since the lease terms allow them to live in the home while they take the steps necessary to fix their credit and secure a mortgage. Most lease purchase agreements allow them to lock in a market rate when they sign the contract. People with poor credit find the leasing period a crucial opportunity to repair their financial profile to secure a loan. A common complaint tenant/buyers have with rent-to-own agreements, however, stems from their inability to secure a loan in time to purchase the property, whether due to insufficient downpayment or credit, at which point they are left to restructure the agreement or forced to walk away. In a rent-to-own transaction, the tenant lives on the real property and pay towards purchasing the property at a fixed price within a specific period of time, usually one to three years. As part of the contract, the renter may be required to make a nonrefundable deposit  often included as part of a down payment at the end of the lease term. In addition to monthly rent, often an additional amount called a rent credit is paid into an escrow account during the lease period. This amount is added to the deposit and used as part of the down payment at the end of the lease term. This pushes the rent above the market rate but helps build savings for purchase if the buy option is taken. At the end of the lease term, the tenant is offered right of first refusal to purchase the property at the agreed upon sale price, or walk away and forfeit the deposit. If the tenant is unable or unwilling to exercise the option to buy, the owner is then free to rent or sell the property to another buyer, or to restructure the contract. Because rent-to-own real estate contracts are flexible open-source documents, there is room for scammers to take advantage of unprepared tenants.", ["w_s1502"]]
[30254, "Rom\u00e1n Golobart Benet (born 21 March 1992) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Cypriot club Nea Salamis Famagusta FC as a central defender.  Born in Barcelona, Catalonia, 17-year-old Golobart signed for Wigan Athletic from RCD Espanyol on 7 August 2009 as new manager Roberto Mart\u00ednez identified him as a future talent. Despite appearances in pre-season friendlies and on the substitutes bench, he failed to play a competitive match in his first two seasons at the club, and in August 2011 was loaned to Scottish Premier League side Inverness Caledonian Thistle for six months. He made his debut the following day at Pittodrie against Aberdeen, but was unaccustomed to the pace of Scottish football and made two significant errors during the 1\u20132 away loss.\nGolobart scored his first goal for Inverness on 24 December 2011, also against Aberdeen but now in a 2\u20131 home win. Shortly before the game he had expressed a desire to extend his loan spell, which eventually befell under manager Terry Butcher, with the pair having previously been engaged in a heated discussion during training, and he made his last appearance for the club in a 1\u20130 away victory over St Mirren, also winning the Young Player of the Year award.\nOn 31 August 2012, Golobart joined Tranmere Rovers on a one-month loan deal. He made his debut a day later in a 4\u20130 win against Colchester United, but failed to play again for his new team following Ash Taylor's early return from injury.\nGolobart played his first match for Wigan on 5 January 2013, in the third round of the FA Cup against Bournemouth. He made his Premier League debut for the Latics that same month, starting at Stoke City in a 2\u20132 draw. At the end of the 2012\u201313 season, Golobart turned down a new deal with Wigan and signed a three-year contract with 1. FC K\u00f6ln. He made his debut in the 2. Bundesliga on 20 July 2013, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1\u20131 away draw against Dynamo Dresden.\nIn February 2015, Golobart was loaned to FC Erzgebirge Aue also in the German second division for the remainder of the campaign.<PIC> On 21 August 2015, Golobart returned to his homeland, signing a one-year deal with the option of a second at third-tier club Racing de Ferrol, contributing two goals from 36 appearances as they reached the play-offs. The following 23 July, he transferred to fellow league team Real Murcia.\nAfter the latter's defeat to Valencia CF Mestalla in the playoffs, Golobart joined Elche CF in June 2017. In November, his club warned him over controversial online comments relating to the political unrest in his native region. The following January, having rescinded his contract at the Estadio Manuel Mart\u00ednez Valero, he moved to M\u00e9rida AD also from division three. Golobart represented Spain at under-17 level. His first cap came in a 1\u20131 draw with England. Golobart's father, Joan, was also a footballer. He also represented Espanyol, but at senior level.\nGolobart shared his birthdate with fellow Espanyol youth graduate Jordi Amat. As of 8 December 2013 Wigan Athletic\nFA Cup: 2012\u201313", ["w_s1504"]]
[30255, "Meg-John Barker (born 23 June 1974) is a writer, writing mentor, creative consultant, speaker, and independent scholar. They have written a number of anti self-help books on the topics of relationships, sex, and gender, as well as the graphic non-fiction books, Queer: A Graphic History and Gender: A Graphic Guide, and the book The Psychology of Sex. They are the writer of the relationships book and blog Rewriting the Rules, and they have a podcast with sex educator Justin Hancock.\nBarker is a full-time writer, as well as being a writing mentor, creative consultant, speaker, and independent scholar. Barker holds a PhD in Psychology from the University of Nottingham, and worked for two decades as an academic psychologist at the Open University in the United Kingdom, and as a psychotherapist specialising in sex, gender, and relationships.\nBarker has written and/or edited some of the first academic collections on open non-monogamy, bisexuality, non-binary gender and BDSM. They were editor of the journal Psychology & Sexuality from 2010 to 2017, and lead author of The Bisexuality Report and the BACP document on Gender, Sexual, and Relationship Diversity.\nBarker's pronouns are singular they/them.<PIC> Barker was born in Hull, England, on 23 June 1974, grew up in Bradford,  and  holds a PhD in Psychology from the University of Nottingham. After teaching at  a number of higher education institutions Barker settled at the Open University in 2008, having also qualified with an MA in Psychotherapy from the University of Sheffield and trained at the major NHS sexual and relationship clinic at Guy's Hospital for several years. Barker's   main area of expertise is human sexuality, gender and romantic relationships, with a focus on the experiences of people in sexual, gender and relationship communities located outside the mainstream \u2013 particularly polyamorous, kink, non-binary and bisexual communities. Theoretically their work draws on social constructionism, existentialism and Buddhist philosophy. Barker, with co-author Darren Langdridge, has published two edited collections on sadomasochism and on non-monogamy,  and a recent book for mental health professionals (co-authored with Christina Richards). Barker founded the journal of Psychology & Sexuality together with Langdridge in 2010, and they co-edited it until 2017. Barker co-organized the Critical Sexology series from 2006 to 2018, and BiReCon (a biennial research conference which takes place prior to the annual BiCon event). Barker coined the phrase \u2018anti self-help\u2019 to describe self-help materials which locate the struggles that people have in their wider societal structures and cultural messages rather than in them as individuals. Barker's anti self-help books aim to help people to navigate their relationship with wider sociocultural understandings, rather than viewing themselves as a problem that needs fixing. They have produced books applying this approach to relationships, sex (with Justin Hancock), and gender (with Alex Iantaffi), as well as producing graphic-novel style non-fiction books and zines on queer, mindfulness and other topics, and a podcast on sex and relationships. Barker has a background in psychotherapy, and led production on the Open University module Counselling: Exploring Fear and Sadness. They are trained in existential psychotherapy and mindfulness with books on the latter developing the approaches of social mindfulness and mindful sex and relationship therapy (MSRT). Their practice now takes the form of peer-to-peer consulting and mentoring with writers, practitioners, activists, and organizers, with a focus on relationships with self, others, and the wider world. Barker's activism in the area of LGBT&Q rights has been recognized by placement in the top 40 of The Independent on Sunday newspaper's Pink List, and Rainbow List.  Barker was one of the founder members of BiUK, the organization for bisexual research and activism. This group wrote the international guidelines for academics studying bisexuality (published in Journal of Bisexuality) and produced The Bisexuality Report which informs UK policy and practice regarding bisexuality based on the evidence regarding biphobia, bisexual invisibility, and mental health In 2013, Barker took home an Erotic Award in the academic category for the book Rewriting the Rules, as reported in Times Higher Education. Their current activism focuses on trans and non-binary communities.  Barker, M. (2003) Introductory Psychology: History, Themes and Perspectives. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. ISBN\u00a0978-1903337172\nRichards, C & Barker, M. (2013) Sexuality and Gender for Counsellors, Psychologists and Health Professionals: A Practical Guide. London: Sage. ISBN\u00a0978-0857028433\nBarker, M. (2013) Mindfulness in Counselling & Psychotherapy: Practising Mindfully Across Approaches and Issues. London: Sage. ISBN\u00a0978-1446211113\nBarker, M.-J. & Gabb, J. (2016) The Secrets of Enduring Love: How to Make Relationships Last. London: Penguin RandomHouse. ISBN\u00a0978-1785040238\nBarker, M.-J. & Scheele, J. (2016) Queer: A Graphic History. London: Icon Books. ISBN\u00a0978-1785780714\nBarker, M.-J. & Hancock, J. (2017) Enjoy Sex (How, When and If You Want To): A Practical and Inclusive Guide. London: Icon Books. ISBN\u00a0978-1785780806\nIantaffi, A. & Barker, M.-J. (2017) How to Understand Your Gender: A Practical Guide for Exploring Who You Are. London: Jessica Kingsley. ISBN\u00a0978-1785927461\nBarker, M.-J. (2018) Rewriting the Rules: An Anti Self-help Guide to Love, Sex and Relationships. Second edition. London: Routledge. ISBN\u00a0978-1138043596\nBarker, M.-J. (2018) The Psychology of Sex. London: Routledge ISBN\u00a0978-1138676497\nBarker, M.-J., Gill, R. & Harvey, L. (2018) Mediated Intimacy: Sex Advice in Media Culture. London: Polity. ISBN\u00a0978-1509509126\nBarker, M.-J. & Iantaffi, A. (2019) Life Isn't Binary: On Being Both, Beyond, and In-Between. London: Jessica Kingsley. ISBN\u00a0978-1785924798\nBarker, M.-J. & Scheele, J. (2019) Gender: A Graphic Guide. London: Icon Books. ISBN\u00a0978-1785784521 Langdridge, D. & Barker M. (2007) Safe, Sane and Consensual: Contemporary Perspectives on Sadomasochism, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN\u00a0978-0230517745\nBarker, M., Vossler, A. & Langdridge, D. (Eds.) (2010) Understanding Counselling and Psychotherapy. London: Sage. ISBN\u00a0978-1849204767\nLangdridge, D. & Barker M. (Eds.) (2010) Understanding Non-monogamies. New York: Routledge. ISBN\u00a0978-0415800556\nBrotto, L. & Barker, M. (Eds.) (2014) Mindfulness in Sexual and Relationship Therapy. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. ISBN\u00a0978-0415736961\nRichards, C. & Barker, M. (Eds.) (2015) The Palgrave Handbook of the Psychology of Sexuality & Gender. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN\u00a0978-1137345882\nVossler, A., Havard, C., Pike, G. Barker, M.-J. & Raabe, B. (Eds.) (2017) Mad or Bad? A Critical Approach to Counselling and Forensic Psychology. London: Sage. ISBN\u00a0978-1473963528\nRichards, C., Bouman, W. & Barker, M.-J. (Eds.) (2018) Genderqueer and Non-Binary Genders. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN\u00a0978-1473963528 Barker, M., Richards, C., Jones, R., Bowes-Catton, H., & Plowman, T. (2012). The Bisexuality Report: Bisexual Inclusion in LGBT equality and diversity. Milton Keynes: The Open University, Centre for Citizenship, Identity and Governance. ISBN\u00a0978-0415517638\nShaw, L., Butler, C. Langdridge, D., Gibson, S., Barker, M., Lenihan, P., Nair R., & Richards, C. (2012). Guidelines for psychologists working therapeutically with sexual and gender minority clients. Leicester: British Psychological Society.\nAttwood, F., Bale, C. & Barker, M. (Eds.) (2013). The Sexualization Report. Funded by The Wellcome Trust.\nBarker, M-J. (2017). BACP Good Practice in Action Fact Sheet 095: Gender, Sexual, and Relationship Diversity (GSRD). London: British Association of Counselling & Psychotherapy. Barker, M. (2005). This is my partner, and this is my... partner's partner: Constructing a polyamorous identity in a monogamous world.Journal of Constructivist Psychology 18: 75\u201388.\nRitchie, A. & Barker, M. (2006). \u2018There aren\u2019t words for what we do or how we feel so we have to make them up\u2019: Constructing polyamorous languages in a culture of compulsory monogamy. Sexualities 9: 584\u2013601.\nBarker, M. (2007). Heteronormativity and the exclusion of bisexuality in psychology. In V. Clarke & E. Peel (Eds.) Out in Psychology: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Queer Perspectives. pp. 95\u2013117. Chichester: Wiley\nBarker, M. & Langdridge, D. (2010). Whatever happened to non-monogamies? Critical reflections on recent research and theory. Sexualities 13: 748\u2013772. Psychology & Sexuality. Taylor & Francis ISSN 1941-9899", ["w_s1505"]]
[30256, "Brigadier William Edward Cremor, CBE, ED (12 December 1897 \u2013 11 April 1962) was an Australian Army officer and school teacher. He served during the First and Second World Wars, commanding a number of artillery units.<PIC> Cremor was born on 12 December 1897 at Sandringham in Melbourne to railway porter William Edward Cremor and Jane, n\u00e9e Phelan. His early education took place at Footscray State School up to 1911 when he began at St. Joseph's CBC North Melbourne, later St. Joseph's College Melbourne. During his first year there he achieved Dux of class and in subsequent years earned distinctions in Algebra, French and History. Early in 1914 he completed his examination to become a clerk in the Victorian Public Service and in 1915 was transferred to the Commonwealth Department of Trade and Customs. On 11 December 1917 Cremor enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) and served briefly in France in late 1918 with the 3rd Field Artillery Brigade. He was discharged from the AIF on 8 November 1919 and obtained a commission in the Militia in November 1920. He studied at the University of Melbourne, from which he would eventually receive a Bachelor of Arts in 1945. In 1923 Cremor began working as an English teacher at Footscray Technical School, and in 1927 became secretary of the Victorian Teachers' Union, rising to president in 1930. He resigned from the union in 1934 and was appointed secretary of the Victorian Dried Fruits Board. He continued serving with the Militia and was promoted lieutenant colonel on 1 May 1936, with command of the 10th Field Brigade of the Royal Australian Artillery. In October 1939 Cremor rejoined the AIF and commanded the 2/2nd Field Artillery Regiment in the Middle East from April 1940. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1941 for his service in the Western Desert Campaign.  His regiment served in Greece and Crete from March to May 1941.  During the latter stages of the Battle of Crete, Cremor was placed in command of an amalgamation of units, including his own, which was designated Cremor Force.  His command was effectively fighting as infantry. Following the battle, he and his men embarked for Egypt.  He returned to Australia in August 1942, where he was given command of the 3rd Division's artillery units and promoted temporary brigadier. He contested the seat of Fawkner at the 1943 federal election as an independent candidate, advocating a unified army. He would win 22% of the vote.\nCremor then served in the South West Pacific Area as commander of the Royal Australian Artillery, I Corps from October 1943 to May 1944, followed by a six-month period in command of the Royal Australian Artillery, New Guinea Force.  He then held the equivalent post in II Corps from October 1944 to April 1945. On 12 April he was transferred to the Reserve of Officers and appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his services in the South-West Pacific. In 1945 Cremor became the University of Melbourne's guidance officer for ex-service students, and wrote a regular column in The Argus. In 1949 he was appointed to the Teachers' Tribunal as government representative, and he edited the history of his regiment, Action Front, in 1961.\nCremor died at Heidelberg in 1962 and was cremated.", ["w_s1508"]]
[30257, "David Kudrave (born March 10, 1966 in Los Angeles), is an American former open wheel racing driver.  He raced in the 1993 CART season, with 8 career starts.  His best finish came in his first race, the Valvoline 200 at Phoenix International Raceway.  Kudrave also raced in the 1996 and 1996-1997 Indy Racing League seasons, with 3 starts.  Coincidentally, his best IRL finish was in 10th position in the 1996 Dura Lube 200, also at PIR. Currently, David is out of racing and is in the real estate brokerage business in Southern California.<PIC> Born and raised in Los Angeles, California, Kudrave and his father would annually journey from their family home to the now defunct Ontario Motor Speedway where they would watch racing legends like Mario Andretti, A.J. Foyt, and others compete. He has described this experience by saying \"Those drivers were thrill-seekers and I knew then that I wanted to get into it.\" This led Kudrave to begin racing at just 12 years old. He attended the Jim Russell British School of Motor Racing at 15 years old, lying about his age in order to be eligible for the program, but still beating the older attendees in most of the races that he participated in. He began competing in a racing series sponsored by Russell after finishing the program and then moved up to the Formula Ford Circuit, a class generally regarded as the most competitive amateur open-wheel class in the nation. Kudrave also attended the University of Southern California, majoring in Economics. In 1985, Kudrave officially became a professional open-wheel race car driver by moving up to the Super Vee Series, which features cars with 200 horsepower engines. Just one year after he entered the series, he finished the season in sixth place. In 1987 he won three races, one pole position, and led for more laps and miles than any other competitor. He finished the series in second, just 20 points behind series champion Scott Atchinson. His worst race finish that year was fourth place, and he was voted the series \"Most Improved Driver\". That year Kudrave was publicly praised by then Formula One driver Dan Gurney, who said \"He's talented, no doubt about it.\"  Kudrave made his CART debut in 1993, racing for the Euromotorsport team. His first start was in the Valvoline 200 in Phoenix Arizona. Throughout his first season he had 7 starts, with his best finish in eighth place. He finished the season with 6 points. With growing tension and criticism of the CART Series, the 1994 season was plagued by rumors that the series was going to fall apart. Kudrave did not start in any races that year, but would return to racing the following year in the newly-formed Indy Racing League (now called the IndyCar Series).  Kudrave's return to racing with Tempero-Giuffre Racing started in the Indy 200 at the Walt Disney World Speedway, where he finished in twentieth. This was then followed by a tenth-place finish in Phoenix. In the third round of the season, he was set to race in the Indianapolis 500 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, before a complication within his team prevented him from being able to participate in the race. After the third round, Kudrave would not start another race until the following season. He finished the season with 80 points, ranked 19th overall. Kudrave participated in just one race in the 1996-1997 Season in the Indy 225, which took place at the New Hampshire Motor Speedway. He finished the race in 17th place, giving him 18 points for the season. At the end of the season he was ranked 47th overall. The 1996-1997 Indy Racing League Season would be his final season of his racing career.  (key)  ", ["w_s1523"]]
[30258, "The Gaithersburg Latitude Observatory is a historic astronomical observatory on DeSellum Avenue in Gaithersburg, Maryland.  It was established in 1899 as part of a system of six International Latitude Observatories to precisely measure the wobble of the Earth's rotating axis.  The observatory building and adjacent monuments were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989 as a testament to international scientific cooperation.  The observatory was taken out of service in 1982 after automation eliminated the need for human observations; the property is now owned by the city.<PIC> The Gaithersburg Latitude Observatory was one of six observatories \u2014 and one of the four original observatories built by 1899 \u2014 tracking the degree of \"wobble\" occurring on the earth's north-south axis and resultant variation of latitude.  The Observatory \u2014 along with observatories in Cincinnati, Ohio; Ukiah, California; Mizusawa, Japan; Charjui in Russian Turkestan; and Carloforte, Sardina, Italy \u2014 performed in concert to carry out a coordinated program of star observation designed to investigate and calculate the degree of earth \"wobble\" or latitude variation.\nOn the grounds of the Gaithersburg Latitude Observatory stands a plaque that reads:\nThis small framed structure played a key role in the scientific investigation of the Earth's rotation. In 1898, the International Geodetic Association established a network of observatories to measure the wobble of the planet on its axis by plotting the locations of specific stars.  This hilltop in Gaithersburg was chosen together with sites in California, Italy, Japan, and the Soviet Union. All five lay along the same latitude (39\u00b0 8' N).  The American Stations were supervised by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.  The observatory's roof was designed to part in the middle on two sets of tracks to expose the reflecting telescope inside to the night sky.  Its slatted exterior walls stabilize the inside air to limit the effects of the temperatures on the accuracy of the telescope. The building's white paint minimizes heat retention that creates air turbulence around the telescope at night, distorting the stars.  Knowledge gained from the observations recorded here nightly until 1982 assisted scientists in the study of the Earth's geophysical make-up and aided spacecraft orbiting the planet and navigating the universe.\nA second portion of the observatory was constructed to house the Photographic Zenith Tube.  The observers used the Photographic Zenith Tube to capture picture data using the Zenith telescope as a guide of alignment and star track.  However, nothing now remains of this addition to the Gaithersburg Latitude Observatory. The Gaithersburg observatory was established as part of the International Polar Motion Service in 1899. The Gaithersburg observatory was built by Edwin Smith, chief of the Instrument Division of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, who had conducted similar measurements as a volunteer in 1891-92 from his home in Rockville, Maryland. During its operation twelve groups of stars were studied in the program, each group containing six pairs of stars. Each night, the station observed two of the star groups along a preset schedule and later compared the data against the measurements taken by the five sister stations. The station operated on this schedule until 1915, when it was temporarily closed as a result of economy measures. Operations resumed in 1932 and continued until 1982 when advances in computer technology and satellite observations rendered it obsolete, although data collected by the observatory over the years still has use to scientists, and has been applied to studies of polar motion, the physical properties of the Earth, climatology and satellite tracking and navigation. The Gaithersburg Latitude Observatory stands on the north side of DeSellum Avenue, just north of the Gaithersburg High School campus.  The building measures 13 feet (4.0\u00a0m) square with a small gable-roofed louvered entrance porch on the west side. There is a small shed-roofed addition on the east side.  The structure rests on a mortar and fieldstone foundation. Each gable features a decorative wood five-pointed star. A metal ventilator is mounted over each half-section's roof, topped with similar metal star. A system of metal-capped wood rails allows the building to be pulled apart in the middle using ropes and pulleys. The halves operate independently. The structure is double-walled, with an inner frame of 4\u00d74s sheathed with tongue-and-groove boards, separated by 9 inches (23\u00a0cm) from the outer, louvered wall, also framed with 4\u00d74s.\nOn the interior, a double floor surrounds a pyramidal concrete pier that supported the observing instruments. A 1\u00bd story brick caretaker's house, built in 1947, is located 70 feet (21\u00a0m) to the south; it is excluded from the landmark designation.\nThe site was extensively surveyed and documented to support its mission. The Meridian Mark Pier, about 200 feet (61\u00a0m) to the south, was used to align the zenith telescope. Five Coast and Geodetic Survey monuments are on the property. The RM-1 monument has been used by NOAA for testing associated with the Global Positioning Satellite system.", ["w_s1525"]]
[30259, "Ilana Raviv-Oppenheim (born 1945) is a multidisciplinary artist. Her work spans a variety\nof media including painting, drawing, etching, tapestry, and ceramic sculpture.<PIC> She was born in Tel Aviv in 1945 to\nItzhak and Fanya Oppenheim. The painter Moritz Daniel Oppenheim was her great-great-grand uncle. Ilana grew up in Israel.\nFrom 1980 to 1990, she lived with her family in the\nart capital of the world, New York, in order to study, renew herself, and\nbroaden her artistic vision. During her stay, from 1980 to 1984 she studied at the\nArt Students League of New York. Among her teachers were [[Roberto\nDelamonica]], Bruce Dorfman, and the American master Knox Martin.\nIlana Raviv has exhibited in various museums and\ngalleries of Israel, the US, Europe, and the Far East. Recently Ilana has\nexhibited her works alongside the best known of artists, including Knox Martin,\nRauschenberg, Larry Rivers, Rosenquist, Chuck Close, Marisol  The great mother figure from Greek mythology is among\nthe chief topics in her work, as are other characters from the Bible, from\nhistory, and from literature. Her works are built from a variety of flat\ndesigns, contrasts, and shapes, which create different versions and dimensions\nof reality.\nRaviv describes her works as \"a metaphor which creates\nand shapes an artificial life on canvas\".\nIn 2008 she received the title of Tel Aviv\u2013Jaffa \"Woman\nof the Year\", representing the arts.\nHer work is represented in private collections and in\nvarious museums and galleries around the world. A solo exhibition consisting of\n50 pictures by Ilana was presented at the State Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg between October 2007 and\nJanuary 2008, and another solo exhibition of 100 pictures was presented at the Moscow Museum of Modern Art. In both museums, she was the first native Israeli\nto exhibit. \nThe world of Ilana Raviv, an Israeli artist from the American school of painting, is presented to the Russian viewer for the\nfirst time. As we identify and describe her world in Russian, we may well compare it with the dramatic and expressive works of the so-called avant-garde Amazons, the apocalyptic figures of Natalia Goncharova, the card cycle of Olga Rozanova\u00a0...\n\u2014\u2009Lubov Shakirova, curator at the State Russian Museum, Saint Petersburg\nHere in these halls, we see pictures by Ilana Raviv that recall the work of the greatest 20th-century artists. Not only Matisse and Picasso but also Albert Marquet or Raoul Dufy, the wonderdul French Fauvist painters. Similar simplicity, terseness, and wealth of energy in every spot also characterize Ilana Raviv\u2019s excellent work. From that perspective, in my opinion, Ilana is a true successor to the outstanding artists of the 20th century.\n\u2014\u2009Dr. Andrei Tolstoy, head of the research department at the Museum of Modern Art, Moscow, and corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Arts\nBesides the Russian museum exhibits, there is a Holocaust-themed\npainting that has figured for many years in the permanent collection of the  Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington DC. In this painting Ilana exposes\nthe monstrous aspect of the topic more than she trains a direct view on its\nconsequences. The painting shows the Ten Commandments consumed by flame, with\nan emphasis on \"Thou shalt not murder.\" The struggle to survive is expressed\nonly in the mixture of colors.\nHer painting A Tabernacle of\nPeace \u2013 Homage to Zachariah\" (acrylic on canvas, 2.12 meters by 10) opened\nIsrael's 40th anniversary celebrations in New York at the world's largest\nsukkah. Later it was displayed for eight years in the main entrance hall of the\nJerusalem International Convention Center. Raviv is married and the mother of three. In\nthe course of her life she has displayed her creations at many exhibits,\nincluding a pro bono exhibit to benefit Seeds Of Peace, which aims to \nconnect Arab and Jewish youth.", ["w_s1526"]]
[30260, "Benjamin Ivan Jelen (born 8 July 1979) is a Scottish-born American former singer-songwriter who plays the piano, violin, and guitar. He has lived in Scotland, England, Texas, New Jersey and New York. His career has been characterized by near-stardom, with his debut album, Give It All Away peaking at No. 113 on the Billboard 200 list. As of 2011, he is on indefinite hiatus from his solo career and is working with a new band, along with former Deuce Project member Josh McMillan known as Under The Elephant.<PIC> Jelen attended high school in San Antonio, Texas briefly, as a freshman at Northside Health Careers High School.  He completed high school at Princeton High School in Princeton, New Jersey and graduated from Rutgers University with a degree in biology. After that, he moved to New York City to work as a producer and sound engineer at a local recording studio.  Jelen was discovered by Joseph Janus of Fearless Management, who originally wanted to sign him as a model. Instead, Jelen handed him a demo, and shortly thereafter, he was signed to a label and released his debut album Give It All Away in May 2004, promoted by appearances on TRL, AOL Breakers and Rock the Vote. The album also debuted at No. 13 on the Top Internet Albums chart, No. 120 on the Billboard Comprehensive Albums chart and No. 113 on the Billboard 200 albums chart in the United States, making it eligible for the Top Heatseekers chart, a chart of artists who have never entered the top 100 of the Billboard 200. The album debuted at No. 1 on the Top Heatseekers chart.\nDebut single \"Come On\" was a hit, reaching the MTV top 20. It also debuted at No. 58 on the Hot Singles Sales chart. Apart from \"Give It All Away\" being included as a B-side to the \"Come On\" single, no other track from the album was released as a single. Following his debut album, Jelen left Maverick Records and independently released the EP Rejected through Fearless Management Records in 2005. He wrote and recorded a song for a compilation album for Tori Amos' RAINN organization and joined the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and Wildlife Works. Jelen also appeared on the compilation album Breaking for the Holidays in 2006 with his self-produced cover of Joni Mitchell's \"River\" through Breaking Records. Jelen performed at the 2007 South by Southwest (SXSW) conference and music festival in Austin, Texas, in a lineup that also included Taylor Hicks, Amy Winehouse, Tom Morello, Mika, Martina Topley Bird, The Fratellis, Bloc Party, Paolo Nutini, Rodrigo y Gabriela, Mogwai and Spoon.\nJelen's second full-length album, Ex-Sensitive, was released on 17 July 2007. The album, formerly titled East and Pulse, was produced by Linda Perry and mixed by Bill Bottrell. Jelen has placed his solo career on hold to focus on a new group Under The Elephant.  The band consists of Jelen, Josh McMillan, Lisa McMillan, Tina Mathieu and James Darwin \"Jimmy\" Stull. The group is, as of 1 March 2010, unsigned. Jelen met model Fern Palmer in a New York City night club on 6 January 2004. The couple married on 28 June 2009 in a private garden wedding in Palmer's hometown of Cleveland, Georgia. Jelen and Palmer have one child together, a daughter named Tallulah Rose Jelen born in 2013. As of April 23, 2019, the couple is separated.\nIn November 2018, Jelen completed a Ph.D program in Environmental Science at Rutgers University, successfully defending his dissertation titled, \"The Evolution of Microbial Electron Transfer on Earth.\" Jelen's music has been featured on the TV shows One Tree Hill, Smallville and Las Vegas, and was used to promote the Academy Award-nominated Finding Neverland starring Johnny Depp and Kate Winslet.  \"Come On\" also features in the film Love Wrecked with Amanda Bynes and in 2007, the instrumental version of \"Come On\" was featured trailers for The Bucket List. His song, \"Where Do We Go\" also appeared in the film Fired Up. In 2013, Jelen's single \"Come On\" was used in promotions for the film Monsters University.\nJelen, a graduate of Princeton High School, also guest starred on the Princeton-set television show House as a doctor applying for a fellowship in the episode \"Kids\".  Give It All Away (2004) No. 113 US\nRejected (2005)\nEx-Sensitive (2007)\nWreckage (EP) (2008) Sessions@AOL (2004) \"Come On/Give It All Away\" (2004) (#58 U.S. Hot Singles Sales)\n\"Where Do We Go\" (2007)\n\"Wreckage\" (2008) \"Come On\" on the compilation \"CG Vibes: Music That Gives Back\", available for five months in 2004 and supplied free with The Corrs' Borrowed Heaven, Toby Lightman's Little Things, Brandy's Afrodisiac and his own Give It All Away\n\"Truth\" on the compilation \"For the Next X: A Benefit CD for RAINN\" (2004)\n\"Talking About A Revolution\" (cover of Tracy Chapman's song of the same name) on the Russell Simmons/Babyface compilation Wake Up Everybody (2004)\n\"Forever in Our Hearts\" (playing keyboards and violin), a single for tsunami relief (2005)\n\"River\" (cover of the Joni Mitchell song of the same name) on the compilation Breaking for the Holidays (2006)\n\"Woman\" (cover of John Lennon's song of the same name) on Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur (2007)", ["w_s1529"]]
[30261, "Yokohama Museum of Art (\u6a2a\u6d5c\u7f8e\u8853\u9928, Yokohama Bijutsukan), founded in 1989, is located in the futuristic Minato Mirai 21 district of the Japanese city Yokohama, next to the Yokohama Landmark Tower.<PIC> The museum has works by many influential and well-known modern artists including Constantin Br\u00e2ncu\u0219i, Paul C\u00e9zanne, Salvador Dal\u00ed, Max Ernst, Ren\u00e9 Magritte, Henri Matisse, Joan Mir\u00f3, Ossip Zadkine, and Pablo Picasso.  Dadaist and Surrealist works are especially well represented.\nThe museum also features work by important Japanese artists, especially those with connections to Yokohama such as Imamura Shiko, Kanzan Shimomura, and Chizuko Yoshida, as well as numerous pieces by Japanese-American artist Isamu Noguchi.  Other artists whose work has appeared at the museum include Kiyoshi Hasegawa, Yasumasa Morimura and Lee Ufan In 2004 the museum hosted a major Marcel Duchamp exhibition entitled \"Marcel Duchamp and the 20th Century Art\".  The exhibit attracted a long list of corporate sponsors including Asahi Shimbun, Dai Nippon Printing, Japan Airlines, Japan Broadcasting Corporation, Kanagawa Shimbun, Keihin Electric Express Railway and Television Kanagawa.\nAlso in 2004, the museum hosted \"Paradise Lost: The Politics of Landscape (1870-1945)\", an exhibition described as an \"attempt to show the changing nature of landscape expression in painting and photography as practiced in Europe, the United States, Japan, and the East Asia during the seventy years from the age of Impressionism through the end of World War II.\"\nIn 2005, the museum hosted \"Masterpieces from the Louvre Museum: 19th Century French Paintings \u2013 from Neoclassicism to Romanticism\".  The exhibit was arranged in cooperation with the Louvre and Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music.\nIn 2006, the museum featured a special exhibit entitled \" Connecting the World through Sculpture\" featuring the work of Isamu Noguchi, Japanese American artist and landscape architect.\nIn 2008, the museum featured an exhibition of images from the goth subculture entitled \"Goth: Reality of the Departed World\".  The exhibit included featured works by Avant-garde artists such as Dr Lakra and Pyuupiru.\nIn 2014, the museum featured an exhibition of Yokohama Triennale 2014 \"ART Fahrenheit 451: Sailing into the sea of oblivion\". With the artist MORIMURA Yasumasa as artistic director, Yokohama Triennale 2014 \"ART Fahrenheit 451: Sailing into the sea of oblivion\" was held at Yokohama Museum of Art and Shinko Pier Exhibition Hall from August to November 2014, featuring 65 participants/groups from 19 countries.\nIn 2018, the museum featured an exhibition of Tetsuro Koma\u00ef: A Pioneer of Modern Japanese Copperplate Prints. The exhibit included featured works by Komai Tetsuro (1920-1976), a pioneer of modern copperplate printmaking in Japan, gained renown both at home and abroad for the profound and poetic world envisioned in his prints. In black ink on white paper he expressed a cosmos of endless wandering amid reveries and madness, one that seems all the more fascinating in the current digital era.\nIn 2020, the museum featured the exhibition \"Concave and Convex: A Sumikawa Kiichi Retrospective\" devoted to displaying the postwar sculptures of Sumikawa Kiichi. The exhibition will display over 100 works and documents by Kiichi. The building which houses the Yokohama Museum of Art was designed by Kenzo Tange, the Japanese architect who won the 1987 Pritzker Prize for architecture.  The structure is described as an \"attractive and spacious building \" that is \"airy and well-lit\".\nThe museum's main hall is 18 meters tall and is open to the second and third floors.  A glass ceiling allows natural light into the space.  Louvers control the light levels.  It has superb acoustics, is often used for new art projects and cultural events, and is said to be a \"particularly impressive\" example of modern architecture.\nThe building is apportioned as follows:\nFirst Floor\nlecture hall\nparking garage\nSecond Floor\ngalleries (including the Grand Gallery described above)\nChildren's Workshop (consists of a multipurpose studio, a craft studio and an audiovisual studio for use by children ages 4 to 12)\nrestaurant serving French cuisine\nmuseum store (sells postcards and other goods featuring art in the museum, framed paintings, art supplies, etc.)\nThird Floor\nAdditional galleries (include a photography gallery)\nArt Archive Center (a quiet and spacious study room with a collection of Japanese and foreign art books, art catalogs, and art magazines; also has facilities to make photocopies and conduct on-line searches)\nCitizen's Workshop (used for lectures and study groups as well work in flat media, three-dimensional media, and printmaking)\nSakuragicho Station provides to public transportation access to museum and the surrounding area by way of the Minatomirai Line and the Yokohama Municipal Subway Line. In 2019 the Yokohama Museum of Art celebrated its 30th anniversary through commemorating its over 12,000 artifacts in a 400 piece exhibition. This exhibition, named \"Meet the collection\", was divided into two parts, \"life\" and \"world\", and consisted of 7 sections of art including paintings, photographs, videos and sculptures. Additionally, four artists consisting Asai Yusuke, Imazu Kei, Suga Kishio and Tabaimo were involved by engaging with their own work in conjunction to the museum's collection on exhibition.", ["w_s1530"]]
[30262, "Sir Man-kam Lo, CBE (Chinese: \u7f85\u6587\u9326; 21 July 1893 \u2013 7 March 1959) was a Eurasian lawyer in Hong Kong and unofficial member of the Executive Council and the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.<PIC> Man-kam Lo was born into a prominent Eurasian family in July 1893. His father was Lo Cheung-shiu, a compradore of Jardine, Matheson & Co. At the age of 13, he left Hong Kong to study law in England in 1906. He graduated with First Class Honours in the Law Society Examinations in London and returned to Hong Kong in 1915. He began practicing law and later became the senior partner of the law firm Lo & Lo.\nIn 1918, he married Victoria Hotung, the eldest daughter of Robert Ho Tung, a prominent Hong Kong businessman and close friend of his father's. Man-kam Lo was the eldest child of Lo Cheung-shiu and Shi Sheung-hing. He had three brothers (Man-wai, Man-ho and Man-hin) and five sisters. Man-wai Lo also became a lawyer and partner in Lo and Lo, and served on the Legislative and Executive Councils.\nMan-kam Lo and Victoria had six children: Gwendolyn, Wilbur, Phoebe, Vera, Rita and Lo Tak-shing.\nLo Tak Sing followed in his father's footsteps, becoming a lawyer and member of the Executive and Legislative Councils. He ran as a candidate in the first elections for Chief Executive of Hong Kong following the transfer of Hong Kong's sovereignty to China in 1997. When the first large-scale labour strike broke out in Hong Kong in 1920, Man-kam Lo acted as a legal adviser to the strike organiser, the Chinese Mechanics Institute, and negotiated an agreement between the workers and employers. He was appointed Justice of the Peace in 1921.\nLo was ambivalent on the mui-tsai system, a form of child slavery then prevalent in colonial Hong Kong. Initially an ardent defender like Sir Robert Hotung, his father-in-law, he later supported its abolition.\nFrom 1929 to 1930, he was the chairman of the Tung Wah Hospital and the honorary legal adviser for the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals. In 1931, he served as honorary legal adviser for the Po Leung Kuk society and the Chinese Gold and Silver Exchange. He became the vice-chairman of the Rotary Club in 1932 and the chairman the following year. In January 1934, he was named chairman of the Hong Kong Society for the Protection of Children.\nIn May 1929, he was elected member of the Sanitary Board. He was also a member of the University Council of the University of Hong Kong from 1932 to 1956, vice-chairman of the Hong Kong Football Association in 1933 and first President of the Asian Football Confederation in 1954.\nMan-kam Lo succeeded his mother-in-law Clara Cheung Lin-kok as director of the Tung Lin Kok Yuen in Happy Valley after her death. Po Kok School was founded and expanded by the Tung Lin Kok Yuen under Man-kam Lo.\nHe received the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal in 1935 and the King George VI Coronation Medal in 1937. In 1941, he was named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. In 1935, Lo-man Kam succeeded Robert Kotewall as one of the three Chinese representatives in the Legislative Council. During his tenure, he was an outspoken advocate for the Chinese community.\nLo supported the government's policy on hiring more local civil servants after a report on government salaries led to a public uproar. Governor Andrew Caldecott adopted the policy in 1935 to consider local candidates before vacancies were advertised in Britain.\nAmidst the threat of a Japanese invasion, Lo was appointed to the Taxation Committee in December 1938, which intended to introduce new taxes to raise extra revenue in preparation for war. The Taxation Committee was replaced by the War Revenue Committee in 1940 and Lo was reappointed to the committee. Due to pressure from the business sector, the Committee rejected the government's proposed Income Tax Bill, recommending instead a partial income tax.\nMan-kam Lo was an outspoken opponent of the colonial government's policy of racial segregation, which remained in place until 1946. Together with Jos\u00e9 Pedro Braga, who later became the first Portuguese appointed to the Legislative Council, he founded the League of Fellowship in 1921, aimed at eliminating \"racial disabilities\" and \"promoting good fellowship within the Colony, irrespective of race, class and creed.\" On 26 July 1946, following a second reading of a bill in the Legislative Council aimed at repealing the Peak District Reservation Ordinance, a controversial law that prohibited Chinese from living in The Peak district, Lo argued that \"the Chinese had no particular desire to live on the Peak. Their opposition was based solely on grounds of racial discrimination.\"\nIn 1940, on the eve of the Pacific War, Man-kam Lo and Leo d'Almada e Castro, the Portuguese representative in the Legislative Council, criticized authorities after a government ship evacuating British nationals to Australia, a majority of whom were of pure European descent, forced a number of Eurasians to disembark in Manila, the Philippines, on the grounds that Eurasians would feel more at ease among brown or yellow-skinned people. At a Financial Committee meeting, Lo raised the issue of racial discrimination, stating that \"the tax-payers of this colony are being made to pay for the evacuation of a very small and selected section of the community and, whenever necessary, for their maintenance and support during an indefinite period, leaving some 99.9 percent of the population uncared for and unprotected when an emergency does come.\" During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, many local Chinese leaders including Man-kam Lo were pressured by the Japanese authorities to serve on various representative committees. After the petition of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce on the difficulties of the disruption of public utilities and of supplies, the currency problem, and prostitution, the Japanese authorities formed the Rehabilitation Advisory Committee. Robert Kotewall and Sir Shouson Chow were appointed chairman and vice-chairman respectively and Man-kam Lo was appointed member of the committee. The committee held 59 meetings and was later replaced by the Chinese Representative Council and Chinese Cooperative Council, in which he was a member of the latter.\nLo was able to escape the opprobrium of outright collaboration with the occupying troops due to a series of possibly \"diplomatic\" illnesses. In contrast to his years on the Legislative Council before the war, Lo generally remained silent on the wartime councils. One of the only times he spoke was when the Japanese authorities asked how they might improve relations between the Chinese and Japanese. He replied that Japanese troops could take the initiative by not urinating in public.\nAfter the British returned in 1945, many local leaders who had collaborated with the Japanese were denied appointments to public positions. Robert Kotewall was asked to withdraw from public life and had to resign from the Executive Council. Sir Shouson Chow never completely returned and Li Tse-fong was not reappointed to the Legislative Council. However, Man-kam Lo was able to return to public life because the British believed he had worked with the Japanese only with great reluctance. In 1946, Man-kam Lo was appointed to the Executive Council and re-appointed to the Legislative Council, where he played an important role during his tenure. He was subsequently knighted in 1948 for his efforts in helping to rebuild Hong Kong.\nAfter the Second World War, the UK's Labour Government decided to give people in the colonies a greater say over their affairs. On his return to Hong Kong in 1946, Governor Sir Mark Young announced a constitutional reform plan of \"giving to the inhabitants of the Colony a fuller and more responsible share in the management of their own affairs.\" The Young Plan proposed an increase in the number of seats for unofficial members on the Legislative Council and the creation of a municipal council elected by the people of Hong Kong. It also proposed the imposition of direct taxes to fund more social services, an idea Man-kam Lo supported.\nYoung's successor Sir Alexander Grantham, however, did not share the same view as Young. With the Chinese Communists gaining in power during the civil war, Grantham advised Downing Street against implementing the reforms, believing that it would provide a potential opening for a Communist backlash. At a meeting of the Legislative Council on 22 June 1949, Man-kam Lo suggested that the Young Plan was no longer the best option for giving Hong Kong residents a greater voice in the government. He tabled a revised proposal, supported by all unofficial members, which called for a smaller Legislative Council with an unofficial majority and the scrapping of the municipal council. Fearing a negative reaction from the Communists, the British Cabinet rejected both Young's reforms and Lo's proposals, deciding instead to allow for the creation of two elected seats in the Urban Council.\nMan-kam Lo was a supporter of educational reform in Hong Kong. He helped Li Luk-wah establish a school for the deaf and supported Bishop Hall in his efforts to organize schools for the children of workers. In 1950, he sought to have children who were unable to attend primary school registered and recommended to the Legislative Council that the government open an inquiry into government spending on education, arguing that the Grant Code that enabled secondary schools to receive grants was overly generous. Subsequently, the government invited N.G. Fisher, the Chief Education Officer of Manchester, to conduct an inquiry; the resulting report became a significant blueprint for education reform in Hong Kong.\nIn 1950, the government appointed Man-kam Lo to the Committee on Chinese Laws and Customs in Hong Kong, whose aim was to recommend changes to local Chinese customs. In the committee's report, Lo recommended that the custom of Chinese men taking concubines be left untouched on the grounds that the old law \"if it is not so acted upon...will gradually die out.\"\nIn March 1951, Man-kam Lo received an honorary degree from the University of Hong Kong. Late in his life, Lo suffered from heart disease. On 7 March 1959, he died suddenly of a heart attack at 7:45\u00a0pm at his Robinson Road residence. He was 67. Lo had been planning to attend a banquet at Government House on the occasion of a visit by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.\nOn the day of his funeral, hundreds of prominent local residents, including Governor Sir Robert Black and Commander of the British Forces Bastyan. paid their respects at Lo's residence and at Wing Pit Ting, the \"farewell pavilion\" in Pokfulam, with the Hong Kong Police band leading the cortege. Wreaths were sent from Governor Black, Secretary of State for the Colonies Alan Lennox-Boyd and former Hong Kong governor Sir Alexander Grantham.\nLo was highly regarded by Sir Alexander Grantham in his autobiography Via Ports. Grantham said Lo was outstanding as an Executive Council member and had \"a first class brain, great moral courage and a capacity for digging down into details without becoming lost in them.\"", ["w_s1535"]]
[30263, "Stuart is a town in southeastern Hughes County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 180 at the 2010 census, down from 220 in 2000.<PIC> In the late 19th Century, a settlement known as Hoyuby, Indian Territory, existed at this site in the Choctaw Nation.  Hoyuby post office was established June 23, 1892, with  John H. Elliott as the first postmaster. The community began growing after 1895, when the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad (later the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad) built a line through Stuart, connecting it to McAlester and Oklahoma City. On April 14, 1896, the post office was renamed Stuart, in honor of Judge Charles Bingley Stuart of McAlester.\nBerry Alexander \"B. A.\" and Mary Youngblood Nunn came from Texas to Stuart and built a two-story, wood-frame hotel that became known as the Stuart Hotel (listed in the National Register of Historic Places, NR 82001496). By 1909 local citizens had established Baptist, Christian, and Methodist churches. The Bank of Stuart, five general stores, two blacksmith shops, two lumberyards, a cotton gin, and several liveries served the surrounding agricultural area. Cotton was the main cash crop. Royal C. Stuart, Judge Stuart's son, started his banking career as a cashier at the Bank of Stuart. Nine years later the economy supported a second bank, the Stuart Chronicle newspaper, a gristmill, and the Choctaw Cotton Oil Company. Other early newspapers included the Stuart Educator, the Stuart Enterprise, and the Stuart Star. In the 1930s Stuart served as a watering station for the railroad. In addition, the town also had a blacksmith, two cotton gins, and the Texas Pipe Line Company. By the 1940s and 1950s both banks had closed, and citizens traveled to Holdenville or McAlester for their banking needs. Grocery stores and gasoline stations continued to operate in Stuart. Stuart is located in southeastern Hughes County at 34\u00b054\u20323\u2033N 96\u00b06\u20320\u2033W (34.900839, -96.100035). U.S. Route 270 passes just north of the town, leading east 20 miles (32\u00a0km) to McAlester and west 10 miles (16\u00a0km) to Calvin. Holdenville, the Hughes county seat, is 27 miles (43\u00a0km) to the northwest via US 270.\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, Stuart has a total area of 0.3 square miles (0.7\u00a0km\u00b2), all land. Coal Creek runs through the northwest corner of the town, flowing east toward Eufaula Lake on the Canadian River. As of the census of 2000, there were 220 people, 92 households, and 65 families residing in the town. The population density was 797.1 inhabitants per square mile (307.8/km\u00b2). There were 107 housing units at an average density of 387.7 per square mile (147.5/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the town was 84.55% White, 13.18% Native American, and 2.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.09% of the population.\nThere were 92 households, out of which 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.9% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.3% were non-families. 29.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.95.\nIn the town, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 18.2% from 45 to 64, and 23.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.\nThe median income for a household in the town was $22,222, and the median income for a family was $29,375. Males had a median income of $22,250 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,569. About 18.8% of families and 20.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.6% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over. According to the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, 93.6 percent of Stuart's employed residents commute to jobs in other cities and towns. There are no large-scale employers in Stuart. Stuart Public Schools is the school district of the town. It operates a single school, Stuart Public School. which teaches pupils from pre-kindergarten through high school.", ["w_s1536"]]
[30264, "Cady-Lee is an historic house located in the Takoma neighborhood in Washington, D.C.   It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1975 as the Lucinda Cady House.  The house is named for Lucinda Cady and her daughter Mary Lee who both owned the house.<PIC> Henry and Lucinda Cady moved to Takoma Park from Ashland, Virginia in 1886.  Henry Cady was a real estate and insurance salesman.  He sold properties largely in Takoma Park and South Brookland from his office at 520-10th Street, N.W. in Washington.  At the time the area had 16 homes and about 100 people.  They hired Washington architect Leon E. Dessez to design their new home.  He had previously worked on the Washington Monument and designed the Admiral's House, now known as Number One Observatory Circle, the official residence of the Vice-President of the United States.   Frederick Dudley built the house, which was completed in 1887.  Other large homes joined the Cady's along what was known as Magnolia Street, now Eastern Avenue.\nThe Cady's moved into their new home with their five children.  They hosted services of the Episcopal Church in their home.  Together with other Episcopalians in the area they organized Takoma Parish, now Trinity Episcopal Church.  They held a concert at their home to help raise the funds for the new church, which was completed in 1893.  Lucinda headed the Ladies Guild at the church for 16 years.\nHenry Cady died in 1906 and Lucinda remained in the house until her death in 1934.  Her daughter Mary, who was a school teacher, inherited the home and she and her husband B.K. Lee had electricity and indoor plumbing installed.  The house became known as Cady-Lee at the time.  Mary had little money in later years to update the house and created an apartment for herself on the main floor of the house after her husband's death.  She invited relatives to move into the rooms on the upper floors.\nMary Lee died in 1973.  By this time the other large homes along Eastern Avenue were torn down and replaced by garden apartments.  The Cady-Lee was also targeted for demolition.  Members of the community rallied to save the home and it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 28, 1975.  It was the beginning of creating the Takoma Park Historic District in both Maryland and the District of Columbia, which was added to the National Register in 1983.  Gerald and Sandra Kurtinitis bought the house for $68,000 the same year.  They started to renovate the Cady-Lee room by room.  They sold the house in 2000 to Frances Phipps who specialized in house rescues.  She also had the financial means to finish the project.  She did not intend to live in the house herself and looked for a non-profit agency to take it over.  The Forum for Youth Investment bought the house in 2002 and now uses it for their offices.  The upper floors and lower-level house the Forum staff and equipment. The first floor provides meeting space for Forum events and other non-profits. The Cady-Lee was designed in the Shingle Style that was popular on the east coast of the United States in the 1880s. The three-story structure is asymmetrical in design and is built over a basement.  It contains 22 rooms, has 50 windows, 12-foot ceilings, seven gables and turreted sleeping porch.  The main fa\u00e7ade is dominated by a tower-like bay on the northeast corner.   On the second story the dormer and the gable ends are covered in scalloped shaped shingles. They extend down the house to form the porch and veranda roofs.   The roofline is varied and reflects the Shingle Style.  It consists of gables and cross gables that are topped by finials and two brick chimneys with corbelled chimney caps.\nThe interior features carved oak moldings and a two-story oak staircase where a Tiffany-style stained glass window is located.  It also houses six original fireplace mantels.  The foyer on the first floor leads to a library with carved bookcases and a front parlor with an original cheery wood mantel and over-mantel.  The dining room has a Chinese Chippendale style mantel.  It also contains a decorative radiator that the Smithsonian Institution says is one of the few left of its kind.  A kitchen, with a cast-iron wood-burning stove, and a morning room, with a hand painted mural of an English garden, are in the back of the first floor.  The second floor contains five large rooms, of which one has a working fireplace, and a bath.  The third floor contains six rooms, a kitchen and a bath.", ["w_s1549"]]
[30266, "Maria Veniaminovna Yudina (Russian: \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0301\u044f \u0412\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0301\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u042e\u0301\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430, Mariya Veniaminovna Yudina; 9 September [O.S. 28 August] 1899\u00a0\u2013 19 November 1970) was a Soviet pianist.<PIC> Maria Yudina was born to a Jewish family in Nevel, Vitebsk Governorate, Russian Empire. She was the fourth child of Veniamin Yudin, a renowned physiologist and forensic expert, and his first wife, Raisa Yakovlevna Yudina (n\u00e9e Zlatina; 1868\u20131918). Yudina studied at the Petrograd Conservatory under Anna Yesipova and Leonid Nikolayev. She also briefly studied privately with Felix Blumenfeld. Her classmates included Dmitri Shostakovich and Vladimir Sofronitsky. In 1921\u201322 Yudina attended lectures at the historical-philological department of Petrograd University and, as a result, completed studies in theology after she had already converted from Judaism to the Orthodox Christian faith in 1919. After her graduation from the Petrograd Conservatory, Yudina was invited to teach there, which she did until 1930, when she was fired from the institution because her religious convictions were unwelcome in an atheist state. After being unemployed and homeless for several years, Yudina was invited to teach the graduate piano course at the Tbilisi State Conservatory in 1932\u201333. In 1936, on Heinrich Neuhaus's suggestion, Yudina joined the piano faculty of the Moscow Conservatory, where she taught until 1951. From 1944 to 1960 Yudina taught chamber ensemble and vocal class at the Gnessin Institute (now Gnessin Russian Academy of Music). In 1960 Yudina was fired from the Gnessin Institute because of her religious attitudes and advocacy of modern Western music. She continued to perform in public, but her recitals were forbidden to be recorded. After an incident during one of her recitals in Leningrad, when she read Boris Pasternak's poetry from the stage as an encore, Yudina was banned from performing for five years. In 1966, when the ban was lifted, she gave a cycle of lectures on Romanticism at the Moscow Conservatory.\nAccording to an otherwise unsubstantiated story in Solomon Volkov's book Testimony, which claims to represent Shostakovich's memoirs, one night in 1944 Stalin heard a performance of Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 23 on the radio performed by Yudina, and asked for a copy. Because it was a live broadcast, officials woke Yudina, drove her to a recording studio where a small orchestra had quickly been assembled, and made her record the concerto in the middle of the night; a single copy was pressed from the matrix and given to Stalin. In another apocryphal story, she was awarded the Stalin Prize and donated its monetary portion to the Russian Orthodox Church for prayers for Stalin's sins. These stories were extensively researched by Elizabeth Wilson, who found no evidence either in Yudina's recorded oeuvre or in Stalin's well-preserved archives, and concluded they were unlikely to be true and attributed them to Shostakovich's predilection for imaginative tales. Furthermore, the existing recording of the Mozart concerto with Alexander Gauk dates from 1948, so the date 1943/1944 could be wrong. \nWhile Yudina did not overtly criticise any political figures or the Soviet system as a whole, she remained true to her religious convictions. She died in Moscow in 1970.\nYudina's playing was marked by great virtuosity, spirituality, strength and intellectual rigor, with a highly idiosyncratic style and tone. Sviatoslav Richter said of her playing:\nShe was immensely talented and a keen advocate of the music of her own time: she played Stravinsky, whom she adored, Hindemith, Krenek and Bart\u00f3k at a time when these composers were not only unknown in the Soviet Union but effectively banned. And when she played Romantic music, it was impressive\u2014except that she didn't play what was written. Liszt's Weinen und Klagen was phenomenal, but Schubert's B-flat major Sonata, while arresting as an interpretation, was the exact opposite of what it should have been, and I remember a performance of the Second Chopin Nocturne that was so heroic that it no longer sounded like a piano but a trumpet. It was no longer Schubert or Chopin, but Yudina.\nAmong her friends were Shostakovich, Pasternak (who did the first reading of his novel Doctor Zhivago at Yudina's apartment as early as February 1947), Osip Mandelstam, Mikhail Bakhtin, Pierre Suvchinsky, Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen.\nThanks to the efforts of Yudina's friends in Russia, particularly Anatoly Kuznetsov, Yudina's letters and writings were published in the late 1990s and early 2000s. There were several attempts to complete the set of Yudina's recordings. Yudina was portrayed as a character in Aleksei Losev's novel Woman as Thinker. The flawed heroine Losev created was a woman musician who spouted philosophy but held herself to lower standards. The novel has been criticized as an outlet for Losev's difficult relationship with Yudina, and as a poor example of his capabilities as a writer. She was offended by the book and ended their friendship in 1934.\nIn 1989 David Zane Mairowitz wrote The Stalin Sonata, a radio drama loosely based on an encounter between Stalin and Yudina. It won a Giles Cooper Award.\nYudina appears in the French graphic novel La mort de Staline, which retells the apocryphal concerto story from Solomon Volkov's book Testimony and fictitiously portrays her writing a castigating letter to Stalin that prompts his death. In the novel's 2017 Anglo-French film adaptation The Death of Stalin, she is portrayed by Olga Kurylenko. The French singer La Grande Sophie dedicated one song to \"Maria Yudina\".", ["w_s1556"]]
[30267, "Olga Jegunova (born 25 May 1984) is a Latvian classical pianist, born in \u0160iauliai, Lithuania (then Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic), and now living in London.<PIC> After studying music at J\u0101zeps V\u012btols Latvian Academy of Music, concluding with a bachelor's degree, she obtained her master's degree at the Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater Hamburg. This was followed by studying at the Royal College of Music (Artist Diploma course as an RCM scholar under Dmitri Alexeev) and then at the Royal Northern College of Music where her piano teacher was Norma Fisher. In 2013 she studied at the Samling Academy in the UK.\nJegunova has taken part in numerous master classes with eminent pianists such as Andr\u00e1s Schiff at the Prussian Cove International Musicians Seminar, an annual event, Ferenc Rados, Eliso Virsaladze, Mikhail Voskresensky, Benjamin Zander and Lazar Berman. As a soloist she has worked with conductors such as Saulius Sondeckis, Alexander Soddy, Andres Mustonen and Muhai Tang and appeared with ensembles and orchestras such as the Sinfonia Concertante, founded by musicians of the Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen, the Lithuanian Chamber Orchestra, the Zurich Chamber Orchestra, the Pasdeloup Orchestra and the Manchester Camerata.\nIn 2013, Jegunova gave a recital at the Edinburgh International Festival which was met with enthusiastic critical acclaim, played the same year in the \"Noureev & Friends\" concert performance in the Palais des congr\u00e8s in Paris, and in 2015 for the Latvian EU Presidency's annual Burns supper in Brussels.\nIn 2014 she played before Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, in 2015 at the Latvian Day Celebration Concert in the Westminster Cathedral Hall in the presence of the Latvian ambassador, Andris Teikmanis, and was chosen to take part in the Baltic Stars Ensemble, a concert organised by the City Music Society of London in the St Lawrence Jewry Church.\nOn 2 December 2015 Jegunova launched a charity called OlgaRhythm which aims to support talented music students of any age and ability. Jegunova has worked with Alina Garc\u00eda-Lapuerta and re-created, with the soprano Kirstin Sharpin, the \"Lost Song\" originally sung by Maria de las Mercedes Santa Cruz y Montalvo. She has also worked with the story teller Jan Blake on the Peter and the Wolf performance for children.\nJegunova was invited to work as a presenter at the 2015 International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow, where she interviewed Vadim Repin, violinist and member of the jury, and Maxim Vengerov. She also broadcast live interviews with other well-known musicians at this competition.\nSince 2009, Jegunova has worked as a performer for Live Music Now, a charity providing live music in the concert hall as well as in the welfare, educational, justice and health sectors. She teaches piano to students of Queen Mary University of London. Jegunova won the Concours Musical de France Ginette Gaubert in Paris and in 2008 the Steinway-F\u00f6rderpreis in Hamburg. In 2016 she was accepted by Steinway & Sons as a Steinway Artist. She has been a prize-winner at the Concours International de Piano Maryse Cheilan in France, at the Stasys Vaini\u016bnas competition in Vilnius and at the competition of the foundation Animato in Zurich, and was a semi-finalist at the prestigious Concours G\u00e9za Anda in Zurich.", ["w_s1559"]]
[30268, "Robert Lee \"Sam\" Huff (October 4, 1934 \u2013 November 13, 2021) was an American professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Giants and the Washington Redskins. He played college football for West Virginia University. He was a member of both the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the latter of which he became a member in 1982. Huff was born and grew up in the No. 9 coal mining camp in Edna, West Virginia. The fourth of six children of Oral and Catherine Huff, he lived with his family in a small rowhouse with no running water.  Huff grew up during the Great Depression while his father and two of his brothers worked in the coal mines loading buggies for Consolidated Mining.\nHuff attended and played high school football at the now-closed Farmington High School, where he was both an offensive and defensive lineman.  While he was there, Huff helped lead the team to an undefeated season in 1951.  He earned All-State honors in 1952 and was named to the first-team All-Mason Dixon Conference. Huff attended and played college football for West Virginia University, where he majored in physical education.  He started at guard as a sophomore, then as a tackle his next two years, after winning a letter as a backup guard during his freshman season.  He was a four-year letterman and helped lead West Virginia to a combined four-year mark of 31\u20137 and a berth in the Sugar Bowl.\nIn 1955, Huff was voted an All-American and served as co-captain in both the East\u2013West Shrine Game and the Senior Bowl. Huff was also named first team Academic All-American for his outstanding efforts in the classroom.<PIC>  Huff was drafted in the third round of the 1956 NFL Draft by the New York Giants. In training camp, head coach Jim Lee Howell was having a hard time coming up with a position for Huff.  Discouraged, Huff left camp, but was stopped at the airport by assistant (offensive) coach Vince Lombardi, who coaxed him back to camp.\nThen, defensive coordinator Tom Landry came up with the new 4\u20133 defensive scheme that he thought would fit Huff perfectly.  The Giants switched him from the line to middle linebacker behind Ray Beck.  Huff liked the position because he could keep his head up and use his superb peripheral vision to see the whole field.  On October 7, 1956, in a game against the Chicago Cardinals, Beck was injured and Huff was put into his first professional game. He then helped the Giants win five consecutive games and they finished with an 8\u20133\u20131 record, which gave them the Eastern Conference title.  New York went on to win the 1956 NFL Championship Game and Huff became the first rookie middle linebacker to start an NFL championship game.\nIn 1958, the Giants again won the East and Huff played in the 1958 NFL Championship Game. The championship, which became widely known as \"The Greatest Game Ever Played\", was the first National Football League (NFL) game to go into sudden death overtime.  The final score was Baltimore Colts 23, New York Giants 17.\nIn 1959, Huff and the Giants again went to the NFL Championship Game, which ended in a 31\u201316 loss to the Colts. Also that year, Huff became the first NFL player to be featured on the cover of Time magazine on November 30, 1959. He almost passed up the magazine appearance, demanding money to be interviewed, but relented when Time agreed to give him the cover portrait.  Huff was also the subject of an October 31, 1960 CBS television special, \"The Violent World of Sam Huff\", broadcast as an episode of the Walter Cronkite-hosted anthology series The Twentieth Century.  The network wired Huff for sound in practice and in an exhibition game.\nThe Giants then visited the championship under new coach Allie Sherman in 1961, 1962, and 1963, but lost every one of them.  To improve what he thought was a defensive problem, Sherman then traded many defensive players, including Cliff Livingston, Rosey Grier, and Dick Modzelewski. After these trades, Huff went to owner Wellington Mara and was assured he would not be traded.  But in 1964, Giants head coach Allie Sherman traded Huff to the Washington Redskins for defensive tackle Andy Stynchula and running back Dick James.  The trade made front-page news in New York City and was greeted with jeers from Giants fans, who crowded Yankee Stadium yelling \"Huff-Huff-Huff-Huff.\"\nHuff played in four consecutive Pro Bowls with the Giants from 1959 through 1963.  He was named most valuable player of the 1961 Pro Bowl. Huff joined the Redskins in 1964 and they agreed to pay him $30,000 in salary and $5,000 for scouting, compared to the $19,000 he would have made another year with New York.  The impact Huff had was almost immediate and the Redskins' defense was ranked second in the NFL in 1965.\nOn November 27, 1966, Huff and the Redskins beat his former Giant teammates 72\u201341, in the highest-scoring game in league history.  After an ankle injury in 1967 ended his streak of 150 straight games played Huff retired in 1968.\nVince Lombardi talked Huff out of retirement in 1969 when he was named Washington's head coach.  The Redskins went 7\u20135\u20132 and had their best season since 1955 (which kept Lombardi's record of never having coached a losing NFL team intact).  Huff then retired for good after 14 seasons and 30 career interceptions.  He spent one season coaching the Redskins' linebackers in 1970 following Lombardi's death from colon cancer.  After leaving the NFL, Huff took a position with J. P. Stevens in New York City as a textiles sales representative.  He later joined the Marriott Corporation as a salesman in 1971, rising to vice president of sports marketing before retiring in 1998. While with Marriott, Huff was responsible for selling over 600,000 room nights via a partnership between the NFL and Marriott that booked teams into Marriott branded hotels for away games. In the late 1950s and early 1960s he was a spokesman for Marlboro cigarettes. After retiring from football, Huff spent three seasons as a color commentator for the Giants radio team and then moved on in the same capacity to the Redskins Radio Network, where he remained until his retirement at the end of the 2012 season, calling games alongside former Redskins teammate Sonny Jurgensen and play-by-play announcers Frank Herzog (1979\u20132004) and Larry Michael (2005\u20132012). He was also a broadcaster for a regionally syndicated TV package of Mountaineer football games in the mid-1980s. In 1982, Huff became the second WVU player to be inducted into both the College and Pro football Halls of Fame.  In 1988, he was inducted into the WVU School of Physical Education Hall of Fame and, in 1991 he was inducted into the WVU Sports Hall of Fame.\nIn 1999, Huff was inducted into the National High School Hall of Fame and was ranked number 76 on the Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players.\nIn 2001, Huff was ranked number six on Sports Illustrated's list of West Virginia's 50 Greatest Athletes.  In 2005, Huff's uniform number 75 was retired by West Virginia University. In 1986 Huff began breeding thoroughbred racehorses at Sporting Life Farm in Middleburg, Virginia. His filly, Bursting Forth, won the 1998 Matchmaker Handicap. He also helped establish the West Virginia Breeders' Classic. In 1970, Huff ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, but lost in the West Virginia Democratic primary for the 1st district against Bob Mollohan by more than 19,000 votes. Huff was diagnosed with dementia in 2013. He died at the age of 87 at a hospital in Winchester, Virginia, on November 13, 2021.", ["w_s1564"]]
[30269, "The external examiner plays an important role in all degree level examinations in higher education in the United Kingdom.  The external examiner system originated in 1832 with the establishment of the University of Durham, the first in England since Cambridge was founded 600 years earlier. Durham used Oxford examiners to assure the public that its degrees were a similar standard to Oxford's. The establishment of more universities in England from the 1880s was accompanied by a requirement that examinations be conducted by internal and external examiners.  It is also found in countries whose higher education systems were developed from United Kingdom practice, or strongly influenced by it, after its introduction, including  New Zealand, and India.  It is one of the oldest systems of quality control within higher education.\nIt is a requirement for all degree level examinations at British universities, and in countries operating a similar system, that at least one member of the examining board should be from a university other than the one awarding the degree (and should have no recent affiliation with it).  This applies both to undergraduate examinations, where there may be hundreds or even thousands of candidates, and to postgraduate examinations including those for the PhD where a special board is convened for each candidate.<PIC> While the role of the external examiner varies with the level of examination, the purpose of the system remains the same: to ensure that standards are kept the same across universities, and to provide an assurance of fair play given that internal examiners might be prejudiced for or against a candidate.  In consequence, (by convention and often by regulation) if examiners disagree, the view of the external examiner takes precedence. In undergraduate and taught postgraduate examinations, external examiners typically see and have to approve draft examination questions before the papers are set; and they will review the marks and the work of at least a sample of candidates. They are often asked to adjudicate when candidates are on borderlines or when internal examiners have disagreed about a candidate's marks. Externals are expected to make a report both to the department and also to the university authorities; they have wide licence to comment on all aspects of the degree programme, including its staffing and teaching, not just on the examination process. Where viva voce examinations are still held as part of the final degree assessment, it is common for external examiners to take part in them. Students may have the right to ask for their work to be considered by the external examiner. External examiners are typically appointed for a period of three or four years, and it is common to consult them about changes to the programme that are being introduced during their period of office. In the case of examinations in broad disciplines, there are commonly several external examiners with different areas of expertise on a board of examiners. In PhD examinations within the British system, there are normally only two or three examiners, and the external examiner usually takes the lead in questioning the candidate in the viva voce examination which is the key stage of the assessment.  In some other countries, e.g. Australia, New Zealand and India, externals commonly send their opinions by post, though there may also be a \"local\" external examiner who is present at the viva. Whatever the level of examination, it is normal to appoint as externals senior academics of acknowledged expertise \u2013 though in the case of PhD exams, expertise takes priority over seniority if the two criteria cannot both be met, as is often the case with highly specialised subjects. An invitation or appointment to serve as an external examiner is therefore usually seen as something of an honour, though often an inconvenient one: although a fee is paid to external examiners, it is usually small, and a considerable amount of work is involved, often at the busiest time of the academic year.\nWhile the external examiner in the form described here (and the use of the title \"External examiner\") is specific to British or British-influenced higher education, the use of examiners from other universities (and often other countries) is widespread in other countries, especially for PhD examinations.", ["w_s1571"]]
[30270, "Fearrington Village is a residential development and census-designated place (CDP) in Chatham County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 2,339 at the 2010 census, up from 903 in 2000. Its name is phonetically pronounced FAIR-ington, not FEAR-ington as the spelling might indicate. The CDP occupies what was formerly the area of the unincorporated community of Farrington. It is a mixed-use community located on farmland dating back to the 18th century in Pittsboro, North Carolina. The community is located about 15 minutes from Chapel Hill, a half-hour from Durham and 45 minutes from Raleigh. Fearrington Village is located in northeastern Chatham County at 35\u00b048\u203215\u2033N 79\u00b05\u20320\u2033W (35.804190, -79.083195). U.S. Routes 15 and 501 form the northwestern edge of the community, leading north 8 miles (13\u00a0km) to Chapel Hill and south 8 miles (13\u00a0km) to Pittsboro, the Chatham County seat.\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.8 square miles (4.6\u00a0km\u00b2), of which 0.004 square miles (0.01\u00a0km\u00b2), or 0.32%, is water.<PIC>  As of the 2020 United States census, there were 2,557 people, 1,663 households, and 787 families residing in the CDP. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,339 people. As of the census of 2000, there were 903 people, 506 households, and 357 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 391.9 people per square mile (151.6/km\u00b2). There were 533 housing units at an average density of 231.3 per square mile (89.5/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.79% White, 2.99% African American, 0.11% Pacific Islander, and 0.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.22% of the population.\nThere were 506 households, out of which 2.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.0% were married couples living together, 3.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.4% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.78 and the average family size was 2.08. A 2018 analysis by the National Center for Health Statistics found that the life expectancy in Fearrington is 97 years old.\nIn the CDP, the population was spread out, with 2.1% under the age of 18, 0.8% from 18 to 24, 5.6% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 71.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 70 years. For every 100 females, there were 79.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.9 males.\nThe median income for a household in the CDP was $66,198, and the median income for a family was $68,281. Males had a median income of $55,278 versus $28,068 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $41,000. About 3.8% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.3% of those under age 18 and 1.9% of those age 65 or over. The community began in 1974 when R.B. Fitch and his late wife Jenny purchased the two-centuries old dairy farm from Jesse Fearrington. Jesse inherited the 640 acre farm that was purchased for 100 shillings in 1786 from John Oldham by his great-great-great grandfather, William Cole. They named the community Fearrington to honor the stewardship of Jesse and his forebears.\nLocated midway between Chapel Hill and Pittsboro along U.S. 15-501 in Chatham County, Fearrington currently occupies about 1,200 acres (4.9\u00a0km\u00b2). The Fitches slowly began to craft a unique community from the rolling pastures and wooded acres of the farm, where residents would enjoy dining, relaxing, shopping and living.\nThe Fitches aimed to recreate the smaller villages of England and modeled the Fearrington Village Center after those hamlets long before the term \"mixed-use community\" joined the lexicon. They wanted to create a \"coming together place\" where one could pick up daily necessities, have lunch with friends, and enjoy an English garden setting.\nOver the last 30 years the community has grown to include over 1800 residents, an award-winning country inn and restaurant (The Fearrington House), a cafe & bar, chocolate and wine shop, an independent bookstore, a home d\u00e9cor shop, plants and garden art shop and more. Belted Galloway cows, the village's iconic mascot, were added to the farm in 1983.\nThe Fearrington House Country Inn is one of only two AAA five-diamond facilities in the state, earning the Five Diamond designation 15 years in a row, more times than any other accommodation in the Carolinas. The Inn is also North Carolina's only five-star hotel, according to Mobil Travel Guide's annual rankings. Fearrington Village is home to many creative visual artists and producers of fine crafts, who welcome visitors to their studios.", ["w_s1573"]]
[30271, "RecA is a 38 kilodalton protein essential for the repair and maintenance of DNA. A RecA structural and functional homolog has been found in every species in which one has been seriously sought and serves as an archetype for this class of homologous DNA repair proteins. The homologous protein is called RAD51 in eukaryotes and RadA in archaea.\nRecA has multiple activities, all related to DNA repair. In the bacterial SOS response, it has a co-protease function in the autocatalytic cleavage of the LexA repressor and the \u03bb repressor.\nRecA's association with DNA major is based on its central role in homologous recombination. The RecA protein binds strongly and in long clusters to ssDNA to form a nucleoprotein filament. The protein has more than one DNA binding site, and thus can hold a single strand and double strand together. This feature makes it possible to catalyze a DNA synapsis reaction between a DNA double helix and a complementary region of single-stranded DNA. The RecA-ssDNA filament searches for sequence similarity along the dsDNA. A disordered DNA loop in RecA, Loop 2, contains the residues responsible for DNA homologous recombination. In some bacteria, RecA posttranslational modification via phosphorylation of a serine residue on Loop 2 can interfere with homologous recombination.\nThe search process induces stretching of the DNA duplex, which enhances sequence complementarity recognition (a mechanism termed conformational proofreading). The reaction initiates the exchange of strands between two recombining DNA double helices. After the synapsis event, in the heteroduplex region a process called branch migration begins. In branch migration an unpaired region of one of the single strands displaces a paired region of the other single strand, moving the branch point without changing the total number of base pairs. Spontaneous branch migration can occur, however, as it generally proceeds equally in both directions it is unlikely to complete recombination efficiently. The RecA protein catalyzes unidirectional branch migration and by doing so makes it possible to complete recombination, producing a region of heteroduplex DNA that is thousands of base pairs long.\nSince it is a DNA-dependent ATPase, RecA contains an additional site for binding and hydrolyzing ATP. RecA associates more tightly with DNA when it has ATP bound than when it has ADP bound.\nIn Escherichia coli, homologous recombination events mediated by RecA can occur during the period after DNA replication when sister loci remain close.  RecA can also mediate homology pairing, homologous recombination and DNA break repair between distant sister loci that had segregated to opposite halves of the E. coli cell.\nE. coli strains deficient in RecA are useful for cloning procedures in molecular biology laboratories. E. coli strains are often genetically modified to contain a mutant recA allele and thereby ensure the stability of extrachromosomal segments of DNA, known as plasmids. In a process called transformation, plasmid DNA is taken up by the bacteria under a variety of conditions. Bacteria containing exogenous plasmids are called \"transformants\". Transformants retain the plasmid throughout cell divisions such that it can be recovered and used in other applications. Without functional RecA protein, the exogenous plasmid DNA is left unaltered by the bacteria. Purification of this plasmid from bacterial cultures can then allow high-fidelity PCR amplification of the original plasmid sequence.<PIC> Wigle and Singleton at the University of North Carolina have shown that small molecules interfering with RecA function in the cell may be useful in the creation of new antibiotic drugs.  Since many antibiotics lead to DNA damage, and all bacteria rely on RecA to fix this damage, inhibitors of RecA could be used to enhance the toxicity of antibiotics.  Additionally the activities of RecA are synonymous with antibiotic resistance development, and inhibitors of RecA may also serve to delay or prevent the appearance of bacterial drug resistance. Based on analysis of the molecular properties of the RecA system, Cox concluded that the data \"provide compelling evidence that the primary mission of RecA protein is DNA repair.\"  In a further essay on the function of the RecA protein, Cox summarized data demonstrating that \"RecA protein evolved as the central component of a recombinational DNA repair system, with the generation of genetic diversity as a sometimes useful byproduct.\"\nNatural bacterial transformation involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another (ordinarily of the same species) and the integration of the donor DNA into the recipient chromosome by homologous recombination, a process mediated by the RecA protein (see Transformation (genetics)).  Transformation, in which RecA plays a central role, depends on expression of numerous additional gene products (e.g. about 40 gene products in Bacillus subtilis) that specifically interact to carry out this process indicating that it is an evolved adaptation for DNA transfer.  In B. subtilis the length of the transferred DNA can be as great as a third and up to the size of the whole chromosome.  In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine exogenous DNA into its chromosome, it must first enter a special physiological state termed \"competence\" (see Natural competence).  Transformation is common in the prokaryotic world, and thus far 67 species are known to be competent for transformation.\nOne of the most well studied transformation systems is that of B. subtilis.  In this bacterium, the RecA protein interacts with the incoming single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to form striking filamentous structures.  These RecA/ssDNA filaments emanate from the cell pole containing the competence machinery and extend into the cytosol.  The RecA/ssDNA filamentous threads are considered to be dynamic nucleofilaments that scan the resident chromosome for regions of homology.  This process brings the incoming DNA to the corresponding site in the B. subtilis chromosome where informational exchange occurs.\nMichod et al. have reviewed evidence that RecA-mediated transformation is an adaptation for homologous recombinational repair of DNA damage in B. subtilis, as well as in several other bacterial species (i.e. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Hemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus mutans and Helicobacter pylori).  In the case of the pathogenic species that infect humans, it was proposed that RecA-mediated repair of DNA damages may be of substantial benefit when these bacteria are challenged by the oxidative defenses of their host.", ["w_s1578"]]
[30272, "Marian Stanis\u0142aw Chodacki (July 15, 1898, Nowy S\u0105cz \u2013 June 26, 1975, New York City) \u2013 certified colonel of the infantry branch of the Polish Army under the Second Republic, diplomat, the last Commissioner General of the Republic of Poland in the Free City of Gda\u0144sk in the years 1936\u20131939, executive director of the J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski Institute of America in the years 1949\u20131951.<PIC> He received a law degree from the Department of Law and Administration of the University of Warsaw. In the years 1912\u20131914, Chodacki belonged to the Riflemen's Association. Next, he served in the Polish Legions (1914\u20131918) and in the Polish Army. On June 1, 1921, he served in the Highest Evaluating Commission; his home unit was the 34th Infantry Regiment in Bia\u0142a Podlaska. On May 3, 1922, Chodacki's standing as lieutenant was verified with seniority dating from June 1, 1919, and the 168th rank in the infantry officers' corps. In the years 1922\u20131924, he followed the regular curriculum at the Higher Military Academy in Warsaw. On March 31, 1924, he advanced to the rank of captain with seniority dating from July 1, 1923, and the 131st rank in the infantry officers' corps. Having received an academic diploma of an officer of the General Staff after the completion of the curriculum, he was transferred to the Second Branch of the General Staff of the Polish Army in Warsaw on October 1, 1924. During his studies and service at the Staff, he officially remained officer of the 21st Infantry Regiment \"Dzieci Warszawy\" (\"Warsaw's Children\"). In the years 1927\u20131931, he was a military attach\u00e9 to Finland and Sweden. On November 1, 1931, he was attached to the 67th Infantry Regiment in Brodnica, with which he underwent a practical leadership training session at the head of a riflemen's company. On December 10, 1932, Chodacki was given to the disposal of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the period of six months. On June 30, 1933, he was transferred to the reserve, and at the same time from the reserve of the 21st to that of the 30th Infantry Regiment (30 Pu\u0142k Strzelc\u00f3w Kaniowskich) in Warsaw. Chodacki was given the function of ministerial adviser in the Political Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. On October 24, 1935, he became charg\u00e9 d'affaires in the Polish mission to Czechoslovakia. He was a confidante of the foreign minister J\u00f3zef Beck, who considered him the best politician among the officers transferred from military service to diplomacy. On December 30, 1936 Chodacki assumed the office of the Commissioner General of the Republic of Poland in the Free City of Gda\u0144sk. During his term of office, he attained the rank of authorized minister (minister pe\u0142nomocny) and special envoy (pose\u0142 nadzwyczajny). His uncompromising attitude as General Commissioner caused the quarreling Polish organizations in Gda\u0144sk to unite. As for the Polish policy toward the Free City, it did not change under Chodacki and continued to be marked by a strong opposition to the Nazification of the city. The Commissioner often intervened in the defense of Poles, whose health and life at the time was frequently endangered. During Chodacki's service as Commissioner, the work of Polish Intelligence was intensified as employees of the Commissariat collected information about the military preparations in the Free City. Still in August 1939 the Polish Commissioner, according to the accepted custom, paid a visit to the battleship Schleswig-Holstein. On September 1, 1939, Chodacki, along with other employees of the Polish Commissariat, was arrested by the Germans. As the result of the protests by the already-expelled High Commissioner of the League of Nations in Gda\u0144sk, Carl Jacob Burckhardt, the Germans released Chodacki and others on the border with Lithuania on September 5. During World War II, Chodacki was a soldier of the Polish Armed Forces in France and Great Britain. He was consequently transferred to the Polish Consulate in New York City and on September 1, 1943, became the head of the secret branch of Polish Intelligence Estezet. In the years 1944\u20131945, he was a Polish liaison officer in the rank of major attached to the American Office of Strategic Services. After the war, Chodacki worked at the J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski Institute in New York City, serving as executive director between 1949 and 1951. Silver Cross of the Military Order of Virtuti Militari\nIndependence Medal\nCross of Valour (three times)\nSilver Cross of Merit\nKnight's Cross of the L\u00e9gion d'honneur ", ["w_s1583"]]
[30273, "Ats Purje (born 3 August 1985) is an Estonian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Tallinna Kalev.  Purje began playing football at Tallinna Jalgpallikool, where he was coached by Aivar Tiidus. He made his senior league debut in the IV liiga with SC Real in 2001. In 2003, Purje joined Meistriliiga club Levadia. He made his debut in the Meistriliiga on 15 March 2003, playing for Levadia's Tallinn-based team against the Maardu-based Levadia team in a 0\u20131 away loss. Purje scored his first Meistriliiga goal on 13 May 2003, in a 9\u20133 away win over Kuressaare. In July 2003, Purje was moved to the Maardu team. His first trophy with Levadia came in the 2003\u201304 Estonian Cup. Purje won his first Meistriliiga title in the 2004 season. He won two more Meistriliiga titles in 2006 and 2007, and two more Estonian Cups in 2005 and 2007. In December 2007, Purje signed a two-year contract with Veikkausliiga club FC Inter. On 12 April 2008, he won his first trophy with FC Inter in the 2008 Finnish League Cup. Purje made his debut in the Veikkausliiga on 27 April 2008, and scored his side's first goal in a 3\u20131 home victory over RoPS. He won the Veikkausliiga in the 2008 season. On 31 October 2009, Purje came on as a 79th-minute substitute in FC Inter's 2\u20131 victory over Tampere United in the Finnish Cup final, winning his third trophy with the club. In June 2010, Purje signed a one-year contract with Cypriot First Division club AEP, with an option to extend it for another year. He made his debut in the Cypriot First Division on 29 August 2010, and scored his side's only goal in a 1\u20132 loss to Ethnikos Achna. In May 2011, Purje signed for Ethnikos Achna. He made his debut for the club on 27 August 2011, in a 0\u20131 loss to Anorthosis. On 3 April 2012, Purje signed a one-year contract with Veikkausliiga club KuPS. In September, he signed a two-year contract extension that would keep him with the club until 2014. Purje was his side's top scorer in the 2012 season with six goals and was named the club's Player of the Year. He was once again his club's top scorer in the 2014 season, with nine goals. On 9 February 2015, Purje signed a three-year contract with Meistriliiga club N\u00f5mme Kalju. On 30 May 2015, he won his fourth Estonian Cup. Purje was N\u00f5mme Kalju's top scorer in the Meistriliiga for two consecutive seasons, in 2015 and 2016.<PIC> On 27 December 2016, Purje returned to KuPS for an undisclosed fee, on a one-year deal with an option to extend the contract for another year. For the 2021 Season Purje returned to Estonia signing for the Esiliiga club Tallinna Kalev while also managing their under-21 team in the Esiliiga B. Purje began his youth career in 2002 with the Estonia under-19 team. He also represented the under-20 and under-21 national sides, amassing 18 youth appearances and scoring 3 goals overall.\nPurje made his senior international debut for Estonia on 11 October 2006, replacing Teet Allas in the 81st minute of a 0\u20132 away loss to Russia in a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying match. He scored his first international goal on 20 August 2008, in a 2\u20131 home win over Malta in a friendly. Purje came on as a second-half substitute in both matches against the Republic of Ireland in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying play-offs as Estonia lost 1\u20135 on aggregate.  As of 10 December 2017.\nIncludes the Estonian Cup, Finnish Cup and Cypriot Cup\nAppearance(s) in UEFA Cup\nAppearances in UEFA Champions League\nOne appearance in Livonia Cup, three appearances in Commonwealth Cup, one appearance in Estonian Supercup\nThree appearances and one goal in Commonwealth Cup, four appearances in Baltic League\nAppearances in UEFA Europa League As of 9 June 2019.   Levadia\nMeistriliiga: 2004, 2006, 2007\nEstonian Cup: 2003\u201304, 2004\u201305, 2006\u201307\nFC Inter\nVeikkausliiga: 2008\nFinnish Cup: 2009\nFinnish League Cup: 2008\nN\u00f5mme Kalju\nEstonian Cup: 2014\u201315\nKuopion Palloseura\nVeikkausliiga: 2019 Veikkausliiga Player of the Month: May 2008\nKuPS Player of the Year: 2012", ["w_s1584"]]
[30274, "Zden\u011bk Nov\u00e1k (April 2, 1891, Paskov, Fr\u00fddek-M\u00edstek District - October 23, 1988, Zadn\u00ed T\u0159eba\u0148) was a Czech military officer who served in the Austro-Hungarian army, in the Czechoslovak Army, and as a resistance fighter in World War II.<PIC> Nov\u00e1k was born on April 2, 1891, in the village of Paskov. From September 1901 to June 1905 he attended the State Lower Gymnasium, M\u00edstek.  From September 1905 to June 1907 he attended business school in Uhersk\u00e9 Hradi\u0161t\u011b. From September 1908 to July 1909 he attended the State High School in Brno. From October 1909 to July 1910 he studied at the University of Agriculture in Berlin.\nIn October 1910 he chose to interrupt his studies and volunteered for a year's service in artillery regiment 27 in Josefov, where he studied at a school for reserve artillery officers from December 1910 to May 1911. From May to September 1911, he was an artillery platoon commander in Field Cannon Regiment No. 29, Josefov. On October 1, 1911, he was named a cadet in the Austro-Hungarian armed forces. Instead of returning to university, he worked as a brewer. After the outbreak of World War I, he joined Artillery Regiment 39 in Vara\u017edin, and was named an Ensign in the Austro-Hungarian armed forces on August 1, 1914.  He served on the Serbian front, where he held various positions in the field before being named commander of the battery. On November 1, he was named a Lieutenant in the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces.\nIn February 1915, his unit, renamed Field Artillery Regiment 36, moved to the Russian front. Nov\u00e1k stayed with the unit until the end of March 1916, when he was transferred to Regiment Field Militia 42. In early June 1916, by now a lieutenant, he was taken prisoner by the Russians, who released him in July 1917. On the first of that month he was named a lieutenant. After graduating in October 1917 from an officer's course in Borispol he became a junior officer in the 3rd battery of the 2nd MS. separate artillery section. In September 1918 he was promoted to captain and on December 21 became a major.\nIn early April 1919, he took command of the 3rd MS. light artillery regiment, and at the end of the same month he became the commander of artillery of the 3rd MS. Rifle Division. In 1920 he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel. He returned to Czechoslovakia in August 1920.\nIn November 1920, he went to Ko\u0161ice to command the 11th Field Artillery Brigade. He remained in that position until February 1929, being promoted to colonel in December 1921 and Brigadier General on May 4, 1928. From May to July 1924, he took a course for generals and colonels in Olumouc; from October to December 1924, he took a course for general and colonels in Versailles; from November 1928 to July 1929 he pursued further studies in Prague.\nHe was named commander of the 8th Field Artillery Brigade, headquartered in Opava and, after October 1931, in Hranice. In October 1935 took command of the IV. Artillery Corps in Olomouc and in December 1937 was named commander of the Provincial Military Artillery in Brno. When Neville Chamberlain agreed at Munich to allow the Nazis to invade Czechoslovakia, Nov\u00e1k was commander of artillery in the 2nd Army in Olomouc. After the occupation of the Sudetenland he joined the military resistance organization Defense of the Nation. He managed to evade arrest, and after the Nazis occupied the rest of Czechoslovakia, when most of the organization's leaders were arrested by the Germans, Nov\u00e1k became its head in early 1942. He succeeded in resurrecting the organization, but was arrested by the Gestapo on June 22, 1944, and imprisoned at Pankrac.\nInterrogated repeatedly and tortured at length at Petschek Palace, he did not disclose the names of his fellow resistance members, and on May 5, 1945, he was freed from prison by Prague insurgents. Despite his ill health, he was involved in the operations of the rebel group Alex, which had been commanded by General Franti\u0161ek Slune\u010dko. At the end of May 1945, the war in Europe over, he became commander of the 3rd area in Brno, headed until August 1950, and was promoted, first, to Divisional General and then to General of the Army. Subsequently, he was appointed commander of the 2nd Military District.\nOn January 3, 1951, he was arrested in one of the many Eastern bloc purges engineered by Stalin; he was released from active military service on October 31 of that year and reduced to the rank of Private. In 1954 the Supreme Court sentenced him to 18 years in prison for high treason, but he was pardoned by the President of the Republic in September 1956.\nIn 1967 he was restored to his full military rank and honors. Nov\u00e1k died on October 23, 1988, in Zadn\u00ed T\u0159eb\u00e1\u0148. 1919 Order of St Stanislaus 2nd Class with Swords\n1919 Croix de Guerre\n1919 Order of Falcon with Swords\n1921 Victory Medal\n1921 Czechoslovak Revolutionary Medal\n1921 War Cross 1918", ["w_s1592"]]
[30275, "John William Rawlings [Red] (August 17, 1892 \u2013 October 16, 1972) was a second baseman and shortstop in Major League Baseball who played for six different teams between the 1914 and 1926 seasons. Listed at 5\u00a0ft 8\u00a0in (1.73\u00a0m), 158\u00a0lb., he batted and threw right-handed.<PIC> A native of Bloomfield, Iowa, Rawlings attended high school in Los Angeles. He started his professional career in 1911 with the Vernon Tigers of the Pacific Coast League.\nRawlings entered the majors in 1914 with the Cincinnati Reds, appearing for them in 33 games before jumping during the mid-season to the Kansas City Packers of the outlaw Federal League. After one and a half seasons in Kansas City, he spent 1917 with the Toledo Iron Men of the American Association.\nRawlings returned to major league action with the Boston Braves (1917-20), and later played for the Philadelphia Phillies (1920-'21), New York Giants (1921-'22) and Pittsburgh Pirates (1923-26). His most productive season came in 1921 for Phillies and Giants, when he posted career highs in hits (156), runs (60), extrabases (27), RBI (46) and games played (146), while hitting .278 average. In 1922, Rawlings hit .282 in 82 games, good enough to play for John McGraw's National League pennant winning Giants in 1921 and 1922. He hit .333 (10-for-30) with three doubles and four RBI for the 1921 Giants World Series champions. Of particular note was the last play in the series, the last time a best-of-nine game format was used.  With the Giants winning in the ninth inning and the Yankees facing elimination, Yankees manager Miller Huggins sent Babe Ruth in to pinch hit to lead off the inning. Ruth had knee and elbow injuries and had missed Games 6 and 7 completely, and had sat out Game 8 thus far. He grounded out to the first baseman unassisted. Aaron Ward coaxed a walk, and represented the tying run. The next batter was Home Run Baker. After fouling off several pitches, he hit a ball that appeared to have eyes for right field. Ward took off on contact. Rawlings reached the ball, and after tumbling, threw to first base from his knees to get the out. Ward inexplicably continued running, rounded second base, and with his head down, barreled toward third. An astute throw to Frank Frisch at third base nailed Ward for the third out, and the Series was won by the Giants. Six seasons later, the winning pitcher, Art Nehf, then with the Cincinnati Reds, would call Rawlings' snag the best play he had ever seen.  In all, Rawlings earned three World Series rings, though he did not play for the 1922 Giants and 1925 Pirates series champions. During an early September game at Pittsburgh against the St. Louis Cardinals, Rawlings, now playing for the eventual World Champion Pirates, broke the fibula near the ankle in his left leg, while sliding into second base. The injury would keep him out of the World Series, and would cut short his major league playing career the following year.\nFollowing his major league career, Rawlings played in the minors until 1930. He began the 1930 season with the Pacific Electric ball club in Los Angeles, but by June, fate found him playing infield on the same Texas League Dallas Steers ball club with former Major League great Grover Cleveland Alexander, a future Baseball Hall of Famer. After he was released by the Steers in June, Rawlings signed on in July as a utility infielder with the Los Angeles Angels.\nFrom the 1940s Rawlings coached for a number of years and also managed during eight years in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League for the Grand Rapids Chicks (1946-'50), Peoria Redwings (1951) and Rockford Peaches (1953-'54). He led his teams to six playoff appearances, including a Championship Title with the 1947 Chicks. Johnny Rawlings was married to the former Alexia Selma Wieben (1894\u20131986) in Los Angeles, California on October 19, 1917.  They had two daughters, Audrey (later Mrs. Jack Perry), who was born in 1921 in Pennsylvania, and Joanne (later Mrs. Jack Lynwood), who was born in 1927 in California.  Shortly after his retirement from playing baseball, Johnny Rawlings was an insurance salesman in Los Angeles.\nRawlings died in Inglewood, California in 1972, at the age of 80.  His wife Alexia died in 1986.", ["w_s1593"]]
[30276, "Roderick \"Rod\" Lemonde MacFarquhar (2 December 1930 \u2013 10 February 2019) was a British politician, journalist, and academic orientalist, specializing in China as a Harvard University professor. He also served as a Member of Parliament in the 1970s. He was best known for his studies of Maoist China, the three-volume The Origins of the Cultural Revolution and Mao's Last Revolution. MacFarquhar was born in Lahore, British India (now Pakistan). His father was Sir Alexander MacFarquhar, a member of the Indian Civil Service and later a senior diplomat at the United Nations. His mother was Berenice (n\u00e9e Whitburn). He was educated at the Aitchison College in Lahore and Fettes College, an independent school in Edinburgh. After spending part of his national service from 1949 to 1950 in Egypt and Jordan as a second lieutenant in the Royal Tank Regiment, he went up to Keble College, Oxford to read Philosophy, Politics and Economics, obtaining a BA in 1953. He then went on to obtain a master's degree from Harvard University in Far Eastern Regional Studies in 1955, studying with John King Fairbank, who supported his career as a China scholar.\nHe worked as a journalist on the staff of the Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph from 1955 to 1961 specialising in China, and also reported for BBC television Panorama from 1963 to 1965. He was the founding editor of The China Quarterly from 1959 to 1968, and a non-resident fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford, from 1965 to 1968. In 1969 he was a senior research fellow at Columbia University in New York City, and in 1971 he returned to England to hold a similar fellowship at the Royal Institute of International Affairs. MacFarquhar completed his doctorate at the London School of Economics in 1981. In the 1966 general election, MacFarquhar fought the Ealing South constituency for the Labour Party but failed to dislodge the sitting Conservative MP. Two years later, he was Labour candidate who attempted to retain the Meriden seat in a by-election; he was on the wrong end of an 18.4% swing at the height of the Wilson government's unpopularity.\nFollowing the defeat of George Brown in 1970 and favourable boundary changes, MacFarquhar was selected to fight the Belper constituency, and at the February 1974 general election succeeded in winning the seat from its sitting Conservative MP Geoffrey Stewart-Smith. Although he won, there was an estimated swing of 4% to the Conservatives had the same boundaries applied in the previous election.\nMacFarquhar proved a moderate figure, in line with Brown's views. He abstained on a vote to remove the disqualification of left-wing Labour councillors in Clay Cross who had broken council housing laws enacted by the previous Conservative government. However, there were exceptions: he also abstained on a vote to increase the Civil list payments on 26 February 1975. He acted as Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to David Ennals, a minister of the state at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, and retained the job when Ennals was promoted to be Secretary of State for Social Services. He was made a member of the Select Committee on Science and Technology. In 1978 MacFarquhar resigned his office as PPS after voting against the Government.  In that year, he became a Governor of the School of Oriental and African Studies, a University of London constituent body. The post gave him a job which he could do if he lost his seat. In the 1979 general election, MacFarquhar did indeed lose by 800 votes, and returned to academia and broadcasting (returning to \"24 Hours\" for a year).\nHe remained involved in politics and his moderate beliefs made him increasingly uncomfortable in the Labour Party: on 22 October 1981 he announced that he had joined the Social Democratic Party. He fought the South Derbyshire seat, which contained most of then-abolished Belper, for the SDP in the 1983 general election, and nearly succeeded in beating the Labour candidate, although the seat was easily won by the Conservatives. He was a fellow of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington D.C. in 1980-81 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1986. In 1980\u20131983, he was a Leverhulme Research Fellow from 1980 until 1983.\nIn 1986\u20131992, MacFarquhar was Director of the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies at Harvard University. He was a Walter Channing Cabot Fellow at Harvard in 1993\u20131994. He was the Leroy B. Williams Professor of History and Political Science, Emeritus.\nHe was a scholar of Chinese politics from the founding of the People's Republic through to the Cultural Revolution. Volume three of his study The Origins of the Cultural Revolution: The Coming of the Cataclysm 1961-1966 (1997) won the Joseph Levenson Book Prize for 1999.\nIn a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Roderick MacFarquhar, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 140+ works in 330+ publications in 11 languages and 15,700+ library holdings<PIC> MacFarquhar married Emily Cohen, a journalist and East Asian studies scholar, in 1964. They had two children, the writer Larissa MacFarquhar and economist Rory MacFarquhar, who served as policy adviser in the Obama administration. His first wife died in 2001. He married his second wife, British foreign policy scholar Dalena Wright, in 2012.\nMacFarquhar died from heart failure at a hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts on 10 February 2019, at age 88.", ["w_s1595"]]
[30277, "Basta (Arabic: \u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629) is a pre-historic archaeological site and village in Ma'an Governorate, Jordan, 36 kilometres (22\u00a0mi) southeast of Petra. It is named for the nearby contemporary village of Basta, which hosted a major Ottoman garrison during WWI and the Great Arab Revolt. Like the nearby site of Ba'ja, Basta was built in c. 7000\u00a0BC and belongs to the PPNB (Pre-Pottery Neolithic B) period. Basta is one of the earliest known places to have a settled population who grew crops and domesticated livestock. \nBasta lies at an altitude of around 1,460 metres (4,790\u00a0ft). The modern village is home to 1,491 people.<PIC> The Basta's settlement dates back to the early periods of human smalls settlements and the use of agricultural crops as a way for sustain their inhabitants. Along with the crops, also is one of the archeological sites that marks the first use of animal domestication. Due to the relics founded dating before 9000 BC, the place is considered as one of the first places in the world that initiated the process of human settlement in great scale.\nThe houses in Basta were built on the familiar circular shape, and this design enabled individuals within the same house to live together. They used limestone to build their homes, as this can be known by the height of the walls in some places and the stone partitions whose floors were made with wood. These\u00a0woods were from trees of the area and imported from other regions. \nThere are no cemeteries, on the contrary, the people of the ancient village used to bury their dead under the floors of their homes. The archaeologists believes that the intent is to remind successive generations of the relationship of families and individuals to their homes, which later became a basic concept of place and home ownership for farmers and villagers. Of course, this socio-religious concept has its impact on the formation of the city, the first nucleus of civilization at the region. \nBeing a civilization that predates the invention of pottery, the household items \u00a0that were found were made of stone and bone from which grinding tools and mills were made, while flint was used to make arrowheads. Animal dolls such as a sitting deer, the head of a bull or a cow, the head of a bear and the head of a ram, were also found, which may have religious meaning. \nIn their highest point, Basta became a regional center of trade and \"industrial\" production of handmade tools. Thanks to the domestication, trade and agriculture, Basta reached the population of at least 1000 people, which it made one of the most populated settlements in that time along with the ancient settlement of Beidha, which is located near.  \nThere is no consensus about the decline of Basta, but researchers believes that the fast growth of the settlement, an earthquake and the overconsumption of natural resources of the area were the factors that caused the decline and, consequently, the disappear of the city around 5000 BC. The Jordanian census of 1961 found 461 inhabitants in Basta.", ["w_s1599"]]
[30278, "William Hayes Pope (June 14, 1870 \u2013 September 13, 1916) was the last Chief Justice of New Mexico Territory and the first United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico after New Mexico attained statehood.<PIC> Pope was born in Beaufort, South Carolina to Joseph James Pope, a lawyer, and Emily Hayes (Mikell). He received a Master of Arts degree from the University of Georgia in 1889, followed by a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Georgia School of Law in 1890. He also taught at the University of Georgia as an adjunct professor of ancient languages from 1889 to 1890, when he was admitted to the bar. He then practiced law in Atlanta, Georgia.\nPope moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico Territory in 1894, apparently seeking a climate that was better for his health. He practiced law there until 1896 in the firm Victory & Pope, with senior partner John P. Victory. Their partnership was also a public one; Victory was then the territory's attorney general, and Pope served as the Assistant Attorney General from 1895 to 1897. During that period, he served as a commissioner from New Mexico to the Atlanta Exposition in 1895, and on the Capitol Rebuilding Commission from 1895 to 1900.\nIn March 1896, Pope was appointed by the United States Attorney General to serve as a special Assistant United States Attorney in the United States Court of Private Land Claims, from which Pope resigned in June 1902. He was then appointed by the United States Secretary of the Interior as a special United States Attorney to represent the interests of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico Territory, from 1901 to 1902.\nIn June 1902, Governor-General of the Philippines William Howard Taft appointed Pope to a judgeship on the Court of First Instance, Philippine Islands. Pope established a friendship with Taft during his service there. He returned to the United States in July 1903, and in October was appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt as an associate justice of the New Mexico Territorial Supreme Court. Pope was elevated to Chief Justice in 1910, and served in that capacity until 1912. Pope was the first judge appointed to the new United States District Court for New Mexico, after it attained statehood on January 6, 1912. Pope was nominated by President William Howard Taft on January 22, 1912, to the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico, to a new seat authorized by 36 Stat. 557. His nomination received some opposition. Ten prominent New Mexico lawyers accused Pope of delaying decisions in submitted cases (despite his reputation to the contrary), and Pope's support of prohibition may have also been an issue. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 20, 1912, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on September 13, 1916, due to his death in Atlanta. One of Pope's decisions on the federal bench was reversed by the U.S. Supreme Court, in United States v. Sandoval, 231 U.S. 28 (1913). The issue was whether an 1897 federal law that criminalized the sale of alcohol to Indians applied to the Pueblos in the state of New Mexico. Pope had ruled that the Pueblos were ordinary citizens living on private property, and did not fit into the classes of Indians defined in the 1897 law. In reversing, the Supreme Court held that the Pueblos were a dependent people, which Congress had made clear in the Enabling Act providing for New Mexico's statehood. Pope was a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Elks, Shriners, and a freemason. He was married for eleven years, but had no children. He was buried in Fairview Cemetery in Santa Fe.", ["w_s1603"]]
[30279, "Also called Lineman's splice and Lineman's knot, but not to be confused with the unrelated Lineman's loop (or Butterfly loop).\nThe Western Union splice or Lineman splice is a method of joining electrical cable, developed in the nineteenth century during the introduction of the telegraph and named for the Western Union telegraph company. This method can be used where the cable may be subject to loading stress. The wrapping pattern design causes the join to tighten as the conductors pull against each other. In 1915, Practical electric wiring described it as being, \"by far the most widely used splice\" in practical electrical wiring work. NASA included the splice in its technical standard Workmanship Standard For Crimping, Interconnecting Cables, Harnesses, And Wiring, first produced in 1998. The 1915 textbook Practical electric wiring describes the construction of the Western Union splice; short tie and long tie. The short tie splice has it being formed after stripping the insulation from a pair of wires for several inches, each, crossing the wires left over right as shown in figure part A; then, a hooked cross (figure part B) is formed holding the crossing point of the two wires, and pulling the right wire tip toward and pushing the left wire tip away from the worker, leaving the tips oriented vertically as shown. The wires are then held with pliers to the left of their crossing point while the right splice is formed by continuing to wind the wire tip away from the worker, creating 5-6 twists snug against the core wire and against each preceding twist. NASA recommend \"tight, with no gaps between adjacent turns.\" The wires are then again held with pliers, but on the first-made twist, to the right of the crossing point, and then the left splice is formed by winding the remaining wire tip toward the worker for a comparable 5-6 snug twists. The splice wire ends are then trimmed as needed, and the splice may then be soldered, and/or covered (e.g., with a  heat-shrunk tube of insulation).\nPractical electric wiring described the splice as having two variations, the \"short tie\" (figure part D) and \"long tie\" (figure parts E or F), with the latter examples having a \"twist between wrappings [that] allows a better chance for solder to pass in between the wires\". The book suggested the long tie variant more suited to splices where soldering was intended. However, this was not backed up by NASA testing.<PIC> The NASA tests included soldering, and were performed to an organizational standard operating procedure (NASA-STD-8739.3) for a solder termination, which includes a number of specific requirements, including \"proper insulation spacing\"; tight wrapping; trimming of wire ends to prevent protrusions through the solder; and over-sleeving with a transparent or translucent heat shrink seal to cover the completed splice and all exposed metal.\nNASA found both the short- and long tie variant to be strong when soldered. The splices were examined in tensile strength (\"pull\") tests on 16 and 22 American wire gauge wire; even the short tie variation of the Western Union splice performed well after soldering. The test splices never failed at the splice (instead breaking outside of the splice area), leaving NASA to conclude that \"the solder connection at the splice was as strong or stronger than the un-spliced wires.\"", ["w_s1605"]]
[30280, "Cephaleuros parasiticus is a plant pathogenic member of the chlorophyta, or green algae. It infects several commercially important crops including tea. Unlike the majority of pathogenic Cephaleuros species it penetrates the epidermis of plants, and is not constrained to subcuticular growth. It has sometimes been misidentified as Cephaleuros virescens. Cortex penetration, and the naming as red rust of tea are marked differentiators of C. parasiticus from its relative C. virescens which does not penetrate the epidermis. It has been renamed several times as more phylogenetic information has become available.<PIC> The disease is increasingly a concern in tea plantations throughout the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka in recent decades. It is also present in Chinese tea plantations, although apparently to a lesser extent. In some cases it can necessitate large scale replanting, which are especially vulnerable to C. parasiticus. It may present in up to one quarter of all tea plantations in Bangladesh, and is one of the major threats to the tea plantation industry. It has long been identified as a concern for the industry, with publications dating back to 1907. Already weakened plants, suffering from nutrient stress or damage caused by mechanical harvesters, are at heightened risk of severe infections. However, it is possible for otherwise healthy plants to develop an infection. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development in India recommends the use of pesticides in the establishment of new tea plantations.  Red rust is not exclusive to tea, and is known to infect other plants, including mango, coffee, citrus, and guava. It should not be confused with either the fungal coffee leaf rust, a basidiomycete rust; or with coffee red leaf spot, caused by the related C. virescens. Similar symptoms and pathogenesis seem to be present on all hosts.  The algae can penetrate the epidermis, although spores more readily spread through wounds.  It proceeds to invade the cortical tissue in the stem. In leaves, the rust causes chlorosis and variegation, which might be surrounded by anthocyanescence. One sign of an infection is red-orange filamentous growth emerging on wounds in humid conditions. The most extreme symptoms produce necrotic patches on the stem. Repeated infection cycles result in permanently reduced yields mortality, especially in younger plants. The algae has a latent period of roughly a year following the initial infection of damaged tissue. After this time, it will begin fruiting during rainy periods. It disperses as both motile zoospores, and also through wind-borne sporangium. Wind and rain are mechanisms of this dispersal. The use of mechanical tea harvesters can increases the losses caused by this pathogen, as wounds on the plants allows for aggravated pathogenesis and eventual loss of the plant. As an algae, various agents including detergents and fungicides are mostly ineffective in controlling the disease. A mixture of urea and muriate of potash can also be applied via spraying. Tolerant cultivars are also being developed to reduce loss, although no resistant cultivars currently exist. Cultural practices such as eliminating weed shade and maintaining soil health have also been mentioned as important for the management of C. parasiticus. The mechanism of resistance from potash spraying is related to vigorous plant growth, as potash is an important nutrient for tea plants. The use of potash in conjunction with bordeaux spraying reduced the severity of the disease impact on crop yields. This is supported by findings that vigorous growth in young plants reduces the severity of an infection. Spraying with copper based fungicides up to three times throughout the summer, especially as the alga sporulates, will control the disease. Pruning infected branches can also help plants recover.", ["w_s1609"]]
[30281, "Franke Holding AG, based in Aarburg, Switzerland, is an industrial manufacturer with companies located around the world.\nFranke has about 8,100 employees working in 63 companies in Europe, South and North America, Africa, Australia and Asia.\nIn 2021, the Franke Group had a total turnover of CHF 2,557 million.\"Key figures\". Franke Group. Retrieved 2022-05-27.  Hermann Franke founded a sheet metal business in his name in Rorschach, Switzerland, in 1911. In the late 1920s the economic upturn in the industry and construction sector led to the incorporation of a sanitary installations department. Franke began with the production of oven tops, skylights and dormer windows.\nIn the 1930s Franke started production of the first sink units in nickeline, monel-metal and later in stainless steel. Franke built a new factory with offices and residential building, and the company's ten employees relocated to Aarburg, Switzerland. Franke initiated the first production series and the first fully welded, smooth sink unit.\nHermann Franke died on January 25, 1939, and his son Walter took over the business. The Second World War led to great difficulties in obtaining materials. During the years after the war the company's factory facilities expanded and the production of complete kitchens began. Franke started to export products to European countries. The construction sector developed encouragingly. Business expanded rapidly. Franke sold kitchen sinks. In 1950 the Washroom and Sanitary Equipment product group was established as part of Franke with products for communal washrooms and WCs. Production of components for propulsion systems began. Franke saw its first foreign investment in Germany and by 1955 had 500 employees.\nIn the late 1950s, Franke's production doubled. Factory facilities were expanded further. A \"Commercial Kitchens\" division was founded. By 1961 Franke had 750 employees.\nOver the next twelve years Franke experienced rapid growth: 13 new subsidiaries were established and two companies began manufacturing under license. In 1972, Franke built and installed the first kitchen for McDonald's in Munich. By 1974 the company had 2,600 employees. In 1975 Franke ownership changes: Walter Franke's friend and business partner Willi Pieper took over. Four subsidiaries and two licensees were added to the group. In 1979 the Franke compact sink system was introduced. In the late 1980s the divisional organization was established. Michael Pieper joined Group Management in 1989. Rapid and consistent expansion transformed Franke into a corporate group with worldwide operations. Today Franke consists of approx. 8,500 employees in over 70 companies in Europe, South America, North America, Africa, Australia and Asia.\"Key figures\". Franke Group. Retrieved 2022-02-05.  Franke Artemis Group has its headquarters in Aarburg/Switzerland. Franke took over the Sissons company based in Chesterfield, who are a manufacturer of stainless steel catering sinks and washroom systems. Sissons were one of the first companies to manufacture stainless steel sinks in the 1930s, and were founded in Sheffield, England. The company is known as Franke Sissons Ltd. In 1990 it bought the Falkirk-based Carron Phoenix.\nFranke Coffee Systems UK are based in St Albans, Hertfordshire and sell and service bean-to-cup, pod and traditional style coffee machines.<PIC> The company has also bought the companies Blinox and Roblin (producing hoods).\nUnited States\nFranke Foodservice Systems Americas, Inc. is based in Smyrna, Tennessee, in a office and warehousing facility located near the Smyrna Municipal Airport and a factory in Fayetteville, Tennessee. The company was established in the 1970s with the purchase of a stainless steel manufacturer in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania metro area. The company moved operations to Tennessee in 1998. The business was divided into two sister companies, Franke Foodservice Solutions and Franke Foodservice Supply, in 2016, before being merged back together into a single entity (Franke Foodservice Systems Americas) in 2019.\nThe Americas division is focused on the manufacture and sale of custom stainless steel heated and refrigerated equipment for quick-service restaurant chains.", ["w_s1614"]]
[30282, "Mayuram Viswanatha Sastri (Tamil: \u0bae\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0ba8\u0bbe\u0ba4 \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf) (1893\u20131958) was a Carnatic music composer. His most remembered composition is the patriotic song \"Jayathi Jayathi Bharata Mata\". Translated \"Victory Victory to Mother India\", the song has become a standard among classical singers of South India. This song is one of the 18 songs in his book 'Bharat Bhajan' which was published in the year 1948 containing songs in praise of Bharat Matha( Mother India) and Mahatma Gandhi. This book was one among his many publications.<PIC> Sastri was born on 27 November 1893 to Ramaswamy Ganapadigal and Balambal Lakshmi in Therizhandur near Mayuram (also known as M\u0101yavaram, present-day Mayil\u0101duthurai) in Tamil Nadu. He was the second of six children. He was initiated in Sanskrit studies, as was the custom and was put in Sanskrit College at Kalyan Mahal, Thiruvaiyaru. He also studied the vedas simultaneously for some time. This helped him attain proficiency in Vedas and the Sanskrit language. Later, the lure of English education led him to become a student at the Municipal High School in Mayuram.\nHe was interested in Carnatic music from an early age and trained under illustrious preceptors like Dasavadyam Venkatarama Iyengar of Devakottai, Namakkal Narasimha Iyengar and Simizhi Sundaram Iyer.\nYoung Sastri devoted more time to music than to his other studies. He imbibed the taste for music from his mother. He had a high-pitched voice and, in due course, he attracted the attention of the local Vidvans (Maestros) who recognized his musical talent. Completing his S.S.L.C. (Secondary School Leaving Certificate) in 1912, Sastri searched for a job and got a school teacher's post. In 1913, he married Kamalambal. He lost his parents in 1915. He shifted to Tiruchirappalli and became a teacher and musician. In the meantime, he gained proficiency in Harmonium playing and became acquainted with Alathur Venkatesa Iyer. He tried his hand at Harikatha for some time at the suggestion of Muthiah Bhagavatar and Panchapakesha Bhagavatar who were his close friends. He later moved to Karaikudi and as a music teacher. In 1921, he moved back to Madras (Now Chennai) in 1921.\nHis only daughter survived for less than a year after birth. In 1935, he also lost his wife.\nMayuram Viswanatha Sastri died in Jamshedpur on 31December 1958. The burning desire in him that he should become a full-fledged musician made him approach Namakkal Narasimha Iyengar for a Vidya guru (teacher). He also had music training under Dasavadyam Venkatarama Iyengar of Devakottai and later under Simizhi Sundaram Iyer. He moved to Madras (Now Chennai) in 1921 and became a professional musician. He was for some time the Harmonium player for dramas enacted by the Madras Secretariat Party and also gave performances on the Harmonium with accompaniments. When A.I.R. (All India Radio) issued a ban on Harmonium in 1940, he gave it up.\nFrom an early age, Sastri had a gift for composing songs. This was mostly in Tamil and dedicated to Lord Murugan. In 1926, Kadalangudi Natesha Shastri published Sastri's first book of songs \"Valli Parinaya Manipravala Satakam\". The Madras Music Academy instituted a Kriti competition in all languages in 1929. A total of 9 competitors had submitted 20 songs. Out of  3 compositions in Sanskrit, 2 of Sastri's compositions were the only songs selected for the top spot. A committee of three judges - Tiger Varadachariar, T. L. Venkatarama Iyer and Jalatharangam Ramaniah Chettiar, adjudged his Sanskrit Kriti \"Kamithe Karunanvite\" in praise of 'Bharatha Matha' (Mother India) in Todi Raga as the best.\nHe was awarded a prize amount of Rs.100/-, a princely sum in those days, and was felicitated at a public function for musicians and music lovers. This was just the right opening for him to bring to limelight his composing ability and spurred him to compose more songs.\nIn 1933, Swami Balananda Sarasvati of Kadirkamam, in Sri Lanka (Ceylon in those days), highly impressed with the devotional character of his songs, helped him to publish the book \"Murugan Pugazh Paamalai\" which contained songs in praise of Lord Muruga . He also gave him the title of \"Kantam\" (indicating his songs had a magnetic ability to attract audience), the catchword of the song \"Kantamam Kadirkamattanilor\".\nHe founded the Bhakta Sangita Mandal in 1933, through which mass singing of his songs was conducted, where he taught these songs for free. As years advanced, he applied himself more to composing songs in praise of Lord Muruga and all thoughts of becoming a performing musician receded as his focus towards becoming a composer increased. In 1940, he published the book \"Murugan Madhura Kirtanai\" consisting of 60 songs on Lord Muruga. The book provides a rich repertoire of Tamil songs.\nIn 1947, a booklet of songs in Tamil for Independence Day 'Desiya Jaya Geetham' was published. It dealt with Khaddar, Gandhiji, Flag salutation, and so on. In 1948, a booklet of 18 songs in Sanskrit, called \"Bharat Bhajan\", containing songs on Bharata Matha (Mother India) and Mahatma Gandhi, was published. The songs are in simple flowing language, set in well known Hindustani ragas like Behag, Bhimpalas, Bilaval. Mand and Desh to ensure they are sung all over the country [India].\nThere are still a good number of songs in manuscript, both in Tamil and Sanskrit, which Sastri intended to publish such as \"Shiva Shakti Madhura Kirtanai\" and \"Harihara Madhura Kirtanai\".  He has composed a set of five songs called \"Balar Pancharatnam\" in Sanskrit, for children that forms a prayer. The manuscript collection also includes 8 songs on Shirdi Sai Baba, which has come out as a CD in 2007.\nHe was the first person to set the Tirukkural verses to music and he published the first volume containing the Arattupal in 41 songs with Svara notation calling it \"Tirukkural Madhura Kirtanai\". This was published during his lifetime. The Sangeet Natak Academy in Delhi gave a grant of Rs.1000 for this. Later on one more volume was published by his younger brother Shri.T. R. Vaithisvaran in 1987. Other volumes of this series are still in manuscripts.\nHe has also written a few novels and plays of which is \"Bhakta Jayadeva\" and \"Chitra Kamini\" were staged. Others included Karaikal Ammayar, Virata Parva, Santha Kumari, and Mithra Vijayam.\nHe was a member of the experts' committee of Annamalai University for two years. He was the second of six siblings. His elder brother was Shri. R. Krishnamoorthi. His younger brothers were Shri. R. Kuppuswami Iyer, Shri. R. Rajagopalan, Shri. T. R. Vaithisvaran. The last sibling was his sister Smt. Vallabham Kalyanasundaram.\nShri.T. R. Vaithisvaran was also a composer by his own merit and is known for his work Shri Ramarpana Gita Puja Kirtana, Shri Ramarpana Kirtana and Shri Ramarpana Jeevia Kirtana.\nHis sister Smt. Vallabham Kalyanasundaram was an accomplished singer and recognized as 'Vidushi' for her depth of knowledge in Carnatic Music. She was an artist with the All India Radio and Guru(teacher) to Shri. Vidwan S. Shankar.\nShe carried on the legacy of Sastri by winning a number of awards in Carnatic Music competitions, giving concerts and conducting music classes too. ", ["w_s1628"]]
[30283, "The common flat lizard (Platysaurus intermedius) is a species of lizard in the Cordylidae family. This lizard has 9 subspecies, all living in southern Africa. The females and juveniles of all subspecies of P. intermedius have black scales, with white stripes on their backs. The bellies are brown, but the outer edges are white. Adult males have different colorations for each subspecies. Common flat lizards are the most widely distributed and common Platysaurus. These lizards live under exfoliating, or weathering, rocks. Their preferred types of rock are granite, sandstone, and quartzite. These lizards can be found in moderately moist savannahs, as well as rock outcrops. It ranges throughout Zimbabwe, North Province, Mpumalanga, southern Malawi, eastern Botswana, Swaziland, Mozambique, and northern KwaZulu-Natal. This area includes the Kalahari Desert, and several large river drainage systems.<PIC> Nine subspecies are recognized: Males of P. i. whilhelmi are green or brown on their backs. White spots are also present. Their tails begin red and change to yellow at the ends. Their bellies are mostly blue, but the centers are black. This subspecies can be found in southern Mpumalanga, a province of South Africa. P. i. wilhelmi may not be a subspecies of Platysaurus intermedius, as it possibly is closer to the Lebombo flat lizard, Platysaurus lebomboensis.\nMales have been found to run shorter distances and go into hiding from a predator earlier than females. P.i.rhodesianus is one of the largest subspecies of the common flat lizard, reaching 120\u00a0mm in length. A male can either have a blue-green or a yellow-green head. The head also has three white stripes. The back color is dependent on range. For the majority of its range, the front part of its back is blue-green. The only exception is in Mozambique, where the front part is red. In the eastern part of its range, the lower part of its back is green, and in the western part of its range, the lower part of its back is red. Tails can be either greenish or yellowish, like many other Platysaurus species. Two phases for the neck and chest can occur. The first phase has a blue throat, a black collar, and a mud-colored chest. The second phase has a yellow throat, black collar, and a green or blue chest.\nThis race occurs in all of Zimbabwe except the northeast, eastern Botswana, and the Limpopo. P.i. nigrescens is 7.5\u20139\u00a0cm long. The male has a black head, chin, throat, chest, and belly. Yellow scales are scattered across this lizard's body. The tail is bright orange. This subspecies occurs near the Shoshong Hills, in northeastern Botswana. P. i. subniger is similar in size to P. i. rhodesianus. The male of this subspecies has a dark green back which becomes brown or black in the rear of the back, with whitish spots. In males from Trelawney, Zimbabwe, their backs are uniform red, also with whitish spots. The tail and throat are orange (though the throat can also be yellow or white), while the chest and belly are black.\nA female specimen lived 3.1 years in captivity. P. i. parvus is 65\u201375\u00a0mm long. The males has a dark green back in the anterior, but the posterior part is red-brown. The back can also have whitish spots, similar to many other Platysaurus species. The tail is a dark orange, while the throat is pale blue. The neck has two black spots on either side. This is a reduced collar. The chest and belly are blue, similar to others of the genus. This race can be found on Blouberg, a mountain, in Limpopo Province. P. i. natalansis occurs in Swaziland and KwaZulu-Natal, a province of South Africa. The back is dark green, with white spots and stripes. The tail is orange. The throat is yellow or pale blue, with black spots and a black collar. The chest and belly are two different shades of blue. P. i. intermedius is 85\u201390\u00a0mm long, and was the first subspecies to be found. Their heads and bodies are green or brown, along with nearly nonexistent spots and stripes. The tails are either red or yellow. Their throats and bellies are blue, as are many other males in this species.\nThis subspecies is found around Pietersburg, North Province. P. i. inopinus males are similar to P. i. parvus in appearance and size. Two major differences are white thighs with black spotting and a lack of a reduced collar. P. i. inopinus can be found in the foothills of Blouberg, Northern Cape in South Africa. P. i. nyasae occurs in Malawi and central Mozambique. They were discovered in 1953.", ["w_s1631"]]
[30284, "Daniel W. Bromley (born 1940) is an economist, the former Anderson-Bascom Professor of applied economics at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, and since 2009, Emeritus Professor. His research in institutional economics explains the foundations of property rights, natural resources and the environment; and economic development. He has been editor of the journal Land Economics since 1974.<PIC> Bromley graduated from Utah State University in 1963 with a degree in Ecology.  He then received an M.S. (1967) and PhD (1969) in natural resource economics from Oregon State University, where his major professor was Emery Castle.\nBromley began working as a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1969 and retired after 40 years. He served two terms as chair of the Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics in the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences. In 2014 he published Wisconsin Becoming: The Careful Creation of Prosperity, which covers the history of the Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics and its relation to economic development in the state of Wisconsin.\nSince 2009, Bromley has been a visiting professor at the Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture of the Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany. In 2011 he was honored with the Reinhard-Lust-Preis for International Transfer of Science and Culture awarded jointly by the German Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung and the Fritz Thyssen-Stiftung.\nFor three years, Bromley served Chair of the U. S. Federal Advisory Committee on Marine Protected Areas. Bromley also served on a special committee of the National Academy of Sciences on climate change in the United States. Bromley is a consultant, advising the Global Environment Facility, the World Bank, the Ford Foundation, the U.S. Agency for International Development, the Asian Development Bank, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Ministry for the Environment in New Zealand, and the Aga Khan Foundation. His has consulted with the Government of National Unity in Sudan on economic recovery in the south and in Darfur and the government of Jordan on institutional reform in the water sector.\nIn 2016, Juha Hiedanp\u00e4\u00e4 and Bromley published Environmental Heresies: The Quest for Reasonable, which reframes environmental conflicts and which advances a pragmatic, deliberative approach. Bromley has been the editor of the journal Land Economics for more than 41 years. His scholarship has been concerned with more effective fisheries, economic development, and environmental policy. In an influential article, \"The ideology of efficiency: Searching for a Theory of Policy Analysis\", Bromley challenged conventional notions that economic efficiency analysis is \"objective\", finding an absence of consistency and coherence in the logical positivism of economic welfare analysis.\nIn the 2006 book, Sufficient Reason: Volitional Pragmatism and the Meaning of Economic Institutions, Bromley challenged the prevailing economic microeconomic models of rational choice; he offered a competing evolutionary model of pragmatic human action where individuals \"work out\" their desired choices and actions as they learn what choices are available. Bromley's perspective on volitional pragmatism builds on the philosophical and institutional economics work of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Friedrich Nietzsche, Charles Sanders Peirce, John Dewey, John R. Commons, Thorstein Veblen, and Richard Rorty. Who\u2019s Who in Economics\nAmerican Men and Women of Science\nFellow American Agricultural Economics Association\nFellow Association of Environmental and Resource Economists\nReimar L\u00fcst Prize from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany, 2011\nVeblen-Commons Award from the Association for Evolutionary Economics, 2016  Economic Interests and Institutions: The Conceptual Foundations of Public Policy. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989.\nEnvironment and Economy: Property Rights and Public Policy. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.\nMaking the Commons Work: Theory, Practice, and Policy. (ed.), San Francisco: ICS Press, 1992.\nHandbook of Environmental Economics. (ed.) Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.\nSustaining Development: Environmental Resources in Developing Countries. Cheltenham, UK: Elgar, 1999.\nEconomics, Ethics, and Environmental Policy: Contested Choices. (ed.) Oxford: Blackwell, 2002. (with Juoni Paavola)\nSufficient Reason: Volitional Pragmatism and the Meaning of Economic Institutions. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.\nVulnerable People, Vulnerable States: Redefining the Development Challenge. London: Routledge, 2012. (with Glen Anderson)\nInstitutions and the Environment. (ed.) Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2014.\nEnvironmental Heresies: The Quest for Reasonable. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. (with Juha Hiedanp\u00e4\u00e4)\nPossessive Individualism: A Crisis of Capitalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. \"The Village Against the Center: Resource Depletion in South Asia\". American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 66(5):868\u2013873 (1984). (with Devendra P. Chapagain).\n\"Property Relations and Economic Development: The Other Land Reform\". World Development, 17(6):867-77 (June 1989).\n\"Private Property Rights and Presumptive Policy Entitlements: Reconsidering the Premises of Rural Policy\". European Review of Agricultural Economics, 17:197\u2013214 (Spring 1990). (with Ian Hodge)\n\"Property Rights, Externalities, and Resource Degradation:  Locating the Tragedy,\" Journal of Development Economics, 33(2): 235\u201362, 1990.  (with Bruce Larson)\n\"The Ideology of Efficiency: Searching for a Theory of Policy Analysis\". Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 19(1):86\u2013107 (July 1990).\n\"The Commons, Common Property, and Environmental Policy\". Environmental and Resource Economics, 2:1\u201317 (1992).\n\"Regulatory Takings: Coherent Concept or Logical Contradiction\". Vermont Law Review, 17(3):647-82 (1993).\n\"Choices Without Prices Without Apologies\". Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 26(2):129-48 (March 1994).  (with Arild Vatn)\n\"Externalities: A Market Model Failure\". Environmental and Resource Economics, 9:135-51 (1997). (with Arild Vatn)\n\"Indigenous Land Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: Appropriation, Security and Investment Demand\". World Development, 25(4):549-62 (1997). (with Espen Sjaastad)\n\"Constitutional Political Economy: Property Claims in a Dynamic World\". Contemporary Economic Policy, 15(4):43\u201354 (October 1997).\n\"Modeling Population and Resource Scarcity in 14th Century England\". Journal of Agricultural Economics, 56(2):217-37 (2005). (with Jean-Paul Chavas).\n\"Volitional Pragmatism\". Ecological Economics, 68:1\u201313 (2008).\n\"Resource Degradation in the African Commons: Accounting for Institutional Decay\". Environment and Development Economics, 13(5):539-63, 2008.\n\"Formalising Property Relations in the Developing World: The Wrong Prescription for the Wrong Malady\". Land Use Policy, 26(1):20\u201327 (2009).\n\"Abdicating Responsibility: The Deceits of Fisheries Policy\". Fisheries, 34(6):280-90 (2009).\n\"Volitional Pragmatism: The Collective Construction of Rules to Live By\". The Pluralist, 10(1):6\u201323 (2015).\n\"Where is the Backward Russian peasant? Evidence against the superiority of private farming, 1883\u20131913\". Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(2):425-47 (2015) (with Michael Kopsidis and Katja Bruisch).\n\"The French Revolution and German Industrialization: Dubious Models and Doubtful Causality\". Journal of Institutional Economics, 12(1):161\u2013190. (with Michael Kopsidis).", ["w_s1639"]]
[30285, "Kazuhiro Wada (\u548c\u7530 \u4e00\u6d69, Wada Kazuhiro, born June 19, 1972) is a retired Japanese professional baseball player. He played mostly as an outfielder for the Chunichi Dragons and the Seibu Lions of the Nippon Professional Baseball league in a career spanning 18 years. Following retirement in 2015, he has become a color commentator for Dragons broadcasts for the NHK. Playing for Tohoku Fukushi University, Wada was MVP of the Sendai Big Six University League as a senior and won the batting title. He hit .429 for Kobe Seiko in the industrial leagues, then in 1996 was drafted in the fourth round of the Japanese draft by the Seibu Lions.  He hit .190 in 1997 when he first played for Seibu and was 0/1 in the 1997 Japan Series. In 1998, Wada hit .333 in 36 games for Seibu and split his time between catching and the outfield. He went 0/2 in the 1998 Japan Series. In 1999, he batted .271 while again seeing limited time behind the plate, with Tsutomu Ito starting.\nIn 1998, Wada began playing semiregularly as an outfielder, batting .306, the same average he recorded the next year. He still not yet an everyday player. In 2002, Wada finally became a starter and responded by batting .319 with 33 homers. Playing left field and DH, he made the Best Nine as the top designated hitter in the Pacific League. He finished third in slugging behind teammates Alex Cabrera and Kazuo Matsui. His Japan Series woes continued with a miserable 0/15 in the 2002 Japan Series, as Seibu got swept by the Yomiuri Giants.\nWada did even better in 2003, hitting .346 (.379 with runners in scoring position), homering 30 times, scoring 87 runs and driving in 89. He made his first All-Star team and was on the Best Nine as an outfielder alongside Yoshitomo Tani and Tuffy Rhodes. Wada finished third in the Pacific League in average (behind Michihiro Ogasawara and Tani) and slugging (behind Cabera and Ogasawara). He was fourth in OBP behind Ogasawara, Tadahito Iguchi and Nobuhiko Matsunaka.\n2004 was an eventful year for Wada. He hit .320 (.375 with RISP), homered 30 times and drove in 89 despite missing time for the 2004 Olympics. For the bronze medal-winning Japanese club in the Olympics, he hit .333 and slugged .636. Hitting cleanup or fifth for Seibu, he was honored again as an All-Star and Best Nine. In the 2004 Japan Series, he finally broke his postseason struggles in a big way by batting .310 with four homers in Seibu's victory over the Chunichi Dragons. Wada broke a 54-year-old record for most extra-base hits in a Japan Series with eight, breaking Isao Harimoto's record of 7 in the 1950 Japan Series. His 26 total bases were a Japan Series record, breaking Yasumitsu Toyoda's 46-year-old record of 25; he tied the record with four homers in a series and his two homers in game six helped Seibu to a 4-2 victory to tie the series at three. Takashi Ishii beat him out for Series MVP honors, though.\nWada continued his dazzling pace in 2005, batting .322, though his 27 homers were his lowest total in four years. He made his fourth straight All-Star contingent. He edged Julio Zuleta (.319) and Matsunaka (.315) for the first Pacific League batting title won by a right-handed hitter since Hatsuhiko Tsuji in 1993. He was fourth in slugging, third in OBP, tied for third in runs (80), first in hits (153), second in doubles (32).\nWada was on the winning Japanese club in the 2006 World Baseball Classic and went 0 of 2 with one strikeout in two games as the backup left fielder to Hitoshi Tamura. Wada hit .298 in 2006 and finished third in the PL with 95 RBI, second to Fernando Seguignol with 34 doubles, eighth with 144 hits, seventh with 239 total bases, tied for seventh with 72 runs, second with 78 walks (trailing only Matsunaka). He was fourth in OBP and eighth in slugging. His home run total continued to fall, down to 19, but still tied for seventh in the PL.\nHe re-signed for Seibu for \u00a5275 million plus incentives. At the end of the 2007 season, Wada opted for free agency and joined boyhood club and reigning Japan Series champions, the Chunichi Dragons in a 3-year, \u00a5840 million deal to replace MLB bound right-fielder, Kosuke Fukudome.<PIC> Wada's hobbies are fishing, pachinko and mah jong.", ["w_s1642"]]
[30286, "Edward William Barton-Wright CE, FRSA, MJS (member of the Japan Society) (8 November 1860\u00a0\u2013 13 September 1951) was an English entrepreneur specialising in both self defence training and physical therapy. He is remembered today as one of the first Europeans to both learn and teach Japanese martial arts and as a pioneer of the concept of hybrid martial arts. He was born Edward William Wright on 8 November 1860 in Bangalore, Madras, India, the third of nine children of railway engineer William Barton Wright and his wife Janet, generally called Jessie. She was the daughter of Australian pastoralist and politician William Forlonge and granddaughter of the Australian pioneer breeder of Merino sheep, Eliza Forlonge.\nE.W. Wright was educated at Dedham Grammar School, Essex, at Lens, Pas-de-Calais in France, and in Germany. He then worked as a clerk for the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway before embarking on a career as a civil and mining engineer. He worked as manager for his father's mining interests based near Odemira in the Alentejo region of Portugal, from 1886 to 1892, without success. In April 1892 he legally assumed the name Edward William Barton-Wright. Returning to England in 1892, he promoted a company, Barton Wright Ltd., antimony specialists, at Millwall, London, but was declared personally bankrupt for the first time the following year. He then worked for mining companies in Egypt and the Straits Settlements (modern day Malaysia and Singapore). In a 1950 interview Barton-Wright professed to having had a \"lifelong interest in the arts of self defence\" and earlier interviews indicated that he had studied various fighting systems during his travels as a young man.  While working as an antimony smelting specialist for the E.H. Hunter Company in Kobe, Japan (c. 1895\u20131898), Barton-Wright studied jujutsu in at least two styles, including the Shinden Fudo Ry\u016b in Kobe and Kodokan judo in Tokyo.\nUpon returning to England in early 1898, Barton-Wright combined these martial arts to form his own method of self-defence training, which he called Bartitsu. Over the next two years, he also added elements of British boxing, French savate and the la canne (stick fighting) style of Swiss master Pierre Vigny.\nIn 1899, Barton-Wright wrote an article titled \"How to Pose as a Strong Man\", detailing the mechanical and leverage principles employed in performing various feats of strength. He also produced a two-part essay entitled \"the New Art of Self Defence\" which was published in both the English and American editions of Pearson's Magazine. Excerpts of Barton-Wright's articles were re-printed in numerous British, American, New Zealand and Australian newspapers.\nIn 1900, Barton-Wright established the Bartitsu School of Arms and Physical Culture at 67b Shaftesbury Avenue in London's Soho district. The school offered classes in a range of self-defence disciplines and combat sports as well as various physical therapies involving the electrical application of heat, light, vibration, and radiation. Club members included soldiers, athletes, actors, politicians and some aristocrats. During the next few years, Barton-Wright organised numerous exhibitions of self-defence techniques and also promoted tournament competitions at music halls throughout London, in which his Bartitsu Club champions were challenged by wrestlers in various European styles.\nIn 1901, Barton-Wright published additional articles that detailed the Bartitsu method of fighting with a walking stick or umbrella.\nIn The Adventure of the Empty House, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the author of the Sherlock Holmes stories, referred to Bartitsu (misspelled as \"baritsu\") in explaining how Holmes had defeated Professor Moriarty in hand-to-hand combat at the brink of the Reichenbach Falls.\nDuring early 1902, Barton-Wright organised and promoted the \"Great Anglo-Japanese Tournament\" tour, which featured Bartitsu demonstrations and contests in provincial centers including Nottingham, the Sandringham Military Base, Oxford, Cambridge University and Lancashire.<PIC> By 1903, the Bartitsu Club had closed down. Subsequently, Barton-Wright mostly abandoned self-defence instruction in favour of his interests in physical therapy. He established a series of clinics at various locations throughout London, and continued to work as a physical therapist for the remainder of his career.\nHis therapeutic business, specialising in the use of various electrical appliances to treat the pain of gout and rheumatism, was viewed with suspicion by the London medical establishment and was subject to bankruptcy proceedings on several occasions during the first three decades of the 20th century. These included a damaging and acrimonious suit brought about by Wilson Rae, a former employee who had become a business rival and who was subsequently jailed on charges of fraud and bigamy. Barton-Wright's financial problems were compounded by a series of investments in unsuccessful inventions and other ventures, including an electrical display planned for an Amsterdam music hall.\nE.W. Barton-Wright was not included in his father's last will and testament, although he did execute a portion of the will on behalf of one of his brothers, who was named as a beneficiary, in 1915.\nComparatively little is known about Barton-Wright's life during the period 1930\u20131950. From 1938 onwards, his medical clinic was in his own home, at No. 50 Surbiton Road, Surbiton.  He is referred to as a \"famous physiotherapist and judoist\" in Attempted Rescue, the 1966 autobiography of English horror writer Robert Aickman, who recalled Barton-Wright as an acquaintance of his great-aunt's.\nIn 1950, Barton-Wright was interviewed by Gunji Koizumi, the founder of the London Budokwai judo club. Later that year he was presented to an audience at a Budokwai gathering, being introduced as the pioneer of Japanese martial arts in Europe.\nBarton-Wright died on 13 September 1951 at his home at 50 Surbiton Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, England, aged ninety, unmarried and in circumstances of some poverty, and he was buried on 17 September in an unmarked grave at Kingston Cemetery in Surrey. It was not until the late 1990s that E.W. Barton-Wright's historical significance was recognised, largely through research carried out by British martial arts historians Richard Bowen and Graham Noble and then by members of the Bartitsu Society.\nIn 2004, members of the Bartitsu Society initiated a fund-raising project towards commemorating Barton-Wright, in honour of his pioneering work in the martial arts.\nBarton-Wright was the subject of dedications in both the 2005 and 2008 volumes of The Bartitsu Compendium and the annual Bartitsu School of Arms and Physical Culture conference (2011\u2013present) is also dedicated to his memory. His life and career are detailed in the 2011 documentary Bartitsu: The Lost Martial Art of Sherlock Holmes.\nIn June 2012, Barton-Wright was commemorated in a wall display in the Sherlock Holmes Collection at Marylebone Library, London and in an entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  In February 2013 he was prominently featured in the BBC Four Timeshift documentary Everybody was Kung Fu Fighting: the Rise of the Martial Arts in Britain. Cyrus Barker, the protagonist of novelist Will Thomas' Barker and Llewellyn mystery series, is partly inspired by E.W. Barton-Wright, as is the villainous Sir Callum Fielding-Shaw in Adrienne Kress' young adult novel The Friday Society.\nE. W. Barton-Wright and Bartitsu are featured in the Ministry of Peculiar Occurrences steampunk novels by Pip Ballantyne and Tee Morris.\nBarton-Wright is depicted as an ally and trainer of a secret society of female bodyguards who protect the leaders of the radical suffragettes in the graphic novel trilogy Suffrajitsu: Mrs. Pankhurst's Amazons (2015), in the spin-off novellas Carried Away, The Second-Story Girl and The Isle of Dogs and also in the 2015 short story The Wrestler and the Diamond Ring.", ["w_s1653"]]
[30287, "Vidyadhar Oke (b 1952) is an Indian doctor, musicologist, harmonium player, and astrology consultant, who has done research in the use of shrutis (microtones) in Indian classical music and created a unique 22-shruti version of the harmonium.<PIC> Oke is a Doctor of Medicine, MBBS, MD (pharmacology) from University of Mumbai, India. He later trained in management at the London Business School and Duke University, U.S.A; and in clinical research at Wellcome Trust, UK. Oke was fortunate to be trained at the Wellcome Research Laboratories at Beckenham, U.K.,where 5 Nobel laureates had worked at a time. Oke met Rajiv Gandhi, the ex-prime minister of India in the \"Young Scientists' Meet\" convened by Raghunath Anant Mashelkar. For years, he gave services in the Pharmaceutical Industry in organizations including Wockhardt, GlaxoSmithKline, Piramal Group; and at 52 years, he retired as President and dedicated himself to music research.\nOke was educated at Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya (formerly known as King George High School), and Ramnarain Ruia College. He graduated from King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College. While in school, Oke was selected to play a Chess match with Ramchandra Sapre, the first winner of the Indian Chess Championship. Oke won Badminton championships including the Inter-School/Collegiate and open events convened by Cricket Club of India, Matunga Gymkhana and Central Indian Railways Institute, Mumbai. Oke's maternal grandfather and mother Shanta were harmonium players. Shanta was also a singer and student of Narayanrao Vyas, a disciple of Vishnu Digambar Paluskar. Oke, a renowned third generation harmonium artist playing the instrument since the age of four, later learned from the maestro late Pandit Govindrao Patwardhan for 25 years to become an ace Harmonium player. His first public performance was a harmonium solo in 1972 on Mumbai Doordarshan. He was a performing member at the National Centre for the Performing Arts (Mumbai) and played harmonium in music programmes at the centre, arranged by Purushottam Laxman Deshpande and Ashok Ranade. He taught Harmonium as Hon. Lecturer at the Department of Music, University of Mumbai, when Ashok Ranade was the head. He accompanied on harmonium; singers including Asha Bhosale, Vasantrao Deshpande, Sudhir Phadke, Kumar Gandharva, Manik Varma, Malabika Kanan, Rashid Khan, C. R. Vyas, Jitendra Abhisheki, Vidyadhar Vyas, Suresh Wadkar, Jyotsna Bhole, Padma Talwalkar, Shruti Sadolikar, Satyasheel Deshpande, Asha Khadilkar, Upendra Bhat, Shubha Mudgal, Vijay Koparkar, Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar, Veena Sahasrabuddhe, Rahul Deshpande; and played lehra to accompany Tabla Solo by Alla Rakha, with Vocal and Mridangam by T. V. Gopalakrishnan.\nHe performed in United States and Europe, including a concert in Maharashtra Mandal of London, to support the fund for the victims of 1993 Latur earthquake; and in the convention of Brihan Maharashtra Mandal of North America at Houston, USA. He composed Music for Marathi musical theatre, for dramas including Sanyastha Jwalamukhi based on the life of Swami Vivekananda, and Dnyanoba Maza based on the life of Saint Dnyaneshwar.\nOke's research on shrutis in the Indian classical music is insightful and potentially revolutionary. Shrutis are the 22 basic musical notes (microtones) which create a Raga. He discovered that the sequential progression of the notes can be plotted mathematically, enabling playing them on a string, precisely. He created the world's first, unique, patented 22 shruti harmonium which can also double up as an Accordion, to be in the list of Indians who created their own musical instruments. Oke gave lec-dems on his research on shrutis at several locations including a TED-X talk at IIT Gandhinagar.\nOke; the playwrighter, songwriter and music director of the Sangeet Natak Tajmahal, became the second person in musical theatre in Marathi language after 138 years as the same feat was done first by Annasaheb Kirloskar in 1882 for Sangeet Saubhadra. Sangeet Tajmahal was judged as the best drama in the 59th Maharashtra state sangeet natak competition (2020) and Oke was adjudged as the best playwright and music director. Oke brought to surface the existence of a temple in Mansingh's palace which was taken over by Shahjahan to be the queen's grave, in his own words. Taj Mahal: Facts, Fiction and An Unbelievable Discovery (Kindle Edition) \u2013 2021.\nPunarjanma\u00a0: Mithya Kee Tathya (Marathi), Parama Mitra Publications \u2013 2018.\n22 Shrutis (Hindi), Sanskar Prakashan - 2015.\nShrutividnyan Va Ragasoundarya, Rajhansa Prakashan - 2015\nTaj Mahal, (A Music Drama approved by Maharashtra Rajya Prayog Parinirikshan Mandal or Sensor Board for Dramas, Maharashtra State) \u2013 2014.\nShrutigeeta, Madhav Rafter Publications \u2013 2011.\n22 Shrutis, (Marathi), Sanskar Prakashan - 2010.\n22 Shrutis, (English), Sanskar Prakashan - 2007.\nGovind Gunadarshan, (A life sketch of Govindrao Patwardhan), Bhagyashree Publications \u2013 2006.\nManoranjak Swabhavashastra, (An Astrological treatise on the Chinese zodiac), Udveli Books \u22122002.\nMitra Jivacha', (An Astrological treatise on the Chinese system of I Ching) Kasturika Communications -1996. A student of Late Pandita Leelatai Paranjpe, Oke has studied Hindu astrology, Chinese astrology, and Western astrology for 50 years. He is a great proponent of Grant Lewi, considered as the father of modern astrology in America. Lewi's Philosophy of Life is that Destiny, when multiplied by Free will, creates human life, which normally appears as a constant struggle between what is existence and what essence) ought to be. Knowledge about horoscope gives a glimpse into destiny and allows for prospective planning of Free will (alternatives and choices) to create the best possible conditions of Human Life. Oke has written newspaper articles and authored books including one on the 12 signs of the Chinese Zodiac and another on the I Ching or the ancient Chinese divination text. He has given invited lectures, besides presenting a daily Astrology programme on ETV Network, Mumbai.\nThe incorporeal essence of a living being called the soul exists as consciousness before birth and even before conception \u2013 a first fundamental fact of reincarnation. Oke has authored a book proposing examples of reincarnation of prominent Indian personalities including Narendra Modi, Manmohan Singh, Swami Ramdev, Mohan Bhagwat, Medha Patkar, Vishwanathan Anand, Sonu Nigam, A.R.Rahman, Rashid Khan, Shivkumar Sharma, Ajoy Chakrabarty, Shahid Parvez, Rajan Mishra, Kishori Amonkar, Alla Rakha, Vishnu Digambar Paluskar, Dadasaheb Phalke, D. V. Paluskar, Anokhelal Mishra, Vasantrao Deshpande and Bal Gandharva. Best Drama, Best Playwright and Best Music Director for 'Sangeet Tajmahal' (59th Maharashtra state sangeet natak competition, 2020)\nPancharatna Puraskar (Harmony Foundation)\nVitthalrao Korgaonkar Puraskar (Surel Samvadini Samvardhan, Belgaum)\nMaharashtra Granthottejak Sanstha (Pune)\nP.L.Deshpande Award (Uttung Sanskrutik Pariwar, Mumbai)\nBandubhaiyya Chougule Puraskar (Indore)\nAppasaheb Jalgaokar Puraskar (Ganavardhan, Pune)\nKeshavrao Bhosale Award by Govt. of Maharashtra\nThane Bhushan Award (Thane Municipal Corporation)\nThane Nagar Ratna Award (Nagar Vikas Manch)\nThane Manabindu Award (Maharashtra Times-Indradhanu)\nAnil Mohile Award (Siddhakala Academy)\nVinayak Damodar Savarkar Award (Savarkar Nyasa)\nDr. Sharadini Dahanukar Hirvai Sanman (King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|King Edward Memorial Hospital)\nSwara-Kranti Award (Nadabrahma)\nSahavadak Puraskar (Swarabandh, Mumbai)\nSurmani (Sur Singar Samsad)\nLeadership through Innovation Award (Wockhardt)\nBest Music Director (Drama), Dnyanoba Majha, (Maharashtra Times Sanman)\nBest Music Director (Drama), Sanyasta Jwalamukhi, (Zee TV Nomination)\nAshtapailu Puraskar, (Chitpavan Brahmin Sangh, Thane)\nShraddhanand Puraskar, (Brahmin Sabha, Mumbai)\nPune Marathi Granthalaya Puraskar (Pune)\nAkhil Bharatiya Marathi Prakashak Sangh Puraskar Vidyadhar Oke is married to Bhagyashree Oke. She is a Kathak Dancer. They have three sons, Anand, Amod and Aditya Oke. Aditya is also a harmonium player. His daughter-in-law Vedashree Oke is a stage actress and a singer.", ["w_s1662"]]
[30288, "Edin Vi\u0161\u0107a ([\u011bdin \u028b\u01d0\u0283t\u0255a]; born 17 February 1990) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a winger for S\u00fcper Lig club Trabzonspor.\nVi\u0161\u0107a started his professional career at Budu\u0107nost Banovi\u0107i, before joining \u017deljezni\u010dar in 2009. Two years later, he moved to \u0130stanbul Ba\u015fak\u015fehir. In 2022, he signed with Trabzonspor.\nA former youth international for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vi\u0161\u0107a made his senior international debut in 2010, earning over 50 caps and scoring 10 goals until 2020. He represented the nation at their first major championship, the 2014 FIFA World Cup.  Vi\u0161\u0107a came through Budu\u0107nost Banovi\u0107i's youth setup, which he joined in 2005. He made his professional debut against Ozren Semizovac on 10 September 2007 at the age of 17. In September 2009, Vi\u0161\u0107a signed a three-year deal with \u017deljezni\u010dar. He made his official debut for the team against \u010celik Zenica on 27 February 2010. On 3 April, he scored his first goal for \u017deljezni\u010dar in a triumph over Travnik. He won his first trophy with the club on 23 May, when they were crowned league champions. In August 2011, Vi\u0161\u0107a was transferred to Turkish outfit \u0130stanbul Ba\u015fak\u015fehir for an undisclosed fee. He made his competitive debut for the side on 11 September against Galatasaray. On 3 January 2012, he scored his first goal for the team against the same opponent.\nHe made his 100th appearance for the side against Gaziantep on 20 April 2014.\nVi\u0161\u0107a was an important piece in \u0130stanbul Ba\u015fak\u015fehir's capture of 1. Lig title, his first trophy with the club, which was secured on 23 April and earned them promotion to S\u00fcper Lig just one season after being relegated. He had an impact of 10 goals and 10 assists.\nIn August 2016, he extended his contract until June 2020.\nHe scored his 51st goal for the team in a defeat of Kayserispor on 14 January 2017, becoming their top all-time goalscorer.\nVi\u0161\u0107a played his 200th game for the club on 18 February against Gaziantepspor.\nOn 2 May 2019, he was named S\u00fcper Lig's player of the season, which made him first Bosnian player ever to win that award.\nHe appeared in his 300th game for the side on 24 May against Alanyaspor and managed to score a goal.\nVi\u0161\u0107a was instrumental in \u0130stanbul Ba\u015fak\u015fehir's conquest of S\u00fcper Lig title, first in their history, which was sealed on 19 July 2020. He scored 13 goals and added 13 assists.\nHis 100th goal for the club came in a loss to Kas\u0131mpa\u015fa on 26 July.\nIn October, he signed a new five-year deal with \u0130stanbul Ba\u015fak\u015fehir.\nOn 20 October, Vi\u0161\u0107a debuted in UEFA Champions League away at RB Leipzig. Two weeks later, he scored his first goal in the competition against Manchester United.<PIC> In January 2022, Vi\u0161\u0107a moved to Trabzonspor on a contract until June 2025. He debuted officially for the side against Sivasspor on 15 January. On 23 January, he scored his first goal for Trabzonspor against Galatasaray, which secured the victory for his team. He won his first trophy with the club on 30 April, when they were proclaimed league champions. Vi\u0161\u0107a represented Bosnia and Herzegovina at various youth levels.\nIn November 2010, he received his first senior call-up, for a friendly game against Poland, and debuted in that game on 10 December.\nIn June 2014, Vi\u0161\u0107a was named in Bosnia and Herzegovina's squad for 2014 FIFA World Cup, country's first major competition. He made his tournament debut in the opening group match against Argentina on 15 June.\nOn 12 June 2015, in a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifier against Israel, Vi\u0161\u0107a scored a brace, his first senior international goals.\nHe scored his first career hat-trick against South Korea on 1 June 2018.\nVi\u0161\u0107a retired from international football on 21 May 2021. Vi\u0161\u0107a is a practising Muslim; along with international teammates Ibrahim \u0160ehi\u0107, Muhamed Be\u0161i\u0107, Armin Hod\u017ei\u0107, Izet Hajrovi\u0107, Sead Kola\u0161inac and Ervin Zukanovi\u0107 he visited a mosque in Zenica during national team concentration.  As of match played 12 August 2022\nappearances in UEFA Champions League qualifying\nappearances in UEFA Europa League qualifying\nappearances in UEFA Europa League qualifying\nappearances in UEFA Europa League qualifying\ngoals in UEFA Europa League qualifying\n4 appearances in UEFA Champions League qualifying, 5 appearances in UEFA Europa League\n2 goals in UEFA Champions League qualifying, 3 goals in UEFA Europa League\nappearances in UEFA Europa League qualifying\n2 appearances in UEFA Champions League qualifying, 10 appearances in UEFA Europa League\ngoals in UEFA Europa League\nappearances in UEFA Champions League\ngoal in UEFA Champions League\nappearance in Turkish Super Cup As of match played 15 November 2020\nScores and results list Bosnia and Herzegovina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Vi\u0161\u0107a goal. \u017deljezni\u010dar\nBosnian Premier League: 2009\u201310\nBosnian Cup: 2010\u201311\n\u0130stanbul Ba\u015fak\u015fehir\nS\u00fcper Lig: 2019\u201320\n1. Lig: 2013\u201314\nTrabzonspor\nS\u00fcper Lig: 2021\u201322\nTurkish Super Cup: 2022\nIndividual\nS\u00fcper Lig Player of the Season: 2018\u201319\nS\u00fcper Lig Top Assist Provider: 2017\u201318, 2018\u201319, 2019\u201320", ["w_s1663"]]
[30289, "Luis Mart\u00edn Garc\u00eda  (19 August 1846 \u2013 18 April 1906) was a Spanish Jesuit, elected the twenty-fourth Superior General of the Society of Jesus.<PIC> The third of six brothers, Mart\u00edn was born of humble parentage. After primary education in his own village he entered the seminary of Burgos in 1858, where he spent six years. His intellectual inclination led him to join the Society of Jesus in 1864. He began his philosophy studies in L\u00e9on, but revolution in Spain and anti-clericalism forced him to move to France where he completed his courses, first in Vals, and then in Poyanne. There, he also taught humanities and rhetoric before doing his theology (1873\u201377). He was ordained on 14 September 1876. Soon after the anti-religious law of Ferry (1880) compelled Jesuits to leave France. Fortunately the restoration of the Spanish monarchy in the 1870s had now made it possible to repatriate Jesuits back to Spain. On his return to Castile, Mart\u00edn, though a man of letters, was redirected towards the Biblical studies and teaching. He became was made Rector of the Seminary of Salamanca from 1880 to 1884, then director of the journal El Mensajero del Corazon de Jesus, followed by the appointment as Superior of the Centre of Superior studies of Deusto-Bilbao (the future University of Deusto) As Rector of the seminary of Salamanca he had shown qualities of leadership and commitment to spiritual and intellectual formation that led the Superior General to appoint him Provincial of Castile in 1886. He handled tactfully the deep divisions between Carlists and Integrists that were plaguing Catholics in Spain\u2014particularly in the Basque area\u2014including the Jesuits. Martin was called to Rome by Anton Anderledy to first pilot a projected document of studies in the Society. A few hours before his death (1892) Anderledy made him Vicar General of the Society, effectively entrusting him with the calling and organizing the General Congregation that would elect a new Superior General. The political tension between the Church and the new Kingdom of Italy was making it difficult for the Congregation to meet in Italy. Martin obtained from Pope Leo XIII that the Congregation meet in Loyola, (Spain). This is the only General Congregation to have met outside Italy. The 24th General congregation opened on 24 September 1892. Martin was elected on the second ballot (42 on 70) and declared Superior General (2 October). The Congregation over, Mart\u00edn took a round-about route back to Fiesole, Italy in order to visit France, England, Ireland, Belgium and Germany.  This was his only visit to countries which would provide many of the problems of his Generalate. Martin's problems in dealing with Northern European Jesuits can be better understood if one remembers that the Jesuit dissidents with whom he was familiar in Spain were of the reactionary and anti-intellectual type. This experience did little to prepare him to understand the more liberal ideas of northern European Jesuits. Committing himself to govern ad mentem congregationis Martin wrote several letters to the whole Society that were expression of a concern voiced by the Congregation\u2019s fathers: a letter on Religious Discipline (respecting the religious enclosure) (1893), and two (1894 and 1895) on the Temporal Administration of Goods (the spirit of Religious Poverty). Other important letters echoed papal documents on the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola (Pope Leo XIII, in 1900) and on Biblical Studies (Pope Pius X, 1904).\nRelations with Pope Leo XIII and Pope Pius X were warm and encouraging.  Given the circumstances (The loss of the Papal States was not yet accepted and the Pope was considering himself a 'Prisoner in the Vatican') Martin felt the need of giving them unsparing support, whatever initiatives they took, especially through the journal Civilt\u00e0 Cattolica). Following up on a decree of the General Congregation he moved back the headquarters of the Society of Jesus from Fiesole to Rome (1895).\nIn France, following on the initiative of Pope Leo XIII, he encouraged the Jesuits to reconcile themselves with the republican ideals.  All over the Northern European countries he encouraged greater involvement in social questions (implementing the encyclical Rerum novarum of 1893)\nIn England, in the face of strong opposition he successfully opened or reopened Jesuit schools (Wimbledon, Stamford Hill, Campion Hall, Oxford)\nHe opened news missions areas (Jamaica, Honduras) entrusting them to the American Jesuits and sent a Visitor to far away Australia (1895). The apostle of the negro slaves, Peter Claver was canonized in 1888 and later (1896) declared patron saint of the missions among the Africans.\nHis main concern however seems to have been his own country, Spain, where he succeeded in rooting out integrist tendencies among Jesuits in spite of the backing they were having from highly placed Vatican officials. He gave strong support to intellectual work and encouraged the launching of the journal Razon y Fe (1901).\nHistorians are particularly grateful to Martin for having initiated (at the request of GC 24) a scientifically critical edition of the documents pertaining to the foundation and early years of the Society. The publication of the Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu were started in Madrid in 1894 and carried on later in Rome. He launched also the major projects of comprehensive history of the Society in Spain (Astrain), France (Fouqueray), England (Hughes), Germany (Duhr), Italy (Tacchi-Venturi), Belgium-Netherlands (Poncelet), Portugal, etc.\nTowards the end of his life, after the election of Pope Pius X, Martin had to face the crisis of Modernism (Roman Catholicism). Modernists were hunted and expelled from the Church. So was it for George Tyrrell, English Jesuit, who was expelled from the Society and excommunicated in 1906 in spite of Martin\u2019s intervention. Many others were condemned if not expelled. The Bollandists were also in trouble.\nMembership of the Society steadily increased during his tenure: from 13,274 when Martin took office (1892) to 15,661 in 1906. Even at the beginning of his term Mart\u00edn's physical health had been poor and it grew steadily worse with the years. In 1905, a tumor forced the amputation of his right arm. Pope Pius X granted him permission to celebrate mass despite his disability, a privilege for which he was most grateful. The cancer, however, soon invaded his lungs and he died in Rome, on 18 April 1906. Epistolae Selectae, Roma.\nMemorias del P. Luis Martin (ed. by J.R.Eguilor), 2 vol., Roma, 1988.", ["w_s1665"]]
[30290, "The Compatibility Gene is a 2013 book about the discovery of the mechanism of compatibility in the human immune system by the English professor of immunology, Daniel M. Davis. It describes the history of immunology with the discovery of the principle of graft rejection by Peter Medawar in the 1950s, and the way the body distinguishes self from not-self via natural killer cells. The compatibility mechanism contributes also to the success of pregnancy by helping the placenta to form, and may play a role in mate selection.<PIC>  Daniel M. Davis has a doctorate in physics from Strathclyde University. He was professor of molecular immunology at Imperial College London and director of research at the University of Manchester's collaborative centre for inflammation research. Davis is a recognised as an expert in the field by the Nature journal of immunology. Davis is a recognised expert for his research in the immune synapse, membrane nanotubes, and natural killer cells. The book's context is the history of immunology, from the earliest questioning about why people become ill and why some may recover, to the 19th century pioneers who demonstrated that bacteria caused many diseases. In the 20th century where, slowly at first but at an accelerating pace, biologists started to build an understanding of the genetic basis of variation and natural selection, and alongside that, the foundations of scientific medicine, including immunology. As Steven Pinker observes, few stories of scientific endeavour have never been told. \"This is one of them. Ostensibly about a set of genes that we all have and need, this book is really about the men and women who discovered them and worked out what they do. It\u2019s about brilliant insights and lucky guesses; the glory of being proved right and the paralysing fear of getting it wrong; the passion for cures and the lust for Nobels. It\u2019s a search for the essence of scientific greatness by a scientist who is headed that way himself.\"  The book is in three parts. In part 1, Davis describes the history of research into biological compatibility, starting with the story of Peter Medawar's life and discoveries in graft rejection. He tours the history of medicine from Hippocrates to the 19th century pioneers Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, and Frank Macfarlane Burnet's concept of the immune system's ability to discriminate self from non-self. He explains how advances in understanding of immunity, from Karl Landsteiner's discovery of the ABO blood group system onwards, permit organ transplants to take place. The compatibility genes are named as three class I human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes (A, B, and C) and three class II (DP, DQ, and DR), each with numerous versions (alleles).\nLastly, Davis tells the human side of the story of the discovery of killer T-cells. Alan Townsend found that killer T-cells destroyed cells that carried an HLA protein and small fragments of viral protein. Those small peptides were all the evidence the T-cells needed to decide that a cell was diseased.\nIn part 2, Davis  describes the nature of the genetic differences between people, like having the allele for Huntington's disease, can be small but decisive. An HLA protein variant, B*27, is associated with a serious inherited disease, ankylosing spondylitis, but also protects against AIDS. Other variants protected against other diseases. Perhaps the polymorphisms in HLA, the many forms each HLA gene can take, are maintained by natural selection for competing factors. He explains that variations in HLA genes may predict which drugs will be beneficial for individuals, implying a new era of personalised medicine. He tells the story of how Klas K\u00e4rre came up with the concept of the missing self, a sign (by the absence of an HLA protein) that a cell was diseased, and should be killed by a natural killer cell.\nIn part 3, Davis describes the famous experiment that called for female partners to sniff boxes containing their male partners' T-shirts, which they had worn for two days. There was a slight association between finding the smell sexy and the two partners having different compatibility genes. It could possibly indicate sexual selection for outbreeding, at least in the HLA system. He explains what is known of the role of compatibility genes in the brain. He tells the story of how the variable genes of the immune system affect the success of pregnancy. Far from the baby's HLA proteins somehow being tolerated by the mother (unlike anyone else's), the strong reaction against the baby's antigens helps to drive proper development of the placenta, in particular the growth of chorionic villi that ensure efficient transfer (for instance of oxygen) between mother and baby. Davis concludes the book by telling a story of genetic compatibility between his wife and himself. He finds himself wondering whether all women should have found him exceptionally attractive, at least when he was younger. He observes that on the contrary there is no hierarchy in HLA: some variants are good in one situation, and bad in another. The book was first published in the UK by Allen Lane (hardback) in 2013. Paperback editions were brought out by Penguin Books in Britain, and by Oxford University Press in America, both in 2014. An Italian translation was published by Bollati Boringhieri in Turin in 2016. The Compatibility Gene has been well received by critics and scientists.\nMark Viney, reviewing the book in the New Scientist, comments that Davis covers human compatibility genes well, but that he should have gone into more detail on the different systems in other organisms.\nThe science writer Peter Forbes, writing in The Guardian, notes that when Watson and Crick cracked the genetic code in 1953, it seemed that medicine would instantly profit: but half a century went by before the genome was decoded, and 98% of it seemed at first glance to be junk DNA. Now its complexity is starting to be understood, one function at a time. One specialised area is the immune system, with its own ultra-variable set of proteins. They are not only complicated, but have many functions, in immunity, sexual attraction (perhaps), pregnancy, and brain function. Unsurprisingly, Forbes observes, this makes immunology, and its popularisation, \"extremely difficult\". Davis \"sugars the pill\" by choosing to go into the researchers' lives and struggles in great detail. Forbes notes that Davis does not mention that most of the genetic differences between humans and chimpanzees are to do with the immune system and brain development: perhaps (he suggests) these are connected.\nNicola Davis, reviewing the book in The Times, writes that Davis \"weaves a warm biographical thread through his tale of scientific discovery, revealing the drive and passion of those in the vanguard of research.\" The tale of the pioneers such as Medawar is \"fairly familiar but Davis's readable narrative allows them to be seen afresh\". She finds the account more challenging as it approaches more recent discoveries, but with \"plenty of rewarding moments\".\nEmily Banham, reviewing the book for Nature, notes that compatibility genes lie at the heart of our immune systems, playing a part in the success of skin grafts, pregnancy, and more.\nThe biologist Rebecca Nesbit, reviewing The Compatibility Gene for The Biologist, writes that Davis shares many stories of dedicated scientists, brought together by \"a small cluster of 'compatibility genes' which play a large role in how we react to disease, and are central to how our immune systems work.\" She notes that the book is as much about the people as the discoveries, but these are made worthwhile by the medical advances they keep producing, for example with possibilities for personalised medicine, as when people with one particular compatibility gene react adversely to an AIDS drug. She observes that all the same, he ends with the scientist's favourite refrain: \"more research needed\".", ["w_s1668"]]
[30291, "Robert Clive Jones (born July 21, 1947) is a Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Nevada. He served as the Chief United States District Judge from 2011 to 2014.<PIC> Jones was born in Las Vegas. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from Brigham Young University where he majored in English, accounting and economics in 1971, becoming a CPA soon after graduation. Jones attended UCLA School of Law, where he was an editor of the UCLA Law Review, receiving a Juris Doctor. He served in the United States Army National Guard from 1971\u20131972, and then in the United States Air National Guard from 1972\u20131977. In 1975, Jones was a law clerk to Judge John Clifford Wallace of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. From 1976\u20131982, he was in private practice.  Jones was appointed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit as a bankruptcy judge from 1983\u20131999, serving as Chief Judge from 1984\u20131993. He was also appointed to the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Ninth Circuit from 1986\u20131999.  For six years, he served on the national Judicial Conference Committee on codes of conduct, handling ethics issues for federal judges throughout the nation. On June 9, 2003, Jones was nominated by President George W. Bush to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Nevada vacated by David Warner Hagen. Jones was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate on October 2, 2003, and received commission on November 30, 2003. He assumed senior status on February 1, 2016. In August 2012, Jones held that Nevada's election law giving voters the ability to select \"None of These Candidates\" was unconstitutional. The following month, a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit blocked the preliminary injunction issued by Jones, granting an emergency stay. One member of that panel, Judge Stephen Reinhardt, criticized Jones' handling of the case: \"His dilatory tactics appear to serve no purpose other than to seek to prevent the state from taking an appeal of his decision before it prints the ballots.... Such arrogance and assumption of power by one individual is not acceptable in our judicial system.\" The case was ultimately dismissed for lack of standing.\nIn November 2012, in the case of Sevcik v. Sandoval, Jones ruled that Nevada's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples does not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Jones stated that,\"a meaningful percentage of heterosexual persons would cease to value the civil institution as highly as they previously had and hence enter into it less frequently.\" He also wrote that adoption is \"not an alternative means of creating children, but rather a social backstop for when traditional biological families fail.\" In October 2014, a unanimous panel of the Ninth Circuit reversed Jones's ruling and directed him to promptly enjoin the state of Nevada from \"preventing otherwise qualified same-sex couples from marrying.\" However, instead of issuing the order, Jones issued an order recusing himself the next day.\nIn August 2013, Jones did not sign a letter to the leaders of the United States Congress urging them to avoid further sequestration related budget cuts. The letter explained that further cuts would have a \"devastating and long-lasting impact\" on federal courts.\nIn September 2015, having cited case law that raised concerns about \"exhibit[ing] personal bias,\" the Ninth Circuit identified Jones as having \"well established and inappropriately strong\" feelings against out-of-state attorneys and directed reassignment of one of his cases to a different judge in order \"to maintain the appearance of justice.\"\nIn January 2016, the Ninth Circuit reversed a decision by him in a case involving a claim for damages by the federal government against ranchers who grazed their cattle on federal property without a permit. The Ninth Circuit stated that Judge Jones's rulings in the case were \"plainly\" and \"clearly\" contrary to law; that he had \"grossly abused the power of contempt\"; that he had \"harbored animus\" against federal agencies; that his \"bias\" was a \"matter of public record\"; and that he had engaged in \"improper treatment of government officials\" in a previous case. The Ninth Circuit stated that it had \"expressed concern about Judge Jones' conduct in several other recent cases.\" In remanding the case to the district court for further proceedings, the panel ordered the assignment of the case to a different judge due to the appearance of bias created by Judge Jones' conduct during the case.\nIn March 2016, the Ninth Circuit removed Jones from hearing a case between Burning Man and Pershing County, Nevada. In its ruling, the Ninth Circuit stated the judge had no legal basis to reject a settlement the parties had entered into and expressed concern about how Jones conducted the proceedings. Jones is married to Michele Bunker and is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and has served in several positions in the church including bishop. He was a missionary in Japan from 1966 to 1969.", ["w_s1680"]]
[30292, "Ludwig Wilhelm Andreas Maria Thuille (Bozen, 30 November 1861 \u2013 5 February 1907) was an Austrian composer and teacher, numbered for a while among the leading operatic composers of the so-called Munich School of composers, whose most famous representative was Richard Strauss.<PIC> Thuille was born in Bozen, then part of Tyrol, now in Italy.\nHe lost both his parents in 1872 when he was 11, and moved in with his step-uncle in Kremsm\u00fcnster, Austria. There he sang in the Benedictine choir and studied organ, piano, and violin. His musical abilities were exceptional, so in 1876 the widow of a composer/ conductor, Matthaus Nagiller, took him to Innsbruck for more advanced musical training. There, in the summer of 1877, he met the young Richard Strauss, whose family was visiting the town; the two became lifelong friends. His Innsbruck teacher of organ and theory recommended him to the distinguished composer Josef Rheinberger in Munich, who took him as a pupil in the  Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen, from where he graduated with honors in 1882. A year later he became a teacher, and few years thereafter a professor of theory and composition. His many pupils included Hermann Abendroth, Ernest Bloch, Ernst Boehe, Richard Wetz, Paul von Klenau, Rudi Stephan, Walter Braunfels, Mabel Wheeler Daniels, Henry Kimball Hadley and Walter R. Spalding, who became the head of the Division of Music at Harvard University, and later taught Leroy Anderson.\nA prolific composer, Thuille concentrated on chamber music - he is remembered principally for his Sextet for piano and wind instruments (1886\u201388), the only one of his works to have kept a toehold on the repertoire - and opera, though his early works include a Piano Concerto and a Symphony. In 1897 his opera Theuerdank gained the first prize and a prestigious staged premiere in an operatic competition sponsored by the Regent of Bavaria, in which Alexander von Zemlinsky was placed second. His second opera Lobetanz was premiered the following year in Karlsruhe and was a considerable, if short-lived, success. He also composed a Symphony in F major, much praised by Strauss, five other chamber works, 13 choral pieces, and 78 songs.\nDespite his friendship with Strauss (which extended to making a 2-piano arrangement of the latter's tone poem Don Juan), and despite his devotion to music-drama, Thuille remained a fairly conservative composer during his brief life. He died at the age of 45 in 1907 in Munich of heart failure.  He was married for twenty years to Emma (n\u00e9e Dietl) until his death. They had two children.\nThough neglected as a composer, Thuille his posthumously-published Harmonielehre (written in collaboration with Rudolf Louis) went through many editions and was highly influential. Widely employed as part of the conservatory curriculum in German speaking countries through the 1960s, the Harmonielehre in two volumes is an important theoretical formulation devoted innovatively to the practices of the Munich School of composers, and remains one of few existing records providing examples of this music.\nWhile Thuille's Sextet has always retained a certain following, several of his other compositions have become commercially available on CD only in recent years \u2014 his two Piano Quintets, the Piano Trio in E-flat, the Piano Concerto in D and the Symphony in F among them. Operas\nTheuerdank\nLobetanz, Op.10\nOrchestral works\nRomantic Overture, Op.16 (Prelude to Act I of Theuerdank)\nSymphonicher Festmarsch, Op.38\nSymphony in F\nPiano Concerto in D\nKeyboard\nOrgan sonata in A minor, Op. 2\n3 Piano Pieces, Op.3\n3 Piano Pieces, Op.33\n3 Piano Pieces, Op.34\n2 Piano Pieces, Op.37\nChamber\nViolin Sonata in D minor, No.1, Op.1\nSextet for Piano and Wind Quintet in B-flat major, Op.6\nPiano Quintet in E-flat major, No.2, Op.20\nCello Sonata, Op.22\nViolin Sonata in E minor, No.2, Op.30\nAllegro Giusto, Op.39, for Violin and Piano\nPiano Trio in E-flat major\nPiano Quintet in G minor\nString Quartet in A major, No.1\nString Quartet in G major, No.2, WoO\nQuartett-Satz for String Quartet in A major\nVocal\n78 solo songs, including:\n5 Lieder, Op.4\n3 Lieder for female voice, Op. 5\nSong-cycle, Von Lieb' und Leid, Op. 7\n3 Lieder Op. 12\n3 Lieder, Op.15\n3 Lieder, Op.26\n4 Lieder, Op.27\nUrschlamm-Idyll, song for bass voice and piano (1908)\n13 choral pieces, including:\nWeihnacht im Walde, Op. 14 for men's chorus\nTraumsommernacht, Op. 25, for women's chorus with harp and violin\nRosenlied, Op. 29, for three-part women's chorus with piano", ["w_s1683"]]
[30293, "The Saint Dominic Parish Church (Tagalog: Simbahan ng Parokya ni Santo Domingo de Guzman), also known as Abucay Church, is a 17th-century Baroque church located at Brgy. Laon, Abucay, Bataan, Philippines. The parish church, established in 1587 and administered by the Dominican Missionary Friars in 1588, is dedicated to Saint Dominic of Guzman. The parish is under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Balanga. Since June 5, 2017, its parish priest is Fr. Josue V. Enero.\nThe church housed one of the earliest printing presses in the Philippines, established in 1608 by Father Francisco Blancas de San Jose, O.P. and Tomas Pinpin who used the facility to print books in Spanish and Tagalog. The church was also a witness to the massacre of hundreds of Filipinos and Spaniards by the Dutch Invaders on June 23, 1647. These pieces of the church's history were inscribed on a historical marker installed by the National Historical Committee (now the National Historical Commission of the Philippines) in 1939.<PIC>  The church structure was erected by Father Geronimo de Belen in the early 1600s after the establishment of the Dominican mission in Abucay on June 10, 1588. On June 23, 1647, the Dutch Naval Forces who invaded Manila and its neighboring provinces massacred hundreds of Kapampangans and Spanish officials and priests in the church complex, while others were taken to Batavia, a former Dutch colony. The current church was significantly damaged by an earthquake on September 16, 1852. Major changes were made into the structure before the Second World War, as stated in a medallion placed on top of the church's main portal with the inscription \"Mayo de 1925 \". The Spanish religious missionaries to the Philippines did not bring with them equipment for mass production of books and manuscripts. Instead, they employed the knowledge of the Chinese in the country to construct the first printing press. This first printing press used xylography, a type of relief printing technique with letters or characters etched on blocks of wood. One of the first books printed in the country using the technique is the Doctrina Christiana, a catechetical book meant to educate the local population on the Roman catholic religion, with hymns and prayers written in the local language (Tagalog) and script (Baybayin). Texts produced with the press from 1593 to 1610 used the local language and writing system but by 1604, the Spanish started printing using movable type with Roman letters. Father Francisco Blancas de San Jose, a Dominican Friar was a key figure in this shift from local to Romanized text. By 1608, the printing press which used to be in Manila, was transferred to Abucay in Bataan province. Filipinos replaced the Chinese men as workers in the printing press. Tomas Pinpin, a local of Abucay, is recognized as the first Filipino printer. Among Pinpin's publications was a manual teaching Tagalog speakers the Spanish language. This manual was printed by Diego Talaghay (believed to be his assistant) when Pinpin was appointed as shop manager. The two-level facade of the church is described as of Renaissance style. Its expanse is divided vertically by single or coupled Doric columns. The two saints' niches flanking the main portal, three fenestrations on the second level, and the saint's niche on the center of the pediment are all topped by triangular pediments, each with a pair of decorative brackets to support it. Four urn-like finials top the second-level cornice. The triangular pediment, with its top lined with balusters, undulates down to its base. To the right of the church rises the five-tiered bell tower, with each of its storey defined by decorative balusters and ornamented with semicircular arched windows.", ["w_s1684"]]
[30294, "Mike Jenkins (born March 22, 1985) is a former German-born American professional American football cornerback. He played college football for the University of South Florida and was recognized as an All-American. He was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the first round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He has also played for the Oakland Raiders, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Arizona Cardinals. Jenkins was born in Neuenburg am Rhein, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, West Germany;  his mother was a computer operator with the United States Army stationed in West Germany and left the Army when Jenkins was five. Jenkins's mother separated from his father in 1990, moved to Florida, and divorced in 1995, when he was ten.\nJenkins played high school football as a safety and running back at Southeast High School, receiving Class 3A all-state and Sarasota Herald-Tribune Defensive Player of the Year honors. He also lettered in track and field. While attending the University of South Florida, Jenkins played for the South Florida Bulls football team and also ran track. He became a starter as a sophomore, registering 38 tackles, 2 interceptions, 5 passes defensed, and 2 forced fumbles. The next year, he recorded 27 tackles, 15 passes defensed, one interception and was named second-team Big East.\nIn 2007, he finished with career-highs in tackles (41), interceptions (3), tackles for loss (4) and passes defensed (16). He was a first-team Big East Conference selection and received first-team All-American honors from the American Football Coaches Association.\nHe finished his college career with 133 tackles (6 for loss), a school-record 47 passes defensed, 6 interceptions and 5 forced fumbles. He was also a kickoff returner, scoring on a 100-yard return as a senior.   The Dallas Cowboys traded up with the Seattle Seahawks moving from the 28th to the 25th position, in exchange for a fifth ((#163-Owen Schmitt) and seventh ((#235-Brandon Coutu) round draft choices, in order to select Jenkins in the first round of the 2008 NFL Draft. On July 26, he signed a $9.725 million contract with $6.75 million guaranteed, including a $3.1 million signing bonus.\nHe was used mainly as a slot cornerback, starting 3 of his 14 games played. He finished the season with 22 tackles (17 solo), 6 passes defensed and one interception (returned for a touchdown).<PIC> In 2009, Jenkins and fellow cornerback Orlando Scandrick competed in training camp and in the beginning of the regular season for the starter position. In week 3 against the Carolina Panthers he registered an interception, which helped him earn the starting job over Scandrick who focused on the slot corner position. He also established himself as a coverage corner by intercepting three passes in his first few starts. In a playoff loss to the Minnesota Vikings, he was ineffective on two plays, allowing wide receiver Sidney Rice to score 2 touchdowns.\nJenkins finished the 2009 seasons with 5 interceptions (tied for 12th in the NFL),  23 passes defensed, 49 total tackles and was selected as an alternate to the 2009 Pro Bowl. He moved to the official line-up on January 25, 2010 when Minnesota Vikings cornerback Antoine Winfield withdrew due to injury. Jenkins recorded 55 total tackles, 15 passes defensed (led the team), 1 forced fumble, and 1 interception, while starting every game of the season. Jenkins suffered a neck stinger in training camp and missed the entire 2011 preseason.  He came back from the injury and started 12 games for the Cowboys (missing 4 games with a hamstring injury), including the first 7 games, in an injury-plagued season.  Jenkins fought through several injuries, including a hamstring strain, a sore shoulder and knee and a dislocated right shoulder that required off-season surgery. Overcoming the injuries, Jenkins managed to have a solid season recording 22 tackles, 10 passes defensed (led the team) and 1 interception. By fighting through injuries, he displayed toughness that had been called into question by fans and media in past seasons. Entering the final year of Jenkins's rookie contract (which paid him around $1.05 million), the Dallas Cowboys drafted cornerback, Morris Claiborne, with the 6th overall pick in the 2012 NFL Draft.  The presence of Claiborne added yet another talented defensive back for the Cowboys with newly signed free agent Brandon Carr and veteran Orlando Scandrick. The Cowboys selecting Claiborne sparked immediate media speculation as to his future with the team, since Scandrick had also received a contract extension and Jenkins was on the final year of his contract.\nHe skipped the voluntary 2012 Organized Team Activities (OTAs) while rehabbing from shoulder surgery allegedly because he was unhappy with his current contract and his place on the team's depth chart.\nJenkins was supposedly hopeful he would be traded from the Cowboys and the Indianapolis Colts allegedly showed interest in him.  The Dallas Cowboys' management repeatedly stated publicly they would not trade Jenkins and allegedly turned down several offers.  In the first day of training camp, Jenkins clarified that he did not ask the Cowboys to be traded.\nBecause of his contract dispute, he decided to rehab his injured right shoulder outside of the team's training facilities, which delayed his recovery time, forcing him to miss all of the 2012 off-season and preseason action. Jenkins was cleared to practice by his doctor about a week before the season opener and lost his starter job to Claiborne. He played in 13 games (2 starts), and recorded 14 tackles (10 solo) and 3 passes defensed. At the end of the season, the team did not offer Jenkins a second contract because of the investment they made in Claiborne and Carr.  He signed a one-year contract with the Oakland Raiders on April 8, 2013 as a free agent, after not receiving the kind of deal he was expecting. He was named the starter at left cornerback and compiled 15 starts (missed one game with a hamstring injury), 75 tackles, 8 passes defensed, and 2 interceptions (tied for the team lead).  Jenkins signed as a free agent with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on March 20, 2014. The deal was a one-year contract worth up to $1.5 million. He suffered a pectoral strain on opening day against the Carolina Panthers and was placed on the injured reserve list on September 10, 2014. He appeared in only one game during his first season in Tampa Bay. On March 5, 2015, Jenkins signed a one-year, $825,000 contract offer to remain with the Buccaneers, allowing him to return to compete to be a starter against Alterraun Verner and Johnthan Banks. He appeared in 14 games (5 starts), finishing with 17 total tackles and 5 pass deflections in 14 games. He was not re-signed after the season.  On July 19, 2016, Jenkins signed with the Arizona Cardinals. On August 29, 2016 Jenkins tore his ACL in a preseason game against the Houston Texans and was placed on injured reserve. He was in the mix for Arizona's starting cornerback job opposite of Patrick Peterson before the injury. ", ["w_s1686"]]
[30296, "Mable Elmore  is a Canadian politician that represents the Vancouver-Kensington electoral district in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia and is a member of the British Columbia New Democratic Party. She was first elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the 2009 provincial election and re-elected in the 2013 and 2017 elections. Her party formed the official opposition to a BC Liberal majority government from 2009 to 2017 during which time she served as the NDP critic on Insurance Corporation of British Columbia and deputy critic for finance and spent some time as the critic for child care and early learning issues. Since 2017, when her party formed the government in the 41st Parliament she has been the Parliamentary Secretary for Poverty Reduction.\nPrior to becoming the first MLA of Filipino descent, Elmore worked in Vancouver driving buses for the Coast Mountain Bus Company. She was active within Vancouver's Filipino Canadian community and within her union. Coming out of the University of British Columbia she volunteered and then worked at the BC Philippine Women Centre. Since her high school years, she had helped organize campaigns regarding social justice issues and the peace movement.\nElmore was a candidate for the New Democratic Party nomination in Vancouver East for the 2015 federal election, though Jenny Kwan won and went on to become the riding's Member of Parliament.<PIC> Elmore's mother immigrated to Canada from the Philippines in 1965 and met her father, an Irish Canadian manager at a pulp and paper mill, while in Prince Rupert, British Columbia. A couple of years later Mable was born in Langley. The family moved to Nova Scotia and they lived in Turkey for a brief time, but they spent most of Elmore's youth living in Manitoba. It was at her high school in Winnipeg, learning about South African apartheid, that she became politically aware and active. Following high school, she attended  the University of British Columbia studying physical education and volunteered at the BC Philippine Women Centre, which turned into a full-time job. Several years later, Elmore started working as a bus driver for the Coast Mountain Bus Company. She was a vocal advocate for social justice issues and worker rights. She was active with the Vancouver and District Labour Council, the BC Federation of Labour, and in her union, the CAW Local 111. She helped organize peace and anti-war marches in Vancouver. With the 2009 provincial election approaching, and incumbent New Democratic MLA David Chudnovsky retiring, Elmore put her name forward as a candidate for the NDP nomination in the Vancouver-Kensington riding. Due an internal BC NDP rule requiring that the subsequent NDP candidate be female in ridings where there is a retiring male NDP MLA, only women could be nominated. Elmore's only challenger was former BC Teachers' Federation president Jinny Sims, whom Elmore defeated in the March 2009 nomination election. Within hours of her nomination, copies of a 2004 interview with Elmore published in an online magazine, called Seven Oaks, were distributed in which, in reference to her anti-war activism within a union environment, Elmore identified \"vocal Zionists in our worksites\" as a challenge. This was viewed as a disparaging remark and party leader Carole James asked Elmore to make a public apology. The general election was held in May when Elmore was running against realtor and former radio host Syrus Lee for the BC Liberal Party and engineer Doug Warkentin for the BC Green Party. Elmore had the support of many in the Filipino Canadian community who helped campaign for her. Elmore's campaign manager helped thwart an attempt to circumvent election laws by the Kash Heed campaign, a BC Liberal candidate in a neighbouring riding, after she was informed of Heed's intent to mail, in the Vancouver-Kensington riding, anti-NDP pamphlets, which did not include the proper disclosure and documentation. Regardless, Elmore went on to win the general election with 53% of the vote, though her party lost to the BC Liberals who formed a majority government with the NDP as the official opposition. Elmore was the first Filipino Canadian to be elected as a Member of the BC Legislative Assembly, and only the second (after Jenn McGinn) openly lesbian member.\nAs the 39th Parliament began, Elmore was assigned the role of deputy critic on the Ministry of Children and Family Development, with fellow NDP MLA Maurine Karagianis as the full-time critic. In this role, Elmore identified financial misstatements by Solicitor-General Kash Heed which forced Heed and the Premier to reverse a planned $440,000 cut to domestic violence programs. She was appointed to the Select Standing Committee on Children and Youth in all four sessions of the Parliament. She also serves as the Vice-Chair of the Select Standing Committee on Finance and Government Services in the third and fourth session. Elmore was part of an effort to defend party leader Carole James in 2010 when MLAs began to criticize the party leadership. Following James' resignation as leader, interim leader Dawn Black re-assigned Elmore to be the opposition's multiculturalism critic,  and in the April 2011 leadership election Elmore endorsed Adrian Dix. In July 2012, Dix re-assigned her to be the Critic for ICBC and Deputy Critic for Finance.\nIn the 2013 provincial election Elmore was challenged by Philippines-born Gabby Kalaw for the BC Liberals, research scientist Chris Fjell for the BC Greens, and realtor Raj Gupta for the BC Conservatives, but won with over 50% of the vote. With her party forming the Official Opposition in the 40th Parliament, she retained her critic roles focusing on ICBC and finance, even after John Horgan became party leader in the May 2014 leadership election, though she was also a vocal critic of the abuse of the temporary foreign worker program. In January 2017, Horgan re-assigned her critic roles to formally focus on temporary foreign workers and immigration while keeping her as deputy critic on finance. Meanwhile, following the announcement that Libby Davies would not seek re-election as the Member of Parliament in the 2015 federal election, the 45 year old Elmore sought the New Democratic Party nomination in Vancouver East. She was challenged by fellow MLA Jenny Kwan and in the nomination contest on March 22, 2015, Kwan was selected.\nElmore sought re-election in Vancouver-Kensington during the 2017 provincial election but faced former senior advisor for the BC Ministry of Health Kim Chan Logan for the BC Liberals and Simon Rear for the BC Greens.\n She won her riding with over 50% of the vote but her party began the 41st Parliament as the official opposition to a BC Liberal minority government. After the BC Liberals lost a confidence vote and the BC NDP formed the minority government, the new Premier, John Horgan, appointed Elmore to be the position of parliamentary secretary for poverty reduction under Social Development Minister Shane Simpson, as well as the deputy government caucus chairperson. She co-chaired an advisory committee on poverty reduction tasked with \noffering expertise and advice on how best to implement a Poverty Reduction Strategy and recommending priority actions and principles for that strategy. ", ["w_s1695"]]
[30297, "Pierre Forgeot (10 March 1888 \u2013 30 June 1956) was a French lawyer, politician and businessman who was involved in issues of war damages during and after World War I (1914\u201318).\nHe was Minister of Public Works in 1928\u201329.\nAfter leaving politics in 1936, he was administrator of the French arm of Hispano-Suiza, the automobile and armaments manufacturer.<PIC> Pierre Forgeot was born on 10 March, 1888 in Anglure, Marne.\nHis grandfather was a train conductor on the line between Paris and Troyes who settled in Anglure after his marriage to Eug\u00e9nie Duterme and became a small manufacturer of bonnets.\nHis father, Gustave Forgeot, was a businessman.\nGustave was mayor of Anglure from 1898 to 1919 and from 1925 to 1927, councilor of the canton of Anglure from 1895 to 1899 and councilor-general from 1899 to 1927.\nHe owned a vineyard and was a Radical.\nPierre Forgeot studied law in Paris.\nHe was admitted to the bar in 1909, and became secretary to the Conf\u00e9rence des avocats.\nHe obtained his Doctorate in Law in 1911 for a brilliant thesis on Les lapins de garenne devant la loi et la jurisprudence (Cottontail rabbits before the law and jurisprudence). In the general elections of 26 April 1914 Forgeot ran on the Federation of the Left platform for the 3rd district of Reims. \nHe won in the second round. He was the second-youngest member of the chamber of deputies.\nForgeot was noted for his eloquence in the chamber of deputies.\nDuring World War I (1914\u201318) he was not mobilized, and was involved in issues of requisitions, rents and war damages.\nIn the elections of 16 November 1919 Forgeot was elected on the platform of the conservative Entente r\u00e9publicaine d\u00e9mocratique.\nHe joined the committees on Finance, Customs and Liberated Regions.\nWhen Aristide Briand formed his government in January 1921 Forgeot immediately asked him whether he wanted to fully calculate all damages before presenting a bill for World War I reparations to Germany, which could take some time, or whether he would make an arbitrary but final claim, which would be faster but could be for a lesser amount.\nBriand avoided giving a straight answer.\nForgeot and Andr\u00e9 Tardieu denounced the London Schedule of Payments of 5 May 1921, but the majority voted to approve it.\nForgeot did not compete in the election of 11 May 1924.\nAfter the election of Maurice de Rothschild in the Hautes-Alpes was invalidated he ran in the by-election of 3 October 1925, but was defeated.\nForgeot was elected for \u00c9pernay on the  Republican-Socialist platform in the elections of 22 April 1928.\nHe joined the committees on Commerce & Industry, Liberated Regions, Public Works and Civil & Criminal Law.\nHe was appointed Minister of Public Works in the cabinet of Raymond Poincar\u00e9 on 11 November 1928.\nHe retained that post in the cabinet of Aristide Briand from 29 July 1929 to 3 November 1929.\nHe was reelected for \u00c9pernay in the elections of 1 May 1932.\nForgeot left politics in 1936. Forgeot became president of the French subsidiary of Hispano-Suiza.\nAfter the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936 he arranged for the Mateu family, owners of the Spanish parent, to move to France.\nFrom there Miquel Mateu went to Burgos to report to General Francisco Franco.\nUnder the law of 1936 the French subsidiary of Hispano-Suiza was obliged to concentrate on making war material for the French forces.\nThe French company ceased automobile manufacture and concentrated on production of aircraft engines.\nA wind tunnel was built in Bois-Colombes for testing engines.\nForgeot objected to interference in the company operations by the Minister for Industrial Production.\nOn 10 March 1938 L\u00e9on Blum came back into power.\nIn response to the recent Anschluss, Blum was committed to national defense and wanted to boost armaments production.\nIn the last week of March there were strikes in a number of aviation and metalworking factories in the Paris region.\nThe CGT leaders had accepted a shift system but were willing to work longer hours in the aviation industry as long as they earned overtime pay for anything over 40 hours per week. \nForgeot wanted to keep the single-shift system, but with a 48-hour week.\nEventually a compromise agreement was reached on 12 April 1938 after Blum had been forced out of office.\nDuring World War II (1939\u201345) Forgeot replaced Raoul Dautry as president of the Hispano-Suiza operating company when Dautry was named Minister of Armaments in September 1939.\nIn January 1940 Forgeot met Henri Queuille on 5 January 1940 and expressed optimism about the superiority of the French fighter aircraft and the new turbo-charged engines.\nAfter the German invasion of France Forgeot was directed on 10 September 1940 to continue the Hispano-Suiza operations in the occupied zone. \nHe replied that he had refused and continued to refuse to make war materials \u2013 airplane engines, cannons and munitions \u2013 for the German authorities.\nHe proposed to turn over the factories to the French state, at no charge, and they could use them as they saw fit.\nIn December 1940 Forgeot resigned from the presidency of the manufacturing company, but retained the presidency of the French holding company.\nPierre Forgeot died on 30 June 1956 in Paris aged 68. Pierre Forgeot (1911). Les lapins de garenne devant la loi et la jurisprudence. impr. Arthur Rousseau. p.\u00a0183.\nLouis Rolland; Pierre Forgeot; Maurice Hauriou (1915). Dommages caus\u00e9s aux personnes par les faits de guerre: Notions juridiques de l'invasion. Comit\u00e9 national d'action pour la r\u00e9paration des dommages caus\u00e9s par la guerre.\nPaul Gauthier; Pierre Forgeot (preface). Les Dommages mat\u00e9riels de la guerre, leur r\u00e9paration. Guide du sinistr\u00e9, expos\u00e9 pratique de la loi du 17 avril 1919 (in French). Cahors, impr. de Coueslant. p.\u00a056.\nPierre Forgeot (preface) (1929). Les produits finis et la compensation forfaitaire \u00e9tablie par l'article 87 de la loi du 30 mars 1929 (in French). (\"Loi Forgeot\"). Paris: Ch. Pairault. p.\u00a0112.", ["w_s1696"]]
[30298, "Wilfred Taft \"W. T.\" Webb (March 22, 1864 \u2013 December 20, 1938) was an American politician who served twice as member of the Arizona Territorial Legislature.<PIC> Webb was born in Salt Lake City to Chauncey Gilbert and Almira Sophia (Taft) Webb on March 22, 1864. He was educated in public schools before attending the University of Deseret (now the University of Utah).\nWebb moved to Tombstone, Arizona Territory in January 1881. He worked there as a miner for a short time before accepting a job helping to construct the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad in New Mexico Territory.\nIn 1883, Webb moved to Pima, Arizona Territory. He partnered with his father to operate a family store for a time. The family business was dissolved in 1887, at which time Webb become involved in raising livestock. In October of that year he married Sarah Burns at a ceremony in Salt Lake City. The couple remained married until her death on March 6, 1912.\nSeveral Buffalo Soldiers who had fought against bandits during the Wham Paymaster Robbery identified Webb as being involved in the attack. As a result, he was arrested in June 1889. Unable to post bail, Webb was held until the trial. His father Gilbert, who was also arrested on the same charges, was able to make bail and spent several months locating people willing to testify and provide alibis to the accused. At trial, Webb and his fellow defendants were acquitted of all charges by a jury that is generally considered to have been biased against the black witnesses of the accusation and in favor of the accused. As a result of the trial, Webb became a lifetime friend to Marcus Aurelius Smith, who had served as defense counsel during the trial.  His legal troubles did not end immediately however. For several years, territorial law officers investigated Webb for a variety of crimes including cattle rustling and banditry. Nothing ever became of the investigations. In later years, Webb was often asked if he was involved in the Wham robbery. His standard response was, \"Twelve good men said I wasn't.\"\nBeginning in 1891, Webb slowly expanded and diversified his business interests. This led to him eventually becoming owner of the 76 Ranch, director of the Bank of Safford, and President of the Webb-Merrill Commercial Company of Pima. At the same time, Webb became active in Democratic party politics. He was twice elected mayor of Pima and served in both the 22nd and 23rd Arizona Territorial Legislature. During his second term in the legislature, Webb was Speaker of the House of Representatives. As Arizona statehood approached, Webb was elected as a member of the new state's constitutional convention. He was also active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, serving as an elder in his local stake.\nDuring the US Presidential Election of 1912, Webb became a presidential elector.  He was also chosen as the messenger tasked with taking Arizona's official certificate of votes to Washington D.C. While en route, he disappeared near St. Louis, Missouri. United States law at the time required the messenger to present the official vote certificates to the President of the United States Senate by the fourth Monday of January or face a $1000 fine and loss of mileage allowance. Webb had been informed by a lawyer friend that the certificates did not need to arrive in Washington until February 1, 1913 and was surprised to learn on January 28 that Arizona's congressional delegation were searching for him. He took a train from New York City, where he learned of the search, to Washington. The official certificate was delivered a day late but Webb's explanation was determined sufficient to excuse him for the tardiness and allow him to collect a $642.75 mileage reimbursement.  The reason for Webb's delay did not become publicly known for almost a year-and-a-half. On June 13, 1914, Webb married Claire Noelke of St. Louis, Missouri. The delay had come because Webb had stayed in St. Louis for several days to court his future wife instead of proceeding directly to Washington. Prior to their marriage, she had been a light opera singer.\nWebb died in Los Angeles, California on December 20, 1938.  He had gone to the city seeking medical treatment.  He was buried at the Pima Cemetery in Pima, Arizona.", ["w_s1697"]]
[30299, "Tyler Stone (born September 8, 1991) is an American professional basketball player for BCM Gravelines-Dunkerque of the LNB Pro A. He played college basketball for the University of Missouri and Southeast Missouri State University before playing professionally in Turkey, Greece, Japan, Israel, Russia and Italy.<PIC> Stone attended Central High School in Memphis, Tennessee. As a senior, he averaged 15 points and eight rebounds, leading the Warriors to a 25-4 record, and earning All-Area, All-Region and District 16 AAA Most Valuable Player honors. He also earned All-Metro honors as a junior and a senior. In his freshman season at Missouri, Stone played sparingly for the Tigers. In 12 games, he averaged just 1.8 points per game.\nIn April 2010, he transferred to Southeast Missouri State and subsequently sat out the 2010\u201311 season due to NCAA transfer rules.\nIn his sophomore season, he was named to the All-OVC second team, OVC All-Newcomer team and NABC All-District first team. In 31 games (29 starts), he averaged 14.7 points, 7.3 rebounds and 1.1 blocks in 29.6 minutes per game.\nIn his junior season, he was named to the All-OVC second team for the second straight year. In 33 games (29 starts), he averaged 15.5 points, 7.8 rebounds, 1.2 assists and 1.3 blocks in 32.2 minutes per game.\nIn his senior season, he was named to the All-OVC first team, and became the 23rd player at Southeast to score over 1,000 points in his career when he finished with 24 at Ball State on November 18, 2013. In 30 games (26 starts), he averaged 19.3 points, 9.5 rebounds, 1.9 assists, 1.0 steals and 1.5 blocks in 33.5 minutes per game.  After going undrafted in the 2014 NBA draft, Stone joined the Indiana Pacers for the 2014 NBA Summer League. On July 9, 2014, he signed with Be\u015fikta\u015f for the 2014\u201315 Turkish Basketball League season. However, on October 11, he was loaned to Denizli Basket of the Turkish Second League before appearing in a game for them. In 28 games for Denizli, he averaged 14.5 points, 7.6 rebounds, 1.3 assists and 1.3 steals per game. In July 2015, Stone joined the Minnesota Timberwolves for the 2015 NBA Summer League. On October 29, 2015 he signed with Rethymno Cretan Kings of the Greek Basketball League. On August 5, 2016, Stone signed a one-year deal with the Japanese team Chiba Jets. In 57 games played during the 2016\u201317 season, he averaged 17.9 points, 7.1 rebounds and 2.2 assists per game. On August 16, 2017, Stone signed with the Israeli team Hapoel Gilboa Galil for the 2017\u201318 season. On November 6, 2017, Stone recorded a career-high 36 points, shooting 14-of-21 from the field, along with eleven rebounds in a 92\u201373 win over Ironi Nahariya. He was subsequently named Israeli League Round 5 MVP. In 7 games played for Gilboa Galil, he averaged 20.2 points, 9.4 rebounds and 3.4 assists per game.\nOn November 21, 2017, His contract was bought out by the Shimane Susanoo Magic of the top-tier Japanese B.League. On July 24, 2018, Stone joined the Russian team Enisey of the VTB United League. On February 27, 2019, Stone signed with the Italian team Pallacanestro Cant\u00f9 for the rest of the season. On July 31, 2019, he has signed with New Basket Brindisi of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA).  He averaged 14.8 points and 7.1 rebounds per game. On July 12, 2020, Stone signed with Nanterre 92 of the French LNB Pro A. He averaged 10 points and 4.8 rebounds per game. On August 13, 2021, Stone signed with JL Bourg. He parted ways with the team on September 27. On September 27, 2021, Stone signed with BCM Gravelines-Dunkerque of the LNB Pro A. Stone is the son of James Bradley and Sharon Stone. His father played collegiately at the University of Memphis and was drafted 35th overall by the Atlanta Hawks in 1979. His cousin, Jarekious Bradley, joined him at Southeast Missouri State in 2013.", ["w_s1699"]]
[30300, "John Francis Oscar Arpin (3 December 1936 \u2013 8 November 2007) was a Canadian composer, recording artist and entertainer, best known for his work as a virtuoso ragtime pianist.\nBorn in Port McNicoll, Ontario Arpin studied piano at The Royal Conservatory of Music, earning his ARCT diploma in 1953. He also studied at the Faculty of Music, University of Toronto.\nArpin performed and toured widely. He died 8 November 2007 in Toronto, Ontario. Arpin recorded more than sixty albums, mostly of ragtime, but also played Broadway music, pop music, and classical music.\nIn 2002, he recorded seven CDs of piano solo music on the April Avenue record label. These albums consisted of favorite Broadway themes and familiar pop tunes. While just two compilations are still available in CD format, most of the other tracks can still be found on iTunes. Here is a complete list:\nA Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square\nAll The Way\nAn Affair To Remember\nAny Dream Will Do\nAs Time Goes By\nBewitched\nBlue Moon\nBrian's Song\nCabaret\nCall Me Irresponsible\nCheek To Cheek\nClimb Every Mountain\nDear Heart\nDon't Cry For Me Argentina\nEdelweiss\nFly Me to the Moon\nGeorgia on My Mind\nGetting To Know You\nHave You Met Miss Jones?\nHello Young Lovers\nHere\nI Didn't Know What Time It Was\nI Left My Heart in San Francisco\nI Only Have Eyes For You\nI Will Wait For You\nIf I Loved You\nIsn't It Romantic?\nIt Had To Be You\nIt Might As Well Be Spring\nIt's Impossible\nI've Got You Under My Skin\nJean\nKilling Me Softly\nLa Mer\nLittle Girl Blue\nLove Is A Many-Splendored Thing\nMame\nManhattan\nMemory\nMisty\nMoon River\nMore\nMountain Greenery\nMy Funny Valentine\nMy Romance\nMy Way\nNadia's Theme\nOh What a Beautiful Morning\nOn The Street Where You Live\nOnce Upon A Time\nOver The Rainbow\nPeople\nPeople Will Say We're in Love\nPut on a Happy Face\nQue Sera\nRaindrops Keep Falling on My Head\nSera\nSmile\nSmoke Gets in Your Eyes\nSome Enchanted Evening\nSpanish Eyes\nSpring Is Here\nStar Dust\nStranger on the Shore\nTammy\nThe Blue Room\nThe Days of Wine And Roses\nThe Entertainer\nThe Look of Love\nThe Music of the Night\nThe Shadow of Your Smile\nThe Sound of Music\nThe Surrey with the Fringe on Top\nThe Way We Were\nTheme From \"Nicholas And Alexandra\"\nThere And Everywhere\nThere's A Small Hotel\nTill There Was You\nTomorrow\nUnchained Melody\nUnforgettable\nWe Kiss in a Shadow\nWhat I Did For Love\nWhat Kind of Fool Am I?\nWhen I Fall in Love\nWhere Or When\nWho Can I Turn To?\nWith A Song in My Heart\nYesterday\nYou Took Advantage of Me Arpin performed as a solo entertainer and with orchestras throughout the world. In Canada, he performed with Maureen Forrester and Peter Appleyard. He made several appearances at the Mariposa Folk Festival, the St. Louis Ragtime Festival, and the Scott Joplin Festival in Sedalia, Missouri. In the Toronto area, he performed regularly in bars, clubs, and hotel lounges, notably The King Edward Hotel, The Ports of Call, The Windsor Arms, Mr. Tony's, and Pearcy House.<PIC> Arpin was nominated three times for Juno Awards, given to show excellence in Canadian music. In June 1998, he won the Scott Joplin Award from the Scott Joplin Foundation of Sedalia, Missouri. Ragtime great Eubie Blake pronounced John Arpin \"the Chopin of Ragtime\", while The New York Times labeled him \"the Richter of Ragtime\". \nHigh Fidelity magazine said of one of his albums: \"This is the best recorded collection of piano rags that I know of and is, I suspect, the most authentically performed.\" Notable among his own compositions are \"Jogging Along\" (a theme song for the acclaimed CBC radio program Morningside). He also composed the theme for TVOntario's children's shows, Polka Dot Door and Polka Dot Shorts and wrote the music for the shows. Arpin also composed the themes for several CTV network shows in the 1960s. His \"Lyric Suite for Piano, Strings and Percussion\" won first prize out of 450 entrants in the Yamaha Second International Original Concert in Tokyo. He also arranged music for several Canadian recording acts.\nIn 2005, he was commissioned by St. Michael's Choir School (Toronto) to compose and arrange a \"medley\" of Christmas tunes which he titled \"Yuletide on the Cool Side\". It was very warmly received in its premiere on a concert tour across Canada.", ["w_s1705"]]
[30301, "Goes Cube is an American rock band formed in late 2003 in Brooklyn, New York by guitarist\u2013vocalist David Obuchowski and bassist Matthew Frey. In 2005, drummer Kenny Appell joined the band. In May 2009, Frey left the band and was replaced by Matt Tyson. In April 2016, after several years of inactivity, Goes Cube announced they would record a final before disbanding; this album, Shadows Swallowed the Flood, was released on October 21, 2016. The band has released three full-length albums and six EPs.<PIC> While in high school, New Jersey resident David Obuchowski was part of a punk rock band called the Sick Terrific Nosebleeds. When a possible record deal with the independent label Sympathy for the Record Industry fell through, Obuchowski put his musical prospects on hold.\nLater, while attending the University of Illinois, Obuchowski met Matthew Frey, and the two played in several \"joke bands\" together. The two parted ways after graduating, and Obuchowski became an advertising copywriter. This position left him \"absolutely miserable,\" and he moved to Brooklyn, New York to reunite with Frey and start a band. Frey obtained the name Goes Cube from a poor Babel Fish back-translation of the phrase \"Go Die\" between English and German. During their first few years together, the duo used a drum machine known as \"The Beating Machine\", and named their songs numerically based on the rhythm tracks used (e.g. \"Goes Cube Song 23\").\nAfter releasing a three-song self-titled demo, Obuchowski and Frey found this approach stale and they decided to find a drummer. In 2005 they acquired Kenny Appell, a high school bandmate of Obuchowski. This arrangement gave the band a new momentum which they channeled into their first major EP, Beckon the Dagger God (2007). The EP brought the band attention for \"a heavy, assaultive style that's rare among acts from their area.\"\nDuring their first show with Appell on January 26, 2006, the band met music journalist Matt Tyson, who was impressed with their music. Tyson remained in touch with the band, and eventually suggested he shoot a documentary about their upcoming US tour, to which they agreed. Tyson toured with Goes Cube for five weeks in early 2007. During this period, Tyson became close friends with the band. In early 2009, bassist Matthew Frey decided he wanted to retire from the band in order to pursue his own interests.\nGoes Cube released their first full-length album, Another Day Has Passed, through The End Records on May 12, 2009. The album was well received. Brent Burton of Revolver called it \"a-tight-and upbeat brand of metal that aims straight at the heart of the mainstream\u2014and mostly hits strikes.\" Frey retired from the band on May 14, 2009, after the album's release show. Tyson was chosen as Frey's replacement, and joined them for their national tour which began May 15, 2009.  \nAfter the release of their 2011 album, In Tides and Drifts, the Goes Cube became mostly idle for several years while working on other projects: Obuchowski with Publicist UK and Distant Correspondent, and Appell with Cleanteeth and White Widows Pact.  On April 7, 2016, the band announced they were entering the studio for one final album.  Obuchowski explained: \"It\u2019s not right that Goes Cube would just fade away, like, oh, they must not be doing anything anymore. We just feel like we need to make this next album (and whatever shows we do to support it) our best yet, and our final statement.\" Goes Cube's musical style features a mix of styles which the band calls a \"blend of metal, punk, and full-on rock.\" The band's music has been described as rock, metal, hardcore, post-hardcore, avant-punk, and power indie, among others. The Boston Globe described the band's music as a mix of \"pummeling punk, art noise, and \u2013 dare we say it? \u2013 sludgy grunge.\" David Obuchowski \u2013 guitar, vocals (2003\u2013present)\nKenny Appell \u2013 drums (2005\u2013present)\nMatt Tyson \u2013 bass (2009\u2013present) Matthew Frey \u2013 bass (2003\u20132009)  Another Day Has Passed (2009)\nIn Tides and Drifts (2011)\nShadows Swallowed the Flood (2016) Goes Cube (2005)\nGoes Cube (2006)\nBeckon the Dagger God (2007)\nNot What We Thought (2008)\nHutchinson (2008)\nWhat Ruckus: Loud Songs From 2005-2011 (2012) ", ["w_s1706"]]
[30302, "Francesco Antonio Boi (1767 \u2013 15 May 1850) was a Sardinian physician and professor of anatomy.\nHe is known for his work with the sculptor Clemente Susini in preparing highly detailed and accurate wax anatomical models.<PIC> Francesco Antonio Boi was born in Olzai, Nuoro, Sardinia in 1767, the son of a farmer.\nAs a child he showed a high level of intelligence, and was sent to the Franciscans of Fonni in Sardinia to train for a career in the church. \nAt the time, the church provided the only way in which someone from a poor family could obtain an education. \nHe remained at the seminary until he was eighteen.\nHe completed his studies in grammar, literature and philosophy, but then became interested in medicine and left the friars to attend the University of Cagliari.\nOn 22 October 1795 he graduated as a doctor of medicine, and was given a teaching position in the university. On 13 September 1796 Boi was appointed Associate Professor by royal decree, and on 16 March 1799 he was made Professor of Anatomy.\nAlthough the chair of anatomy had been founded in 1764, until Boi was appointed it had been filled by professors from other disciplines.\nBoi lectured at Cagliari for three years, but there were few students enrolled in the faculty.\nIn 1801 he therefore asked for permission, which was granted, to visit other universities to continue his study of anatomy.\nBoi first visited the University of Pavia, where the famous anatomist Antonio Scarpa (1752-1832) was the professor of anatomy, and then the University of Pisa\nbefore going on to Florence.  There was no university in Florence, but there was a flourishing school of anatomy at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova under Paolo Mascagni (1755-1816), whose friend Felice Fontana (1730-1805) was the founder and director of La Specola Wax Museum.\nCharles Felix (1765-1831), the younger brother of King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia (1759-1824), financed Boi during his stay in Florence.\nBoi  began to study anatomy in Florence under Mascagni.  He initially assumed his maternal name of Pirisi, but his skill and knowledge of anatomy soon became apparent, and he was forced to reveal himself.  He began a close collaboration with Mascagni, with whom he formed a deep friendship.\nIt was during these years that he worked with the sculptor Clemente Susini at La Specola in preparing wax anatomical models for teaching purposes.\nCharles Felix had commissioned Boi to help prepare the models, for which Boi undertook the dissections that Susini then reproduced in wax.\nCharles Felix purchased the wax models for his Museum of Natural History and Antiquities at considerable expense.\nIn 1805 Boi returned to Cagliari, where he resumed teaching, bringing the wax models with him.\nIn 1818 he was appointed Minister of Health of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which included not just the island of Sardinia but also the territories of Liguria, Piedmont and Savoy.\nIn 1824 he was knighted.\nOn his retirement in 1844 he was made a professor emeritus of the faculty.\nHe died in Cagliari on 15 May 1850. Most of Boi's lectures have been lost, and none of his work was printed, so he is known now mainly by the high reputation he earned during his life and for the wax models that he helped to create.\nSome of Susini's most important works are held in Cagliari, and were based on dissection by Boi. \nThey highlight the nerves and do not show lymphatics in the brain, correcting a mistake made in Susini's earlier waxes.\nThey represent the convolutions of the human brain, and show the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in accurate detail.\nIt is clear that Susina and Boi worked closely together to ensure a high level of anatomical accuracy. The Cagliari models, with expressive faces and harmony of colors, are also artistic  masterpieces.\nThe models were transferred to the anatomy department of the University of Cagliari in 1858.  In 1963 they were placed on display in a room in the Institute of Anatomy.\nIn 1991 they were transferred to the Clemente Susini's Anatomical Waxes Museum (Cagliari)    located in the Cittadella dei Musei in Piazza Arsenale, where they are now on display in a pentagonal room.", ["w_s1707"]]
[30303, "Moussa Wagu\u00e9 (IPA: [wa\u0261e]; born 4 October 1998) is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Prva HNL club Gorica and the Senegal national team.  Wagu\u00e9 joined K.A.S. Eupen from the Aspire Academy in November 2016. He made his professional debut in a 0\u20131 loss to Genk on 21 January 2017. Wagu\u00e9 spent two seasons with Eupen under coach Claude Mak\u00e9l\u00e9l\u00e9, helping the team remain in the Belgian top division. In August 2018, Wagu\u00e9 completed a transfer from Eupen to FC Barcelona, for a fee of \u20ac5 million. He initially joined the reserves ahead of the 2018\u201319 season. On 13 January 2019, Wagu\u00e9 scored his first goal for Barcelona B in a 2\u20130 win at the Miniestadi against CD Alcoyano.\nBarcelona manager Ernesto Valverde named Wagu\u00e9 as one of the five promising young players to whom he hoped to give first team opportunities. Wagu\u00e9 made his senior side debut on 6 March 2019, starting and playing the full 90 minutes of the Catalan Super Cup against Girona. On 13 April 2019, he made his official debut in a La Liga match against Huesca where he played a full 90 minutes; he described it as a \"dream come true\". Wagu\u00e9 again featured for the first team on 4 May 2019, impressing despite Barcelona's 0\u20132 defeat to Celta Vigo. He would appear once more in Barcelona's La Liga finale, coming on as a second half substitute in a 2\u20132 draw with Eibar. \nWagu\u00e9 was officially promoted to the first team ahead of the 2019\u201320 season, and given the number 16 shirt. He made his first Champions League start for Barcelona on 10 December 2019, as his side defeated Inter Milan 2\u20131. In 31 January 2020, French club OGC Nice confirmed a loan transfer for Wagu\u00e9, keeping him until the end of the 2019\u201320 season, with an option to buy for \u20ac15,000,000. He made his debut for Nice in their 2\u20131 victory over Lyon on 2 February 2020, coming on as a second half substitute. On 7 March 2020, Wagu\u00e9 provided the winning assist in Nice's 2\u20131 derby victory against rivals AS Monaco. Upon the cancellation of the Ligue 1 season due to the COVID-19 outbreak in France, he returned to Barcelona after Nice decided not to activate his purchase option. On 21 September 2020, Barcelona confirmed the loan transfer of Wagu\u00e9 to Greek side PAOK on loan for the rest of the season. On 13 December 2020, he suffered a severe knee injury during PAOK's local derby against Aris Thessaloniki. As a result he was slated to miss nine months of action. On 18 July 2022, he joined Prva HNL club Gorica Wagu\u00e9 was part of the Senegal U20s that came in 4rd place at the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He made his senior international debut in a friendly 1\u20131 tie with Nigeria on 23 March 2017.\nIn June 2018, Wagu\u00e9 was named in Senegal's 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. He became the youngest African goalscorer in World Cup history when he scored in Senegal's match against Japan.\nWagu\u00e9 represented Senegal in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, which took place in Egypt. He participated in the first two group stage games and the semifinal match for a Senegal squad that reached the tournament final.<PIC>     Barcelona\nLa Liga: 2018\u201319\nPAOK\nGreek Cup: 2020-21 Senegal U23\nAfrican Games: 2015\nSenegal\nAfrica Cup of Nations runner-up: 2019", ["w_s1708"]]
[30304, "The Chigi vase is a Proto-Corinthian olpe, or pitcher, that is the name vase of the Chigi Painter. It was found in an Etruscan tomb at Monte Aguzzo, near Veio, on Prince Mario Chigi\u2019s estate in 1881. The vase has been variously assigned to  the middle and late Proto-Corinthian periods and given a date of ca. 650\u2013640 BC; it is now in the National Etruscan Museum, Villa Giulia, Rome (inv. No.22679). The vase stands 26\u00a0cm (10.2 inches) tall, which is modest compared to other Greek vases. Some three-quarters of the vase is preserved. It was found amidst a large number of potsherds of mixed provenance, including one bucchero vessel inscribed with five lines in two early Etruscan alphabets announcing the ownership of Atianai, perhaps also the original owner of the Chigi vase. The Chigi vase itself is a polychrome work decorated in four friezes of mythological and genre scenes and four bands of ornamentation; amongst these tableaux is the earliest representation of the hoplite phalanx formation \u2013 the sole pictorial evidence of its use in the mid- to late-7th century, and terminus post quem of the \"hoplite reform\" that altered military tactics.\nThe lowest frieze is a hunting scene in which three naked short-haired hunters and a pack of dogs endeavour to catch hares and one vixen; a kneeling hunter carries a lagobolon (a throwing cudgel used in coursing hares) as he signals to his fellows to stay behind a bush. It is not clear from the surviving fragments if a trap is being used, as was common in depictions of such expeditions. The next frieze immediate above suggests a collocation of four or five unrelated events. First a parade of long-haired horsemen, each of whom is leading a riderless horse. Possibly these are squires or hippobates for some absent cavalrymen or hippobateis; the latter, it has been conjectured, may be the hoplites seen elsewhere on the vase. The riders are confronted with a two-bodied sphinx with a floral crown and an archaic smile. It is not clear if the creature is participating in any of the action in this frieze. Behind the sphinx is a lion-hunting scene in which four youths wearing cuirasses (save for one who is nude, but belted) spear a lion which has a fifth figure in its jaws. Whether there were indigenous lions in the Peloponnese at this time is a matter for speculation. moreover the shock-haired mane of the lion betrays a neo-Assyrian influence, perhaps the first such in Corinthian art and replacing the previously dominant Hittite forms. Finally in this section, and just below the handle, is a Judgement of Paris scene. Above is another hunting scene, albeit of animals only: dogs chasing stags, goats and hares.\nIn the highest and largest frieze is the scene that has attracted the most scholarly attention \u2013 a battle involving hoplite warfare. However this characterization is not without its problems. For one thing, the hoplites shown here meeting at the moment of othismos (or \"push\") do not carry short swords, but instead like their Homeric forebears have two spears; one for thrusting and one for throwing. Further, Tyrtaeus (11.11-14 West) does not mention a supporting second rank as it may be represented; it is far from self-evident this is a second rank depicted on the vase or that it supports the first. To render the phalanx tactics unambiguously the painter would have had to have given a bird's-eye view of the action, a perspective unknown in Greek vase painting. Consequently it is not clear if the hoplite formation shown here is the developed form as it was practiced from the 6th century onwards. Lastly aulos-players and cadenced marching are not attested in literature from the Archaic Period, so the aulos-player drawn here cannot have served in reality to keep the troops in step: what function he had, if any, is open to speculation. However, Thucydides does state that a Spartan phalanx in the Battle of Mantinea was accompanied by aulos-players in order to keep step as they approached the opposing army, which may suggest that they were used in the same way at the time when the vase was made.<PIC> The Judgement of Paris on the Chigi vase is the earliest extant depiction of the myth, evidence perhaps of knowledge of the lost epic Cypria from the 650s BC. The figure of Paris is labelled Alexandros in the Homeric manner, though the writer might not be the same as the painter since the inscriptions are not typically Corinthian. This scene, obscured under the handle and \u201cpainted somehow as an afterthought\u201d according to John Boardman. invites the question whether the events on this vase (and vases generally) are random juxtapositions of images or present a narrative or overarching theme. In line with recent scholarship of the Paris structuralist school Jeffrey Hurwit suggests that reading upwards along the vertical axis we can discern the development of the ideal Corinthian man from boyhood through agones and paideia to full warrior-citizen, with the sphinx marking the liminal stages in his maturation.", ["w_s1710"]]
[30305, "Orl\u00e9ans (formerly Ottawa\u2014Orl\u00e9ans, Gloucester\u2014Carleton and Carleton\u2014Gloucester) is a federal electoral district in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1988.\nThe riding was created as \"Carleton\u2014Gloucester\" in 1987. Its name was changed to \"Gloucester\u2014Carleton\" in 1996, but then changed back to \"Carleton\u2013Gloucester\" in 1997. It was changed again in 2000 to \"Ottawa\u2014Orl\u00e9ans\" and to just \"Orl\u00e9ans\" in 2013.\nDespite having an English-speaking majority, Orl\u00e9ans is among the most francophone of the Ontario federal ridings, and a major centre of the Franco-Ontarian community. According to the 2001 Statistics Canada report, 35% of the riding population speaks French as their mother tongue. In recent years, the riding has experienced a major growth of population and increased housing projects.\nIn the 2004 federal election, the Liberal candidate Marc Godbout won over the Conservative candidate Walter Robinson by over 4% of the votes. Robinson, a former president of the Canadian Taxpayers Federation, was considered a favourite but failed to win support among Francophones. Ottawa\u2014Orl\u00e9ans was also the riding where the NDP had Canada's youngest woman candidate, Crystal LeBlanc, who received 5905 votes in the 2004 federal election. It encompasses the suburban community of Orleans in the east end of Ottawa, Ontario (northern and eastern parts of the former city of Gloucester, Ontario plus the northwestern corner of the former city of Cumberland) as well as the neighbourhood of Blackburn Hamlet and the communities of Notre-Dame-des-Champs and Carlsbad Springs.\nThe riding consists of the part of the City of Ottawa bounded on the north by the Ottawa River, and on the west, south and east by a line drawn due south from the river to the mouth of Green's Creek, south along that creek, southwest along Regional Road 174 to Blair Road, south to Innes Road, west to a transmission line, south to an abandoned Canadian Pacific Railway track, west to Highway 417, southeast to Ramsayville Road, south to Mitch Owens Road, east to Boundary Road, south to Devine Road, east to Frontier Road, north to Carlsbad Lane and its northern production to Tenth Line Road, north to Wall Road, east to Frank Kenny Road, north to Frank Kenny Road, north to the Ottawa River.<PIC> Ethnic groups: 77.6% White, 6.5% Black, 3.7% South Asian, 3.1% Arab, 2.4% Aboriginal, 2.1% Chinese, 1.1% Filipino, 1.0% Latin American \nLanguages: 55.9% English, 33.1% French, 2.3% Arabic, 1.5% Chinese\nReligions: 75.8% Christian (52.4% Catholic, 5.5% United Church, 5.4% Anglican, 1.5% Pentecostal, 1.4% Baptist, 1.3% Christian Orthodox, 1.1% Presbyterian, 7.2% Other), 4.8% Muslim, 1.2% Hindu, 16.8% No religion \nMedian income (2010): $46,606 \nAverage income (2010): $52,230 The federal riding was created as \"Carleton\u2014Gloucester\" in 1987 from parts of Nepean\u2014Carleton and Ottawa\u2014Carleton ridings. It consisted initially of\nthe City of Gloucester, excluding these parts:\nbounded on the north by the City of Ottawa, and on the east, south and west by a line drawn from the boundary south along Conroy Road, west along Davidson Road and Lester Road, south along Albion Road, west along the road allowance between lots 10 and 11, Concession 3, south  along the Canadian Pacific Railway line, west along Leitrim Road, north along Limebank Road and River Road to the Ottawa city limit;\nbounded on the west by the Gloucester city limit, and on the north, east and south by a line drawn east from the limit near Blair Road, south along Blair Road, west along Innes Road, and south along a hydroelectric transmission line situated east of Meadowvale Lane to the western city limit;\nthe southeast part of the City of Ottawa lying south of Walkley Road and east of Conroy Road;\nthe townships of Osgoode and Rideau;\nthe northwest part of the Township of Cumberland lying north of Innes Road and west of Regional Road 57 and Trim Road.\nIn 1996, it was renamed \"Gloucester\u2014Carleton\", and defined to consist of\nthe City of Gloucester, excluding\nthe part bounded on the north by the City of Ottawa, and on the east, south and west by a line drawn from the border south along Conroy Road, west along Davidson Road and Lester Road, south along the Canadian Pacific Railway, west along Leitrim Road, and north along Limebank Road to the City of Ottawa;\nthe part bounded on the west by the western city limit, and on the north, east and south by  a line drawn from the city limit near Mowat Road east to Blair Road, south along Blair Road, west along Innes Road, and south along the transmission line situated east of Meadowvale Lane to the western city limit.\nthe part bounded on the north by the Quebec border, and on the west by the western city limit, and on the north, east and south by a line drawn from the city limit east along Montreal Road and Highway 17, north along Green's Creek and due north to the Quebec boundary.\nthe part of the Township of Cumberland west of Trim Road and north of Innes Road.\nThe name of the electoral district was changed in 1997 back to \"Carleton\u2014Gloucester\", and in 2000 to \"Ottawa\u2014Orl\u00e9ans\".\nFollowing the 2012 redistribution of Canada's ridings, the riding will lose the neighbourhood of Beacon Hill South from Ottawa\u2014Vanier, and will gain the Cardinal Creek area from Glengarry\u2014Prescott\u2014Russell and the rural area surrounding Carlsbad Spring from parts of Glengarry\u2014Prescott\u2014Russell and Nepean\u2014Carleton.    Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election. \nNote: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election. ", ["w_s1717"]]
[30306, "Theodor Friedrich Dethlof Kliefoth was a German Neo-Lutheran. He was born in K\u00f6rchow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin on 18 January 1810 and he died in Schwerin on 26 January 1895.<PIC> He was educated at the gymnasium of Schwerin, and at the Universities of Berlin and Rostock. In 1833 he was appointed instructor of Duke William of Mecklenburg, and in 1837 accompanied Grand Duke Frederick Francis as tutor to Dresden. He became pastor at Ludwigslust in 1840, and superintendent of Schwerin in 1844. Since 1835 he had been the leading spirit in the ecclesiastical and theological affairs of his state. With the abolishment of the old constitution of the estates in 1848 and the organization of a parliamentary government, the rule of the Church by the State had become an impossibility. Thus there originated in 1850 a superior ecclesiastical court with Kliefoth as chief ecclesiastical councilor. In 1886, he became its president. During the decades 1850-70, he was actively engaged in ecclesiastical reforms. Being convinced that the prosperity of the Church is principally dependent upon the efficiency of the administrators of the Means of Grace, he was intent upon filling the clergy with the spirit and doctrines of the Lutheran Church. To this end the faculty of Rostock was reorganized with teachers of strictly Lutheran tendency, the institution of church inspections by superintendents was again called into life, abuses in the church service and in the administration of ecclesiastical acts were abolished, and the rationalistic spirit was removed from the pulpit. New formularies of liturgy on the basis of the old church orders were made, and the old treasures of Lutheran church music were embodied in a new book of melodies. Kliefoth laid down his conception of the Church and church polity in his Acht B\u00fccher von der Kirche (vol. i., Schwerin, 1854). The first four books treat of the kingdom of God founding of the Church, of the means of grace, of the congregation and its service, and of the Church and its order and government. The last four books, which were to treat of the development and completion of the Church never appeared. Kliefoth's peculiar conception was due chiefly to his occupation with the old Lutheran church orders. With great energy he emphasizes the divine foundation of the Church through the acts of salvation of the triune God; its divine basis in the Means of Grace, which mediate and vouchsafe the continuous effect of Christ and his spirit; the divine institution of the office of the means of grace; and the necessity of the organization and incorporation of the Church in church order and church government. The Church is for him the empirical congregation of the called, and not merely the congregation of true believers; and for him Lutheranism is not merely a doctrine or dogmatical tendency, but a distinctive church body whose peculiar historical development is to be perpetuated. He opposed the territorialism of state omnipotence, which denied the independence of the Church, the collegialism of modern representative church government, which originated in the Reformed Church and seemed to him to endanger the privilege and authority of the office of the means of grace; unionism, which threatened to absorb the Lutheran Church as such, or at least its confession; and the amalgamation of Church and politics, with its tendency toward the establishment of a national German Evangelical Church. On the other hand, he aimed at the restoration of the Lutheran state churches and the strengthening of Lutheranism through a closer union. In this sense he represented the government of the Mecklenburg church at the Eisenach Conference after 1852; and in 1868 he founded with others the Allgemeine evangelisch-lutherische Konferenz.\nKliefoth was one of the strongest men among the churchmen and theologians of his day, and one of the most effective preachers of the nineteenth century. The political and ecclesiastical liberals decried him as a dangerous reactionist, the unionists hated his strict Lutheranism, the representatives of pietistic subjectivism were offended by his ecclesiasticism, and popular sentiment disliked his hierarchical tendencies. He was also the most notable authority of his time on liturgies and the old Lutheran church orders. His Liturgische Abhandlungen (8 vols., Schwerin, 1854\u201361, 2d. ed., 1858\u201369) is his most prominent work, the most peculiar expression of his spirit. Other important works are: Einleitung in die Dogmengeschichte (Ludwigslust, 1839); Theorie des Kultus der evangelischen Kirche (1844); Ueber Predigt und Katechese in der Vergangenheit und in der Gegenwart (in Mecklenburgisches Kirchenblatt, ii.1-55, 169-245, Rostock, 1846); Die urspr\u00fcngliche Gottesdienst-ordnung in den deutschen Kirchen lutherischen Bekenntnisses (Rostock, 1847); Das Verh\u00e4ltnis der Landesherren als Inhaber der Kirchengewalt zu ihren Kirchenbeh\u00f6rden (Schwerin, 1861); Der preussische Staat und die Kirchen (1873); and Christliche Eschatologie (Leipzig, 1886). He also wrote commentaries on Zechariah (Schwerin, 1859), Ezekiel (2 parts, Rostock, 1864\u201365), Daniel (Schwerin, 1868), and Revelation (Leipsic, 1874). With Prof. O. Mejer of Rostock he edited the Kirchliche Zeitschrift (Schwerin, 1854\u201359), which, with A. W. Dieckhoff, he continued as Theologische Zeitschrift (1860\u201364). He published several collections of sermons, and a great number of single and occasional sermons. English\nConser, Jr., Walter H. Church and Confession: Conservative Theologians in England, Germany, and America, 1815\u20131866. Macon: Mercer University Press, 1994.\nKlenig, John. \u201cThe Liturgical Heritage of Theodor Kliefoth.\u201d In Lord Jesus Christ, Will You Not Stay: Essays in Honor of Ronald Feuerhahn on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday. Edited by Bart J. Day, et al.,  105\u201320. Houston: Feuerhahn Festschrift Committee, 2002.\nMasaki, Naomichi. \u201cThe Confessional Liturgical Revival of Theodor Kliefoth and the Works of Liturgical Revision of the Preface in Nineteenth-Century Sweden: The Vitality of the Lord's Supper As Confessed in \u2018He Alone Is Worthy!\u2019\u201d Ph.D. diss., Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, 2005.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014.Theodor Kliefoth and Theological Revisions of the Liturgy in Sweden. Lutheran Quarterly, volume XXIII, pp.\u00a049\u201374", ["w_s1722"]]
[30307, "Subfunctionalization was proposed by Stoltzfus (1999) and Force et al. (1999) as one of the possible outcomes of functional divergence that occurs after a gene duplication event, in which pairs of genes that originate from duplication, or paralogs, take on separate functions. Subfunctionalization is a neutral mutation process of constructive neutral evolution; meaning that no new adaptations are formed. During the process of gene duplication paralogs simply undergo a division of labor by retaining different parts (subfunctions) of their original ancestral function. This partitioning event occurs because of segmental gene silencing leading to the formation of paralogs that are no longer duplicates, because each gene only retains a single function.  It is important to note that the ancestral gene was capable of performing both functions and the descendant duplicate genes can now only perform one of the original ancestral functions.<PIC> Subfunctionalization after gene duplication is thought to be the newer model of functional divergence. Before 1910, scientists were unaware that genes were capable of multifunctionalization. The original thought was that each gene possessed one function, but in fact genes have independently mutable regions and possessed the ability to subfunctionalize.  Neofunctionalization, where one paralogous copy derives a new function after gene duplication, is thought to be the classical model of functional divergence.  Nevertheless, because of its neutral mutation process subfunctionalization seem to present a more parsimonious explanation for the retention of duplicates in a genome. Specialization is a unique model of subfunctionalization, in which paralogs divide into various areas of specialty rather than function. In this model both gene copies perform exactly the same ancestral function.  For instance, while the ancestral gene may have performed its function in all tissues, developmental stage, and environmental conditions, the paralogous genes become specialists, dividing themselves among different tissues, developmental stages, and environmental conditions.  For example, if the ancestral gene is responsible for both digestive and lymphatic regulatory processes, after gene duplication one of the paralogs would claim responsibility for lymphatic regulation and the other for digestive regulation.\nSpecialization is also unique in the fact that it is a positive rather than neutral mutation process.  When a gene specializes among different tissues, developmental stages, or environmental conditions it acquires an improvement in function. Isozymes are a good example of this because they are gene products of paralogs that catalyze the same biochemical reaction. However, different members have evolved particular adaptations to different tissues or different developmental stages that enhance the physiological fine-tuning of the cell. Gene sharing occurs when a gene acquires a secondary function during its evolutionary process. Gene sharing is unique because the gene maintains and performs both its ancestral function and its acquired function. Gene duplication is not necessary in this model, as the addition of functionality occurs before, or often instead of gene duplication.      \nGene sharing is a fairly common occurrence and is most often seen in enzymes taking on a various subfunctions such as signal transduction and transcriptional regulation.  The most noteworthy example of gene sharing is crystallins, the proteins responsible for transparency and diffraction in the eye lens, which have also been found to serve as a metabolic enzyme in other tissue. Adaptive conflict arises in gene sharing when an improvement to one gene function severely impairs another function.  This occurs because selective constraints are particularly stringent in the case of gene sharing. It is very difficult for either function to undergo morphological changes, due to the fact that both the ancestral and novel functions are needed. As a result of its dual function the gene is subjected to two or more independent sets of evolutionary pressure. This means that positively selecting for improvements in one function is likely to cause deleterious effect in the other function. There are two solutions to the predicament of adaptive conflict. The gene can either completely lose its new function or undergo gene duplication followed by subfunctionalization, also called \"function splitting\". In the Duplication- Degeneration- Complementation (DDC) model of subfunctionalization both gene copies are needed to perform the original ancestral function. In this model after a duplication event, both paralogs suffer deleterious mutations leading to functional degradation. This degradation is so severe that neither gene copy can perform the ancestral function or any subset of that function independently.  In order to be functional, the paralogs must work together to perform the ancestral task. This teamwork among paralogs is possible because the subfunction lost in one gene copy is complemented in the other gene copy. This functional sharing would not be possible if both paralogs had lost identical subfunctions.\nThe degeneration and complementation processes make the DDC model a selectively neutral mutation process. The mutations accumulated in both paralogs would have been deleterious if they had not been complemented by the other copy. On example of the DDC model is when functionally similar paralogs are expressed at such low levels that both copies are required to produce sufficient amounts of the original gene product. Segregation avoidance occurs when an unequal crossing over event leads to a locus duplication containing two heterogeneous alleles creating a situation akin to permanent heterozygosity. This occurs primarily in situations of overdominant selection where the heterozygote has increased fitness but less fit homozygotes are still retained in the population.\nSegregation avoidance addresses the issue of segregational load, wherein the mean fitness of the population is less than the highest possible fitness.  The unequal crossing over and subsequent duplication of a locus containing heterogeneous alleles ensures the highest possible fitness.  By avoiding homogeneous alleles organisms in the population can benefit from the advantages that both alleles have to offer.  A prime example is the ace-1 locus in house mosquitoes, Culex pipiens.  Because of segregation avoidance house mosquitos are able to benefit from ace-1R pesticide resistant allele during pesticide exposure and ace-1S wild-type allele during non-exposure.  This duality is particularly useful, as the mutant allele causes decreased fitness during period's non-exposure. Human hemoglobin provides a variety of subfunctionalization examples.  For instance, the gene for hemoglobin \u03b1-chain is undoubtedly derived from a duplicate copy of hemoglobin \u03b2-chain. However, neither chain can function independently to form a monomeric hemoglobin molecule, that is a molecule consisting entirely of \u03b1-chains or entirely of \u03b2-chains.  Conversely, hemoglobin consists of both \u03b1 and \u03b2 chains, with \u03b12-\u03b22 being among the most efficient forms of hemoglobin in the human genome. This is a prime example of subfunctionalization. \nAnother good example is the emergence of fetal hemoglobin from embryonic hemoglobin after duplication of the hemoglobin \u03b3- chain. This example of subfunctionalization illustrates how different forms of hemoglobin are present at various developmental stages. In fact, there is distinct hemoglobin at each developmental stage: \u03b62-\u03b52 and \u03b12-\u03b52 in the embryo, \u03b12-\u03b32 in the fetus, and \u03b12-\u03b22 and \u03b12-\u03b42 in adults.  Each type of hemoglobin has advantages that are particular to the developmental stage in which it thrives.  For example, embryonic and fetal hemoglobin have higher oxygen affinity than adult hemoglobin giving them improved functionality in hypoxic environments such as the uterus.", ["w_s1725"]]
[30308, "Jacob Christoph Le Blon, or Jakob Christoffel Le Blon, (2 May 1667 \u2013 16 May 1741) was a painter and engraver from Frankfurt who invented the system of three- and four-colour printing, using an RYB color model which segued into the modern CMYK system. He used the mezzotint method to engrave three or four metal plates (one each per printing ink) to make prints with a wide range of colours. His methods helped form the foundation for modern colour printing.<PIC> On his father's side Le Blon descended from Huguenots fleeing France in 1576, having settled in Frankfurt. His grandfather Christof Le Blon married Susanna Barbara Merian daughter of the artist and engraver Matth\u00e4us Merian (1593\u20131650). Le Blon is reported to have received training as a young man from the Swiss painter and engraver Conrad Ferdinand Meyer (1618\u20131689) in Zurich but there is no documentary evidence.[1] It is generally agreed that Le Blon had an extended stay sometime between 1696 and 1702 in Rome where he is reported to have studied art under the painter Carlo Maratta (1625\u20131713). There he became acquainted with the Dutch painter and engraver Bonaventura van Overbeek who created an extensive work of views of the antiquities of Rome, published posthumously in 1708 and containing a portrait of Overbeek attributed to Le Blon.[4] Encouraged by van Overbeek, Le Blon moved to Amsterdam, presumably in 1702, where he worked as a miniature painter and engraver. In 1705 he married Gerarda Vloet with whom he had two sons that appear to have died in infancy.\nIn 1707 Le Blon issued a short publication in Dutch on the forms of the human body. In 1708 and 1709 he is known to have made colorant mixing experiments in Amsterdam and in 1710 he made his first color prints with yellow, red, and blue plates. While in Amsterdam he became acquainted with Arnold Houbraken, who quoted him as a source of information on German painters for his Schouburg, later published after Houbraken's death in 1718. Le Blon's wife died in 1716 and in 1717 he moved to London where he received royal patents for the three-color printing process and a three-color tapestry weaving process. The tapestry process involved using white, yellow, red, blue, and black fibers to create images. The printing process involved using three different intaglio plates, inked in different colours.\nIn 1725 he published Coloritto, in French and English. In Coloritto, Le Blon asserted that \u201cthe art of mixing colours\u2026(in) painting can represent all visible objects with three colours: yellow, red and blue; for all colours can be composed of these three, which I call Primitive\u201d. Le Blon added that red and yellow make orange; red and blue, make purple/violet; and blue and yellow make green (Le Blon, 1725, p6).\nDuring his stay in England he produced several dozen of three- and four-colored images in multiple copies that initially sold well in England and on the continent. In the long run his enterprise did not succeed, however, and Le Blon left England in 1735, moving to Paris where he continued producing prints by his method. During his last years several sequences of prints were produced and sold showing the different steps of his printing process, such as a portrait of the French Cardinal de Fleury. In 1740 he began work on a collection of anatomical prints for which he had a solid list of subscribers. When he died in 1741 in Paris he left a 4\u00bd year-old daughter, Margueritte, as sole heir. A detailed description of Le Blon's work was published in 1756 by Antoine Gautier de Montdorge who befriended him during his final years in Paris.\nLe Blon's method required experience in deconstructing a colored image into its presumed primary chromatic components and understanding the effects of superimposing printing inks in certain areas, for which extensive trial and error work was required. Le Blon's process was practiced in France after his death and progressed in the early-mid-19th century into chromolithography. What was required, however, is a methodology to break images objectively into color components which became possible with the invention of color photography in the second half of the 19th century and the invention of half-tone printing in the late 19th century.", ["w_s1728"]]
[30309, "Anthony Rishard \"Boobie\" Dixon (born September 24, 1987) is a former American football running back. He was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the sixth round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football for Mississippi State University, where he holds multiple school rushing records. As a senior at Terry High School in 2005, he racked up 304 carries for 2,683 yards (8.8 average) and 31 touchdowns in leading Terry to an 11-2 mark. He was named the Jackson metro-area player of the year by The Clarion-Ledger. He was also a first-team All-State honoree by the paper, and was named to its (preseason) \"Dandy Dozen\" team (of the state's 12 best high school players) and its (postseason) \"10 Most Wanted\" list (of the state's top 10 college football prospects).\nConsidered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Dixon was listed as the No. 22 running back prospect in the nation in 2006. Scout.com ranked Dixon a four star prospect and the 30th best running back in the country.\nHe chose Mississippi State over University of Alabama, Louisiana State University, and Southern Miss. In his true freshman season, Dixon played in all 12 games, starting five times, and set MSU true freshman records for rushing attempts, yards gained rushing, and touchdowns rushing. His nine touchdowns on the ground were the most by a Bulldog since Dicenzo Miller's ten TDs in 2000. He earned his nickname \"Boobie\" from his college teammates, who compared him to Boobie Miles, the character in Friday Night Lights.\nAs a sophomore, Dixon played all 13 games and started twelve. He became just the seventh halfback (ninth occurrence) in school history and the first Bulldog sophomore ever to surpass 1,000 yards rushing in a single season and his attempts set a Mississippi State single season record. He scored MSU's game-winning touchdown in the 2007 Liberty Bowl game.\nDuring his junior season, Dixon started all 12 games he played in, and rushed for 869 yards, compiling a career-best 4.4 yards per carry.\nWith 1,391 rushing yards in his senior season, Dixon not only set the Mississippi State single-season rushing record (surpassing J. J. Johnson's 1998 record of 1,383 yards), he also became the seventh player in Southeastern Conference history to lead his team in rushing four times. He joined Eddie Price (Tulane, 1946\u20131949), Sonny Collins (Kentucky, 1972\u20131975), Dalton Hilliard (LSU, 1982\u20131985), Carl Woods (Vanderbilt, 1983\u20131986), Errict Rhett (Florida, 1990\u20131993), and Kevin Faulk (LSU, 1995\u20131998) on that list. Dixon accumulated 3,994 career rushing yards during his collegiate career. In addition, Dixon also accumulated 56 receptions, 449 Receiving Yards, and 4 Receiving Touchdowns in 4 years at MSU.  Dixon was considered one of the best \"power backs\" available in the 2010 NFL Draft, alongside Toby Gerhart and Charles Scott. Projected as a third- to fourth-round pick, Dixon was thought to possibly be the Bulldogs' highest draftee since Jerious Norwood was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the third round (79th overall) of the 2006 NFL Draft. However, he was selected as the 173rd overall pick in the sixth round by the San Francisco 49ers. With the announcement of the sudden retirement of Glen Coffee on August 13, former head coach Mike Singletary stated that Dixon and veteran Michael Robinson would compete for the number 2 running back spot behind Pro Bowler Frank Gore. In the preseason, Dixon posted 74 rushes for 300 yards, averaging 75 yards per game and 4 touchdowns, leading the entire NFL in each of those categories. On September 20, 2010, Dixon rushed for his first career NFL touchdown against the New Orleans Saints on Monday Night Football. Despite playing well in the preseason, Dixon had only ten rushing attempts until week 12. After Gore suffered a fractured hip during a Monday Night Football game against the Arizona Cardinals on November 29, Dixon had 14 carries for 54 yards and a touchdown as a backup to Brian Westbrook, who took over for Gore. Dixon  played in all 72 games of his NFL career, primarily on special teams. At the end of the 2012 season, Dixon and the 49ers appeared in Super Bowl XLVII. He contributed on special teams, but the 49ers fell to the Baltimore Ravens by a score of 34\u201331. His only start as a member of the 49ers came in the 2013 NFC Championship game as a fullback, scoring a touchdown that gave San Francisco a 10\u20130 lead. Coincidentally, that was his last game as a member of the 49ers.  He finished his 49er career with 458 regular-season rushing yards and eight touchdowns.<PIC> On March 15, 2014, Dixon signed a three-year, $3.5 million contract with the Buffalo Bills. Dixon went on to have the most productive year of his career, with career highs in rushing attempts (105), rushing yards (432), average yards per rush (4.1), as well as passes caught and receiving yardage (eight catches for 49 yards). Dixon also scored two rushing touchdowns, the same number he had scored each year since entering the NFL.\nIn 2015, Dixon's production dropped off significantly. He had only one rushing touchdown, and recorded both 44 yards rushing and 44 yards receiving. On March 1, 2016, Dixon was released by the Bills. After spending the 2016 season out of football, Dixon played in front of NFL and Canadian Football League scouts as part of the inaugural season for a new instructional and developmental football program, The Spring League, taking part in both the April training camp and games held at The Greenbrier in West Virginia, as well as the 2017 Summer Showcase game held in Napa, California. As one of The Spring League's \"marquee players\" Dixon was one of the more vocal players in the league, and predicted he would amass 100 yards and 2 touchdowns during the California Showcase game. Playing as part of team California, Dixon's teammate included fellow running back Glen Coffee, the player Dixon replaced as a member of the 49ers. Playing predominately as a fullback, Dixon's first carry was a 49 yard touchdown run. Late in the game, Dixon caught a 4 yard touchdown pass from David Ash. Both plays occurred on 4th down, and were the first and last scores of the game, respectively. Dixon's totals were 7 carries for 55 yards, 5 catches for 23 yards, and the two touchdowns. With 78 total yards on 12 touches, Dixon was short of his statistical pregame prediction, but nonetheless he was listed as one of the Stand Out Players of the game during the Summer Showcase broadcast. Dixon is a Christian. Dixon describes himself on his Twitter account as a \"God Fearing Man\" and frequently tweets about his faith.\nAnthony also has three younger brothers Antwon, Rashun, and Deshun (from oldest to youngest).  Antwon and Rashun  both committed to play football at Mississippi State, although neither played at MSU.  Antwon instead went to  Hinds Community College before transferring to Midwestern State University.  Rashun was drafted in the 10th round (304th overall) in the 2008 Major League Baseball draft by the Oakland As and chose to play professional baseball.  Deshun was also drafted by in the MLB Draft, taken in the 10th round by the Tampa Bay Rays in the 2010 Major League Baseball draft.", ["w_s1729"]]
[30310, "Paul Licuria (born 4 January 1978) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Sydney Swans and Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).<PIC>  Licuria was drafted to Sydney in the 1995 National Draft as a second round selection, after having two knee reconstructions at ages 16 and 17. He was recruited as a hard-working midfielder but also was rumoured as a recruit to keep Anthony Rocca at the club as they were good friends. Licuria struggled to get a spot in the side after his debut in 1997. He played 4 games in 1997, and then only 6 more in 1998, not having the impact he would have liked. Licuria was traded to the club he supported as a child, Collingwood, as part of a deal which saw Sydney receive their first round selection, (no.3 overall). Licuria immediately made an impact at the club with his ability to win the ball off half-back; however, his disposal let him down, and his consistency had dropped off, causing him to be dropped halfway through his first year. However, he came back into the side and won a Rising Star nomination for a 28 possession game against the West Coast Eagles. His form at the time showed signs of what was to come and he carried this form into the 2000 season, finishing 6th in the club's best and fairest, and playing every game with an average of 21 touches.\nHis 2001 and 2002 seasons were brilliant. His disposal was once again questioned, but his incredible workrate and consistency were rated very highly. He played every game in both seasons, averaging 23 and 22 touches a game in respective seasons. He capped both terrific seasons by winning the Copeland Trophy. It stunned everyone with his win in 2001, but in 2002 it was expected in the year the club made it to the Grand Final. Licuria's final series was fantastic. Despite a poor performance in the big game, he would achieve a career-high 40 disposals in the Qualifying Final against Port Adelaide and in the 2002 Grand final loss to Brisbane he and Mick Malthouse showed their disappointment in tears, with Licuria visibly crying.\nHis 2003 season was productive also, managing 24 games, missing round 1 through suspension, and breaking a consecutive games run of 74 games. He played all games once again in 2004 and 2005, being noted as one of the most durable midfielders, despite his knee problems early in his career. He finished runner-up in the 2004 best and fairest, once again showing his importance to the side. However, 2006 would see Licuria exposed as a tiring player, with his use of the ball continually debated, and his consistency being questioned. He was rested in Round 16 after an inconsistent start to the year, with highs and lows. He played for Williamstown in the VFL but forced his way back into the side after one week in the reserves. After playing few games during the 2007 season, Licuria retired from the AFL at the end of the season. In 2011, Licuria was inducted into the Collingwood Hall of Fame. After Paul retired from AFL football in 2007 he was appointed team manager, with Eddie Hillgrove, of the newly formed Collingwood VFL side under the team's head coach Gavin Brown.  Paul also played for the VFL side in the 2008 season and now plays in the VAFA. Licuria became a contestant on the Channel Seven series Dancing with the Stars for the 2008 series of the show. Overall, Licuria finished third in the competition.\nHe played for Victorian Amateur Football Association club Old Scotch in 2009.\nLicuria is currently the CEO of the online education training company alffie.\nLicuria is also a member of the Collingwood Football Club Board. Paul married British born Barbara Hawley on 15 February 2008. They have a daughter, Saffron Ursula Louisa (born July 2009), and a son Cassius (born October 2011).", ["w_s1730"]]
[30311, "Boca Pointe was a census-designated place (CDP) located in an unincorporated area near Boca Raton in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,302 at the 2000 census. The CDP was not included in the 2010 census. While it is not officially in the City of Boca Raton, the community is frequently classified under its umbrella term. Boca Pointe was located at 26\u00b020\u203210\u2033N 80\u00b009\u203240\u2033W.\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 3.0\u00a0km\u00b2 (1.1\u00a0mi\u00b2), all land.<PIC> As of the census of 2000, there were 3,302 people, 1,824 households, and 1,136 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,108.6/km\u00b2 (2,867.7/mi\u00b2). There were 2,089 housing units at an average density of 701.4/km\u00b2 (1,814.2/mi\u00b2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.64% White (95.6% were Non-Hispanic White,) 0.39% African American, 0.61% Asian, 0.18% from other races, and 0.18% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.36% of the population.\nThere were 1,824 households, out of which 5.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.8% were married couples living together, 2.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.7% were non-families. 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.81 and the average family size was 2.21.\nIn the CDP, the population was spread out, with 4.6% under the age of 18, 1.5% from 18 to 24, 9.3% from 25 to 44, 31.7% from 45 to 64, and 52.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 66 years. For every 100 females, there were 79.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.7 males.\nThe median income for a household in the CDP was $90,476, and the median income for a family was $104,601. Males had a median income of $81,611 versus $37,143 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $66,797. None of the families and 2.0% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 2.2% of those over 64.\nAs of 2000, English as a first language accounted for 94.11% of all residents, while Spanish made up 4.87%, and French was the mother tongue for 1.00% of the population. The Club at Boca Pointe, formerly known as Boca Pointe Country Club, is a non-mandatory country club located within the gated Boca Pointe community in Boca Raton, Florida. The Club at Boca Pointe features an 18-hole Jack Nicklaus-designed championship golf course, 29 Har-Tru tennis courts, three restaurants, two lounges, men's and ladies' card rooms, a fully equipped 40,000-square-foot (3,700\u00a0m\u00b2) athletics center, a day spa and two Olympic-size pools. The Club also features a full calendar of social activities including lifelong learning programs taught by professors from local universities, offsite trips, onsite entertainment, book discussion groups and hobby clubs. It is a Club dedicated to relaxation, friendly games and competition.\nThe Club has 1,288 equity members. While most members hold equity memberships in the Club, non-equity memberships are also offered to cater to members' individual lifestyles if they do not live in South Florida full-time. In 2009, Boca Pointe Country Club changed its name to The Club at Boca Pointe to reflect a change in potential members who did not want to belong to a traditional country club. To evolve into a club for the Baby Boomer generation, new programs and memberships were developed to specifically attract retiring Baby Boomers who crave an active lifestyle with an emphasis on wellness, socialization and lifelong learning.  \nThe Club at Boca Pointe is a separate entity from the Boca Pointe Community Association, with its own Board of Governors, management and employees. Although separate organizations, the management and staff of both work closely together.", ["w_s1732"]]
[30313, "Alan Bowlby Mollohan (born May 14, 1943) is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for West Virginia's 1st congressional district from 1983 to 2011. He was a member of the Democratic Party and the Blue Dog Coalition.\nThe district encompasses the northern part of the state; it is based in Wheeling and includes Parkersburg, Morgantown, Fairmont and Clarksburg. He served on the House Appropriations Committee and was ranking Democrat on the Ethics Committee until being asked to step down in 2006. He was defeated in the Democratic primary election held on May 11, 2010, by Mike Oliverio.<PIC> Born in Fairmont, West Virginia, Mollohan is the son of former U.S. Representative Robert Mollohan. He attended Greenbrier Military School and graduated from the College of William & Mary. Thereafter, Mollohan completed a Juris Doctor at West Virginia University College of Law. He served as \"Of Counsel\" for the Huntington, West Virginia branch of the law firm Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough. He served in the United States Army Reserve from 1970 to 1983, reaching the rank of captain.  Committee on Appropriations\nSubcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (Chairman)\nSubcommittee on Homeland Security\nSubcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies When Mollohan's father retired in 1982 after 16 years in Congress spread out over two stints, he endorsed his son as his successor. He was elected that November in a very competitive contest. He faced another close race in 1984, but was unopposed for a third term in 1986. He did not face serious opposition in a general election since, running unopposed in 1992, 1996, 2002 and 2008. In 1998 and 2000, no Republican candidate ran against Mollohan. In both of those years he was opposed by a Libertarian Richard Kerr, but Mollohan won.\nHe faced stiff electoral competition when, in 1992, West Virginia lost a House seat due to the 1990 Census. The redistricting placed Mollohan against another representative, 2nd District Congressman Harley O. Staggers, Jr. No other party put up a candidate, meaning that the Democratic primary was tantamount to election. It was predicted to be a tough primary, but Mollohan succeeded in winning his party's nomination with 60% of the vote. Mollohan faced a Democratic primary challenge on May 11, 2010, and lost to State senator Mike Oliverio, 56% to 44%. It was Mollohan's first contested primary since he faced Harley Staggers Jr. in 1992 after their Congressional districts were merged.\nSince his first election in 1982 he only faced a total of six Republican challengers, the most recent being former state delegate Chris Wakim in 2006. In that race, Mollohan won 64% of the vote. On February 28, 2006, the National Legal and Policy Center filed a 500-page ethics complaint against Mollohan, alleging that the congressman misrepresented his assets on financial disclosure forms. Mollohan's real estate holdings and other assets have increased from $562,000 in 2000 to at least $6.3 million in 2004. For the period 1996 through 2004, NLPC alleged that his Financial Disclosure Reports failed to disclose real estate, corporate and financial assets that public records showed were owned by Mollohan and his wife.\nOn April 7, 2006, The New York Times reported that Mollohan \"has fueled five non-profit groups in his West Virginia district with $250 million in earmark funding.\"  Mollohan created these nonprofit groups, which include the West Virginia High Technology Consortium Foundation, Institute for Scientific Research, Canaan Valley Institute, Vandalia Heritage Foundation, and MountainMade Foundation.  Leaders of these groups were sometimes investors with him, possibly leading to his own personal gain.\nOn April 21, 2006, House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi announced that Mollohan would temporarily step down as the Ranking Democrat on the House Ethics Committee. Howard Berman of California took Mollohan's place.\nOn April 25, 2006, The Wall Street Journal reported that Mollohan and CEO Dale R. McBride of FMW Composite Systems Inc. of Bridgeport, West Virginia made a joint purchase of a 300-acre (1.2\u00a0km\u00b2) farm along West Virginia's Cheat River. Mollohan had directed a $2.1 million government contract earmarked to FWM Composite Systems to develop lightweight payload pallets for space-shuttle missions. Federal Bureau of Investigation agents have asked questions in Washington and West Virginia about Mollohan\u2019s investments and whether they were properly disclosed, according to the Journal. Mollohan had previously acknowledged he may have made inadvertent mistakes on financial disclosure forms, and in June he filed corrections to his disclosure statements.\nIn January 2010, the U.S. Department of Justice stated that no charges would be filed against Mollohan and that it had closed its investigation. Ben Friedman of the U.S. Attorney's office in Washington told CREW that the Justice Department has \"closed the investigation into the case.\" ", ["w_s1738"]]
[30314, "H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten Station (Norwegian: H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten stasjon) is a railway station located at H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten in Oslo, Norway, on the Trunk Line. Situated 13.09 kilometers (8.13\u00a0mi) from Oslo Central Station, it consists of two side platforms along a double tracked line and a disused station building. H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten is served by the L1 line of the Norwegian State Railways's Oslo Commuter Rail.  Its station is the second in Oslo's Tram network, the first being R\u00f8dby station, which was built in the late 1800s.\nTrunk lines were once the main railway network in Scandinavia, providing transportation throughout Scandinavia. In 1863 Trunk Line Norway was founded, in place of the non-existent Board of Railways, which was found wanting in providing rural- and mountainous-only railways.\nThe station opened as H\u00f8ibr\u00e5ten on 20 October 1921, following the establishment of a residential area the previous decade and a half. It received a wooden station building designed by Gudmund Hoel. From 1927 it also had electric traction and all local trains started to stop at the station. It took its current name the following year. H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten remained staffed until 1967.<PIC> The Trunk Line past H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten opened on 1 September 1854 and residents were served by Grorud Station, some 2.5 kilometers (1.6\u00a0mi) to  the southwest. L\u00f8renskog Station, then named Robsrud, opened on 20 April 1891, 1,070 meters (3,510\u00a0ft) the northeast. In 1899 there were still only about one hundred people living in the area, most of which lived on one of the four H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten farms. The segment of track was doubled in 1903.\nFrom 1905 Anton Tschudi started selling lots from his farm \u00d8vre H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten, which were affordable for ordinary workers. However, to settle so far from the city center it was necessary to get a better transport service. Trains were available from L\u00f8renskog, but the first service did not arrive at Oslo East Station until 07:40, too late for industry workers. They were therefore often forced to spend the weeks in the city center and the weekends with their families at H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten. The matter was corrected from 21 April 1908, when a new red eye services commenced.\nThe settlers' association at H\u00f8ibr\u00e5ten took initiative in 1906 for H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten to receive its own station. In particular, Tschudi was willing to grant free land to the railway in exchange for a station. NSB rejected the offer, stating that the site was too steep for the steam locomotives to stop and that the neighborhood was within walking distance of Grorud and L\u00f8renskog. The settlers' association repeated the request several times without further advancement in the issue, the latest in 1914.\nThey then took contact with MP Magnus Nilssen, who organized an inspection with NSB's executives. This proved successful and on 13 February 1917 the Norwegian Trunk Railway made an offer to the residents and the municipality, Aker. A station would be built on the conditions that half the estimated cost of 50,000 Norwegian krone (NOK) be covered by the settlers and the municipality, that an adequate road be built to the site and that free land be provided. The station would only serve passengers, not cargo, and the railway company was free to determine the number of trains. The issue was approved by Aker Municipal Council on 7 March 1918 along with a grant of NOK\u00a025,000. As the chosen site was altered in relation to the original demands, Ralf Tschudi instead issued a grant of NOK\u00a05,000 instead of free land.\nPlanning, financing and expropriation were concluded in 1920, allowing construction to start. During construction there arose a disagreement between the railway company and the municipality as to the standards of the roads to the station, which ended with the municipality having to conduct further work. This cost them a further NOK\u00a023,100. The station opened as H\u00f8ibr\u00e5ten on 20 October 1921, but received only a limited number of services, still hauled by steam train.\nThe railway operations were taken over by the Norwegian State Railways on 4 March 1926. The line received electric traction on 1 September 1927, after which all local trains along the line stopped at the station. H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten received a post office on 1 July 1928 and this was situated in the station building. The station took its current name on 1 December 1928.\nContrary to the demands set by the railway company, it allowed cargo handling at the station. Six station masters served at H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten until 1961. It remained staffed for sale of tickets and cargo handling until 28 May 1967. The line past the station received centralized traffic control on 24 January 1972. From 1981, with the opening of the Oslo Tunnel, the trains serving H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten continued past Oslo Central Station onto the Drammen Line.\nThere were plans for a major redevelopment of the station area in the late 1980s, which involved construction of high-rise condominiums with 300 apartments, underground parking and a shopping- and sports center, partially over and partially under the tracks. The project was supported by the municipality and NSB, but was never carried out. The residents' association started renting the station building in 1994. They fixed it up and use it for a range of activities including meetings, a hobby room, parties and office space for the local sports club. Real time traffic information systems for the public were installed in 2010. H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten Station is situated 13.09 kilometers (8.13\u00a0mi) from Oslo Central Station, at an elevation of 154.6 meters (507\u00a0ft) above mean sea level. This is roughly the site where the Trunk Line stops climbing up steep Groruddalen and reaches the flat landscape of Romerike. The line past H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten is double track and electrified. There are no passing loops at H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten. The station features two side platforms with sheds. Both are 221 meters (725\u00a0ft) long and 70 centimeters (28\u00a0in) tall. There are 24 parking spaces at the station, a bicycle shed and a ticket vending machine.\nThe station building was designed by Gudmund Hoel. The building has four floors, including a foundation story which only faces the platform and an attic. The main stories are built in wooden vertical siding. It features a saddle roof. In its original configuration it consisted of a lower level with public facilities and an upper level with a residence. The Norwegian State Railways serves H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten with line L1 of the Oslo Commuter Rail. L1 calls at all stations, running from Lillestr\u00f8m Station along the Trunk Line past H\u00f8ybr\u00e5ten to Oslo Central Station and then along the Drammen Line to Asker Station before serving the Spikkestad Line and terminating at Spikkestad Station. On weekdays there four trains per hour going east to Lillestr\u00f8m. Westwards, two trains per hour run to Spikkestad while two more run only to Asker. During weekends the service is half-hourly with all trains running Spikkestad-Lillestr\u00f8m. Travel time is 16 minutes to Oslo Central Station and 13 minutes to Lillestr\u00f8m.", ["w_s1742"]]
[30315, "Calcium lactate is a white crystalline salt with formula C\n\u2086H\n\u2081\u2080CaO\n\u2086, consisting of two lactate anions H\n\u2083C(CHOH)CO\u207b\n\u2082 for each calcium cation Ca\u00b2\u207a\n.  It forms several hydrates, the most common being the pentahydrate C\n\u2086H\n\u2081\u2080CaO\n\u2086\u00b75H\n\u2082O.\nCalcium lactate is used in medicine, mainly to treat calcium deficiencies; and as a food additive with E number of E327.  Some cheese crystals consist of calcium lactate. The lactate ion is chiral, with two enantiomers, D (\u2212,R) and L (+,S).  The L isomer is the one normally synthesized and metabolized by living organisms, but some bacteria can produce the D form or convert the L to D. Thus calcium lactate also has D and L isomers, where all anions are of the same type.\nSome synthesis processes yield a mixture of the two in equal parts, resulting in the DL (racemic) salt.  Both the L and the DL forms occur as crystals on the surface of aging Cheddar cheese.\nThe solubility of calcium L-lactate in water increases significantly in presence of d-gluconate ions, from 6.7 g/dl) at 25\u00a0\u00b0C to 9.74 g/dl or more.  Paradoxically, while the solubility of calcium L-lactate increases with temperature from 10\u00a0\u00b0C (4.8 g/dl) to 30\u00a0\u00b0C (8.5 g/dl), the concentration of free Ca\u00b2\u207a\n ions decreases by almost one half. This is explained as the lactate and calcium ions becoming less hydrated and forming a complex C\n\u2083H\n\u2085O\n\u2083Ca\u207a\n.\nThe DL (racemic) form of the salt is much less soluble in water than the pure L or D isomers, so that a solution that contains as little as 25% of the D form will deposit racemic DL-lactate crystals instead of L-lactate.\nThe pentahydrate loses water in a dry atmosphere between 35 and 135\u00a0\u00b0C, being reduced to the anhydrous form and losing its crystalline character.  The process is reversed at 25\u00a0\u00b0C and 75% relative humidity.<PIC> Calcium lactate can be prepared by the reaction of lactic acid with calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide.\nSince the 19th century, the salt has been obtained industrially by fermentation of carbohydrates in the presence of calcium mineral sources such as calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide. Fermentation may produce either D or L lactate, or a racemic mixture of both, depending on the type of organism used.  Calcium lactate has several uses in human and veterinary medicine.\nCalcium lactate is used in medicine as an antacid.\nIt is also used to treat hypocalcaemia (calcium deficiencies). It can be absorbed at various pHs, thus it does not need to be taken with food.  However, in this use it has been found to be less convenient than calcium citrate.\nIn the early 20th century, oral administration of calcium lactate dissolved in water (but not in milk or tablets) was found to be effective in prevention of tetany in humans and dogs with parathyroid insufficiency or who underwent parathyroidectomy.\nThe compound is also found in some mouth washes and toothpaste as an anti-tartar agent.\nCalcium lactate (or other calcium salts) is an antidote for soluble fluoride ingestion and hydrofluoric acid. The compound is a food additive classified by the United States FDA as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), for uses as a firming agent, a flavor enhancer or flavoring agent, a leavening agent, a nutritional supplement, and a stabilizer and thickener.\nCalcium lactate is also known as cheese lactate because it coagulates milk, making the chhena used in the production of paneer cheese. Chhena is also used to make various sweets and other milk proteins.\nCalcium lactate is an ingredient in some baking powders containing sodium acid pyrophosphate.  It provides calcium in order to delay leavening.\nCalcium lactate is added to sugar-free foods to prevent tooth decay. When added to chewing gum containing xylitol, it increases the remineralization of tooth enamel.\nThe compound is also added to fresh-cut fruits, such as cantaloupes, to keep them firm and extend their shelf life, without the bitter taste caused by calcium chloride, which can also be used for this purpose.\nCalcium lactate is used in molecular gastronomy as a flavorless fat-soluble agent for plain and reverse spherification. It reacts with sodium alginate to form a skin around the food item. Calcium lactate may be added to animal rations as a source of calcium. The compound was formerly an intermediate in the preparation of lactic acid for food and medical uses.  The impure acid from various sources was converted to calcium lactate, purified by crystallization, and then converted back to acid by treatment with sulfuric acid, which precipitated the calcium as calcium sulfate.  This method yielded a purer product than would be obtained by distillation of the original acid.  Recently ammonium lactate has been used as an alternative to calcium in this process. Calcium lactate has been considered as a coagulant for removing suspended solids from water, as a renewable, non-toxic, and biodegradable alternative to aluminum chloride AlCl\n\u2083. Addition of calcium lactate substantially increases the compressive strength and reduces water permeability of bioconcrete, by enabling bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cohnii, Bacillus pseudofirmus and Sporosarcina pasteurii to produce more calcite.", ["w_s1745"]]
[30316, "Tom Segev (Hebrew: \u05ea\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05d2\u05d1; born March 1, 1945) is an Israeli historian, author and journalist. He is associated with Israel's New Historians, a group challenging many of the country's traditional narratives.<PIC> Segev was born in Jerusalem. His parents, Ricarda (n\u00e9e Meltzer) and Heinz Schwerin were artists who had met at the Bauhaus art school and fled Nazi Germany in 1935 due to their Communist orientation (Heinz was also Jewish). His mother was a photographer; his father, an architect and toy manufacturer, was killed on guard duty in Jerusalem in  the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War. Segev's first language was German; his mother never learned Hebrew beyond a basic level. He earned a BA in history and political science from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a PhD in history from Boston University in the 1970s.  His sister is the German politician Jutta Oesterle-Schwerin. Segev worked during the 1970s as a correspondent for Maariv in Bonn. He was a visiting professor at Rutgers University (2001\u20132002), the University of California at Berkeley (2007) and Northeastern University, where he taught a course on Holocaust denial. He writes a weekly column for the newspaper Haaretz. His books have appeared in fourteen languages.\nIn The Seventh Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust (1993), Segev explores the decisive impact of the Holocaust on the identity, ideology and politics of Israel. Although controversial, it was praised by Elie Wiesel in the Los Angeles Times Book Review.\nIn One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate, a New York Times Editor's Choice Best Book (2000) and a recipient of a National Jewish Book Award in the Israel category, Segev describes the era of the British Mandate in Palestine (1917\u20131948).\nSegev's history of the social and political background of the Six-Day War, 1967: Israel, the War, and the Year That Transformed the Middle East (2006) states that there was no existential threat to Israel from a military point of view. Segev also doubts that the Arab neighbours would have really attacked Israel. Still, large segments of the Israeli population had a real fear that the Egyptians and Syrians would eliminate them. That fear pressured the Israeli government in such a way that it opted for a pre-emptive attack. The Jordanian army's attack on West Jerusalem provided a pretext to invade East Jerusalem, according to Segev. Even though the occupation of East Jerusalem was not politically planned, the author considers that it was always desired.\nIn February 2018, Segev published a biography of David Ben-Gurion. 1949: The First Israelis (Hebrew: 1984, ISBN\u00a0965-261-040-2; English: 1998, ISBN\u00a00-8050-5896-6)\nSoldiers of Evil: The Commandants of the Nazi Concentration Camps (1988,  ISBN\u00a00-07-056058-7)\nOne Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate (2000, ISBN\u00a00-316-64859-0)\nThe Seventh Million: Israelis and the Holocaust (2000, ISBN\u00a00-8050-6660-8)\nElvis in Jerusalem: Post-Zionism and the Americanization of Israel (2003, ISBN\u00a00-8050-7288-8)\nIsrael in 1967. And the land changed its visage (Hebrew: 2005, ISBN\u00a0965-07-1370-0)\n1967: Israel, the War, and the Year That Transformed the Middle East, Metropolitan Books (2006)\nSimon Wiesenthal: The Life and Legends, Jonathan Cape (2010)\nA State at Any Cost - The Life of David Ben-Gurion (Hebrew and German: 2018; English: 2019)", ["w_s1747"]]
[30317, "Torrenueva Costa is a newly-created (2018) Spanish Municipality in the province of Granada and in the autonomous community Andaluc\u00eda. It is located in the central part of the region of the Granada coast, and was formerly part of the municipality of Motril, from which it was constitutionally separated on 2 October 2018. Beside this locality are found the centres of El Varadero, La Chucha and Carchuna. It fills the occidental part of the cape Sacratif.\nThe name of Torrenueva is taken from a century XVII defensive watchtower situated in the locality, in the south edge of the highway N-340 between M\u00e1laga and Almer\u00eda, which runs through the locality.\nAs an eminently touristic location, its beaches are populated by numerous swimmers from many sources-mainly from the rest of the granadine province, Ja\u00e9n and Ciudad Real- during the summer months. In low season, local population is very low.<PIC> Torrenueva Costa belongs to the Costa Tropical, a large region of the coast is very famous and touristic.\nThe weather is usually good, so they are very popular during the summer by people from the surrounding as well as the interior regions. The main problems are the wind and the jellyfish.\nThere are several beaches, but the most popular are the following: Main characteristics\n\u00b7Composition of the surface: gravel and pebbles.\n\u00b7Max. capacity: about 23,000 people.\n\u00b7Sea state: almost quiet water.\n\u00b7Facilities: car parking, showers, a first aid stand, beach cleaning, ships rental, bars and S.O.S. telephones. Main characteristics\n\u00b7Composition of the surface: gravel and pebbles.\n\u00b7Max. capacity: 800 people (a hidden beach).\n\u00b7Sea state: almost quiet water.\n\u00b7Facilities: pedestrian access from N-340 and beach cleaning. With a width of about 15 meters, it is a dark sand beach that runs along 300 m of coastline between the Port of Motril and Torrenueva Costa. It is located between Playa del Ca\u00f1\u00f3n and Playa de La Chincheta. Easily accessible, it has a low occupancy level.\nMain characteristics\n\u00b7Composition of the surface: fine dark sand.\n\u00b7Sea state: almost quiet water.\n\u00b7Facilities: beach cleaning.  Although most of the population of Torrenueva has always been reluctant to be part of the Municipality of Motril, it wasn't till 11 September 1987 when it became an EATIM and it granted some autonomy. Six years later, with the consent of the consistory of Motril, Torrenueva territorial limits were approved.\nThe territorial limits of the EATIM of Torrenueva, which belongs to the Municipality of Motril (Granada), as they have been reflected in the obrante plane in the expedient, April 1993, at 1: 5,000, and described below:\n\u201cSouth, Mediterranean sea; West, from Rambla de Puntal\u00f3n to the service road of the Acequia de los Antiguos Riegos; North, from Acequia de los Antiguos Riegos to Rambla de Villanueva, from Rambla de Villanueva upstream to reach the northern edge of the estate of the Ca\u00f1ada Esparragona with the property of the Garc\u00eda Jim\u00e9nez brothers, to the water division with Carchuna; East, from the water division with Carchuna to the Mediterranean Sea, including Playa del Salmonete as part of the delimitation of Torrenueva.\u201d\nIn October 2010 it was denied by the City of Motril the segregation request for the EATIM Torrenueva to be an independent municipality, with the advocacy of IU and PSOE, and the disavowal of the government team headed by Carlos Rojas.\nFinally, on October 2, 2018, Torrenueva became an independent municipality under the name of Torrenueva Costa. This name was selected in June 2017 in a popular referendum, as the new municipality couldn't have the same name as any other municipality in Spain, and the exists a Torrenueva in the province of Ciudad Real.", ["w_s1749"]]
[30318, "Antonio Legnani (28 January 1888 \u2013 23 October 1943) was an Italian admiral during World War II.<PIC> Born in Piedmont in 1888, Antonio Legnani entered the Naval Academy in Leghorn in 1905. After graduating as an ensign in 1908, he served for a few years on battleships and cruisers, and in 1911-1912 he participated in the Italo-Turkish War as a sub-lieutenant aboard the hydrographic survey ship Staffetta, in Red Sea. During this war, Legnani was promoted to lieutenant and appointed executive officer of the gunboat Giuliana.\nIn the first two years of World War I, Legnani served on several ships, mainly battleships, cruisers and auxiliary cruisers; he took part in the operations in Albania, obtaining a Silver Medal of Military Valor. In September 1917 he was given command of the submarine Argonauta, on board which he carried out 30 combat missions along the enemy coast, obtaining a second Silver Medal and two Bronze Medals of Military Valor.\nAfter the war, Legnani, who had become a lieutenant commander, interchange shore assignments in Aegean, first in the Castelrosso naval base and later in Lakki (Leros), and periods on submarines and destroyers. In 1926 he was promoted to commander and given command of the scout cruiser Venezia, after which in 1928 he became deputy chief of staff of the Northern Tyrrhenian Naval Department and in 1930 he was given command of the submarine Luciano Manara. In 1931 Legnani was assigned to the Office of chief of staff at the Ministry of the Navy, and in 1933 he was promoted to captain and given command of the light cruiser Alberico da Barbiano. He then became chief of staff of the 5th Naval Division and, in 1936, commanding officer of the heavy cruiser Pola.\nAfter another period at the Staff in the Ministry of the Navy, in 1937 Legnani was promoted to rear admiral and placed in command of the Regia Marina's submarine fleet, a position he held for two years; he also directed the clandestine submarine warfare during the Spanish Civil War, for which he was decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Savoy. In 1938, for reasons that would remain unknown, he suspended the development of the \"ML\" apparatus - an ancestor of the snorkel - on submarines of the Regia Marina, despite four years of trials having yielded positive results; Legnani also ordered the demolition of the \"ML\" apparatuses already produced up to that time. The result was that Italian submarines were never equipped with snorkels until after the Second World War. In 1939 Legnani was promoted to the rank of vice admiral and given command of the 8th Naval Division (with flag on the light cruiser Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi, which he still commanded when Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940). From June 1940 to June 1941 Legnani, as the commander of the 8th Naval Division, participated in the battles Calabria, Taranto and Cape Matapan, as well as in countering the British operations \"Hats\" (29 August-1 September 1940) and \"MB 5\" (29 September to 2 October 1940), aimed at supplying Malta. After leaving the command of the 8th Division, on 10 December 1941 he was appointed commander of the Italian submarine fleet (replacing Admiral Mario Falangola), a role that he kept after his promotion to admiral in 1942. He directed Italian submarine operations in the Mediterranean until the 8 September 1943 armistice; in this period he was also decorated with the German Iron Cross second-class, as well as Officer's Cross of the Military Order of Savoy.\nAn ardent supporter of the Fascist regime, after 8 September 1943 Legnani immediately decided to cooperate with the German forces, and adhered to the Italian Social Republic, being appointed its Secretary of State to the Navy on 23 September 1943 (the day of its foundation). Less than a month later, however, on 20 October 1943, Admiral Legnani lost his life in a car accident near Lonato, Brescia province.\nHis son Emilio also served in the Italian Navy, receiving the Gold Medal of Military Valor for his actions in the Black Sea during World War II.", ["w_s1751"]]
[30319, "Taft is a town in the southwest corner of Taylor County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 361 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Bellinger is located partially in the town.<PIC> According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36.6\u00a0square miles (94.8\u00a0km\u00b2), of which, 36.5\u00a0square miles (94.5\u00a0km\u00b2) of it is land and 0.1\u00a0square miles (0.3\u00a0km\u00b2) of it (0.35%) is water. In July 1847 a crew working for the U.S. government surveyed the boundaries of the six mile square which would become Taft. This was repeated in late 1848. Then in June 1854 another crew marked all the section corners in the township, walking through the woods and swamps, measuring with chain and compass. When done, the deputy surveyor filed this general description:\nThe Surface of this Township is generally Broken Soil 3rd rate producing but little vegetation the Surface of the land being generally covered with a thick heavy moss(?). There are numerous Swamp in the Township Some of which are of considerable extent.  The Timber in the Swamps is principally Tamarac. The dry land is timbered mostly with Hemlock. There are Some Scattering groves of White Pine though of poor quality and not valuable for lumber. The Township is well watered with numerous Small Streams which rise in the Swamps. There are no Settlers in the Township. As of the census of 2000, there were 361 people, 120 households, and 84 families residing in the town. The population density was 9.9 people per square mile (3.8/km\u00b2). There were 132 housing units at an average density of 3.6 per square mile (1.4/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.51% White, 0.55% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 1.11% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.39% of the population.\nThere were 120 households, out of which 40.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.2% were married couples living together, 2.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.01 and the average family size was 3.64.\nIn the town, the population was spread out, with 34.3% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 17.2% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 119.4 males.\nThe median income for a household in the town was $37,500, and the median income for a family was $41,071. Males had a median income of $24,615 versus $21,429 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,447. About 5.6% of families and 8.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.4% of those under age 18 and 13.3% of those age 65 or over.", ["w_s1757"]]
[30320, "Fetteresso Castle is a 14th-century tower house, rebuilt in 1761 as a Scottish Gothic style Palladian manor, with clear evidence of prehistoric use of the site. It is situated immediately west of the town of Stonehaven in Kincardineshire, slightly to the west of the A90 dual carriageway.  Other notable historic fortified houses or castles in this region are Dunnottar Castle, Muchalls Castle, Fiddes Castle, Cowie Castle and Monboddo House.<PIC> From cropmarks in the \"policies\" (improved areas) around Fetteresso Castle, there is evidence of a ring ditch sited at the north end of a cursus.  A cursus is a prehistoric set of parallel linear structures of unknown purpose that were, somewhat fancifully, considered by antiquarians as used for some type of athletic competition, possibly related to hunting or archery; this is unsubstantiated. In 1822 a cairn was discovered near Fetteresso Castle with some human remains inside. The size and shape of the chamber made of unhewn whinstone clearly show that the burial site was a Bronze Age construct. Some legends say that this is the grave of Malcolm I, who is recorded to have been slain at Fetteresso in AD 954. The burial hillock has become known as Malcolm's Mount, even though it is not likely from current archaeological analysis that the crypt could be so recent. In 1998 a burial urn from the Beaker people was found at Fetteresso Castle. The Roman Camp of Raedykes is located several miles north-west, where a full legion encamped and many archaeological recoveries have been made. This location is one of a string of marching camps that connected Angus to Moray. The property is recorded to have been owned by the Strachans.\nRobert de Bruce opposed the Balliol (and later the Comyn) claim to the throne of Scotland, which culminated at the Battle of Barra Hill (1308). Castlehill of Strachan was in fact burned out by Robert de Bruce, and the Barony of Strachan later disinherited from the de Strachan family and granted by Robert de Bruce to Sir Alexander Fraser in c. 1316 (Robertson Index, 1-15). The Strachan family were supporters and kinsmen of John Comyn, Earl of Buchan.\nThe barony of Fetteresso eventually passed to William Keith, the Earl Marischal of Scotland, who inherited the barony through his mother, the daughter of Sir Alexander Fraser in the 14th century to the Clan Keith Earls Marischal, who built the tower house. The Earls Marischal also held the nearby fortress, Dunnottar Castle. The characteristic Scottish designs of crow-stepped gables and the battlement crenellation elements were introduced. A dovecote of considerable height was constructed in the 17th century to the south of the castle. In 1659 Jean Hunter lived at Fetteresso. She was accused of witchcraft and hanged at her home. An artist and wright named Alexander Charles worked at Fetteresso as an overseer. Charles flourished from 1671 to 1678 and published his drawings in at least one book. Late in the 17th century, the Duff family controlled Fetteresso and expanded the building around the old tower house. In the 1940s, the castle was owned by Maurice Simpson and Geraldine Simpson (n\u00e9e Pringle). She was the heir to the Pringle knitware fortune. Subsequently, the Simpsons acquired and lived in nearby Muchalls Castle. After the Simpsons' tenure at Fetteresso, the roof was off the castle for some period starting around 1954, and the castle was bought by a local landowner and then left to the Don family in his will. In the latter part of the 20th century, the castle was restored, greatly modified, to yield seven houses, which is its present use. Ms Simpson continued to reside in the local area until her death in 2010.", ["w_s1758"]]
[30321, "Ana Francisca Abarca de Bolea (1602\u20131685) was a Spanish writer and poet born in Zaragoza on 19 April 1602 and died in Casbas (Huesca) around 1685.<PIC> Born into a family of noble lineage, Bolea (one of whose descendants would become the Count of Aranda), was the daughter of Martin Abarca de Bolea y Castro, a humanist, and Ana de Mur. After being baptized in the Zaragozan Parish of San Felipe, she lived from three years of age in the Real Monastery of Santa Maria de la villa in Casbas, from which she was unable to leave and where she developed a deep religious and humanistic background.\nWithin the enclosures of the monastery Bolea was enriched with many different readings to the point where she was able to learn classical Latin. She was professed as religious on 4 June 1624. In 1655 she was mistress of novices and came to hold the office of abbess in 1672. She corresponded with leading scholars and writers within the Aragonese literary circles, she particularly enjoyed the patronage of Vincencio Juan de Lastanosa, as well as the Count of Salinas, Juan Francisco Andr\u00e9s de Uztarroz and most likely, with Graci\u00e1n, who praised her and collected her poems in his Agudeza y arte de ingenio.\nAna Francisca Abarca de Bolea's poetry is found within a miscellaneous book titled Vigilia y Octaverio de San Juan Bautista (Zaragoza, 1679), which also combines a short novel, or apologue (La ventura en la desdicha), and a novel (El fin bueno en mal principio).  It deals with the miscellaneous genre\u2014very well known at the time\u2014where in the framework of a dialogue inherited from humanism, literature of various genres are interspersed. In this case, the framework resembles that of a pastoral novel, perhaps the last Spanish pastoral novel of the time, in which a group of rich and refined pastors meet in an area of Moncayo, where a hermitage dedicated to San Juan stands to celebrate the vigil and Octave of the feast of the Saint.  Over a period of nine days, they amuse themselves with various entertainments and banquets, engaging in debates, the telling of anecdotes, and reciting romances and songs.\nThe themes of her poetry in large part possess a sacred and popular character. In some of them she uses the Aragonese language\u2014in fact, her works are some of the few examples of literature with linguistic features of seventeenth-century Aragonese.  An example is the \"birth Albada\" which is composed of twenty Christmas-themed romantic couplets and reveals folklore customs (sung by Gin\u00e9s and Pascual to the custom of their village and sound of the bagpipes).  The author's commentary--\"the lyrics gave remarkable pleasure and they admired the ingenuity, and may that ancient tongue that was used in Spain be conserved\"\u2014indicates that the use of the Aragonese language was not conscious.  These poems were studied by Philologists  Manuel Alvar, Francho Nagore, M.\u00aa \u00c1ngeles Campo, or Jos\u00e9 Manuel Blecua.  Here is an example of her \"Albada de nacimiento\" (\"birth Albada\"):\nMedia noche era por filos\nlas doce daba el reloch\ncuando ha nagido en Bel\u00e9n\nun mozardet como un sol. Obra en aragon\u00e9s de Ana Francisca Abarca de Bolea ((in English): Ana Francisca Abarca de Bolea's work in Aragonese), in Publicazi\u00f3ns d\u00b4o Consello d\u00b4a Fabla Aragonesa, Huesca, 1980.\nCatorce vidas de Santas de la Orden del C\u00edster ((in English): Fourteen Holy lives within the Cistercian Order), Zaragoza, Herederos de Pedro Lanaja y Lamarca, 1655.\nHistoria del aparecimiento y milagros de Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de Gloria, venerada en el Real Monasterio Cisterciense de Casbas ((in English): History of the appearance and miracles of Our Lady of Glory, venerated in the Royal Cistercian Monastery of Casbas) (manuscript).\nVida de la Gloriosa Santa Susana, Virgen y M\u00e1rtir, Princesa de Hungr\u00eda y Patrona de la villa de Maella, en el Reino de Arag\u00f3n, lugar del Marqu\u00e9s de Torres, Zaragoza, Herederos de Pedro Lanaja y Lamarca ((in English): Life of the Glorious Santa Susana, Virgin and Martyr, Princess of Hungary, Patroness of the town of Maella, in the Kingdom of Aragon, in the Marquis de Torres, Zaragoza, Heirs of Pedro Lanaja y Lamarca), 1671.\nVida de San F\u00e9lix Cantalicio ((in English): Life of St Felix Cantalicio) (manuscript).\nVigilia y Octavario de San Juan Bautista, Zaragoza, Pascual Bueno ((in English): Vigil and Octavario of St. John the Baptist, Zaragoza, Pascual Bueno), 1679.", ["w_s1762"]]
[30322, "Branden Oliver (born May 7, 1991) is a former American football running back. He played college football at Buffalo and signed with the San Diego Chargers of the National Football League (NFL) as an undrafted free agent in 2014. He played in the NFL for the Chargers and in the Alliance of American Football for the Salt Lake Stallions. Oliver was born in Miami, Florida, and attended Miami Southridge High School, where he played football and ran track. At Southridge, Oliver was a two-time captain and two time letter winner for head coach Rodney Hunter. As a senior, he rushed for 1,159 yards on 194 carries (6.0 ypc) and scored 15 touchdowns, and also had three catches for 61 yards and a score. He was selected to play in the North Florida vs. South Florida All-Star Classic and the Dade vs. Broward All-Star Game. Oliver has said that growing up in the competitive football environment of South Florida motivated him to perform to his full potential for fear of being overlooked. Buffalo was the only school to offer him a football scholarship out of high school.\nIn track & field, Oliver competed in sprinting, jumping and even throwing events. In sprints, he recorded a PR of 11.26 seconds in the 100-meter dash at the 2009 Sam Burley Hall of Fame Meet, where he placed 11th. In jumps, he cleared 13.5 meters in the triple jump. He was also a member of the 4 \u00d7 100 m (42.81s) relay squad. Oliver played college football at the University at Buffalo from 2010 to 2013. He set the school record for career rushing yards, breaking a record previously held by James Starks. Starks had predicted that Oliver would break his record in 2009 when Starks was a senior and Oliver was still in his redshirt year. He ended his career with 4,049 career rushing yards and 33 rushing touchdowns.<PIC> Oliver earned the starting running back job as a redshirt-freshman during the preseason. His season-high rushing performance came in a road loss against the Baylor Bears in September, where he had 71 rushing yards. Oliver finished his sophomore season gaining 1,395 yards and scoring 13 touchdowns on 306 carries. Oliver also caught the ball 38 times for 365 yards and no touchdowns. On October 8, the Bulls tailback gained 179 rushing yards and 43 receiving (221 total). He also scored 3 times in a 38\u201337 win over the Ohio Bobcats. On November 19, Oliver ran 29 times, totaling a career-high 235 yards in a 51\u201310 win over the Akron Zips. In the final game of the season, Buffalo lost to the Bowling Green Falcons 42\u201328. However, Oliver surpassed NFL running back James Starks for the Bulls single season record for most carries, rushing yards and all-purpose yards. He also became the first Bulls running back to gain at least 100 yards eight times in a season.\nPrior to the 2012 season, Oliver was named to the Doak Walker Watch List, the Walter Camp Watch List, and Maxwell Award Watch List. Oliver suffered a grade-two MCL tear in a game against Kent State which caused him to miss five games and hindered him for four other games in the 2012 season. He was only able to gain 821 yards on 148 carries. Buffalo lost four of the five games he missed and ended the season with a 4\u20138 record. In a 56\u201334 win over the Morgan State Bears, Oliver rushed for 238 yards on 25 carries and 2 touchdowns. Oliver ran for 216 yards and a touchdown in a 32\u20133 victory over UMass. He rushed for 185 yards on 31 carries and a career-best four touchdowns in a 41\u201321 win over Kent State. He also rushed for 249 yards and 2 touchdowns to lead Buffalo to a 30\u20133 victory over the Ohio Bobcats. He finished the season with 1,535 rushing yards, 15 rushing touchdowns, while averaging 5.0 yards a carry. The Buffalo Bulls finished the year with an 8\u20135 record and a bowl berth to the Famous Idaho Potato Bowl.  After Oliver went undrafted in the 2014 NFL Draft, he agreed to a three-year contract with the San Diego Chargers.\nOn September 21, 2014 against the Buffalo Bills, Oliver recorded his first stats, running for 11 yards on 3 carries. On October 5, 2014, he had 19 carries for 114 yards, a rushing touchdown, 4 receptions for 68 yards and a receiving touchdown against the New York Jets, who had had the number one rushing defense in the league coming into the game. For that performance, Oliver was named Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Week. During that game, Donald Brown, then the starting running back for the Chargers, suffered a concussion. As a result, Oliver started in Week 6 against the Oakland Raiders. Against the Raiders, Oliver rushed again for over 100 yards and scored a last minute one-yard touchdown to help win the game. Oliver was named Pepsi Rookie of the Week for the second consecutive week. In the final game of the season, Oliver ran for 71 yards and scored a touchdown against the Kansas City Chiefs. Oliver finished the season leading all in rushing yards (582), attempts (160) and touchdowns (4).\nOliver only saw 31 carries in the 2015 season. His playing time was adversely affected by the Chargers' selection of Melvin Gordon in the first round of the 2015 NFL Draft as well as a foot injury which caused him to miss eight weeks of the season.\nOn August 30, 2016, Oliver was placed on injured reserve after injuring his Achilles tendon in a preseason game.\nSet to be a restricted free agent, Oliver was not tendered a contract by the Chargers in 2017, however on March 23, 2017, Oliver re-signed with the Chargers.\nOverall, in the 2017 season, Oliver finished with 35 carries for 83 rushing yards. On August 12, 2018, Oliver signed with the Indianapolis Colts. He was released on September 1, 2018. On January 12, 2019, Oliver signed with the Salt Lake Stallions of the Alliance of American Football, eventually making the final roster. He was placed on injured reserve on March 8, 2019. The league ceased operations in April 2019 and he was released from his contract. In 4 games played prior to injury, Oliver earned 210 yards on 54 rushes, caught 6 passes for 35 yards, and scored both a touchdown and a rushing 2-point convert. On April 13, 2020, Oliver signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. After the CFL canceled the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Oliver chose to opt-out of his contract with the Tiger-Cats on August 31, 2020. He opted back in to his contract on January 12, 2021. On May 17, 2021, the Tiger-Cats announced that Oliver had retired. His parents are Edwin Oliver and Alena Lee. Though he is the cousin of former NFL wide receiver Roscoe Parrish, he has attempted to but never been able to establish contact with him. Oliver is also a fervent Miami Heat fan and devout Christian - he points to the sky after touchdowns as a gesture to God. He is commonly referred to by the nicknames \"The Little Guy,\" \"Bo,\" \"B.O.\" and \"BoDozer.\" During the 2015 spring semester, Oliver returned to Buffalo to complete his bachelor's degree in sociology.", ["w_s1764"]]
[30323, "Forward operating base (FOB) Rhino, also known as Camp Rhino, was a U.S. military base located in the Registan Desert of Afghanistan, 100 nautical miles (190\u00a0km) southwest of Kandahar. It was the first U.S. land base established in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom and was in use from November 2001 to January 2002.<PIC> The area Camp Rhino was built on is a remote desert hunting camp for Arabs and their falcons. Built up over the years by migratory bird-seeking Arabs, it is an isolated airstrip in the middle of the Afghan Registan desert. It is only a few buildings, some walls, roads, and a hard surface runway. There is no water except what is brought in by air.\nThe site was kept under observation by United States Navy SEALs for four days prior to Operation Rhino led by the United States Army's 75th Ranger Regiment (3rd Ranger Battalion). The raid included both Airborne and Air Assault insertions. Objective Rhino was then handed off to U.S. Marines from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (15th MEU) and Charlie Company BLT 1/1 (Battalion Landing Team) and used to build up a coalition footprint to conduct leading combat operations in Helmand and Kandahar provinces.\nThe attacking Rangers and parachutists found the facility was surrounded by a 10-foot (3\u00a0m) wall and four hardened guard towers. Within the facility there were numerous new warehouses, offices, and even a small mosque which was declared off limits to all personnel as a sign of respect.  The paint on some of the buildings was barely dry. Sealed roads ran throughout the camp, and it was also bisected by a 3-foot-deep (0.91\u00a0m) cement moat.\nOn November 25, 2001, TF 58 launched its initial assault. Marine helicopters and KC-130s supported by Air Force special operations personnel inserted lightly armed forces into Rhino. Within minutes personnel established the necessary lighting on the airfield to receive the first fixed-wing aircraft. The first Marine KC-130 arrived less than an hour later with more personnel, fuel and water. Over the first five nights, KC-130s would fly more than 200 sorties.\nCamp Rhino was occupied from 26 November 2001 to 1 January 2002. At its peak, the camp contained about 1100 U.S. Marines, under command of Brigadier General James Mattis, as well as U.S. soldiers and U.S. Navy Seabees, Australia Special Air Service Regiment (SASR), and dozens of embedded reporters. Camp Rhino was the U.S.-led coalition's first strategic foothold in Afghanistan and made the ground war in Afghanistan possible.  While Rhino was being established, fierce battles between Taliban and Northern Alliance troops were still underway near Kandahar.  But then the Taliban, realizing that U.S. forces were now very close and were willing to operate at night, capitulated and retreated north to the mountains of Tora Bora.\nA Light Armored Reconnaissance Element of the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit and coalition forces, supported by 26th MEU, deployed forward to capture the Taliban stronghold of Kandahar International Airport in mid-December 2001, following a three-week period of consolidation at Rhino. Kandahar International Airport then became the main coalition base in southern Afghanistan, while Bagram Air Base was established further to the north near Kabul.  The majority of forces who had initially based at Rhino had re-located to Kandahar by Christmas Day, mostly transported by fixed-wing transport aircraft.", ["w_s1768"]]
[30324, "Elephant racing, though unusual as a sporting event, is held in many parts of the world but mostly in Asia. The earliest known such racing event as a tradition is reported from Vietnam. In the 20th century this became a major event (though it generated protests) in Germany in 1920, and an organized International Elephant Race in Nepal from tourism interests in 1982. \nElephant racing, which is a more complex form of racing among animals is now a rage in Afghanistan also. A straight and long trunk is an important factor in the race for the elephants to cross the finish line. The races take a longer time than those involving horses but the animals are clearly visible to every spectator.<PIC> The Buon Don Elephant Races are held as a traditional event in the Central Highlands of the Buon Don district of Vietnam, which is well known for its elephant trainers. The skills of elephant trainers are used to perpetuate the heritage of holding elephant races every year during the third lunar month (generally in March) of the year.  The race course, in the forests of the banks of the Sevepoi River, is a mile long track wide enough to accommodate nine participating elephants. Elephants are entered into the races from many villages. Two mahouts or jockeys ride on each elephant - one to steer it and another to goad it to race fast. A musical instrument made of horns of the elephants is blown first to assemble the elephants at the starting gate, then another sound is  blown to signal the elephants to take the starting line and be set for the race, and with the third blow of the horn, the race is signaled. The elephants generally race at a speed of 25 mph with the public cheering for their favourite elephants. The first elephant crossing the winning post is given a wreath as an award, and also fed with bananas and sugar cane. After the event, the elephants celebrate by taking a swim in  the river.\nA major festival is held at Wat Phou, every year in March, when elephant racing is a traditional popular sport event. In the year 2000, at the initiative of Ravindra Gujjula, an Indian born  Mayor of Altlandsberg town,  near Berlin organized an elephant race at Hoppegarten, which was very successful as more than 40,000 people witnessed the race. 14 circus elephants (equal numbers from Asia and Africa) participated and the race card consisted of six race events. The contention of the sponsors was that the elephants enjoyed the racing event. At the end of the race elephants were fed with fruits and vegetables.\nThe race turned into a controversial issue, particularly in India, as environmental and religious lobbies objected to this racing. It is a protected species in India, and in Hinduism it represents the elephant headed God Ganesha. Members of the Animal Peace group's protest was supported by leading personalities like Maneka Gandhi, the then Minister for Social Affairs in India, Nina Hagen, the German rock singer, and Brigitte Bardot, the French film actress.  In India only two states hold the event. In Nepal, the race started as an International Elephant Race in December 2005. The Tharu people of Nepal, who are professional tamers of wild elephants, ride the race elephants. A particular feature of this race is that riders of racing elephants are chosen by lottery and not by choice and this makes the riding difficult for the jockeys who train on their favourite particular elephants. The winning elephant is awarded a trophy. The racing track is of 900 feet (270\u00a0m) in length. Heats or elimination rounds, with six elephants in each heat, are involved before the final race is held. A video film documented by Reuters has recorded that the elephants move fast on the chosen straight route, which is flanked by spectators. The Chitwan reserve is a venue for such races, and also for elephant polo and pageants, which are also part of this tourist oriented race. Champakali is the name of the race elephant which won the race in successive years. On this occasion, a soccer match between baby elephants is also an attraction.", ["w_s1773"]]
[30325, "The fecal shield is a structure formed by the larvae of many species of beetles in the leaf beetle family, Chrysomelidae. It is composed of the frass of the insect and often its exuviae, or bits of shed exoskeleton. The beetle may carry the shield on its back or wield it upon its posterior end. The main function of the fecal shield is defense against predators. Other terms for the fecal shield noted in the literature include \"larval clothing\", \"kotanhang\" (\"fecal appendage\"), \"faecal mask\", \"faecal pad\", and \"exuvio-faecal annex\". Beetle larvae of the chrysomelid subfamilies Criocerinae and Galerucinae often wear their fecal shields in piles on their backs, regularly adding material as bits chip off. The shields of Cassidinae larvae are mobile. They are attached to the posterior end of the body and moved into position as needed, sometimes held in place above the larva like an umbrella. They may be raised and even swung to strike a predator.\nWhen the shield is carried on the tip of the abdomen, it is secured to a double-lobed, spine-like process called the caudal furca, which is also known as the \"anal fork\". The larva constructs the shield by maneuvering its \"muscular telescopic and highly protrusible anus\", or \"anal turret\", which is positioned dorsally, on the back. It excretes an amount of feces, sometimes with a droplet of gluey secretion, and places it on the caudal furca using its anal turret. In the species Hemisphaerota cyanea, the larva constructs a shield which may be more descriptively called a \"fecal thatch\", because it is woven from narrow, coiled strands of frass. The larva begins feeding immediately upon emergence from the egg and within minutes it produces its first fecal strand. Within twelve hours, its thatch-shield is full-sized. The larva diligently repairs the shield with replacement strands when it is broken.\nThe fecal shield takes many forms across species. In some, it covers the entire body, while in others it is narrower. In some, it is simply a \"clump\". In consistency it may be hard or rather \"pasty\". In some species of the subfamily Chrysomelinae, the female adult coats each of her eggs with feces, and when the larva emerges, it uses this ready-made fecal casing as the base of its shield, adding to it as it grows. These casings tend to be quite hard, and have been compared to adobe. Most fecal shields are bound with exuviae, the \"skins\" shed from the insect when it molts. Some shields, such as that of Cassida stigmatica, are entirely frass-free, made only of exuviae.<PIC> The fecal shield is not just a physical barrier, but also a chemical one. When a larva feeds on a plant, it ingests secondary metabolites in the plant tissues, such as alkaloids, saponins, and phytol derivatives, and these are present in its feces. These chemicals can be a potent defense against predatory insects. For example, the larva of the tortoise beetle Plagiometriona clavata obtains chemical compounds from its diet of bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara), excretes them, and incorporates them into its shield, where they repel the predatory ant Formica subsericea.\nThe fecal shield is beneficial, but it is not without its cost to the insect. Though it is made of waste products, the larva must exert energy simply to transport its weight. A fecal shield can weigh half as much as the larva itself. This energy might otherwise go into development. The shield is also a problem for the larva when it has the opposite effect: its chemistry attracts predators instead of repelling them. Experiments with several larvae of genus Cassida that feed on volatile-rich tansy show that their shields attract the predatory ant Myrmica rubra.\nAnother possible function of the fecal shield may include protection of the larva from environmental conditions such as ultraviolet radiation, desiccation, wind, and rain.", ["w_s1774"]]
[30326, "Stephen Edward Blaire (December 22, 1941 \u2013 June 18, 2019) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the fifth  Bishop of Stockton from March 16, 1999, until January 23, 2018.<PIC> Stephen Edward Blaire was born in Los Angeles, California, as the twelfth of fourteen children. He attended local Catholic schools in the San Fernando Valley, and graduated from Our Lady Queen of Angels Seminary (high school) in 1959. Blaire then entered St. John's Seminary College in Camarillo. He was ordained to the priesthood by James Cardinal McIntyre on April 29, 1967, and then served as associate pastor of St. Luke's Church in Temple City until 1972.\nFrom 1972 to 1986, Blaire worked in Catholic secondary education, initially as a teacher and administrator at Bishop Alemany High School in Mission Hills and later as Vice Principal at Bishop Amat High School in La Puente. He was Principal at Bishop Alemany from 1977 to 1986. He then became curial moderator and chancellor of Los Angeles Archdiocese.\nOn February 17, 1990, Blaire was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Los Angeles and titular bishop of Lamzella by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration the following May 31 from Archbishop Roger Mahony, with Bishops John Ward and George Ziemann serving as co-consecrators. Blaire was made vicar general of Los Angeles in 1990 and assigned to Our Lady of the Angels Pastoral Region in 1995.\nHe was named the fifth Bishop of Stockton on January 18, 1999, and was installed on March 16 in the Cathedral of the Annunciation.\nWithin the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Blaire is the Chairman of the Committee on Domestic Justice and Human Development, having formerly chaired the Pastoral Practices Committee and been a member of the Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs. Within the California Catholic Conference he is the Chair of the Legislation and Public Policy Committee, as well as a member of the Religious Liberty Committee. He also serves on the Ad Hoc Committee on Ecumenical affairs.\nBlaire was an advocate for life issues and the justice due to workers. Recent letters have praised the end of the death penalty in Maryland, supported common sense legislation to curb gun violence, and reminded legislators of the need for budget decisions to be addressed based on three criteria:\n1.Whether it protects or threatens human life and dignity.\n2.How it affects \u201cthe least of these\u201d (Matthew 25): The needs of those who are hungry and homeless, without work or in poverty should come first. The shared responsibility between Government and other institutions to promote the common good of all, especially ordinary workers and families who struggle to live in dignity in difficult economic times.\nIn June 2012, Bishop Blaire, as Chairman of the Committee on Domestic Justice and Human Development, announced that organization's proposal to  draft a message entitled Catholic Reflections on Work, Poverty and a Broken Economy.\nIn 2001, Blaire learned of allegations that Oscar Pelaez, a priest of the Stockton diocese, had molested a 14-year-old boy at Sacred Heart Church in Turlock in 1997. Blaire suspended Pelaez but did not report the incident, indicating that, because the person alleging the abuse was an adult and declined to report it, responsibility for reporting it did not rest with the diocese. Blaire said his critics \"made an issue about not reporting. We had no legal obligation to report.\"\nIn November 2007 Blaire was defeated in his bid to win the chairmanship of the U.S. bishops' Committee for the Protection of Children and Young People.\nIn May, 2013, the University of San Francisco awarded Blaire an honorary degree and he was the commencement speaker at the graduation ceremony for the Graduate Students in the College of Arts and Sciences. ", ["w_s1777"]]
[30327, "Cherry Grove Plantation is a historic plantation in Natchez, Mississippi.<PIC> It is located in southeast Natchez, Mississippi, in Adams County, on Second Creek. The mansion was built by Pierre Surget (1731-1796), a French planter, in 1788, over 2,500 acres of an English land grant, granted to him by the Spanish government. As such, it is one of the earliest private residences in Natchez. After his death, his widow Catharine (Hubbard) Surget expanded the grounds of the property. By 1850, the house belonged to their son James Pierre Surget, with sixteen house servants in residence. Cherry Grove has been in the continuous ownership of the same family since 1788 and has remained always a working plantation. It remains in the family of Surget descendants.\nCherry Grove Plantation is today one of the best preserved and most complete plantation complexes in the Natchez area. The original plantation residence constructed by Pierre Surget and his wife Catharine burned in the mid-nineteenth century, and the present picturesque and architecturally significant residence was constructed about 1865 by Pierre Surget's grandson James Surget, Jr. The form of the house, which consists of a residence constructed upon a fully raised basement with a central five-bay block and flanking single-bay wings, has the regionally early single-pile plan with rear \"cabinet\" rooms enclosing each end of a rear gallery recessed under the rear slope of the roof. Likewise, the facade of the central block features a gallery that is recessed under the front slope of the roof. These features suggest the possibility that the present house may have taken its basic form from the earlier house which burned. The original flanking wings with octagonal bays and gable-end balconies represent the concession of the builder to the popular taste of the 1860s. The collection of plantation outbuildings is exceptional and includes an unusual tenpin frame alley building with attached late-nineteenth century gymnasium, smoke house, detached kitchen building, corn crib, stables, privy, sheep stalls, and barns. Hand-hewn cypress troughs for feeding and watering the stock are rare plantation survivals, and the plantation cemetery containing the graves of Pierre and Catharine Surget and their descendants is located within sight of the main dwelling house. The plantation gains added significance from its long history of family ownership. Pierre Surget, originally a seaman by trade, was the patriarch of the Surget family in Natchez, a family that formed one of the largest planting dynasties in the entire South. Pierre's son Frank was described by one contemporary historian as the most extensive landholder and successful planter in Mississippi.\nIn addition to their plantations in Mississippi, Pierre Surget's sons owned vast tracts of farm land in Louisiana and Arkansas as well. After the death of Pierre Surget, Cherry Grove was efficiently managed by his wife Catherine and eventually became the property of their son James. From James Surget, Cherry Grove passed to James Surget, Jr., who was responsible for the construction of the present residence and was considered by many to have been the best thoroughbred horse breeder in the state of Mississippi. Cherry Grove is owned today by descendants of the granddaughter of James Surget, Jr., Mrs. Douglas MacNeil, philanthropist and former national president of the Girl Scouts of the USA.\nIn September 1861, a group of planters rounded up slaves after hearing rumors they schemed to \u201ckill their masters\u201d, and \u201cravish\u201d, \u201cride\u201d and \u201ctake the ladies for wives\u201d.  Ten were hanged in Brighton Woods and Cherry Grove.\nIt has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since March 31, 1983. Cherry Grove is a one-and-a-half story frame residence set upon a fully raised brick basement. A five-bay central block with gable roof and inside-end brick chimneys at each gable end is flanked by symmetrical recessed wings. Each of the flanking wings features an octagonal bay whose windows are set over molded panels and a gable-end cantilevered balcony with the entablature of the balcony roof supported by bracketed, chamfered posts linked by a railing composed of diagonal boards forming Xs, whose point of intersection is enframed by boards forming rectangles. The northwesterly facade of the five-bay central block is fronted by a gallery recessed under the front slope of the roof, and access from ground level to the gallery is provided by a pair of graceful, elliptical stairways with turned newels and rectangular- sectioned balusters that terminate in a central landing. The gallery roof fs supported by tapered, paneled, and molded box columns that are echoed on the front wall of the house by pilasters. The columns are linked by a railing of rectangular-sectioned balusters with molded handrail. The sheltered facade is finished in horizontal matched boards with molded base, and the door and window openings feature a molded architrave surround. All window openings of the house are filled with six-over-six, double-hung sash and are closed by shutter blinds, almost all of which are original. The entrance doorway consists of a single-leaf door with four fielded panels that is set beneath a hinged transom and flanked by hinged sidelights that extend to the floor. The interior of the house features a single-pile plan with two rooms on each side of a central hallway. A rear gallery, which is supported by chamfered posts linked by a railing of rectangular-sectioned balusters, is located beneath the rear slope of the roof and is enclosed at each end-by a \"cabinet\" room. The interior millwork is identical throughout and consists of symmetrically mol8ed door and window surrounds with corner blocks, four-paneled doors, and bases, that are molded with two fascias. The mantel pieces in the westerly two rooms feature cast-iron mantel pieces with arched openings and car- touches. The mantel pieces in the easterly two rooms are wooden and pilastered. Access to the unfinished upper half story and to the basement is provided in the recessed rear gallery by a stairway that runs along the rear wall of the house. The upper stair runs in a westerly direction in a single straight flight with the stair to the basement running below in an easterly direction. This gallery stairway features rectangular-sectioned balusters and a chamfered newel post. The basement story rooms are more plainly trimmed with batten doors, unmolded door and window surrounds, and simply beaded bases. The wooden mantel pieces vary and are either pilastered or have molded architraves.\nIn the 1880s, a two-story frame addition was added to the rear of the easterly end of the house. This addition is fronted by a double-tiered gallery on the westerly elevation that forms an L with the rear gallery of the main house. The interior of this wing has symmetrically molded door and window surrounds with corner blocks, and the mantel pieces are typical compositions of the 1880s period. A complete complement of outbuildings surrounds the main plantation house. The kitchen building, which was constructed in the late nineteenth century, is a one-story, single-bay building constructed of rock-faced cement blocks and topped by a pyramidal roof. The hall is a one-story, five-bay, gabled roof residential building with a recessed gallery and board-and-batten siding. The hall was constructed in the 1870s or 1880s. The smoke house is a one-story, single-bay brick building with hipped roof and brick vents. The privy is a diminutive, single-bay, frame structure with gabled roof. The corn crib and stable buildings both exhibit unusual gable on hip roofs. The tenpin alley is a narrow, one-story frame building with gable roof to which has been added a tall, one-story, single-bay building with gabled roof and board-and-batten siding. This tall addition was added to the tenpin alley in the late nineteenth century and was used by the children of the family as a gymnasium. Two, small, gabled-roof frame structures served originally as a hen house and a rabbit hutch. Two barns, both dating from the nineteenth century, and a gabled-roof sheep barn with pigeon loft complete the outbuildings. A plantation cemetery is located northwesterly and in sight of the main house.", ["w_s1781"]]
[30328, "Nicolae (Nicu) Covaci (born 19 April 1947 in Timi\u0219oara, Romania) is a Romanian guitarist, painter, and music composer. He is best known as the leader and founding member of Romanian rock and cult band Phoenix, for which he is vocalist and guitar player, with more than 50 years of activity.<PIC> Nicolae Covaci was born in Timi\u0219oara, on 19 April 1947. He took up playing guitar at the age of 15 and in 1962 he, together with Florin \"Moni\" Bordeianu, founded a band called Sfin\u021bii (The Saints). 1962: Nicolae Covaci founds the student band \"Sfin\u021bii\" (The Saints) in Timi\u0219oara. The band wins the second prize at the Bucharest Student Festival. From the very beginning the band is criticized for having a western European influence.\n1963: The band's recordings of their own compositions first receive radio air play.\n1965: The Saints are banned. The authorities accuse the band of spreading religious propaganda, and the band is forced to change its name. PHOENIX is born. Under their new name, the band plays three times a week at the School of Engineering cantina, and later at \"Lola\", the club of the Construction Industry Union in Timi\u0219oara.\n1968: PHOENIX wins the Grand-Prix of the Romanian Festival in Iasi. The band receives its first recording contract and makes regular appearances on radio and TV. PHOENIX releases its first record \"Vremuri\"(Times), an EP with four songs.\n1969: The band wins prizes for creativity and interpretation at the Romanian student festival at the School of Architecture in Bucharest. Their second four-song EP called \"Floarea stincilor\" (The flower of the rocks) is released. 1970: PHOENIX again wins a prize at the Romanian student festival at the School of Architecture in Bucharest- this time for originality.\n1971: The band changes its style and finds its own direction, inspired by pre-Christian rites and customs of the Balkans. Their third EP \"Mesterul Manole\" is released with three songs. PHOENIX is invited to play at the \"Bratislava Lyra\" and \"Sopot\" festivals in Czechoslovakia and Poland-the band is a big hit.\n1972: Cei ce ne-au dat nume (The Ones Who Gave us the Name), the band's first LP is released. After the release of the second LP with the metaphoric title Mugur de fluier (Flute bud) the authorities ban PHOENIX from appearing in Romania.\n1973: Cantafabule is released. It is their first double LP and a milestone in Romanian music history.\n1974: PHOENIX plays concerts with the ensemble \"The Drummers from Br\u0103ne\u0219ti\", a group of 25 men from a small village in the Carpathians, who play traditional rhythms on different drums.\nLeaving 1976: Nicu Covaci renounces his Romanian citizenship and leaves Romania for Amsterdam. Nicu Covaci founds a new band with musicians of different nationalities.\n1977: Covaci returns to Romania and helps the members of his band escape. They hide in the band's Marshall speakers and are smuggled across four borders to Germany. 1978: The band breaks up. The band members leave Covaci and try to make it on their own under the name \"Madhouse\".\n1981: PHOENIX releases its first production in English, the LP Transsylvania Phoenix. The band disintegrates again.\n1983: Nicu Covaci plays with Dzidek Marcinkiewicz as a duo.\n1986: Nicu Covaci and Erlend Krauser contribute to the production of Evita in Osnabr\u00fcck.\n1987: \"The Lark\" + \"Ballade for You\". Nicu Covaci contributes to the production of Jesus Christ Superstar in Osnabr\u00fcck.\n1988: Release of the single \"Tuareg\" + \"Mr. G's promises\". 1990: PHOENIX launches a gigantic come-back in Romania. The band raffles off 5000 singles of \"Cioc\u00e2rlia\". 1992: Nicolae Covaci produces the CD Symphoenix with the Romanian choir \"Song\" and the Radio Bucharest Symphonic Orchestra.\n1993: The CD version of Cantafabule is released.\n1994\u20131997: Various tours in Romania.\n1997: The CD Aniversare 35 (35th Anniversary) is released. Vremuri \u2013 Anii 60 is released on CD.\n1998: PHOENIX is going on big Romania-Tour with the mamut-show Cantafabule.\n1999: Cei ce ne-au dat nume and Mugur de fluier are released on CD.\nPHOENIX releases a new 3 song maxi-CD with Numai Una, Iovano, and Ora-Hora and performs November concerts in Germany at \"Works\" and \"Erdbeerblau\" in Osnabr\u00fcck, and in the \"Osterfeldhalle\" in Esslingen 2000: Spring tour in Romania. For the first time in history, a free CD is given with each ticket purchased. 35,000 maxi-CDs are given as gifts.\n2000: The CD In the Shadow of the Big Bear is released. It expresses Nicu Covaci's disappointment with the situation in Romania.\n2000: December Germany Tour: In the Shadow of the Big Bear.\n2001: The CD In the Shadow of the Big Bear sung in English by Malcolm J. Lewis is released.\nBaba Novak (2005)\nA new album, called Baba Novak is released. The guitarist Cristi Gram joins the band in 2004. The release of the album is followed by a tour of the band in many cities of Romania.\nBreak-up (2007)\nFollowing conflicts between Nicu Covaci and Mircea Baniciu, the vocalist of the band, the latter leaves Phoenix. Soon, the bassist, Joszef \"Ioji\" Kappl, and the violinist, Mani Neumann, leave the band, too. While Mani continues his musical activity with his band \"Farfarello\", in Germany, Mircea Baniciu hooks up with Ioji Kappl and form a new folk duo.\n2008 \u2013 Back to the Future\nIn 2008, Nicu Covaci re-built the band, and the new members include, beside Covaci, Florin \"Moni\" Bordeianu (the first vocalist of the band), Bogdan Bradu (vocals), Dzidek Marcinkiewicz (keyboards), Volker Vaessen (bass), Ovidiu \"\u021a\u0103nd\u0103ric\u0103\" Lipan  (drums) and Cristi Gram (guitar). The album Back to the Future is recorded, including some songs composed by Moni Bordeianu during the time he was in the USA.\n2010 \u2013 SymPhoenix\nThe band carries out a new musical project, called Sym Phoenix, with the Bucharest Symphonic Orchestra. The show had its premiere on 28 April 2010 in Bucharest.\n2015 \u2013 He performed in Bucharest's Winter Night II, at which he played Fata Verde together with the Italian band Tothem.", ["w_s1792"]]
[30329, "Edwin Clarence Riegel (June 18, 1879 \u2013 1953), generally known as E.C. Riegel, was an American author, consumer advocate and independent scholar who campaigned against restrictions on free markets that harmed consumers and promoted an alternative monetary theory and an early private enterprise currency alternative.\nBest selling libertarian author Harry Browne, in the introduction to his 1974 book You Can Profit from a Monetary Crisis described Riegel's book The New Approach to Freedom as \u201cThe best explanation of the free market I've seen.\" Author David Boyle, devotes a chapter of his book The Money Changers: Currency Reform from Aristotle to e-cash to E.C. Riegel. Riegel is referenced on alternative currency, commercial barter and investment strategy sites.<PIC> Riegel was born in Cannelton, Indiana and left home in 1894 at age 15 with a vision of social justice for the common person. Self-educated, without academic degrees or distinctions, when speaking for groups he labeled himself a \"non-academic student of money and credit.\" He supported himself working intermittently in sales at upscale department stores. He was married in 1905 to Blanche Ellis Beach; the marriage lasted seven years.\nRiegel associated and corresponded with libertarians, individualist anarchists, mutualists and diverse progressives such as Laurance Labadie, anarcho-capitalist Spencer Heath and libertarian and free thinker Charles T. Sprading.\nRiegel established the Consumer Guild of America in 1928 to campaign against restrictive consumer credit practices. After the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and during the Great Depression he published articles and books exposing big business, trade associations, the Better Business Bureau and \u201cblue sky law\u201d manipulation of investment markets which impoverished small investors.\nHe began to question whether it was the government-controlled monetary system which was the problem. He prepared questions about the nature of money and sent them to a list of eighteen \u201cworld authorities\u201d on the meaning of money he had solicited from famed economist Irving Fisher. Six replied, but shared no consensus on the subject, as he illustrated in his 1936 book Irving Fisher's World Authorities on The Meaning of Money.\nOver the next few years in consultation with friends and students, Riegel constructed his own theory of money. In the 1940s he established The Valun Institute for Monetary Research to promote his monetary theories. In 1944 Harbinger press published his most successful book Private Enterprise Money.\nAfter Riegel's death, Spencer H. MacCallum, who had met Riegel through his grandfather Spencer Heath, obtained all Riegel's papers, which now reside with the Heather Foundation, of which MacCallum was director. In 1976 the Heather Foundation edited and published Riegel's book, The New Approach to Freedom (formerly published as a pamphlet) and in 1978 his Flight from Inflation: The Monetary Alternative, augmenting both with material from his unpublished papers. Riegel's monetary theory differentiated between the \"objective view of money\" as an \"entity having some kind of an independent existence,\" especially fiat money issued by government. He contrasted this with the \"subjective\" idea of money, that \"money can spring only from trade\u2014that trade creates money, and not vice versa.\" This is a similar concept to credit money.\nSpencer MacCallum writes that E.C. Riegel thought \"that a simple and dependable means of exchange would do more to enhance the dignity and well being of the common man than any political reform.\" He notes that: \"Riegel conceived of money as simply number accountancy among private traders. ... Riegel came down on the side of a rigorously free-market fiat system; for a mature exchange system as he conceived it would depend on no intrinsic value at all, nor would it require or tolerate any government participation. In that sense, the fully evolved exchange system would be a natural system operating entirely as a spontaneous, free-market process with no political mandates imposed.\"\nIn the \"Money Freedom Declaration\u201d issued by Riegel and supporters of the ideas expressed in Private Enterprise Money, Riegel described \"The Valun Private Enterprise Money System\":\n By private initiative and without intervention of government or banks, private enterprisers (employers, employees and self-employers) in any state will organize a Valun Exchange to operate a money system of, for and by the people. Such Valun Exchange will unite with every other Valun Exchange in any other state or nation making a universal money system with a single money unit, called the valun (pronounced vallen).\n The money will spring from the mutual credit of all of the members of the Valun Exchanges in this way: It will be agreed that each member will have a credit on the Valun Exchange based upon prospective income, against which he or she can draw checks in payment of purchases from other members - in other words, will have the over-draft privilege.\n When currency bills or coins are desired the members may draw the desired cash. No notes are to be signed and no interest is to be paid. The Valun Exchange will be a nonprofit, non-stock organization. No capital will be invested and the membership fee will be nominal. The Exchange will pay its expenses out of a small charge for each check cleared. All members of Valun Exchanges will use valuns when trading with each other and will continue to use dollars when trading with non-members.\n As the valun system demonstrates its superiority, more persons and corporations will join it and thus more and more trading will be done with valuns and less with dollars, pounds, francs and the scores of other political money units. By this evolutionary process a universal money system will be established under the control of the people. Banks will not participate and governments will be empowered only to receive valuns and pay them out but not to create them.\n The valun private enterprise money system is designed to break the present money control against the people and (a) raise wages and, salaries to the highest possible level, (b) maintain constant employment, (c) maintain a steady price level and prevent inflation and deflation, (d) abolish bureaucracy and centralization of government, (e) defeat fascism and communism, (f) assure real freedom, prosperity and democracy, (g) preserve peace.\nRiegel's \u201cMoney Freedom Declaration\u201d and Private Enterprise Money were endorsed by several progressive thinkers of the time including James Peter Warbasse, an early leader of the cooperative movement in America; libertarian author Charles Sprading; civil liberties attorney Thorwald Siegfried; and Wing Anderson, author of War's End about the banking system and war.\nEndorser Lawrence Labadie wrote that the book \"brings out a fact that has not been seen clearly before, namely, that totalitarianism and war would be practically impossible unless the state had control of the money system.\" Economist John Lossing Buck, husband of Pearl Buck, stated that it explains \"the meaning and function of money better than any other treatise on the subject that has come to my attention.\" Spencer Heath opined that it \"is the best expose to date of how a political and coercive money system is bound to destroy free enterprise-to corrupt free citizens into subjects and slaves.\"", ["w_s1793"]]
[30330, "Yannis Markopoulos (Greek: \u0393\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2; born 18 March 1939) is a Greek composer.<PIC>  Yannis Markopoulos was born in 1939 in Heraklion, Crete. From one of the old families of the island\u2014his father was an attorney and later the Prefect\u2014he spent his childhood in the seaside town of Ierapetra. The Byzantine liturgy heard regularly from the church opposite his family home, Cretan traditional music, with its rapid dances of repeated small motifs, played by local instruments at the town\u2019s weekly festivities, but at the same time the sound of the waves, and the detonation of land-mines in the aftermath of World War II, all these formed part of the acoustic universe of the composer as a child. He took his first lessons in music theory and the violin at the local conservatory and played the clarinet in the municipal band. Meanwhile, other musical experiences of decisive importance were classical music as well as the music of the wider Eastern Mediterranean and, most important of all, that of nearby Egypt, which he heard either over the radio or from musicians and travellers passing through his hometown. Thanks to his father\u2019s extensive private library he had the opportunity to deepen his knowledge, beyond school education, in literature, philosophy, history and the arts. He began composing music during his adolescence and two melodies of this time would later become songs that have enjoyed great popularity throughout Greece. In 1956 Markopoulos moved to Athens to further his music studies at the Athens Conservatoire under the composer Yiorgos Sklavos and the violin teacher Joseph Bustidui, while studying philosophy and sociology at the Panteion University. While a student he composed music for the theatre, for the cinema and for dance performances. When he was 24 he was awarded the Music Prize of the International Thessaloniki Film Festival for Nikos Koundouros\u2019 film Young Aphrodites and subsequently his works Theseus (dance-drama), Hiroshima(ballet suite) and Three Dance Sketches were performed by avant-garde dance groups.\nIn 1967 a military dictatorship was imposed in Greece. Markopoulos left for London, where he enriched his knowledge under the English composer Elizabeth Lutyens, while his acquaintance with the composers Jani Christou and Iannis Xenakis played an important r\u00f4le in the deepening of his contact with the most pioneering musical figures.\nIn London he composed the secular cantata Ilios o Protos (Sun the First) on the poetry of Odysseas Elytis (Nobel Prize 1979) and completed the musical ceremony Idou o Nymphios, a work the composer still wishes to keep unreleased with the exception of one part, the song Zavara-Katra-Nemia, a vocal composition of Dionysian character, that was released in 1966 and became one of his best known pieces. Also in London he composed Chroismoi (Oracles) for symphony orchestra and the Pyrrichioi Dances A, B, C (the first three of the 24 Dances he completed in 2001) that were performed in 1968 by the London Concertante Orchestra at the Queen Elizabeth Hall. During the same year he was commissioned to write the music for Shakespeare\u2019s The Tempest performed by the National Theatre Company and directed by David Jones.\nIn 1969 Markopoulos returned to Athens with a musical vision that would not only change the course of music in Greece but would also lend immediate moral support to the general demand for restoration of democracy, the struggle being led primarily by university students and intellectuals. He founded a new and highly distinctive musical ensemble which included Greek local instruments. Thus the piano was combined with the lyre for the first time, while he also added instruments of his own invention, particularly among the percussion, with the intention of enriching the variety of sounds. He then selected young musicians, singers and actors, from both the city and the provinces, and collaborating with painters and poets he presented a series of performances with his musical works Ilios o Protos (Sun the First), Chroniko (Chronicle), Ithagenia (Nativeland), Thitia (Lifetime), Stratis Thalassinos Among the Agapanthi (poetry by Giorgos Seferis, Nobel Prize 1963), Oropedio (Mountain Plain) at the Lydra venue which he named music-studio.\nHis most fervent supporters were indeed the students and intellectuals who filled the music-studio daily, despite the constant interventions of the regime that would constantly attempt to shut it down. The composer\u2019s vision had materialised and a new musical wave had been born which he termed \u201cReturn to the Roots\u201d. He defined it as \u201ca project for the future involving the process of examination, evaluation and selection of the indestructible sources of our living traditions in combination with selected contemporary art forms and elements\u201d: the outcome was an exceptionally original sound emerging from the unique tone colours stemming from the unaccustomed blends of instruments and voices.\nIn 1976 he composed the popular liturgy The Free Besieged, based on the poem by Greece\u2019s national poet Dionysios Solomos, that he conducted in the crowded Panathenean Stadium, and which was presented in London in 1979. In 1977 he composed the music for the BBC television series Who Pays the Ferryman? The musical theme was a hit in Britain and gained the composer international renown. Numerous invitations for concerts abroad followed, in Paris, Berlin, Frankfurt, Munich, Amsterdam, Stockholm, Canada, Russia, Australia and the United States. Markopoulos continued composing music for the theatre and for the cinema, collaborating with directors such as Jules Dassin, George Cosmatos, Nikos Koundouros and Spyros Evaggelatos. Through his work Yannis Markopoulos did much to shape the musical landscape of the 1970s.\nIn 1980 Markopoulos married the singer Vassiliki Lavina, his long-time associate, and in 1981 their daughter Eleni was born. For a period he sought a more private life with his family while preparing for the opening of a new chapter in his music, compositions that would display melodic outbursts sustained by polytonic quality and dazzling rhythms of an inexhaustible exuberance. In 1987 he founded the Palintonos Armonia Orchestra (the name deriving from Heraclitus) with which he would give concerts in Greece and abroad and record many of his works.\nThe works of this period include the Concerto-Rhapsody for Lyre and Symphony Orchestra, Mitroa for string orchestra, the Healing Symphony, two oratorios, two song cycles, chamber music works, four quartets, two sonatas, and five pieces for violin and piano. In 1994 he composed one of his most important works The Liturgy of Orpheus. There followed Re-Naissance: Crete between Venice and Constantinople, a musical journey in four units that strikes a balance between the opera form and that of the oratorio, and the opera Erotokritos and Areti. In 1999 he composed Shapes in Motion, a piano concerto inspired by Pythagoras and dedicated to his daughter Eleni. Some of his latest works are Evilia Topia (Sunlit Landscapes), fantasy for solo flute; O Nomos tis Thalporis, oratorio-musical spectacle for voices, choir, wind orchestra, ballet and video projection, dedicated to the environment; and Triptych for flute, strings and harp. 1963: Theseus (Thiseas) (ballet enriched)\n1969: Ilios o protos (Sun the First) (for voices, narrator, female choir and chamber orchestra)\n1970: Chroniko (Chronicle) (for voices, and chamber orchestra)\n1972: Ta tragoudia tou neou patera (The Songs of the New Father)\n1972: Ithagenia (Nativeland) (for voices, and chamber orchestra)\n1973: Anexartita (series of unrelated songs)\n1973: O stratis thalassinos anamesa stous Agapanthous - ke alla tragoudia (Stratis Thalassinos Among the Agapanthi - and Other Songs) (for voices, mixed choir and chamber orchestra)\n1974: Thessalikos kiklos (Thessalian cycle) (popular musical work with theatrical style performances)\n1974: Metanastes (Emigrant Workers) (songs cycle)\n1974: Thitia (Lifetime ) (work in nine parts, type of one-act opera)\n1975: Oropedio (Mountain plain) (musical discourse)\n1977: I eleftheri poliorkimeni (The Free Besieged) (for voices, female narrator, mixed choir and chamber orchestra)\n1978: Periodia proti (The First Tour) (13 compositions for orchestra)\n1978: Who Pays the Ferryman?  (music for the BBC TV series)\n1979: Sergiani ston kosmo (songs cycle in three unities)\n1980: Denekedoupoli (musical performance for children)\n1980: \u039fr\u03b9\u03b6\u03bfnt\u03b5s (Horizons) (songs cycle)\n1983: Sirines (Sirens) (musical voyage in four seasons in the form of a contemporary oratorio)\n1988: Music for Domenikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco) (for Renaissance instruments ensemble)\n1994: The liturgy of Orpheus (for voices,mixed choir, narrator and symphony orchestra)\n1996: Brightness (Antavgies) (orchestral memories of movements and pictures)\n1998: Fili pou fevgoun (Friends Who are Lost) (songs cycle)\n1996: Re-naissance, Crete between Venice and Constantinople (musical performance in two acts with four parts)\n2003: Erotokritos and Areti (opera in two acts)\n2001: To tragoudi tou Achillea (The Song of Achilles) (for voices, mixed choir, narrator and symphony orchestra)\n2004: O tahitatos Louis (for mixed choir, narrator and symphony orchestra)\n2009: Shapes in motion (Piano Concerto) (for solo piano and symphony orchestra)\n2009: The liturgy of Orpheus (for voices,mixed choir, narrator and symphony orchestra) 1960: Galazio peristeri\n1960: Anistoro ti monaxia\n1964: Pou isse afti tin anixi\n1964: O pramateftis\n1964: Xasteria\n1964: Mouragio\n1964: I kori (Mavromadilousa)\n1964: Karavia\n1964: Gremismena spitia\n1965: Pera apo ti thalassa\n1968: Zavara - Katra - Nemia\n1972: Ochi den prepi\n1973: I ochthri / Enemies Entered the City\n1975: I ellada (Lengo) Greece 1963: Mikres Aphrodites (Young Aphrodite)\n1966: Dichasmos\n1967: O thanatos tou Alexandrou\n1968: Epichirisis Apollon\n1970: The Beloved\n1971: Vortex (Das Gesicht der Medusa)\n1977: Kravgi ginekon\n1984: Ta chronia tis Thielas\n1993: Byron\n1965: The Girl with the Ribbon\n1993: Lysistrata by Aristophanes\n1989: Thesmophoriazouses by Aristophanes", ["w_s1800"]]
[30331, "Ruben Anton Zadkovich (born 23 May 1986) is a former Australian professional football (soccer) player, and manager of Perth Glory. He played for 6 clubs in a career that spanned between England and Australia, notably becoming a crowd favourite at Newcastle Jets FC in the A-League. Zadkovich was also capped for Australia, representing the Socceroos on 3 occasions. Born in Fairfield, Sydney, New South Wales, Zadkovich had previously played for English Football League club Notts County, scoring on his debut against Chester City, as well as Queens Park Rangers and Australian side Wollongong Wolves. He has also made several appearances for the Young Socceroos, most notably at the FIFA World Youth Championship. Following his time in England, Zadkovich returned to Australia in late 2005 and trialled for Sydney FC. He travelled with the squad to the FIFA Club World Championship and despite not making an appearance he impressed coach Littbarski, being called in as a short-term replacement for injured Ufuk Talay late in the season. After a 12-minute debut off the bench against Queensland Roar, Zadkovich impressed with his first start against Perth Glory (which included a goal), playing one game in Sydney's run to the inaugural A-League championship, earning him a two-year full-time contract. He was allowed to leave the club in March 2008. On 17 April 2008, it was revealed Zadkovich had signed a two-year deal with English club Derby County, although his registration was unable to be completed before 1 July. Zadkovich made his Derby debut as a second-half substitute against Norwich City at Pride Park in October 2008, in a match which Derby won 3\u20131. He struggled with injuries during his time at Derby and, after only 7 appearances for the club, cancelled his contract by mutual consent on 23 January 2010. On 6 April 2010, Zadkovich confirmed that he had penned a three-year contract with the Newcastle Jets that would see him return to play his football in Australia. Zadkovich played 97 games over four seasons with the Jets. He was appointed captain in his third season and led the team until he was recruited by Perth Glory in 2014.<PIC> On 29 May 2014, Zadkovich received an early release from Newcastle Jets and signed with Perth Glory.\nOn 15 November 2014, Zadkovich made his debut for Perth Glory coming on as a substitute against the Western Sydney Wanderers. Glory went on to win the game 2\u20131. On 22 November 2014, Zadkovich came on as a substitute against Wellington Phoenix in the 61st minute but was sent off after just 17 seconds with a two-footed tackle.\nOn 8 May 2016, after not playing a single match in the season due to injury, Zadkovich retired from playing football. Zadkovich made his debut at right-back in the last home game of 1st round 2010 World Cup Qualifications, against China, at ANZ Stadium on 22 June 2008. Australia lost this match 1\u20130.\nZadkovich took part in the 2008 Olympics as part of Australia's national team (Olyroos). He scored from close range in a 1\u20131 draw with Serbia, Australia's only goal in an unsuccessful campaign. He also played against Argentina in what was Australia's best performance of the tournament.  Zadkovich's first foray as a club manager arose when he was announced as the manager for Football Northern New South Wales club Broadmeadow Magic. Zadkovich was appointed manager of Hills United in September 2020. Zadkovich was appointed assistant manager of Perth Glory in October 2020. In March 2022, Zadkovich was named interim head coach of the Glory following the departure of Richard Garcia.  As of 18 May 2022   Sydney FC\nA-League Championship: 2005\u201306 Australia U20\nOFC U-20 Championship: 2005  Broadmeadow Magic\nNational Premier Leagues Northern NSW Championship: 2018", ["w_s1803"]]
[30332, "The desert pocket mouse (Chaetodipus penicillatus) is a North American species of heteromyid rodent found in the southwestern United States and Mexico.  True to its common name, the medium-sized desert pocket mouse prefers sandy, sparsely vegetated desert environments.<PIC> Chaetodipus penicillatus is a medium-sized pocket mouse. The total length of adults usually does not exceed 180\u00a0mm. Coloration is grayish brown to yellowish gray and may be sprinkled with black. The pelage is coarse. This species lacks rump spines but has numerous, elongate rump hairs which are darker dorsally and lighter laterally. There is no lateral line. The underparts of the body and tail are whitish. The tail is heavily crested and is longer than the head and body, with average tail length being 109\u00a0mm. The soles of the hind feet are whitish and average hind foot length is 25\u00a0mm. Chaetodipus penicillatus occurs in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The northern limit of its range is southern Nevada. It extends southwest into California and the northern Baha Peninsula and northwestern Mexico. Eastward it stretches into the southwesternmost parts of Colorado. From southern Nevada and southwestern Colorado the range of C. penicillatus proceeds southeast into Arizona, through southern New Mexico and southwestern Texas, and into northeastern Mexico.  The desert pocket mouse prefers various arid, open desert environments, usually where the vegetation is rather sparse. These may include desert wash, desert succulent shrub, desert scrub, and alkali desert scrub. It prefers soft alluvial, sandy, or silty soils along stream bottoms, desert washes, and valleys, rather than rocky terrain. These pocket mice live in soils that may be vegetated with creosote bush, palo verde, burroweed, mesquite, cholla and other cacti, and short, sparse grass, as well as in lower edges of alluvial fan with yucca, mesquite, grama, and prickly poppy.\nSix subspecies are currently recognised:\nC. pencillatus pencillatus - south-central Arizona\nC. pencillatus angustirostris - southern California, eastern Baja California\nC. pencillatus pricei - southern Arizona, Sonora\nC. pencillatus seri - Tibur\u00f3n Island\nC. pencillatus sobrinus - southern Nevada\nC. pencillatus stephensi - eastern California Chaetodipus penicillatus may be active all year round in some areas, though it is inactive in the winter in southern Arizona. This species is mainly nocturnal. It is aggressively solitary, with a home range of less than 1 acre. Pocket mice can burrow into hard-crusted soils by actually physically chewing their way through the hard portions of the soil. Their burrows, however, are usually excavated in silty, sandy, or gravelly soil and are used for refuges, seed storage, and neonatal care.  The average lifespan of C. penicillatus is around one year. Chaetodipus penicillatus forages beneath a canopy of shrubs on sandy or gravely soils. It feeds primarily on seeds of forbs, grasses, and shrubs, although green vegetation and insects may supplement the diet. Seeds of mesquite, creosote bush, and broomweed have been found in the cheek pouches of desert pocket mice. Seeds are also stored in burrows and in dispersed caches throughout their territories. Although there is no direct evidence, this species probably acquires all of the water it needs from its food. The mouse's breeding season is in the spring; adult females can give birth to one or more litters of two to five young during the spring and summer. Gestation lasts on average of 23 days. Incisors appear 9 days after birth, eyes open on day 14, and ears open no sooner than day 14. Many young females reach sexual maturity early and became pregnant while still in their juvenile pelage. Population has a turnover rate as high as 95%.", ["w_s1809"]]
[30333, "The syndrome of subjective doubles is a rare delusional misidentification syndrome in which a person experiences the delusion that they have a double or Doppelg\u00e4nger with the same appearance, but usually with different character traits, that  is leading a life of its own. The syndrome is also called the syndrome of doubles of the self,  delusion of subjective doubles, or simply subjective doubles.  Sometimes, the patient is under the impression that there is more than one double.   A double may be projected onto any person, from a stranger to a family member.\nThis syndrome is often diagnosed during or after the onset of another mental disorder, such as schizophrenia or other disorders involving psychotic hallucinations.  There is no widely accepted method of treatment, as most patients require individualized therapy. The prevalence of this disease is relatively low, as few cases have been reported since the disease was defined in 1978 by George Nikolaos Christodoulou (b.1935), a Greek-American Psychiatrist. However, subjective doubles is not clearly defined in literature,  and therefore may be under-reported. The symptoms of the syndrome of subjective doubles are not clearly defined in medical literature; however, there are some defining features of the delusion: \nThe existence of the delusion, by definition, is not a widely accepted cultural belief.\nThe patient insists that the double he/she sees is real even when presented with contradictory evidence.\nParanoia and/or spatial visualization ability impairments are present.\nSimilarities to other disorders are often noted in literature. Prosopagnosia, or the inability to recognize faces, may be related to this disorder due to the similarity of symptoms. Subjective doubles syndrome is also similar to delusional autoscopy, also known as an out-of-body experience, and therefore is occasionally referred to as an autoscopic type delusion. However, subjective doubles delusion differs from an autoscopic delusion: autoscopy often occurs during times of extreme stress, and can usually be treated by relieving the said stressor.\nThe syndrome of subjective doubles is usually accompanied by another mental disorder or organic brain syndrome, and may appear during or after the onset of the other disorder.  Often, co-occurrence of subjective doubles with other types of delusional misidentification syndromes, especially Capgras syndrome, also occurs.\nSeveral variations of the syndrome have been reported in literature:\nThe doubles may appear at different ages of oneself.\nSome patients describe their double as both a physically and psychologically identical copy, rather than a purely physical copy. This is also known as clonal pluralization of the self, another type of delusional misidentification syndrome that may or may not be the same type of disorder (see #Controversy, below). In this case, depersonalization may be a symptom.\nReverse subjective doubles occurs when the patient believes his/her own self (either physical or mental) is being transformed into another person. (see the case of Mr. A in #Presentation) Taken from Kamanitz et al., 1989:\n\"Mrs. B. is a 50-year-old white married homemaker and the mother of five children with three previous psychiatric hospitalizations for depression and bipolar illness. [...] She firmly believed that another Mrs. B. existed who had replaced herself in her husband's affections. [...] Mrs. B. was convinced that the 'grooves in her fingers were smoother,' and that the double had taken her fingerprints. She was so concerned about the existence of another Mrs. B. that she required the constant presence of her driver's license to reassure herself that she was the real Mrs. B. In addition to her delusional belief, Mrs. B. reported that she had actually seen the other Mrs. B. She believed that the other Mrs. B. was also a patient in the unit who looked exactly like her facially but was heavier in the body. (Another, younger, patient, who was pregnant, was actually the person upon whom this illusion was superimposed.)\"\nThe following case describes a patient who has been diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder along with multiple delusional misidentification syndromes (subjective doubles, Capgras delusion, intermetamorphosis):\nTaken from Silva et al., 1994:\n\"Mr. B believed that five physical copies of himself existed. Each copy had a different mind than his own. On one occasion, he thought himself to have been Jesus Christ, but denied having undergone any bodily changes. Mr. B stated that five replicas of the city in which he lived existed as well as the existence of five different planet earths. He, however, acknowledged having lived on only one of these earths. Mr. B had a history of several arrests for attacking police officers, whom he believed were impostor replicas of real police officers.\"\nThe following case describes a patient who has been diagnosed with chronic paranoid schizophrenia and reverse subjective doubles:\nTaken from Vasavada and Masand, 1992: \n\"Mr. A, a 40-year-old divorced white male, was hospitalized for his complaint that his identity had been changed in the last six years. He stated that he was not Mr. A but Mr. B and preferred to be called by that name. [...] When asked to describe Mr. B, he replied that the only thing he remembered was that Mr. B was an orphan and had made his fortune by working hard. He denied that Mr. B had any family members. He would get angry when addressed as Mr. A and would insist on being called Mr. B. [...] In the above case our patient believed that he had been changed both physically (face, fingerprints, etc.) and psychologically (he could recount details of his life as Mr. A but few as Mr. B).\" Subjective doubles is commonly comorbid with other psychiatric illnesses, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. The cause of the disorder is difficult to ascertain not only because of its rarity, but also due to the simultaneous presence of other disorders. While the physiological cause of the syndrome of subjective doubles has not been found, many hypotheses exist.\nSome researchers believe that the syndrome of subjective doubles appears as a symptom of another disorder instead of a disorder of its own. (see #Controversy, below)\nThe syndrome of subjective doubles may also be related to substance dependence.\nAnother hypothesis states that subjective doubles is result of hyper-identification, linked to over-activity in certain areas of the brain, thereby causing the patient see familiar aspects of the self in strangers.\nSome hypothesize that this delusion is a result of facial processing deficiencies, as it has seemingly similar symptoms of prosopagnosia; however, recognition of most faces is impaired in this delusion. Facial processing deficiencies also do not account for the occasion in which multiple doubles are reported.\nAnother hypothesis is that a \"disconnection\" between the right and left hemispheres may cause the delusional symptoms. This hypothesis relies heavily on the theory of lateralization of brain function, or left brain vs. right brain theory. In this hypothesis, the inability of the right hemisphere to \"check\" the left hemisphere causes the individual to succumb to delusions of self-awareness created by the left hemisphere.<PIC> One hypothesis is that brain dysfunction (either due to physical damage or damage from an organic disorder) in the right hemisphere, temporal lobe, and/or bi-frontal lobes causes the delusion of subjective doubles. Physical damage resulting in the subjective doubles delusion often includes, but is not limited to, brain lesions or traumatic brain injury. Suspected organic causes of brain damage that may lead to subjective doubles include disorders such as epilepsy.\nBecause other mental illnesses are commonly co-morbid with subjective doubles syndrome, it is unknown whether these types of brain injuries are linked to the delusion or the additional mental illness. For example, right hemisphere brain damage is associated with schizophrenia, which is commonly reported with the delusion of subjective doubles. A widely accepted treatment for the syndrome of subjective doubles has not been developed. Treatment methods for this disease sometimes include the prescription of antipsychotic drugs, however, the type of drug prescribed depends on the presence of other mental disorders. Antipsychotic drugs (also known as neuroleptics) such as risperidone, pimozide, or haloperidol may be prescribed to treat the underlying psychiatric illness.\nIn addition to drug therapy, interpersonal counseling has also been suggested as a method to ease relations between the patient and his/her suspected doubles. However, the relationship between the patient and his/her double is not always negative. Recovery from this syndrome is situational, as some drug therapies have been effective in some individuals but not others. Patients may live in a variety of settings, including psychiatric hospitals, depending on the success of treatment. With successful treatment, an individual may live at home. In many of the reported cases, remission of symptoms occurred during the follow-up period.\nThis disorder can be dangerous to the patient and others, as a patient may interrogate or attack a person they believe to be a double.  Inappropriate behavior such as stalking and physical or psychological abuse has been documented in some case studies.  Consequently, many individuals with this disorder are arrested for the resulting misconduct (see the case of Mr. B in #Presentation). This disorder was first defined in 1978 by Greek psychiatrist George N. Christodoulou, M.D., Ph.D., FRCPsych. Although the symptoms of subjective doubles have been described before 1978, the disorder was not given a name until Christodoulou called it the syndrome of subjective doubles in the American Journal of Psychiatry. The article describes an 18-year-old female with hebefreno-paranoid schizophrenia who believed that her next door neighbor had transformed her physical self into the patient's double. The syndrome of subjective doubles and its variants were not given the name delusional misidentification syndromes until 1981.\nDoubles of the self have been reported in literature even before the syndrome was named by Christodoulou. \nThe first patient with symptoms of Capgras syndrome, another delusional misidentification syndrome, was reported in 1923 by Joseph Capgras and Jean Reboul-Lachaux. This patient, however, also experienced the delusion of subjective doubles, but the appearance of doubles of the self were not addressed until Christodoulou's article in 1978. Due to the rarity of this disorder and its similarities to other delusional misidentification syndromes, it is debated whether or not it should be classified as a unique disease. Because subjective doubles rarely appear as the only psychological symptom, it has been suggested that this syndrome is a rare presentation of symptoms of another psychological disorder. This syndrome is also not defined in the DSM-IV or ICD-10.\nAdditionally, some researchers use varying definitions of the syndrome. While most declare that the double is a physical copy that is psychologically independent, some refer to a definition of a double as being both physically and psychologically identical. This is also known as clonal pluralization of the self, another less common delusion that is grouped with the other delusional misidentification syndromes.", ["w_s1812"]]
[30334, "Thomas Aspinwall Davis (December 11, 1798 \u2013 November 22, 1845) was a silversmith and businessman who served as mayor of Boston for nine months in 1845.<PIC> Davis was born on December 11, 1798, in Brookline, Massachusetts, the son of Ebenezer Davis III and Lucy Aspinwall. Both the Davis and Aspinwall families were longtime residents of Brookline. Thomas' elder brother Increase Sumner Davis became a Congregational minister. Thomas grew up on Harrison Place (now Kent Street), and began work in a jeweler's shop in Boston at age 14. By 1820, he was in partnership with Thomas N. Morong. He had his own business 1825\u201334, and was a partner of Julius Palmer and Josiah Bachelder from 1838. The firm was successful, after his death known as Palmer, Bachelder & Co. By 1843 he had acquired, by inheritance and purchase, farmland around his father's house, which he subdivided to create The Lindens, a prestigious suburban residential development designed by Alexander Wadsworth and John F. Edwards. Davis' own house was at the head of Linden Park, until it was moved to 29 Linden Place in 1906. In 1985 it was added to the List of Registered Historic Places in Brookline. In the runup to the 1844 election Davis was nominated for mayor at a convention chaired by the showman Moses Kimball, who was best known for exhibiting a stuffed mermaid with P.T. Barnum. At this time a candidate for mayor needed a majority to be elected, and if no candidate received a majority of the vote a new election was held.  A candidate did not have to have run in the previous round, and previous candidates did not necessarily run in subsequent elections.  In the first vote held on December 9, 1844, in addition to Davis, the candidates were Josiah Quincy Jr., who led in the first round of balloting, and Adam W. Thaxter, Jr., who placed a weak third behind Davis. Quincy received 4,457 votes, Davis 4,017 and Thaxter 2,115, with a scattering of 232 votes going to others. Because none of the candidates had received a majority of the 10,821 votes cast no one was elected mayor.  Quincy, the Whig candidate, and Thaxter, a Democrat, dropped out after the first round, with Thomas Wetmore and Charles G. Greene, the editor of the Boston Post, taking their places in the next round of balloting. Well, known Bostonians like former mayor Samuel A. Eliot entered the lists in ensuing rounds, but nothing could break the three-way deadlock. In each of the next six elections held between December 23, 1844, and February 12, 1845, there were at least three major candidates in contention for the mayoralty, and no one candidate received a majority of the vote. Davis led with a plurality on every round after the first.\nIn the eighth and final election held on February 21, 1845 there were only two candidates, Davis and William Parker, a Whig who had become acting mayor on January 6 when the previous mayor's term expired. In that election Davis received 4,865 votes, Parker received 4,366 and there was a scattering of 322 votes. Davis defeated Parker by 499 votes and receiving a majority of the 9,553 votes cast. It was Davis' third attempt as a candidate representing the Native American Party, which had split from the Whigs the previous year. He was sworn in on February 27, 1845. His term of office was uneventful, the main issue of the day being badly needed improvements to Boston's inadequate water supply. He tendered his resignation on October 6 owing to ill health, and he died on November 22, 1845. His resignation was not accepted, and thus he died in office. John Pierce delivered an address at his funeral in Central Church on November 25.\nIn records published by the city of Boston list Davis' term is cited as ending on November 22, 1845. Benson Leavitt, a Whig, took over as acting mayor until new elections could be held. He married Sarah Jackson, the niece of abolitionist Francis Jackson, on November 11, 1824 in Newton, Massachusetts.", ["w_s1813"]]
[30335, "USS Callao (IX-205), an unclassified miscellaneous vessel, was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for Callao, a seaport in Peru. She was built for the Kriegsmarine as the weather ship and icebreaker Externsteine. The ship was captured on 16 October 1944 by USCGC\u00a0Eastwind of the Greenland Patrol and was temporarily commissioned into the United States Coast Guard as USCGC East Breeze before being turned over to the United States Navy and commissioned as USS Callao in January 1945. The ship was sold out of service in 1950, and broken up the following year. The ship was 183 feet (55.78\u00a0m) long, with a beam of 30\u00a0feet 10\u00a0inches (9.40\u00a0m) and a draught of 13\u00a0feet 11\u00a0inches (4.24\u00a0m). She had a displacement of 1,015 tons. She was powered by a 750 shp triple expansion steam engine with an exhaust turbine driving a single screw propeller, which could propel her at 10 knots (19\u00a0km/h). The ship was built in 1943\u201344 as yard number 570 by P. Smit, Jr. Shipyard, Rotterdam, South Holland, Netherlands. Originally intended to be the trawler Mannheim for the Nordsee Deutsche Hochseefischerei, Weserm\u00fcnde, she was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine as Externsteine. She was launched in 1944, and completed in July of that year. The ship was originally named for the unusual Externsteine rock formation investigated by Heinrich Himmler for evidence of cultural significance to early Teutonic folklore and history. Externsteine had the identification number WBS 11. Her complement was nineteen crew plus eleven meteorologists. She was employed as a weather observation ship off Shannon Island on the northeast coast of Greenland to aid forecasting of storm events tactically significant to North Atlantic and European combat operations, but was captured on the night of 15 October\u201316 October 1944 by the American icebreaker USCGC Eastwind.\nOn 2 October, a Grumman J2F Duck aircraft from USCGC Eastwind spotted a trawler camouflaged in a field of unconsolidated pack ice off North Little Koldewey Island, where the Germans had set up a weather station. The camouflaged ship was visible on the aircraft's radar. Personnel from USCGC Eastwind captured the twelve crew of the weather station on 4 October. Documents captured revealed that the ship that they had spotted was the Externsteine, which was apparently escorted by a U-boat. The search for Externsteine was delayed by the weather, but on 14 October she was found trapped in ice 10 nautical miles (19\u00a0km) off Cape Borgen. At 21:00 on 15 November, USCGC Eastwind located Externsteine at a range of 7 nautical miles (13\u00a0km) of her radar, and \"battle stations\" was ordered. Captain Thomas decided to attack at a range of 2 nautical miles (3.7\u00a0km), USCGC\u00a0Southwind was also present, and illuminated the target with her searchlight. At a range of 4,000 yards (3,700\u00a0m), the icebreaker fired three salvos from its 5\"/38 guns (one short, one over and one across the bow). The shots landed around the vessel, and the Germans used their blinker light to transmit the message \"We give up\" in English. The reply, sent back in German, was \"Do not scuttle ship\". Both icebreakers approached the ship, and the surrender was formally accepted. It was discovered that scuttling charges had been placed in the ship, but these were disarmed with the assistance of Externsteine's engineering officer. Her three officers were taken back on board the vessel during the disarming as a way of guaranteeing that the ship would not be scuttled.\nThe captain of Externsteine later told his captors that he thought the attack was being carried out by tanks, and he was amazed that the ships could break through the ice at the speed they did. He opined that the Americans would have to scuttle his ship as it was trapped in the ice. Externsteine was renamed East Breeze by her captors. However, by using explosives on the ice, the ship was freed. A prize crew of 36 men from both icebreakers soon had the ship under way. At the time, it was the northernmost combat operation ever undertaken by United States forces. Externsteine was the only enemy surface vessel captured by United States naval forces during World War II.\nThe prize crew brought her into Boston, Massachusetts, by way of Reykjav\u00edk and Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland. On 30 November, she was involved in a collision with USCGC\u00a0Travis. At Boston, she was commissioned into the United States Navy on 24 January 1945, with Lieutenant D. O. Newton, USNR, in command.\nBetween 30 January 1945 and 4 February she was outfitted at Philadelphia Navy Yard for special experimental work for the U.S Navy Bureau of Ships, and for the next five years carried out tests in the area of Cape May, New Jersey, and Cape Henlopen, Delaware. She was decommissioned on 10 May 1950, and sold 30 September 1950. The following year she was scrapped.<PIC>", ["w_s1814"]]
[30336, "Immunogold labeling or Immunogold staining (IGS) is a staining technique used in electron microscopy. This staining technique is an equivalent of the indirect immunofluorescence technique for visible light. Colloidal gold particles are most often attached to secondary antibodies which are in turn attached to primary antibodies designed to bind a specific antigen or other cell component. Gold is used for its high electron density which increases electron scatter to give high contrast 'dark spots'.\nFirst used in 1971, immunogold labeling has been applied to both transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, as well as brightfield microscopy. The labeling technique can be adapted to distinguish multiple objects by using differently-sized gold particles.\nImmunogold labeling can introduce artifacts, as the gold particles reside some distance from the labelled object and very thin sectioning is required during sample preparation. Immunogold labeling was first used in 1971 by Faulk and Taylor to identify Salmonella antigens. It was first applied in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and was especially useful in highlighting proteins found in low densities, such as some cell surface antigens. As the resolution of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) increased, so too did the need for nanoparticle-sized labels such as immunogold. In 1975, Horisberger and coworkers successfully visualised gold nanoparticles with a diameter of less than 30\u00a0nm\nand this soon became an established SEM technique. First, a thin section of the sample is cut, often using a microtome. Various other stages of sample preparation may then take place.\nThe prepared sample is then incubated with a specific antibody designed to bind the molecule of interest. Next, a secondary antibody which has gold particles attached is added, and it binds to the primary antibody. Gold can also be attached to protein A or protein G instead of a secondary antibody, as these proteins bind mammalian IgG Fc regions in a non-specific way.\nThe electron-dense gold particle can now be seen under an electron microscope as a black dot, indirectly labeling the molecule of interest. Immunogold labeling can be used to visualize more than one target simultaneously. This can be achieved in electron microscopy by using two different-sized gold particles. An extension of this method used three different sized gold particles to track the localisation of regulatory peptides. A more complex method of multi-site labeling involves labeling opposite sides of an antigenic site separately, the immunogold particles attached to both sides can then be viewed simultaneously. Although immunogold labeling is typically used for transmission electron microscopy, when the gold is 'silver-enhanced' it can be seen using brightfield microscopy. The silver enhancement increases the particle size, also making scanning electron microscopy possible. In order to produce the silver-enhanced gold particles, colloidal gold particles are placed in an acidic enhancing solution containing silver ions. Gold particles then act as a nucleation site and silver is deposited onto the particle. An example of the application of silver-enhanced immunogold labeling (IGSS) was in the identification of the pathogen Erwinia amylovora.<PIC> An inherent limitation to the immunogold technique is that the gold particle is around 15-30\u00a0nm away from the site to which the primary antibody is bound (when using a primary and secondary antibodies labeling strategy). The precise location of the targeted molecule can therefore not be accurately calculated. Gold particles can be created with a diameter of 1\u00a0nm (or lower) but another limitation is then realized\u2014at these sizes the gold label becomes hard to distinguish from tissue structure.\nThin sections are required for immunogold labeling and these can produce misleading images; a thin slice of a cell component may not give an accurate view of its three-dimensional structure. For example, a microtubule may appear as a 'spike' depending on which plane the sectioning occurred. To overcome this limitation serial sections can be taken, which can then be compiled into a three-dimensional image.\nA further limitation is that antibodies and gold particles cannot penetrate the resin used to embed samples for imaging. Thus, only accessible molecules can be targeted and visualized. Labeling prior to embedding the sample can reduce the negative impact of this limitation.", ["w_s1826"]]
[30337, "Gayndah State School is a heritage-listed state school at 33 Meson Street, Gayndah, North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1861 to 1862. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.<PIC> Construction of the National School at Gayndah was commenced in 1861 after members of the Gayndah community submitted designs for a primary school to the Board of General Education in 1860 which were approved and \u00a3700 was granted towards the cost of construction. The building was completed in 1862 and the first schoolmaster, Hercules Smith, took up duties in September 1863. The school opened in November 1873.\nGazetted in 1849, the town of Gayndah initially developed as the centre for a number of large sheep stations taken up in the Burnett region during the 1840s. Gayndah's early growth as a pastoral \"capital\" is largely attributed to the determination of the squatters and the town developed as the administrative centre for the area, as the school was established in 1861, and post office and court house were erected. A branch of the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney was opened in 1864, and a local government authority, Borough of Gayndah, was established in 1867. By the late nineteenth century, cattle had replaced sheep as the dominant pastoral activity. Citrus orchards also flourished, and together with cattle and dairy farming, provided the basis for the development of Gayndah from the turn of the century.\nNational Schools were established by the Governor of New South Wales, Charles Augustus FitzRoy, in 1848 at which time he appointed a Board of National Education to undertake the task of creating a system of government schools similar to the National School system in Ireland. When Queensland separated in 1859, it inherited two national schools in Warwick (1850) and Drayton (1851). Following separation, the Queensland Government passed The Education Act of 1860 to establish a Board of General Education to oversee the administration of National Schools throughout the new Colony of Queensland.\nTwo new National Schools were constructed in 1860 (two in Brisbane, Brisbane Boys and Brisbane Girls); seven new National Schools were opened in 1861, four more in 1862 and three in 1863. The regulations which required local communities to raise one-third of the costs were relaxed and fifteen new schools opened in 1864. However, the 1866 fiscal crisis temporarily retarded the construction of additional schools. The Gayndah National School was established at a time of heightened growth in the establishment of schools throughout the Colony. National Schools remained the dominant form of government primary schools until 1875 when major reforms in education were put in place throughout Queensland.\nConstruction of National Schools was regulated by government standard and local communities could apply to the Board of Education for an approved school plan or, as in the case of Gayndah, they could supply their own design for approval in accordance with the following recommendations. School rooms had to be at least 16 feet (4.9\u00a0m) wide and where attendance would exceed 20 students, the width was to be 18 to 20 feet (5.5 to 6.1\u00a0m). The recommendations also provided for teachers residences which were to contain four rooms and a kitchen.\nThe original school building at Gayndah consisted of a brick schoolroom, 40 by 20 feet (12.2 by 6.1\u00a0m), with an adjoining infants' classroom 12 by 20 feet (3.7 by 6.1\u00a0m), under the same roof with a dividing wall towards the southern end. A verandah extended along the eastern side of the building, and there were three dormer windows in the roof above the level of the verandah roof. On the north elevation underneath the gable (facing the street) the date 1861 was inscribed. Attached to the schoolroom on the western side was a residence for the teacher which included four rooms, (two bedrooms, a sitting room and dining room) and a kitchen, as prescribed by the regulations at the time.\nThe school building has been greatly modified, although it still displays significant aspects of its original design. The original school room is still in place with evidence of the removal of the dividing wall that sectioned off the infants' classroom. The decorative fascia boards on the northern elevation and two of the three original dormer windows on the eastern elevation are still intact. The dormer window towards the northern end has been enclosed to accommodate extensions on the eastern elevation, where the original verandah has also been altered. The teacher's residence has been demolished apart from a single room, originally a bedroom, which adjoins the school room at the northern end and is used as a store room. The building's external walls, originally face brickwork, have been painted white.\nThe original brick building was gradually developed around as the school grew over the ensuing century. The other buildings on site are mostly of timber construction, more typical of Queensland school development than the original brick construction which was always more unusual in Queensland. The original school building is still in use as a music room, resource centre and classroom and forms a working part of the Gayndah school complex. The Gayndah State School is situated on the southern side of Messon Street, the main street in Gayndah. The school is a complex of six buildings from varying periods and is characterised by its well established grounds with mature plantings. Entrance to the school is gained from Messon Street via a decorative wrought iron gate commemorating the centenary of the school reading \"Centenary: 1863 - 1963\".\nThe original masonry school building is located at the western end of the school site and forms only a small part of the total school complex. This building is superficially joined to an adjacent timber building its eastern side by a covered walkway. The building is single-storeyed and comprises a central-gabled core running north/south with three attached wings, one extending to the west from front (northern) elevation (the original teachers bedroom), one extending east from the front elevation (a later addition) and one extending east from the corner of the rear elevation (also a later addition). The eastern elevation of the building creates a U-shaped courtyard incorporating part of the original verandah. The building is constructed basically of brick with some weatherboard included on the eastern additions and has a corrugated iron roof.\nThe northern elevation is characterised by the facade of the gabled- core which displays a decorative scalloped valance along the facia board, an inscription in relief which reads \"Erected AD 1861\" and a large multi-paned window with a corrugated iron hood. The same fenestration is repeated on the southern elevation of the central core.\nThe eastern elevation is characterised by the two original dormer windows in the roof which remain visible and the chamfered timber verandah posts which support the awning of the remaining portion of the original verandah. From the verandah two original double timber doors with glass panels gain entrance into the school room. Both are surmounted by two four-paned fanlights.\nThe interior of the central core was the original school room and is an open-plan rectangular space with a high coved timber ceiling featuring large supporting timber cross-beams. There is evidence of an internal wall having been removed at some stage. Two large multi-paned windows feature at either end of the room and internally the third dormer window can be seen towards the northern end of the room, however it is built over externally. The floor is carpeted and the masonry wall are rendered and painted internally. There are two doors which open to the southern side of the building, one to the front porch on the northern side and one to the rear.\nThe rest of the school complex extends to the east of the original school building with the main part of the school being formed by two separate elongated timber structures running parallel creating a central recreational garden area. There is a tuck-shop building and a classroom wing to the rear of the original building and a library wing at the most easterly end of the site. Gayndah State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.\nThe place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.\nThe original masonry school building at the Gayndah State School is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland's history as it was one of the earliest National Schools to be established in the new Colony of Queensland in 1861. The National Schools reflect the instigation and development of secular education throughout Queensland, a system which was adopted from Ireland by the New South Wales government in 1848 and carried over by the Queensland Government after separation in 1859. The implementation of secular education throughout Queensland was a significant advancement in social thinking at the time, rapidly progressing the facility for schooling in Queensland and laying the ground for the subsequent system of state education in place today.\nSubsequent buildings in the school grounds are also historically significant as they illustrate the evolution of school design demonstrating architectural styles from the Federation, Post-war and late 20th - century periods. The continuation of development at Gayndah State School also reflects the continued viability of the school since 1861. The school also demonstrates the establishment of Gayndah as an administrative centre for the surrounding pastoral region during the 1860s.\nThe place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.\nThe Gayndah State School is significant as a rare example of one of the earliest government schools in Queensland. The 1861 building at Gayndah State School is one of only a few government school buildings surviving from the 1860s and is the oldest government school building still in continuous use in Queensland. It is also a rare example of a masonry school building from this period.\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.\nThe 1861 building is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a National School from the 1860s as it reflects the recommendations for construction which the Board of General Education in Queensland had put in place in order to regulate the standard of school buildings being erected throughout the Colony. The school as a complex also demonstrates typical characteristics of a Queensland State School which has developed over a lengthy time period such as standard timber buildings and tree plantings.\nThe place is important because of its aesthetic significance.\nThe Gayndah State School is aesthetically significant as a well established school site that contributes to the streetscape of Messon Street, the main street in Gayndah, with mature trees and plantings in substantial grounds, buildings of varying styles which complement each other and a decorative commemorative entrance gate presenting a strong external visual presence. The original 1861 building is highly aesthetically significant as a picturesque masonry building displaying quality materials and workmanship in the Victorian Rustic Gothic style. In particular the scalloped valance on the front gable, the dormer windows, the steeply pitched roof and the compact nature of this building all contribute highly to its aesthetic significance.\nThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.\nThe Gayndah State School has a strong association with past, present and futures members of the school community and the local community of Gayndah as a place of education and as a community focal point since 1861.", ["w_s1832"]]
[30338, "Dobcross is a village in the civil parish of the Saddleworth in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, in Greater Manchester, England. It is in a valley in the South Pennines, along the course of the River Tame and the Huddersfield Narrow Canal, 4.2 miles (6.8\u00a0km) east-northeast of Oldham and 13 miles (21\u00a0km) west-southwest of Huddersfield.\nHistorically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Dobcross was anciently a chapelry in the Quickmere division of Saddleworth. For centuries, Dobcross was a hamlet, sustained by domestic flannel and woollen cloth production. Many of the original 17th and 18th century barns and weavers' cottages survive today as listed buildings.\nTogether with neighbouring Delph, Dobcross is, geographically, \"considered as the centre of Saddleworth\", although is not its largest village centre by some margin. Industrial tycoon Henry Platt was born in Dobcross in 1770. John Schlesinger's 1979 film Yanks was filmed on location in Dobcross, and an annual Yanks festival, coupled with a brass band contest on Whit Friday, each contribute to the village's cultural calendar.<PIC> Dobcross is located at an ancient crossing point of the River Tame which was formerly used by trans-Pennine packhorses as they travelled east from Lancashire into Yorkshire. The name means the place where horses cross.\nAt the crossing point of the River Tame lies the site of Walk Mill, which derives its name from the way the wool was 'walked' or trodden to 'full' the cloth before the introduction of mechanical stocks by which the cloth was beaten with fulling hammers to felt and thicken it. Probably the earliest fulling mill in Saddleworth, Walk Mill would have been a common meeting place for the local clothiers.\nBeginning with Richard, the Lawton family ran the mill from at least the late 16th century, if not earlier, and their later wealth in buildings, land and money probably came from the monopoly held by the fulling mill in finishing locally made cloth. The size of the business can be estimated in that, by 1792, Saddleworth saw the production of 36,637 cloth pieces, each priced at \u00a37, giving a total revenue of \u00a3256,459 (equivalent to \u00a331,930,000 in 2020). A total of 1,480,000 pounds (740 short tons) of wool had been used in their manufacture. From wool to the innkeeping business, the Lawton family continued to be a prominent family in Dobcross through to the early 19th century.\nOn the morning of Whit Friday, the traditional Whit Walks, a church procession followed by a service, take place in Saddleworth parish. Saddleworth and District Whit Friday Brass Band contests take place every year on the afternoon and evening of Whit Friday.\nThe playwright Henry Livings (1929\u20131998) lived in the village and a Henry Livings Memorial Prize is open to bands who have played on any of the morning's walks.\nA public house in the village, The Nudger, was once owned by the Olympic swimming champion Henry Taylor of Oldham. The pub eventually went bust. Lying within the ancient county boundaries of Yorkshire since a very early time, during the Middle Ages, Dobcross lay within the Saddleworth chapelry of the ancient parish of Rochdale. Like the other Yorkshire areas of the ancient parish, it was in the wapentake of Agbrigg, with the Lancashire areas of the ancient parish being in Salfordshire.\nDobcross was created an ecclesiastical parish in 1797. It is currently in Saddleworth Deanery, part of the Archdeaconry of Rochdale, in the Anglican Diocese of Manchester.\nFrom 1894 to 1900, Dobcross lay within the Saddleworth Rural District, a local government district in the administrative County of York, West Riding. In 1900, Dobcross was merged into Saddleworth Urban District, where it stayed until 1974. Under the Local Government Act 1972, the Saddleworth Urban District was abolished, and Dobcross has, since 1 April 1974, formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, within Greater Manchester.\nSince 1997, Dobcross has formed part of the parliamentary constituency of Oldham East and Saddleworth, and is represented in the House of Commons by Debbie Abrahams, a member of the Labour Party. Between 1983 and 1997 it was in the Littleborough and Saddleworth constituency. The villages of Dobcross and Uppermill were treated as a single entity by the Office for National Statistics in the 2001 United Kingdom Census. As such, there are no demographic statistics for the village on its own. The statistics given here are for the combined population of Dobcross and Uppermill, which are about half a mile apart.\nAt the 2001 census, the area had a population of 7,475. Its population density was 10,324 inhabitants per square mile (3,986/km\u00b2), with a female-to-male ratio of 100 to 92.6. Of those over 16 years old, 22.5% were single (never married), 49.6% married, and 7.8% divorced. The 3,225\u00a0households in the area included 27.7% one-person, 43.2% married couples living together, 8.1% were co-habiting couples, and 6.9% single parents with their children. Of those aged 16\u201374, 21.1% had no academic qualifications, significantly below the averages of Oldham (37.7%) and England (28.9%).\nAt the 2001 UK census, 79.6% of residents in the area reported themselves as being Christian, 0.3% Muslim, 0.3% Hindu, 0.2% Buddhist, and 0.2% Jewish. The census recorded 13.3% as having no religion, 0.2% had an alternative religion and 6.0% did not state their religion. Dobcross railway station closed in 1955 when the Delph Donkey passenger train service from Oldham to Delph via Greenfield was withdrawn. The line remained in use for goods traffic until 1963.\nThe main bus route through the village of Dobcross is the 184, operated by First Greater Manchester. This runs twice an hour to Diggle and Huddersfield, and in the opposite direction to Oldham and Manchester. On the hourly service to and from Huddersfield, it avoids the village by taking a quicker route along Wool Road, lying just to the east of the village. The other services through Dobcross Square are the 353 and 354 which run from Denshaw and Carrcote to Ashton-under-Lyne. These each run every two hours Monday to Saturday, and are run by First. There are no evening or Sunday services through Dobcross Square.\nBesides the services through the village proper, First services 82 (Uppermill - Manchester, peak hours only), 350 (Ashton - Oldham, every 30 minutes) and X84 (Carrcote - Manchester, peak hours only) serve Dobcross New Road.", ["w_s1838"]]
[30339, "Seagraves is a city in Gaines County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,417 at the 2010 census.<PIC> A post office at the home of S.J. Blythe occupied the area known as Blythe, Texas. In 1917 the Santa Fe railroad moved into the vicinity, but the rail company ran into a problem. Santa Fe already had one town by the name located in Blythe, California. The company decided to change the name of this new location to honor Charles L. Seagraves, an employee who worked as a traveling agent and was favored by local residents. The Spearman Land Company building was the first building to be erected, and the Higginbotham Bartlett Lumber Company followed shortly thereafter. Seagraves grew rapidly as a town, and in 1928 suffered a fire that burned a major portion of the business section. The only building left standing on the west side of Main Street was the Seagraves Motor Company, which led to the rebuilding of modern brick buildings, many of which remain today. Seagraves is located at 32\u00b057\u2032N 102\u00b034\u2032W.\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.5 square miles (3.9\u00a0km\u00b2), all of it land.  As of the 2020 United States census, there were 2,153 people, 730 households, and 528 families residing in the city. As of the census of 2000, 2,334 people, 812 households, and 616 families resided in the city. The population density was 1,609.8 people per square mile (621.5/km\u00b2). The 977 housing units had an average density of 673.9/sq\u00a0mi (260.2/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 66.80% White, 6.08% African American, 0.73% Native American, 0.04% Asian, 23.31% from other races, and 3.04% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 55.91% of the population.\nOf 812 households, 39.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.7% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were not families. About 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.40.\nIn the city, the population was distributed as 32.8% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males.\nThe median income for a household in the city was $26,929, and for a family was $30,707. Males had a median income of $27,944 versus $16,181 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,253. About 22.3% of families and 25.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.8% of those under age 18 and 22.0% of those age 65 or over. The City of Seagraves is served by the Seagraves Independent School District and home to the Seagraves High School Eagles.", ["w_s1850"]]
[30340, "Liberation is the collective name of four TrueType font families: Liberation Sans, Liberation Sans Narrow, Liberation Serif, and Liberation Mono. These fonts are metrically compatible with the most popular fonts on the Microsoft Windows operating system and the Microsoft Office software package (Monotype Corporation\u2019s Arial, Arial Narrow, Times New Roman and Courier New, respectively), for which Liberation is intended as a free substitute. The fonts are default in LibreOffice. Liberation Sans, Liberation Sans Narrow, and Liberation Serif closely match the metrics of Monotype Corporation fonts Arial, Arial Narrow, and Times New Roman, respectively. This means that the letters and symbols width and height between the Liberation fonts and the corresponding Monotype fonts are identical, and the Monotype fonts can be substituted by the corresponding Liberation font without changing the document layout.\nLiberation Mono is styled closer to Liberation Sans than Monotype\u2019s Courier New, though its metrics match with Courier New.\nThe Liberation fonts are intended as free, open-source replacements of the aforementioned proprietary fonts.<PIC> All three fonts supported IBM/Microsoft code pages 437, 737, 775, 850, 852, 855, 857, 858, 860, 861, 863, 865, 866, 869, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1257, the Macintosh Character Set (US Roman), and the Windows OEM character set, that is, the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets, leaving out many writing systems. Extension to other writing systems was prevented by its unique licensing terms.  Since the old fonts were replaced by the Croscore equivalents, expanded Unicode coverage has become possible. The fonts were developed by Steve Matteson of Ascender Corporation as Ascender Sans and Ascender Serif.  A variant of this font family, with the addition of a monospaced font and open-source license, was licensed by Red Hat Inc. as the Liberation font family. Liberation Sans and Liberation Serif derive from Ascender Sans and Ascender Serif respectively; Liberation Mono uses base designs from Ascender Sans and Ascender Uni Duo.\nThe fonts were developed in two stages. The first release of May 2007 was a set of fully usable fonts, but they lacked the full hinting capability. The second release, made available in the beginning of 2008, provides full hinting of the fonts.\nIn April 2010, Oracle Corporation contributed the Liberation Sans Narrow typefaces to the project. They are metrically compatible with the popular Arial Narrow font family. With Liberation Fonts 1.06 the new typefaces were officially released.  As of December 2018, Liberation Fonts 2.00.0 and above are a fork of the Chrome OS Fonts released under the SIL Open Font License, and all fonts are developed at GitHub. Red Hat licensed these fonts from Ascender Corp under the GNU General Public License with a font embedding exception, which states that documents embedding these fonts do not automatically fall under the GNU GPL. As a further exception, any distribution of the object code of the Software in a physical product must provide the right to access and modify the source code for the Software and to reinstall that modified version of the Software in object code form on the same physical product on which it was received. Thus, these fonts permit free and open-source software (FOSS) systems to have high-quality fonts that are metric-compatible with Microsoft software.\nThe Fedora Project, as of version 9, was the first major Linux distribution to include these fonts by default and features a slightly revised versions of the Liberation fonts contributed by Ascender. These include a dotted zero and various changes made for the benefit of internationalization.\nSome other Linux distributions (such as Ubuntu, OpenSUSE and Mandriva Linux) included Liberation fonts in their default installations. The open source software LibreOffice, OpenOffice.org and Collabora Online included Liberation fonts in their installation packages for all supported operating systems.\nDue to licensing concerns with fonts released under a GPL license, some projects looked for alternatives to the Liberation fonts.  Starting with Apache OpenOffice 3.4, Liberation Fonts were replaced with the Chrome OS Fonts \u2013 also known as Croscore fonts: Arimo (sans), Cousine (monospace), and Tinos (serif) \u2013 which are made available by Ascender Corporation under the Apache License 2.0. Unlike modern versions of Times New Roman, Arial, and Courier New, Liberation fonts do not support OpenType advanced typography features like ligatures, old style numerals, or fractions.", ["w_s1856"]]
[30341, "Trinervitermes trinervoides is a species of termite belonging to family Termitidae. It is native to and widespread in southern Africa where it inhabits mesic to semi-arid grasslands. Due to the snout on the head of soldiers, and their grass collecting habits, they are known as snouted harvester termites.<PIC> It is found in South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique, and is widely distributed and common south of the Limpopo River. The species lives in savannah or grassland areas, and avoids barren land. Related species are found in the east of the subcontinent. The snouted harvester termite is a mostly nocturnal species. The species stores grass within its mounds, just beneath the surface. Evidence shows that the species is probably not polycalic and thus each mound will house only a single colony. Since the soldier termites of this species can shoot aversive chemical compounds through their fontanelle squirt gun located on their heads, African insectivores such as the bat-eared fox are not capable to feed on its colonies in a systematic way. It forages with groups of 3-5 individual wide columns, moving from the foraging holes some distance from the main mound and radiating out towards grasses. The species forages during the night and avoids foraging during the winter months of June\u2013August. The foraging itself can last anywhere from 2 hours to 6.5 hours. It feeds in a manner typical of harvester termites. Trinervitermes trinervoides forages on the surface completely exposed, unlike most similar species of termite. This species is able to manage this by secreting a chemical containing a mixture of diterpenes and monoterpenes. This chemical defense can cause significant internal damage to predators and works to deter the large majority of predators. One of their main predators is aardwolves, which are able to eat up to 300,000 termites a night while seeming unperturbed by this toxin. The mound building causes disturbances that build nutritional value as well as improving drainage and fertility. All of these improve vegetation and thus herbivore concentration in an area. Oftentimes these disturbances can be strong enough to switch the ecosystem from a grassy vegetated area to a tree, shrub, and pioneer species landscape.\nStudies have shown that the composition and abundance of plant life on and around a T. trinervoides mound vary depending on the mound age. Active mounds support the growth of both a climax and a pioneer grass in the immediate area, while an eroded mound supports subclimax grass and shrubs. It is shown that soils that contain eroded mounds have higher nutrient contents than soils as close as 0.5 meters away.\nThe species has developed a method of foraging and storing the grass it collects near the surface of the mounds. Because they rely on open cover foraging, which in winter might be unavailable, and unlike most species of termite they store their food to avoid leaving the mound when the cold makes this difficult. Soldiers are also used to defend the foragers while the food is collected, having them patrol between their holes and the foraging area continuously.", ["w_s1859"]]
[30342, "Margaret Charlton (10 December 1858 \u2013 1 May 1931) was a pioneering Canadian medical librarian who was instrumental in founding the Association of Medical Librarians, which became the Medical Library Association in 1907. She was the association's first secretary.<PIC> She was born on December 10, 1858, in La Prairie, Quebec, a small town on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River near Montreal. She was christened Margaret Anne but later changed her second name to Ridley, to honour her descent from the family of the martyred Bishop Nicholas Ridley, who was burnt at the stake in Oxford in 1555.\nIn addition to being a librarian, she was also a literary journalist and wrote several historical sketches, book reviews and wrote two books with her friend Caroline Augusta Fraser. The McGill University Medical Library was founded on August 27, 1823. It was part of the university's Faculty of Medicine and, as was common practice in the 19th and early 20th centuries, a faculty member held the title of \"Librarian\".  Charlton, who had recently completed a summer course at Amherst College in the newly developed field of librarianship, and is thought to have studied under Melvil Dewey, came to this library in 1895. She was appointed to be the library's first Assistant Librarian in 1896. She remained at the McGill Medical Library in this position until 1914, when she resigned under less than happy circumstances, and moved to Toronto as Librarian of the Academy of Medicine.\nCharlton was probably the first person with any formal library training to work at McGill University. Her interest in wider library issues was demonstrated shortly after she arrived, as she was reimbursed $55 for the expense of attending a meeting of the American Library Association in Chicago in 1896. The following year, the British and Canadian medical associations held a joint meeting in Montreal, and it was probably here that Charlton first met prominent Canadian physician William Osler. Osler had graduated from McGill in 1872, and after postgraduate studies in Europe he had returned as a faculty member. He left McGill in 1884 to go to the University of Pennsylvania and by 1897 was at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Osler was always interested in, and supportive of, libraries and had served on the Faculty's Library Committee while at McGill. He was almost certainly eager to meet the newly appointed assistant librarian of his alma mater.\nIt was most likely due to this 1897 meeting that William Osler and Margaret Charlton became involved in the formation of the Association of Medical Librarians, founded on May 2, 1898, by four librarians and four physicians who met in the office of the Philadelphia Medical Journal, at the invitation of its editor, George M. Gould, M.D. The object of the Association was the fostering of medical libraries and the maintenance of an exchange of medical literature among its members.  Membership was limited to librarians representing medical libraries of at least 500 volumes, with regular library hours and attendance.  Miss Charlton served as the Association's first Secretary from 1898 to 1903 and again from 1909 to 1911, after it had become (in 1907) the Medical Library Association. One of the other founding members, Marcia Crocker Noyes (who was to become the first woman and first non-physician President of the Association in 1933), writes of Margaret Charlton as follows:\n\"Miss Charlton was the one person who indirectly brought the Association into being from speaking with Dr. Osler. She had belonged to the American Library Association. Their problems were not our problems, and she felt lost and that time was wasted, yet she had striven for contact with those doing just the sort of work she was doing. And so she suggested to Dr. Osler that it would be a fine thing if the Medical Libraries could do the same thing the American Library Association was doing.\"  (Bulletin of the Medical Library Association, 23 (1934): page 33.) In 1922 she left the Academy of Medicine, also under less than happy circumstances, and  returned to Montreal to live with her sisters. She died there on May 1, 1931, and is buried, with her mother and two of her three sisters, in Mount Royal Cemetery. Margaret Ridley Charlton Award for Outstanding Achievement\nAt the winter 2004 meeting of the Canadian Health Libraries Association /Association des biblioth\u00e8ques de la sant\u00e9 du Canada Board of Directors, it was decided to rename the Award for Outstanding Achievement in honour of Margaret Ridley Charlton In November 2000, Charlton was proposed to the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada as a \"person of national historic significance\". This board, created in 1919, is responsible for making such recommendations to the Canadian government, and in late 2002 it supported the proposal. In September 2003 the Minister of Canadian Heritage, Sheila Copps, approved the Board's recommendation, and Charlton has been added to the list of approximately 600 other \"persons of national historic significance\".  In 2006 a Government of Canada plaque honouring her accomplishments was unveiled at the McGill University Life Sciences (formerly Medical) Library and this was erected outside the McIntyre Medical Sciences Building in November 2012 where it is in close proximity to similar plaques to her contemporaries William Osler and Maude Abbott. Additional images at", ["w_s1863"]]
[30343, "The Heinz 57 Center is an office building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania at the corner of Sixth and Smithfield Avenues. The building has approximately 790,000 square feet (73,000\u00a0m\u00b2), standing 13 stories (190 feet (58\u00a0m)) tall.\nIt was built in 1914 for the Kaufmann & Baer Co. department store. From 1925 to 1986 the building housed a Gimbels department store. Sitting largely vacant for 15 years, the building was remodeled into office space, serving as H.J. Heinz Co. North American Headquarters from 2002 to 2013.\nThe building was designated as historical landmark by the Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation in 1982.<PIC> Kaufmanns Department Store was run by the four Kaufmann brothers: Jacob, Isaac, Morris and Henry. In 1913, Morris Kaufmann and his son Edgar bought their other family members' interests and incorporated Kaufmann's. Isaac, Ludwig and Nathan Kaufmann partnered with Morris and Julius Baer to start a new department store, Kaufmann & Baer Co.. They built the 13 story, 700,000 square foot building at the corner of Sixth and Smithfield in downtown Pittsburgh. The store opened on March 18, 1914, advertising that there was \"no connection with any other store\". On December 2, 1925 Gimbel Brothers purchased Kaufmann & Baer Co., with the store name updated to Gimbels on January 3, 1928.\nIncluded in the purchase was WCAE, the in store radio station, one of the five original Pittsburgh stations, first broadcasting on May 4, 1922. WCAE was Gimbels third radio station, after WIP in Philadelphia and WGBS in New York City.\nSaks Fifth Avenue opened its seventh branch location in September 1949 within the Gimbels Pittsburgh Store. Saks occupied 20,000 square feet (1,900\u00a0m\u00b2) on the sixth floor for 30 years until moving one block down Smithfield street to its own four-story building formerly occupied by W.T. Grant on August 22, 1977.\nGimbels closed on September 13, 1986, after doing business on Smithfield Street for 61 years.\nRichard Penzer purchased the building in 1992 for $2.75 million, although it had an assessed value of $14 million at the time. Penzer was able to lease the first two  levels of the old store to retailers Burlington Coat Factory, Barnes & Noble Booksellers and Eckerd Drug, but the top 9 floors, 450,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (41,806\u00a0m\u00b2) remained vacant.\nPenzer had purchased 12 Pittsburgh buildings in the early 1990s, and during that time gained two orthodox rabbinical business partners, Israel Chait and Walter Friedman. By 1997, Penzer was in negotiations to sell the building to the Glimcher Realty Trust for $17 million. The sale of the building to Glimcher fell apart when Penzer alleged Mr. Chait, his former religious adviser, brainwashed him into sharing his property ownership with Mr. Chait and RZMF, draining millions from his real estate fortune.\nMcKnight Realty Partners purchased the building for $15 million in 1999. At this time the building had been largely vacant for nearly 15 years. The entire building underwent a $25 million remodel, converting into class-A office space. The revisions included adding an 8-story atrium to bring light to dark interior floors, each over an acre in size.\nIn 2001 H.J. Heinz Co. leased floors 7 though 14, totaling 310,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (28,800\u00a0m\u00b2) of the newly remodeled building, in order to relocate their North American headquarters. As part of the lease agreement, the building was renamed the Heinz 57 Center.\nIn 2013, H.J. Heinz Co. announced it would lay off 600 employees across its operations in the U.S. and Canada, including 350 in Pittsburgh, departing its office space in the Heinz 57 Center. Heinz had several office locations in Pittsburgh at the time, choosing to consolidate their remaining office workers into a single building at PPG Place In 2014, UPMC agreed to sublease the majority of the space vacated by Heinz. UPMC moved 550 employees from One Chatham Center into the Heinz 57 Center. UPMC's departure from One Chatham Center left the space nearly vacant, driving the property into foreclosure.", ["w_s1867"]]
[30344, "Soema Montenegro (born 7 December 1978 in LaFerrere, Buenos Aires) is an Argentine singer-songwriter. In 2001 she integrated Piel del Sur, a group directed by Susy Shock. In 2002, along to Maisa, Pereira and Hari M., she founds the trio of improvisation vocal Adivina. This group became the base of experimentation and research work and the space where it formed like singer and improviser during five years in parallel to its formal studies of composition in the Conservatory Alberto Ginastera. In 2008, and as a soloist, she released her first album Uno Una Uno (Noseso Records).\nFrench filmmaker Vincent Moon published a documentary portrait about Soema filmed in February 2010, this is his Take Away Show #100 with which the director closed a series of filming started four years ago that led him to film among others at R.E.M., Arcade Fire and Lhasa de Sela. According to Moon: \"Soema is my favorite singer in the whole world\". The same year she made her first international shows performing at the Instituto Cervantes de Casablanca in Morocco, Petit Bain in Paris and Cave Citadelle in Zurich.\nIn April 2011 she participated in the International Festival of Folklore Buenos Aires (FIFBA) and later, in June, shortly after the US edition of her album Passionaria (Western Vinyl), she was selected to participate in the MICA showcases Of Cultural Industries of Argentina). In 2011 she released her second CD, Passionaria, produced jointly by multi-instrumentalist Jorge Sottile, who was in charge of the musical articulation of an album full of nuances where the variety and uniqueness of timbres abound and producer Juan Ignacio Serrano known as Juanito El Cantor.\nDuring 2012 she participated of the Argentine section Late Night Argentina in Brisbane Festival, Australia, next to 34 Pu\u00f1aladas and Franco Luciani. Then in November she made her first performances in Chile where she shared concerts with Pascuala Ilabaca. During 2013 she participated in the La Casita Out Door Festival in Lincoln Center New York, USA. She made her second European tour, invited by Festival Voix de Femmes, Belgium, recorded a folk record with the Mosaik musical research group in Warsaw, Poland. It was presented in Bilbao and Morocco.\nDuring 2014 she recorded her third album Ave del Cielo, which is presented in September\u2013October in Buenos Aires. With her new group called El Conjuro she gave concerts and seminars in different cities of the country. This album was also produced by Juan Ignacio Serrano and Jorge Sottile. During 2015 she continues to present her third album  Ave del Cielo, in quintet format. In July of this year she made her third European tour, playing in important music festivals around the world, such as Pirineos Sur, Spain and Festival M\u00fasicas do Mundo, Portugal. It is part of the collective Se Trata de Nosotras initiative of the Nation's Culture and the Committee against Trafficking in Persons, sharing stage with important singers and composers of the current scene as Liliana Herrero, Roxana Carabajal, Luciana Jury, Miss Bolivia, among other. She was summoned to participate in the Cycle and movement Playing for Change Argentina. During 2016 Soema participates in the Michelberger Music Festival in Berlin, a unique festival of its kind, where 80 artists from different parts of the world meet to perform unpublished works in joint collaboration.<PIC> Uno Una Uno (2008)\nPassionaria (2011)\nAve del Cielo (2014)\nCamino a la Templanza (2019) Gustavo Cordera - En la Caravana M\u00e1gica (2010)\nLulacruza - Circular Tejido (2010)\nP\u00e1ramo - Lejan\u00eda (2011)\nTeto Ocampo - Mucho Indio (2012)\nGustavo Cordera - En la Caravana M\u00e1gica Vol.2 (2012)\nS\u00e1ndalo Orquesta - S\u00e1ndalo Orquesta (2012)\nMe dar\u00e1s mil hijos - Santo Remedio (2013)\nJuanito El Cantor - El Canto de las Ballenas (2014)\nSe Trata de Nosotras (2014)\nSusy Shock - Buena vida y poca verguenza (2014)\nEl camino de Leda (2017)", ["w_s1871"]]
[30345, "Ruth Harriett Woods (June 2, 1927 \u2013 February 8, 2007) was an American politician and activist, two-time Democratic nominee for the United States Senate from Missouri, and the 42nd lieutenant governor of Missouri. She was the first woman elected to statewide office when she was elected Missouri's first, and so far only, woman lieutenant governor.<PIC> Born Ruth Harriett Friedman in Cleveland, Ohio, she received her Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from the University of Michigan, where she was the first woman to serve as Senior Editor of the Michigan Daily during peacetime.\nShe married Jim Woods on January 2, 1953, and had three sons. Beginning in the early 1960s, Woods began working as a writer, moderator, producer, and talk show host on local television stations. Her programs covered serious topics such as child abuse, women's issues, civil rights, and the Vietnam War. Her political career began as a member of the University City Council in 1967, where she served for seven years, before being appointed to the Missouri Highway Commission in 1974 by then-Governor Kit Bond.\nWoods was first elected to the Missouri State Senate in 1976, becoming the second woman ever elected, and reelected in 1980. In 1982, she made a strong bid for the U.S. Senate against incumbent Republican John Danforth, a colleague of Woods's cousin, Howard Metzenbaum. Aided by a strong grassroots base that rallied under the slogan \"Give them hell, Harriett!\" (a play on a similar slogan used by supporters of another Missourian, Harry S. Truman), Woods built a political presence in the state. Danforth defeated Woods by 26,000 votes, a margin of less than two percent, the closest election of 1982. Some have argued that the decisive issue in the campaign was Woods's strong support for abortion rights in a state where many rural voters, and the large Catholic population in the St. Louis area, generally opposed abortion.\nIn the 1982 election, Woods carried Missouri's rural areas, including every county in the southeast. She also carried the state's \"Little Dixie\" area, a part of mid-Missouri traditionally linked to southern, more conservative, political views, along with the heavily Democratic Kansas City area. But she had problems in some traditionally Democratic areas, losing St. Louis County to Danforth despite living and working as a television producer and newspaper reporter in University City, a suburb of St. Louis. Danforth was also from the St. Louis area. Using her skills as a journalist and former television producer and personality, Woods was able to communicate her message effectively on TV. After trailing Danforth in some polls by more than 50 points after the primary, by mid-October she was running dead even in the polls with him. Her narrow loss, by 26,000 votes, was the closest of 1982.\nAnother important reason for Woods's narrow loss was that she was outspent ($1,849,025 for Danforth to $1,193,966 for Woods), with almost half of her spending in the last few weeks of the campaign, too late to allow for the purchase of substantial media. As a result, she ran out of money during the latter stages of the campaign, forcing her to pull her very effective TV ads for a week. Nationwide, publicity over the narrow loss of a candidate who with a little more money might have been the first woman ever elected a U.S. Senator from Missouri led to the 1985 creation of the political action committee EMILY's List (\"Early Money is Like Yeast\").\nIn 1984, Woods ran for lieutenant governor and won, even as voters elected Republican John Ashcroft governor and Ronald Reagan carried Missouri and 48 other states. Woods thus became the first woman elected to statewide office in Missouri.\nIn 1986, she once again was chosen as the Democratic nominee for the Senate, this time running against former Governor Kit Bond for the seat being vacated by retiring Senator Tom Eagleton. In another tight race, Woods lost by three points. She remained lieutenant governor until 1989.\nAfter her retirement, Woods remained prominent, especially as an activist for women in politics. From 1991 to 1995, she was president of the National Women's Political Caucus. In 1999, she was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. She also taught classes on gender and politics at the University of Missouri\u2013St. Louis, Pace University, and Hunter College. In January 2001, Woods joined other Missouri Democrats in opposing John Ashcroft's nomination for U.S. Attorney General.", ["w_s1873"]]
[30346, "Tamshiyacu Tahuayo Regional Conservation Area (ACRCTT; Spanish: \u00c1rea de Conservaci\u00f3n Regional Comunal Tamshiyacu Tahuayo) is a protected area located south east of Iquitos, extending over the Peruvian department of Loreto, provinces of Maynas (district of Fernando Lores), Ram\u00f3n Castilla (district of Yavar\u00ed) and Requena (district of Sapuena and district of Yaquerana). It was established by the Peruvian Ministry of Environment (MINAM; Spanish: Ministerio del Ambiente) on May 15, 2009. The reserve is managed and funded by the Regional Government of Loreto.\nTamshiyacu Tahuayo Regional Conservation Area spans an area of 4,200.8\u00a0km\u00b2 (420,080.25 ha; 1'038,040.9 acre; 1,621.94 sq miles) comprising floodable and upland forest of the Peruvian Amazon. It is known for its abundant wildlife.\nIt has high levels of biodiversity. Hundreds of species of mammals, primates, birds, fish and reptiles have been documented, including several that are endemic as well as either endangered or threatened.\nThe reserve was established to conserve ecosystems of upland and floodable rainforests, as well as ecological and evolutionary processes of the area, guaranteeing the sustainable use of the wildlife by the local population.\nTamshiyacu Tahuayo has several research and tourist activities focused on wildlife-spotting, including camping, hiking, boating, bird watching and fishing.<PIC> Much research had been conducted in this area since the mid-1970s. Between 1980 and 1990 the importance of conserving the area was highlighted due its unique and vast biodiversity, especially the high diversity of primates as the threatened red bald uakari (Cacajao calvus ucayalii), endemic to Peru, as well as other species recently recorded as the Ranitomeya uakarii.\nDuring the 1980s, the Peruvian government noted the unusual number of primates produced by this region and so in the early 1980s biologist Pekka Soini (who later became renowned for his conservation work with Amazon turtles in the Pacaya Samiria) and his assistant Rogelio Castro, conducted the first primate population survey under the auspices of IVITA (the Peruvian Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura). In 1984 University of Illinois primatologist Paul Garber and his student Richard Bodmer came from the United States to further study the mammalian ecology. Evidence of the regions ecological importance continued to grow. Additionally, local villages of the Tahuayo River and the Blanco River had long grown tired of the exploitation and degradation of natural resources in the area which had started in the 1970s. In the late 1980s conservationist Greg Neise and Richard Bodmer worked with the communities of the Tahuayo River to develop a plan to have the region recognized as a community reserve. A few years later the passage of Propuesta Tecnia by the province of Maynas become a reality. On June 19, 1991 with the enactment of Executive Resolution #080-91-CR-GRA-P. The reserve was declared a community reserve and named Reserva Comunal Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo (RCTT) after two of its major boundary rivers. Initial conservation efforts in the RCTT were funded by the Rainforest Conservation Fund (RCF), based in Chicago and headed by Neise.\nUnfortunately, during the first ten years of its creation the legal protection of the RCTT failed as commercial loggers and fisheries exploited many resources. The situation was made worse due to the anti-conservationist sentiments heading the regional government of Loreto. The governor at the time, Robinson, was opposed to expanding or even honoring any existing conservation measures. The reserve was on the brink of collapse.\nHowever, in 2006 the election of pro-conservation candidate Yvan Vasquez as regional president of Loreto renewed support for Tahuayo conservation. Soon after Vasquez election the reserve was expanded in size to over a million acres (over 440,000 hectares) and given added legal protection. On May 21, 2007, the Regional Government of Loreto signed the Ordenanza Regional 011-2007-GRL-CR that approved the technical proposal for the establishment of the protected area. The proposal was signed at a ceremony held at Amazonia Expeditions Amazon Research Center. A few years later on May 15, 2009 the proposal was ratified by the national government of Peru in Lima, the  Ministry of Environment signed the Decreto Supremo 010-2009-MINAM, law that officially created the Area de Conservation Regional Communal Tamshiyacu Tahuayo (ACRCTT). ACRCTT is located within the Department of Loreto, in the north of Peru. It is 420,080.25 ha (4,200.8\u00a0km\u00b2; 1\u2019038,040.9 acres) in area.\nThe reserve comprises rivers, lakes, canals, oxbow lakes, swamps, several types of upland and lowland forests including varzea, igapo, and terra firme. The conservation area includes part of the Iquitos v\u00e1rzea ecoregion.\nACRCTT has many world records on diversity of plants, primates and mammals species. ACRCTT has habitat that supports a known 1650 species of plants, however it is estimated that there are 2500-3500 species of plants in ACRCTT. It is possible to find trees such cedar (Cedrela odorata), mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), and others. In 2003 the Chicago Field Museum\u2019s Rapid Biological Inventory, found in the ACRCTT 240 species of fish, 77 species of amphibians, 45 species of reptiles, 400 species of birds, and 39 species of terrestrial mammals, including 14 species of primates. Subsequent research has increased the totals to over 110 species of terrestrial mammals (Michael Valqui, doctoral thesis, University of Florida), over 600 species of birds (Dr. Carol Foss, Noam Shaney, Alfredo Begazo, Josias Tello, Andy Bicerra) and at least 16 species of primates, including a new species of saki monkey being described by Dr. Janice Chism (Winthrop University).\nSome of the wildlife that inhabits the ACRCTT area are monkeys the huapo Colorado or red bald uakari (Cacajao calvus ucayalii), the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus); the pink dolphin (Inia geoffrensis), the grey dolphin (Sotalia fluviatilis), the brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus), the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), the spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus), the black caiman (Melanosuchus niger), the South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), the giant river otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus), jaguar (Panthera onca), the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis), the wattled curassow (Crax globulosa), the hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin), the harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja), among others. ACRCTT is located on the Amazon rainforest, near the Amazon River. This protected area is located on the lowland jungle (Spanish: selva baja) also known as Omagua region or Amazon basin. It has annual temperatures ranging from 25\u00a0\u00b0C (77\u00a0\u00b0F) to 33\u00a0\u00b0C (91\u00a0\u00b0F) and an annual rainfall of 3,000 millimetres (120\u00a0in) It is possible to visit the ACRCTT year-round, however, the busiest season for visitors is from June to August, this is also the high tourist season throughout Peru.\nAs of 2018, there are several tourism facilities operating in areas near the ACRCTT with the ability to offer excursions into the reserve. Most tourism facilities are a 3-4 hour speed boat ride from Iquitos. Many of these lodges offer private bungalows with private bathrooms and most lodges have electricity, some, via solar power. Tahuayo Lodge, Grand Amazon Lodge, Muyuna Lodge, Curassow Lodge, Aqua Expeditions Lodge are all built within the border areas of the reserve as no new construction is permitted within the reserves formal boundaries. The only tourism facility located entirely within the reserve is Amazonia Expeditions secondary lodge, the Amazon Research Center Lodge, this is the only man made structure that exists within the over 1 million acre conservation area as it was grandfathered in after the creation of the reserve.\nVisitors partake in boating on rivers, lagoons and oxbow, hiking and camping, these activities are focused on wildlife observation. Also travelers may fish and navigate the Amazon River.\nACRCTT has great biodiversity and spans over an important flyway of migratory birds hence it is popular for bird watching and bird photography also.", ["w_s1877"]]
[30347, "The Luise\u00f1o language is a Uto-Aztecan language of California spoken by the Luise\u00f1o, a Native American people who at the time of first contact with the Spanish in the 16th century inhabited the coastal area of southern California, ranging 50 miles (80\u00a0km) from the southern part of Los Angeles County, California, to the northern part of San Diego County, California, and inland 30 miles (48\u00a0km). The people are called \"Luise\u00f1o\", owing to their proximity to the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia.\nThe language is highly endangered, but an active language revitalization project is underway, assisted by linguists from the University of California, Riverside. The Pechanga Band of Luise\u00f1o Indians offers classes for children, and in 2013, \"the tribe ... began funding a graduate-level Cal State San Bernardino Luise\u00f1o class, one of the few for-credit university indigenous-language courses in the country.\" In 2012, a Luise\u00f1o video game for the Nintendo DS was being used to teach the language to young people.\nJuane\u00f1o, the Luise\u00f1o dialect spoken by the Acjachemen, is extinct.<PIC> Luise\u00f1o is an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.  Luise\u00f1o has ten vowel phonemes, five long and five short. \nDiphthongs include ey [e\u02b2], ow [o\u02b7] and oow [o\u02d0\u02b7].\nLuise\u00f1o vowels have three lengths.\nShort: The basic vowel length. In writing, this is the standard value of a given vowel, e.g. \u27e8a\u27e9.\nLong: The vowel is held twice as long but with no change in quality. In writing, a long vowel is often indicated by doubling it, e.g. \u27e8aa\u27e9.\nOverlong: The vowel is held three times as long but with no change in quality. In writing, an overlong vowel is indicated by tripling it, e.g. \u27e8aaa\u27e9.\nOverlong vowels are rare in Luise\u00f1o, typically reserved for absolutes, such as interjections, e.g.  aaashisha, roughly \"haha!\" (more accurately an exclamation of praise, joy or laughter). For some native speakers recorded in The Sparkman Grammar of Luise\u00f1o, the allophones [\u0259] and [\u0268] are free variants of [e] and [i] respectively. However, other speakers do not use these variants. Sparkman records fewer than 25 Luise\u00f1o words with either [\u0259] or [\u0268]. For one of these words (ix\u00edla \"a cough\") the pronunciations [\u0259x\u0268la] and [\u0268x\u0268la] are both recorded.\nUnstressed [u] freely varies with [o]. Likewise, unstressed [i] and [e] are free variants. Vowels are often syncopated when attaching certain affixes, notably the possessive prefixes no- \"my\", cham- \"our\", etc. Hence pol\u00f3v \"good\", but o-plovi \"your goodness\"; kichum \"houses\" (nominative case), but kichmi \"houses\" (accusative case). A stress accent most commonly falls on the first syllable of a word. \nA single consonant between a stressed and unstressed vowel is doubled. Most are geminate, such as w [w\u02d0] and xw [x\u02d0\u02b7]. However, some take a glottal stop instead: ch [\u0294t\u035c\u0283], kw [\u0294k\u02b7], qw [\u0294q\u02b7], ng [\u014b\u0294], th [\u00f0\u0294], v [v\u0294], x [x\u0294] (Elliot 1999: 14\u201316.)\nAs a rule, the possessive prefixes are unstressed. The accent remains on the first syllable of the root word, e.g. nokaamay \"my son\" and never *nokaamay. One rare exception is the word  p\u00f3-ha \"alone\" (< po- \"his/her/its\" + ha \"self\"), whose invariable prefix and fixed accent suggests that it is now considered a single lexical item (compare noha \"myself\", poha \"him/herself\", etc.). Luise\u00f1o has a fairly rich consonant inventory.\n/b/, /d/, /f/, /\u0261/ are found only in borrowed words, principally from Spanish and English.\nBoth [\u0283] and [t\u0283]  are found in word initial position. However, only [t\u0283] occurs intervocalically, and only [\u0283] is found preconsonantally and at word final position. Examples of these allophones in complementary distribution abound, such as ya\ua78c\u00e1sh ('man NOM') and ya\ua78c\u00e1chi ('man ACC').\n/r/ is trilled at the beginning of a word and a tap between vowels.\nThe two sibilants have also been described as dental and retroflex [\u0282] (Elliot 1999: 14). Along with an extensive oral tradition, Luise\u00f1o has a written tradition that stretches back to the Spanish settlement of San Diego. Pablo Tac (1822\u20131841), a native Luise\u00f1o speaker and Mission Indian, was the first to develop an orthography for his native language while studying in Rome to be a Catholic priest. His orthography leaned heavily on Spanish, which he learned in his youth. Although Luise\u00f1o has no standardized spelling, a commonly accepted orthography is implemented in reservation classrooms and college campuses in San Diego where the language is taught. \nThe alphabet taught in schools is:\n\ua78c \ua78ca ch \ua78ce h \ua78ci k kw l m n ng \ua78co p q qw r s s\u0338 sh th t \ua78cu v w x xw y\nCurrent orthography marks stress with an acute accent on the stressed syllable's vowel, e.g. chil\u00fay \"speak Spanish\", koy\u00f3owut \"whale\". Formerly, stress might be marked on both letters of a long vowel, e.g. koy\u00f3\u00f3wut, or by underlining, e.g. koyoowut \"whale\"; stress was not marked when it fell on the first syllable, e.g. hiicha \"what\" (currently h\u00edicha). The marking of word-initial stress, like the marking of predictable glottal stop, is a response to language revitalization efforts. \nThe various orthographies that have been used for writing the language show influences from Spanish, English and Americanist phonetic notation. The Lord's Prayer (or the Our Father) in Luise\u00f1o, as recorded in The Sparkman Grammar of Luise\u00f1o.\nCham-na\ua78c tuupanga aaukat cham-cha oi oh\u00f3\ua78cvanma.\nToshngo om chaami.\nLov\u00ed\ua78ci om hish mimchapun iv\u00e1\ua78c ooxng tuupanga ax\u00e1ninuk.\nOvi om chaamik cham-naachaxoni choun tem\u00e9ti.\nMaaxaxan-up om chaamik hish al\u00e1xwichi chaam-lo\ua78cxai ivian\u00e1ninuk chaam-cha maaxaxma pom\u00f3omi chaami hish pom-lo\ua78cxai al\u00e1xwichi.\nTuusho kam\u00edi\ua78ci chaami chaam-lo\ua78cxai hish hichakati.\nKwavcho om chaami.\nOur-father / sky-in / being / we / you / believe / always.\nCommand / you / us.\nDo / you / anything / whatever / here / earth-on / sky-in / as.\nGive / you / us-to / our-food / every / day.\nPardon / you / us-to / anything / bad / our-doing / this as /we / pardon / them / us / anything / their-doing / bad.\nNot / allow / us / our-doing / anything / wicked.\nCare / you / us. Linguist John Peabody Harrington made a series of recordings of speakers of Luise\u00f1o in the 1930s. Those recordings, made on aluminum disks, were deposited in the United States National Archives. They have since been digitized and made available over the internet by the Smithsonian Institution.", ["w_s1881"]]
[30348, "HFIM, acronym for high-frequency-impulse-measurement, is a type of measurement technique in acoustics, where structure-borne sound signals are detected and processed with certain emphasis on short-lived signals as they are indicative for crack formation in a solid body, mostly steel. The basic idea is to use mathematical signal processing methods such as Fourier analysis in combination with suitable computer hardware to allow for real-time measurements of acoustic signal amplitudes as well as their distribution in frequency space. The main benefit of this technique is the enhanced signal-to-noise ratio when it comes to the separation of acoustic emission from a certain source and other, unwanted contamination by any kinds of noise. The technique is therefore mostly applied in industrial production processes, e.g. cold forming or machining, where a 100 percent quality control is required or in condition monitoring for e.g. quantifying tool wear.<PIC> High-frequency-impulse measurement is an algorithm for obtaining frequency information of any structure- or air-borne sound source on the basis of discrete signal transformations. This is mostly done using [Fourier series] to quantify the distribution of the energy content of a sound signal in frequency space. On the software side, the tool used for this is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) implementation of this mathematical transformation. This allows, in combination with specific hardware, to directly obtain frequency information so that this is accessible in-line, e.g. during a production process. Contrary to classical, off-line frequency analysis methods, the signal is not unfolded before transformation but is directly fed into the FFT computation. Single events, such as cracks, are hence depicted as extremely short-lived signals covering the entire frequency range (the Fourier transform of a single impulse is a signal covering the entire observed frequency space). Therefore, such single events are easily separable from other noises, even if they are much more energetic. Because of its in-line capabilities, HFIM is mostly applied in industrial production processes when it comes to high quality standards e.g. for auto parts that are relevant for crash behavior of a car:\nCold forming: In cold forming applications, HFIM is mostly used to detect cracks during the forming process. Since such cracks are vastly due to stress in the manufactured part, the spontaneous formation of a crack is accompanied by a very sharp, impulse-like signal in the HFIM process landscape which can easily be separated from other noise. Therefore, HFIM is the standard technology for crack detection in the automotive sector all over the world.\nMachining: In many machining applications, HFIM is used to either monitor the status of tool wear and hence enable pedicitive maintenance or to prevent chatter.\nPlastic injection molding: Here, HFIM is used to monitor the status of the molds which are usually very complex. In particular, breaking off of small pins or other parts of the mold can be detected in-line.\nWelding: In contrast to most classical monitoring systems for the welding process which usually measure currents or voltages on the welding device, HFIM measures the energy acting directly on the welded workpiece. That allows for detection of various weld imperfections such as burn-through.\nThere are also several applications of HFIM devices in materials science laboratories where the exact timing of crack formation is relevant, for instance when determining the plasticity of a new kind of steel. Website of QASS, a German company and manufacturer of HFIM measurement devices. (incl. photos, videos and further links)\nTalk by Dr. Peter-Christian Zinn concerning different applications of HFIM in the context of Smart Factories.", ["w_s1885"]]
[30349, "Meherzia Labidi Ma\u00efza (Arabic: \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0632\u0629;17 December 1963 \u2013 22 January 2021) was a Tunisian politician and professional translator and interpreter. She became the first deputy speaker of the Constituent Assembly of Tunisia.\nMa\u00efza was the most senior elected woman in the Middle East. She was proud of helping to include a clause to protect women's rights into Tunisia's post Arab Spring constitution.<PIC> Meherzia Labidi was born on 17 December 1963 in El Mezira\u00e2 in the town of Hammamet in Nabeul Governorate in North East Tunisia. She graduated from a mixed high school in the town of Grombalia in 1982 and then moved south to study at the Ecole Normale Superieure in the city of Sousse.\nLabidi-Ma\u00efza married in 1986 and went to France with her husband, who is a telecommunications engineer, to study in the \u00c9cole sup\u00e9rieure d'interpr\u00e8tes et de traducteurs at the University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle. She earned a master's degree in economics and translation and a post-graduate degree in English literature and theatre studies in 1992. She taught translation at the European Institute of Human Sciences in St. Denis. In 2004 Labidi-Ma\u00efza co-authored Abraham, r\u00e9veille-toi, ils sont devenus fous! (Abraham, Wake Up. They Are Going Crazy) with Laurent Klein. She gave lectures on education in multicultural societies, women, religion and society. From 2006, she was chair of the Global Women of Faith Network.\nIn 2009, Labidi-Ma\u00efza was a member of the European Council of religious leaders. She came to international notice when she supported a more moderate position over wearing the niqab. This was during the French debates that aimed to restrict it being worn in France. In 2015, she served as the honorary president of Religions for Peace, a New York-based NGO recognized at the UN. On 23 October 2011, Labidi-Ma\u00efza was elected to the Tunisian Constituent Assembly as a representative of the Ennahda Movement for Tunisians living abroad. She noted that she benefited from a clause that required every other candidate to be a woman. On 22 November she became the First Deputy Speaker of the assembly after receiving 142 out of the 214 votes. In 2012 Labidi-Ma\u00efza was described as the \"most senior elected woman in the Middle East\".\nLabidi-Ma\u00efza organised the debates that gave birth to Tunisia's new constitution. She was proud of ensuring that women's rights were included in Article 45 of the constitution. She was identified by the Huffington Post as one of eight women who \"made the world a better place\" in 2014. The post Arab Spring constitution contained clauses that her own supporters did not like but she said, \"It's like giving birth: painful, but in the end everyone is happy when the child arrives\".\nLabidi-Ma\u00efza was a French and a Tunisian citizen, daughter of a father of eight children who told them that they must all graduate before they could consider marriage. Her dual nationality was the subject of controversy to her critics. She was married and mother of two girls and a boy.\nLabidi-Ma\u00efza was elected to the assembly of the representatives of the people in the Tunisian parliamentary election in October 2014, this time in the second level district of Nabeul in north-east Tunisia. In 2015 she was still a member of the Tunisian government and led its committee for women, family, children and the elderly. Labidi-Ma\u00efza was reported to have contracted COVID-19 in late 2020 and in mid-November moved to France to receive treatment.  Her health deteriorated from early December and she died in early hours of 22 January 2021.  The Tunisian Minister of Women's Affairs, Sihem Badi claimed that she had not been suffering from COVID-19. Labidi-Ma\u00efza's body was repatriated to Tunisia on 23 January and was buried at Grombalia cemetery, Nabeul on 24 January.", ["w_s1886"]]
[30350, "Pleurotus eryngii (also known as king trumpet mushroom, French horn mushroom, eryngi, king oyster mushroom, king brown mushroom, boletus of the steppes, trumpet royale, ali\u02bbi oyster) is an edible mushroom native to Mediterranean regions of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, but also grown in many parts of Asia.<PIC> Pleurotus eryngii is the largest species in the oyster mushroom genus, Pleurotus, which also contains the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. It has a thick, meaty white stem and a small tan cap (in young specimens). Its natural range extends from the Atlantic Ocean through the Mediterranean Basin and Central Europe into Western Asia and India. Unlike other species of Pleurotus, which are primarily wood-decay fungi, the P. eryngii complex are also weak parasites on the roots of herbaceous plants, although they may also be cultured on organic wastes. Its species name is derived from the fact that it grows in association with the roots of Eryngium campestre or other Eryngium plants (English names: 'sea holly' or 'eryngo'). P. eryngii is a species complex, and a number of varieties have been described, with differing plant associates in the carrot family (Apiaceae).\nPleurotus eryngii var. eryngii (DC.) Qu\u00e9l 1872 \u2013 associated with Eryngium ssp.\nPleurotus eryngii var. ferulae (Lanzi) Sacc. 1887 \u2013 associated with Ferula communis\nPleurotus eryngii var. tingitanus Lewinsohn 2002 \u2013 associated with Ferula tingitana\nPleurotus eryngii var. elaeoselini Venturella, Zervakis & La Rocca 2000 \u2013 associated with Elaeoselinum asclepium\nPleurotus eryngii var. thapsiae Venturella, Zervakis & Saitta 2002 \u2013 associated with Thapsia garganica\nOther specimens of P. eryngii have been reported in association with plants in the genera Ferulago, Cachrys, Laserpitium, and Diplotaenia, all in Apiaceae.\nMolecular studies have shown Pleurotus nebrodensis to be closely related to, but distinct from, P. eryngii. Pleurotus fossulatus may be another closely related species. The mushroom has a good shelf life and is cultivated widely. It has little flavor or aroma when raw. When cooked, it develops rich umami flavor and a meaty texture. When cultivating Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) can be used in the mushroom industry for the classification and maintenance of high-quality mushroom spawns. P. eryngii, are commercially produced, edible mushrooms, with P. eryngii making up 30% of the Korean edible mushroom market since its introduction in 1995. It is commonly used as a meat substitute in many vegan recipes.\nPleurotus eryngii may contain chemicals that stimulate the immune system. Dietary intake of Pleurotus eryngii may function as cholesterol-lowering dietary agent.\nLike some other Pleurotus species, P. eryngii attacks nematodes and may provide a control method for these parasites when they infect cats and dogs.\nIt's very frequently used in Apulian cuisine. An example of this is when it is put on top of Orecchiette. Sequence analysis of the ITS1\u20135.8S rDNA\u2013ITS2 of P. eryngii and the control strains P. ostreatus and P. ferulae, demonstrated that the DNA regions share almost 99\u00a0% of sequence identity, indicating closely related mushroom strains. ITS1\u20135.8S rDNA\u2013ITS2 sequence analysis is DNA sequencing used to confirm the mushroom species at hand, although it does distinguish variants in the mushroom species. RAPD are superior to DNA sequence-based methods with distinguishing strains in species. To verify the mushroom strains RAPD was used, and DNA fragments were amplified from the total cellular DNA. Verification of Pleurotus eryngii strains was assessed using ITS sequence analysis and RAPD fingerprinting. Analysis of the DNA fragment pattern showed that the 22 P. eryngii strains were clearly distinguished from the control strains P. ostreatus and P. ferulae, and could be categorized into five subgroups:\nGroup 1- commonly showed widely spaced gills under the convex cap. They tended to form small fruiting bodies. Eastern Europe. 24-25C optimum growth\nGroup 2- funnel-shaped cap phenotype with a stout stem. Members in this group grew faster than other mushrooms. They required 15\u201316 d from the fructification for harvest whereas the others required 18\u201321 d.\nGroup 3- shared similar morphological characteristics; they formed thin fruiting bodies with a small convex cap. Strains KNR2514 and KNR 2522\nGroup 4- resembled group I mushrooms morphologically but grew at around 27 \u00b0C.\nGroup 5- was collected from Iran; they grew as mycelia but hardly formed fruiting bodies. In this group, we only succeeded in generating fruiting bodies for KNR2517, which had a wide, white, convex cap. Their optimal growth temperature was the lowest among the strains tested (19\u201321 \u00b0C), which may reflect their geographical origin. Pleurotus populations growing on umbellifers seem to have recently diverged through a sympatric speciation process, that is based on both intrinsic reproductive barriers and extrinsic ecogeographical factors.\nPleurotus eryngii is a saprotrophic fungus. Saprotrophic fungi use the process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed organic matter. They are also an NTF, nematode-trapping fungi, that survives by trapping and digesting nematodes working as a natural pesticide. These fungi produce trapping devices to capture, kill, and digest nematodes as food sources. Traps are not only the weapons that NTF use to capture and infect nematodes but also an important indicator of their switch from a saprophytic to a predacious lifestyle. Pleurotus eryngii can live both saprophytically on organic matter and as predators by capturing tiny animals. The development of traps shows their evolutionary importance of them. They provide a crucial role in obtaining nutrients and may confer competitive advantages over non-predatory fungi. This fungal carnivorism diverged from saprophytism about 419 million years ago (Mya), after the origin of nematodes about 550\u2013600 Mya. This following evolution of the fungi after the nematode suggests the co-evolution of the species. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that NTF have a common ancestor and the ability to capture nematodes has been an important trait for speciation and diversification within the clade.\nP. eryngii extract reduced the number of Panagrellus sp. larvae after 24 h by 90%.  P. eryngii fungus has predatory activity against Panagrellus sp. larvae due to toxins production and negatively affects Meloidogyne javanica eggs and juveniles development.", ["w_s1888"]]
[30351, "Ren\u00e9 Vidal (born 1974) is a Chilean electrical engineer and computer scientist who is known for his research in machine learning, computer vision, medical image computing, robotics, and control theory. He is the Herschel L. Seder Professor of the Johns Hopkins Department of Biomedical Engineering, and the founding director of the Mathematical Institute for Data Science (MINDS).<PIC> Vidal did his undergraduate studies at the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile where he received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1995 and his Master of Engineering degree in 1996. After one year at DICTUC he enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was awarded an M.Sc. and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in 2000 and 2003, respectively. Before joining Johns Hopkins University in 2004, he was a Research Scientist at the Australian National University and NICTA. Vidal is currently a Professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering of Johns Hopkins University with secondary appointments in Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Computer Science, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering. He is also a faculty member in the Center for Imaging Science, the Institute for Computational Medicine and the Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics. In 2017, Vidal became the founding director of the Mathematical Institute for Data Science (MINDS). In 2004, Vidal was recognized with the National Science Foundation CAREER Awards.\nIn 2009, Vidal was recognized by the Office of Naval Research with an award from the Young Investigator Program.\nIn 2009, Vidal was recognized with a Sloan Research Fellowship in computer science by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.\nIn 2012, Vidal was recognized by the International Association for Pattern Recognition by winning the J.K. Aggarwal Prize for outstanding contributions to generalized principal component analysis (GPCA) and subspace clustering in computer vision and pattern recognition.\nIn 2014, Vidal was elected IEEE Fellow for contributions to subspace clustering and motion segmentation in computer vision.\nIn 2016, Vidal was elected IAPR fellow for contributions to computer vision and pattern recognition.\nIn 2020, Vidal was inducted into AIMBE College of Fellows for outstanding contributions to medical image analysis and medical robotics. Vidal has been a prominent scientist in the fields of machine learning, computer vision, medical image computing, robotics and control theory since the 2000s. In machine learning, Vidal has made many contributions to subspace clustering, including his work on Generalized Principal Component Analysis (GPCA), Sparse Subspace Clustering (SSC) and Low Rank Subspace Clustering (LRSC). Much of his work in machine learning is summarized in his book Generalized Principal Component Analysis. Currently, he is working on understanding the mathematical foundations of deep learning, specifically conditions for global optimality. In computer vision, Vidal has made many contributions to rigid motion segmentation, activity recognition and dynamic textures. In medical image computing, Vidal developed algorithms for recognition of surgical gestures. In robotics, Vidal developed algorithms for distributed control of unmanned vehicles. In control theory, Vidal studied algebraic conditions for observability of hybrid systems  as well as algebraic geometric approaches for the identification of hybrid systems.", ["w_s1889"]]
[30352, "Brigadier General Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti (born December 16, 1936) is a retired officer of the United States Air Force, who in 1985 became the first Hispanic female to attain the rank of Brigadier General. Vigil-Schimmenti was the Chief of the United States Air Force Nurse Corps, Office of the Surgeon General; Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.<PIC> Vigil-Schimmenti was born on December 16, 1936 in Albuquerque, New Mexico.  She grew up on her family's ranch between Edgewood and Moriarty. She graduated from St. Mary's High School in 1954. In 1957, she earned her nursing diploma from the Regina School of Nursing of Albuquerque. Vigil-Schimmenti joined the U.S. Air Force in 1958 and was assigned to the Air Force Nurse Corps. From August 1958 until September 1960, she served as an operating room nurse and general duty nurse at the USAF Medical Center Wright-Patterson, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio. During the time she served at the USAF Medical Center Wright-Patterson, she was able to complete the flight nurse course at Gunter Air Force Base in Alabama. In 1960, Vigil-Schimmenti was assigned as a general duty nurse at USAF Dispensary, Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, where she served until May 1962, when she was transferred to the 9th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron, Tachikawa Air Base, Japan, where she was a flight nurse until August 1964.\nIn August 1964, Vigil-Schimmenti left to attend the University of Pittsburgh and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1966. In July 1966, she was assigned to the USAF School of Health Care Sciences, Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas, as an instructor in the Medical Service Specialist Course. Vigil-Schimmenti served in the Pacific during the Vietnam War. In June 1968, Vigil-Schimmenti, was named the charge nurse in the school health program and primary care screening nurse at USAF Dispensary, Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, Japan. In January 1971, she returned to the United States and was assigned to David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis Air Force Base, California, as charge nurse emergency services and primary care clinic, charge nurse oncology clinic and home care service.\nVigil-Schimmenti attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from August 1973 until August 1974 and earned a Master of Public Health degree. Following graduate studies, she was transferred to Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, where she served as charge nurse, clinical coordinator and facility design coordinator.\nVigil-Schimmenti served in various positions until March 1983, when she was selected as command nurse, Headquarters Strategic Air Command, Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska. In October 1985, Vigil-Schimmenti became the first Hispanic female to attain the rank of Brigadier General. She assumed the duties of Chief of the U. S. Air Force Nurse Corps, Office of the Surgeon General; Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.\nDuring her service years, Vigil-Schimmenti attended the Air War College and the Inter-Agency Institute. She retired from the Air Force on October 1, 1988. Among Brigadier General Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti's decorations and medals were the following:\n\u00a0\u00a0Air Force Distinguished Service Medal\n\u00a0\u00a0Legion of Merit\n\u00a0\u00a0Meritorious Service Medal with oak leaf cluster,\n\u00a0\u00a0Air Force Commendation Medal\n\u00a0\u00a0National Defense Service Medal\n\u00a0\u00a0Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal\n\u00a0\u00a0Air Force Longevity Service Award Ribbon with five oak leaf clusters.\nBadges:\n\u00a0\u00a0Flight Nurse Badge\n\u00a0\u00a0Air Force Medical Badge After retiring from the service in 1988, Vigil-Schimmenti returned to Albuquerque with her husband, retired Marine Lieutenant Colonel Joseph A. Schimmenti.  Vigil-Schimmenti is a member of the American Nurses Association, Texas Nurses Association, Association of Military Surgeons of the United States, National League for Nursing, Air Force Association and the Aerospace Medical Association.", ["w_s1890"]]
[30353, "Heasta, Heast, or the anglicised form Heaste, pron. /he\u026ast/, is a small settlement on the island of Skye, Scotland. It is located on the west coast of the island five miles (eight kilometres) south of Broadford extending down to the north shore of Loch Eiseort, facing out to the Atlantic to the south west and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.<PIC> The etymology of the name Heaste is unclear. It is likely that the name is old Norse as are a great many local placenames, not Scottish Gaelic. The anglicised \"Heaste\" spelling may have been influenced by the English word \u2018haste\u2019. Suggested etymologies have included: one been based on a suggestion relating to the tidal island of Eilean Heast which lies just off-shore in the sea-loch Loch Eiseort. This has been compared to Icelandic hestur (nom.sg.) hest (acc.sg.) \u2018\u2019horse\u2019\u2019 ( - perhaps an island where horses were confined.\nAnother suggestion is based on ON h\u00e1- \u2018high\u2019 or else hei\u00f0r \u2018heather\u2019 + sta\u00f0r \u2018stead(ing)\u2019 which therefore would equate to either \u2018high stead(ing)\u2019 or \u2018heath stead(ing)\u2019 and which describes well the location of the old village which also extended onto higher heather moorland, above the present day extent of the modern houses.\nMany Norse-based placenames of the Hebrides, the Highlands, Orkney and Shetland terminate in the element \"-sta\" sometime clipped to -st (in either spelling only or in spelling and in pronunciation to some degree). Examples are Carbost in Skye (clipped in anglicised spelling) and Garrabost in Lewis, but many retain the final schwa and may or may not retain the unclipped -{sta} spelling. This suggests an analysis as two words is warranted in contrast to the first of the above suggested etymologies. Heaste lies on the northern shore of the Atlantic sea-loch Loch Eiseort On the west coast of Skye.\nThe tidal island of Eilean Heast which lies just off-shore in Loch Eiseort, Eilean Heast can be reached at low tide with great difficulty as the access is extremely muddy. The island shelters the Heaste shore from the worst of the waves from the southwest inti the sea loch.\nTo the west of Heasta Beinn nan C\u00e0rn dominates the view and blocks the view of the Skye Cuillin mountains. The nearest inhabited settlements as the crow flies are Druim Fhe\u00e0rna to the east, which is at the head of Loch Eishort and An t-\u00d2rd. On the other side, the south side of Loch Eishort. Neither is directly accessible by road and a very long journey is required back up to the main road near Broadford and then round to the east and south.\nThe northern, highest part of the township, at approximately 130 m altitude is one of the highest inhabited places in Skye and has views of the sea both to the east between Skye and the mainland and of the Atlantic to the west. To the east the Linne Shl\u00e9ibhteach and the mainland mountains of Knoydart including Beinn Sgritheall and Ladhar Bheinn can be seen. To the southwest, the Atlantic can be seen where the sea loch Loch Eishort opens out towards th Small Isles including the mountainous Island of R\u00f9m. From just above the village, with difficulty the very top of the Sgurr of Eilean Eige can just be seen peeping above the hills of the \nSl\u00e9ibhte peninsula of Skye. Local industry includes:tourist accommodation; fishing out of Loch Eishort where there is a \u2019pontoon', a floating pier supported by buoyancy tanks; and crofting, keeping sheep and cattle. The Broadford Mackinnon Memorial Hospital and Sabhal M\u00f3r Ostaig are amongst the local providers of employment. There was a fish farm in Loch Eiseort which was worked from Heaste until the end of the 1990s when it was closed. This too provided local employment. Above the village, deer, golden eagles and buzzards and other birds of prey are to be seen. Occasionally otters and mink have been seen right in the village itself. Every year, in late spring and early summer, several cuckoos can be heard calling back and forth at the north end of the village. Other wildlife includes: slow worms, adders, rabbits, foxes, dragonflies, woodcocks, wrens, voles, mice, rats toads and frogs.\nIn some parts of the village, orchids blanket the ground, with bluebells visible in late spring. There are also patches of marsh marigolds (or \u2018king-cups\u2019).\nCattle and sheep roam loose on the township common grazing. There is also a fank on the northern edge of Heasta too, just to the north of the northern edge of the village. There there is a cattle grid which marks the northern boundary of the village and which prevents livestock from entering the village down the road. There is also another cattle grid near the southern end of the Heasta road which similarly prevents entry by livestock. At the fank, sheep are sheared, livestock are rounded up and confined for medicinal treatment and in readiness for transport to market. Some residents keep hens or ducks, and one person has donkeys.\nAs well as working sheepdogs, the usual domestic pets are kept, including cats and pet dogs. As elsewhere, domestic cats threaten the bird life and eat rabbits and rodents; foxes and mink attack hens and ducks from time to time, and dogs are a concern regarding sheep. Within the village though there are trees in the deep clefts by the streams. There are many waterfalls. The road from Heaste to the north towards Broadford rises high over the hills reaching its highest point at the Fireach nan Clach. Here deer can sometimes be seen.\nFrom the viewpoint of the Fireach nan Clach looking northward, the mountains of Bl\u00e0-Bheinn and Beinn na Caillich dominate the view to the west. To the north can be seen Broadford Bay and the Inner Sound between Skye and the mainland; the islands of Scalpaigh and Pabaigh in Broadford Bay and to the north east there are the Applecross Mountains (over which runs the highest road in Britain) and the Skye Bridge. To the east, hills block the view of the narrow but extremely navigable channel that separates Skye from the mainland.\nFrom Heaste itself the Skye Cuillin mountains cannot be seen because Beinn nan C\u00e0rn blocks the westward view. An ascent of Beinn nan C\u00e0rn provides spectacular 360-degree views of the mainland mountains, the Cuillin on Skye and the Atlantic sea surrounding the small isles Eilean R\u00f9m and Eilean Eige. Across Loch Eishort, to the south east on its southern (north-facing) shore the ruins of an abandoned village, M\u00f2rsaig, can be seen with binoculars. M\u00f2rsaig was abandoned because according to some local informants the environment was too harsh - \u2018it was cold\u2019; certainly it may get less sun than Heaste because it is slightly shadowed by hills to the south when the sun is low.\nTo the west a difficult path westwards up and down towards the shore leads to the abandoned village of Boraraig with all its stone houses still standing. There is also another abandoned village further still to the west along the coast, S\u00f9isinis. The inhabitants of these settlements were forced out of their homes during the Highland Clearances at the end of the 19th century. Some inhabitants of these other neighbouring settlements moved to Heaste, thus swelling the population greatly by the early 20th century. Many houses in Heaste have been abandoned, some are those furthest away from the present day road on its west side;  some ruins can be seen high up on the moor on the slope of Beinn nan C\u00e0rn.\nIn the 20th century many modern houses were built replacing the older stone ones, but at least one 19th century stone house remains; this was originally thatched and single-storey. The old village schoolhouse which was in use until the mid 20th century still stands, near the shore, in its own small stonewall enclosed garden. The schoolhouse is now used as holiday accommodation.\nHeaste now contains only domestic residences and has no shops, offices, pub, post office or any such facilities, nor any current operating business premises as of 2019 aside from agricultural sheds. Many of the residents grew up in the village and some of the oldest attended the Heaste school before it closed. There are a number of incomers from outside the local area; from elsewhere in Scotland, many from England and elsewhere. Heaste is typical of the wider local area around Broadford where number of residents have come from other parts of Scotland, from England and outside the UK. Typically for the area, English is the everyday language of the village for many, at least outside the home. A minority of the inhabitants of Heaste are native speakers of Scottish Gaelic but English is used even by the fluent Gaelic speakers frequently and almost always when outside the home. All Gaelic speakers are fluent in English. Some Gaelic speakers are very willing to speak the language even with learners they know. All Gaelic speakers speak the local dialect; currently there are no Gaelic speakers from other areas.  The language can frequently be heard in certain situations in Broadford however, but not when strangers are present.", ["w_s1894"]]
[30354, "The Monti Aurunci (or Aurunci Mountains) is a mountain range of southern Lazio, in central Italy. It is part of the Antiappennini, a group running from the Apennines chain to the Tyrrhenian Sea, where it forms the promontory of Gaeta. It is bounded to the north-west by the Ausoni Mountains, to the north by the Liri river, to the east by the Ausente, to the south-east by the Garigliano and to the south by the Tyrrhenian sea. The line between the Aurunci and the Ausoni has not been clearly established but the Aurunci are considered by convention to be east of a line through Fondi, Lenola, Pico, S. Giovanni and Incarico. Altitudes vary from hills to the 1,533\u00a0m of Monte Petrella. Main peaks include the Redentore (1,252\u00a0m) and Monte Sant'Angelo (1,402\u00a0m). They include a regional park, the Parco Naturale dei Monti Aurunci, created in 1997.\nThe mountains take the name from the ancient tribe of the Aurunci, an offshoot of the Ausoni. Both tribes were derived from the Italic people who were called by the Romans the Volsci; hence, the Monti Lepini, the Monti Ausoni and the Monti Aurunci are also called the Volsci or Volscian Chain. Coincidentally they are all of the same karst topography and have the same orogeny, which is not quite the same as the Apennines proper.<PIC> The Monti Aurunci mainly consist of friable limestone, which becomes harder toward Gaeta. The degree of faulting and cracking is so high that the mountains retain no rainfall; it sinks in to emerge as springs (and used as wells) on the lower flanks. The stream beds are dry except for vernal pools.\nMost generally, the western-central coastal region of Italy is the front of a subduction zone where the African plate moving locally from southwest to northeast is carried under the European plate. There is some counterclockwise rotation of Italy; hence the faults in the Tyrrhenian Sea slip both parallel to the shoreline and perpendicular to it.\nThe surface rock in the Anti-Apennines was deposited on the floor of Tethys Sea during the Jurassic and Cretaceous of the Mesozoic. This lighter calcareous rock rides over the front of the subduction zone, uplifted by compressional and isostatic forces. Just behind it is a zone of crustal thinning caused by extensional forces; i.e., the subduction and the rotation cause a wave of compression with a peak under the Anti-Apennines and a valley in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The result is a karst-graben or half-graben landform with the Volscian Mountains as karst and the coastal chain of Pontine marshes, South Pontine marsh, Terracina Basin, Gaeta Basin and Volturno Basin as graben.\nThis landform began to appear in the Messinian stage of the Miocene, about 7.2 to 5.3 million years ago. It went on to mature in the Pliocene. Also in this time volcanic activity associated with the faults and the weakening of the crust over the subduction created the volcanic zones of Latium and Campania, which intruded into the karst-graben, mainly on the karst side. In the Pleistocene the basins slowly filled with sediment from the weak run-off of the mountains, accelerating with the deforestation of modern times.  Of the Amphibians, Urodela are found at around 557\u00a0m (1,827\u00a0ft) and Anura at around 314\u00a0m (1,030\u00a0ft) in vernal pools, springs and wells. The salamanders are Salamandrina perspicillata, Triturus carnifex, Lissotriton italicus and Lissotriton vulgaris; the frogs are Bufo bufo, Bufo viridis, Hyla intermedia and Rana italica. The Garigliano Nuclear Power Plant was constructed from 1959 to 1963 by General Electric on the Garigliano River, the water of which they used for cooling, on the border of the Monti Aurunci. It was intended to provide electrical power to the region. After several accidental releases of radioactive gas and water the plant ceased operation in 1978 but continued to be used as a storage facility for radioactive waste, which was stored under the plant. Subsequent flooding carried the waste downstream into the Gulf of Gaeta. The effect on the ecology was toxic. One study reports:\nIn fact the genetic damage observed in studies performed with the micronucleus test applied on wild rodents from the Piana del Garigliano resulted among the highest recorded in Italy.\nAdditional studies were unable to tie anomalies of the skull and teeth in the area's rodents to contamination from the power plant; maybe they are attributable to a naturally high radiational level caused by the volcanic intrusions in the rock. The lower Garigliano remains sparsely populated.", ["w_s1897"]]
[30355, "Network Resource Planning is an enhanced process of network planning that incorporates the disciplines of business planning, marketing, and engineering to develop integrated, dynamic master plans for all domains of communications networks.<PIC> Many communications service providers - from wireline, wireless, broadband to next generation carriers - are introducing next-generation services such as interactive video over cell phones and multi-user conference calling. These new services are straining the capacity of existing networks.  In a 2006 Reuters interview, John Roese, CTO of Nortel, pointed out that YouTube almost destroyed the Internet, and in a keynote speech at Cisco\u2019s C-Scape analyst conference in December 2006, John Chambers, CEO of Cisco Networks said, \u201cThings like YouTube are just the baby steps of the impact video will have on networks.\u201d  Since every video transmission requires roughly 150 times the bandwidth of a voice transmission, it is estimated that a one percent adoption of the Verizon Wireless V CAST service required a 400 percent increase in Verizon\u2019s corresponding network capacity.\nThe bandwidth-intense nature of next generation services has required traditional network planning to evolve.  Subscriber growth of legacy services like voice and data had an incremental impact on networks.  New subscriptions and their corresponding bandwidth demand followed a relatively linear growth curve.  As such, planning methods such as link- and node-specific forecasting or \u201ctrending\u201d were sufficient to ensure networks could support current and planned subscribers.\nThe dramatic swings in bandwidth demand that slight variances in subscription rates bring to bear on networks carrying services such as video can no longer be adequately planned for with these traditional methods.  Network Resource Planning addresses the weaknesses of trending by incorporating business planning and marketing insight in the planning process.  The addition of market analysis adds an additional layer of context and provides a feedback loop that enables more accurate planning. Furthermore, the importance of coordinating infrastructure investment activities across organizations is addressed to ensure that network capacity is provided when and where it is needed, and that human and operational support system resources are appropriately included in the planning process. The bandwidth needs of next generation services has placed added pressure on carriers to migrate from traditional networks like PSTN and TDMA to new Internet Protocol (IP)-based, or next generation networks, that can more adequately support the new services.  Planning the transition to IP-based networks is a difficult endeavor in many respects. The capital expenditure (CAPEX) challenge of these new networks is that while it is remains expensive to make a mistake and deploy too much equipment (i.e., over-building their network and wasting assets), the non-linear relationship between bandwidth and network requirements means there are also significant costs from deploying too little (i.e., under-building the network and putting themselves at a higher chance of delivering poor quality of service and losing market share).\nFrom a technical perspective, the new IP-based networks are also far more difficult to plan.  The self-routing nature of IP networks requires planners to determine how the network will behave under normal, overloaded, and failure scenarios. The fact that IP can drop or delay packets during overload conditions introduces new complexity to the system.  Interactive services such as voice, two-way video, and gaming are particularly susceptible to the resultant digital jitter and delay.  Under these circumstances, the network planners need to know how these services will be affected under varying conditions.  In addition, they need to know how the network can be configured to provide the best quality of service at the least cost.\nThe issue is further compounded by the fact that the simplicity of IP network operations comes from a more uniform, layered approach to network architecture.  It\u2019s the interaction between the layers of the network that creates significant complexity. For example, routine services can run on an IP (and/or Ethernet) network, while high-QoS services are assigned to special routes. These services ride on the underlying logical transport network (ring or mesh), which in turn rides on the underlying optical infrastructure.  For planning teams, the effect of traffic on each layer must be taken into account in the other layers.  This situation is made even more complex when reliability and disaster scenarios come into play, as backup resources must be made available at each layer in the hierarchy.\nTraditionally, network planning was performed on a domain-by-domain (i.e., transport, access, etc.) and isolated basis.  Network Resource Planning has adapted to address the shared-fabric nature of IP networks by integrating planning across domains.  Network planners have a much more powerful tool in Network Resource Planning for leveraging all of the strengths of the various domains in comprehensive master plans.  Over the next five years, the vast majority of tier-1 and -2 service providers are expected to shift to convergent network planning systems to handle the complexity of these networks, as well as reduce CAPEX and operational costs.", ["w_s1898"]]
[30356, "A torque multiplier is a tool used to provide a mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn bolts, nuts or other items designed to be actuated by application of torque, particularly where there are relatively high torque requirements. Torque multipliers are often used instead of extended handles, often called \"cheater bars\". Extended handles use leverage instead of gear reduction to achieve torque. This torque is transmitted through the driving tool and could become dangerous in the case of a sudden catastrophic failure of the drive tool with the extended handle attached. Torque multipliers only have a fraction of the final torque pressure on the drive tool making them a safer choice.\nTorque multipliers typically employ an epicyclic gear train having one or more stages. Each stage of gearing multiplies the torque applied.  In epicyclic gear systems, torque is applied to the input gear or \u2018sun\u2019 gear. A number of planet gears are arranged around and engaged with this sun gear, and therefore rotate. The outside casing of the multiplier is also engaged with the planet gear teeth, but is prevented from rotating by means of a reaction arm, causing the planet gears to orbit around the sun gear. The planet gears are held in a \u2018planet carrier' which also holds the output drive shaft. As the planet gears orbit around the sun gear, the carrier and the output shaft rotate together. Without the reaction arm to prevent rotation of the outer casing, the output shaft cannot apply torque.\nAlong with the multiplication of torque, there is a decrease in rotational speed of the output shaft compared to the input shaft. This decrease in speed is inversely proportional to the increase in torque.  For example, a torque multiplier with a rating of 3:1 will turn its output shaft with three times the torque, but at one third the speed, of the input shaft.  However, due to friction and other inefficiencies in the mechanism, the output torque is slightly lower than the theoretical output.<PIC> Torque multipliers are most often used when a compressed air powered impact wrench is unavailable due to remote locations without power, or where cost considerations require manually operated tools which do not require any power supply or power source of any kind. There are many instances where screws, bolts and other fasteners are secured so tightly that using a typical lug wrench with a cheater bar is not sufficient to loosen them. These include automotive repair, product assembly, construction projects, heavy equipment maintenance and other instances where high torque output is needed. A torque multiplier allows the user to generate high torque output without the use of an air compressor or impact gun.\nA torque multiplier is generally used when there are space limitations that disallow the use of long handles. They are also used as a safer alternative to a cheater bar as lever length and operator effort are both reduced. Finally, torque multipliers allow for more accurate torque. By reducing the amount of effort needed to tighten, a torque multiplier allows for slow and smooth application, ensuring more accurate torque levels, and preventing damage to sensitive components.", ["w_s1901"]]
[30357, "Ezra Abbot (April 28, 1819, Jackson, Maine\u00a0\u2013 March 21, 1884, Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an American biblical scholar.<PIC> Abbot was born at Jackson, Maine, April 28, 1819; son of Ezra and Phebe Abbot. He was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy and graduated from Bowdoin College in 1840. In 1847, at the request of Prof. Andrews Norton, he went to Cambridge, Massachusetts where he was principal of a public school until 1856. He was assistant librarian of Harvard University from 1856 to 1872, and planned and perfected an alphabetical card catalog, combining many of the advantages of the ordinary dictionary catalogs with the grouping of the minor topics under more general heads, which is characteristic of a systematic catalogue. From 1872 until his death he was Bussey Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation in the Harvard Divinity School.\nAbbot's studies were chiefly in Southwest Asian languages and textual criticism of the New Testament, though his work as a bibliographer showed such results as the exhaustive list of writings (5300 in all) on the doctrine of the future life, appended to W. R. Alger's History of the Doctrine of a Future Life, as it has prevailed in all Nations and Ages (1862), and published separately in 1864.\nAbbot's publications, though always of the most thorough and scholarly character, were to a large extent dispersed in the pages of reviews, dictionaries, concordances, texts edited by others, Unitarian controversial treatises, etc. However, he took a more conspicuous and personal part in the preparation (with Baptist scholar Horatio Balch Hackett) of the enlarged American edition of Dr. (afterwards Sir) William Smith's Dictionary of the Bible (1867\u20131870), to which he contributed more than 400 articles, as well as greatly improving the bibliographical completeness of the work. He was an efficient member of the American revision committee for the Revised Version (1881\u20131885) of the King James Bible, and helped prepare Caspar Ren\u00e9 Gregory's Prolegomena to the revised Greek New Testament of Constantin von Tischendorf.\nHe was one of the 32 founding members of the Society of Biblical Literature in 1880.\nHis principal single work, representing his scholarly method and conservative conclusions, was The Authorship of the Fourth Gospel: External Evidences (1880; 2nd ed. by J. H. Thayer, with other essays, 1889), originally a lecture. In spite of the compression due to its form, this work was up to that time probably the ablest defense, based on external evidence, of the Johannine authorship, and certainly the most complete treatment of the relation of Justin Martyr to this gospel. Abbot was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1861. Though a layman, he received the degree of S.T.D. from Harvard in 1872, and that of D.D. from Edinburgh in 1884.  Abbot, Ezra; Hudson, Charles F.; Hastings, H. L. (1871). A Critical Greek and English concordance of the New Testament (2nd.\u00a0ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott. OCLC\u00a017645776. - revised by Ezra Abbot\n\u2014\u2014\u2014 (1880). The authorship of the Fourth Gospel: external evidences. Boston, MA: G.H. Ellis. OCLC\u00a01152377.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014; Harris, J. Rendel (1885). Notes on Scrivener's \"Plain introduction to the criticism of the New Testament\" (3rd\u00a0ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton, Mifflin. OCLC\u00a01361022.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014 (1888). The authorship of the Fourth Gospel, and other critical essays: selected from the published papers of the late Ezra Abbot. Boston, MA: G.H. Ellis. OCLC\u00a02937371. \u2014\u2014\u2014 (1872). \"On the comparative antiquity of the Sinaitic and Vatican manuscripts of the Greek Bible\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 10: 189\u2013200. doi:10.2307/592128. JSTOR\u00a0592128.", ["w_s1903"]]
[30358, "Shane McGrath (born 12 September 1984) is an Irish hurler who played as a midfielder for the Tipperary senior team.\nMcGrath made his first appearance for the team during the 2006 National League. During his career he has won one All-Ireland winners' medals, five Munster winners' medals, one National Hurling League winners' medal, two Fitzgibbon Cup medals, two Railway Cup medals, one Munster Under-21 Hurling Championship medal and two All-Star awards. He has ended up as an All-Ireland runner-up on two occasions.\nMcgrath is known for his aerial ability, horizontal hurling and his piercing runs through the heart of any defence, in 2014 Mcgrath scored eight points from play from midfield in the All-Ireland semi-final and final. At club level along with his three brothers McGrath plays with Ballinahinch gaa club.\nMcGrath was appointed Tipperary Senior hurling captain for the 2013 season. On 17 November 2015 he announced his retirement from inter county.<PIC>  McGrath plays his club hurling with his local club in Ballinahinch gaa club.  He has enjoyed some success but has yet to win a senior county club championship. McGrath also enjoyed much success with the Limerick Institute of Technology (LIT) in the universities and colleges series of games. In 2005 he was on the LIT team that defeated near neighbours University of Limerick in the final.\nIn 2007 he won a second Fitzgibbon Cup medal as the National University of Ireland, Galway were defeated by 2\u201315 to 0\u201313 in the final.\nMcGrath also won a Ryan Cup medal as a student of Mary Immaculate College, Limerick in 2009. McGrath first came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Tipperary intermediate team in 2003. He enjoyed little success during his three years in this grade.\nIn 2004 McGrath joined the Tipperary under-21 hurling panel. He found it difficult to break onto the starting fifteen and finished his time in this grade without any major successes on the field of play.\nMcGrath made his senior competitive debut for Tipperary in a National Hurling League game against Limerick in 2006. Later that season he made his championship debut against the same opposition, however, Tipperary went on to lose a second successive Munster final to Cork.\nIn 2008 Tipp remained undefeated in the National League before meeting Galway in the final.  In an exciting game Tipp emerged victorious by 3-18 to 3-16 and McGrath collected his first National League winners' medal. Tipperary later reached the Munster final where they defeated a resurgent Clare team by 2-21 to 0-19. It was McGrath 's first Munster winners' medal. Tipperary were subsequently defeated in a tense All-Ireland semi-final by Waterford on a scoreline of 1-20 to 1-18. In spite of falling short in the championship, McGrath later collected his first All-Star award.\nMcGrath won his second Munster medal in 2009 as Tipp defeated Waterford by 4-14 to 2-16. After a six-week lay-off and a facile semi-final win over Limerick, Tipp qualified for an All-Ireland final meeting with Kilkenny.  For much of the match it looked as if Tipp would pull off a shock and deny 'the Cats' a record-equaling four-in-a-row.  Two quick goals in the space of a minute, one from a penalty by Henry Shefflin, sealed a 2-22 to 0-23 victory and defeat for Tipperary.\nAfter surrendering their Munster title to Cork at the first hurdle in 2010, Tipperray regrouped in the qualifiers and reached a second successive All-Ireland decider. Kilkenny, a team chasing a fifth successive championship, provided the opposition and a great game was expected.  Tipperary got off to a great start which was bolstered by an early Lar Corbett goal.  He subsequently completed a hat-trick of goals and Tipperary had a fourth by Noel McGrath to deny Kilkenny's drive-for-five and secure a remarkable and convincing 4-17 to 1-18 victory. It was McGrath's first All-Ireland medal in any grade.\nTipperary returned as provincial kingpins once again in 2011. A 7-19 to 0-19 trouncing of Waterford in the southern decider gave McGrath a third Munster medal. For the third successive year, Tipperary faced off against Kilkenny in the All-Ireland final, however, on this occasion Kilkenny were slight underdogs going up against the new champions. Kilkenny started quickly and never surrendered the lead in the 2-17 to 1-16 victory.\nIn spite of an indifferent National League campaign, Tipperary were regarded as potential All-Ireland champions once again. A 2-17 to 0-16 defeat of Waterford in the provincial decider gave McGrath a fourth Munster medal in five seasons. Tipperary later faced a humiliating 4-24 to 1-15 defeat by eventual champions Kilkenny in the All-Ireland semi-final.\nIn October 2014, McGrath won his second All Stars Award after a successful 2014 campaign where Tipperary reached the All-Ireland Final.\nIn November 2015, McGrath announced his retirement from inter-county hurling. McGrath has also been a regular on the Munster team during various inter-provincial campaigns. He won his first Railway Cup medal in 2007 following a 2-22 to 2-19 defeat of Connacht , then won his second medal when he captained the side to glory in the semi final of the 2013 tournament but was injured for the final that year.  Limerick Institute of Technology\nFitzgibbon Cup (1): 2005, 2007\nMary Immaculate College, Limerick\nRyan Cup (1): 2009\nTipperary\nAll-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (1): 2010\nMunster Senior Hurling Championship (5): 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015\nNational Hurling League (1): 2008\nMunster Player of the Year: 2008\nMunster\nInter-provincial Championship (2): 2007, 2013\nIndividual\nAll-Stars (2): 2008, 2014", ["w_s1906"]]
[30359, "In an electric power system, automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate.  If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down. Before the use of automatic generation control, one generating unit in a system would be designated as the regulating unit and would be manually adjusted to control the balance between generation and load to maintain system frequency at the desired value. The remaining units would be controlled with speed droop to share the load in proportion to their ratings. With automatic systems, many units in a system can participate in regulation, reducing wear on a single unit's controls and improving overall system efficiency, stability, and economy.\nWhere the grid has tie interconnections to adjacent control areas, automatic generation control helps maintain the power interchanges over the tie lines at the scheduled levels. With computer-based control systems and multiple inputs, an automatic generation control system can take into account such matters as the most economical units to adjust, the coordination of thermal, hydroelectric, and other generation types, and even constraints related to the stability of the system and capacity of interconnections to other power grids.  Turbine generators in a power system have stored kinetic energy due to their large rotating masses. All the kinetic energy stored in a power system in such rotating masses is a part of the grid inertia. When system load increases, grid inertia is initially used to supply the load. This, however, leads to a decrease in the stored kinetic energy of the turbine generators. Since the mechanical power of these turbines correlates with the delivered electrical power, the turbine generators have a decrease in angular velocity, which is directly proportional to a decrease in frequency in synchronous generators. \nThe purpose of the turbine-governor control (TGC) is to maintain the desired system frequency by adjusting the mechanical power output of the turbine. These controllers have become automated and at steady state, the frequency-power relation for turbine-governor control is,\n\\Delta p_m = \\Delta p_{ref} - 1/R\\times\\Delta f\nwhere,\n\\Delta p_m is the change in turbine mechanical power output\n\\Delta p_{ref} is the change in a reference power setting\nR = -\\Delta f/\\Delta p_m = -slope is the regulation constant which quantifies the sensitivity of the generator to a change in frequency\n\\Delta f is the change in frequency.\nFor steam turbines, steam turbine governing adjusts the mechanical output of the turbine by increasing or decreasing the amount of steam entering the turbine via a throttle valve.<PIC> Load-frequency control (LFC) is employed to allow an area to first meet its own load demands, then to assist in returning the steady-state frequency of the system, \u0394f, to zero. Load-frequency control operates with a response time of a few seconds to keep system frequency stable. The goal of economic dispatch is to minimize total operating costs in an area by determining how the real power output of each generating unit will meet a given load. Generating units have different costs to produce a unit of electrical energy, and incur different costs for the losses in transmitting energy to the load. An economic dispatch algorithm will run every few minutes to select the combination of generating unit power setpoints that minimizes overall cost, subject to the constraints of transmission limitation or security of the system against failures. Further constraints may be imposed by the water supply of hydroelectric generation, or by the availability of sun and wind power.", ["w_s1918"]]
[30360, "Contributing approximately 167 Tg of methane to the atmosphere per year; wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane in the world, and therefore remain a major area of concern with respect to climate change. Wetlands are characterized by water-logged soils and distinctive communities of plant and animal species that have evolved and adapted to the constant presence of water. This high level of water saturation creates conditions conducive to methane production.\nMost methanogenesis, or methane production, occurs in oxygen-poor environments. Because the microbes that live in warm, moist environments consume oxygen more rapidly than it can diffuse in from the atmosphere, wetlands are the ideal anaerobic environments for fermentation as well as methanogen activity. However, levels of methanogenesis can fluctuate as it is dependent on the availability of oxygen, temperature of the soil, and the composition of the soil; a warmer, more anaerobic environment with soil rich in organic matter would allow for more efficient methanogenesis.\nFermentation is a process used by certain kinds of microorganisms to break down essential nutrients. In a process called acetoclastic methanogenesis, microorganisms from the classification domain archaea produce methane by fermenting acetate and H\u2082-CO\u2082 into methane and carbon dioxide.\nH\u2083C-COOH \u2192 CH\u2084 + CO\u2082\nDepending on the wetland and type of archaea, hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, another process that yields methane, can also occur. This process occurs as a result of archaea oxidizing hydrogen with carbon dioxide to yield methane and water.\n4H\u2082 + CO\u2082 \u2192 CH\u2084 + 2H\u2082O Wetlands are often classified by landscape position, vegetation, and hydrologic regime. Wetland classes include marshes, swamps, bogs, fens, peatlands, muskegs, prairie pothole (landform), and pocosins; characteristics of wetland classes can assist to inform on magnitude of methane emissions. However, wetland classes have displayed high variability in methane emissions spatially and temporally. Once produced, methane can reach the atmosphere via three main pathways: molecular diffusion, transport through plant aerenchyma, and ebullition. Primary productivity fuels methane emissions both directly and indirectly because plants not only provide much of the carbon needed for methane producing processes in wetlands but can affect its transport as well. Diffusion through the profile refers to the movement of methane up through soil and bodies of water to reach the atmosphere. The importance of diffusion as a pathway varies per wetland based on the type of soil and vegetation. For example, in peatlands, the mass amount of dead, but not decaying, organic matter results in relatively slow diffusion of methane through the soil. Additionally, because methane can travel more quickly through soil than water, diffusion plays a much bigger role in wetlands with drier, more loosely compacted soil. Plant aerenchyma refers to the vessel-like transport tubes within the tissues of certain kinds of plants. Plants with aerenchyma possess porous tissue that allows for direct travel of gases to and from the plant roots. Methane can travel directly up from the soil into the atmosphere using this transport system. The direct \"shunt\" created by the aerenchyma allows for methane to bypass oxidation by oxygen that is also transported by the plants to their roots.<PIC> Ebullition refers to the sudden release of bubbles of methane into the air. These bubbles occur as a result of methane building up over time in the soil, forming pockets of methane gas. As these pockets of trapped methane grow in size, the level of the soil will slowly rise up as well. This phenomenon continues until so much pressure builds up that the bubble \"pops,\" transporting the methane up through the soil so quickly that it does not have time to be consumed by the methanotrophic organisms in the soil. With this release of gas, the level of soil then falls once more.\nEbullition in wetlands can be recorded by delicate sensors, called piezometers, that can detect the presence of pressure pockets within the soil. Hydraulic heads are also used to detect the subtle rising and falling of the soil as a result of pressure build up and release. Using piezometers and hydraulic heads, a study was done in northern United States peatlands to determine the significance of ebullition as a source of methane. Not only was it determined that ebullition is in fact a significant source of methane emissions in northern United States peatlands, but it was also observed that there was an increase in pressure after significant rainfall, suggesting that rainfall is directly related to methane emissions in wetlands. The magnitude of methane emission from a wetland are usually measured using eddy covariance, gradient or chamber flux techniques, and depends upon several factors, including water table, comparative ratios of methanogenic bacteria to methanotrophic bacteria, transport mechanisms, temperature, substrate type, plant life, and climate. These factors work together to effect and control methane flux in wetlands.\nOverall the main determinant of net flux of methane into the atmosphere is the ratio of methane produced by methanogenic bacteria that makes it to the surface relative to the amount of methane that is oxidized by methanotrophic bacteria before reaching the atmosphere. This ratio is in turn affected by the other controlling factors of methane in the environment. Additionally, pathways of methane emission affect how the methane travels into the atmosphere and thus have an equal effect on methane flux in wetlands. The first controlling factor to consider is the level of the water table. Not only does pool and water table location determine the areas where methane production or oxidation may take place, but it also determines how quickly methane can diffuse into the air. When traveling through water, the methane molecules run into the quickly moving water molecules and thus take a longer time to reach the surface. Travel through soil, however, is much easier and results in easier diffusion into the atmosphere. This theory of movement is supported by observations made in wetlands where significant fluxes of methane occurred after a drop in the water table due to drought. If the water table is at or above the surface, then methane transport begins to take place primarily through ebullition and vascular or pressurized plant mediated transport, with high levels of emission occurring during the day from plants that use pressurized ventilation. Temperature is also an important factor to consider as the environmental temperature\u2014and temperature of the soil in particular\u2014affects the metabolic rate of production or consumption by bacteria. Additionally, because methane fluxes occur annually with the seasons, evidence is provided that suggests that the temperature changing coupled with water table level work together to cause and control the seasonal cycles. The composition of soil and substrate availability change the nutrients available for methanogenic and methanotrophic bacteria, and thus directly affects the rate of methane production and consumption. For example, wetlands soils with high levels of acetate or hydrogen and carbon dioxide are conducive to methane production. Additionally, the type of plant life and amount of plant decomposition affects the nutrients available to the bacteria as well as the acidity. Plant leachates such as phenolic compounds from Sphagnum can also interact with soil characteristics to influence methane production and consumption. A constant availability of cellulose and a soil pH of about 6.0 have been determined to provide optimum conditions for methane production and consumption; however, substrate quality can be overridden by other factors. Soil pH and composition must still be compared to the effects of water table and temperature. Net ecosystem production (NEP) and climate changes are the all encompassing factors that have been shown to have a direct relationship with methane emissions from wetlands. In wetlands with high water tables, NEP has been shown to increase and decrease with methane emissions, most likely due to the fact that both NEP and methane emissions flux with substrate availability and soil composition. In wetlands with lower water tables, the movement of oxygen in and out of the soil can increase the oxidation of methane and the inhibition of methanogenesis, nulling the relationship between methane emission and NEP because methane production becomes dependent upon factors deep within the soil.\nA changing climate affects many factors within the ecosystem, including water table, temperature, and plant composition within the wetland\u2014all factors that affect methane emissions. However, climate change can also affect the amount of carbon dioxide in the surrounding atmosphere, which would in turn decrease the addition of methane into the atmosphere, as shown by an 80% decrease in methane flux in areas of doubled carbon dioxide levels. Humans often drain wetlands in the name of development, housing, and agriculture. By draining wetlands, the water table is thus lowered, increasing consumption of methane by the methanotrophic bacteria in the soil. However, as a result of draining, water saturated ditches develop, which due to the warm, moist environment, end up emitting a large amount of methane. Therefore, the actual effect on methane emission strongly ends up depending on several factors. If the drains are not spaced far enough apart, then saturated ditches will form, creating mini wetland environments. Additionally, if the water table is lowered significantly enough, then the wetland can actually be transformed from a source of methane into a sink that consumes methane. Finally, the actual composition of the original wetland changes how the surrounding environment is affected by the draining and human development.", ["w_s1923"]]
[30361, "Jennifer Brenda \"Jenny\" Meadows (born 17 April 1981 in Wigan, Greater Manchester) is a retired British athlete. Her main event was the 800 metres, although she previously competed over the 400 metres. Meadows also had some international success as part of the Great Britain 4 x 400 metres relay squad.\nShe is the eighth-fastest British woman over 800 m as of 2022. Meadows, along with other athletes such as Caster Semenya and Alysia Montano, has been noted in the press as one of a number of athletes who were repeatedly denied major international medals by doping competitors, particularly from Russia.  Meadows was the winner in the English Schools Junior Championships in 800 m 1995. In 1998, she was 3rd at the AAA Junior Indoor Championships over 400 m. She also made her junior international debut and finished second in the English Schools Championships. In 2000, she ran the fastest leg for the Great British team at the World Junior Championships, helping to secure the gold medal. In 2001, she finished sixth at the European Under 23 Championships, and gained a gold medal on the 4 \u00d7 400 m relay.  On 21 June 2008, in Annecy, Meadows achieved her first European Cup victory over 800 m. On 18 July 2008, Meadows improved her personal best in the 800 m to 1:59.11 at the Paris Golden League meeting. On 19 July 2008, her place in the Beijing 2008 Great Britain Olympic Team was confirmed along with Marilyn Okoro and Jemma Simpson. Meadows qualified for the semi-final of the 800 m in the Olympic Games after finishing 3rd in her heat with a time of 2.00.33, and in the semi itself ran close to her personal best in a time of 1.59.43, finishing in sixth place.\nMeadows had a successful indoor season during 2009 winning the UK Championships and European Indoor Trials, setting a new indoor personal best of 1.59.52 in the Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix and finishing in fourth place in the European Indoor Championships in Turin, Italy. On 27 July 2009, her place in the Great Britain Team for the IAAF World Championships in Berlin, Germany, in August was confirmed, along with Jemma Simpson and Marilyn Okoro. On 28 July 2009, Meadows set a new outdoor personal best of 1.58.63 at the IAAF Super Grand Prix, Herculis, Monaco. On 19 August, Meadows took the bronze medal in the 800 m World Championship finals in a new personal best of 1.57.93. In a BBC interview after winning the bronze medal, Meadows commented: \"It proves you should never say never, you should always believe in yourself. If you work hard and keep the faith, good things will happen.\"<PIC> Meadows started the season in great form and on 20 February 2010 broke the British indoor 800 m record, formerly held by Kelly Holmes, with a 1:59:11 in Birmingham. She won silver at the World Indoor Championships in Doha on 14 March 2010, setting a personal best and a new British indoor record of 1:58.43 which she previously set on 20 February 2010. At the 2010 European Athletics Championships in Barcelona Meadows won a bronze medal. On 31 July 2011, at the age of 30, Jenny finally won her first national outdoor senior title with an 800m victory at the Aviva National Championships in Birmingham, to become National Champion. Meadows won three of the seven Diamond League 800 metres races in 2011 \u2013 in Shanghai, Birmingham and London (earning $10,000 a win) \u2013 to win the overall Diamond League 800 m title. Each overall winner earned an additional $40,000 (US Dollars) in prize money. Meadows was awarded the captaincy of the Great Britain team at the European Indoor Championships in Gothenburg. Meadows returned to competition at the start of 2014, running the indoor season and then taking part in her first outdoor season since 2011. She steadily improved performances and on 16 June 2014 Jenny's place in the England Team for the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow was announced. At the British National Championships on 30 June Jenny secured a Bronze medal.  At the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow Jenny finished in sixth place. Meadows announced her retirement on 7 July 2016, after an injury sustained at the 2016 European Athletics Championships meant that she would be unable to compete in the 2016 Summer Olympics. Meadows was head athletics coach for Manchester City Council. She has appeared on the BBC's A Question of Sport in Matt Dawson's team on 13 March 2010, and on the BBC's Mastermind in December 2011, in which her specialist subject was Wigan Warriors.\nAfter retirement, Meadows joined the BBC team covering athletics at the 2016 Olympics. She has worked as a commentator for World Athletics at least since 2019, as of 2022.\nSince 2019 Meadows has been a Director of Totally Runable Ltd, a company co-founded by Emily Freeman who work with schools using running to build confidence in sport. She is also part of Keely Hodgkinson's coaching team along with her husband Trevor Painter.", ["w_s1924"]]
[30362, "Captain Raymond Gerald \"Jerry\" Murphy (January 14, 1930 \u2013 April 6, 2007) was the 39th United States Marine to receive the Medal of Honor for heroism in the Korean War. He was decorated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in a White House ceremony on October 27, 1953. He earned the Nation's highest military decoration for heroic action for valor in the Reno-Vegas fighting of February 1953. Raymond Gerald Murphy was born in Pueblo, Colorado on January 14, 1930 to Thomas and Mame Murphy.  He graduated from Pueblo Catholic High School in 1947. He attended Fort Lewis Junior College in Durango, Colorado for two years before transferring to Adams State College in Alamosa, Colorado. While in college, he played varsity football, basketball and baseball, and worked as a swimming instructor in Durango in the summer of 1950. In 1951, Murphy graduated from Adams State College with a degree in physical education. He joined the Marine Corps Reserve in May 1951 and entered Officers Candidate School at Parris Island, South Carolina, the following month.\nCommissioned a second lieutenant in September 1951, he was then ordered to Officers' Basic School at Quantico, Virginia. Completing the course the following February, he was transferred to Camp Pendleton, California, for advanced training before embarking for Korea in July 1952. In Korea, Second Lieutenant Murphy served with the 5th Marines, 1st Marine Division until he was wounded in the action where he earned the Medal of Honor. After treatment aboard the Danish hospital ship Jutlandia, the American hospital ship USS\u00a0Repose, and later in Japan, he was returned to the U. S. Naval Hospital, Mare Island, California, in March 1953. He was promoted to first lieutenant that same month.\nHe returned to Pueblo after his discharge from the hospital and was released from active duty April 7, 1953. On October 27, President Dwight Eisenhower presented Murphy and six others with the Medal of Honor during a ceremony at the White House. He is one of four Medal of Honor recipients from Pueblo, Colorado, the others being William J. Crawford, Drew Dennis Dix, and Carl L. Sitter. Murphy was promoted to captain on December 31, 1954 and discharged from the Marine Corps Reserve five years later on December 28, 1959.\nAfter the war, Murphy moved to New Mexico. From 1974 until his retirement, he worked as a counselor for the Veterans Administration and  became the Chief of Veterans Services.  After retiring from the VA Jerry stayed on as a volunteer at the hospital until 2005. He and his wife, Maryann, raised three sons, John, Tim, and Michael, and a daughter, Eleanor.\nMurphy died on April 6, 2007 in the Veterans Administration Nursing Home in Pueblo at age 77, after a long illness. He was buried at Santa Fe National Cemetery in Santa Fe, New Mexico.\nPrior to his death, a bill was introduced in the U.S. Senate to name the Veterans' hospital in Albuquerque the Raymond G. Murphy Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. The bill was passed by both houses of Congress and signed by President Bush on July 5, 2007. Murphy's military awards include: The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to\nSECOND LIEUTENANT RAYMOND G. MURPHY UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS\nfor service as set forth in the following\nCITATION:\nFor conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as a Platoon Commander of Company A, First Battalion, Fifth Marines, First Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces in Korea on February 3, 1953.  Although painfully wounded by fragments from an enemy mortar shell while leading his evacuation platoon in support of assault units attacking a cleverly concealed and well-entrenched hostile force occupying commanding ground, Second Lieutenant MURPHY steadfastly refused medical aid and continued to lead his men up a hill through a withering barrage of hostile mortar and small-arms fire, skillfully maneuvering his force from one position to the next and shouting words of encouragement.  Undeterred by the increasing intense enemy fire, he immediately located casualties as they fell and made several trips up and down the fire-swept hill to direct evacuation teams to the wounded, personally carrying many of the stricken Marines to safety. When reinforcements were needed by the assaulting elements, Second Lieutenant MURPHY employed part of his Unit as support and, during the ensuing battle, personally killed two of the enemy with his pistol.  When all the wounded evacuated and the assaulting units beginning to disengage, he remained behind with a carbine to cover the movement of friendly forces off the hill and, though suffering intense pain from his previous wounds, seized an automatic rifle to provide more firepower when the enemy reappeared in the trenches.  After reaching the base of the hill, he organized a search party and again ascended the slope for a final check on missing Marines, locating and carrying the bodies of a machine-gun crew back down the hill.  Wounded a second time while conducting the entire force to the line of departure through a continuing barrage of enemy small-arms, artillery and mortar fire, he again refused medical assistance until assured that every one of his men, including all casualties, had preceded him to the main lines.  His resolute and inspiring leadership, exceptional fortitude and great personal valor reflect the highest credit upon Second Lieutenant MURPHY and enhance the finest traditions of the United States Naval Service.\n/S/ DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER<PIC> Citation:\nThe President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Second Lieutenant Raymond Gerald Murphy (MCSN: 0-54837), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity as a Platoon Commander of Company A, First Battalion, Fifth Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces in Korea on 22 November 1952. Assigned the extremely hazardous mission of assaulting a strong point of the enemy main line of resistance, Second Lieutenant Murphy courageously exposed himself to devastating enemy mortar and artillery fire to press the assault on the objective. On three separate occasions, when the enemy attempted to prevent him from accomplishing his mission, he skillfully coordinated and utilized supporting arms to repulse the foe. Although the platoon suffered severe casualties by the time the objective was reached, the unit succeeded in evacuating the wounded in the face of continuous enemy fire. Upon successful completion of the mission, he ordered the withdrawal and personally remained behind until assured that all of his men had withdrawn. By his outstanding courage, superb leadership and indomitable spirit, Second Lieutenant Murphy served to inspire all who observed him and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.", ["w_s1932"]]
[30364, "Marie-France Stirbois (born  Marie-France Charles on 11 November 1944 in Paris, died 17 April 2006 in Nice of cancer) was a French National Front politician, representing Dreux from 1989 to 1993, and a Member of the European Parliament from 1994 to 1999 and from 2003 to 2004.\nAn old militant of the National Front, Marie-France Stirbois marked French political life by achieving (with her husband Jean-Pierre Stirbois) the first electoral success of the French National Front in 1983 in Dreux. Between 1989 and 1993, she was the only National Front member to sit on the National Assembly, after the Yann Piat camp had defected.\nShe is buried in Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris.<PIC> Youngest of four daughters in the Charles family, Marie-France's father was manager of a refrigeration warehouse and canning factory.  Her mother was a housewife.  Both were ardent Gaullists until 1962. Her mother received the Croix de Guerre with palms, having been imprisoned by the Germans, and her two sisters were pillars of the resistance until the end of the war.  In the 1950s, the Charles family moved to Dreux in Eure-et-Loir.\nThe young Marie-France's first political commitment was during the Algerian War; she opposed independence for Algeria.  In 1964 she was active in the Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour campaign, an extreme right candidate in the 1965 French presidential election.  It was at this time that she met her future husband, Jean-Pierre Stirbois.  She moved closer to the Occident movement.\nDuring the events of May 1968, she was a student at Nanterre, where, in the French National Federation of Students, she spoke out against the strikers.\nAs a qualified English teacher, she married the next year and taught English for seven years at Colombes.  She then stopped working to raise her two children. Like her husband, she argued in the first \"Solidarity\" movement of the extreme right for the Mouvement jeune r\u00e9volution ((in French) \"Young Revolutionary Movement\"), which rejected totalitarian Marxism and international capitalism.  When the Stirbois couple joined the National Front in 1977, five years after its establishment, each embraced militant political activism.  She became co-director of the printing press that her husband created to support their political activities in Dreux.\nUnlike her husband, Marie-France made her debut in the 1978 legislative elections in Paris.  Her first electoral success was in the cantonales of 1982, with 10% of the vote, and then she stood for Nanterre in hauts de Seine in 1985.  Her first national bid for Dreux was in 1986, while three years earlier, her husband became National Front Deputy Mayor thanks to an electoral alliance. Jean-Pierre died in a road accident in autumn 1988.  Marie-France focused on local politics and represented the National Front in Dreux, first as a city councillor, then at elections in March 1989.  She became a member at Eure-et-Loir in December that year after an election with 60% voter turnout, losing the mandate in March 1993.  For four years she was the only National Front representative in the National Assembly.\nIn March 1992 she was elected conseill\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ((in French) \"General Counsel\") and then in June 1994, Member of the European Parliament and regional advisor.  She remained in the European Parliament until 1999.\nAfter several failed attempts to become Mayor of Dreux, she moved to Nice, where she was elected City Councillor in 2001.\nIn 2003, she took Jean-Marie Le Pen's seat after his revocation of mandate as an MEP.  In 2004 she was elected Regional Councillor of Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d'Azur, and she died in 2006. Marie-France was twice sanctioned by National Front institutions and suspended from her duties in the party's political bureau. Presidential Campaign 1965\n1966 - 1977 Active participation in solidarity\nMember of the French National Front from 1977 to her death.\nNational Delegate to the National Front from 1999 to her death.\nMember of the Political Bureau of the National Front from 1990 to her death (she was temporarily suspended in October 2005).\nGeneral Counsel of Eure-et-Loir from 1994 to 2001.\nRegional Advisor of the Centre (translator's note: meaning \"Central geographic region\", not \"Centre\" on the left wing-right wing axis) from 1986 to 2004.\nMember of Eure-et-Loir from 1989 to 1993.\nMEP 1994 to 1999 and 2003 to 2004.\nCity Council of Dreux 1989 to 2001.\nNice City Council from 2001 to her death.\nRegional Councilor of Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d'Azur from 2004 to her death.", ["w_s1943"]]
[30365, "Giles Sutherland Rich (May 30, 1904 \u2013 June 9, 1999) was an Associate Judge of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (CCPA) and later on was a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC), and had enormous impact on patent law. He was the first patent attorney appointed to any federal court since Benjamin Robbins Curtis was appointed to the Supreme Court in 1851.<PIC> Rich was born May 30, 1904, in Rochester, New York. Rich was the son of Giles Willard Rich, a patent lawyer, and Sarah Thompson (Sutherland) Rich. His father worked for a variety of clients, including George Eastman, the founder of the Eastman Kodak Company. After his first year of high school his family moved to New York City, where he graduated from the Horace Mann School for Boys in 1922. Rich received a Bachelor of Science degree from Harvard University in 1926 and a Bachelor of Laws from Columbia Law School in 1929. and was admitted to the New York bar.\nIn the fall of 1929 he joined his father's law firm, Williams Rich & Morse, where he worked as a patent attorney until 1952. From 1952 to 1956, he was in private practice at Churchill, Rich, Weymouth and Engel in New York City. From 1942 to 1956, he was also a lecturer in patent law at Columbia University in its School of General Studies. In the 1940s, motivated by a prize competition, Rich authored a series of law review articles on patent practices and the anti-monopoly laws, and particularly, on contributory infringement and misuse. The series is considered by many to be a classic in the field. He was very active in the work of the New York Patent Law Association, and eventually became its vice president in 1948 and 1949, and its president in 1950 and 1951. Rich took an active role in the work of the New York Patent Law Association when it undertook to introduce and foster legislation to address the Supreme Court's Mercoid cases, which virtually destroyed the doctrine of contributory infringement. In 1947 he became part of a two-person committee to draft a new U.S. patent statute, all while continuing to practice law full-time. His partner on the statute drafting committee was Pasquale Joseph Federico, the Examiner-in-Chief of the U.S. Patent Office. After four years of work, Rich and Federico's draft statute was introduced in the Congress by Joseph Bryson (D-SC) in 1951. After passing both houses without substantial debate, as part of a \"consent bill\", it was signed into law by President Truman in 1952, to take effect in 1953. It was the first full revision of U.S. patent law since the Patent Act of 1870. Rich was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on May 17, 1956, to an Associate Judge seat on the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals vacated by Judge Noble J. Johnson. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 19, 1956, and received his commission the same day. Rich was initially appointed as a Judge under Article I, but the court was raised to Article III status by operation of law on August 25, 1958, and Rich thereafter served as an Article III Judge. Rich was reassigned by operation of law to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit on October 1, 1982, to a new seat authorized by 96 Stat. 25. At 95, he had become the oldest active federal judge; he never took senior status, a time when judges typically assume a reduced workload and semi-retire. His service terminated on June 9, 1999, due to his death. Rich also served as an adjunct professor of patent law at Georgetown University from 1963 to 1969. In 1963, he was awarded the Charles F. Kettering Award from the Patent, Trademark, and Copyright Research Institute at George Washington University. Judge Rich's judicial opinions were often notable for their colorful and memorable language. For example, in one case in which a majority of the Federal Circuit judges were unwilling to accept as a binding precedent an earlier decision of that court with which he was apparently in sympathy, he said in dissent that they acted with \"defiant disregard\" of precedent and added:  \"[I]t is mutiny. It is heresy. It is illegal.\" Judge Rich's judicial opinions include some of those most groundbreaking, influential, and controversial to modern U.S. patent law. He wrote opinions in which the court struck down prior rules against the patenting of living things (In re Chakrabarty), software-implemented inventions (In re Diehr), and business methods (State Street Bank v. Signature Financial Group), saying those rules did not have a proper basis in the patent statute (which he stated that he had co-written), and opening the way for inventors to receive patents in those areas of subject matter. In re Diehr and especially State Street Bank v. Signature Financial Group were highly controversial decisions. Many in the academic and legal community thought that the cases were wrongly decided and examples of judicial activism on the basis of a pro-patentee agenda, and the legal reasoning utilized in these decisions has been severely criticized. For example, in State Street Bank v. Signature Financial Group, Judge Rich justified his conclusion on the basis that the business method exception to patentability was abolished by the 1952 Patent Act. However, this line of reasoning is contradicted by Judge Rich himself, among others. He had earlier stated, in a law review article written not long after the passage of the 1952 Patent Act, that Section 101 of the Act denied patent protection to business methods, observing that the diaper service, \"one of the greatest inventions of our times,\" was patent-ineligible because it was a business method. The State Street decision was substantially overruled in the Federal Circuit's 2008 decision in In re Bilski. The Supreme Court's decisions in the Bilski-Mayo-Alice trilogy even more definitively rejected the line of doctrine that culminated in the State Street decision. Judge Rich was an outspoken critic of the Supreme Court and Justice Department when they took positions on patent law in opposition to those which he advocated. For example, in his opinion on remand in the case In re Bergy, after the Supreme Court vacated the judgment of the CCPA that he had authored for that court, and remanded the case to the CCPA \"for further consideration in light of\" the Supreme Court's decision in Parker v. Flook, he wrote a second Bergy opinion for the CCPA. In it he reached the same result and said that Flook shed no light and that the Justice Department had misled the Supreme Court to reach its decision. This episode was part of a long-running controversy about how the 1952 Patent Act should be interpreted \u2212 was it a mere re-codification of prior law without substantive change or did it break new ground? Judge Rich took the position that it broke new ground and that special deference should be given his views because of his relation to the process as draftsman of the bill. A contrary view \u2013 that Congress intended no major substantive change \u2013 is reflected in the concurring opinion of Justice Hugo Black in Aro Mfg. Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co. In 1992 Rich earned special recognition from President Bush for his contributions to the U.S. patent code. That same year, Rich was also honored with an American Inn of Court established in his name to foster professionalism, ethics, civility, and legal skills in the area of intellectual property. Upon learning of Judge Rich's death, the Acting Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks, Q. Todd Dickinson, remarked: \nJudge Rich was the single most important figure in twentieth century intellectual property law...Judge Rich leaves a rich legacy in his voluminous body of judicial opinions and in the 1952 Patent Act which he helped to draft. We have lost the dean of the twentieth century patent system.\nA prominent annual intellectual property moot court competition, the Giles Rich I.P. Moot Court Competition, run by the American Intellectual Property Law Association, starting in 1974, was named after him.\nIn 2006 Judge Rich was inducted into the IP Hall of Fame. On January 10, 1931, Rich married his first wife, Gertrude Verity Braun, the daughter of a Barnard College professor who was head of the German Department, and they had a daughter, Verity Sutherland, born in 1940. Gertrude died in 1953, and Rich married his second wife, Helen Gill Field the same year. At the time of his death, he was survived by his second wife, Helen; his daughter, Verity Rich Hallinan; a granddaughter; a niece, Eleanor Van Staagen Mitchell; and a nephew.\nHe was an accomplished photographer, and known among patent lawyers and judges for his curiosity and familiarity with the mechanics of everyday appliances.\nRich died of lymphoma on June 9, 1999, at Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington, D.C.", ["w_s1945"]]
[30366, "Katakura Kagetsuna (\u7247\u5009 \u666f\u7db1, 1557 \u2013 December 4, 1615) was a Japanese samurai of the Katakura clan during the late Sengoku period. Also known by his court title, Bich\u016b no Kami (\u5099\u4e2d\u5b88), or more commonly, as Katakura Koj\u016br\u014d. Together with Oniniwa Tsunamoto and Date Shigezane, Kagetsuna was known as one of the \"Three Great Men of the Date Clan\".<PIC> Kagetsuna was the son of Yonezawa native Katakura Kagenaga (a Shinto priest turned samurai), he was famed for his role as a senior retainer under Date Masamune. \nKagetsuna was trained by his half sister, Katakura Kita, who played a crucial role in the success of the Katakura clan. He first served the Date clan as a junior page under Date Masamune's father Terumune. Then, on End\u014d Motonobu's recommendation, he became Masamune's personal attendant, and was heavily relied upon as a strategist. Kagetsuna would soon become deeply trusted by his lord, as the following anecdote illustrates: Masamune, in his first battle, suddenly found himself surrounded; he was only saved when Kagetsuna arrived on the scene shouting \"I am Masamune!\" (\u308f\u308c\u3053\u305d\u304c\u653f\u5b97\u306a\u308a; Ware koso ga Masamune nari), distracting the enemy long enough for Masamune to escape. Kagetsuna fought in most of Masamune's major battles, including the Battle of Hitotoribashi in 1586, Battle of Koriyama in 1588, Battle of Suriagehara in 1589, Kunohe Rebellion in 1590, the Korean campaign in 1592, and Sekigahara in 1600. \nHe also assisted in the Date clan's administrative duties, serving as castle warden of Nihonmatsu Castle, lord of \u014cmori Castle, Watari Castle, and others. Kagetsuna played a key role in the survival of the Date clan in 1590, by recommending that Masamune submit to Toyotomi Hideyoshi during the Odawara Campaign. Following the Odawara Campaign, Hideyoshi granted Kagetsuna the 50,000 koku fief of Tamura. This made Kagetsuna a daimy\u014d in his own right; however, soon after taking possession of the fief, he returned it, in a show of loyalty to his master.\nLater, two years after Sekigahara, when Masamune was made lord of Sendai, Kagetsuna was granted Shiroishi Castle (\u767d\u77f3\u57ce Shiroishi-j\u014d), and a stipend of 13,000 koku. This was a special exception to the Tokugawa Shogunate's newly passed ikkoku ichij\u014d (\u4e00\u56fd\u4e00\u57ce; \"One Castle per Territory\") rule. The Katakura clan, as senior retainers of the Sendai domain, would remain in Shiroishi as local lords for the next two centuries, spanning over 11 generations.\nAs Kagetsuna was ill, he was unable to join Masamune at the Osaka Winter Campaign of 1614, choosing to send his son Shigenaga in his stead. Later he participated at the Osaka Summer Campaign in 1615. Kagetsuna died the following year at age 60, and was buried with the posthumous name of Sanzan J\u014dei (\u5091\u5c71\u5e38\u82f1). Upon Kagetsuna's death, six of his retainers were so deeply grieved that they committed junshi (\u6b89\u6b7b; suicide to follow one's lord in death).\nKagetsuna's son Shigenaga, taking part in the fierce fighting against Got\u014d Mototsugu at the Osaka Summer Campaign, earned the nickname Oni Koj\u016br\u014d (\u9b3c\u5c0f\u5341\u90ce; \"Ogre Koj\u016br\u014d\"). Father: Katakura Kagenaga\nMother: Motosawa Yukinao\u2019s daughter\nWife: Yanouchi Shigesada\u2019s daughter\nConcubine: Uehara Gohee\u2019s daughter\nChildren:\ndaughter\nKatakura Shigenaga by Yanouchi Shigesada\u2019s daughter\nKatakura Tomotsuna by Uehara Gohee\u2019s daughter\nKatakura Yukitsuna by Yanouchi Shigesada\u2019s daughter\ndaughter In NHK's 1987 Taiga drama Dokuganry\u016b Masamune, Kagetsuna was played by Teruhiko Saig\u014d.", ["w_s1946"]]
[30367, "USS Pioneer (AM-105) was an  Auk-class minesweeper acquired by the United States Navy for the dangerous task of removing mines from minefields laid in the water to prevent ships from passing.\nPioneer was a U.S. Navy oceangoing minesweeper, named after the word \"pioneer,\" which is defined as a person or group that originates or helps open up a new line of thought or activity or a new method or technical development.\nPioneer was laid down 30 October 1941 by Pennsylvania Shipyards, Inc., Beaumont, Texas; launched 26 July 1942; sponsored by Mrs. H. R. Jessup; and commissioned 27 February 1943, Lt. Comdr. H. B. Stevens in command.<PIC> Pioneer trained her crew and experimented with newly developed gear in the Gulf of Mexico, Chesapeake Bay, and the Potomac River before joining a Mediterranean-bound convoy at New York City on 14 May 1943, for the first of four escort voyages from New York or Norfolk, Virginia, to North African ports. In November she took up patrol and escort duty within the Mediterranean.\nOn 26 November 1943, while bound east from Oran, Pioneer's convoy was attacked by German bombers. They hit a British troopship HMT\u00a0Rohna (with over 2,000 US servicemen aboard) and set her afire; Pioneer stood by, continuing to fire on the attacking aircraft while conducting the rescue of 606 soldiers and crewmen from Rohna. The ship (with its crew of roughly 100 sailors), however, was never given any recognition for the rescue of over 600 HMT Rohna survivors. To this day (June, 2007), The Rohna Survivors Organization continues to try to have the Pioneer recognized for this extraordinary rescue operation. She protected critically important Allied convoys in the Mediterranean until assigned to the assault force for the Anzio operation early in January 1944. After training at Salerno, her group sortied from Naples on 21 January to sweep a mile-wide channel into the fire support and transport areas, and then swept these areas themselves. When the transports entered the newly cleared area, Pioneer began antisubmarine and antiaircraft patrol, and then resumed escort duties, bringing reinforcements to Anzio on 24 January.\nDesperate German resistance by land and air as well as from the sea prevented a breakout from Anzio. Pioneer guarded the beleaguered beachhead, patrolling to seaward, escorting supply and reinforcement movements, and sweeping mines dropped by enemy planes intent on isolating the beachhead by sea as it was by land. She returned to wider-ranging escort assignments when advancing Allied land forces broke through to Anzio late in May. On 12 August, Pioneer sortied for the invasion of southern France. Again minesweepers led the way, clearing the assault area, ignoring shore battery attacks while completing their complex and vital task. Patrol and sweeping operations included extensive activity to prepare newly captured Marseille to receive shipping. Pioneer sailed from Bizerte on 24 November for stateside overhaul preparatory to Pacific deployment, for which she left Norfolk, Virginia, 15 February 1945, bound for Panama en route to Hawaii. Arriving Pearl Harbor on 18 March after underway training, Pioneer installed new radar gear and joined in exercises before getting underway for Okinawa on 23 May. Calls en route delayed her arrival until 7 August. For the remainder of the year, Pioneer joined in the gigantic task of clearing Japanese and Chinese waters of the thousands of mines laid in a decade of warfare. Peaceful use of the oceans restored, Pioneer returned to San Pedro, California, 14 February 1946 to inactivate. She decommissioned and went into reserve at San Diego, California, 8 July 1946. She was redesignated MSF-105 on 7 February 1955. Struck from the Navy Register on 1 July 1972, the ship was sold to Mexico on 19 September 1972. Pioneer received 4 battle stars for World War II service. On 19 September 1972, the former Pioneer was sold to the Mexican Navy and became ARM Leandro Valle (C70), the lead ship of the Mexican Navy's  Valle class of offshore patrol vessels. Her pennant number was later changed to G01, and in 1993, was changed for the final time to P101. Leandro Valle was retired from service by 2004. According to divers on a trip to Mexico, the ship was sunk by the Mexican navy in June 2006.", ["w_s1947"]]
[30368, "The Chen Sheng and Wu Guang Uprising (simplified Chinese: \u9648\u80dc\u5434\u5e7f\u8d77\u4e49; traditional Chinese: \u9673\u52dd\u5433\u5ee3\u8d77\u7fa9; pinyin: Ch\u00e9n Sh\u00e8ng W\u00fa Gu\u01ceng Q\u01d0y\u00ec), July\u2013December 209 B.C., was the first uprising against Qin rule following the death of Qin Shi Huang. Led by Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, the uprising helped overthrow the Qin and paved the way for the Han dynasty, one of China's greatest golden ages.<PIC> It is also called:\nChen Sheng and Wu Guang Rebellion (simplified Chinese: \u9648\u80dc\u5434\u5e7f\u4e4b\u4e71; traditional Chinese: \u9673\u52dd\u5433\u5ee3\u4e4b\u4e82; pinyin: Ch\u00e9n Sh\u00e8ng W\u00fa Gu\u01ceng zh\u012b lu\u00e0n),\nDazexiang uprising (simplified Chinese: \u5927\u6cfd\u4e61\u8d77\u4e49; traditional Chinese: \u5927\u6fa4\u9109\u8d77\u7fa9; pinyin: D\u00e0z\u00e9xi\u0101ng Q\u01d0y\u00ec) as the uprising started in Dazexiang (\u5927\u6cfd\u4e61), which translates into \"Big Swamp Village\". Chen Sheng and Wu Guang were both army officers who were ordered to lead their bands of commoner soldiers north to participate in the defense of Yuyang (simplified Chinese: \u6e14\u9633; traditional Chinese: \u6f01\u967d). However, they were stopped halfway in present-day Anhui province by flooding from a severe rainstorm. The harsh Qin laws mandated execution for those who showed up late for government jobs, regardless of the nature of the delay. Figuring that they would rather fight than accept execution, Chen and Wu organized a band of 900 villagers to rebel against the government.\nThere are two stories for this uprising. To convince people to support this uprising, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang wrote \"King Chen Sheng\" on a piece of silk, and placed it in the belly of a fish. A man in this army bought the fish and was surprised to find the message. They also taught animals to say \"Da Chu flourishes, King Chen Sheng\" to make people believe in them. \nWith Chen's men declaring him king of the former Kingdom of Chu, he and Wu became the centre of armed uprisings all over China.  Over the course of just a few months, their strength grew to around ten thousand men, a force composed mostly of discontented peasants. However, in less than a year, their uprising faced serious trouble; their force was no match for the highly skilled battlefield tactics of the professional Qin soldiers and both were assassinated by their own men.\nWhile their insurrection was ultimately unsuccessful, Wu and Chen set up the example that was to be followed by Liu Bang and Xiang Yu. Their spirit can be summed up in Chen's quote \"\u738b\u4faf\u5c06\u76f8\u5b81\u6709\u79cd\u4e4e\uff1f\" (traditional Chinese: \u738b\u4faf\u5c07\u76f8\u5be7\u6709\u7a2e\u4e4e, pinyin: w\u00e1ng h\u00f3u ji\u00e0ng xi\u00e0ng n\u00ecng y\u01d2u zh\u01d2ng h\u016b; \"Are kings and nobles given their high status by birth?\"), meaning that every human, regardless of birth, can become something great if he applies himself. There is a biography of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, which is called aristocratic family of Chen Sheng, in Records of the Grand Historian. The main points of the passage are as follows. Chen Sheng was a tenant who was born in Henan province and Wu Guang was his townsman. When Chen Sheng was young, he used to plow with some peasants. One day, he felt tired, then he stopped working and went to a hill for a rest. \nAt that time, he said to his companions \"If someone among us rises to power and position, please don't forget us.\" (\"\u82df\u5bcc\u8d35\uff0c\u65e0\u76f8\u5fd8\u3002\") \nHis companions laughed at him and said \"You are a tenant, how can you be rich and powerful?\" (\"\u82e5\u4e3a\u4f63\u8015\uff0c\u4f55\u5bcc\u8d35\u4e5f?\") \nChen Sheng sighed and said \"How can a sparrow comprehend the ambition of a swan?\" (\"\u71d5\u96c0\u5b89\u77e5\u9e3f\u9e44\u4e4b\u5fd7\u54c9?\")\nLater on, Chen Sheng became an army officer, and led the Uprising with Wu Guang, his deputy. Wu Guang was a kind and influential man, but nothing more could be found about him from the history records.", ["w_s1949"]]
[30369, "Stefen Daniel Romero (born October 17, 1988) is an American professional baseball right fielder in the Los Angeles Dodgers organization. He has also played in MLB for the Seattle Mariners and for the Rakuten Golden Eagles of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).  Romero attended Sunnyside High School in Tucson, Arizona. Playing for the school's baseball team, he earned an all-southern Arizona honorable mention from the Tucson Citizen following his senior season. He also played for the school's basketball team.\nRomero enrolled at Pima Community College. After playing college baseball at Pima for two years, he transferred to Oregon State University, where he played for the Oregon State Beavers baseball team. In 2009, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Bourne Braves of the Cape Cod Baseball League. He had a .326 batting average in 2010, and was named to the All-Pac-10 Conference First Team. The Seattle Mariners selected Romero in the 12th round of the 2010 Major League Baseball Draft. He made his professional debut in 2011 with the Single-A Clinton LumberKings, logging a .280/.342/.462 slash line with 16 home runs and 65 RBI.\nIn 2012, Romero was the Mariners Minor League Player of the Year after he hit .352/.391/.599 with 23 home runs and 101 runs batted in with the Jackson Generals of the Class AA Southern League. He was assigned to the Tacoma Rainiers of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League in 2013, but started the season on the disabled list with an oblique injury. Romero was added to the Mariners 40-man roster on November 20, 2013.\nIn 2014, Romero made the Mariners' Opening Day roster, and had his major league debut on April 1. He struggled, batting .192 in 73 games. He began the 2015 season in Tacoma, playing in 116 games for the team, and also went 4-for-21 in 24 plate appearances for the Mariners. He began the 2016 season in Tacoma, and went 4-for-17 in 19 plate appearances for the Mariners that year.\nOn November 19, 2016, the Mariners released Romero to pursue an opportunity to play in Japan. He signed with the Orix Buffaloes of Nippon Professional Baseball's Pacific League on November 24, 2016. In 2017, Romero slashed .274/.330/.508 with 26 home runs and 66 RBI. He signed a three-year contract extension with the Buffaloes on August 4, 2017, earning $2.5\u00a0million per season. In 2018, Romero batted .237/.313/.451 with 25 home runs and 63 RBI. In 2019, Romero played in 81 games for Orix, batting .305/.363/.539 with 18 home runs and 63 RBI. On December 2, 2019, he became a free agent.<PIC> On January 27, 2020, Romero signed with the Rakuten Golden Eagles of Nippon Professional Baseball(NPB). On February 15, 2020, he held press conference. On the year, Romero slashed .272/.354/.539 with 24 home runs and 63 RBI for Rakuten. On December 2, 2020, he became a free agent. On January 8, 2021, Romero signed a one-year contract to return to the Orix Buffaloes of NPB. Due to the influence of COVID-19, he was in a situation where his family could not come to Japan and lived away from his family. The Buffaloes acknowledged his desire to prioritize his family and he decided to leave the team on August 3. On February 12, 2022, Romero signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. After beginning the season with the AAA Oklahoma City Dodgers he was added to the major league roster on June 22. He was designated for assignment on June 25, without appearing in a game. Stefen's younger brother, Santiago, was a teammate on their high school baseball team.", ["w_s1951"]]
[30370, "The Roman Catholic Diocese of Nice (Latin: Dioecesis Nicensis; French: Dioc\u00e8se de Nice) is a diocese of the Latin Church of the Roman Catholic Church in France. The diocese comprises the D\u00e9partment of Alpes-Maritimes.  The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Marseille.<PIC>  According to local tradition, Nice was evangelized by St. Barnabas, who had been sent by St. Paul, or else by St. Mary Magdalen, St. Martha, and St. Lazarus (who had been raised from the dead by Christ himself).\nSt. Bassus, a martyr under Emperor Decius (249\u2013251), is believed by some to have been the first Bishop of Nice. There is some evidence of an organized see of Nice existing in the year 314 A.D. in Roman Gallia Narbonensis, since the deacon Innocent and the exorcist Agapitus, clerics from Nice, attended the Council of Arles that year, possibly as delegates of the bishop. Mgr Louis Duchesne, however, pointed out that Nice was not a city (civitas) and did not have its own municipal administration.  It was governed from the city of Marseille by a civic functionary called an episcopus ('overseer'). In 314, this situation  still obtained, and the delegates sent to the Council of Nicaea are described as coming from the portus of Nice, not the civitas. It might be presumed, therefore, that they represented the chief civic administrator, the episcopus from Marseille.  Hence in Duchesne's view, there was not yet an ecclesiastical superior  in Nice called an episcopus.\nThe first Bishop of Nice known by name is Amantius, who attended in person the Council of Aquileia in 381, as did also the bishop of Marseilles.   Duchesne considers Amantius the first known bishop, rather than Bassus.\nCimiez, a civitas near Nice, but in the province of Alpes Maritimae and indeed its largest town, is claimed to have had an episcopal see around 260, which may be the case, even though the early history of Christianity in Cimiez is probably  fictitious. At any rate, the see was occupied in the mid-fifth century by St. Valerian, who was present at Church councils between 439 and 451.  A  rescript of Pope Leo I (440\u2013461), issued after AD 450, joined the two dioceses of Nice and Cimiez into one.  This union was later reversed  by Pope Hilarius, but in 465 he reunited them at the  demand of Bishop Ingenuus of Embrun,  the Metropolitan of the Alpes Maritimae, who was quarreling with  Bishop Auxanius. in this later document Pope Hilarius' letter terms Cimiez a civitas and Nice a castellum and this episode has been interpreted as an attempt  by Bishop Auxanius, who would have been Bishop of Marseille, to assert his see's  control over Nice, for which he had consecrated a bishop. It should be noted, however, that this united see (Nice and Cimiez) was a suffragan of that of Embrun up to the French Revolution.\nDuring  his rise to power, Charlemagne had visited Rome in 754, and had been made Patrician of the Romans by Pope Adrian I. It is claimed that when Charlemagne  happened to visit Cimiez (which had been devastated by the Lombards in 574), he caused one Bishop Syagrius of Nice to build on the  ruins the monastery of Saint Pontius of Cimiez. This claim presents major difficulties. There is only one source that mentions Syagrius, the  Life written in the early seventeenth century by the hagiographer Vincenzo Barrali Salerna (fl. 1577-1613), a monk of Lerins, who  states that Syagrius was Charlemagne's own nepos (paternal nephew), the Count of Brie; he found a place where the body of Saint Pons was being venerated, and got Charlemagne to build a monastery thanks to his repeated  requests.  Pope Adrian, in 777,  his fifth year as pope, is said to have called Syagrius from his monastery and made him the first Bishop of Nice, an office he is said to have held for the last ten years of his life. By  this account,  Syagrius died on 23 May 787 and was buried in the abbey where he had been the first abbot. The problems begin with the brother of Charlemagne, Carloman, who was born in 751, making it most unlikely that his son Syagrius was made a bishop only twenty-six years later. Charlemagne's presence in Nice was motivated (Barrali Salerna says) by a desire to convert pagans in the area, during which he defeated the King of Chimaera (Chimeriensis). However, in reality there were no kings in the area, and most of the local people were Christians, as they had been for centuries. The claim that Charlemagne named Syagrius and his monastery Count of Cimiez, contradicts the fact that neither counts nor counties existed at that period. Nor was there ever a city of Chimaera, and the invention of its name  seems to have been an erudite  witticism, playing on  mythological stories of fire-breathing monsters. It is highly unlikely that a Syagrius was bishop of Nice. The Bishops of Nice bore the title of Counts of Drap,  since the donation of property situated at Drap made in 1073 by Pierre, Bishop of Vaison, a native of Nice, to Bishop Raymond I and his successors. In 1388 Nice fell under the political control of the Counts of Savoy, and Nice became the seat of a Seneschal. The Count (then Duke, then King of Sardinia) had the right to nominate a new bishop.\nOn 29 March 1137 Innocent II issued a bull, Officii nostri, confirming the privileges of the Church of Nice, including the castrum quod vocatur Drapum, for Bishop Petrus.\nOn 19 January 1183, Pope Lucius III wrote to Bishop Petrus, complaining about the degraded state of spiritual life in the monastery of S. Pons in Nice, and authorizing the bishop to take measures to repair the situation. Despite an agreement between the bishop and the monks in 1184, the latter remained unrepentant, and were excommunicated. They complained to Pope Lucius, who sent another letter on 31 March 1185, rebuking them and supporting the bishop.\nIn 1207 another scandal struck the diocese of Nice. Bishop Joannes was embroiled in another conflict with some religious of the diocese, and had concluded that certain documents presented by the religious were forged. They complained to Pope Innocent III, who issued a mandate to the Bishop of Gland\u00e8ves and the Bishop of S\u00e9nez, to investigate the documents in question and the truth of the contents, so that the Pope would know how to proceed. Before that could happen, Bishop Joannes inspected the documents again and concluded that he had been wrong in the first place; he immediately approached Fr. Pietro di Castronovo, the Apostolic legate, and explained why he had made his mistake. But it was still a false charge of forgery. Canon law on falsifications, however, was clear and precise, and the bishop went directly to the Pope, who suspended him from office and appointed commissioners, Bishop Hugh of Riez and the Abbot of Boscaud, to convince  the bishop to purge himself of his offense, and then restore him to office.\nIn 1691 Nice was seized by Louis XIV, though it was restored to Savoy in 1696. It was seized again by the Duke of Berwick in 1705, and restored to Savoy by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. It was attacked by the French again in 1744, and in 1792; it was united to France in 1793 and became the capital of the new Department of Alpes Maritimes.\nThe diocese was re-established by the Concordat of 1801 as a suffragan of Aix-en-Provence. While the Countship of Nice from 1818 to 1860 was politically part of the Sardinian States, the see became a suffragan of Genoa. When Nice was annexed to France in 1860, certain outlying districts which remained Italian were separated from the diocese and added to the Diocese of Ventimiglia. In 1862 the diocese  again became a suffragan of Aix-en-Provence. The arrondissement of Grasse was separated from the Diocese of Fr\u00e9jus in 1886, and given to Nice, which thereafter united the three former dioceses of Nice, Grasse and Vence.  ? Bassus\n? unnamed bishop, who sent delegates to Council of Arles (314).\nAmantius (381\u2013439)\n[Valerianus (439\u2013455)], Bishop of Cimiez\nValerius\n[Auxanius (462\u2013466)]\nDutherius\nMagnus (549\u2013581)\nAustadius (c. 581)\nCatulinus (585\u2013614)\nAbraham (614\u2013?)\n...\nSyagrius ([777\u2013788])\nJohannes (788\u2013791)\n...\nFrodonius (c. 999) Bernard (1004?\u2013?)\nPons (1011\u20131030)\nAndr\u00e9 (I) (1033\u20131034)\nNitard (1037\u20131040)\nAndr\u00e9 (II) (1042\u20131051)\nRaimond (I) (1064\u20131074)\nArchimbaud (1074\u20131078)\nAnselm   (1100\u201307)\nIsnard (1108\u20131114)\nPierre (1115\u20131149)\nArnaud (1151\u20131164)\nRaimond Laugier (c. 1166)\nPierre (c. 1183\u20131191?)\nJean (1200\u20131207)\nHenri (1208\u20131236)\nMainfroi (1238\u20131246)\nNitard (1247\u20131251)\nMorardus (c. 1251\u2013\u00a0? )\nPierre (II) (1257\u20131272)\nHugues (1285\u20131292)\nBernard Chabaud de Tourettes (1294\u20131302?) Nitard (c. 1301\u2013c. 1311)\nRaimond, O.E.S.A. (?\u20131316)\nGuillaume, O.Min. (1317\u20131323)\nRostaing, O.P. (1323\u20131329)\nJean Artaud, O.P. (1329\u20131334)\nRaymond, O.Min. (1334\u20131335)\nGuillaume (1335 \u2013 1348?)\nPierre Sardina (1348\u20131360)\nLaurent Le Peintre (1360\u20131365)\n(Pierre) Roquesalve de Soliers, O.P. (1371\u20131380) Jean de Tournefort (1382\u20131400) (Avignon Obedience)\nDamiano Zavaglia, O.P. (1385 \u2013 1388.06) (Roman Obedience)\nFran\u00e7ois (1403\u20131409) (Avignon Obedience)\nJean de Burle (1409\u20131418) (Avignon Obedience) Antoine Cl\u00e9ment, O.Min. (1418\u20131422)\nAimon de Chiss\u00e9 (1422\u20131427)\nAimond de Chiss\u00e9 (1427\u20131428)\nLouis Badat (1428\u20131444)\nAimon Provana de Leyni, O.S.B. (1446\u20131461)\nHenri de Albertis (1461\u20131462)\nBarth\u00e9lemi Chuet (1462\u20131501)\nJean de Loriol (1501\u20131506)\nAgostino Ferrero, O.Cist. (1506 \u2013 16 September 1511) (Apostolic Administrator)\nGirolamo de' Capitani d'Arsago, O.S.B. (1511\u20131542)\nGirolamo Recanati Capodiferro (6 Feb 1542 Appointed \u2013 30 July 1544)\nFran\u00e7ois de Lambert (1549 \u2013 1582)\nJean Louis Pallavicino Ceva  (7 Nov 1583 \u2013 5 November 1598)\nFrancesco Martinengo, O.Min.Obs. (23 Oct 1600 Appointed \u2013 22 August 1620)\nPierre Fran\u00e7ois Maletti, (10 Jan 1622 Appointed \u2013 4 December 1631)\nGiacomo Marenco  (17 Dec 1634 Appointed \u2013 2 January 1644)\nDidier Palleti, (28 Nov 1644 Appointed \u2013 18 September 1658)\nGiacinto Solaro di Moretta  (9 Jun 1659 \u2013 23 April 1663) \nDiego della Chiesa (6 Jul 1665 \u2013 30 December 1669)\nHenri Provana, O.Carm.Discalc. (23 Feb 1671  \u2013 30 November 1706)\nSede Vacante\nRaymond Recrosio, Cong. Barn. (30 Jul 1727 Confirmed \u2013 21 May 1732)\nCharles-Fran\u00e7ois Cantoni (Couton)  (17 Apr 1741 \u2013 23 August 1763)\nJacques-Thomas Astesan, O.P. (9 Jul 1764 Confirmed \u2013 1 June 1778)\nCharles-Eug\u00e8ne de Valperga de Maglione (20 Mar 1780  \u2013 Oct 1800) Jean-Baptiste Colonna d'Istria (11 Jul 1802 \u2013 29 July 1833 Retired)\nDominique Galvano (24 Nov 1833 Ordained \u2013 17 August 1855 Died)\nSede Vacante (1855\u20131858)\nJean-Pierre Sola (3 Jan 1858 \u2013 Oct 1877 Retired)\nMatthieu-Victor-F\u00e9licien Bala\u00efn, (10 Mar 1878 \u2013 3 September 1896)\nHenri-Louis Chapon (29 Sep 1896 Ordained \u2013 14 December 1925 Died)\nLouis-Marie Ricard (22 Jun 1926 Installed \u2013 21 October 1929 Died)\nPaul-Jules-Narcisse R\u00e9mond (8 Jul 1930 Installed \u2013 24 April 1963 Died)\nJean-Julien-Robert Mouisset (24 Apr 1963 Succeeded \u2013 30 April 1984 Retired)\nFran\u00e7ois de Sales Marie Adrien Saint-Macary (30 Apr 1984 Succeeded \u2013 14 November 1997)\nJean Marie Louis Bonfils, S.M.A. (28 Aug 1998 Appointed \u2013 28 March 2005 Retired)\nLouis Albert Joseph Roger Sankal\u00e9 (28 Mar 2005 Succeeded \u2013 8 August 2013 Resigned)\nAndr\u00e9 Marceau  (6 Mar 2014 \u2013 9 March 2022)\nJean-Philippe Nault (9 March 2022 \u2013 present)", ["w_s1954"]]
[30371, "Captain Alexander Adams (1780\u20131871) was a Scotsman who served in the British Royal Navy and then came to the Hawaiian islands and served in the navy of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Known to the Hawaiians as Alika Napunako Adams. Adams was born December 27, 1780 in Arbroath, Angus, Scotland. He said his father was John Fyfe, who he said was the \"Earl of Fyfe\", born in Arbroath c. 1754. His mother was Jean Adams, born in Arbroath c. 1758.\nLeaving Scotland in 1792, he worked 4 years aboard Zephyr belonging to Husson & Co. out of Newcastle upon Tyne, England. In 1796, he left Zephyr, and joined Calcutta out of Lancaster for two trips. He was drafted into naval service aboard HMS\u00a0Elizabeth after the Battle of Trafalgar in the Napoleonic Wars.<PIC> He arrived in Hawaii some time between 1809 and 1811 on the American trading ship Albatross from Boston.\nHe met King Kamehameha I and joined English sailor John Young, who had arrived in 1790, to command the navy of the Kingdom of Hawaii. He was awarded control of over 2,000 acres (810\u00a0ha) in the Niu Valley, including control over the Kupapa Fishpond, which he later filled in for purposes of growing sweet potatoes. (east of Honolulu, coordinates 21\u00b017\u203224\u2033N 157\u00b044\u203220\u2033W).\nIn April 1816 at Kawaihae Bay, Adams negotiated to buy a ship called Forester under Captain John Ebbetts which had been owned by American John Jacob Astor.\nPrince Liholiho (soon to become King Kamehameha II) purchased the ship with sandalwood (Santalum ellipticum), and changed its name to Kaahumanu after his powerful stepmother Queen Ka\u02bbahumanu. A condition of the deal was for Adams to take command of the ship. It was a small two-masted trading ship called a brig.\nOn March 7, 1817, the Kingdom of Hawaii sent Adams to China on his ship to sell sandalwood. To enter the harbor, the ship paid $3000 in port charges, making it not a financial success. Upon returning October 5, 1817, at Hilo and hearing of the amount Adams had to pay, King Kamehameha decided Hawaii should also generate revenue from port charges.\nHe refused to sail under the American flag once the War of 1812 broke out.\nWhen Adams sailed the Kaahumanu to China, it was the first vessel under the flag of Hawaii. Some traditions also credit him with designing the flag, though this honor has also been claimed for King Kamehameha I himself or another British sailor of the time, George Charles Beckley.\nHis reasoning for adding the British Union Jack into the flag was due to the power of the British Empire at the time. He quotes \"if we don't pledge allegiance to Britain we may all perish\".\nHe was sent to Kaua\u02bbi  by Kamehemeha I to remove Russian Fort Elizabeth that had been set up in 1817. His words were \"upon arriving they were soon dispatched\".\nHe stood on the shore with John Young when the first Christian missionaries anchored off shore in 1820. He helped convince the King to allow the missionaries to come ashore and speak to the King. He served as the Honolulu Harbor Pilot after Naihekukui left in 1823. When the HMS\u00a0Blonde arrived in 1825, Adams helped the Scottish naturalist distribute some plants he thought would be commercially successful in the tropical climate.\nQueen Ka\u02bbahuman gave Adams over 290 acres (120\u00a0ha) of land in Kalihi Valley (on the island of Oahu a few miles from Waikiki) in gratitude for his services. The area was called Apili.\nAfter 30 years of piloting, Adams retired in 1853, grew fruit on his land in Kalihi Valley, and was great host to visitors. Adams kept a journal which his notes were taken from and printed in Honolulu Star Bulltein May 4, 1935. Adams lived the remainder of his life in the Hawaiian islands, where he married three times and left many descendants. He was given the Hawaiian name Alika Napunako Adams. His first wife was Sarah Kaniaulono or Kale Davis, daughter of Isaac Davis.  Two of his marriages were to Sarah Ulukaihonua Harbottle and then to her sister Charlotte Oili Harbottle (died 1893). Both were daughters of Papapaupu (or Papapaunauapu, the adopted grand daughter of King Kamehameha) and John Harbottle, another Scotsman serving as Honolulu pilot.  By his account he had 15 children; 10 were still alive at the time of his death. He had a home on what was named Adams Lane in 1850, in his honor, a small lane in downtown Honolulu next to the Hawaiian Telephone company building at coordinates 21\u00b018\u203233\u2033N 157\u00b051\u203234\u2033W, as well as in Kalihi Valley. Adams died October 17, 1871. He is buried next to his friend and fellow Scotsman Andrew Auld in the  Nu\u02bbuanu Cemetery. Their common tombstone contains the following inscription in the Scots dialect:\n\"Twa croanies frae the land of heather,\n Are sleepin' here in death th'gether.\"\nThe estate in Niu Valley was held by his granddaughter Mary Lucas, who started subdividing in the 1950s. The area created by the filling of Kupapa Fishpond is now the site of numerous oceanfront homes. One grandson of Lucas was Air Force General Benjamin B. Cassiday Jr., Another grandson is Nainoa Thompson, who revived the ancient Hawaiian craft of instrumentless navigation and founded the Polynesian Voyaging Society, which sponsors voyages by traditional Hawaiian sailing wa'a (canoes) Hokulea and Hawai'i Loa.\nAnother was Paul R. Cassiday, trustee of the Campbell Estate.", ["w_s1960"]]
[30372, "The Moco Museum (Modern Contemporary Museum) is an independent museum located in Amsterdam, the Netherlands and Barcelona, Spain, dedicated to exhibiting modern and contemporary art. The museum was founded with the mission of attracting broader and younger audiences, and of making art accessible to the public.\nMoco Museum in Amsterdam is situated on Museumplein, in the historic Villa Alsberg, a townhouse designed in 1904 by Eduard Cuypers the nephew of Pierre Cuypers, designer of Amsterdam Central Station and the Rijksmuseum. The townhouse was one of the first privately-owned residencies on Museumplein and remained so until 1939. Moco Museum opened its doors in April 2016.\nMoco Museum in El Born, Barcelona is in the historic Palau Cervell\u00f3-Giudice, formerly the private residence of the noble Cervell\u00f3 family until the 18th Century. The building incorporates parts of a previous construction from the 15th Century, evidenced by the interior courtyard, arched staircase with columns, capitals, and Renaissance-type mouldings. Furthermore Palau Cervell\u00f3 displays an impressive Gothic facade entryway.<PIC> Amsterdam Exhibitions\n2017 Nov 03 - 20 May 2019 \u2014 Roy Lichtenstein: Lasting Influence. A full-body, experiential exhibition space that draws upon the painterly legacy of Vincent van Gogh and his influence on the works of Roy Lichtenstein.\n2018 Jun 01 09 Jan 2019 \u2014 Icy & Sot: A Moment of Clarity. The first retrospective show from the contemporary street art brothers and political activists from Iran.\n2019 Jan 18 - 01 Apr 2020\u2014 Daniel Arsham: Connecting Time. The New York-based contemporary artist makes his debut in the Netherlands.\n2019 Mar 22 \u2014 Yayoi Kusama. A dedicated exhibition space at Moco presents works from the prolific, female artist, Night of Stars and Pumpkin.\n2019 Sep 25 - 28 Jan 2020 \u2014 JR Room. Moco Museum unites important artworks from the French street artist and photographer, JR. The Gun Chronicles: A Story of America by JR debuts at Moco Museum in Amsterdam.\n2020 Feb 03 \u2014 Studio Irma: Reflecting Forward. (Made in collaboration with Moco.) A digital immersive art exhibition and inclusive experience where space, people, and modern technology blend in harmony.\n2020 Nov 19 \u2014 THE KID\u00a0:  The Future Is Old. Moco Museum premieres the first solo exhibition in the Netherlands of international contemporary artist THE KID, who questions social determinism and the frontier between innocence and corruption in modern societies.\nBarcelona Exhibitions\n2021 Oct 16 \u2014 Guillermo Lorca: Esplendor de la Noche. Moco Museum presents the first European solo show from the contemporary Chilean artist. Esplendor de la Noche brings together a series of seven large-scale works that combine magic and realism with images of tender beauty and scenes of brutality. Curated by Simon de Pury.\n2021 Oct 16 \u2014 NFT. Europe's first dedicated exhibition space to NFTs. The exhibitions brings together a selection of NFTs from the artists like Andr\u00e9s Reisinger, Blake Kathryn x Paris Hilton, Frederico Clapis, Alotta Money and Beeple.\nOngoing Exhibitions\nOngoing \u2014 Banksy: Laugh Now. The 'unauthorized' exhibition features highlights such as Beanfield, Girl with a Balloon and Flower Thrower.\nOngoing \u2014 Moco Garden. The museum's outdoor exhibition space changes and evolves frequently to enrich patrons' museum experience. Features works by Banksy, KAWS, WhIsBe, Fidia, Marcel Wanders and more.\nOngoing \u2014 Moco Masters. A revolving exhibition that highlights modern and contemporary artists who have inspired an enduring legacy. Featuring works by Andy Warhol, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Jeff Koons, Damien Hirst, Keith Haring, Os Gemeos and more.", ["w_s1961"]]
[30373, "The D&H Canal Co. Office, now known as the Roebling Inn, is located on Scenic Drive in Lackawaxen, Pennsylvania, United States. It is a mid-19th century wooden house in the Greek Revival architectural style.\nIt was originally built by the company, which operated the nearby Delaware and Hudson Canal, as its regional office. Sold in 1898 to Charles W. Shannon when the canal was shut down, it was converted into a boarding house, a single-family private residence, and most recently a bed and breakfast. It remains mostly intact. In 1993 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<PIC> The house is on an acre with two outbuildings along Scenic Drive, just off PA 590. It is a short distance north of Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct, one of the earliest suspension bridges in the United States, and a short distance south of the Zane Grey Museum. The property's lawn slopes gently down to the Delaware River to the east. A line of mature trees screens the property from some other residences nearby. Nearby are some filled-in sections of the canal. Most of the other property in the area is owned by the National Park Service as part of the Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River.\nThe building itself is a clapboard-sided gable-roofed frame structure two and a half stories tall on a foundation of random coursed stone. Its main block is five bays wide by two deep. Greek Revival detailing includes a frieze at the roofline and a transom and sidelights on the centrally-located main entrance. A two-story bay window projects from the south elevation.\nOn the west side is a one-and-half-story, three-bay kitchen wing, added later. It has similar detailing to the main block. On its south side is a small porch, with a gently sloped roof supported by four square wooden columns. A cinder block chimney, the only one on the house, rises on the west.\nInside the house retains much of its original central-hall floor plan, minimally altered for its current use. Many rooms retain their original plaster finish. The attic's plaster walls and ceiling are unusual for a house of its era. There are no fireplaces, although a wooden ornamental mantel remains in the dining room.\nThere are two outbuildings: a carriage house and a cottage. Both are of similar material and design to the main house, but are not considered contributing resources to the National Register listing as their construction dates to the years after the canal company's ownership. Local records show the company owning the land as early as 1852, the year after the death of early canal administrator Thomas Tracey. It took several employees to do his duties, and the company began to develop a bureaucracy, with large houses along the canal's route for local administrators. No official company document survives designating this Lackawaxen property the Delaware and Hudson's regional office. That belief is instead supported by maps, company policies, physical evidence and local tradition. Since this section of the canal had frequent washouts, and it was close to the Delaware Lackawaxen aqueducts, which required regular maintenance, a regional administrator may well have seen this as an ideal site. It could also be used to keep an eye on the Lackawaxen Dam, which the company had stopped using once the aqueducts had been built but remained as a possible liability risk.\nThe original house, in 1855, was just the main block. Around 1870, the wing was added.\nOne company official known to have lived here was Thomas Ridgway, a former judge and regional administrator from 1876 until his death in 1888. Among surviving records are his tallies of lumber rafts going over the dam and under the aqueduct. This was to help reconcile claims they made against the company for damage to their rafts. As with other administrators, the building was both his home and his office. The finished attic probably served as lodging for workers brought in during high-maintenance periods.\nA man named C.W. Shannon bought the building when the company abandoned the canal for its railroad interests in 1898. He converted it into a boarding house, taking in as many as 20 guests a week. His son ran his medical practice from here, and built the small cottage in the rear to see patients, as well as the carriage house.\nAs boardinghouses declined, the building became a private residence. In 1985 the present owners bought it and converted into a bed and breakfast.", ["w_s1962"]]
[30374, "Privett station was an intermediate station  on the Meon Valley line which ran from Alton to Fareham during the first half of the 20th century. Named after the hamlet of Privett, the station was in fact over half a mile (1 kilometre) from its namesake and was built in largely uninhabited countryside.  Opened on 1 June 1903 north of the village a few yards east of the Alton road, its only minor claim to fame was that it caused Privett Halt in Gosport to be renamed to avoid confusion. This followed an earlier dispute over the exact name of the station. It was originally to be named 'West Tisted', following the convention that stations were named after the parish they were in. The family that owned Basing Park, the country estate on the edge of which the station was sited, insisted on the station being named Privett after the hamlet that formed part of their estate. This matter, coupled to the station being sited far from any local settlements but close to the Basing Park house, led many to conclude that the station was built specifically for the owners of the Park. The fact that a new Carriage Drive was built leading from the house to the station only led credence to this rumour. Like all the stations on the line Privett station accommodated double railway track and long platforms capable of serving 11-coach express trains. The large station buildings, designed by T. P. Figgis, were situated on the 'Down' platform and built in a highly regarded Tudor Revival style. They incorporated quite lavish passenger facilities including a large booking office with a tiled floor and a timber framed roof, separate gentlemen's and ladies' waiting rooms (as well as a large passenger shelter on the 'Up' platform) and a refreshments room. The station building also contained the station master's accommodation and other more functional rooms such as a goods office and lamp room. A signal box on the 'Up' platform controlled trains passing through the station as well as the extensive goods yard built to the south of the station site. The Meon Valley Railway was a particularly difficult line to construct (It cost the equivalent of 27 million GBP, and took 6 years to build the 22-miles of line. Its most dramatic feature was the 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) Privett tunnel, the northern entrance of which was close to the station. The station was also the summit of the line, at 519 feet (158\u00a0m) above sea level. Given the station's remote location passenger numbers never matched the extensive facilities. In 1921, following the Meon Valley line's downgrading from a through route to a local line (see the line's main article for more information) the 'Up' platform was closed, as was the signal box, which remained in use purely to control the goods yard. All trains now called alongside the main station buildings on the former 'Down' platform. The station remained at 'half capacity' for the next 34 years. On 7 February 1955 the station was closed (along with West Meon and Tisted stations) and all services were withdrawn. The last special train to call at the station was on 6 February 1955 when an enthusiast's special called 'The Hampshireman' briefly stopped at the station (which officially closed the next day). The station became a private house. The platform canopy was removed during conversion. Until the 1970s a fish pond occupied the former track space between the platforms but this has since been filled in.<PIC> Following the opening of the railway a public house and hotel was built across the Alton-Gosport road from the station. This was initially named 'The Privett Bush' (a pun on the common plant named Privet). The hotel is still in business, now named 'The Angel'. ", ["w_s1963"]]
[30375, "HM Prison Winchester is a Category B men's prison, located in Winchester, Hampshire, England. The prison is operated by Her Majesty's Prison Service.<PIC> There has probably been a prison in Winchester, mainly known as Winchester gaol, since the thirteenth century.\nA substantial part of the former County Gaol, rebuilt 1788 and 1803 of three storeys in Classical style, the predecessor of the present Winchester Prison and now converted to commercial use, survives in Jewry Street.\nWinchester Prison was built between 1846 and 1850 to a Victorian radial design, with five 'spokes' radiating from a central hub carrying a turret prominent on the Winchester skyline.  Four of these wings are now used for prisoner accommodation and one for administration. The prison occupies an elevated site in Romsey Road screened by a massive brick wall and bank.  The central gatehouse was originally open to the street, but has been enclosed by the wall.  The site contains the shell of the Victorian treadwheel house - a rare survivor.\nBetween 1900 and 1963, 16 male executions took place at the prison. The last was that of Dennis Whitty, convicted of capital murder at Cornwall Assizes, and hanged on 17 December 1963. The prison featured (as Wintoncester Prison) in Thomas Hardy's novel \"Tess of the D'Urbervilles\" as the site of Tess's execution although, in fact, no female has been executed at the present prison.\nIn 1995 serial killer Rosemary West, wife of Fred West, was held in Winchester on remand for the duration of her trial in Winchester Crown Court.  Each day she was driven from her specially built unit within the male segregation block half a mile down the road to the court.\nIn December 2001, a convicted murderer escaped from Winchester Prison by scaling the wall. The prisoner went on the run after using a home-made handsaw to saw through the bars of his ground floor cell window. He then used a rope and grappling hook to scale the 30-feet wall of the prison. The prisoner was recaptured days later.\nIn August 2003, a Prison Reform Trust report stated that overcrowding at Winchester Prison was an ongoing problem. 54.7% of prisoners were sharing cells which were designed for one person. There had also been three suicides at the jail in the previous year.\nIn April 2005, an inspection report from Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons stated that Winchester Prison was overcrowded and prisoners did not have enough work to do. The report also said that vulnerable inmates were not well protected and relations between staff and prisoners were not good. However, the report praised prisoner resettlement and improvements in healthcare at the jail.\nThe Inspectorate was still dissatisfied with Winchester at their inspection in 2010, stating that staff were unnecessarily rude and that prisoners spent too long in their cells with nothing to do. The team was especially critical of the discrimination that occurred between the West Hill annexe and the main prison in terms of employment and purposeful activity. Winchester is a Category B prison for adult males which also houses young offenders aged over 18. The prison is currently undergoing major refurbishment with a build programme lasting 5 years. Work already completed includes changes to the health care, first night and detoxification centres, as well as a new electrical system, renewal of the fire and general alarms, a new visits complex and pedestrian access at the main gate. The rebuilding of C wing, that was suffering from age decay, was completed in 2008 and the first prisoners were moved into the new cells in October 2008.\nThe Prison has 4 wings. The first being \"A\" Wing that was supposed to house induction inmates for their 1st night but has since turned into a permanent wing. \"B\" Wing is the biggest wing which is mainly there for remanded prisoners. \"C\" wing is the drug detox wing and houses prisoners that are there with drug issues mainly. \"D\" is the vulnerable prisoner wing and houses prisoners that are a threat to themselves or in fear of attack from other prisoners. E wing is used for offices. There is a category C offshoot called \"Westhill\" which has 3 wings. \"Alfred\", \"Temple\" and \"Wykeham\". There is also a D Cat offshoot called \"The Herne\" which has 40 cells all single.\nBy December 2010, the Prison offered a limited selection of Freeview channels to all cells.\nThe Regime at HMP Winchester claims to deliver an average of 22 hours of Purposeful Activity per prisoner per week. However, this is regularly disputed by inspection reports and prisoners themselves.\nEducation at the prison is provided through Milton Keynes College, and is available irrespective of academic ability, but only limited courses are available to prisoners segregated under Prison Rule 45.  Other facilities include a prison gym.\nThere have been many deaths in Winchester Prison. Daryl Hargrave aged 22 hanged himself in Winchester Prison on 19 July 2015, a day after another prisoner at the jail took his life. The inquest into Hargrave's death found adequate mental health care had not been provided, despite repeated warnings Hargrave was risk of self harm.  Hargrave had repeatedly self-harmed and attempted suicide and suffered mental health problems from a young age. In the days before his death Hargrave was clearly psychotic and told staff he planned to harm himself according to lawyers. The day before his suicide, Hargrave cut himself and told a nurse he was 'ground down by voices telling him to kill himself.' The nurse asked for him to be moved to an observation cell and put on constant watch.  The prison\u2019s two observation cells were in use and Hargrave was instead put in a corner cell which one nurse described as the \"worst place to put someone who was suicidal, as it was out of sight, out of mind\".  Consultant forensic psychiatrist, Dr Dinesh Maganty, said Hargrave showed clear evidence of psychosis and a GP or psychiatrist should have seen him urgently. Maganty said Hargrave should have received medication to help with anxiety and agitation due to his psychosis and criticised failure to provide it. The governor told the jury in 2015, just 41% of staff were sufficiently trained in suicide and self-harm prevention. This has now risen to 61% but progress was slow as because of 'resourcing issues' and the governor accepted this is not good enough.  A coroner found neglect contributed to Daryl Hargrave's death.  A prison inspection found the prison was, \"insufficiently safe\" and anti-bullying measures were ineffective.\nMany prisoners spend just 45 minutes a day out of their cells.  There is weak support for prisoners at risk of self harm and there have been five suicides since the last inspection in 2014.  New prisoners are reasonably well treated, initiatives to prevent violence are good and the prison is making progress in many areas.  However limits to time out of cells reduces the good the prison can do. After a prisoner took his own life in September 2016 there were complaints over lack of suicide prevention training among the staff. All but one of the Richmond Sixteen, First World War \"absolutist\" conscientious objectors\nDennis Whitty\nBasil Bunting\nKeith Mann\nRosemary West\nStephen Nicholson: Currently convicted for the murder of Lucy McHugh and 3 counts of child rape and serving life with the possibility of 33 years\nBob Higgins: Former football coach with Southampton F.C. Implicated in the 2016 United Kingdom football sexual abuse scandal - held on remand at HMP Winchester until sentencing. Currently imprisoned at HMP Wakefield in Yorkshire. The prison featured (as Wintoncester Prison) in Thomas Hardy's novel Tess of the D'Urbervilles.\nThe prison appeared in the 1971 Stanley Kubrick film A Clockwork Orange, as it was used for location shooting, as well as an aerial shot.\nThe prison appeared in the 2019 Channel 4 programme 'Crime and Punishment' with the first episode broadcast on 16 September, and subsequent episodes being broadcast at 9pm each Monday.", ["w_s1964"]]
[30376, "Aref Arefkia (Persian: \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u200c\u06a9\u06cc\u0627) (Azerbaijani: Arif Arifkiya), known as Aref (Persian: \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641; also Romanized as \u0100ref, born August 10, 1940) is an Iranian pop music singer and former actor. He is known as \"The king of hearts\" and \"The legend of pop\" in Iran.\nHe graduated from Tehran Industrial School of Art in 1958. Before starting his career as a singer, Aref worked as a teacher in Qazvin industrial school of art for two years, but the truth is that he has been singing since he was 12 years old.\nIn the 1960s, Aref introduced a new wave of romantic styles to the large spectrum of romantic Persian music. After the Islamic revolution Aref left Iran and went to London and Los Angeles. He has one son and four daughters.\nHis first hit was \"Daryacheye Noor\" which is still popular among all the Iranians. Aref and his family left Iran in 1979, following the Islamic revolution. He first lived in London, England, for three years, then moved to Los Angeles, United States.\nNumber of songs\u00a0: I present you (August 2018), that's enough (June 2018), Peshmerga (February 2017), who better than you (November 2016), Love (July 2016), Bagh-e Darya (February 2016), Mondgar (December 2015), Don't Cry (January 1, 2015), Song of Nostalgia (June 2014), Love (May 19, 2014), Storm (October 1, 2013), Aramesh (2012), If you're not (with Reza Naderi- 2011), Stars, Fire (2007), Persian Gulf.\nSong Style: In the past,  Aref's work was known among music pursuers as \"Aref style.\". The process of shaping this style was as follows:\nIn the mid-1940s, songs were performed as ballads that had Arabic themes and were mostly needles and gloomy. The course was attended by singers Qasim Jebeli, Manouchehr Shafiee, Alfred Lazarian and Houshang Shokati. Some poets and translators translated the lyrics of the European song \"Wow to Wow\". Hamid Ghanbari and Jamshid Sheibani were among the first to perform the translated lyrics with the same original song. This style was pop, but it was not Iranian. In the early 1950s, love songs were performed with Western orchestration and Persian theology. This style of songs was presented to the public by Mohammad Noori, Vigen and Manouchehr Sakhaei. \nWhen Aref started his career, Viguen was referred to as the \"founder of pop music\". He was able to create a \"Aref style\" by adding Iranian melodies and musical instruments to the previous style.\nThe concept of songs\u00a0: \nLove Songs Aref had suffered many hardships in his life, so there was a \"disdain\" in his voice. His loneliness also made the songs he sang more palpable to the listener, and the sense of the song conveyed well. This was lost by performing the song \"Lake of Light (= Daryache ye Noor)\",  and he had to use his thoughts to create it in his songs to create sense. (Aref never used smoke or alcohol) Shahbal Shab-pareh wrote in  \"The Pop Fader song\" about Aref: \"The Sultan(=King) of Hearts was Aref, reading it was for the heart of love. Everything he read smelled of love , promising , friendship and compromise\" \nPolitical and Patriotic Songs\u00a0: \nWith the outbreak of the revolution, Aref tried to distance himself from singing love songs and sing about the pains of the people of his community. During his time in the country, he performed the songs of \"brother (=baradar)\" and \"I will give you my hands (= dast hayam raa be to midaham)\" . \nAbroad, songs such as \"My Pulse for Iran (=nabze man baraye Iran mizane)\" , \"People Always people (=mardom hamishe mardom)\" , \"Little Soldier (=sarbaz kochoolo)\" , \"Blackout (=khaamooshi)\" , \"Strange Days of Nazanin(= roozegare ajibist nazanin)\" , \"Beman Madar\" , \"khakeh man Irane man Koo\", \"Anthem of Iran (Polyphony)\", \"Persian Gulf(=khalije fars)\" , \"Beat the Fire(= bezan atash)\" released.\nNew Persian Songs\u00a0: In the early 1970s, great songwriters such as Shahyar Ghanbari, Ardalan Sarfaraz and Iraj Jannati-Ataei began to change the course of songs and used heavy Persian literature. These types of poets were like unknown 2-3 equations that led the listener astray. Aref sought to perform simple poets that would be tangible to the listener. Like the song \"I Don't Believe (=delam bavar nadareh)\" with a poem by Shahyar Ghanbari that was performed in the mid-1960s\u00a0: [ I know, like everyone else, you'll be fed up with me, and you'll be saddened by my grief / These two white hands in my hand, I know, will eventually put my hand back / I know, but I don't believe it's enough that it's simple, it brings me bad back ]\nPolyphony Songs\u00a0: \n1. Duet with female singers :In addition to Narmela and Pouran and Delkash, Ramesh, Googoosh, Ahdieh, Beheshteh, Shahin, Hayedeh, Pouran Zandi (wife of Jamshid Zandi ), Aref also performed duets that were mostly made for feature films. \nIn the 1960s and 1970s, most of the selway choruses of Aref songs were performed by a woman named Hermineh. In 2002, Aref appeared as a guest singer at the Kodak Theatre and performed the song \"Sultan of Hearts (=sultane qalbha)\" along with Leila Forouhar.\nDuet  male singers\u00a0:\nThe songs that Aref performed with male singers are:  Advice (with Amir Rasaei), Roses (with Sattar), Iran Iraneh (with Shahram Kashani) and If you're not (with Reza Naderi). In late 1991, at an art festival, baron baron, kalaghha, and Hala kheili direh, they were co-performed by Viguen, Manouchehr Sakhaei and Aref .\nFour-voiced songs (related to the film Money of the World(= donyaye pool)\u00a0:Several songs were recorded for this film, composer and arranger Anoushirvan Rouhani, whose words were written by Karim Fakoor. In the film, two songs, \"Del-e Qafel\" and \"Dastet Ra dar dasteh man deh\", were recorded and performed in the voices of Aref, Vigen, Pouran and Beheshteh .\nThe four-voiced song \"Parastooha\" (related to the movie The Lovely Girl(=Dookhtareh eshvehgar)\u00a0: The song was recorded and released along with Ahadieh, Alice and Bella .\nTriphony song \"Hamoumi\": The folk song was set in 1974 by Shamaezadeh, played by Aref, Ebi and Solly. The song was also performed and released by Shama-ei-zadeh, Martik and Bahram. \nSix-voiced songs related to Nowruz 1978: In one of the television specials, two songs , \"Samanoo\" and \"Ey Ensan\" were performed by Aref, Solly, Betty, Nelly, Nasrin and Faramarz Parsi. \nSix-voiced song \"Iran\" (Vatan janeh man_jaanam Irane man): The song was produced and released in 1988 with a poem by Homayoun Hoshyarnejad and a song by Shamaei-zadeh in a shortcoming called \"Peace(=Solh)\" by Pars Video, whose singers were Aref, Vigen, Shamaei-zadeh, Hooshmand Aghili and Shifteh. \n\"Nobahar\" nine-voiced song: Performed by Aref, Vigen, Sattar, Leila Forouhar, Morteza, Andy, Koros and Delaram and Fataneh.\nEight-voiced song \"Haji-Firouz\": Performed by Aref, Vigen, Shama'izadeh, Fataneh, Hassan Shojaei, Nahid, Andy and Koros. \nThe 12-voiced song \"khake-man Irane-man koo\": Performed by Aref, Sattar, Habib, Hooshmand Aghili, Shahrokh Shaheed, Morteza Barjaste, Ali Nazari, Ahmad Azad, Nazi Afshar, Sadegh Nojooki, Delaram and Shahla Sarshar. \nSong \"Music\": The song was recorded in collaboration with 24 Iranian artists produced by Tapesh-TV in 2006. The songwriter was Paksima Zakipour and her composer and arranger by Ramon. Featured Songs\u00a0: 1. Burning and Instrument (=sooro-saze): The song is the result of Arif's collaboration with Parviz Maqsadi, which marked a turning point in his fame. Aref says: \"Early on, I sang every song I was offered, but later I decided not to play a song that didn't sit in my heart. That's why I tried my best to sing my favorite songs, and the beginning of these songs was \"Burning and Instrument\", which was welcomed by everyone. Elusive shadow (=Saaye-gorizan): The song was released in 1967 and topped the best-selling songs for weeks. The elusive shadow is based on a song by \"I saw her standing there\" , whose rhythm has been transformed from two-fourth to six-eighth, and is played in the style of the \"Beatles\" with three guitars. The song's composer was Parviz Khatibi, who helped Aref and Zaven Ohanian (the arranger of the work) to transform the rhythm. \"Lake of Light (=Daryache-Noor)\": The song was performed and released in 1968 with a beautiful melody by Parviz Maqsadi. \"Daryache-Noor\" was ranked second in the best song of 1968 by the singers of \"Majale-Javanan\" ( famous Iranian journal ), which made Aref more popular. Aref's sense of satisfaction was so much that he forgot about his sadly-voice. Aref says: \"When the song \"Daryache-Noor\" was very muddy, Vigen also went to a destination to compose a song at this level, and he wrote \"Gole-sorkh\", which was highly regarded.<PIC> Aref recalls to have sung up to 850 songs to this date. After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, In Los Angeles and Dubai he produced many albums: \nVarious Singers: Gol-e Sorkh 1993\nVarious Singers: Khaaneh Sorkh\nBaazgasht 1983\nSarbaz Kouchouloo 2002\nRoozegar-e Gharibist Nazanin 1989\nAyeneh dar Ayeneh 1995\nKhoda Kone Biyaee 1996\nKhaaneh Sorkh\nVarious Singers: Solh\nPiri (Aref's old hits that were all re-mastered)\nMard-e Ghabileh 1991\nMah o Palang 1996\nNazak 1985\nSoltan-e Ghalbha (Aref's old hits that were all re-mastered) 1999\nAmineh 2000\nGharib Anaam(Azari)\nVasiyatNameh 1998\nAziz-e Ghesseh(not yet released)\nAlma(Azari) 2011\n50 Years Greatest Hits (5 CDs):\nThis package has 60 of Aref's hits:\nTranquilzer Songs-1\nBreezy Songs-1\nBreezy Songs-2\nTranquilzer Songs-2\nBreezy Songs-3 Aref received many awards, including the Highest Cultural Imperial Medallion from the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, for singing at the Asian Games of 1974 in Iran. In this concert with Tehran's Philharmonic Orchestra, Aref sang in front of 100,000 Iranians and in the presence of many international state officials and dignitaries.\nAref performed his first concert outside of Iran in New York City in Madison Square to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the American Independence.\nHis success continued well into the mid-1970s. In a survey conducted by Javanan Magazine, Aref and Googoosh were both chosen as \"Most Famous Pop Icon\" of the year, nine years in a row.\nZan-e Rooz magazine chose Aref as Man of the Year from a large group of politicians, singers and actors. Aref was also a popular singer for movie soundtracks (about 60 movies). His songs were heard on numerous Iranian films of the 1960s and early 1970s among which Gholam Jandarm, Soltan-e Ghalbha, Ghesseh-e Shab, Yaghout-e 3 Chashm, Dalahoo and Gharibeh are the most famous. He also appeared in six different musical films:\n1. Ezdevaj e Irani (1966)\n2. EshghAfarin (1967)\n3. Saaghi (1968)\n4. Ayene e Zaman (1968)\n5. Ghorboon e Harchi Khoshgele (1971)\n6. Bezan Berim (1974)", ["w_s1971"]]
[30377, "Smithfield is a city in Cache County, Utah, United States. The population was 9,495 at the 2010 United States Census, with an estimated population of 12,025 in 2019. It is included in the Logan, Utah-Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is the second largest city in the area after Logan, the county seat. Smithfield is home to one public high school and three public elementary schools.<PIC> According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.0 square miles (12.9\u00a0km\u00b2), all land. Originally known as \"Summit Creek\" (due to its location on that creek), Smithfield was founded in 1857 by brothers Robert and John Thornley and their cousin Seth Langton, who were sent north from Salt Lake City by LDS Church President Brigham Young to found a settlement on Summit Creek. After a preliminary scouting, Robert returned with his new wife Annie Brighton. The first winter was spent in a wagon box. By the next summer, with more settlers arriving, a small fort was built on the edge of the creek, one cabin of which remains. As the settlement grew, a bishop was named to lead the church congregation, and the town took his name. By 1917 the town had planted trees on both sides of its Main Street and had acquired a Carnegie library and a Rotary club. Dependent for many years on dairying, a Del Monte canning factory, and the sugar beet industry, the town is now essentially a bedroom community for Logan and its Utah State University. At the 2000 United States Census there were 7,261 people in 2,066 households, including 1,782 families, in the city. The population density was 1,686.6 people per square mile (650.5/km\u00b2). There were 2,159 housing units at an average density of 501.5 per square mile (193.4/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.23% White, 0.12% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 2.82% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.04%.\nOf the 2,066 households 53.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.5% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.7% were non-families. 12.2% of households were one person and 6.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.51 and the average family size was 3.85.\nThe age distribution was 37.8% under the age of 18, 12.1% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 16.2% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% 65 or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.\nThe median household income was $47,745 and the median family income  was $49,828. Males had a median income of $35,708 versus $21,076 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,933. About 4.5% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.6% of those under age 18 and 8.0% of those age 65 or over.  Birch Creek Elementary\nSummit Elementary\nSunrise Elementary Sky View High Birch Creek Golf Course (owned by Smithfield City)\nSmithfield Cemetery (owned by Smithfield City)\nSmithfield Public Library (owned by Smithfield City)", ["w_s1972"]]
[30378, "Vladica Dimitrov (Serbian Cyrillic: \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432; born 1974) is a politician in Serbia from the country's Bulgarian community. He was a member of the National Assembly of Serbia from 2014 to 2016 and is currently serving his fourth term as mayor of Dimitrovgrad. Dimitrov has been a member of the Serbian Progressive Party since 2013.<PIC> Dimitrov was born in Dimitrovgrad, in what was then the Socialist Republic of Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He is a graduate of the University of Ni\u0161 Faculty of Medicine and works as a radiology specialist in private life. Dimitrov entered political life as a member of the Democratic Party of Serbia (Demokratska stranka Srbije, DSS) and was elected to Dimitrovgrad municipal assembly under its banner in the 2004 Serbian local elections. He served as president (i.e., speaker) of the assembly from 2004 to 2007. In the buildup to the 2008 local elections, he left the DSS to join the rival Democratic Party (Demokratska stranka, DS). The DS emerged from these elections as the dominant party in a local coalition government, and Dimitrov was appointed to the municipal council (i.e., the executive branch of the municipal government) with responsibility for health and social policy. He was first chosen as mayor in December 2011, after the resignation of Veselin Velichkov.\nAfter the 2012 local elections, the Democratic Party formed an administration with the Socialist Party of Serbia and other parties, and Dimitrov was selected for a second term as mayor. He was acting leader of the local DS board during this period. In 2013, a split in the party and a realignment of local political forces led to Dimitrov being replaced as mayor by Neboj\u0161a Ivanov. Dimitrov left the DS at this time and joined the Serbian Progressive Party.\nDimitrov received the 143rd position on the Progressive Party's Aleksandar Vu\u010di\u0107 \u2014 Future We Believe In electoral list for the national assembly in the 2014 Serbian parliamentary election and was elected when the list won a landslide victory with 158 mandates. For the next two years, he served in parliament as a supporter of the Vu\u010di\u0107's ministry. He received the 140th position successor Aleksandar Vu\u010di\u0107 \u2013 Serbia Is Winning list in the 2016 parliamentary election and missed election when the list won 131 mandates. He was however re-elected to the Dimitrovgrad municipal assembly in the concurrent 2016 local elections and was again selected as mayor after the Progressives won a local victory. He had the opportunity to return to the national assembly in 2017 as the replacement for another member, but he chose not to.\nDimitrov led the Progressives to another victory in the 2020 Serbian local elections and was chosen for a fourth term as mayor at the first meeting of the new municipal assembly.\nAs mayor, he has taken part in a number of delegations to neighbouring Bulgaria. Dimitrov appeared at the head of his own \"Future We Believe In\" list for Serbia's Bulgarian National Council in 2014 and was elected when the list won four mandates out of nineteen mandates. He appeared in the second place on a list led by Bosilegrad mayor Vladimir Zahariev in 2018 and was re-elected when the list won a majority victory with seventeen mandates.", ["w_s1976"]]
[30379, "Margrave Ernest I of Baden-Durlach (7 October 1482, Pforzheim \u2013 6 February 1553, Sulzburg) was the founder of the so-called \"Ernestine\" line of the House of Baden, the line from which the later Grand Dukes descended.  He was the ruling Margrave of Baden-Pforzheim from 1533 and resided in Pforzheim from 1537.  In 1565, his son Charles II moved the capital to Durlach and thereby changed the name of his country to Baden-Durlach.  He had to deal with the upcoming Reformation and the frequent Ottoman wars in Europe.  In this turbulent time, he tried to maintain a neutral position between the Protestants and Catholics.  He did not participate in the Schmalkaldic War.<PIC> Ernest was the seventh son of the Margrave Christopher I of Baden and Ottilie of Katzenelnbogen.\nErnest was at first \u2013 like most of his brothers \u2013 destined for the clergy and was ordained in 1496 in Graben-Neudorf by the Vicar General of Diocese of Speyer.  But he was not willing to renounce his inheritance and changed from a spiritual career to a military one.  In 1509 he participated in the campaign of the Emperor Maximilian I against the Republic of Venice.\nHis father, Margrave Christopher I, proposed to make his fifth son, Philip I his sole successor, since Philip was most qualified to govern the country and Christopher wanted to avoid a division of his territory.  On 18 June 1511, Christopher demanded that the Estates of R\u00f6tteln, Sausenberg and Badenweiler salute Philip, but they refused.  On subsequent meetings of the Estates in R\u00f6tteln and in 1512 in Kandern, they refused to pay homage to Philip, because they would not be drawn into the internal struggles of the house of Baden.  Ernest had threatened the Estates that he would respond with violence if they were to pay homage to his brother.\nErnest administered parts of Baden on behalf of his father from 1515 onwards, as did his brothers Philip I and Bernhard III.  After Philip's death, Bernard III and Ernest divided the country into the Margraviates of Baden-Baden (\"Bernhardine line\") and Baden-Durlach (\"Ernestine line\").  The two parts were reunited in 1771 under Margrave and later Grand Duke Charles Frederick, a descendant of the Ernestine line, after the extinction of the other lines.  The Margrave first married on 29 September 1510 with Elisabeth of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach (born: 25 March 1494; died: 31 May 1518), the daughter of Margrave Frederick I of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach.  They had the following children:\nAlbert (born:  July 1511; died: 12 December 1542), participated in the Austrian war against the Turks in 1541 in Hungary and died on the way back in Wasserburg am Inn\nAnna (born: April 1512; died after 1579)\nmarried on 11 February 1537 to Count Charles I of Hohenzollern (born: 1516; died: 8 March 1576)\nAmalie (born: February 1513; died 1594)\nmarried in 1561 Count Frederick II of L\u00f6wenstein (born: 22 August 1528; died: 5 June 1569)\nMarie Jacqueline (born: October 1514; died: 1592)\nmarried in February 1577 to Count Wolfgang II of Barby (born: 11 December 1531; died: 23 March 1615)\nMarie Cleopha (born: September 1515; died: 28 April 1580)\nmarried in 1548 Count William of Schultz (died circa 1566)\nElizabeth (born: 20 May 1516; died: 9 May 1568)\nmarried firstly in 1533 Count Gabriel von Salamanca-Ortenburg (died: December 1539)\nmarried secondly on 30 July 1543 Count Conrad II of Castell (born: 10 July 1519; died: 8 July 1577)\nBernhard (born: February 1517; died: 20 January 1553), ruling Margrave The Margrave's second marriage was in 1518 with Ursula of Rosenfeld (died: 26 February 1538), the daughter of George of Rosenfeld. This was a morganatic marriage. During Ernests's lifetime, it was controversial whether his son Charles could inherit the Margraviate.  In the end, Charles could only inherit the margravite from his half-brother because the guardians of his cousins in the Bernhardine line did not object.  In 1594, this morganatic marriage was cited in the imperial court as an argument when Margrave Ernest Frederick \u2014 a grandson of Ernest \u2013 contested the right to inherit of the children of Margrave Edward Fortunatus and Marie of Eicken.\nThey had three children:\nMargaret (1519\u20131571)\nmarried on 12 November 1538 to Count Wolfgang II of Oettingen (1511\u20131572)\nSalome (d. 1559)\nmarried in 1540 Count Ladislas of Hag (born: 1495, died: 31 August 1566)\nCharles II (born: 24 July 1529; died: 23 March 1577), ruling Margrave The Margrave married his third wife on 1 March 1544.  She was Anna Bombast of Hohenheim (died: 6 June 1574).  This marriage produced no children.  Arthur Kleinschmidt (1877), \"Ernst (Markgraf von Baden-Durlach)\", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German), vol.\u00a06, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp.\u00a0243\u2013244\nFriedrich Wielandt (1959), \"Ernst, Markgraf von Baden-Durlach\", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol.\u00a04, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp.\u00a0605\u2013606\n\"Entry\". Zedlers Universallexikon. Vol.\u00a08. p.\u00a0888.\nJohann Christian Sachs: Einleitung in die Geschichte der Marggravschaft und des marggr\u00e4vlichen altf\u00fcrstlichen Hauses Baden, Karlsruhe, 1770, part 4 at Google Books\nP\u00fctter: Ueber Mi\u00dfheirathen Teutscher F\u00fcrsten und Grafen, G\u00f6ttingen, 1796, pp.\u00a083\u201391\nChristoph Meiners, Ludwig Timotheus Spittler (eds.): Mark-Graf Ernst von Baden und Ursula von Rosenfeld, die Stamm-Eltern des noch bl\u00fchenden Badischen Hauses, in: G\u00f6ttingisches Historisches Magazin, vol. 4, Hanover, 1789, pp.\u00a0737\u2013772 online\nCasimir Bumiller: Ursula von Rosenfeld und die Trag\u00f6die des Hauses Baden, Gernsbach, 2010, ISBN\u00a0978-3-938047-51-4\nKarl Seith: Das Markgr\u00e4flerland und die Markgr\u00e4fler im Bauernkrieg des Jahres 1525, Karlsruhe, 1926\nJohann David K\u00f6hler: Die sehr seltene F\u00fcrstl. Badenische Br\u00fcderliche Eintrachts-Medaille von A. 1533, in: Im Jahr 1729 w\u00f6chentlich herausgegegeber Historischer M\u00fcnz-Belustigung, part 1, Nuremberg, 1729, pp.\u00a0361\u2013368", ["w_s1981"]]
[30380, "The Candel\u00e1ria massacre (Portuguese: chacina da Candel\u00e1ria [\u0283\u0250\u02c8s\u0129n\u0250 \u00f0\u0250 k\u0250\u0303de\u02c8la\u027ej\u0250]) was a mass killing in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on July 23, 1993. During the night, eight homeless people, including six minors, were killed by a group of men beside the Candel\u00e1ria Church. Several of the men were members of the police and were tried for the killings, but only two were convicted.<PIC> The Candel\u00e1ria Church is a famous historic Roman Catholic church in central Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The church itself and the buildings around it in Pius X Square became known as a popular location for possibly hundreds of Rio de Janeiro's street children to form a makeshift home at night. The church's personnel provides food, shelter, education and religious advice to as many of these children as possible. Many of the homeless children are involved with the illegal drug trade and prostitution, and because many of these children also live around the church during the day, police keep a constant watch on the church's surroundings. In the early 1990s, the area around the Candel\u00e1ria Church developed a high crime rate as street children increasingly began to commit criminal activities such as pickpocketing and robbery. According to survivors, on the morning of July 22, 1993, the day before the massacre, a group of children threw stones at police cars. As the children from the Candel\u00e1ria Church area were usually only given warnings by policemen, the young perpetrators left without worrying too much about the threat. At midnight, several Chevrolet Chevette cars with covered license plates came to a halt in front of the Candel\u00e1ria Church, and the occupants began shooting at the group of roughly seventy street children sleeping in the vicinity of the church. Paulo Roberto de Oliveira, 11 years old\nAnderson de Oliveira Pereira, 13 years old\nMarcelo C\u00e2ndido de Jesus, 14 years old\nValdevino Miguel de Almeida, 14 years old\n\"Gambazinho\", 17 years old\nLeandro Santos da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, 17 years old\nPaulo Jos\u00e9 da Silva, 18 years old\nMarcos Ant\u00f4nio Alves da Silva, 20 years old Six children and two adults were killed and numerous others were wounded outside the Candel\u00e1ria Church. Subsequently, during the investigations the shots were found to be fired by policemen, and fifty officers were accused of the massacre. One of them, Mauricio da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, died during a shootout as he was about to be arrested in 1994. Two others, Marcos Emmanuel and Nelson Cunha, were handed sentences equivalent to life sentences.\nOne of the children that survived that attack was supposedly shot several times before he could testify against policemen that were to go to trial, and ended up fleeing from Brazil in order to save his life.\nThe international community severely condemned the attack, and many in Brazil asked for the prosecution of those who shot the Candel\u00e1ria Church children.\nThe event was addressed by the Brazilian death metal band Lacerated and Carbonized in the song \"The Candel\u00e1ria Massacre\" from their 2013 album The Core of Disruption. A social worker who later tracked the fate of these homeless survivors of the Candel\u00e1ria massacre found out that eventually 39 of them were either killed by police or by elements of street life, and discusses this in the documentary Bus 174 about the Nascimento incident.", ["w_s1983"]]
[30381, "On 14 October 2011, a Cessna 208 Caravan turboprop passenger aircraft operated by Moremi Air on a domestic flight from Xakanaka camp to Maun, Botswana, crashed and caught fire shortly after take-off, killing eight of the twelve people on board.\nThe following investigation concluded that the aircraft suffered a catastrophic engine failure on take-off, compounded by environmental hazards at  Xakanaka, which led to the plane hitting trees and crashing to the ground. The aircraft had departed from Maun Airport on the morning of 14 October for a series of flight sectors in the Okavango Delta that took it first to Kasane Airport. After refuelling there, at 11:50 eleven passengers boarded the aircraft. The next sector would have taken the Cessna to Pom Pom Camp, but it was decided to stop at Xakanaxa first to  drop two passengers. No flight plan was filed for the diversion to Xakanaxa, nor was the airline's base informed.\nAt Xakanaxa, the pilot was informed that he was required to pick up another two passengers bound for Maun. After some hesitation, the pilot agreed to take the passengers, departing from Xakanaxa with eleven passengers, despite company procedures restricting the maximum number of passengers for operations from that airfield to ten.\nThe Grand Caravan took off from Xakanaka airstrip at 13:55. Almost immediately after take-off, the engine lost power and the aircraft collided with trees. It then crashed nose first approximately 600 metres from the airfield, with an intense fire quickly engulfing the wreckage, burning beyond recognition the bodies of six passengers and the pilot. A rescue team was flown in and found the wreckage still ablaze. An eighth occupant was taken to hospital but later died. Identification of the victims was only possible through DNA testing. The airplane involved was a Cessna 208B Grand Caravan, a single-engine turboprop utility aircraft capable of carrying thirteen passengers plus crew. It was fitted with a Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-114A turboprop engine. It held Botswanan registration A2-AKD, and had been manufactured in 1996.<PIC> The Grand Caravan was crewed by a single pilot and was carrying eleven passengers. The passengers were mainly French and Swiss tourists heading for a safari lodge, but included also two Botswanan officials from the country's Department of Road Transport, who both survived. Some of the Swiss passengers were initially misidentified as Swedish. The pilot was Moremi Air\u2019s general manager, and was described as the company's \"most seasoned pilot\" with over 12,000 flight hours. The investigation into the crash was carried out by the Directorate of Accident Investigation (DAI) of the Botswanan Ministry of Transport and Communications. Its results were published in June 2013.\nThe main cause of the accident was found to be \"engine failure resulting from the failure of the Compressor Turbine Blades.\" Turbine blades were found to be affected by \"sulphidation corrosion\", although it could not be established whether that was the root cause of the failure, leaving open the possibility that material failure or inappropriate engine operation may have played a role.\nThe report was also very critical of Moremi Air's management style and training practices, concluding that the company's safety culture \"had eroded to the extent that safety was being compromised.\" Other contributing factors cited were the presence of tall trees in the vicinity of the runway at Xakanaxa, the decision to embark more passengers than the maximum allowed for operations at that airfield, poor supervision of operators and airfields by the Civil Aviation Authority of Botswana (CAAB), and the engine manufacturer's failure to disseminate \"critical maintenance information\" among operators.\nThe DAI made several safety recommendations to the CAAB calling for stricter supervision of airline and airfield operators, and to Cessna, the aircraft manufacturer, to ensure that the aircraft data acquisition system (ADAS) is made to resist to fire damage.", ["w_s1984"]]
[30382, "HMS Gorgon and her sister ship Glatton were two monitors originally built as coastal defence ships for the Royal Norwegian Navy, as HNoMS Nidaros and Bj\u00f8rgvin respectively, by Armstrong Whitworth at Elswick. She was purchased from Norway at the beginning of the First World War, but was not completed until 1918 although she had been launched over three years earlier. She engaged targets in Occupied Flanders for the last several months of the war and fired the last shots of the war against such targets on 15 October 1918. She was used as a target ship after several attempts to sell her had fallen through before being sold for scrap in 1928.<PIC> Nidaros was ordered by Norway in 1913 to supplement the older  Eidsvold and  Tordenskjold classes of coastal defense ships. She would have been known in Norway as P/S Nidaros; P/S stands for Panserskip (\"armoured ship\"), while Nidaros was the old name for the Norwegian city of Trondheim. However, when the First World War broke out, the Royal Navy requisitioned most warships under construction in Britain for foreign powers and refunded the two-thirds of the Bj\u00f8rgvin's \u00a3370,000 purchase price already paid by the Norwegians. Nidaros was laid down by Armstrong Whitworth at Elswick on 11 June 1913 and launched on 9 June 1914. She was renamed as Gorgon, after an earlier breastwork monitor of 1871. Her completion was greatly delayed by the modifications made by the British, which included modifying the boilers to use both oil and coal and conversion of 12 double-bottom tanks to carry oil. This work began on 9 January 1915, but was suspended the following May, when it was estimated that only another 10\u201312 months of work remained, to allow for faster progress to be made on the large light cruisers Furious and Courageous that were building in Armstrong's Naval Yard downriver. In September 1917, work was resumed on a new design that added a large anti-torpedo bulge along about 75% of the hull's length, suppression of the torpedo tubes and the 100-millimetre (3.9\u00a0in) guns planned by the Norwegians, and a large tripod mast was fitted behind the single funnel to carry the directors for both the 6-inch (152\u00a0mm) and 9.2-inch (230\u00a0mm) guns. Both of these guns had to be relined to use standard British ammunition and the mount for the 9.2-inch gun was modified to give a maximum elevation of 40\u00b0 which gave the gun a maximum range of 39,000 yards (36,000\u00a0m). Addition of the bulges cost 2 knots (3.7\u00a0km/h; 2.3\u00a0mph) in speed, but prevented the extra weight resulting from all of these changes from deepening her draft. She was finally completed on 4 June 1918.\nGorgon displaced 5,700 long tons (5,800\u00a0t) at deep load as built, with a length of 310 feet (94.5\u00a0m), a beam of 73\u00a0feet 7\u00a0inches (22.4\u00a0m) at maximum, although her main hull only had a beam of 55 feet (16.8\u00a0m) and a draught of 16\u00a0feet 4\u00a0inches (5.0\u00a0m). She was powered by two vertical triple expansion steam engines, which developed a total of 4,000 indicated horsepower (3,000\u00a0kW) from four Yarrow watertube boilers and gave a maximum speed of 12 knots (22\u00a0km/h; 14\u00a0mph).\nShe was armed with two 9.2-inch guns arranged in two single-gun turrets, one turret each fore and aft. Her secondary armament consisted of four six-inch guns, also in single gun turrets, two of which superfired over the 9.2-inch turrets and the others were positioned on each side of the superstructure. One 3\u00a0in (76\u00a0mm) anti-aircraft gun was mounted on each center-line six-inch turret. She also carried four 3-pounder and four 2-pounder guns on high-angle mounts. Gorgon arrived at Dover on 6 June 1918 where she spent the next five weeks working up. Her first engagement was on 26 July when she fired eight rounds at a range of 33,000 yards (30,000\u00a0m) at a German howitzer battery to calibrate her guns and fire control system, which provoked a response from the German 380-millimetre (15\u00a0in) gun of Batterie Pommern south of Ostend. Three days later, she accompanied Marshal Soult on a bombardment of Batterie \"Tirpitz\". She spent the next month and a half either out on patrol in the English Channel or preparing for the bombardment scheduled for the end of September in support of a major offensive along the coast.\nAt daybreak on 28 September 1918, Gorgon, in company with General Wolfe, anchored about 7\u00a0mi (6.1\u00a0nmi; 11\u00a0km) off De Panne, Belgium and opened fire about 7:15 on a bridge at Snaeskerke, Belgium at a range of 36,000\u00a0yd (33,000\u00a0m). Conditions were not good as both wind and tide were against her. Gorgon's stern anchor cable parted and she swung around on her bow anchor so that only her rear turret could bear on the target. No aircraft were made available to spot for her so there was little chance of a hit and she only fired eleven rounds. She, and the other monitors, were attacked several times during the day by German aircraft with little effect and several coast defense batteries attempted to engage them through the smokescreen put up by the motor launches supporting the operation. She fired thirteen shells the next day in another attempt to destroy the bridge and claimed one hit although this was not confirmed by subsequent observations.\nOn 14 October, she repeated the experience, except that her target was now the Middelkerke batteries. She fired 41 rounds during the morning at a range of 26,000 yards (24,000\u00a0m), but she accompanied Vice-Admiral Keyes in the destroyer Termagant in a reconnaissance mission to see if the Germans were still holding the coast in strength. The fire of the Tirpitz and Raversyde Batteries soon disabused them of any notions to the contrary and Gorgon was forced to turn away at maximum speed (14 knots (26\u00a0km/h; 16\u00a0mph)), which was faster than she'd made on trials, when they straddled her and hit her with splinters from the near-misses. The following day she returned to her original target and fired 30 rounds in 20 minutes. These were the last shots of the war fired against German batteries on the Belgian coast.\nShe was sent to Portsmouth after the end of the war where she was made available to investigate the cause of her sister ship Glatton's magazine explosion. She was moved to Devonport as a temporary tender to the stone frigate Vivid in April 1919. She was paid off on 31 August and joined the Reserve Fleet in September. She was offered back to the Norwegians, but they rejected her as unsuitable to their requirements, especially since she was now too broad for their dock at Horten. Several attempts were made to sell her, but she was disarmed in 1922 and used as a target ship to evaluate the effects of bombs bursting underwater near a ship and the effects of six-inch gunfire. She was finally sold for scrap on 26 August 1928 and broken up at the former naval dockyard at Pembroke.", ["w_s1989"]]
[30383, "Marc McAusland (born 13 September 1988) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a defender for Icelandic club Njar\u00f0v\u00edk. McAusland has had two spells with his local side St Mirren, and has also played for Queen of the South, Dunfermline Athletic, Keflav\u00edk, Grindav\u00edk, as well as briefly being on loan with Stranraer.  McAusland, nicknamed 'Cheesy' started his career with St Mirren as a youth player. On 20 October 2006 he left on a one-month loan to Stranraer and made his senior debut against Greenock Morton the next day. McAusland made his \"Saints\" senior debut coming on as a substitute during a 2\u20130 win against Gretna on 29 March 2008. However, by the end of the 2008\u201309 season, he had only played a handful of games for the club.<PIC> In the summer of 2009, McAusland moved to Dumfries club Queen of the South, in the Scottish First Division. Shortly after making his competitive debut for Queens he was named in the squad for the Scotland under 21 training camp scheduled for 9\u201311 August 2009. On 16 July 2010, McAusland returned to St Mirren, signing a three-year contract. On 13 March 2013, He extended his contract by a further two years, taking him up to the end of season 2014\u201315. McAusland was part of St Mirren's League Cup winning side in 2013. With his contract due to expire at the end of season 2014\u201315, he agreed to leave the club by mutual consent on 15 April 2015. He made 187 appearances for the club in total, over two spells. In September 2015 McAusland signed a one-year contract with Scottish League One side Dunfermline Athletic to bolster their squad, after injuries to defenders Callum Fordyce and Ryan Williamson left just four outright defenders fit. His first match for Dunfermline came in a one-all draw with Airdrieonians at the end of September. In total he made 15 appearances for the East End Park side before it was announced at the end of January 2016 that would be leaving the club, taking up an option in his contract which allowed him to be released early. His final match for the Pars was a league match against Cowdenbeath on 2 January 2016, in which he suffered a first-half injury and had to be replaced by Shaun Byrne. In March 2016, McAusland signed a two-year deal with Icelandic side Keflav\u00edk. His first start for the side came a few days after signing, in an Icelandic League Cup match against Valur, with his first league start coming in a 1\u20131 draw with HK. During the 2016 season, McAusland played in all but one of his club's 22 league matches, helping Keflav\u00edk finish the league in third position. At their end of season closing reception, McAusland was voted Keflav\u00edk player of the year for the 2016 season, and in July 2017, his contract with the club was extended until the end of the 2019 season. After gaining promotion to the top tier, McAusland was included in the Inkasso-deildin team of the year, receiving 20 out of a possible 22 votes. Following their relegation back to 1. deild, McAusland left Keflav\u00edk and signed for top-tier side Grindav\u00edk on a two-year deal. He left Grindav\u00edk after only one season. As of 26 September 2017 St Mirren\nScottish League Cup (1): 2012\u201313\nRenfrewshire Cup\u00a0: 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014\nDunfermline Athletic\nScottish League One: 2015-16", ["w_s678"]]
[30384, "Carma Technology Corporation is a real-time transportation technology company headquartered in Cork, Ireland. Its flagship product, Carma Carpooling, matches users with nearby commuters and enables them to share the cost of driving. Carma also has offices in San Francisco, California and Austin, Texas. Formerly known as Avego, the company was founded in 2007 by Sean O'Sullivan as a research and development division of the company Mapflow. In April 2009, Avego became a separate entity associated with University College Cork. Its real-time carpooling service first served the University community in the form of an iPhone application, with seats priced by mileage.\nIn January 2011, Avego and the Washington State Department of Transportation launched a pilot carpool program, called \"go520,\" serving the Washington State Route 520 corridor outside Seattle. Financial subsidies of $30 monthly were available to both drivers and riders for the duration of the pilot.\nIn October 2011, Avego began a carpooling pilot in the Arlington Potomac Yard area.\nIn mid-2012, Avego implemented the largest carpooling project to date in Santa Barbara, Sonoma County, Contra Costa County, and Marin County, California. It was administered by Caltrans and the MTC.\nIn August 2013, the company changed its name to Carma, unveiling a new corporate identity in the process.\nIn February 2014, Carma introduced an automated tolling discount program for carpoolers in Austin, Texas, in conjunction with the Central Texas Regional Mobility Authority (CTRMA). After unprecedented success, the tolling initiative then expanded to Austin's Manor Expressway in May 2014.\nIn June 2014, Carma opened up its API to third-party developers and unveiled the Carma Prize Fund \u2013 a $2.5m stimulus program aimed at boosting ridesharing activity around the world.  Carma produces real-time information and management systems that use GPS, GSM, Geographic Information Systems, Internet and iPhone technologies to facilitate a shift from single-occupancy vehicles to sustainable transport. Carma's flagship product is a carpooling app that matches drivers and riders, enabling people to make car transportation more efficient and affordable. The company states on its website that Carma's mission is \"to enable people around the world to break free from the tyranny of the modern commute\".<PIC> According to the Carma Terms of service, proceeds of the rider(s) payment (consisting of fixed charge per trip and a variable per mile fee) is split between the driver (85%) and the company (15%). The company introduced its \"Shared Transport\" app at the DEMOfall 2008 conference in September 2008. It enables on-demand carpooling. It works by automatically matching a driver's spare seat capacity with a passenger's desire to travel the same route at the same time. Drivers are provided with a price incentive in the form of electronic micropayments from riders at the end of each journey. In December 2008, the iPhone app was released as a free download at Apple's App Store and was featured prominently in the New York Times and other major media outlets.\nIn April 2010, the app was awarded the ITS America Smart Solutions Spotlight Award by the Intelligent Transportation Society of America.", ["w_s680"]]
[30385, "Nassaria is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Tomliniinae of the family Nassariidae. This genus was treated within family Buccinidae. It was moved to family Nassariidae in 2016. The issue regarding type species of the genus Nassaria Link, 1807 is confusing. Cernohorsky (1981) and Fraussen (2006) assume \u201cNassaria lyrata Link, 1807\u201d. Considering other instances in Link (1807), this latter name is expected to represent a new combination for Buccinum lyratum Gmelin, 1791, not as a separately available new taxon. Link\u2019s (1807) original reference reads \u201cN. lyrata. L. G. p. 3494. M.C. 4, t. 122, f. 1122, 1123\u201c [\u201dL.G.\u201d stands for Linnaeus, Gmelin edition and M.C. For Martini & Chemnitz\u2019s \u201cConchylien Cabinet\u201d].\nNevertheless, as pointed out by M\u00f6rch (1862), MacNeil (1961), and others, the two cited references are inconsistent. Gmelin\u2019s Buccinum lyratum is introduced on pp.\u00a03494\u20133495, and currently considered as a synonym of Boreotrophon clathratus (Linnaeus, 1767) whereas the reference to Martini & Chemnitz (1780), vol. 4, t. 122, f. 1122, 1123 matches Buccinum album Gmelin, 1791, described on page 3495 with reference to the same figures. The vernacular name \u201cFischreuseschnecken\u201d (a German translation of Nassa snails) used by Link matches \u201cFischreuse\u201d used by Martini & Chemnitz for f. 1122, 1123, indicating that the latter was the species really intended. This is the rationale for the current interpretation, where Nassaria lyrata Link, 1807 is considered an available name based on Martini & Chemnitz f. 1122, 1123 and objective junior synonym of Buccinum album Gmelin, 1791.<PIC> Species within the genus Nassaria include:\nNassaria acuminata (Reeve, 1881)\nNassaria acutispirata (G.B. Sowerby III, 1913)\nNassaria amboynensis Watson, 1881\nNassaria bitubercularis(A. Adams, 1851)\nNassaria bombax Cernohorsky, 1981\nNassaria callomoni Poppe, Tagaro & Fraussen, 2008\nNassaria corollaria Fraussen, 2006\nNassaria coromandelica E.A.Smith, 1894\n\u2020 Nassaria dijki (K. Martin, 1884)\nNassaria exquisita Fraussen & Poppe, 2007\nNassaria fibula Fraussen & Stahlschmidt, 2008\nNassaria gracilis G.B. Sowerby III, 1902\nNassaria gyroscopoides Fraussen & Poppe, 2007\n\u2020 Nassaria incerta (L. C. King, 1933)\nNassaria incisa Fraussen, 2006\nNassaria intacta Fraussen, 2006\nNassaria laevior E.A. Smith, 1899\nNassaria magnifica Lischke, 1871\nNassaria miriamae (Dell, 1967)\nNassaria moosai Fraussen, 2006\n Nassaria nassoides (Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834)\nNassaria nebulonis Fraussen, Dharma & Stahlschmidt, 2009\nNassaria okinavia (Mac Neil, 1960)\nNassaria perlata Poppe & Fraussen, 2004\nNassaria problematica (Iredale, 1936)\nNassaria pusilla (R\u00f6ding, 1798)\nNassaria recurva G.B. Sowerby II, 1859\nNassaria rickardi (Ladd, 1977)\nNassaria sinensis G.B. Sowerby II, 1859\nNassaria solida Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1961\nNassaria spinigera (Hayashi & Habe, 1965)\nNassaria tarta Fraussen, 2006\nNassaria teres Martens, 1902\nNassaria termesoides Fraussen, 2006\nNassaria thalassomeli Fraussen & Poppe, 2007\nNassaria thesaura Fraussen & Poppe, 2007\nNassaria turbinata (Kuroda, 1961)\nNassaria varicosa S.-Q. Zhang & S.-P. Zhang, 2014\nNassaria vermeiji Fraussen & Stahlschmidt, 2015\nNassaria visayensis Fraussen & Poppe, 2007\nNassaria wallacei Fraussen, 2006\n\u2020 Nassaria wanneri (Tesch in Wanner, 1915)\nSpecies brought into synonymy\nNassaria auritula Link, 1807: synonym of Gemophos auritulus (Link, 1807)\nNassaria bushii Dall, 1889Small text\u00a0: synonym  of Nassarina bushiae (Dall, 1889)\nNassaria cirsiumoides Fraussen, 2004: synonym of Phaenomenella cirsiumoides (Fraussen, 2004)\nNassaria columbellata Dall, 1889: synonym of Metulella columbellata (Dall, 1889)\nNassaria kampyla Watson, 1885: synonym  of Sassia kampyla (Watson, 1885)\nNassaria laevier [sic]: synonym of Nassaria laevior E. A. Smith, 1899\nNassaria lyrata Link, 1807: synonym of Nassaria pusilla (R\u00f6ding, 1798)\nNassaria mordica Hedley, 1909\u00a0: synonym  of Orania fischeriana (Tapparone-Canefri, 1882)\nNassaria multiplicata G. B. Sowerby II, 1859: synonym of Nassaria pusilla (R\u00f6ding, 1798)", ["w_s681"]]
[30387, "Shlomo Margel (Hebrew: \u05e9\u05dc\u05de\u05d4 \u05de\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc\u200e; born 9 October 1945) is a Professor of Chemistry at Bar Ilan University specializing in polymers, biopolymers, functional thin films, encapsulation, surface chemistry, nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology and agro-nanotechnology.<PIC> Shlomo Margel was born in 1945 in Israel during the Mandate era into a seven-generation Jerusalemite family. \nThe Margel family descended from the Loewy (Hebrew: \u05dc\u05e2\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u200e), Menachem Mendel (Hebrew: \u05de\u05e0\u05d7\u05dd \u05de\u05e0\u05d3\u05dc \u05de\u05e9\u05e7\u05dc\u05d5\u05d1\u200e) and Rivlin families. Their family trees merged several generations ago and they were all students of the Vilna Gaon (HaGra). He obtained his Ph.D. from the Department of Materials Science at the Weizmann Institute of Science in 1976, followed by three years as a postdoctoral fellow at the Department of Inorganic Chemistry, California Institute of Technology (Caltech). In 1988 he joined the Bar-Ilan Department of Chemistry and has risen through the ranks to Full Professor in 1994. Prof. Margel was a visiting scientist in DuPont Central Research, Wilmington, Delaware, in the University of Ulm, Germany, in Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan and in Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Institute for Soldiers' Nanotechnologies. Prof. Margel chaired the Bar-Ilan Chemistry Department (1999-2001), served as the Dean of the Bar-Ilan Faculty of Exact Sciences (2002-2003) and was the Bar-Ilan Dean of Students (2011-2014). He was the Head of the National Committee for Chemistry in High School Education (2000-2003) and the President of the Israel Chemical Society (2006-2009). The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities designated him to be the Israeli Chairman of the National Committee of Chemistry towards IUPAC during 2010-2013. In addition, during 2014-2017 he served as the President and Head of the Washington College for Education, Yavne. In 2016, Prof. Margel was chosen to lead the establishment of a new agro-nanotechnology center in the Volcani Institute for Agriculture, Beit Dagan. Margel earlier interests included electrochemistry of vinylic monomer and polymers, polyaldehyde microspheres and self-assembly monolayers.\nHis current research focuses on functional polymeric nano/micro-particles for medical and industrial applications, surface modification, and functional thin coatings (self-cleaning, anti-biofouling, UV absorbers, anti-fogging and superhydrophobic coatings).\nProf. Margel is a world pioneer and gained international reputation in the area of nanotechnology, particularly in the design of functional nano- and micrometer-sized particles of very narrow size distribution for medical and industrial applications.\nDuring his career, Prof. Margel supervised over 100 students. He has over 300 peer-reviewed articles in print, which were cited nearly 8,100 times. Margel has published many book chapters on various aspects of nanoparticles and functional thin coatings, won about 75 national and international research grants and has about 40 patents and patent applications.\nAmong his previous awards were the Dr. Chaim Weizmann Postdoctoral Fellowship for Scientific Research, established by the Myron A. Bantrell Trust (1976-1978); Shmuel Yaroslavsky Memorial Prize for Study on the Development of Microspheres for Medical Applications, awarded by the Scientific Committee of the Weizmann Institute of Science (1984); M. Landau Grant Foundation for Achievement in the Area of Polymers, awarded by Mifal HaPayis (1989); Taubenblat Prize for studies on Bioactive Wound Dressing & Particles (2003); The Elias, Genevieve and Georgianna Atol Charitable Trust Fellow in Nanomedicine (2003)  and the Israel Vacuum Society (IVS) Excellency Award for Research (2014). Shlomo Margel is married to Hannah Margel, a Ph.D. in Science Teaching from the Weizmann Institute of Science. They live in Rehovot and have four children and seven grandchildren.", ["w_s685"]]
[30388, "The Zoller Bros-Independent Malting Co. building is located on the edge of an industrial area in the west end of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983.<PIC> The beer brewing industry in Davenport got its start after large numbers of German immigrants arrived in Davenport in the 1850s. The larger breweries developed after the end of the American Civil War. Five breweries were functioning in the city: Mathias Frahm and Son, Koehler and Lange (also known as Arsenal Brewery), Littig Brothers (later Mengel and Klindt and Eagle Brewery), Julius Lehrkind's Brewery and Zoller Brothers. They all distributed their beer mainly in Davenport, Rock Island, Illinois and Moline, Illinois.\nBrothers Ernest, Herman and Charles Zoeller established the Zoeller Brothers Malt House in the mid-1880s in the Black Hawk area of Davenport's west end. In 1890 they reopened the Black Hawk brewery there father, Ernst Zoeller, Sr., had operated prior. In 1894 all the breweries consolidated into a single corporate structure called The Davenport Malting Company. They built this building in an industrial section of the west end that contained some of the first refrigeration equipment used in the city. As they built new additions on to the plant they closed the older structures. Production reached a high of 75,000 barrels of beer by 1916, and it became the second largest brewery in Iowa.\nIndependent Malting Company was formed in 1896 in the Zoller Brothers building after they had consolidated their operations two years prior with the other companies.  Davenport Malting Company was divided into two firms in 1904, Davenport Brewing Co. and Hawkeye Realty Co.  Both The Davenport Malting Company and Independent Malting Company closed with national Prohibition in 1916. Over 150 people from both companies lost their jobs. A black market for alcohol took hold in the city until Prohibition was lifted in 1933. Zoller Brewery reopened in 1935 and by 1941 they grew to become the largest brewery in Iowa. They employed 250-300 people and their annual output was 150,000 barrels of beer that was distributed in nine states and in 2,000 cities. The company changed its name to the Blackhawk Brewery in 1945. It ended production in 1952 with the rise of national brands.\nThe Uchtorff Brewing Company operated out of the facility for several years before they folded. The building has been used by United Van Lines as a warehouse in subsequent years.\nPlans to turn the building back into a brewery with a museum started in 2019. Andrew Arnold says that the location will have a museum in the front of the building, a pub on the main floor, a brewery in the back, and a place for local brewers to grow their craft on the second floor.\nDevelopment of the brewery was put on hold indefinitely in April 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The former brewery is an example of a combined office and industrial building from the 19th century. It is a two-story, brick structure that features a tripartite front, nine window-bays on each side and segmental arches. It has a recessed entrance with engaged piers, entablature and shallow pediment.", ["w_s686"]]
[30389, "John Wallace Carter (September 24, 1929 \u2013 March 31, 1991) was an American jazz clarinet, saxophone, and flute player. He is noted for the acclaimed Roots and Folklore series, a five-album concept album set inspired by African American life and experiences.<PIC> Born in Fort Worth, Texas, Carter attended I.M. Terrell High School, and played music with schoolmates Ornette Coleman and Charles Moffett in the 1940s.\nCarter earned a Bachelor of Arts from Lincoln University in Jefferson, Missouri in 1949, and a Master of Arts from the University of Colorado in 1956.  He also studied at the North Texas State and University of California at Los Angeles.\nFrom 1961, Carter was based mainly on the West Coast. There he met Bobby Bradford in 1965, with whom he subsequently worked on a number of projects, notably the New Jazz Art Ensemble. He also played with Hampton Hawes and Harold Land. In the 1970s Carter became well known on the basis of his solo concerts. At New Jazz Festival Moers in 1979, he and the German clarinet player Theo J\u00f6rgensmann performed on three days. Afterwards Carter received complimentary reviews and wide recognition from around the world. He and J\u00f6rgensmann met again in 1984. The program of the Berlin JazzFest was built around the clarinet. After Carter's solo performance, he and J\u00f6rgensmann also played together.\nBetween 1982 and 1990, Carter composed and recorded Roots and Folklore: Episodes in the Development of American Folk Music, five albums focused on African Americans and their history. The complete set was acclaimed by jazz critics as containing some of the best releases of the 1980s.\nA clarinet quartet with Perry Robinson, J\u00f6rgensmann and Eckard Koltermann was planned for 1991, but Carter did not recover from a non-malignant tumor. Later that year he was inducted into the Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame.  1969: Seeking (Revelation/Hatology)\n1969: Flight for Four (Flying Dutchman)\n1970: Self Determination Music (Flying Dutchman)\n1972: Secrets (Revelation)\n1975: No U-Turn \u2013 Live in Pasadena, 1975 (Dark Tree)\n1977: Echoes from Rudolph's (Ibedon)\n1979: Variations on Selected Themes for Jazz Quintet (Moers)\n1980: Suite of Early American Folk Pieces for Solo Clarinet (Moers)\n1980: Night Fire (Black Saint)\n1982: Tandem 1 (Emanem)\n1989: Comin' On (hat Art) with Bobby Bradford\n1996: Tandem 2 (Emanem)\n1982: Dauwhe  (Black Saint)\n1985: Castles of Ghana (Gramavision)\n1987: Dance of the Love Ghosts (Gramavision)\n1988: Fields (Gramavision)\n1989: Shadows on a Wall (Gramavision) With Tim Berne\nThe Five Year Plan (Empire, 1979)\nWith Clarinet Summit\nYou Better Fly Away (MPS, 1979)\nClarinet Summit (India Navigation, 1983)\nClarinet Summit, Vol. 2 (India Navigation, 1983)\nSouthern Bells (Black Saint, 1987)\nWith Vinny Golia\nSpirits in Fellowship (Nine Winds, 1977)\nLive at the Century City Playhouse - Los Angeles, 1979 (Dark Tree, 2017)\nCompositions for Large Ensemble (Nine Winds, 1982)\nWith Richard Grossman\nIn the Air (Nine Winds Records, 1991)\nWith John Lindberg\nThe East Side Suite (Sound Aspects Records, 1983)\nWith James Newton\nThe Mystery School (India Navigation, 1980)\nWater Mystery (Gramavision, 1986)\nWith Horace Tapscott\nThe Dark Tree (Hat ART, 1991 [1989])", ["w_s688"]]
[30390, "Schlingel (Usually written: SCHLINGEL) is an international film festival for children and young audiences. The festival began in 1996, and has taken place annually in Chemnitz ever since in the week before the Saxon Fall Break. The festival gives an overview of the newest international productions in the area of children and youth films. The festival is organized by the Saxon Children and Youth Films Association in Chemnitz. In addition, since 2006, the Saxon Institution for Private Broadcasting and New Media has also helped to organize this event. The patrons of SCHLINGEL are the Prime Minister of the Free State of Saxony, as well as the Mayor of Chemnitz. The festival is under the directorate of Michael Harbauer.<PIC> The foundation for the present day International Film Festival for Children and Young Audiences SCHLINGEL was laid in 1996 with the first Chemnitz Children's Film Exhibition SCHLINGEL. This first festival ran for one week in the Chemnitz Culture Centre \"Kraftwerk\" and showed films for children aged 5 \u2013 14. In 1998 the venue was changed to the CineStar Luxor-Filmpalast, where it still occurs today. The first award ceremony emerged in 2000 with the prizes being awarded based on public opinion. That year the award went to  Tom\u00e1s und der K\u00f6nig der Falken [\"Thomas and the King of the Falcons\"] by V\u00e1clav Vorl\u00ed\u010dek.\nThe first competition category, the International Children's Film Competition, was created in 2001. Today, the ever increasing number of applicants for this category confirms its importance among the SCHLINGEL awards. Also in 2001, the first monetary prize was given in this category from the city of Chemnitz \u2013 10,000 DM to the best children's film. This prize went to the Italian film Iris by director Aurelio Grimaldi.\nIn 2003 came, for the first time, an appeal for a European Children's Jury. Within the International Children's Film Competition, children of different European nationalities (i.e. from Denmark, France, Greece, Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary) gave the \"Europ\u00e4ischen Kinderfilmpreis\" (European Children's Film Prize). The Saxon State Minister for Science and Art donated \u20ac5,000 to be awarded as the prize in this category.\nIn 2002 SCHLINGEL opened the International Youth Film Competition in conjunction with the Children's Film Competition, for those older than 14 years. This separation from the classic children's film category enabled the opportunity for particular consideration of the different points of view and interests between children and youth. This was the sole separation until 2007 when it was decided that, as past experience showed, this single differentiation did not do justice to the varied adolescent generation.\nAn increase in film production in the age range of 11 \u2013 13, as well as a resultant increase in public attention, created a public worry that films for children were under threat and these films were difficult to place in the distribution world. In order to prevent this development from happening, in 2007 SCHLINGEL created the International Junior Film Competition, which aimed to appeal directly to 11 \u2013 13 year olds. The categories of the festival are:\nS \u2013 Children's Film Competition (up to 10 years old)\nM \u2013 Junior Film Competition (11 to 13 years old)\nL \u2013 Youth Film Competition (over 14 years old)\nXS \u2013 Short and Animated Film Competition (up to 13 years old)\nD \u2013 Focal Point - Germany\nP \u2013 Panorama\nEvery year the range of competitions is accompanied by an extensive companion program. In conjunction with discourse with the film honorarium in attendance, there are seminars, discussion groups for visitors, as well as workshops for school groups and kindergarten classes. This type of continuous strong integration of east-European productions in the geo-political sense sharpens the profile of the competition.  Eleven juries give awards with a total value of approximately 64,000 euros.\nEuropean Children's Film Award by the Saxon Ministry of Culture\nSLM Top Award\nAward of the City of Chemnitz\nMDR Special Award\nDIAMANT - Award of the best Child Actor\nJunior Film Award\nYouth Film Award\nDEFA Foundation Award\nYouth and Children's Film Award of the Goethe Institute\nAnimated Feature Film Award\nShort Film Award National\nShort Film Award International\nAnimated Short Film Award National\nAnimated Short Film Award International\nCross-Competition Awards:\nAward of the European Children's Film Association ECFA\nAward of the FIPRESCI Jury\nAward of the Ecumenical Jury\nLichtenauer Audience Award  2006: Director V\u00e1clav Vorl\u00ed\u010dek\n2007: Defa-Director Rolf Losansky\n2008: Producer Uschi Reich\n2009: Christa und Hans Strobel, Editor of KJK\n2010: Zden\u011bk Miler, Animator and Illustrator of the Mole\n2011: Director, screenwriter and actor G\u00fcnter Meyer\n2012: Gojko Miti\u0107, Actor\n2013: Thilo Graf Rothkirch, Director and producer, e.g. of The Little Polar Bear\n2014: Arend Agthe, Director and producer, e.g. of Flussfahrt mit Huhn (\"Hen in a Boat\")\n2015: Gert Kaspar M\u00fcntefering, Creator of Die Sendung mit der Maus", ["w_s700"]]
[30391, "Ion Geolg\u0103u (born 20 February 1961) is a former Romanian football midfielder and manager. Ion Geolg\u0103u was born in Piele\u0219ti, Dolj County. On 7 November 1976, being 15 years and 9 months old, Geolg\u0103u made his Divizia A debut under coach Constantin Tea\u0219c\u0103, playing for Universitatea Craiova in a 3\u20131 victory against UTA Arad. After his debut, writer Adrian P\u0103unescu wrote an article about him called Visul lui Geolg\u0103u (Geolg\u0103u's dream), in which he mistaken Geolg\u0103u's first name calling him Gheorghi\u021b\u0103 instead of Ion, thus Gheorghi\u021b\u0103 becoming Ion Geolg\u0103u's nickname. On 16 March 1977, he scored his first Divizia A goal at the age of 16 in a 5\u20130 victory against Progresul Bucure\u0219ti. Geolg\u0103u went on to play 13 and a half seasons with Universitatea Craiova, being part of the \"Craiova Maxima\" generation, helping them win two consecutive league titles in 1980 and 1981, at the first he contributed with 24 appearances and 2 goals and at the second with 29 appearances and 3 goals. He also won the Cupa Rom\u00e2niei four times, in the years 1977, 1978, 1981 and 1983. Geolg\u0103u played 38 games and scored 8 goals for \"U\" Craiova in European competitions, being part of the team that reached the 1982\u201383 UEFA Cup semi-finals in which he contributed with 2 goals scored in 9 matches in the campaign. In the middle of the 1989\u201390 season, Geolg\u0103u transferred to Arge\u0219 Pite\u0219ti where he would stay only half of season, scoring one goal in 11 Divizia A appearances. After the 1989 Romanian Revolution, Geolg\u0103u went to play in the Cypriot First Division for Aris Limassol. After one season spent in Cyprus, he went to play for one year at Belgian side Avenir Lembeek, returning to Romania where he retired at Jiul Craiova. During his whole career, Ion Geolg\u0103u played 304 Divizia A matches in which he scored 34 goals and 21 games with one goal scored in the Cypriot First Division.<PIC> Ion Geolg\u0103u played for Romania in 23 matches, scoring three goals, making his debut on 10 September 1980 when coach Valentin St\u0103nescu sent him on the field in the 60th minute to replace Tudorel Stoica in a friendly which ended with a 2\u20131 away victory against Bulgaria, which took place in Varna on the Yuri Gagarin Stadium. He played four games at the Euro 1984 qualifiers, scoring the decisive goal that mathematically qualified Romania at the final tournament in a 1\u20131 against Czechoslovakia, which took place on Teheln\u00e9 pole from Bratislava, earning him the nickname \"The hero from Bratislava\". Geolg\u0103u also played three matches at the 1986 World Cup qualifiers, scoring one goal in a 3\u20132 loss against Northern Ireland. His last match for the national team was on 1 June 1988 in a 2\u20130 away loss in a friendly against Netherlands. Geolg\u0103u also played one game for Romania's Olympic team in a 0\u20130 against Italy at the 1984 Summer Olympics qualifiers.  Ion Geolg\u0103u started his coaching career in 1994 at Jiul Petro\u0219ani and from 1996 until 1997 he was an assistant coach at Universitatea Craiova.  In 1997 he went to coach in the Faroe Islands at HB T\u00f3rshavn where he spent five years, winning the title and the cup in 1998. In 2002 he moved to B36 T\u00f3rshavn where he stayed until 2003 when he won a cup. In 2004 Geolg\u0103u had his last coaching experience at Fram Reykjav\u00edk from Iceland. Geolg\u0103u said that he was born on 19 February 1961 but his birth date was declared by his father to the People's Council only on 20 February 1961.  Universitatea Craiova\nDivizia A: 1979\u201380, 1980\u201381\nCupa Rom\u00e2niei: 1976\u201377, 1977\u201378, 1980\u201381, 1982\u201383 HB T\u00f3rshavn\nFaroe Islands League: 1998\nFaroe Islands Cup: 1998\nB36 T\u00f3rshavn\nFaroe Islands Cup: 2003", ["w_s712"]]
[30394, "Shawn Tompkins (March 16, 1974 \u2013 August 14, 2011) was a Canadian kickboxer and mixed martial artist, and later trainer. At the time of his death, he was an instructor at the Tapout Training Center. He formerly coached the Los Angeles Anacondas of the International Fight League.<PIC> Tompkins began studying Shotokan karate at the age of six, and went to be a two-time Canadian National Karate Champion and a third degree black belt in the discipline. He began kickboxing at sixteen years old and competed in 47 matches, holding Canadian, North American and South American titles.\nAt the age of eighteen, he opened his first training facility in Ontario, Canada. He later relocated to Las Vegas, Nevada in the United States in August 2007 and worked as the head striking coach at Xtreme Couture Mixed Martial Arts before joining the Tapout Training Center in October 2009. He was also the coach for the Los Angeles Anacondas of the International Fight League, officially taking the reins from Bas Rutten as the head coach on March 17, 2007, just before their matchup against the San Jose Razorclaws.\nTompkins taught such notable fighters as Vitor Belfort, Mark Hominick, Chris Horodecki, Wanderlei Silva and Sam Stout.\nOn November 30, 2011, at the Pearl at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas during the 2011 World MMA Awards Results, Tompkins was posthumously awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award. Tompkins was married to Emilie Stout, the sister of fellow fighter, Sam Stout.  On Sunday, August 14, 2011, Tompkins died unexpectedly, of a sudden heart attack, in his sleep at the age of 37. The gym's predecessor Team Tompkins MMA System was founded in 2001 by MMA trainer Shawn Tompkins coach of the Los Angeles Anacondas of the International Fight League. During his time as head coach he trained the future of Adrenaline's talent as well as being involved with Xtreme Couture Mixed Martial Arts and the Tapout Training Center in Las Vegas, Nevada. The gym saw great success during this time with Team Tompkins holding two belts in TKO/UCC at Lightweight and Featherweight, with a combined total of 11 title defenses between Mark Hominick(7) and Sam Stout(4). During this period Chris Horodecki made it to the finals of the IFL World Grand Prix to challenge for the IFL Lightweight title. \"The Coach\" corned Mark Hominick in the gyms first UFC title challenge against Jose Aldo at UFC 129 on April 30, 2011, for the inaugural UFC Featherweight Championship. Tompkins tragically passed away on August 14, 2011. He remains as an influential figure and an inspiration to members of the gym. From December 6, 2011, onward members of the gym were consistently involved in a Toronto based Anti-bullying campaign. The gym in its current form emerged in 2012, founded by three of Tompkins star pupils Mark Hominick, Sam Stout and Chris Horodecki. Who went about training the next generation of mixed martial artist's out of the newly rebranded Adrenaline MMA Training & Fitness. During this period Adrenaline-talent Chad Laprise embarked on an 7 fight win-streak to earn himself a spot on the UFC's reality TV show The Ultimate Fighter. He would go on to win the season's Tournament and received bonus awards for Fight of the Season and Performance of the Season. In 2013 Jesse Ronson won the Aggression FC Lightweight Championship, Malcolm Gordon won the HFC Flyweight Championship in 2014, They also moved locations to a new training center. The facility expands over two floors and 11,000 square feet. In 2015 Chris Horodecki challenged Lance Palmer for the World Series of Fighting Featherweight Championship and the gym would begin offering female only jujitsu lessons which became popular. In 2016 Malcolm Gordon won the WXC Flyweight Championship and defended it once. 2017-2018 saw the gym hold 3 Championships in TKO Major League MMA with Jesse Ronson winning both the TKO Lightweight and Welterweight Championships, Malcolm Gordon won the TKO Flyweight Championship defending it twice. Both Ronson and Gordan were invited to join the UFC in 2020. Mark Hominick -Former UFC and WEC fighter\nSam Stout -Former UFC fighter\nChris Horodecki -Former WEC and Bellator fighter\nJesse Ronson -Current UFC fighter\nChris Clements -Former UFC fighter\nChad Laprise -Former UFC and Bellator fighter\nMalcolm Gordon -Current UFC fighter\nJesse Gross -Former Bellator fighter ", ["w_s718"]]
[30395, "Chegg, Inc., is an American education technology company based in Santa Clara, California. It provides digital and physical textbook rentals, textbooks, online tutoring, and other student services.\nThe company was launched in 2005, and began trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange in November 2013. As of March 2020, the company reported having 2.9 million subscribers to Chegg Services.<PIC> In October 2000, Iowa State University students Josh Carlson, Mike Seager, and Mark Fiddleke launched Chegg's forerunner, Cheggpost, a Craigslist-style message board for Iowa State students. Chegg is a combination of the words chicken and egg, and references the founders\u2019 catch-22 feeling of being unable to obtain a job without experience, while being unable to acquire experience without a job.\nCarlson then teamed with Iowa State MBA Osman Rashid, an avid user of the site who recognized its potential to disrupt the textbook market, which had \"drastically outpaced the rate of inflation\". The company was incorporated in 2005 by Carlson, Rashid, and Aayush Phumbhra. At that time, it offered scholarship searches, internship matching, and college application advice. Some initial start-up funding was provided by Rashid.\nIn February 2006, Carlson left the company. Phumbhra and Rashid rebranded,  launching Chegg, Inc. in December 2007, with Rashid as CEO. After ending services unrelated to renting and purchasing textbooks, the company adjusted its business model to reflect that of Netflix's rental-based model, concentrating on renting textbooks to students, and Chegg expanded to a national market. It later added goods and student services through corporate acquisitions.\nIn 2008, revenues were about $10 million; in 2009, revenues for the month of January were reported as $10 million.\nFollowing a brief tenure by former Ask.com and Match.com CEO Jim Safka in 2009, former Guitar Hero CEO Dan Rosensweig was appointed CEO in 2010.\nChegg began trading shares publicly on the New York Stock Exchange in November 2013. Its IPO was reported to have raised $187.5 million, with an initial market capitalization of about $1.1 billion.\nIn 2014, Chegg entered a partnership with book distributor Ingram Content Group to distribute all of Chegg's physical textbook rentals.\nIn April 2017, Chegg and Pearson Education began a textbook rental partnership; In the pilot program, the publisher Pearson made 50 editions of high-volume textbooks (both digital and print) available only to rent. Chegg served as the exclusive rental outlet.\nIn September 2018, Chegg announced a data breach had occurred in April 2018 that may have involved 40 million active and inactive registered users. The breach may have included data such as user names, Chegg passwords, email addresses, and shipping addresses. The company reported that social security numbers and bank account information were not affected by the breach.\nAs of March 2020 the company reported having 2.9 million subscribers to Chegg Services.\nIn June 2021, Chegg unveiled Uversity, a new educational platform that will provide a space for professors and other educators to share content. In the same year, Chegg partnered with Varkey Foundation to launch Global Student Prize to recognise outstanding students that make an impact to local or international communities. In 2010, Chegg made its first acquisition, purchasing CourseRank, which was disabled in 2014. In the same year, Chegg also acquired Cramster, a provider of online homework help, and Notehall, an online marketplace for class notes.\nIn 2011, Chegg acquired Zinch, a scholarship search and networking service for high school students and college recruiters, and continues to offer the service, under the Chegg brand name. Chegg acquired software company 3D3R in late 2011 to develop its digital textbook product, kickstart its mobile product group, and open an engineering office in Rehovot, Israel. In June 2014 Chegg acquired online tutoring platform InstaEDU, for a reported $30 million, renaming the division Chegg Tutors, and in October 2014 it acquired Internships.com.\nIn 2017 Chegg acquired RefME, a free citation management tool available on web, iOS and Android. It was shut down on March 7, 2017,  and user accounts were transferred over to CiteThisForMe, Chegg's own citation service.\nChegg acquired Imagine Easy Solutions, a provider of online bibliography and research tools, for a reported $42 million, in 2016. In 2017, the company acquired Cogeon GmbH, a German math education provider, for $15 million cash;\nIn 2018, Chegg acquired WriteLab, which uses AI to analyze text and suggest improvements, and online flash card tool StudyBlue.\nDuring late 2019, Chegg acquired online coding, design, and data science school Thinkful, for $80 million cash plus $20 million in cash or stock based on performance.\n2022 saw Chegg acquire the language learning software service Busuu for 436 million USD. Busuu, a once private company, is now fully integrated into Chegg. As of 2021, Chegg's board of directors consists of:\nDan Rosensweig, co-chair, president and CEO at Chegg\nSarah Bond, Microsoft Corporation\nRichard Sarnoff, co-chair at Chegg; chair at KKR & Co.\nRenee Budig, EVP and CFO at CBS Interactive\nMelanie Whelan, Summit Partners\nMarne Levine, VP at Facebook\nTed Schlein, partner at Kleiner Perkins\nJed York, co-chair at San Francisco 49ers\nPaul J. LaBlanc, president at Southern New Hampshire University Some services offered by Chegg have been repeatedly documented as being problematic. These services include homework help where Chegg experts solve homework questions for students. Academic file-sharing also occurs in the form of students posting homework question sheets soliciting answers. Academic file-sharing has been documented as being a form of violation of academic integrity at many schools.\nIn February 2019, Chegg formed a partnership with Purdue University's Online Writing Lab (OWL), to make online educational writing tools more accessible to its students. The affiliation was met by some faculty criticism, alluding to Chegg helping students cheat; OWL director Harry Denny reported that he did not expect Purdue's reputation to suffer as a result, citing that \"My experience has been that the company is committed to partnering with faculty and administration to address their concerns.\"\nA report published by Citron Research in July 2019 claims that \"Chegg has created forums to circumvent Turnitin, proving that Chegg is helping users continue institutionalized cheating\".\nDuring the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, controversy around Chegg and companies offering similar services escalated, as many students had to learn from home with uncensored internet access. For example, Georgia Tech alerted students in a physics class that certain students in the class had cheated on their online final exam by using answers posted on Chegg, certain students in a chemistry class at Boston University were found to have similarly cheated on an online exam, students from two chemistry classes at the University of British Columbia were accused of using Chegg for cheating on exams, including using two incorrect answers posted on Chegg, and solutions to a physics exam at Washington University in St. Louis were posted on Chegg during the exam period. Chegg cooperated with the investigations. A study published in 2020 has found that Chegg answers student questions even though the questions have clear cues to indicate that the student is trying to buy answers for a current assessed activity\u2014the questions are neither identified nor flagged as violations of academic integrity anywhere in the process.\nSome universities explicitly forbid students from using Chegg's homework help. By 2016, textbook rentals and student services were about even in company revenues; by 2018, Chegg Services reported 3.1 million subscribers, with services accounting for 79% of revenue. Students may search for both scholarships and internships on the website, and typically pay to access Chegg Services, such as Study, Advanced Writing, Tutors, and Math Solver, on a monthly basis. Chegg sponsors music instruction contests for colleges in a program named Music 101. These conclude with live classroom instruction by noted music artists, and a $10,000 grant from its David B. Goldberg Music Scholarship fund for the winning school music department. In 2019, the company launched its ninth annual Chegg Music 101 campaign featuring YUNGBLUD. Previous events have featured U2, Imagine Dragons, Taylor Swift, Ed Sheeran, Shawn Mendes, Steve Aoki, and Liam Payne.", ["w_s719"]]
[30396, "Tang Jingsong (Chinese: \u5510\u666f\u5d27; Wade\u2013Giles: T'ang Ching-sung; 1841\u20131903) was a Chinese general and statesman. He commanded the Yunnan Army in the Sino-French War (August 1884\u2013April 1885), and made an important contribution to Qing dynasty China's military effort in Tonkin (northern Vietnam) by persuading the Black Flag leader Liu Yongfu to serve under Chinese command. His intelligent, though ultimately unsuccessful, direction of the Siege of Tuy\u00ean Quang (November 1884\u2013March 1885) was widely praised. He later became governor of the Chinese province of Taiwan. Following China's cession of Taiwan to Japan at the end of the First Sino-Japanese War (1894\u20131895) he became president of the short-lived Republic of Formosa.<PIC> Tang Jingsong played an important role in the Sino-French War and during the period of undeclared hostilities that preceded it.  In 1882 he was sent by the Qing government to Vietnam to assess the ability of the Vietnamese government to resist French expansion in Tonkin.  During his stay he was able to persuade Liu Yongfu to take the field against the French with the Black Flag Army.  Liu's intervention resulted in the French defeat in the Battle of Paper Bridge on 19 May 1883, in which the French commandant sup\u00e9rieur Henri Rivi\u00e8re was killed.  In the wake of this disaster, Jules Ferry's government committed substantial military and naval forces to Tonkin.\nTang was the only senior Chinese commander to take part in the S\u01a1n T\u00e2y Campaign (December 1883).  Although Liu Yongfu and his Vietnamese and Chinese allies failed to hold S\u01a1n T\u00e2y against the French, Tang's loyalty to Liu on that occasion was never forgotten by the Black Flag leader.  In September 1884 Tang led the Yunnan Army down the Red River from L\u00e0o Cai to threaten the French post of Tuy\u00ean Quang, and Liu Yongfu took service with him as a subordinate general.\nAlthough he ultimately failed to capture the French post, Tang's intelligent and methodical conduct of the Siege of Tuy\u00ean Quang was praised by many of his Chinese colleagues, including Zhang Zhidong, the Viceroy of Liangguang, and Cen Yuying (\u5c91\u6bd3\u82f1), the Viceroy of Yun-Gui.\nCaptain Jean-Fran\u00e7ois-Alphonse Lecomte, one of the more discerning officers of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps, also paid tribute to the skill T'ang's army had shown in its siegecraft at Tuy\u00ean Quang:\nThe mandarins had directed the attack on Tuyen Quang in a very intelligent manner.  Owing to the Moslem insurrection in Yunnan, an insurrection that had nearly engulfed the entire province and was only put down by Marshal Ma after several sieges, they were now experts in the art of siegecraft.  Their troops were excellent, and although they were unable to capture the fortress, defended as it was by a handful of heroes and relieved in the very nick of time by Giovanninelli's brigade, this siege was nonetheless a glorious feat of arms for the Celestials and showed that when necessary they could rise to the occasion. Tang succeeded Shao Youlian (\u90b5\u53cb\u6fc2) as governor of Taiwan in 1894.  Upon the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War (1894\u201395) he invited his old friend Liu Yongfu to assume command of Qing forces in southern Taiwan.\nFollowing China's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War, Taiwan was ceded to Japan in April 1895 under the Treaty of Shimonoseki.  A number of Chinese officials in Taiwan decided to resist the Japanese, and proclaimed Taiwan an independent Republic of Formosa.  Tang was inaugurated as the republic's president on May 25, 1895. The republic lasted no longer than the time it took the Japanese to invade and occupy Taiwan.  The Japanese invaded northern Taiwan on May 29, 1895 and defeated Chinese forces at Keelung on 3 June.\nWhen the news of the defeat at Keelung reached Taipei on 4 June, the republican leaders promptly abandoned ship.  During the night of 4 June Tang Jingsong fled to Tamsui, and from there sailed for the mainland on the evening of 6 June aboard the steamship Arthur.  His departure was delayed for a day because of disorder in Tamsui.\nAfter Tang's flight, the republican forces continued to resist the Japanese in Taiwan under the leadership of Liu Yongfu.  The republican forces were no match for the Japanese, however, and the republic eventually collapsed with the Japanese occupation of Tainan on 21 October 1895.  Like Tang, Liu Yongfu also abandoned his soldiers and fled to the mainland to escape capture. Tang died in 1903 at his home in Guilin, at the age of 63.", ["w_s728"]]
[30397, "Maybole Baptist Church is the only Baptist church in Maybole, South Ayrshire, Scotland. It arose from a Maybole prayer group started in 1898 that was admitted to the Baptist Union of Scotland in 1901. The church building opened in 1914. It has operated for over a hundred years, one of 164 active Baptist churches in Scotland in the early twenty-first century serving 14,000 members.\nThe church building features red sandstone, a traditional gable with projected front porch and arched doorway. Designed by architect Hugh Campbell (1863-1926) of Glasgow it is a recognized noteworthy building in Maybole and the wider Carrick area of southern Scotland. The church grounds feature minimal space due to a small plot size. Maybole town, within which the church is located, is also noted for distinctive architecture.<PIC> Maybole Baptist Church is located at 14 Carrick Street, Maybole, Scotland, KA19 7DN. Carrick Street lies immediately north of the A77 road which passes through Maybole. The church's National Grid Reference (NGR) is NS 29880 09900, Canmore ID is 203792 and Site ID is NS20NE 60. The church is marked on Google maps and UK streetmap.\nThe church is 2\u00a0km from the Maybole railway station. The nearest active Baptist churches are Ayr Baptist Church at 15\u00a0km distance, Thomas Coates Memorial Baptist Church at 68\u00a0km, and Hillhead Baptist Church in the west end of Glasgow, a distance of 72\u00a0km.  It is estimated new Christian congregations in Scotland increased from a handful mid-nineteenth century to 184 assemblies in southern Scotland by 1900. Maybole was part of this trend. The setting for a Maybole Baptist Church further benefited from the new Baptist Union for Scotland, formed in 1869, the \"Maybole Revival,\" an evangelist movement during the 1870s, which also published \"The Maybole Evangelist\" magazine, a new Maybole Presbyterian Church opened in 1880, a Baptist Theological College established in Glasgow in the 1890s, and flourishing missionary work in the expanding British Empire.\nNineteenth century industrialization also impacted Maybole, with the town seeing much new manufacturing of agricultural implements and shoes. This was significant because Baptist churches in Scotland attracted commercially active and middle class congregations. Some Maybole worshippers were also less open to the strict doctrine of older Maybole churches, for example the Church of Scotland stress on avoiding work on Sundays. Scotland's Baptist Union admitted Maybole Baptist Church in 1901, despite the lack of a church building. The Maybole Baptist Church established a building fund in 1903. Maybole Baptist Church arose from a prayer group of 17 parishioners, formed in the 1890s, a common start for churches at the time. Before the church opened the Maybole prayer group used private homes and the disused Maybole Methodist Church. Early leaders included Thomas Ramsay (1857-1934). Maybole Baptist Church opened on 30 October 1914, two months after the Great War started, eleven years after construction started. It was described as \"The Youngest Church in Maybole\" with seating for 320 and standing room for 120. \nConstruction cost \u00a31,720, on a self-funding basis by the congregation. As comparison, the nearby Maybole Library was built in the same decade for \u00a32,500, based on one donation from American philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. Even though the church's first pastor, Thomas Ramsay, and other elders made personal donations Maybole Baptist Church carried debt for some time. The retiring first pastor made a further gift of a manse in 1919, citing the Great War as motivation. During and after the Great War, members of Maybole Baptist Church supported a \"daughter church\" in Girvan, 19\u00a0km to the south. This emerged from a Girvan prayer group, established in 1907. The Girvan Baptist Church opened in 1920, closed in 2001 and was destroyed by fire in 2013.\nThe inaugural pastor of Maybole Baptist Church, Thomas Ramsay, was elected President of the Baptist Union of Scotland in 1921.\nMaybole Baptist Church installed electricity within the church building in 1935, which is marked by a memorial plaque. The registered congregation numbered 105 in the 1930s, a high point, after which congregations declined, in line with Scotland-wide declines in Baptist congregations. Up to the 1950s, Maybole Baptist Church admitted 404 people to the Baptist Union, and up to the 1960s, it baptized 288 people. Although congregations declined from the 1930s peak some modest increase in attendance at Baptist churches within Scotland happened in the late 20th century. Maybole Baptist Church remains active in the early twenty-first century. Activities include regular Christian services and community use of the church building, registered charity status with the Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations (number SC021239), participating in Remembrance Sunday services held each 11 November, and participating in the annual gala of the Maybole Council of Churches.", ["w_s730"]]
[30398, "Harold Giles Hoffman (February 7, 1896 \u2013 June 4, 1954) was an American politician of the Republican Party who served as the 41st governor of New Jersey from 1935 to 1938. He also served two terms representing New Jersey's 3rd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives, from 1927 to 1931.<PIC> Hoffman was born in South Amboy, New Jersey to Frank Hoffman and Ada Crawford Thom. Ada was the daughter of the painter James Crawford Thom and the granddaughter of Scottish sculptor James Thom. Hoffman also had two ancestors who were soldiers in the American Revolutionary War. His father's side of the family were among some of the early settlers in New Amsterdam, now known as New York City, but originated in Sweden; Hoffman's father's family were the descendants of Dutch nobility.\nHoffman attended public schools and graduated from South Amboy High School in 1913. He worked with a local newspaper until enlisting on July 25, 1917, as a private in the Third Regiment of the New Jersey Infantry. He served overseas in World War I as a captain and advanced to the rank of lieutenant colonel until he was discharged with the rank of colonel in 1946. After World War I, Hoffman returned to South Amboy and became an executive with the South Amboy Trust Company. He later became the bank's president, a position he held until 1942. During his career, Hoffman served in a series of political offices, including city treasurer of South Amboy, New Jersey state assemblyman, mayor of South Amboy, and U.S. Congressman. In 1934, Hoffman was narrowly elected governor of New Jersey.\nAs governor, Hoffman secretly visited convicted Lindbergh kidnapper Bruno Hauptmann in his death row cell on the evening of October 16, 1935, with Anna Bading, a stenographer and fluent speaker of German. Hoffman urged the other members of the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals, then the state's highest court, to visit Hauptmann. Despite Governor Hoffman's doubt regarding Hauptmann's guilt, Hoffman was unable to convince the other members of the court to re-examine the case, and Hauptmann was executed on April 3, 1936.\nHoffman was a delegate to the 1936 Republican National Convention.\nAs governor, Hoffman got into at least two separate fistfights with reporters. Hoffman's advocacy of a state sales tax cost him the support of his own party.\nIn 1939, Hoffman was named president of the minor league baseball Interstate League.\nDue to World War II, Hoffman was granted military leave as director of the Unemployment Compensation Commission on June 15, 1942. He reentered the army as a major in the Transportation Corps and served until June 24, 1946, when he was discharged with the rank of colonel. Upon discharge, Hoffman resumed his position as director of the Unemployment Commission.\nIn 1948, he appeared on the short-lived ABC network program That Reminds Me.\nHoffman displayed a willingness to appear on humorous panel games. On June 12, 1948, he was a guest panelist on the joke-themed radio program Stop Me If You've Heard This One. On February 2, 1950, Hoffman was one of four panelists on the debut presentation of the game show What's My Line?. On February 16, 1950, he made a return appearance. In 1953, Hoffman appeared as a panelist on the NBC radio joke-telling program Can You Top This?. On March 18, 1954, Governor Robert B. Meyner uncovered a significant embezzlement scheme perpetrated by Hoffman and suspended him from his position of Unemployment Compensation Commission Director. Three months later, in June 1954, Hoffman died in a New York City hotel room of a heart attack.\nJust before dying, the former governor wrote a confession and admitted that he had embezzled over $300,000 from the state. Hoffman is buried in Christ Church Cemetery in South Amboy, New Jersey.", ["w_s732"]]
[30399, "Denys Strekalin (born 31 March 1999) is a Ukrainian-born pair skater who competes for France. With his former skating partner, Cl\u00e9o Hamon, he is a two-time French national champion (2020, 2021), 2018 Volvo Open Cup champion, and has competed in the final segment at three World Junior Championships (2017\u20132019).  Strekalin began learning to skate in 2006. Competing in men's singles, he placed seventh at the Ukrainian Junior Championships in 2013 and 2015. He also trained in pair skating with Sofiia Nesterova.  In August 2016, Strekhalin teamed up with Cleo Hamon to compete for France in pairs. Coached by Mehdi Bouzzine in Courbevoie, they made their international debut in February 2017, placing seventh in junior pairs at the Bavarian Open. In March, they placed fourteenth at the 2017 World Junior Championships in Taipei, Taiwan.\nIn September 2017, Hamon/Strekalin debuted on the ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) series, placing eighth in Riga, Latvia. In December, appearing on the senior level, they won silver at the French Championships, behind Lola Esbrat / Andrei Novoselov. In March, they finished eleventh at the 2018 World Junior Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria.\nCompeting in the 2018 JGP series, Hamon/Strekalin placed sixth in Linz, Austria, and fifth in Ostrava, Czech Republic. Making their senior international debut, the pair took gold at the Volvo Open Cup in November 2018. In March 2019, they finished ninth at the 2019 World Junior Championships in Zagreb, Croatia. After placing eighth at the 2019 JGP United States, Hamon/Streklain debuted on the senior Challenger series with a seventh-place finish at the 2019 CS Finlandia Trophy.  They would go on to place tenth at the 2019 CS Warsaw Cup, and ninth at their first European Championships. Hamon/Strekalin also won the French senior national title for the first time, due to the absence of James/Cipres from the competition season.  They finished the season at the 2020 World Junior Championships, where they placed fifth. Hamon/Strekalin were scheduled to participate in the 2020 World Championships in Montreal, which would have been their senior World debut, but these were canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<PIC> With the pandemic ongoing, Hamon/Strekalin began the new season at the 2020 CS Nebelhorn Trophy, where only pairs training in Europe competed. They were fourth after the short program, and after the top-ranked Hase/Seegert withdrew, they placed third in the free and won the bronze medal.\nHamon/Strekalin were scheduled to make their Grand Prix debut at the 2020 Internationaux de France, but the event was cancelled due to the pandemic.\nIn February, they won their second straight National title. Later that month, they competed at the International Challenge Cup, placing fifth. On March 1, they were named to the team for the 2021 World Championships. They placed twentieth in their World Championship debut. Hamon/Strekalin finished the season at the 2021 World Team Trophy, where they finished fifth in both segments and Team France finished in fifth place overall. Hamon/Strekalin began the season at the 2021 Lombardia Trophy, where they finished in fourth place.\nThey were originally scheduled to compete at the Nebelhorn Trophy, where the final Olympics spots would be decided, but were later replaced by Coline Keriven / No\u00ebl-Antoine Pierre. It was later announced that Hamon would be taking a break from figure skating, due to health issues from a burnout, and that had been the reason for them being replaced at the Nebelhorn Trophy. \nOn January 31, Strekalin announced his new partnership with Oc\u00e9ane Piegad. (with Hamon)    ", ["w_s733"]]
[30400, "Gustav Adolf Lammers Heiberg (22 April 1875 \u2013 1948) was a Norwegian barrister and politician for the Labour Party.<PIC> He was born in Kristiania as a son of barrister Anton Vilhelm Heiberg (1831\u20131885) and his wife Antonie Magdalene Fossum. He was a first cousin of Eivind, Jacob, Gunnar and Inge Heiberg and a first cousin once removed of Hans Heiberg. His sister Engel was married to physician Edvard Heiberg Hansteen.\nGustav Heiberg married twice. His first marriage, to Signe Konow, lasted from April 1904 to her death in April 1920. In 1921 he married Etty Roll, from Molde, a daughter of Ferdinand Nicolai Roll and sister of Nini Roll Anker. They settled in Vestre Aker. Heiberg enrolled as a student in 1894 and graduated with the cand.jur. degree in 1897. He chaired Norwegian Students' Society from 1901 to 1902. After some years as a junior employee in a lawyer's office, he opened his own lawyer's office in Kristiania in 1902. From 1903 he was entitled to work with Supreme Court cases.\nHeiberg was a member of the Labour Party since 1898, and served as a member of the executive committee of Kristiania city council from 1911 to 1919. Here, he was especially preoccupied with improving housing conditions in the city. He stood for parliamentary election in 1912, but was not elected. When the radical wing assumed control of the party at the 1918 national convention, he became tired from the ensuing disagreements in his party, and left politics to pursue his professional career.\nIn 1921 he was hired as city lawyer. He was involved in several high-profile cases, notably as a defender during the Impeachment trial of Abraham Berge in 1926 and 1927. Berge was a former Prime Minister, and his cabinet members Odd S. Klingenberg, Christian F. Michelet, Cornelius Middelthon, Johan H. Rye Holmboe, Anders Venger and Karl Wilhelm Wefring also stood for trial. They were not convicted. This has been the last impeachment trial in Norway.\nDuring the German occupation of Norway, Heiberg was incarcerated at Grini as a \"hostage\", from 14 April 1942 to 22 October 1942. In 1945 Heiberg was named as chairman of the commission Unders\u00f8kelseskommisjonen av 1945 that scrutinized the actions of the Norwegian government in 1940. The other commission members were Arnold Holmboe, Ole Hallesby, Ernst Fredrik Eckhoff, Nils Nilsen Thune, Arne Bergsg\u00e5rd and Sverre Steen, and the secretary was Helge Sivertsen. The background for the commission was the German invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940, and the question was raised whether Norway could have avoided it through a different foreign and security policy. Second, the actions of Norwegian authorities between 9 April and 25 September 1940 were investigated, both regarding the three branches of government (Parliament, Government, Supreme Court) that eventually laid down their offices, but also the Administrative Council as well as other relevant civil and military bodies.\nHeiberg was also a founder of Folketeaterbevegelsen in 1929, together with Sverre Iversen, Fernanda Nissen and Kyrre Grepp, whose goal was to draw \"broad masses of laborers and functionaries\" into the theatre audience, as well as to establish a people's theatre. Folketeatret was finally established in 1952. Heiberg did not live to see this as he died in 1948.", ["w_s735"]]
[30401, "Ronald Kay Getoor (9 February 1929, Royal Oak, Michigan \u2013 28 October 2017, La Jolla, San Diego, California) was an American mathematician.\nGetoor received from the University of Michigan bachelor's degree in 1950, master's degree in 1951, and Ph.D. in 1954 under Arthur Herbert Copeland with thesis Connections between operators in Hilbert space and random functions of second order. As a postdoc he was an instructor at Princeton University. He became in 1956 an assistant professor and then full professor at the University of Washington. During the academic year 1964\u20131965 he was a visiting professor at Stanford University. From 1966 until his retirement in 2000 he was a professor at the University of California, San Diego.\nGetoor's research deals with probability theory, especially the theory of Markov processes and potential theory. In 1970 he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Nice. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and in 2012 a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society.<PIC> In the late 1950s, Getoor and  Richard Blumenthal set out to understand the work of Gilbert Hunt on the connection between Markov processes and potential theory, extending the connections between Brownian motion and Newtonian potential theory.\nGetoor's book on 'Markov processes and potential theory', co-authored with  Richard Blumenthal, became a reference on the topic.\nTogether with Blumenthal and Sharpe, Getoor obtained many results on the fine structure of Markov processes and martingales, in particular the theory of local time for Markov processes.\nWith Michael J. Sharpe, Getoor defined the notion of 'conformal martingale', which proved to be influential in potential theory, investigated the behavior of Bessel processes, last-exit times and excursions. Starting in the early 1980s, Getoor  studied stationary extensions of a given strong Markov process, with time extending to infinity in both directions, formulating a pathwise view of \"time reversal\" which  became a key tool in his studies of the excessive measures of a Markov process.\nThe 'Blumenthal-Getoor index', a concept which characterises the nature of discontinuities of L\u00e9vy processes and semi-martingales, is named after him. He married in 1959. His wife Ann Getoor worked on the design of commercial aircraft at Boeing, and his daughter Lise Getoor is a professor of computer science at the University of Maryland. Ronald Kay Getoor died peacefully at home on October 28, 2017 in La Jolla at the age of 88. Markov processes: Ray processes and right processes. Lecture Notes in Mathematics 440. Springer Verlag. 1975. Getoor, R. K. (15 November 2006). 2006 reprint. ISBN\u00a09783540374220; pbk, 124 pages\nwith Robert McCallum Blumenthal: Markov Processes and Potential Theory. Academic Press. 1968.\nExcessive Measures. Birkh\u00e4user. 1990. Getoor, R. K. (6 December 2012). 2012 reprint. ISBN\u00a09781461234708; pbk, 190 pages Blumenthal, R. M. (1959). \"Some relationships involving subordination\". Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 10 (3): 502\u2013510. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1959-0105744-3.\nwith R. K. Getoor: Blumenthal, R. M.; Getoor, R. K. (1960). \"Some theorems on stable processes\". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 95 (2): 263\u2013273. doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-1960-0119247-6.\nBlumenthal, R. M.; Getoor, R. K. (1961). \"Sample functions of stochastic processes with stationary independent increments\". Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics. 10 (3): 493\u2013516. JSTOR\u00a024900735.\nBlumenthal, R. M.; Getoor, R. K.; Ray, D. B. (1961). \"On the distribution of first hits for the symmetric stable processes\". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 99 (3): 540\u2013554. doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-1961-0126885-4.\nBlumenthal, R. M.; Getoor, R. K. (1964). \"Additive functionals of Markov processes in duality\". Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 112: 131\u2013163. doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-1964-0160269-0.\nBlumenthal, R. M.; Getoor, R. K. (1964). \"Local times for Markov processes\". Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete. 3 (1): 50\u201374. doi:10.1007/BF00531683. S2CID\u00a0120071327.\nGetoor, R.K.; Sharpe, M.J. (1972). \"Conformal martingales\". Inventiones Mathematicae. 16 (4): 271\u2013308. doi:10.1007/BF01425714. S2CID\u00a0189830360.", ["w_s738"]]
[30402, "The National Library of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu)  is a national public institution in Estonia, which operates pursuant to the National Library of Estonia Act (Estonian: Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu seadus). It was established as the parliamentary library (Estonian: parlamendiraamatukogu) of Estonia on December 21, 1918.\nAccording to the Act, the National Library of Estonia is the custodian of Estonian national memory and heritage, and acts as the repository centre of the Estonian literature and national bibliography, the main information provider for the Estonian parliament and many other constitutional institutions, a national centre of library and information sciences, a site for the continuing education of librarians, and also as a cultural centre.\nSince September 16, 2008 the Director General of the National Library is Janne Andresoo.<PIC> The National Library of Estonia is:\na national library, collecting, storing and making publicly accessible the documents published in Estonia or about Estonia, regardless of their place of publication, maintaining national databases of the Estonian national bibliography and statistics on Estonian print output, serving as the Estonian ISSN, ISBN and ISMN agency;\na parliamentary library, providing information services for the Riigikogu, the Government of the Republic, the Office of the President of the Republic, and state authorities;\na research library, providing information for research activities in humanities and social sciences, and various information services;\na library research and development centre, providing library and information science information, coordinating research, and development activities and library standardisation in Estonia, organising user surveys, and training, and further professional training for the staff of Estonian libraries, publishing materials on library and book science and the Estonian library journal, Raamatukogu, organising national surveys of library statistics and actively participating in international library co-operation;\na cultural centre, where various book and art exhibitions are held, along with conferences, concerts, theatre performances, movie evenings and other cultural activities. The National Library of Estonia provides information services in the following fields:\nhumanities:  history, ethnology, philosophy, folklore, psychology, religion, culture, linguistics and literary science, Estonian and foreign literature, art, music, film, theatre, etc.\nsocial sciences: economics, law, politics, political science, sociology, etc.\ninternational organisations: European Union, World Trade Organization (WTO), World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF), etc.\ninternational courts: Court of Justice of the European Communities, International Court of Justice (ICJ), etc.\ninformation sciences: information science, library science, librarianship, book history, etc.\ncartography and geography.\nRare book collection specialists offer consultations on old books. There are also archival services on the basis of the institution and personal collections located in the Library, conservation services and binding services available. E-library has been developed since the mid-1990s and is available on the homepage of the National Library of Estonia. It enables readers to:\nuse the e-catalogue ESTER;\nrequest information on licensed databases and e-journals;\nsubmit inquires in the field of humanities and social sciences;\nread online publications, visit e-exhibitions and purchase the publications of the Library;\nget acquainted with digital collections;\nuse the information resources of The European Library.\nSome services are available only to the registered readers of the National Library. They can:\nreserve books, journals, written music and other items;\nrenew the due date of books;\norder copies;\norder items via inter-library loan. On January 1, 2007 the collection of the National Library of Estonia included 3,4 million items including:\n1,975,981 volumes of books;\n302,988 annual sets of periodicals;\n20,954 items of cartographic materials;\n117,777 items of sheet music;\n180,062 items of graphic art;\n7,203 items of manuscripts and archive documents;\n2,635 items of standards;\n481,088 items of booklets;\n43,477 items of audio-visual materials;\n1,852 items of electronic materials;\n27,198 items of microforms;\nSince 1919 the National Library is entitled to receive legal deposit copies of all publications printed in Estonia. Publications in the Estonian language printed before 1861 and publications in foreign languages printed before 1831, including eight incunabula and 1,500 publications from the 16th and 17th centuries, are stored in the Rare Book Collection. Later publications include a selection of copies with autographs, manuscript amendments and ownership marks, censor's copies, artistic bindings, bibliophile and luxury publications. In addition to 28,000 rare publications, the collection includes 150 manuscripts. Research on old books has been conducted in the library for over 50 years.\nThe oldest book in the rare book collection is a work of Lambertus de Monte, a theologian from Cologne, - Copulatasuper tres libros Aristotelis De Anima... (Cologne, 1486). The oldest Estonian publication is Heinrich Stahl's book of sermons Leyen Spiegel (Reval, 1641\u20131649) with parallel texts in Estonian and in German. On December 21, 1918, the Provisional Government of the Estonian Republic took the decision to establish the State Library. The primary collection of the Library was about 2,000 titles necessary for lawmaking and government, and the first users were the members of Parliament (Riigikogu). The Library was situated in two small rooms of the Parliament building in the Toompea Castle.\nDuring the time of the independent Republic of Estonia from 1918\u20131940, the Library developed and grew fast. In 1919, the Library began to receive a legal deposit copy of all printed matter published in Estonia. In 1921, the first international exchange agreements were concluded. In 1935 the State Library established an Archival Collection of all publications in the Estonian language and about Estonia. This was the beginning of a systematic acquisition of printed matter on Estonia and the Baltic countries. In the 1930s, the State Library started to perform more functions than those of a parliamentary library \u2013 the collections comprised about 50,000 items and the readership included outstanding intellectuals, cultural and public figures.\nWith the Soviet occupation, the Library became a regular public library, known under the name of the State Library of the Estonian SSR. The role of the Library changed considerably: all links with foreign countries and their libraries were severed, and Russian publications predominated, mostly consisting of all-Union deposit copies. The bulk of Estonian and foreign publications was placed in restricted access collections. Between 1948 and 1992 the Library was housed in the former Estonian Knighthood House in Tallinn's historic centre.\n1953, the Library was named after Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald, a leading man of letters of the Estonian National Awakening and the author of the Estonian national epic, Kalevipoeg. The collections then amounted to one million items already.\nThe liberation movement that began in the Baltic countries in the 1980s and the restoration of the independent Republic of Estonia on August 20, 1991 considerably changed the role of the Library.\nIn 1988, the Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald State Library was renamed the National Library of Estonia with a mission to collect, preserve and provide access to all documents published in the Estonian language and in Estonia, and also about or including information on Estonia.\nIn 1989, the Library's legal status as a parliamentary library was restored with an obligation to provide information services for the Riigikogu and the Government. The present National Library of Estonia is a legal entity in public law, which operates pursuant to the National Library of Estonia Act, adopted in 1998, and amended in 2002 and 2006, and its Statutes. Its collegial decision-making body is the National Library Board with members appointed by the Riigikogu. The National Library building at T\u00f5nism\u00e4gi in Tallinn, specially designed for the library, was constructed between 1985 and 1993. The architect of the building is Raine Karp and its interior designer is Sulev Vahtra. The eight-storey building with two floors below ground level is until now the largest library in the Baltic countries. It houses 20 reading rooms with 600 reader's seats, a large conference hall, a theatre hall and numerous exhibition areas. The Library's stacks are designed to hold five million volumes. All stacks are equipped with shelves and air-conditioning, appropriate for preserving the documents.", ["w_s741"]]
[30403, "Jock Cameron (born Horace Brakenridge Cameron and often known as \"Herbie\" Cameron; 5 July 1905 \u2013 2 November 1935) was a South African cricketer of the 1920s and 1930s. A tragic figure owing to his premature death when probably the best wicket-keeper in the world, Cameron is often forgotten today but regarded by those who know about him as one of the best wicket-keepers in the history of cricket. Cameron was also a brilliant, hard-hitting middle-order batsman who once hit Hedley Verity for thirty runs off one over.<PIC> Cameron took a keen interest in playing cricket from the time of his tenth birthday and received plenty of encouragement in developing his skill as a wicket-keeper and batsman. He later moved on to Hilton College where he played for the 1st XI. After a slow start in the Transvaal team Cameron, from 1925/1926 onwards, consistently showed his superb efficiency as a wicket-keeper and his powerful hitting with the bat. As a result, he took part during 1927/1928 in all five Tests against England on the first overseas tour of South Africa after he began playing. His form in the Tests was sufficiently good that Cameron became a certainty for the England tour of 1929, where he kept wicket in superb form and would certainly have totalled much more than 951 runs and 57 dismissals but for an injury in the Second Test at Lord's when a ball from Harold Larwood rose sharply and hit him on the ribs. A highlight of his tour was the game against Somerset where he made seven dismissals.\nFirmly established as a Test regular, Cameron moved owing to his business from Transvaal to Eastern Province the following season, and in 1930/1931 was appointed captain of South Africa for the Fourth Test of 1930/1931 after playing one game for Western Province. He celebrated this appointment with a fighting innings of 69 that saved South Africa and showcased the growing adaptability of his batting and the ability to produce a fighting defence in addition to the hitting power he always possessed. Cameron captained South Africa during the 1931/1932 tour of Australia and New Zealand, but the burden undoubtedly affected his batting in the Tests \u2013 he averaged only 15.50 against Australia and South Africa lost all five Tests against Bradman's batting and Grimmett's wonderful bowling.\nReturning to Transvaal for the 1932/1933 season, Cameron could only play once in the following two seasons, but was back at his very best in 1934/1935, hitting up a career-best 182 against Griqualand West and keeping wicket as well as ever. As vice-captain in 1935, Cameron was the focal point of a South African side whose batting strength was sufficient to give it victory over England by one Test to nil (though England had the better of all four draws). In the only decisive result on a spinners' wicket at Lord's (due to leatherjackets having infested the wicket during England's mildest winter on record), Cameron hit his highest Test score of 90 in the first innings. At one stage he hit 58 out of his team's 60 runs in half an hour. The Cricketer wrote: \"We have seldom, if ever, seen a batsman who hits a ball so hard and so far with so little apparent effort.\"\nIn his famous innings against Yorkshire it was said that \"Verity had Cameron in two minds: whether to hit him for four or six\". He also hit 132 against second-placed Derbyshire and 160 against an eleven raised by Shrimp Leveson Gower. Louis Duffus wrote: \"He began his 1935 tour in England by driving a ball out of the Worcester ground, and from that first day in May onwards he hit sixes all over English fields.\" However, when Cameron returned to South Africa he was, to the regret of the cricket world, immediately afflicted with typhoid fever. Treatment proved so ineffective that Cameron died less than two months after he had played his last game of cricket. His loss was a crushing blow to South Africa: in 1935-36 they lost four of their five Tests against Australia due to Grimmett's and O'Reilly's formidable spin bowling (which Cameron's hitting might well have made less dangerous) and it took them until the 1950s to produce teams of comparable strength to that of the 1935 side.\nIn its obituary notice The Times wrote: \"He combined all those qualities of courage, modesty, generosity and cheerfulness which instinctively made themselves felt on the field of cricket, and also off it, to all those who were privileged to know him and who immediately recognised the influence of the man.\"\nDuring their tour of South Africa in 1935-36, to raise money for Cameron's family the Australians played a baseball match against the Transvaal Baseball Club at the Wanderers ground in Johannesburg. The match raised about 400 pounds.", ["w_s745"]]
[30404, "Holy Jesus Church at Lydbrook is a Church of England parish church in the English county of Gloucestershire.<PIC> The greater part of the church was built in 1850 and 1851. It is in the style of the 14th century Decorated Period. The architect was Henry Woodyer, a flamboyant character. While the church was being built, an article in Ecclesiologist (new series XLV December 1850) heavily criticised Woodyer's design. The twenty-foot length of the original pews in each aisle of the nave, with access to the secondary portion via a passage near the side walls was particularly criticised. A passage up the middle of each aisles preferred instead. The article concludes that the most objectionable feature was the two floating buttresses to the rear of the tower, \"which seem to penetrate the lofty roof of the nave and lead one to expect a most substantial substructure within. But alas\u00a0! internally they are found to be corbelled off above the westernmost clerestory windows.\"\nThe interior and ornamental parts are built of Bath Stone, the exterior being of the Grit Stone of the neighbourhood. The clerestorial nave of five bays is approximately 50 feet in height, 56 feet long and 50 feet wide. The arcades are of cylindrical columns rising to pointed arches. The windows are in the Geometrical Decorated style. The roof is a unique forest of wind bracing wooden trusses. The chancel roof consists of scissors-beam trusses. The tower of the church is 80 feet in height, the saddle back roof being an unusual feature for the forest, but quite common elsewhere in Gloucestershire, such as St Margaret's, Bagendon. The east window commemorates the Thomas family famous for its national industrial achievements in the founding of the South Wales Steel Industry, and having begun in a modest way at the Lydbrook Tin Works.  The window depicts the four evangelists - Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, with Christ the King at the centre. Below each of the Evangelists is an angel holding a shield portraying the Evangelist's symbol. Below Christ are two angels holding a shield bearing his name (IHS = JES). Above the risen Christ is the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove radiating down. To each side of the dove is an angel, respectively holding shields bearing the initials alpha and omega. Originally the window was provided by Richard and Ann Thomas in memory of their children. The original inscription on the brass plaque ran \"To the Glory of God, and in memory of the following members of the Thomas Family - William George, Sydney Lovelock and Ann Lillian, who rest in this Churchyard, Samuel Treherne and Alfred Ivor, interred at Lantwit, Neath, and Stanley Rendell, interred at the English Cemetery, Rome\". The window was dedicated 20 October 1908 by the Bishop of Gloucester. Sometime after 1917, with the deaths of Richard (1916) and Ann Thomas (1914), and Richard Beaumont and Elizabeth Mabel their children, a new plaque replaced the original with the additional names.\nThe stained glass window at the east end of the south aisle is in memory of the Reverend Henry Hoitt and was given by his wife in 1911. Hoitt had served as vicar for forty-two years. To complement this window an altar (The Lady Altar) was placed underneath, with plans to screen it off, in effect to form a Lady Chapel. However the screen was never put in place. The eagle lectern also in memory of Henry Hoitt was added in 1909 replacing an earlier, simpler lectern.\nThe sedilia in the south wall of the sanctuary are worth noticing for the delicate stone traceried rere-arch above them. Behind the altar lies some attractive stone carving. Only three stone memorials adorn the walls of the Church.  First is the war memorial by the Lady Chapel Altar.  Second is a memorial to Caroline Hodges (d. 1920) who was for thirty-six years a nurse in Lydbrook. The memorial is placed by the font, where many of the babies she delivered were baptised. The third memorial is to Jack Priest (d. 1983) who was a member of the choir and a churchwarden.\nThe war memorial was erected in two stages. The right and left tablets stood together to commemorate those who gave their lives in the Great War. The larger middle tablet was added after the Second World War.\nA brass plate mounted on the wall below the Lady Altar window (itself dedicated to the Reverend H. T. Hoitt) commemorates Annie Mabel Hoitt his daughter and benefactress of the church (d. 1967). A record of various gifts is recorded in a frame mounted in the Sanctuary. The churchyard contains war graves of four soldiers of World War I. The church's silver consists of a chalice, paten and flagon, made by silversmith John Keith in 1850 to Butterfield's design, and the presently used chalice and paten given in memory of Dorothy Joan Harris by her family. On permanent display in the church is a Book of Remembrance. Details of entry of names can be gained from the churchwardens. The display cabinet was made by a local craftsman, Laddy Broadman. The church was restored in 1904 under the architect M. H. Medland.\nThe east window was added in 1908.\nThe eagle lectern was introduced in 1909.\nThe south aisle east stained glass window and Lady Altar added 1911.\nThe organ once stood where the war memorial stands today, but was moved in 1912 when further extensions to the church were added by the architect A. H. Pearson; an organ chamber continuing the south aisle eastwards and a choir vestry on the north side complementing the south porch.\nThe font originally stood on the left hand side of the south porch entrance but in 1911 it was moved to the present position on the right hand side at the back of the south aisle.\nFurther activity took place in the 1960s and 1970s\nThe original wooden choir screen stood between the chancel and the nave, it had to be removed in 1966 because of woodworm. The overall effect was to open up the church, bringing together the priest, choir and congregation.\nIn 1964 the first four pews in the north aisle (half pews) were removed to allow room for children's work, as by that time the church schoolrooms were dilapidated and unable to be used.\nThe Lady Altar was refurbished by the Reverend David Lovell and Mrs. Lovell in 1971.\nUnder the guidance of the vicar, the Reverend Michael Foster, from 1991 until 1993 major restoration and alterations made the building serviceable for community activities under the direction of the Architect, John Sparrow;\nLead valleys on the roof were repaired, and the string course on the tower was replaced, in addition to weathered stone on the tower.\nIn January 1991 a water supply was brought into church, a milestone followed by the installation of toilets in March 1992 and a kitchen unit using the choir vestry.\nIn March 1992 the four back rows of pews were removed and replaced by wooden chairs with cushioned seats and backs. This allowed space for community activities to begin to develop.\nIn 1993, the hot water heating system was upgraded with the addition of convector fan radiators, and an upgraded boiler greatly increasing the wattage output.\nThe removal of the remaining nine rows of pews followed in July 1993. 250 comfortable chairs now grace the Church. The visual effect has been to make the church look brighter and larger.\nSince the building of the church in 1851, the south porch had been an external entrance and represented a covered approach to the church. In June 1992 external doors were fitted to the Porch creating a further small meeting room. The tiled floor to the Porch had been pitted by the weather, and this was restored. 1851 - William Deering\n1852 - Temple H. Chase\n1866 - Henry T. Hoitt\n1908 - Fredereck W. Bidwell\n1912 - Geoffrey A. Hopkins\n1926 - Henry Thompson\n1933 - Reginald W. E. Robinson\n1942 - Bert Prime\n1951 - Reginald F. Hibbs\n1961 - (Priest-in-Charge) Eric J. Hoskin\n1963 - Ernest Rutter\n1964 - John C. Wilson\n1967 - David J. Lovell\n1973 - Wilfred D. Varney\n1977 - Dennis Bowler\n1982 - W. A. Stuart Parker\n1989 - Michael J. Foster\nThe Reverend Michael Foster (Fr Michael) was the last Vicar of Lydbrook, which was served by Priests in Charge to 2006, when the parish was merged with Ruardean and Drybrook under the new incumbency of Nicholas Robert Bromfield.", ["w_s751"]]
[30405, "Gary Lynn Nolan (born May 27, 1948) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher from 1967 through 1977, most notably as a member of the Cincinnati Reds dynasty that won four National League pennants and two World Series championships between 1970 and 1976. He played his final season with the California Angels. In 1983, Nolan was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame.<PIC> Nolan was born in Herlong, California, and his family then moved to Oroville, California, when he was young. In February 1965 at age 17 he married high school sweetheart Carole Widener. He graduated from Oroville High School in 1966. Nolan was drafted by the Cincinnati Reds in the first round (13th pick overall) of the 1966 Major League Baseball Draft. Nolan's first Major League game was at the young age of 18. A hard thrower, Nolan had a promising debut on April 15, 1967, when he struck out the side in the first inning en route to a 7\u20133 victory over the Houston Astros. On June 7, he struck out Baseball Hall of Famer Willie Mays four times in one game. He had fifteen strikeouts in the game but was pulled in the eighth after giving up a three-run home run that tied it to Willie McCovey; the Giants won 4-3. \"The kid was good,\" Mays said. He finished with a 14\u20138 record in that rookie season, was fourth in the National League in ERA (2.58) and in strikeouts (206), and was third in the Rookie of the Year voting behind Tom Seaver of the Mets, and Dick Hughes of the Cardinals.\nIn 1970 Nolan went 18\u20137 with 181 strikeouts and a 3.26 ERA, helping the Reds to win the NL pennant and establishing himself as one of the league's great young starting pitchers. Nolan pitched a remarkable nine innings of shutout ball to earn a victory in the 10-inning Game One of that year's National League Championship Series against Pittsburgh. But he took the loss in Game One of the World Series against the eventual champion Baltimore Orioles.\nAfter a disappointing 12\u201315 record in 1971, he posted 13 victories before the 1972 All-Star Game. Selected for the NL team, Nolan was suffering from neck and shoulder pains, and he was forced to withdraw from the game. After rehabbing his injuries on the disabled list, he returned to the lineup and finished the season with a 15\u20135 record and 1.99 ERA, leading the league in winning percentage (.750) and was second to Steve Carlton in ERA. In the World Series against Oakland that year, he lost Game One (six innings, three runs) and was pulled from the game early in Game Six (41\u20443 innings, one earned run).\nArm problems forced Nolan to miss most of 1973, and he missed the entire 1974 season. He returned in 1975 in good form, going 15\u20139 with a 3.16 ERA. In the World Series against Boston, he pitched just six innings in two starts. In 1976, he duplicated his 15\u20139 record and finally got his first World Series victory against the Yankees in the last game of a four-game sweep. New arm and shoulder problems bothered him in 1977, and he opted to retire.\nIn 1975, he earned the Hutch Award, given annually to an active Major League player who \"best exemplifies the fighting spirit and competitive desire of Fred Hutchinson by persevering through adversity.\" It is presented by the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.\nIn his 10-season career, Nolan compiled a 110\u201370 record with 1,039 strikeouts, a 3.08 ERA, 45 complete games, 14 shutouts, and 1,674.2 innings pitched in 250 games (247 starts). In eleven post season games he was 2\u20132 with a 3.34 ERA covering 59.1 innings.\nNolan was an excellent fielding pitcher, committing only 3 errors in 287 total chances for a .990 fielding percentage, among the best in history for pitchers whose careers spanned 10 seasons (1,500 innings) or more. After retiring from baseball, he worked for 25 years in Las Vegas, first as a blackjack dealer at the Golden Nugget and then as an executive host for guests of hotels/casinos including the Mirage Casino and the Gold Country Casino. In 1999, a baseball park in Oroville was renamed the Gary Nolan Sports Complex. He was elected to the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 1983.\nHe moved back to Oroville in 2003, where he is involved with several charitable and civic organizations and works with high school pitchers. In 2011, he was inducted into the Oroville Union High School District Hall of Fame.", ["w_s755"]]
[30406, "Rafael Augusto S\u00f3bis do Nascimento (born 17 June 1985) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a forward.\nBefore joining Cear\u00e1, S\u00f3bis played for Internacional, Real Betis, Al-Jazira, Fluminense and Tigres UANL. He won the Copa Libertadores with Internacional, and was a runner-up with Tigres in 2015.\nS\u00f3bis also represented the Brazil national team, winning a bronze medal at the 2008 Olympics.  Born in Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, he started in the youth categories of Internacional, known only as Rafael. Inter's president at the time, Fernando Carvalho, suggested the change to only Sobis,  his maternal surname of Ukrainian origins, because it could be more attractive for the European leagues, where the boy could get dual citizenship.\nHe went to the main team in 2004 and quickly won a place in it, being known by his name along the surname (with acute accent), Rafael S\u00f3bis. S\u00f3bis scored 19 goals in 35 matches in the 2005 season at the age of 19. In the following year, he was one of the main players in the Internacional squad that finished the Brazilian League in second place, and was selected by the CBF to play in the all star team at the end of the season. The 2006 season started slowly for him, as he fought against a series of injuries. He eventually recovered his place in the first team and helped Internacional secure the Copa Libertadores title; scoring twice in the first-leg of the final match against S\u00e3o Paulo. S\u00f3bis signed for Real Betis in August 2006 for \u20ac9\u00a0million, (R$21.8 million) putting pen to paper on an 8-year contract, a length reminiscent to that of fellow Brazilian international Den\u00edlson. Internacional only received 25% of the fee and the rest belong to other parties. Among 25% of Inter, R$272,500 was further deducted as agent fee. He was officially unveiled to the press on 8 September and made his Real Betis and La Liga debut against Athletic Bilbao two days later at the Manuel Ruiz de Lopera stadium, a game his team won 3\u20130.\nS\u00f3bis scored his first goals against city rivals Sevilla on 17 September, a match that Betis eventually lost 3\u20132. He also managed to score important goals against Celta de Vigo, a debut game for then newly appointed coach Luis Fern\u00e1ndez. Ligament damage sustained in a game against RCD Mallorca meant that he missed a month of action. S\u00f3bis' major contribution to the 2006\u201307 season was his late equaliser against Barcelona at the Camp Nou, assisted by fellow Brazilian Marcos Assun\u00e7\u00e3o.\nHe began his second season with Betis strongly, scoring three goals in his first six games, against Valencia CF, RCD Mallorca and 2007 UEFA Cup finalists RCD Espanyol but once again the Brazilian's form dipped. Betis received an offer of \u20ac10\u00a0million from English Premier League club Newcastle United for S\u00f3bis in July 2008. On 2 September 2008, S\u00f3bis joined UAE side Al-Jazira for \u20ac10 million. In July 2010, S\u00f3bis returned to Internacional on loan for one year to play the Copa Libertadores. On 18 August, they defeated Chivas Guadalajara in the 2010 Copa Libertadores final with S\u00f3bis scoring their first goal in their 3\u20132 win. He hurt his arm while scoring the goal by falling over it, and had to be replaced later on by Leandro Dami\u00e3o, who also ended up scoring a goal during the match. After the loan ended, Internacional did not use the buy option, due to his injuries and high price, and he returned to the Middle East. On 21 July 2011, Fluminense announced three signings at the club's 109th birthday: S\u00f3bis and Argentinian midfielders Alejandro Martinuccio and Manuel Lanzini. He reunited with manager Abel Braga at the carioca club, having been his player at Inter and Al-Jazira. Despite scepticism from fans and press because of his injury history, S\u00f3bis went on to play an important role at the team's title run and ultimate 3rd-place finish in 2011 S\u00e9rie A, scoring 10 goals in 26 games.\nAfter one year playing on loan from Al-Jazira, Fluminense bought S\u00f3bis' economic rights for R$8.75 million in July 2012, with him signing a three-year contract. The Tricolor ended that season winning the national championship.\nOn 24 December 2014, he left Fluminense by mutual consent. Four days after leaving Fluminense, S\u00f3bis joined Mexican side Tigres UANL for the Clausura 2015 season. He became champion of the Apertura 2015 season of Liga MX and runner-up of the 2015 Copa Libertadores. On 23 June 2016, S\u00f3bis signed for Cruzeiro  until 2019, joining a day after Argentine striker Ram\u00f3n \u00c1bila. S\u00f3bis went on to become an important part of the team's 11, playing as a winger and as a central striker. Cruzeiro's supporters embraced the player's grit and determination, specially during important matches and derbies, during which Rafael S\u00f3bis shown to rise to the occasion. The player's samurai haircut or Viking style was also referenced and copied by supporters during the first half of 2017. On 5 January 2019, S\u00f3bis joined Internacional for the third time, on a one-year contract. In January 2020, S\u00f3bis joined Cear\u00e1 on a one-year contract, being their sixth signing for the season. He went on to play well at that year State League and Copa do Nordeste, but his performances declined when playing in S\u00e9rie A. In November 2020, S\u00f3bis rejoined Cruzeiro until the end of the 2021 season. He reportedly returned to help the Minas Gerais team to overcome their financial difficulties and relegation to S\u00e9rie B.\nSobis then retired at the end of his contract, being a fan favourite throughout his two spells at the club. S\u00f3bis made his debut for Brazil on 3 September 2006 against Argentina at the Emirates Stadium in London; Brazil won the match 3\u20130 with S\u00f3bis making his appearance as last-minute substitute for Robinho. He scored his first Brazil's goal in an unofficial friendly match against Kuwaiti club Al Kuwait on 7 October 2006.\nHe won a bronze medal with the Brazil U-23 team at the 2008 Summer Olympics in China. As a substitute in the group stage against New Zealand, he concluded a 5\u20130 win from Lucas Leiva's pass.<PIC> A dynamic forward, S\u00f3bis often plays a creative role due his intelligence on the pitch, mobility, vision and passing, features that make him effective at creating chances to provide assists for teammates. Although his favored position is that of a supporting striker, he is capable to play as a winger and lone striker. Under coach Ricardo Ferretti, S\u00f3bis played a versatile role as he was deployed as a striker in the Tigres' 4\u20134\u20132 formation, second striker in 4\u20134\u20131\u20131 and as a central attacking midfielder in 4\u20132\u20133\u20131. A right-footed accurate set-piece taker, he is also capable to pass, cross and finish with the left.   Internacional\nCampeonato Ga\u00facho: 2011\nCopa Libertadores: 2006, 2010\nFluminense\nCampeonato Carioca: 2012\nCampeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie A: 2012\nCruzeiro\nCampeonato Mineiro: 2018\nCopa do Brasil: 2017, 2018\nUANL\nLiga MX: Apertura 2015\nCopa Libertadores: Runner up 2015\nConcacaf Champions League: Runner up 2015\u201316 Brazil\nOlympic Games Bronze medal: 2008 Campeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie A Team of the Year: 2005\nTop Scorer Copa do Brasil 2017", ["w_s756"]]
[30407, "Edmund March Wheelwright (September 14, 1854 \u2013 August 15, 1912) was one of New England's most important architects in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and served as city architect for Boston, Massachusetts from 1891\u20131895.<PIC> Wheelwright was born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, educated at Roxbury Latin School and graduated from Harvard University in 1876. He studied architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and later in Europe, after which he worked in the offices of Peabody and Stearns and of firms in New York and Albany.\nIn 1883 he started a business of his own and afterwards became a member of the firm of Wheelwright & Haven, more recently Wheelwright, Haven & Hoyt.\nIn June 1887, Wheelwright married Elizabeth Boott Brooks. His son was the poet John Brooks Wheelwright.\nIn 1893 Wheelwright and R. Clipston Sturgis were chosen by the trustees of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston to spend a year studying art museums throughout Europe; they later contributed to the ongoing design of the museum's building on Huntington Avenue.\nWheelwright, who designed the Harvard Lampoon Building, also oversaw the construction. It was first opened on February 19, 1909. Wheelwright while attending Harvard University was one of the founders of the Harvard Lampoon.  Wheelwright's design was inspired in part by an old church in Jamestown, Virginia, and by the Flemish Renaissance details of Auburn Street buildings in its vicinity.\nHe was a fellow of the American Institute of Architects, serving on its board of directors from 1892-1894 and 1898-1900, as well as a fellow of the Boston Society of Architects. He published two books on school architecture: \"The American Schoolhouse\" and \"School Architecture.\"\nCharles Donagh Maginnis had been his apprentice.\nAfter suffering a nervous breakdown from overwork, he lived at a Thompsonville, Connecticut sanitarium for two years before dying on August 14, 1912, at age 57. In 1892 Wheelwright designed and built a 156 foot tall tower in the South End of Boston, Massachusetts, which was originally designed as part of the central fire station and used as a fire lookout. Since Wheelwright wanted the building to stand out, it was modeled after the 14th century Torre del Mangia in Siena, Italy, and made of brick like the Italian original. It is the city's only Florentine-inspired building. Wheelwright designed the following:\nBoston Opera House (1909)\nHarvard Lampoon Building\nHorticultural Hall\nLarz Anderson Auto Museum\nLongfellow Bridge\nMassachusetts Historical Society building\nNew England Conservatory's Jordan Hall\nAnderson Memorial Bridge\nOak Square School\nMargaret Fuller School, Jamaica Plain, Boston (1891\u20131892) \nForest Hills station\nIn addition, he was a consulting architect for:\nBoston Museum of Fine Arts\nBulkeley Bridge in Hartford, Connecticut\nCleveland Museum of Art Mid-career, Wheelwright worked as an architect for the firm of McKim, Mead, and White. By 1897 he had formed a partnership and created the firm of \"Wheelwright & Haven.\" This later became \"Wheelwright, Haven and Hoyt,\" and (after Wheelwright's death) \"Haven and Hoyt.\" The firm operated until c. 1930. The Haven and Hoyt Collection at the Boston Public Library holds a variety of materials related to Wheelwright, including renderings and photographs. Wheelwright, Edmund March, School architecture; a general treatise for the use of architects and others, Boston\u00a0: Rogers & Manson, 1901.\nWheelwright, Edmund March, Lampy's early days, The Harvard Lampoon Society, 1909", ["w_s757"]]
[30408, "Sub Marine Explorer is a submersible built between 1863 and 1866 by Julius H. Kroehl and Ariel Patterson in Brooklyn, New York for the Pacific Pearl Company. It was hand powered and had an interconnected system of a high-pressure air chamber or compartment, a pressurized working chamber for the crew, and water ballast tanks. Problems with decompression sickness and overfishing of the pearl beds led to the abandonment of Sub Marine Explorer in Panama in 1869 despite publicized plans to shift the craft to the pearl beds of Baja California. Sub Marine Explorer had an external high air pressure chamber which was filled with compressed air at a pressure of up to 200 pounds per square inch (1,400\u00a0kPa) by a steam pump mounted on an external support vessel. Water ballast tanks were flooded to make the vessel submerge. Pressurized air was then released into the vessel to build up enough pressure so it would be possible to open two hatches on the underside, while keeping water out. This meant that air pressure inside the submarine had to equal water pressure at diving depth, exposing the crew to high pressure, making them susceptible to decompression sickness, which was unknown at the time. To surface, more of the pressurized air was used to empty the ballast tanks of water. A contemporary (August 1869) newspaper account of dives in Sub Marine Explorer off Panama documents 11 days of diving to 103 feet (31\u00a0m), spending four hours per dive, and ascending with a quick release of the pressure to ambient (sea level) pressure. Modern reconstruction of Explorer's systems suggests an ascension rate of 1 foot per second (0.30\u00a0m/s), or a rise to the surface in just under two minutes. The problems of decompression do not appear to have been clearly understood; the contemporary reference notes that at the conclusion of the dives, \"all the men were again down with fever; and, it being impossible to continue working with the same men for some time, it was decided, the experiment having proved a complete success, to lay the machine up in an adjacent cove....\"(The New York Times, August 29, 1869).\nThe basic premise of Sub Marine Explorer was based on an earlier 1858 patent by Van Buren Ryerson of New York for a diving bell also named \"Sub Marine Explorer.\" Ryerson and Kroehl had worked together, Kroehl using Ryerson's bell to blast and partially clear Diamond Reef in New York harbor. Kroehl, working with Brooklyn shipbuilder Ariel Patterson, extensively modified Ryerson's design, extending the hull form to a 12\u00a0m-long (39\u00a0ft), 3.3\u00a0m-diameter (11\u00a0ft) craft of intricate design.  While some have termed Kroehl's Sub Marine Explorer a \"glorified diving bell,\" its sophisticated systems of ballast, pressurization and propulsion make it a nineteenth-century antecedent to more modern \"lock out\" dive systems and subs. After construction, the Sub Marine Explorer was partially disassembled and transported to Panama in December 1866, where she was reassembled to harvest oysters and pearls in the Pearl Islands. Experimental dives with the Sub Marine Explorer in the Bay of Panama ended in September 1867 when Kroehl died of \"fever\". The craft languished on the beach until 1869, when a new engineer and crew took it to the Pearl Islands to harvest oyster shells and pearls. The 1869 dives, with known depths and dive profiles that would have inevitably led to decompression sickness, resulted in the entire crew succumbing to what was described as \"fever\". Because of this, the craft was laid up in a cove on the shores of the island of San Telmo in the Pearl Islands.\nThe submarine's rusting hull was well-known to locals, but they had presumed it to be a remnant of World War II. In 2001, after many years of misidentification, the remains of the Sub Marine Explorer piqued the interest of archaeologist James P. Delgado of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology. Identification of the craft, with the assistance of submarine historians Richard Wills and Eugene Canfield, led to four archaeological expeditions to the Explorer in 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008. Documentation of the Sub Marine Explorer has resulted in detailed plans, including interpretive reconstructions of the craft, scientific study of its environment and interaction with the surrounding water, bathymetric assessment, scientific analysis of rates of corrosion, and considerable historical research. Work in 2006 was funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration through the Office of Ocean Exploration. The 2008 expedition was funded by the Waitt Institute for Discovery of La Jolla. The vessel is now included in the Historic American Engineering Record of the U.S. National Park Service. A report from 2007 summarizes preservation options for the submarine for the Panamanian government and recommends the recovery, preservation and public display of the craft in Panama. Metal analysis confirms that the craft is in a critical stage and faces irreversible deterioration and loss.\nThe Sub Marine Explorer is the subject of two documentary films; the first was an episode of the \"Sea Hunters\" that aired on National Geographic International Television in 2004, and the second, by Der Spiegel, which aired in Europe and in the US on the Smithsonian channel in 2010.<PIC>", ["w_s759"]]
[30409, "Explorer 23 (also called S-55C) was the last of three S-55 NASA micrometeoroid satellites launched as part of the Explorer program. Its purpose was to obtain data on the near-earth meteoroid environment, thus providing an accurate estimate of the probability of penetration in spacecraft structures by meteoroids and allowing a more confident definition of the penetration flux-material thickness relation to be derived.<PIC> The cylindrically shaped spacecraft, about 61\u00a0cm \u00d7\u00a0234\u00a0cm (24\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a092\u00a0in), was built around the burned-out fourth stage of the Scout launch vehicle, which remained as part of the orbiting satellite. Explorer 23 carried stainless steel pressurized-cell penetration detectors, impact detectors, and cadmium sulfide cell detectors to obtain data on the size, number, distribution, and momentum of dust particles in the near-earth environment. In addition, the spacecraft was designed to provide data on the effects of the space environment on the operation of capacitor penetration detectors and solar cell power supplies. The spacecraft mass, neglecting the fourth stage vehicle hardware and motor, was 133.8\u00a0kg (295\u00a0lb).  The objective of this experiment was to determine the size of penetrating meteoroids by measuring the size of holes produced by the impacts in two thicknesses of a plastic film using two light-sensitive Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) cells. The cells were both mounted on the forward face of the spacecraft, one beneath a sheet of 6.35-micron-thick PET film and the other beneath a sheet of 3.18-micron-thick PET film. Each detector provided 24-cm\u00b2 of surface area exposed to meteoroids. Each sheet of PET film had a thin coating of aluminum deposited on both sides. Penetration of the aluminized PET sheets would allow sunlight (direct or reflected) to illuminate the cell and reduce its resistance, the cell being calibrated to relate the resistance change to accumulative hole sizes in the PET film. Prior to liftoff, all detectors were functioning properly; however, on the first interrogation made shortly after fourth stage burnout, it was found that the CdS cells were saturated with light. Apparently the aluminized PET film covers were damaged during launch, preventing data acquisition. The purpose of the experiment was to determine whether the space radiation environment had any adverse effects on the operation of the capacitor as a meteoroid-penetration detector. Observations in the laboratory indicated that energetic electrons in space might collect in the dielectric and produce false penetration counts. The instrumentation consisted essentially of two capacitors made up of a thin film polymer dielectric (bilaminate 3.8-micron thick, half-hard, type 302), which served as one electrode. A copper layer, about 0.65-micron thick, was vacuum-deposited on the outer surface of the dielectric, thus permitting it to serve as the second electrode. The capacitors were each mounted on a 0.63-cm-thick layer of polyurethane foam support by means of a 2.5-micron adhesive. The foam support, in turn, was seated in a laminated fiberglass tray that served as the mounting fixture. A penetration into the charged capacitor by a projectile caused the capacitor to be momentarily shorted and discharged. This discharge was detected and stored in a counter for later transmission. The conduction path dissipated in less than 1 microsecond and allowed the capacitor to recharge and detect any additional penetrations. Two discharges were recorded for one of the detectors during the 365-day lifetime of the experiment (6 November 1964 to 5 November 1965). No discharges were recorded for the second capacitor. More refined laboratory tests, however, revealed that the number of radiation-induced pulses would be about the same as or less than the number resulting from actual punctures, thus making it difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish between the two. Hence, the origin of the two counts (electron or meteoroid) could not be determined. It was determined from the data, however, that any radiation-induced pulses greater than 2 volts were at a minimum and would not likely affect the meteoroid flux data to any great extent, particularly when the penetration rates were relatively high. The mass distribution of meteoroids in space was determined by an impact-detection system consisting of 24 triangular 0.13-cm-thick 6061 aluminium alloy sounding boards. Each one had a piezoelectric transducer mounted on the center of the sounding board underside. The detectors provided 144-cm\u00b2 of area exposed to meteoroids. Four groups of six electrically parallel sounding boards were mounted around the periphery of the spacecraft. When a meteoroid impacted on a sounding board, an electrical signal was produced from the transducer. It was then amplified, threshold-detected, counted, and stored until readout. The amplifier for each group had three stages of amplification, which corresponded to three levels of momentum\u2014low, medium, and high. By assigning a velocity to the particles impacting on the sounding boards in space, the system output was directly related to the threshold levels of particle mass. The system sensitivity was adjusted during final calibrations so that all 24 sounding boards acted as a single detector for all three sensitivity levels. The momentum thresholds obtained by calibration for the low, medium, and high ranges were 1.2E-4, 8.E-6, and 3.E-7 newton-seconds, respectively. The data obtained showed 14,169 counts, 218 counts, and 2 counts for the high-, medium-, and low-sensitivity systems, respectively, over a 1-year period (6 November 1964 to 5 November 1965). The frequency at which two different thicknesses of stainless steel were punctured in space was obtained by use of 216 stainless steel cells with a thickness of 9.87E-3\u00a0cm. The cells were pressurized with helium (absolute pressure of 1300\u00a0mm mercury (Hg)) and mounted in seven rows around the periphery of the spacecraft. The test material was half-hard type 302 stainless steel coated with a 1.4-micron-thick thermal balance cover consisting of successive layers of chromium, silicon monoxide, aluminum, and silicon monoxide. Of the 210 active cells (six cells were inactive because of telemetry limitations), 70 had 2.54 \u00b1 2.5-micron-thick test material, and 40 had 50.8 \u00b1 2.5-micron-thick test material. The total exposed area of each class of detector was 0.69\u00a0cm\u00b2 and 1.38\u00a0cm\u00b2, respectively. When a cell was punctured the gas leaked out, and the drop in pressure caused a switch to open indicating that a puncture had occurred. The frequency at which cells lost pressure was a direct measure of the frequency at which the test material was being punctured by meteoroids. Although the cells could not detect any additional punctures, they did provide a permanent record of the initial puncture. The experiment operated satisfactorily during its 365-day life, recording 50 punctures of the 25-micron cells and 74 punctures of the 50-micron cells. The data obtained were in good agreement with puncture rates obtained in previous satellite experiments. The spacecraft operated satisfactorily during its 1-year life (6 November 1964 to 7 November 1965), and all mission objectives were accomplished, except for the cadmium sulfide (CdS) cell detector experiment, which was damaged on liftoff and provided no data.", ["w_s760"]]
[30410, "Lithuanian nationality law operates on the jus sanguinus principle, whereby persons who have a claim to Lithuanian ancestry, either through parents, grandparents, great-grandparents may claim Lithuanian nationality. Citizenship may also be granted by naturalization. Naturalization requires a residency period, an examination in the Lithuanian language, examination results demonstrating familiarity with the Lithuanian Constitution, a demonstrated means of support, and an oath of loyalty. A right of return clause was included in the 1991 constitution for persons who left Lithuania after its occupation by the Soviet Union in 1940 and their descendants. Lithuanian citizens are also citizens of the European Union and thus enjoy rights of free movement and have the right to vote in elections for the European Parliament. In 1989, the legislature passed a nationality act granting automatic citizenship to those persons who could establish their own birth, or that of a parent or grandparent, within Lithuanian borders. Permanent residents not covered by these criteria were granted citizenship upon signing a loyalty oath. Language proficiency was not required. A 1991 treaty with Russia extended the definition of residency to those who had immigrated to Lithuania from Russia between 1989 and the ratification of the treaty. Subsequent applicants for citizenship were required to meet a set of naturalization standards, including Lithuanian language testing.\nThe citizenship requirements were the most liberal of those in the newly independent Baltic states. This is usually attributed to a relatively low level of immigration from other areas within the Soviet Union, resulting in a more ethnically homogenous population. In November 2006, the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania ruled that the Law on Citizenship (wording of 17 September 2002 with subsequent amendments and supplements) was \"controversial, inconsistent and confusing\". At issue was the possession of dual citizenship; the provision extended the right of citizenship, and hence the right to vote, to members of the post-Soviet Lithuanian diaspora, which was concentrated in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Argentina, and their children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. The most notable member of this diaspora was Lithuanian President Valdas Adamkus, who had become a United States citizen; he formally renounced US citizenship before taking the oath of office.\nThe petitioners held that basing citizenship on ethnic origin or nationality of the person violated the equality of persons and was discriminatory. The use and meaning of the term \"repatriated\" was especially controversial. The Lithuanian Seimas (parliament) passed a temporary law, expiring in 2010, that granted dual citizenship in exceptional cases, most notably to those who were Lithuanian citizens prior to 1940 and who fled during the Soviet occupations, as well as to their children and grandchildren.\nThe Constitution states that Lithuanian citizenship is acquired by birth except in certain cases established by law and that no person may be a citizen of Lithuania and another country or state at the same time, except in special cases. This provision of the Constitution can only be changed by a referendum.\nCurrently, the law on citizenship allows dual citizenship only in exceptional cases for those whose ancestors left Lithuania before its independence from the Soviet Union 1990, but still had Lithuanian citizenship in 1940. There are some things to consider before someone could be able to pass the Lithuanian citizenship eligibility, and by having these, gives the person the right to claim Lithuanian citizenship.\nPersons who were citizens of independent Lithuania (between 1918 up to 1940) as well as their children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren can restore Lithuanian citizenship. Persons of Lithuanian descent can restore dual Lithuanian citizenship if their ancestor still had Lithuanian citizenship in 1940. \u00a0Dual citizenship can also be extended to descendants of Lithuanian citizens who were exiled to Siberia and stayed in Soviet Union countries. \u00a0 During November 2010 the Seimas passed a law liberalizing dual citizenship requirements. President Dalia Grybauskait\u0117 vetoed it, stating that: \"According to the Constitution, dual citizenship is a rare exception, not a common case.\"\nOn 23 June 2016, the Seimas passed a law further liberalizing dual citizenship requirements.  It went into effect on 6 July 2016, amending the Law on Citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania (Law XI-1196 Dec 2, 2010). Article 7 of the Law on Citizenship as amended on 23 June 2016 lists the following criteria for dual citizenship:\nThey have acquired citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania and citizenship of another state at birth.\nThey are a person who left Lithuania before 11 March 1990. This is defined as:\nat least one of their ancestors (parents, grandparents or great grandparents) was a citizen of the Republic of Lithuania (between 1918 1940);\nthe ancestor left Lithuania (the law changed the former 'fled' requirement) some time before Lithuania restored its independence on 11 March 1990;\nthe ancestor did not depart to the former Soviet Union after 15 June 1940.\nThey are a person who was exiled from the occupied Republic of Lithuania before 11 March 1990.\nThey are a person, or their descendants, who until 15 June 1940 had Lithuanian citizenship and was forcibly deported from Lithuania before 11 March 1990, because of political, social, or ethnic persecution by Soviet and Nazi occupation regimes.\nThey have by virtue of marriage to a citizen of another state ipso facto acquired citizenship of another state.\nThey are adopted by citizen of the Republic of Lithuania before reaching 18 years of age.\nThey have acquired citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania by way of exception while being a citizen of another state.\nThey are a person who has retained citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania or who has citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania restored for his outstanding merits to the State of Lithuania.\nThey have acquired citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania while having refugee status in the Republic of Lithuania.\nSome countries (such as Argentina, Uruguay and Mexico) do not allow renouncing their citizenship, so applicants might de facto keep dual citizenship even if they are eligible only for single Lithuanian citizenship.\nIn certain cases, only restoration of Lithuanian citizenship as single Lithuanian citizenship is allowed. For example, persons that voluntarily left to former USSR countries prior to 1990 (i.e. were not deported) and have Lithuanian ancestors can restore Lithuanian citizenship but have to renounce their current citizenship. This does not apply to the people that fled or emigrated from Soviet Union before 1990, these persons can restore dual citizenship, since it is considered that they fled occupation.\nIn 2018, at the request of Lithuanian parliament, the constitutional court clarified that being a citizen of both Lithuania and another state at the same time is not acceptable. Those who left Lithuania after it regained independence in 1990 cannot hold dual citizenship therefore it could be changed only by referendum.\nThe referendum to change the Constitution in order to allow Lithuanian citizens also to be citizens of other countries was held on 12 May 2019. Even though most of the voters were in favor of changing the Constitution - the referendum on Lithuanian dual citizenship failed because the turnout was too low. Because Lithuania forms part of the European Union, Lithuanian citizens are also citizens of the European Union under European Union law and thus enjoy rights of free movement and have the right to vote in elections for the European Parliament. When in a non-EU country where there is no Lithuanian embassy, Lithuanian citizens have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country. Lithuanian citizens can live and work in any country within the EU as a result of the right of free movement and residence granted in Article 21 of the EU Treaty. Visa requirements for Lithuanian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Lithuania. In 2015, Lithuanian citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 159 countries and territories, ranking the Lithuanian passport 10th in the world according to the Visa Restrictions Index.\nIn 2017, the Lithuanian nationality is ranked twenty-second in the Nationality Index (QNI). This index differs from the Visa Restrictions Index, which focuses on external factors including travel freedom. The QNI considers, in addition to travel freedom, on internal factors such as peace & stability, economic strength, and human development as well.<PIC>", ["w_s762"]]
[30411, "Baron Poltimore, of Poltimore in the County of Devon, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1831 for Sir George Bampfylde, 6th Baronet. His son, the second Baron, held office as Treasurer of the Household from 1872 to 1874 in the first Liberal administration of William Ewart Gladstone.\nAs of 2010 the titles are held by the latter's great-great-grandson, the seventh Baron, who succeeded his grandfather in 1978. He has notably been a director of Sotheby's and appears on the Antiques Roadshow as Mark Poltimore, one of the experts on paintings. In 2013 he appeared in the film Trance playing the role of Francis Lemaitre, an auctioneer.\nThe Bampfylde Baronetcy, of Poltimore in the County of Devon, was created in the Baronetage of England on 14 July 1641 for John Bampfylde, the ancestor of the first Baron. He represented Penryn in the House of Commons. His son, the second Baronet, sat as Member of Parliament for Tiverton and Devonshire. His grandson, the third Baronet, and great-grandson, the fourth Baronet, both represented Exeter and Devonshire in the House of Commons. The latter's son, the fifth Baronet, also sat as Member of Parliament for Exeter. He was shot by an ex-servant on 7 April 1823 and died twelve days later. He was succeeded by his son, the aforementioned sixth Baronet, who was elevated to the peerage in 1831.\nAnother member of the Bampfylde family was Thomas Bampfylde, brother of the first Baronet. He served briefly as Speaker of the House of Commons in 1659. Also, John Codrington Bampfylde, younger son of the fourth Baronet, was a poet.\nThe ancestral seat of the Bampfylde family was Poltimore House, near Exeter, Devon, and from the 15th century at North Molton, North Devon. Their Exeter townhouse was Bampfylde House, built c. 1590, destroyed by bombing in 1942 during WW II. The seventh Baron and his family live near Hungerford, Berkshire.<PIC> Sir John Bampfylde, 1st Baronet (c. 1610\u20131650)\nSir Coplestone Bampfylde, 2nd Baronet (c. 1633\u20131692)\nHugh Bampfylde (c. 1663\u20131691)\nSir Coplestone Warwick Bampfylde, 3rd Baronet (c. 1689\u20131727)\nSir Richard Warwick Bampfylde, 4th Baronet (1722\u20131776)\nSir Charles Warwick Bampfylde, 5th Baronet (1753\u20131823)\nSir George Warwick Bampfylde, 6th Baronet (1786\u20131858) (created Baron Poltimore in 1831) George Warwick Bampfylde, 1st Baron Poltimore (1786\u20131858)\nAugustus Frederick George Warwick Bampfylde, 2nd Baron Poltimore (1837\u20131908); only son of the 1st Baron\nCoplestone Richard George Warwick Bampfylde, 3rd Baron Poltimore (1859\u20131918); eldest son of the 2nd Baron\nGeorge Wentworth Warwick Bampfylde, 4th Baron Poltimore (1882\u20131965); eldest son of the 3rd Baron\nHon. (Coplestone) John de Grey Warwick Bampfylde (1914\u20131936); only son of the 4th Baron, predeceased his father unmarried.\nArthur Blackett Warwick Bampfylde, 5th Baron Poltimore (1883\u20131967); 2nd son of 3rd Baron\nHugh de Burgh Warwick Bampfylde, 6th Baron Poltimore (1888\u20131978); 3rd and youngest son of 3rd Baron\nHon. Anthony Gerard Hugh Bampfylde (1920\u20131969); eldest son of the 6th Baron\nMark Coplestone Bampfylde, 7th Baron Poltimore (b. 1957); grandson of the 6th Baron through his eldest son\nThe heir apparent is the present holder's eldest son, the Hon. Henry Anthony Warwick Bampfylde (b. 1985)", ["w_s764"]]
[30412, "Shavar Thomas (born 29 January 1981 in Hannah Town) is a retired Jamaican footballer and current assistant coach of FC Cincinnati 2 of MLS Next Pro.<PIC>  Thomas played as a youth for Hazard United in Jamaica and at The Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut. He played college soccer at the University of Connecticut. He played two seasons, 2001 and 2002, and was named an NSCAA second team All-American his second year. After that year, Thomas entered the 2003 MLS SuperDraft, where he was selected 10th overall by Dallas Burn.  Thomas struggled in his first year, often appearing raw, but finished the season with 14 starts and 1252 minutes for the Burn.  In the offseason, Thomas was traded to Kansas City Wizards in exchange for Eric Quill and Carey Talley.  In his second year, Thomas established himself as a solid defender, playing center back for one of the league's best defensive teams.  He finished the season with 1880 minutes in 22 starts. Thomas continued as a starter in 2005 and 2006.  On 23 March 2007, Thomas was traded to Los Angeles Galaxy for a conditional second-round draft pick.  On 3 May 2007, he was traded to Chivas USA for a second-round pick in the 2009 MLS SuperDraft.\nThomas was selected by Philadelphia Union in the 2009 MLS Expansion Draft on 25 November 2009. He was traded to his former club Kansas City Wizards on 30 June 2010 in exchange for two MLS SuperDraft picks and allocation money.\nThomas remained with Kansas City through the 2011 season. At season's end, the club declined his 2012 contract option and he entered the 2011 MLS Re-Entry Draft. Thomas was not selected in the draft and became a free agent.\nThomas signed with new MLS franchise Montreal Impact on 20 January 2012. On 2 November 2012 Montreal announced that Thomas would not be returning to the club in 2013. He entered the 2012 MLS Re-Entry Draft and became a free agent after going undrafted in both rounds of the draft.\nIn 2013, Thomas was invited to D.C. United's training camp as a trialist, but wasn't offered a contract. It was announced on 11 March 2013 that Thomas signed with the Fort Lauderdale Strikers for the NASL's Spring season.\nAfter leaving Fort Lauderdale, Thomas went on trial with Brunei DPMM of the S.League in November 2013. Thomas appeared for the Jamaican U-20's in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship in Argentina and looked poised to break into a major role with the Jamaica national team, while captaining the 2004 Olympic squad. He currently has 49 caps, and has represented the team at every level.\nHe captained the Jamaica national team to the 2010 Caribbean Championship in Martinique.  In August 2017, Thomas was named coach of Portmore United F.C. of the Red Stripe Premier League. Thomas's first season leading Portmore was a great success finishing first in the table, 15 points clear of second place Arnett Gardens. After two successive runners-up finishes in prior seasons, Thomas's Portmore won the final, beating Waterhouse F.C. in penalties, earning the club's sixth title overall, and first since 2012.\nThomas's Portmore saw continued success during the 2018\u201319 season, finishing top of the table and winning the final for the club's seventh title and Thomas's second.\nThe 2017-18 title earned Portmore qualification to the 2019 Caribbean Club Championship. Going undefeated through the tournament, Thomas's Portmore secured the 2019 Caribbean Club Championship, earning the club's second title from the competition, and first since 2005. Thomas left Portmore at the conclusion of the 2019 season of competition to join coaching staff in Turks and Caicos Islands Football Association. In 2022, Thomas joined FC Cincinnati 2 as an assistant coach.   MLS Supporters' Shield\nRunners-up (1): 2007\nMLS Western Conference\nWinners (Regular Season) (1): 2007 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup (1): 2004\nMajor League Soccer Western Conference Championship (1): 2004 Caribbean Cup Winner (2): 2008, 2010  National Premier League Winner (2): 2017\u201318, 2018\u201319\nCaribbean Club Championship Winner (1): 2019", ["w_s767"]]
[30413, "Teymur Bakhtiar (Persian: \u062a\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631; 1914 \u2013 12 August 1970) was an Iranian general and the founder and head of SAVAK from 1956 to 1961 when he was dismissed by the Shah. In 1970, SAVAK agents assassinated him in Iraq.\nHe was an asset in the British military network in Iran.<PIC> Bakhtiar was born in 1914 to Sardar Moazzam Bakhtiari, a chieftain of the eminent Bakhtiari tribe. He studied at a French school in Beirut (many Iranians were Francophiles at the time: e. g. Amir Abbas Hoveyda and General Hassan Pakravan) from 1928 to 1933, whereupon he was accepted to the renowned Saint-Cyr military academy. After returning to Iran, he graduated from Tehran's Military Academy. His cousin, Shapour Bakhtiar, and he went together to both Beirut and Paris for higher education.\nThen he was made a first lieutenant and dispatched to Zahedan. Bakhtiar's first wife was Iran Khanom, the daughter of the Bakhtiari chieftain Sardar-e Zafar. At that time, the Bakhtiaris were extremely influential; Muhammad Reza Shah's second wife, Soraya Esfandiary Bakhtiari, and the Shah's last prime minister, Shapour Bakhtiar, were both related to Teymour Bakhtiar. After World War II when the USSR refused to withdraw its troops from Iran, the separatist movement intensified in a number of regions of the country. In 1946, having received the relevant order of the Shah's government, Teymur took part in pacifying the Khamseh region. He organized a kind of guerrilla struggle against soldiers of the Red Army and the separatist movement, as a result of which many separatist fighters were killed in clashes with pro-Shah forces. Suppressing the armed resistance of the nomadic Khamseh tribes, the government sent him as governor to Zahedan.\nBakhtiar rose rapidly in Iran's military after the fall of Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadeq in 1953. A close associate of Prime Minister Fazlollah Zahedi, he was promoted to military governor of Tehran. One of his first major successes was the capture and trial of Mossadeq's minister of foreign affairs, Hossein Fatemi, who had actively fought the military government that succeeded Mossadegh's period in office.\nBakhtiar waged an extensive campaign against the communist Tudeh party; he arrested and had 24 Tudeh leaders summarily tried and executed, including Khalil Tahmasebi, the assassin of former Prime Minister Ali Razmara.  For these accomplishments, he was appointed modern Iran's youngest three-star general in 1954.\nFrom August 1953 to Autumn 1954, about 660 of the most ardent supporters of the ousted prime minister were arrested. Of these, 130 were former employees of the oil enterprises in Abadan. A significant part of the arrested officers were members of the Tudeh party. All those who escaped execution were sentenced to various years in prison. On 19 October 1954, the death sentence of the first group of officers from Tudeh was carried out. On 30 October, was shot the second group of Tudeh officers consisting of 6 people, on 8 November, the third group of 5 people. And on 10 November, by the verdict of a military tribunal, Hossein Fatemi was executed. Before being executed, he was brutally tortured.\nWith the full support of the Shah's court and the West, the new government brought down brutal repressions against members of the pro-Mossadegh and leftist organizations, figures known for their anti-monarchist views. The government managed to break almost all the military and political resistance of the opposition. Throughout 1953, minor scattered armed protests by opposition representatives against the military government continued. In the spring of 1954, ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani, publicist Seyyed Hossein Makki and other leaders of right-wing nationalists made an attempt to organize mass protests against the Zahedi government. However, the demonstrations that began at their call did not lead to a change in the existing situation. By that time, the court and the government had become masters of the situation, having established full control over the army, police and gendarmerie, strengthening the Shah's imperial guard. Bakhtiar was made head of the newly formed intelligence and security service SAVAK in February 1956. He ruthlessly crushed any opposition to the regime, including communists, Islamic fundamentalists, and any other anti-monarchists.\nUnder the General Bakhtiar, SAVAK turned into an effective secret agency of internal security to combat the enemies of the monarchical regime of the Pahlavi dynasty.\nAfter Prime Minister Jafar Sharif-Emami was forced to resign in May 1961 due to ongoing demonstrations against large-scale rigging in the parliamentary elections, Teymur Bakhtiar hoped to become the new Prime Minister. Shah made a bet on Ali Amini. General Bakhtiar then contacted the US Embassy in order to enlist their support for a \"coup\" against Amini. A surprised American ambassador informed the Shah about Bakhtiar's plans. Soon Bakhtiar was removed from his post as head of SAVAK and was sent abroad. With the appointment of Ali Amini as prime minister in 1961, the Shah began to distrust Bakhtiar. Amini warned the Shah of Bakhtiar's contacts with John F. Kennedy, and Bakhtiar was dismissed in 1961. Amini was a Kennedy supporter and was dismissed in 1962 partly because of the Shah's growing distrust of Kennedy.\nInitially from his self chosen exile in Geneva, Bakhtiar retaliated by establishing contacts with Iranian dissidents in Europe, Iraq, and Lebanon, using the contacts he had built during his time at SAVAK.\nBakhtiar arrived in Lebanon on 12 April 1968, and was arrested in May for \"arms smuggling\". Lebanese officials then informed the Iranian embassy in Beirut. As Iranian courts harassed Bakhtiar on charges of high treason, the Iranian government asked the Lebanese government on 13 May to transfer Bakhtiar to Iranian judicial authorities. The Iranian request was based on the principle of cooperation between the judiciary and the Lebanese criminal code regarding extradition of criminals. But Bakhtiar managed to get out of prison and emigrate to Iraq. In 1969, the Iranian parliament passed a law under which Teymur Bakhtiar was deprived of all military ranks, and all his movable and immovable property were confiscated.\nHe met not only Ayatollah Khomeini but also Reza Radmanesh, the General Secretary of the Tudeh Party, and Mahmud Panahian, the \"War Minister\" of autonomy-seeking state Azerbaijan People's Government, that had emerged briefly after the Soviet forces withdrew from Iran, following World War II. The Shah issued a warrant for Bakhtiar's arrest, but the general sought refuge in Iraq.\nOn 12 August 1970, during a hunting party, he was shot and killed by an Iranian Savak agent, feigning to be a sympathizer. As a cover for the plot, the assassin and a colleague had hijacked an Iranian passenger plane, forcing it to land in Baghdad. Disguised as dissidents of the Iranian government, the two assassins duped the Iraqi regime and gained access to Teymur Bakhtiar and his entourage. The truth behind these circumstances emerged only years later.  Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi himself has been quoted as claiming the assassination a personal success. In an Interview with the acclaimed French author and biographer, G\u00e9rard de Villiers, the Shah publicly made a statement to this effect.\nBahktiar's would be assassin was a trusted person, living on the premises of Bakhtiar mansion in Baghdad and could have had the General assassinated at a much earlier time. However, the chances for escape were slim, as Teymur Bakhtiar was a VIP guest of the Iraqi government and was both watched and protected by Iraqi bodyguards.\nBakhtiar's murder was investigated at the highest level. There was only one assassin. Once out hunting in the field, the assassin fired a shot at him with a pistol, hitting him in the shoulder, thus making Bakhtiar drop his rifle. Immediately, Bakhtiar's Iraqi bodyguard attempted to shoot the assassin with an AK-47, but was shot in the forehead first. The general reached for his revolver with his left hand, but was shot 5 times in the torso and left hand by the assassin. Bakhtiar was taken to hospital and underwent surgery, but died shortly thereafter from massive internal bleeding.\nThe assassin quickly left the scene, heading towards the Iranian border. He passed out several kilometers before reaching the border crossing, due to the heat. He was captured by an Iraqi border patrol and taken to Baghdad alive. His fate remains unknown. It is also not known where he obtained his small-arms training as well as the pistol used.", ["w_s772"]]
[30414, "The North Carolina Executive Mansion (also referred to as the North Carolina Governor's Mansion) is the official residence of the governor of North Carolina and their family. Building began in the year 1883 and it was designed by architects Samuel Sloan and A.G. Bauer. The first occupants, Governor Daniel G. Fowle and his daughter, Helen Whitaker Fowle, moved into the unfinished building in January 1891. It is an example of Queen Anne style architecture.<PIC> The original street plan of the city of Raleigh had designated Burke Square as a possible location for the governor's residence. Burke Square was already occupied by the Raleigh Academy by the time the state decided to build and a different site for the house was chosen. The legislature passed a bill in 1883 under Governor Jarvis's prompting, to authorize the construction on Burke Square of Raleigh's third official gubernatorial residence. The bill provided for its major furnishings and required that the governor occupy the new dwelling. Prison labor was used for construction and building materials were used that could be made at the local penitentiary when feasible. Samuel Sloan, of Philadelphia, and his assistant, Aldophus Gustavus Bauer, were chosen as architects. Sloan arrived in Raleigh with his designs for the elaborate structure in April 1883 and work began in early summer. Sloan died in 1885, six years before the completion of the house, and Bauer assumed full responsibility for the remainder of the project. Bauer remained in North Carolina to become one of the state's most important nineteenth-century architects.\nThe bricks for the house were made from Wake County clay and molded by prison labor. Many of these bricks, particularly in the sidewalks surrounding the house, still bear the inscribed names of the men who made them. The sandstone trim came from Anson County. The marble steps in front (later moved to the north side) came from Cherokee County, and oak and heart pine were shipped from all across North Carolina for use in the building.\nSince its initial construction in 1882, few major changes have been made to the building's exterior. Porches on the north and east sides have been enclosed to expand kitchen and security facilities.\nA Neoclassical makeover was undertaken during Governor Angus W. McLean's administration. Many Victorian features were changed or removed, including painting of woodwork; removal of stained glass, balustrades, overmantel mirrors and whatnot shelving; and replacement of columns and pilasters.\nFirst Lady Alice Willson Broughton oversaw the addition of a service elevator in the house, and established a victory garden on the lawn during World War II. In the 1960s, a rose garden was planted on the northwest corner of the grounds by First Lady Margaret Rose Sanford.\nDuring her tenure as first lady, Jeanelle C. Moore began a campaign for public awareness of the mansion's historic and cultural significance. Her dedication resulted in the formation of the Executive Mansion Fine Arts Committee, a statutory committee which advises and supports the acquisition of gifts, purchases, maintenance and preservation. In 1970, the mansion was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. In 1974\u201375, the mansion underwent a major renovation which included the plumbing, heating, air conditioning and electrical systems. These interior and exterior rehabilitation projects were crucial to the preservation and continued use of the building.\nIn 1988, the Executive Mansion Fund Inc., a non-profit corporation, was created with the help of first lady Dottie Martin in order to provide further support for restoration and preservation. The fund is charged with soliciting grants, donations, bequests and other contributions and with investing and managing these funds. Its successful Second Century campaign resulted in the establishment of a $2 million endowment. The Executive Mansion Fund Inc. has established a membership organization\u2014the Friends of the Executive Mansion, a group of concerned individual and corporate citizens who wish to support the Executive Mansion through their annual contributions. The State of North Carolina also owns a second residence for the use of the governor, at 45 Patton Mountain Road on Town Mountain near Asheville. It was donated to the state by the Asheville Chamber of Commerce in 1964, in the hope that future governors would spend more time in\u2014and hence pay more attention to\u2014the western portion of the state. The home was built originally in 1939 by Tom Brimer, who was then owner of Good Humor Ice Cream. The 6,000-square-foot (560\u00a0m\u00b2) mansion sits on 18 acres (73,000\u00a0m\u00b2) of land.", ["w_s782"]]
[30415, "Grand Theft Auto V is an action-adventure video game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. Upon its release for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2013, the game generated controversies related to its violence and depiction of women. A mission that requires players to use torture equipment in a hostage interrogation polarised reviewers, who noted its political commentary but felt that the torture sequence was in poor taste; the mission also received criticism from politicians and anti-torture charity groups. The game became subject to widespread online debate over its portrayal of women, particularly in the wake of backlash against GameSpot journalist Carolyn Petit after she claimed the game was misogynistic in her review. After her webpage received over 20,000 largely negative comments, many journalists defended her right to an opinion and lamented the gaming community's hostility towards criticism. Television personality Karen Gravano and actress Lindsay Lohan both filed lawsuits against Rockstar in allegation that characters in the game were based on their likenesses. Target Australia pulled the game from sale after a Change.org petition claimed that the game \"encourages players to commit sexual violence and kill women\", despite the petition being criticised as misleading and portrayals of sexual violence in games already being illegal in Australia. The mission \"By the Book\" generated controversy from reviewers and commentators for its depiction of torture. In the mission, protagonist Trevor Philips interrogates Ferdinand \"Mr. K\" Kerimov to extract information about an Azerbaijani individual believed to have links with terrorists and poses a threat to the FIB (the Federal Investigation Bureau, the game's version of the FBI). Trevor uses torture methods such as electrocution, removing teeth using pliers, hitting Mr. K with a monkey wrench, and waterboarding on the restrained man. Once Mr. K provides the FIB with the information, Trevor is asked to kill him, but instead drives him to the airport, providing him an opportunity to escape. On the drive the airport, Trevor monologues about the ineffectiveness of torture, pointing out Mr. K's readiness to supply the FIB with the information without being tortured, and expressing that torture is used as a power play \"to assert ourselves\".\nReviewers echoed that while the mission served as political commentary on the use of torture by the United States government, its use in the game was in poor taste. IGN's Keza MacDonald felt the sequence \"pushed the boundaries of taste\", and Polygon's Chris Plante said, \"the script plays it for laughs. I felt nauseated.\" Carolyn Petit of GameSpot felt that placing the torture scene in context with the monologue created a hypocrisy in the mission's function as a commentary device. In an editorial, Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer discussed whether the political commentary was overshadowed by the violent content, and compared the mission to the controversy surrounding Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2's \"No Russian\" mission. He said that the close-up camera and quick time events accentuated the sequence's impact beyond the violence depicted in previous Grand Theft Auto games. Summarising its function as \"flawed\", he considered the sequence lacking enough context to justify its violence.\nKeith Best of Freedom from Torture said that developer Rockstar North \"crossed a line\" by forcing players into the role of torturer. British Labour Party MP Keith Vaz said he was \"astonished\" by the mission's violence, and Alison Sherratt of the Association of Teachers and Lecturers said that parents should be aware of children being exposed to the game because of its realistic graphics and violence. Independent journalist Tom Chick defended the torture sequence, and wrote that unlike the \"No Russian\" mission or the 2012 film Zero Dark Thirty, the underlying political commentary on torture in \"By the Book\" necessitated the violent content. When asked about performing the torture sequence, Trevor's actor Steven Ogg said he treated it like \"just another day at the office\", and was focused more on not making mistakes during filming than the scene's ethics. The torture sequence is censored in Japanese versions of the game.<PIC> Some reviewers claim that the game's portrayal of women is misogynistic. Chris Plante of Polygon felt that the supporting female characters were constructed on stereotypes, and wrote that the game's \"treatment of women is a relic from the current generation\". Todd Martens of the Los Angeles Times considered the satirical portrayals of women uncreative, and added that violent and sexist themes hurt the game experience. Edge noted that while \"every female in the game exists solely to be sneered, leered or laughed at\", it treated its all-male lead characters in a similar vein through their stereotyped tendencies towards violence. Dave Cook of VG247 reinforced the sentiment that the female characters were constructed on stereotypes in an editorial: \"They're either there to be rescued, shouted at, fucked, to be seen fucking, put up with, killed, heard prattling away like dullards on their mobile phones or shopping\".\nRockstar Games co-founder Sam Houser felt that the development team sometimes overlooked their portrayal of women in Grand Theft Auto games, but that the weight towards male characters \"fit with the story we wanted to tell\". His brother, Dan Houser, Rockstar head writer and vice president for creative, also referred to the criticism in an interview a year earlier: \"But is their argument that in a game about gangsters and thugs and street life, there are prostitutes and strippers\u2014that that is inappropriate? I don't think we revel in the mistreatment of women at all. I just think in the world we're representing, in Grand Theft Auto, that it's appropriate.\"\nIn her review, Petit of GameSpot felt there were misogynistic aspects to the treatment of women as \"strippers, prostitutes, long-suffering wives, humourless girlfriends and goofy, new-age feminists\", and disputed its satirical intention that many had accepted. Her review was met with backlash as users responded with 20,000 largely negative comments on the webpage and a Change.org petition for her firing. Petit's comments and the backlash against them prompted a wider discussion about the role of women in Grand Theft Auto V and the gaming community's hostility towards criticism. Helen Lewis of The Guardian noted that Petit's observations were valid, but were stigmatised by gamers who have become \"hyper-sensitive to criticism\". Tom Hoggins of The Telegraph wrote that the misogynistic backlash against Petit was predicated on an audience that has become accustomed to women being \"shallow and sidelined\" in the game. Public school teacher and journalist Cassie Rodenberg of The Guardian wrote that having sex with prostitutes, beating them up, and killing them afterwards to take back the money is allowed in the game itself and encouraged within the Grand Theft Auto V community, including chat rooms and YouTube videos.\nRob Fahey of GamesIndustry.biz wrote that debate about video games' thematic concerns would become stigmatised if unpleasant gamers opposed criticism, writing, \"This isn't just about women\u2014it's robbing every single one of us of the opportunity to have intelligent, interesting discussions about how our medium deals with [...] complex topics [...] It's frustrating, it's stupid, and it's downright boring\u2014and it risks making our games stupid and boring too\". Journalist Tom Bissell noted Petit's \"defensible position\", and wrote that gamers respond to game criticism more aggressively than fans of other entertainment mediums. Over a year after her review's publication, Petit stated in her personal blog that the \"average straight male player\" would likely oppose sociopolitical criticism of video games because Grand Theft Auto V's \"so-called satire\" would reinforce his own worldview. She stated that the prominence of \"straight white men\" in online forums marginalises women, different ethnic groups and the LGBT community, and that those who attack the former, along with \"social justice warriors\" and the notion of similar criticism cannot \"put themselves in the shoes of people different from themselves\".\nIn December 2014, Target Australia removed the game from sale after customers complained about \"depictions of violence against women\" and a Change.org petition amassed over 40,000 signatures. In a public statement, Target corporate affairs manager Jim Cooper said that the decision was reached after \"extensive community and customer concern about the game\". The same week, Kmart Australia also pulled the game from shelves. Take-Two Interactive CEO Strauss Zelnick publicly expressed the company's disappointment that the game had been pulled from the retailers, and affirmed that he \"stand[s] behind our products, the people who create them, and the consumers who play them\". IGN's Luke Reilly called the Change.org petition \"misinformed\", stating that its complaints about incentives for committing sexual violence in the game are untrue. Sexual violence in games is forbidden by the Australian Classification Board, meaning the game would have been refused classification. Kotaku's Mark Serrels said that the depiction of women is inherently problematic, and that Target were within their rights to refuse to stock the game and were obligated to respond to the petition's wide support. David Keogh of ABC News's The Drum felt that Rockstar depended on controversy and were \"burned by the fire they voluntarily decided to play with\" since the gaming industry is no longer on the margins of popular culture. In October 2013, rapper Daz Dillinger issued a cease and desist letter to Rockstar Games and Take Two Interactive for allegedly using two of his songs without authorisation. In February 2014, television personality Karen Gravano of the reality television programme Mob Wives filed suit against Rockstar Games in allegation that a character in the game is based on her likeness and story and was depicted without her consent. Rockstar filed to dismiss Gravano's lawsuit in April, and stated that the allegations are foreclosed by the First Amendment. In July, actress Lindsay Lohan also filed a lawsuit, claiming elements in the game, including the Lacey Jonas character, were influenced by her image, voice and clothing line without permission. Rockstar responded in court papers that sought a dismissal of the case, saying that the case was frivolous and filed for publicity purposes. In 2016, both lawsuits were dismissed.", ["w_s786"]]
[30416, "Dylan R. Berry (born October 30, 1974) Is an Aria Award nominated, Hollywood Music in Media Award and Mark Award-winning Music Producer, Creative Director, serial Entrepreneur and entertainment industry investor. Berry has managed, published and produced media music for television shows including the Academy Awards, American Idol, So You Think You Can Dance, Scream Queens and the MTV Music Awards. He has created branded music for over major networks including Starz, Time Warner Sportsnet, Time Warner News Network, Root Sports Network, ESPN Sports Center and all 10 of the Encore Network stations, for which Berry won a Hollywood Music in Media Award. Berry is a 28 time Platinum record producer and has also composed and coordinated music for the Oscars, Spike Awards, Victoria's Secret Fashion Shows, among others.<PIC>  From 2001 to 2009, Berry was President and Owner of Hollowstone Music, where he composed music for television channels such as History and National Geographic. Under Hollowstone Music, Dylan wrote over 100 hours of music alongside his business partner, Noah Lifschey. The company was later sold in 2009. Following Hollowstone Music, Dylan launched Levels Music Group, a partnership with Levels Audio, where he composed music for television and award shows including The Academy Awards, American Idol, So You Think You Can Dance, The Sing-Off, Surviving the Cut, Downfall, the Comedy Central Roast Series, The MTV Music Awards and many others. Dylan Berry is listed in the top 1% \"most prolific\" composers in media music on IMDb and has composed music for 30+ TV Networks including Time Warner Sportsnet, Time Warner News, Encore, Starz, ESPN Sportscenter and more.\nBerry currently owns and operates Smash Haus Music Group, a company which deploys proprietary technologies throughout the media industry providing original music at scale for media production companies for use in media, television and branded content.\nHe is credited with providing music for television shows and specials including Academy Awards, American Idol, So You Think You Can Dance Here Comes Honey Boo Boo America's Got Talent, Amish Mafia, Kevin Hart's Laugh at My Pain, The Sing Off and America's Best Dance Crew, among others. Berry is an Aria Nominated, Mark Award and Hollywood Music in Media Award-winning record producer and a 28 time Platinum record Producer. \nCurrently a member of the trip hop, dub revival group Frivolous Drivel with Greco Rossetti.\nFormer partner and founder of the production team, The Filthy Fidgets with business partner and co-producer Stefan Litrownik. Together the team is credited with producing for notable acts such as Imagine Dragons, One Direction, Andy Grammer, The Living End, Verdine White of Earth, Wind & Fire, Emblem3 and Billy Ray Cyrus. Bompop Media is a media production company in Hollywood, California that produces high-impact, celebrity and industry-based, behind-the scenes-media for TV, web and radio. Bompop Media syndicates this content globally through a network of strategic partners in the social and content creator space.\nBerry is the host and founder of Bompop Media, which broadcasts BompopTV & Bompopradio a weekly influencer and industry-related talk show that features celebrity talent, supports emerging talent while exploring the roots to realities of working in Hollywood and the Entertainment industry. Bompopradio is a partnership with collaborator, TV personality and notable influencer DJ Skee, who was voted by Forbes and Rolling Stone Magazine as one of the most influential tastemakers in music and media.\nIn early 2016, Bompopradio transitioned to BompopTV, an audiovisual web series which explores the depths and realities of leading creators, personalities and tastemakers in music and entertainment. Later that year, Berry was awarded 3 YouTube Silver play buttons.\nDylan hosted 2016 and 2017 Hollywood Music in Media Awards of which he had one two years earlier for his work on Encore Network Theme Packages. In March 2020, BompopTV was acquired by SoundCloud. Following the acquisition, Dylan was made the program director for Dash Radio's 'SoundCloud Radio', a 24/7 music station catering to 240mm music makers worldwide. He is currently the host of the 'Emerging Artist Hour' which airs every Friday at 12PM PST / 3PM EST on SoundCloud Radio.  ", ["w_s787"]]
[30418, "Beatriz Becerra Basterrechea (born 14 November 1966) is a Spanish writer and politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 2014 until 2019.\nIn parliament, Becerra served as vice-chair of the European Parliament Subcommittee on Human Rights and is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group (ALDE).\nFrom 2009 to 2014 Becerra was on the Board of Directors of Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) as its Communication Manager. She was elected a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) in 2014 after joining the UPyD list.<PIC> Beatriz Becerra graduated in Industrial Psychology from the Complutense University of Madrid in 1989. She has also completed a Master's in Business Administration and Management.\nFrom 1989 to 2005 she worked in the audiovisual sector at multinationals such as CBS (where she got her first job) and Buena Vista International Spain (owned by The Walt Disney Company). From 1998 to 2005 she worked at Sony Pictures Entertainment, where she became Director of Marketing and Sales for Spain and Portugal. She also worked for the NGO Action Against Hunger and as a consultant for Discovery Networks.\nIn addition, she developed a teaching career in postgraduate studies between 1998 and 2014 at the Villanueva University Center and Comillas Pontifical University. As a writer, she has published three novels: Las criadas de Caif\u00e1s, La reina del Plata, and La estirpe de los ni\u00f1os infelices.\nWithout prior political affiliation, in 2008 Becerra joined Union, Progress and Democracy, a Spanish political party founded in 2007 and whose leader was then Rosa D\u00edez. At the UPyD Congress held in 2009 she was elected to the main executive body, the Board of Directors, to be part of the candidacy headed by D\u00edez. For the next four and a half years she was responsible for the party's communications.\nBecerra stood for the European Parliament elections of 25 May 2014 on the UPyD list. She was elected when her party received 6.5% of the votes and four seats. UPyD joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group, chaired by Belgian Guy Verhofstadt.\nDuring the months following the elections, UPyD suffered a series of internal and electoral crises that ended with the withdrawal of Rosa D\u00edez and her party from the Congress of Deputies and leaving it with hardly any relevant public offices. On 1 April 2016, Becerra announced, along with other UPyD members and officeholders, that she was leaving the party because \"it had ceased to be useful to society.\" She continues as an independent MEP within ALDE. After becoming a Member of the European Parliament, Beatriz Becerra joined the Committees on Employment and Social Affairs, Women's Rights and Gender Equality, and Petitions. In November 2014 she left the first of these and joined the Development Committee and the Human Rights subcommittee, of which she is vice-chair. In addition, she is part of the delegations of the European Parliament in the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly and the EU-Mexico Joint Parliamentary Committee. She is also a substitute in the Delegation for Relations with Japan.\nHer parliamentary activity has focused, among other issues, on the defense of human rights, gender equality, economic and social development, access to medicines, and support for entrepreneurs and startups. In 2016, she presented the candidacy of Yazidi activist Nadia Murad Basee to ALDE for the Sakharov Prize for freedom of conscience. ALDE supported this candidacy, and on 27 October of the same year it was announced that the European Parliament awarded the Sakharov Prize to Murad and Lamiya Aji Bashar, also a Yazidi activist.\nIn September 2016, Becerra presented the Alliance of Women Against Radicalization and Extremism (AWARE) platform, a network oriented to the study and prevention of radicalization from a gender perspective, and which defends the creation of a common European policy on respect. The platform has the support of women such as Nadia Murad and Miriam Gonz\u00e1lez Dur\u00e1ntez.\nShe has been a speaker in the European Parliament's report on mental health and gender equality, which raised the need to incorporate a gender perspective in research and treatment of diseases.\nIn international politics, she has stood out for her support to the Venezuelan opposition in its confrontation with the government of Nicol\u00e1s Maduro, leading ALDE's negotiation on a resolution of the European Parliament that demanded, among other measures, the release of political prisoners.\nIn 2017, after several months of protests in Venezuela, Becerra promoted the candidacy of the Venezuelan political opposition for the Sakharov Prize. Becerra has been singled out and intimidated by members of the Venezuelan government for her persistent defense of the freedom of Venezuelans. In June 2018, she vsisted C\u00facuta, a border city between Colombia and Venezuela, as part of a parliamentary mission to observe the situation of Venezuelan refugees arriving there.\nShe joined the task force of MEPs on Brexit, with a special focus on guaranteeing the rights of Europeans residing in the United Kingdom, and of British residents of the EU after the referendum that approved the abandonment of the European institutions.\nOn 7 July 2017, in response to a letter from the MEP, European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker confirmed that, if the secession of Catalonia were to take place, the new state would automatically be excluded from the European Union. In September, the President of the European Parliament, Antonio Tajani, also replied to Becerra stating that, \"any action against the Constitution of a Member State is an action against the legal framework of the European Union.\"\nIn July 2018, Becerra announced the publication of her book Eres liberal y no lo sabes (You are Liberal and You Don't Know It), scheduled for September of that year, which she described as \"a manifesto for an inclusive liberalism, free of dogmatism and modernity.\"", ["w_s794"]]
[30419, "This article outlines the legislative chronology concerning the use of official languages in Belgium. A factor in the Belgian Revolution of the 1830s was the rising dominance of the Dutch language in the southern provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. A conflict arose between the citizenry of the Flemish provinces who wished to engage with the authorities in Dutch, and the largely francophone aristocracy of the southern provinces which became modern-day Belgium.\nWhile the Belgian Constitution guaranteed \"freedom of language\", in practice the authorities, including government institutions such as the courts, were dominated by the French-speaking upper classes, and operated in French. This bias disadvantaged the largely Flemish North and, to a lesser degree, the Walloons of the South and the mainly German- or Luxembourgish-speaking environs of Arlon. As universal education developed in Belgium, the French language was initially the sole medium of instruction, alienating the northern half of the country. There was a similar sense of alienation in other areas such as justice, as the trial and conviction of two Flemish labourers, Jan Coucke and Pieter Goethals, in 1860 demonstrated. The pair were sentenced to death for the murder of a widow without having understood one single word of their trial, and were then found to be innocent after they were executed.\nThe Flemish Movement started to advocate language legislation that would recognise Dutch as an official language. The first law on the use of languages was voted on in 1873, perhaps influenced by growing public dissent occasioned by cases such as the 1872 case of Jozef Schoep. He refused to pay a fine of 50 francs for not wanting to declare the birth of his son to the municipal administration of Molenbeek in French, only to be convicted after an appeal in Cassation. This and other cases provoked the discussions about the use of languages, and the first law on the use of languages, supported by Edward Coremans, regulated the use of languages in the courts in Flanders.\nDutch became the major language in Flanders, but oral testimony and penal action were still permitted in French. The second law on the use of languages in 1878 regulated the use of language in the administrations of Flanders and Brussels. Announcements to the public by government officials had to be made either in Dutch or in both languages. Correspondence with municipalities or persons would be in Dutch unless a person expressed a wish to be engaged in French, but in reality the law was hardly applied in daily life: Flemish citizens were still obliged to  communicate with the administration in French, because most civil servants were monoglots who either spoke only French or refused to use the Dutch language. Until 1883, education in secondary schools had been entirely in French. The third law on the use of languages was voted on in order to introduce bilingual education. In 1898, the Law on Equality was introduced. Dutch and French were now to be regarded as co-equal official languages but native French speakers in parliament, unwilling to learn or use Dutch, were either unable or unwilling to read the Dutch texts they were supposed to vote on. The reverse was not the case: Dutch speakers were obliged to learn French.)\nNevertheless, under pressure from the general population, the law was passed, largely due to the extension of suffrage to every male citizen aged 25 and above which increased the number of Flemish voters, and the introduction of plural voting in 1893 which allowed some eligible voters to cast more than one vote. Disagreement over the country's language policy continued. Some segments of French-speaking Wallonia were concerned that current practices could result in Belgium becoming a bilingual country, with French and Dutch being recognised as official languages everywhere. \nThis led to a proposal to split the administration in Belgium to preserve the French-speaking nature of Wallonia and to avoid the possibility that French-speaking civil servants there might have to pass a Dutch language examination.\nThis implied a choice: should Belgium become a bilingual country or a country with two language regions? This was expressed in two alternatives:\nPersonality principle: All citizens have the freedom to address the authorities in whichever Belgian language they choose, regardless of their region of residence.\nTerritoriality principle: The official language in a particular region follows restricted language boundaries, which means that all official dealings with the authorities will take place in the language of the region.\nIn 1921, the principle of territoriality was chosen; it was confirmed by further legislation, with landmark laws passed in 1932 and 1962.\nThe language areas were outlined according to the principle of the language of the majority of the population, and a provision in the 1932 law determined that a language census should be conducted every ten years: a municipality could change its linguistic status only according to the findings of the census.\nThis more flexible approach opened the possibility of minorities representing a minimum 30% of the local population being able to obtain services in their native, or chosen, language. A 1962 law determined which municipality belonged to what language area. Each Belgian municipality is restricted to one language area, of which there are four: Dutch, French, German, and the bilingual area Brussels-Capital that includes the Belgian capital city and eighteen surrounding municipalities.\nFrom then on, modifications of the linguistic regime would be possible only after changing the law, which required a majority of each language community. In that same year, the municipality of Voeren (Fourons) went to the Dutch-speaking province of Limburg, and Comines (Komen) and Mouscron (Moeskroen) to the French-speaking province of Hainaut. These and several other municipalities obtained facilities for the minority language group.\nIn a municipality with a minority speaking another official language, facilities were provided for registered residents speaking that language. For example, education in an alternative official language was made available as long as sixteen or more parents requested its provision. (However a resident of a municipality has no such rights in any neighbouring municipality.)\nTo benefit from these facilities, they must be asked for by the person concerned. This raised the issue of whether the facilities had to be requested on each and every occasion or whether a single request conferred a blanket benefit. In 1997 the Peeters directive required that inhabitants of such municipalities must request such facilities in their chosen language on each and every occasion they want to enjoy that right. This led to a crisis in Voeren surrounding the mayor, Jos\u00e9 Happart.\nProtests raised by French-speakers before the European Court of Human Rights ECtHR were mostly unsuccessful (e.g. Belgian Linguistics Case), a number of institutions such as the Catholic University of Leuven obtained authorisation to become bilingual. In 1970, on the completion of the first state reform, four language areas were established by Article 4 of the Constitution. Since then the language affiliation of municipalities can be changed only by special law.\nAt the same time language communities were established, with the Flemish and French Communities being responsible for the regulation of the use of languages in their language area in the areas of administration, education, and for interactions between employers and their workforce. Currently the language used by the Belgian authorities, administration, education, businesses, and the army is determined by the courts. The constitutional right of freedom of language remains intact and absolute only in the home, leading to ongoing tensions in Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde. The National Railway Company of Belgium's policy is to provide information on the train in the language of the region. For example, on a train travelling from Antwerp to Charleroi, announcements are made first in Dutch (in the Flemish Region), then in French and Dutch (in the Brussels-Capital Region), again in Dutch and finally in French in Wallonia. Station announcements at Eupen and Hergenrath, the two stations in the German-speaking community, are made in German and French (in that order). This requires rail travellers to be conversant with the name of their destination in both languages (though on-board ticket inspectors are bound to respond in either language).\nIn and around international stations, such as Brussels Airport, Dutch and French announcements are supplemented by announcements in German and English.<PIC> As mentioned above, road signs are required to give destinations only in the local language, requiring travellers to recognise their ultimate and intermediate destinations in multiple languages. For example, on the Belgian portion of the E40 motorway, westbound travellers to Li\u00e8ge are directed to L\u00fcttich and eastbound travellers are directed to Luik, but signs near the city itself refer only to Li\u00e8ge.", ["w_s799"]]
[30420, "Kellen Dunham (born June 18, 1993) is an American professional basketball player for the Indiana All-Americans of The Basketball League (TBL). He played college basketball for the Butler Bulldogs. At Pendleton Heights High School in Pendleton, Indiana, Dunham led the state of Indiana in scoring as a senior with 29.5 points per game and was named Herald Bulletin Player of the Year. Dunham committed to Butler on July 7, 2010 and was highly regarded by recruiting services. As a freshman, he was a 2012\u201313 Atlantic 10 All-Rookie Team selection. He scored 16.4 points per game as a sophomore and was named to the 2013\u201314 All-Big East Second-team. He was a 2014\u201315 All-Big East First-team selection as a junior.<PIC> Dunham was born on June 18, 1993, the son of Christy and Jim Dunham. He has three younger brothers: Kenton, Cole, and Jamison. Both his parents are basketball fans and raised their sons in a Christian household. Young Kellen learned to shoot on a \"Little Tikes\" hoop in the Dunham living room. He improved his game through constant practice in elementary school and middle school, to the consternation of some of his friends. When he was in eight grade, he worked on his jump shot with shooting coach Mark Baker, where Dunham learned how to shoot over his head.\nDunham attended Pendleton Heights High School, where he measured 5\u00a0feet 10\u00a0inches (1.78\u00a0m) as a freshman. Pendleton Heights head coach Brian Hahn described him as \"gangly, skinny, and slow.\" In practices, he would shoot for 45 minutes after his teammates were finished. He shot up to 6\u00a0feet 4\u00a0inches (1.93\u00a0m) as a sophomore and averaged 17.0 points per game. He improved those numbers to 23.5 points per game as a junior, leading Pendleton Heights to a 20\u20136 record. As a junior, he scored 41 points against Fort Wayne Northrop High School.\nIn his senior season, Dunham averaged 29.5 points per game and shot 92.1% from the free throw line, leading the state of Indiana in both categories. He scored 45 points against Alexandria High School. Dunham was named Madison County Player of the Year as a senior after leading Pendleton Heights to a 23\u20133 record. His season came to an end after a 46\u201343 overtime loss against Terre Haute North High School in the Indiana High School Athletic Association Class 4A Regional at Hinkle Fieldhouse. Dunham was twice named All-State. Dunham finished third in Indiana Mr. Basketball voting, behind Gary Harris and Yogi Ferrell. He was named Herald Bulletin Player of the Year as a senior. He holds the record for the all-time leading scorer at Pendleton Heights with 1,899 points and led the Arabians to back-to-back sectional titles.\nHe signed a letter of intent with Butler on July 7, 2010. Rivals.com ranked him the 21st best shooting guard and 93rd best overall player. ESPN included Butler's 2012 recruiting class among its top recruiting classes from teams in non-BCS conferences, noting Dunham was listed as an ESPN Top 100 recruit and is \"a sniper to run off screens and create movement in the halfcourt sets for the next four years.\" In ESPN's scouting report, Dunham was listed as the 78th best overall player, due in large part to the fact that what he \"does really well is shoot the basketball.  How he goes about his business is akin to a master craftsman applying his trade. Dunham is in constant motion, working to get himself in position to score and he's typically shot-ready.\" Rivals listed him as the best shooter among all recruits of non-BCS teams. Butler head coach Brad Stevens said, \"the thing he brings is an incredible ability to put the ball through the net.\"  Coming into his freshman year on the 2012\u201313 team, Dunham was named to the Preseason All-Atlantic 10 Rookie Team. Dunham began practicing basketball drills late at night thanks to senior Rotnei Clarke, and the two became fast friends.  In his first college basketball game, a win against Elon, Dunham came off the bench to score 18 points. He was named Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Week on November 12, 2012. During the 2012 Maui Invitational Tournament in 2012, Dunham had one of his best games as a freshman as Butler routed the then #9 team in the country, North Carolina, shooting 56% (5 of 9) from 3-point range and scoring 17 points. Dunham earned Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Week honors on December 10. On December 31, he again was named Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Week. In a game against #8 Gonzaga on January 19, 2013 that was featured on ESPN's College GameDay, he was the second leading scorer, shooting 4 of 8 from three-point range, behind 20 points and a buzzer-beating floater from Roosevelt Jones. Dunham earned his fourth Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Week honors on January 28. Butler went 27\u20139 on the season and reached the NCAA Tournament as a six seed. He finished the season averaging 9.5 points per game, fifth best on the team. Following the season, Dunham was named to the Atlantic 10 All-Rookie Team. \"Most guys are relaxed, but I look up and I see Kellen, and he's\u00a0... going 110 miles an hour,\" said 2013\u201314 Butler Bulldogs first year head coach Brandon Miller during an August overseas basketball tour. \"Sprinting up and down the court. Shooting pull-ups. Going as hard and as fast as he possible can. He goes at a pace, whether its shootaround in Australia, 17 minutes into practice or two hours into practice, that never changes.\"\nDunham scored a career-high 32 points against Washington State in the Old Spice Classic, a tournament record. As a result, Dunham was named to the Old Spice Classic All-Tournament Team. Through the first nine games, Dunham averaged 18.7 points per game and shot 46 percent from 3-point range. He was named Big East Player of the Week on December 16 after contributing 25 points to lead Butler past the Purdue Boilermakers, 76\u201370 in the Crossroads Classic. Dunham had 30 points in a 99\u201394 double overtime loss to DePaul on January 9 and tied his career-best with six three-pointers, all of which came in the second half.\nAt the conclusion of the 2013\u201314 Big East season, Dunham was named to the All-Big East Second Team. Despite his improvements, Butler had a lackluster season, finishing with a 14\u201317 overall record and bowing out to Seton Hall in the Big East Tournament. Dunham finished the season seventh in the Big East in scoring with a 16.4 points per game average to go along with 4 rebounds per game. Dunham shot 39 percent from the field and 35.5 from 3-point range. He hit a 3-pointer in 29 of the team's 31 games. After the season, he teamed up with several college players to participate in Athletes in Action's summer trip to the Philippines. Athletes in Action is a Christian group that helps athletes use sports for spiritual growth. Coming into his junior year on the 2014\u201315 team, Dunham was named to the Preseason All-Big East First Team. Dunham stopped drinking Mountain Dew prior to the season to improve his conditioning. Coach Brandon Miller took a medical leave of absence before the season and did not return; he was replaced by Chris Holtmann. Dunham was on the Battle 4 Atlantis All-tournament Team. Dunham scored a season-high 28 points on January 3, 2015 in a 73\u201369 win over St. John's. Dunham received Big East Player of the Week honors for the week of February 9, after scoring 21 points and pulling down seven rebounds in an 85\u201362 victory versus St. John's and recording 24 points in an 83\u201373 win over DePaul.\nDunham averaged 16.5 points per game, third best in the Big East, to go along with 2.6 rebounds per game. He led Butler to a 23\u201311 record and six seed in the NCAA Tournament. In the Round of 64 of the NCAA Tournament, Dunham scored 20 points, including an important 3-pointer with 1:18 remaining, to propel Butler to a 56\u201348 victory over the Texas Longhorns. The Bulldogs fell to Notre Dame in the Round of 32, 67\u201364. At the conclusion of the season, Dunham was selected to the All-Big East First Team. Dunham was a 2014\u201315 Men's All-District V Team selection by the U.S. Basketball Writers Association. He was named to the Second Team All-District V by the National Association of Basketball Coaches. Coming into his senior year on the 2015\u201316 team at Butler, Dunham was named to the Preseason First Team All-Big East. He was listed on the Oscar Robertson Award preseason watchlist. Dunham earned Big East player of the week honors for the week of December 7, 2015 after contributing 24 points in a 78\u201376 road victory over Cincinnati and 19 points in an 85\u201371 win over  Indiana State. He suffered a shooting slump in December, shooting 2-for-32 on three-point shots and missing 21 three-pointers in a row. His two point shooting fell from 58.7 percent in the first eight games of the season to 26.2 percent in the next five.\nAt the conclusion of the regular season, he was an Honorable Mention All-Big East selection. Dunham averaged 16.2 points per game as a senior. After going undrafted in the 2016 NBA draft, Dunham joined the Memphis Grizzlies for the 2016 NBA Summer League. He signed with the Grizzlies on October 20, 2016, but was waived the following day. Eight days later, he was acquired by the Iowa Energy of the NBA Development League as an affiliate player of the Grizzlies. On July 28, 2017 Dunham signed with Okapi Aalstar of the Belgian Basketball League. In his first season he averaged 8.2 points and 4.7 rebounds per game. On October 21, 2018, Dunham was named to the training camp roster of the Capital City Go-Go of the NBA G League. Playing for the Go-Go, Dunham developed into one of the best three-point shooters in the G League, with the majority of his shots coming from behind the arc. On February 13, 2019, Dunham tallied 19 points, four rebounds, one assist and one steal in a win over the Westchester Knicks. During the 2018\u201319 season, Dunham averaged 7.7 points and 2.3 rebounds per game. In September 2019, Dunham signed an Exhibit 10 deal with the Washington Wizards, essentially to keep him on the Go-Go. He missed a game against the Fort Wayne Mad Ants on January 14, 2020 with an illness. During the summer of 2017, Dunham played in The Basketball Tournament on ESPN for the Broad Street Brawlers.  He competed for the $2 million prize, and helped the Brawlers move on to the second round.  The Brawlers lost to Team Colorado 111\u201395. Dunham joined Big X, a team composed primarily of former Big Ten players in The Basketball Tournament 2020. Dunham signed up to play for the Pendleton Legends, part of the Hoosier Hardwood Basketball Association, a league headed by former Indiana University great Kent Benson for the 2021 season. Dunham signed up to play for the Indiana All-Americans, part of The Basketball League for the 2022 season. The team is ownership includes former Indiana University great Kent Benson", ["w_s803"]]
[30421, "John Catron (January 7, 1786 \u2013 May 30, 1865) was an American jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1837 to 1865, during the Taney Court.<PIC> Little is known of Catron's early life, other than that all of his grandparents emigrated from Germany to Virginia, as part of the extensive emigration of Swiss and Germans from Hesse and the Palatinate due to wars, and economic and religious insecurity in the area. His father, Peter (Catron) Kettering, had immigrated as a child with his parents from Mittelbrun in the German Palatinate and settled in Montgomery County (later Wythe County). His mother was Maria Elizabetha Houck, whose parents had settled in Virginia after emigrating from the Palatinate by way of Pennsylvania. His only sibling, Mary, later married Thomas Swift and moved to Missouri and, ultimately, Oregon.  John Catron was a second cousin to Thomas Benton Catron, who later became one of the first senators to represent the state of New Mexico.  Catron's father had served in Captain William Doack's militia company from Montgomery County during the Revolutionary War.\nThe family relocated to Kentucky in the first years of the 19th century.  Catron served in the War of 1812 under Andrew Jackson.  He read law and was admitted to the Tennessee bar in 1815. He married Matilda Childress, sister of George C. Childress who was one of the political leaders of the Texas Republic and chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of the Republic of Texas.  John and Mathilda Catron had no children.\nA slaveholder all his adult life, Catron had a relationship with Sally, a Tennessee slave in her 30s who had a laundry in Nashville and was held by the Thomas family. Catron fathered her third mixed-race son, whom she named James P. Thomas. In his lifetime, Catron gave Thomas 25 cents. James was born into slavery but when he was six, his mother effectively bought his freedom. She was unable to gain full manumission for him then, but he gained an education and successfully built a business as a barber in Nashville. Because of his achievements, in 1851 he gained manumission as well as permission from the Tennessee legislature to stay in the state. Later he owned property in St. Louis, Missouri valued at $250,000.  Thomas was Catron's only known child. Catron was in private legal practice in Sparta in the Cumberland Mountains of Tennessee from 1815 to 1818, while simultaneously serving as a prosecuting attorney of that city. He established a land law practice in Nashville in 1818, in which he continued until 1824. From 1824 to 1834, Catron served on the Tennessee Supreme Court of Errors and Appeals, being elevated to Chief Justice of that court in 1831.  In 1834, the Tennessee state legislature abolished the chief justice position, and Catron retired and returned to private practice in Nashville. During the election of 1836, Catron directed Martin Van Buren's presidential campaign in Tennessee against native son Hugh Lawson White. The number of seats on the Supreme Court was expanded from seven to nine in 1837, as a result of the Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act. This allowed President Andrew Jackson the opportunity to appoint two new justices, which he did on March 3, 1837, his last full day in office. The newly seated Senate of the 25th Congress confirmed Catron's nomination five days later by a vote of 28\u201315. The nominee for the other seat, William Smith, was also confirmed, but he subsequently declined to serve. Catron took the judicial oath on May 1, 1837, and served for 28 years, until his death in May 1865.\nCatron supported slavery and sided with the majority in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case (exchanging letters with president-elect James Buchanan in February 1857).  However, he opposed secession and urged Tennessee to remain with the Union. For a brief time after Tennessee seceded from the Union but prior to Nashville being occupied by Federal troops, Catron left his residence in Nashville and temporarily lived in Louisville, Kentucky.\nWhile he wrote few opinions, it is still possible to decipher his stance on certain political issues and determine his importance to the court. John Catron's political views primarily coincided with the views of his fellow Tennessean Andrew Jackson. Just as Jackson opposed the idea of the national bank, Catron also became an outspoken critic of the national bank. This view coincides with his political view on corporations. While Catron ultimately believed that corporate power could threaten the livelihoods of American citizens, his views were not always this way. During his early years on the Court, particularly in the case of Bank of Augusta v. Earle (1839), Catron actually concurred with the majority and agreed with the idea that corporations had the ability to conduct business nationwide. The Justices ruled in Bank of Augusta that a state could exclude a foreign corporation from doing business within that state, but, that the state would have to do so explicitly.\nCatron's overpowering anti-corporate views were more evident in Piqua Branch of the State Bank of Ohio v. Knoop, 57 U.S. 369 (1854). This case raised the issue of whether or not a corporate charter constituted a contract between the state and the bank and therefore could not be repealed due to the Contract Clause in Article 1, Section 10 of the Constitution. The Piqua Branch of the State Bank of Ohio's original charter granted an exemption from state taxation. However, a new legislature was attempting to repeal this exemption and impose a tax on the bank. The majority of the Court ruled in favor of the charter, citing the Contract clause. John Catron, along with Justices Campbell and Daniel, however, dissented. In his dissent, Catron argued, \"The sovereign political power is not the subject of contract so as to be vested in an irrepealable charter of incorporation, and taken away from, and placed beyond the reach of, future legislatures.\" With this statement, Catron argued against the power of corporations and for the power of the federal government. Catron made the stance that political power was not only sovereign but that it also was not to be overruled by a contract, especially a corporate charter. Essentially Catron argued that in this case, corporate power exceeded federal power. Because John Catron was a Jacksonian, he felt the American Union should always be the most powerful entity within the United States and therefore dissented in this case which he saw as granting more power to corporations than to the federal government. Catron argued that because of this ruling, corporations could overrule the government as long as a contract was present. Another case that exemplified Catron's anti-corporation views was the case of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co. v. DeBolt, 57 U.S. 416 (1853). This case primarily dealt with the power to tax corporations, but took on bigger-picture questions such as the role of corporations in American society and whether they had begun to possess more power than the states had originally granted them. Catron again dissented from the majority and re-stated his Jacksonian beliefs when he voiced his concern about \"the vast amount of property, power, and exclusive benefits, prejudicial to other classes of society that are vested in and held by these numerous bodies of associated wealth.\" Catron also stated \"that a different doctrine would tend to sap and eventually might destroy the state constitutions and governments\" in his dissent when referring to the power that corporate charters and contracts could have over the United States government.\nDespite Catron's opinion in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case and his pro-slavery stance, Catron resented the secession of his home state of Tennessee because he felt the American Union should be preserved at all costs, a reflection of his Jacksonian views. Following President Abraham Lincoln's inauguration, Catron left to \"ride circuit\" in the states of Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky. However, when Catron attempted to return to Nashville to perform his circuit duties, he was told that his very life could be in danger due to his views. Catron was forced to flee the state of Tennessee and reside permanently in Louisville, Kentucky, away from his wife and friends, who sympathized with the Confederacy. Catron's stance on the southern rebels was to \"punish treason and will.\" This belief was present in his ruling in United States v. Republican Banner Officers (C.C.D. Tenn. 1863). This case raised the issue of whether non-personal property could be confiscated due to the federal Confiscation Act of 1861. The Republican Banner was a newspaper that at the time, was spreading very anti-Union and pro-Confederacy propaganda throughout the South. The employees of the Banner argued that because the newspaper was not a personal property, it could not be confiscated.  In this case, Catron ruled that the Act authorized the confiscation. Catron argued that when, \"there being then a formidable rebellion in progress, the intention of Congress in enacting this law must have been to deter persons from so using and employing their property as to aid and promote the insurrection.\". Even to the end of his legal and judicial career, Catron held fast to his protection of the rights of states and his stance on preserving the Union whatever the cost. Catron died on May 30, 1865, at the age of 79. He is interred at Nashville's Mount Olivet Cemetery.\nAfter Catron's death, Congress eliminated his seat from the Court under the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 as a way to prevent President Andrew Johnson from appointing any justices. John Catron was an outspoken critic of the national bank, an advocate for federal power over corporate power, and a pro-Union, pro-slavery supporter. Many of his beliefs stemmed from the beliefs of his friend and battlefield leader, Andrew Jackson. Catron fought against corporations of accumulated wealth and privilege and for the rights of citizens. He remained true to his pro-slavery stance in the most important case the Supreme Court had ever seen until that point, Dred Scott v. Sandford. Despite his pro-slavery stance, Catron was a strong advocate for the Union and remained steadfast to this view, even leaving his wife and friends to help in the preservation of the United States. Ultimately, John Catron's most important contribution to the Supreme Court of the United States was his loyalty to the Constitution and his undying support of the Federal Union, despite the political costs.\nDuring World War II the Liberty ship SS\u00a0John Catron was built in Brunswick, Georgia, and named in his honor.", ["w_s805"]]
[30422, "The Abbot Pass hut was an alpine hut located at an altitude of 2,925 metres (9,596\u00a0ft) in Abbot Pass in the Rocky Mountains in Alberta, Canada. It was nestled between Mount Victoria and Mount Lefroy, straddling the continental divide, which, in this region, defines the boundary between Banff National Park in Alberta and Yoho National Park in British Columbia. While close to the border, the hut lay entirely in Banff National Park, and was the second-highest permanently habitable structure in Canada (after the Neil Colgan Hut). The hut was maintained by the Alpine Club of Canada.\nIt was closed in the summer of 2018 pending a geotechnical evaluation of the slope which underlies the structure, after a hiker noticed erosion on its eastern side, due to melting glacier ice. The hut never reopened after the COVID-19 pandemic delayed repair work, and despite having been declared a National Heritage site in 1992, was deemed irreparable and in June 2022, demolished.<PIC> The pass and the hut are named after Philip Stanley Abbot (1867 - 1896), who became the first mountaineering fatality in North America after he fell in an attempt to make the first ascent of Mount Lefroy in 1896. The hut was built in 1922 by Swiss guides working for the Canadian Alpine Association to shelter clients attempting to climb Victoria and Lefroy. Much of the construction material was carried from Lake Louise on horseback across the Victoria Glacier and winched or carried on guides' backs up the pass on a route known as The Deathtrap because of its exposure to avalanches and crevasses.\nThe CAC operated the hut for 40 years, and in the 1960s turned the operation over to Parks Canada, which renovated it with the help of volunteers. In 1985, the park service turned the hut over to the Alpine Club of Canada, which renovated it several times. The hut was designated Abbot Pass Refuge Cabin National Historic Site of Canada in 1992, and, in 1997, a federal plaque was placed outside its front door.\nBecause many guests of the Chateau Lake Louise were trying mountaineering for the first time, Edward Feuz, a Swiss guide, suggested that the CPR build a rest stop between Lake Louise and the hut. In 1924 the Plain of Six Glaciers Tea House was built to accommodate overnight guests. Abbot Pass (and the hut) may be approached from either the Lake O'Hara area on the British Columbia side (hiking past Lake Oesa), or the more technically demanding route from Lake Louise on the Alberta side.  The hut was rarely used in winter due to avalanche hazard. The approach via Lake O'Hara was by far the most popular route to the hut. It was safer and less technical than going in via the Deathtrap or the Fuhrmann Ledges. It involved about 900 metres (3,000 feet) of elevation gain and 3 to 5+ hours from Lake O'Hara to the hut depending on conditions and the strength of the party. Some groups were caught out overnight on the trail or stranded at the hut in bad weather conditions.\nThe first hurdle on this approach was getting on the bus to Lake O'Hara. The bus is operated by Parks Canada and is used to control the number of people going to Lake O'Hara. Reservations are difficult to obtain; however an automatic reservation on the bus could be obtained by booking a reservation at the Abbot Pass hut with the Alpine Club of Canada.  The alternative was to walk 10\u00a0km up the access road carrying all equipment.\nFrom Lake O'Hara, people going to the hut could follow the signed hiking trails to Lake Oesa to a sign marking the end of the Parks Canada trail, at which point it became largely scrambling. A trail was built to the hut by the Alpine Club, but parts of it were sometimes erased by rockslides, so route finding skills are helpful. It is steep and covered with scree. A helmet is a good safety precaution in case of rockfall, and an ice axe in case of ice or snow on the trail. One avalanche fatality occurred on the route, so it should not be undertaken when avalanches are possible. The route from Lake Louise involves significant objective hazards. A broad path leads from the Chateau Lake Louise along the lake shore past the teahouse and on to the Plain of Six Glaciers. It then continues into the deep gorge between Mount Victoria and Mount Lefroy - known as The Deathtrap. Persons going through this should move rapidly in case of serac fall or avalanches from the glaciers above. It involves crossing a number of crevasses in the glacier and may be impassible due to wall-to-wall bergschrund at the upper end. This is not an attractive route and should only be attempted by strong alpinists when there is deep snow cover on the glacier. The hut was often used as a base for alpine climbing on Mount Victoria and Mount Lefroy (both over 3400 metres / 11,000 feet), and as a destination in itself for ambitious hikers. One of the reasons for the popularity of the hut was that climbers can ascend both Victoria and Lefroy in a weekend.\nThe normal route up Mount Lefroy (3423\u00a0m / 11,230\u00a0ft) is via the west face, going straight up the slopes from the hut toward the summit. There are routes up three separate gullies from the hut. The choice of the best one depends on snow conditions.\nThe most popular route up Mount Victoria (3464\u00a0m / 11,365\u00a0ft) is from the hut via the southeast ridge to the south summit. Another popular route is a traverse of Mount Victoria, which can be done in either direction, either to or from the hut.\nIn a rarely observed feat of ursine mountaineering, a grizzly bear was once seen doing the traverse of Mount Victoria via Abbot Pass. They are only occasional visitors to the hut; however, a grizzly known as \"Bear 125\" used the pass on a regular basis until he was shot dead in 2014 in British Columbia's annual grizzly bear hunt. The hut slept 24 on its upper floor, and had both a wood stove for heating and drying, and a propane system for cooking and lighting.  Wood and propane were flown in annually by helicopter, by the Alpine Club of Canada. There was a drum-type outhouse a short distance from the hut and human waste was flown out by helicopter. Mount Victoria\nMount Lefroy\nLake Louise\nLake O'Hara\nElizabeth Parker hut \"Topographic map of Abbot Pass hut\". opentopomap.org. Retrieved 2021-11-21.\nLake O'Hara (Map). 1:20,000. The Adventure Map. Chrismar Mapping Services. ISBN\u00a00-929140-39-7. This map shows trails and area highlights in detail\nLake O'Hara (Map). 1:20,000. Guides for Hiking and Recreation in the Canadian Rockies. Gem Trek Publishing. ISBN\u00a0978-1-895526-38-7. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. This map shows trails and area highlights in detail\nLake Louise and Yoho (Map). 1:50,000. Guides for Hiking and Recreation in the Canadian Rockies. Gem Trek Publishing. ISBN\u00a01-895526-64-7. Archived from the original on 2009-02-02.\n82N/8 (Lake Louise) (Map). 1:50,000. National Topographic System (NTS). Canadian Government. Archived from the original on 2007-12-24.", ["w_s808"]]
[30423, "Imran Shah (born 23 November 1933), also known as Nawab Imran Shah is an Indian Assamese language writer, poet, novelist, and scholar. He also writes under the pen names Ishan Dutta, Anamika Baruah, Kumbhakarna, and Animesh Baruah. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2021, for his contributions to literature and education.<PIC> Imran Shah was born on 23 November 1933 in Sivasagar, Assam. He was the youngest child of Muhammad Shah and Mariam Nessa.\nShah attended '2 Nong Dhai Ali Prathamik Vidyalaya' (No. 2 Dhai Ali Primary School), followed by attendance at the Government High School, Sivasagar. In 1952, he enrolled in the ISC course at Cotton College, Guwahati, and in 1958, he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree from Sivasagar College. He earned his M.A  in Assamese language from Gauhati University.  Shah started his professional career as a temporary teacher at Konwarpur High School, Sivasagar and later joined the staff at Sivasagar High Madrassa School, after completing his ISC. Upon gaining his M.A. degree from Gauhati University he joined Gargaon College as a lecturer in Assamese in 1962. From there he moved a year later to become a lecturer in Assamese at Sivasagar College, from which he retired as Head of the Department in 1993. During his retirement, he established Arunudoi College, a junior college near his home and served as its principal. Shah began writing while still in school. His first book of poems Banvashi was published when he was in the ninth standard. The following year, when he was in the tenth standard, his first novel, Sangeetor Hkhipare was published. He wrote poetry in Ramdhenu under the pen name Ishan Dutta. His first short story, \"Aparicheeta\" was published in 1958, in Natun Asomiya and edited by Kirtinath Hazarika.\nHe edited Bosoror Galpa, an anthology of selected Assamese short stories, from 1982 to 1984, as well as editing, with Arun Goswami, Kalantarar Kathakata \u2013 another anthology of Assamese short stories, from 1961 to 1975.\nTwo of his written works were made translated into other mediums. His novel Jabanbandi was broadcast as a radio-recitation by Akaashvani, Dibrugarh. In addition, the Assamese film Rasmirekha, is based on his novel, Rajanigandha, and was released in 1973, produced by Prafulla Baruah.\nHe was elected as the president of Asam Sahitya Sabha, the state's literary body located in Barpeta Road for the 2013-2015 session. Banavashi (Book of Poems)\nSangeetor Hkhipaare (Novel)\nAparicheeta\nKranti Rekha (Novel)\nBondho Duwar (Novel)\nKreetodasor hahi (Translated novel)\nJabanbandi (Novel)\nMur Phulanir Phool (Prose collection)\nAsomiya Sangskritiloi Musalmanor Avadaan (Lecture)\nDhou Bhangi Dhou\nNisanga Dhusar (Book of Poems)\n'Kukuhaa (2012)' (latest short story collection)\nIshan Duttar Nirbachito Kavita (Book of Poems)\nShikhar Minoti\nSagarikaa Novel)\nBarnali (Novel)\nKavi Pulish (Novel)\nBanjyotshna (Novel)\nTansen (Novel)\nTathapi Sagar (Novel)\nInkilaab (Translated Novel)\nJunakor Chobi (Translated Novel)\nBosoror Galpa (1962, 1963, 1964) (Editor)\nKalantoror Kothokotha (Editor)\nVishwa Bandhu (Biography)\nBandi Bihonggome Kaande\nPatheek\nItyaadi\nPiyamukh Chanda\nPoora Maatir Malita\nSparsharekha\nImran Shahor Nirbachito Galpa\nXoru Xoru Kotha (2013) *collection of articles* Assam Valley Literary Award, 2010\nAjan Peer Bota by Government of Assam\nPresident of Asam Sahitya Sabha (2013)\nPadma Shri, 2021", ["w_s816"]]
[30424, "Lyubov Isaakovna Axelrod (born Esther Axelrod; Russian: \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0301\u0432\u044c (\u042d\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440) \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u0301\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043a\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0440\u043e\u0301\u0434, penname Orthodox Russian: \u041e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0301\u043a\u0441; 1868 \u2013 5 February 1946) was a Russian revolutionary, Marxist philosopher and an art theoretician.<PIC> Axelrod was born in the family of a rabbi in Vilenkovichi, a village in the Vilna gubernia of the Russian Empire, now in Pastavy Raion, Belarus. She became involved with the narodnik organization at age 16. She emigrated to Switzerland in 1887, with the assistance of Leo Jogiches (lover of Rosa Luxemburg) when the Vitebsk organisation collapsed in the wake of an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Alexander III of Russia organised by Aleksandr Ulyanov, older brother of Vladimir Lenin. In 1892 she became a Marxist and joined the Geneva-based Emancipation of Labor group, becoming a close associate of its leader Georgi Plekhanov. In 1900, she received her Ph.D. in philosophy from Bern University .In 1902, she worked with Georgi Plekhanov and Lenin on the newspaper Iskra, as a contributor and an organiser. When the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks at its Second Congress in 1903, she joined the Bolsheviks, but split with them soon afterwards, at the same time as Plekhanov.\nIn 1906 Axelrod returned to Russia during an amnesty and became a leading Russian authority on Marxist philosophy, second only to Plekhanov, as well as working with the Mensheviks' illegal organisation. Her Philosophical Essays, published in 1906, were acknowledged by both the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks as the definitive rebuttal of the 'neo-Kantians' Nikolai Berdyaev and Pyotr Struve, former Marxists who had broken with the revolutionaries. She was critical of both Alexander Bogdanov and Vladimir Lenin during their debate over Empiriocriticism in 1908\u20131909, branding their ideas anti-Marxist. In 1910, in St Petersburg, she joined the Central Trade Union Bureau, which was also illegal. After the outbreak of war in 1914, like Plekhanov, she argued that Germany was the aggressor and Russia had a right to defend itself. She teamed up with two other prominent Marxist 'defencists', Pyotr Maslov and Aleksandr Potresov to produce the fortnightly journal Delo ('Fact'). After the February Revolution of 1917, she joined the central committee of the Menshevik party, and following the October Revolution, she was reunited with Plekhanov in the little anti-Bolshevik group Yedinstvo. She abstained from party politics after the death of Plekhanov, and made it her life's work to defend his philosophy. In the 1920s she first worked at the Institute of Red Professors and later at the Soviet Institute of Philosophy. Her appointment to lecture in philosophy at Sverdlov University, in 1921, was originally blocked by the Orgburo, but when Lenin was consulted he said that it should be allowed, on condition that she was kept under observation in case she started promoting Menshevism. In the 1930s her version of Marxism was officially denounced as a Mechanistic revision of Marxism and she faded into obscurity.\nShe died on 5 February 1946 in Moscow. Against Idealism (1922)\nMarx as a Philopsopher (1925)\nCritique of the Foundations of Bourgeois Sociology and Historical Materialism (1925)\nThe Idealist Dialectic of Hegel and the Materialist Dialectic of Marx (1934)", ["w_s820"]]
[30425, "The Holyoke Mall at Ingleside (a.k.a. Holyoke Mall) is a shopping center located in Holyoke, Massachusetts, in the city's Ingleside neighborhood. It is owned by The Pyramid Companies. The mall features 135 stores, a large food court, and several restaurants and is 1.6 million square feet, the second-largest in New England by retail space.\nThe mall currently features Macy's, JCPenney, Target, Best Buy, Burlington, Hobby Lobby, and Christmas Tree Shops, as well as a post office.\nThe mall underwent cosmetic upgrades in 2015, which included new floors, lighting, and benches throughout the mall. Located near the interchange of I-90 and I-91, the Holyoke Mall is one of the primary shopping destinations in Western Massachusetts and attracts many out-of-state visitors.<PIC> The mall opened in 1979 with G. Fox, JCPenney, Sears, and Steiger's as the original anchors. Plans for the mall were approved in 1973, with $1.2 million granted for construction. Before construction on the mall began, the main access road, Whiting Farms Road, was extended and referred to as the \"road to nowhere\" by critics before opening. The mall had also opened with 125 retail stores and an eight-screen theater located in the basement alongside the food court. The mall was expanded and renovated in 1995, adding an entirely new wing to the mall with a relocated G. Fox being constructed at the end, as well as some of the first in-mall locations for Toys \"R\" Us and Christmas Tree Shops. At the time it was expanded, it was billed as the largest mall in New England. Around this time Lord & Taylor announced a store to be completed by November 1993. Pyramid in 1998 proposed a 1,400,000-square-foot (130,000\u00a0m\u00b2) expansion that would have added a 20-screen cinema complex, but this attempt was blocked by the city. Lord & Taylor repositioned and shuttered their space entirely in 2005. In September 2006, Filene's became Macy's.  In December 2019, it was reported a Cinemark 10 screen theater complex was in the early stages of development. In 2005, The Pyramid Corporation sparked local controversy over its \"must be 18 policy\",  especially from the local Latino population. The policy (implemented on September 9, 2005) requires all patrons under the age of eighteen to be accompanied by a parent or guardian on Friday and Saturday nights after 4:00 PM. Anyone who appears to be under 18 can be asked to show identification such as a school ID card or a driver's license. This policy is not enforced in the majority of the approximately twenty complexes managed by the Pyramid Corporation, largely located in suburban areas. Because of this, the mall has been accused of racism by the local community. Northampton City Councilor William H. Dwight, who serves on the Northampton Youth Commission, commented that because teenagers do not have as many places as adults to gather, they are frequently treated like pariahs. \"It seems to me the mall is relatively safe. It's a shame that's gone,\" said Dwight. Pyramid has defended its decision by saying that it will increase sales because the environment will be more pleasing to adult shoppers and the incidence of shoplifting will be reduced.", ["w_s822"]]
[30426, "Benjamin Wilson (April 30, 1825 \u2013 April 26, 1901) was an American lawyer and Democratic politician who served as a  United States Representative from West Virginia) (1875\u20131883) and as an assistant attorney general during the administration of President Grover Cleveland (1885 to 1893).<PIC> Born in Wilsonburg in Harrison County, Virginia (now West Virginia) to Mary Martin (1804-1831) and her husband, Josiah D. Wilson (1796\u20131868), Benjamin was named for his paternal grandfather, the patriot Col. Benjamin Wilson Sr. (1747-1827), a lieutenant in Lord Dunmore's Army. After fighting Native Americans, in 1774 Col. Wilson moved across the Allegheny Mountains, settled in the Tygart valley and founded \"Wilson's Fort\" (which he defended during the American Revolutionary War) and later represented what was then Monongelia County in the Virginia General Assembly and became first clerk of the Harrison County court. This Benjamin Wilson's maternal grandfather, William Martin (1763\u20131851), had been a patriot as well, serving as commissary for New Jersey troops before settling in Harrison County.\nAlthough Benjamin Wilson did not own slaves, his father Josiah Wilson owned seven or eight slaves in 1850, and ten slaves in 1860.\nThis Benjamin Wilson attended the Northwestern Virginia Academy in Clarksburg, Virginia (now West Virginia). He then traveled to Staunton, Virginia to attend the law school which Judge Briscoe Baldwin had begun in 1831.\nWilson married Susan Marsh in 1848, and they had a son, Stonewall Jackson Wilson (1862\u20131887), who survived to adulthood, as did three daughters: Buena Wilson  Brown (1849\u20131930), Mary Drusilla Feeny (1851\u20131876), and Virginia Lee Wozencraft (1865\u20131893). Admitted to the Virginia bar in 1848, Wilson began his legal practice in Clarksburg. He was elected as commonwealth attorney for Harrison County following adoption of a new Virginia state constitution in 1851, and served from 1852 to 1860. Voters elected Wilson along with Unionist John S. Carlile as their delegates to the Virginia Secession Convention of 1861. Unlike Carlile, who voted against secession during both votes, Wilson abstained from the second vote, though he did sign the ordinance of secession. Later, he and Judge Gideon D. Camden (who owned slaves in both censuses) moved southward into Virginia after Union forces captured much of Harrison County. Wilson was a member of West Virginia's State constitutional convention in 1871.\nAfter the adoption of West Virginia's second Constitution in 1872 (which re-enfranchised Confederates, among other changes) voters elected Wilson from West Virginia's 1st District. Re-elected three times, Wilson served in the 44th United States Congress and the next three Congresses (March 4, 1875 \u2013 March 3, 1883). Wilson was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1872, the same year that he lost a campaign for election to the 43rd United States Congress. Two years later, Wilson won election as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth and was re-elected to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1875 \u2013 March 3, 1883). During the Cleveland administration, Wilson was Assistant Attorney General of the United States (from 1885 to 1893). Congressman Wilson died on April 26, 1901 in Clarksburg and was buried in the Odd Fellows Cemetery there.", ["w_s829"]]
[30427, "Jesse Duncan Elliott (14 July 1782 \u2013 10 December 1845) was a United States naval officer and commander of American naval forces in Lake Erie during the War of 1812, especially noted for his controversial actions during the Battle of Lake Erie.<PIC> Elliott was born in Hagerstown, Maryland. His childhood home, the Elliot-Bester House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. He enlisted in the US Navy as a midshipman in April 1804 and saw action in the Mediterranean Sea during the Barbary Wars between 1805 and 1807, serving on board the USS Essex under Commodore James Barron. In June 1807, Elliott was on board USS Chesapeake when Commodore Barron was forced to allow a search of the ship by HMS Leopard. Elliott won promotion to lieutenant in April 1810 and was assigned to Lake Erie to oversee construction of the US naval squadron on Lake Erie upon the outbreak of the War of 1812. On 8 October 1812, he and Army Captain Nathan Towson captured the British brigs HMS\u00a0Caledonia and HMS\u00a0Detroit, formerly the United States brig Adams, anchored near the British Fort Erie in the upper reaches of the Niagara River. Caledonia escaped to an American port with a load of furs and became the USS Caledonia. Detroit was swept down the Niagara River into range of the British guns. Elliott battled the shore emplacement until his ammunition ran out and then beached the ship on Squaw Island (today known as Unity Island) and fled to the American side of the river. British and American guns destroyed the beached ship. Elliott and Towson were later commended for this action by Congress. In February 1813, however, Elliott was replaced as commander of the Lake Erie squadron by Master Commandant Oliver H. Perry.\nTransferred to Lake Ontario, Elliott served under Commodore Isaac Chauncey as captain on board the flagship the USS\u00a0Madison, and took part in the Battle of York on 27 April 1813 and the Battle of Fort George on 27 May. He was promoted to master commandant in July and reassigned to the Lake Erie squadron, to serve as Commodore Perry's second-in-command. He felt Perry had insufficient combat experience, and was particularly critical of Perry's choice of Presque Isle for his shipyard. During the Battle of Lake Erie against a British squadron under Captain Robert Barclay on 10 September, Elliott commanded the brig USS\u00a0Niagara. Perry commanded the Niagara's sister-ship, USS\u00a0Lawrence. In the center of the American line of battle, the Niagara was astern of the Caledonia which in turn was astern of the Lawrence. During the early stages of the battle, the Lawrence fought alone against several of the heaviest British ships while the Niagara was scarcely engaged. After the Lawrence was battered into a wreck, Perry took command of the Niagara while Elliott was dispatched by boat to urge the smaller American gunboats at the rear of the line of battle into closer action. The battle ended with the surrender of the entire British squadron.\nElliott won distinction for his actions and official praise from Perry, and was given command of the Lake Erie squadron the next month. There was nevertheless controversy over his actions during the battle. Some (including Perry) suspected that he had deliberately held Niagara out of the battle in the beginning, and they would feud over this point to the end of their lives. On January 6, 1814, both Elliott and Perry were each honored with a Congressional Gold Medal, and the Thanks of Congress.  (See 3 Stat. 141.) This was in recognition of the first time in history when an entire British naval squadron had surrendered.  (Compare Congressional Gold Medal Honoring Jesse D. Elliott and Congressional Gold Medal Honoring Oliver Hazard Perry.)  In addition to the medals, Elliott and Perry each received an equal share of the prize money ($7,140.00 apiece) for the capture of the British squadron at Lake Erie.  In recognition of Perry's position as commodore of the squadron, Congress voted Perry an additional payment of $5,000.00, which became a source of consternation for Elliott.  In 1818 Elliott was elected as an honorary member of the Maryland Society of the Cincinnati. Even before the medals were presented, Elliott and Perry became embroiled in a thirty-year-long controversy over their respective conduct and fault in the battle, extending even beyond Perry's death in 1819. Perry claimed that Elliott had failed to offer timely support; Elliott decried lack of communication and signals on Perry's part.  In August 1818 Perry drew up a list of charges against Elliott but was, apparently, dissuaded by the Secretary of the Navy against formally filing them.\nPerry left his list of charges and specifications with his friend Commodore Stephen Decatur when he left on his diplomatic mission to Venezuela in 1819, during which he died.  Elliott served as the second to Captain James Barron in the duel in which Barron killed Decatur in 1820.  Decatur's widow published the charges made by Perry years later as she held Elliott to be at least partially responsible for her husband's death. Elliott commanded the sloop USS Ontario during the Second Barbary War, and was promoted to Captain in 1818, serving on a naval commission selecting sites for navy yards, lighthouses, and other coastal fortifications, until 1822. In 1820, Elliott was second to Commodore James Barron when the latter fatally shot Stephen Decatur in a duel. He was transferred to the Brazil Squadron in 1825, served as captain of the USS Cyane for two years, and later commanded the West Indies Squadron from 1829 to 1832.\nElliott was appointed commander of the Boston Navy Yard in 1833 and of the frigate USS Constitution and the Mediterranean Squadron from 3 March 1835 to 18 August 1838. During the Mediterranean assignment, he was charged with minor offenses by several of his junior officers, including using his official position for personal gain and transporting animals he had purchased aboard Constitution.\nElliott was recalled to the United States in 1838. He was politically unpopular at the time (possibly stemming back to his performance during the Battle of Lake Erie and subsequent feud with Perry), and was convicted of these charges and suspended from duty for four years until the remaining charges were dismissed by President John Tyler in October 1843. Appointed commander of the Philadelphia Navy Yard in December 1844, Elliott remained there until his death on 10 December 1845. He is buried in Mount Moriah Cemetery in Philadelphia. After being overgrown for many years, his grave was re-identified in 2012. Midshipman - 2 April 1804\nLieutenant - 23 April 1810\nMaster Commandant - 24 July 1813\nCaptain - 27 March 1818", ["w_s836"]]
[30428, "Prospect High School (PHS) is a public high school in Saratoga, California, United States. It is part of the Campbell Union High School District.<PIC> Prospect offers a mix of advanced and on-level classes. Its curricula are continually evaluated and modified to reflect the needs of students and to assure that all students are challenged and supported in their academic growth. For the college bound student, Prospect offers numerous honors and Advanced Placement classes and meets California State University and University of California requirements soundly. Vocational and technical coursework is offered through the elective program on campus and the Central County Occupational Center. In addition, the Special Education and English Language Development programs foster the spirit of full inclusion through mainstreaming and Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English (SDAIE) classes\u2014other student support services include AVID, The after school homework center, Math and English Workshops, Reading Intervention, and Title I. Recently, Prospect switched to an Integrated Math system compliant to Common Core standards. 45.5% percent of Prospect's graduating class of 2020 report that they will enroll in a two or four-year college or university.\nIn 2011, Prospect became the first school in the Campbell Union High School District to adopt Naviance, bolstering the campus College and Career Center with this guidance software. In addition to this, Prospect offers a varied curriculum, offering nine Advanced Placement and eighteen total Honors-level courses. Unique to Prospect is the Astronomy class, made possible by the easily recognized dome telescope; the Mandarin class, new for the 2012\u201313 school year and only offered at Prospect within CUHSD, the Accounting class in the Applied Arts department; and the Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID) program. Connections to West Valley College via the Middle College and College Advantage programs give college-bound high school students a jump on college admissions and credits. In addition to academic excellence, Prospect places a large emphasis on its many athletic programs. A member of the Blossom Valley Athletic League, Prospect's teams and individual athletes frequently advance to the Central Coast Section championships.\n1979 Varsity Softball defeated Hillsdale High School 5-1 for Prospect's first CCS title.\n1982 Varsity Baseball team won first CCS men's title in school history by defeating Westmont (8-7).\n1983-1986 100m breaststroker Jennifer Hau won the CCS championship four times consecutively with times of 1:07.43, 1:03.30, 1:02.66, and 1:03.89.\n1985 100m backstroke swimmer Dave Meck won the CCS Individual Championship with a time of 52.72.\n1988 Varsity Football team won WVAL division title by being undefeated (9-0). They lost in the quarterfinals of the CCS Div 1-3A playoffs to Wilcox High (25-6).\n1988 Varsity swimmer Joyce Murphy won the CCS 100m freestyle championship with a time of 52.12.\n1990 Varsity Badminton player Janelle Yamasaki won the Girls Singles CCS Championship.\n1992 Men's Varsity Soccer team was declared CCS co-champion with Monta Vista after a scoreless game lasting 110 minutes.\n1997 Varsity Football team won BVAL division title by being undefeated (9-0-1)).\n2003 Track and Field individual athlete Ferman Smith won first place in the CCS high jump finals, leaping six feet, six and a half inches to advance to the CIF state championships.\n2009 Men's Varsity Soccer team won CCS title in OT (3-2) by scoring three unanswered goals to overcome 2-0 halftime deficit against Terra Nova.\n2009 Varsity wrestler Shohei Takagi wins the 135-lb CCS title.\n2010 Men's Tennis team tied for the Santa Teresa division of the BVAL.\n2011 The Field Hockey team were league champions in the West Valley Division of BVAL.\n2011 Varsity Football team won Homecoming in double OT against San Jose High Academy (42-41) after erasing eight-point deficit in final minute of regulation.\n2012 Track and Field individual athlete Kamara Biawogi won first place in the 110m hurdles CCS Finals with a time of 14.42, advancing to the CIF state championships.\n2012 Varsity Softball team was co-league champions in the Santa Teresa division of BVAL.\n2012 Men's Swimming 300m Freestyle CCS Individual Championship, John Lee, with a time of 7:59.39\n2012 Men's Volleyball went undefeated in its league, winning the BVAL's Santa Teresa Division and advancing to the CCS Championships as the 10th overall seed.\n2014 Men's Tennis team was co-league champions of the Santa Teresa division of the BVAL.\n2014 Men's Swimming 100m Freestyle CCS Individual Championship, Arm Albakay, with a time of 2:43.32\n2014 and 2015 Women's Track and Field named BVAL champs.\n2015 Men's 4x4 team wins BVAL, goes to CCS and makes CCS top 8 as the youngest team at the meet\n2015 Cross Country women's varsity team and individual male athlete Danny Rubino advance to CIF state championships.\n2016 Varsity Badminton player Leonard Thang won the Boys Singles CCS Championship.\n2016 Women's Track and Field athlete Olga Baryshnikova: BVAL High Jump champion, 3rd place at CCS with 3-way tie at 5'7\" and advanced to CIF state meet.\n2016 Men's Varsity Soccer won CCS co-championship\n2019 Cross Country individual male athlete Elliot Daniels places 2nd in CCS Division 3 and advances to CIF state meet\n2019 Men's Varsity Soccer won CCS championship, advanced to CIF state semifinal\n2021 Varsity Football team wins the BVAL West Valley league championship after defeating Del Mar and finishing an undefeated 5-0 season Prospect has a relatively small campus at the base of the Santa Cruz Mountains. Spanning twenty-nine acres and 14 buildings, Prospect serves 1,550 students with an average class size of 32 students. The original construction began in what was originally a cherry orchard in 1966, the campus opening in September 1968 for the 1968\u20131969 school year.  Since 2005, district bonds from Measure C and state funds have renovated most of the campus, most notably:\nIn 2005, the $4.3 million science wing was completed. Designed with energy efficiency and advanced laboratories in mind, the building has automated radiant heating, an artistic sundial in the courtyard, and a robotically controlled fiberglass dome telescope.\nIn 2006, the A-wing (English), B-wing (Administrative Facilities), and C-wing (Math and Social Sciences) were renovated.\nIn 2007, the L-wing and the library were renovated. The library, while small, features a technology center, student art showcases, extensive collections and databases, and plenty of study space and natural light.\nIn 2008, the main gymnasium was renovated. The baseball and softball fields were updated, and the two remaining fields were replaced with low-maintenance, beautiful synthetic turf fields.\nIn 2010, the locker rooms and gymnasium lobby were renovated. Also, in 2010, the Panther mascot painted on the front of the school was updated to look more like a panther and less like a \"beaver\", as it was affectionately called.\nIn 2011, the new Performing Arts center was completed. The main quad was landscaped.\nIn 2012, both parking lots were redone. Solar panels were added to provide shade and renewable energy for students and faculty.\nIn 2015, Johnson Field House and cooking facilities were finished with a separate building for bathrooms and general maintenance.\nIn the 2016\u20132017 school year, the F-wing was renovated for a large video production classroom, complete with a studio and control room. The studio was finally completed in September 2018.\nIn 2018, the Campbell Union High School District implemented fences surrounding all of its high school campuses, including Prospect.\nThe cafeteria and remaining wings (art, music, and CTE) are scheduled for renovation as well. In the 2016\u20132017 school year, it was announced that Prospect would add a new two-story STEM building to its campus. The tennis courts were removed in spring of 2018 and were replaced by August 2018 in the back field. Construction began on the STEM building in the fall of 2018. The STEM building is set to open in August 2022 in time for the 2022\u201323 school year. Associative Student Body (ASB) - The school's official student government.\nAstronomy Club \u2013 Prospect High School is the only high school in the Bay Area with a working observatory\nMock Trial \u2013 The school Mock Trial team won its first Santa Clara County Championship in 2006, when it defeated Palo Alto High School. In 2011, the Mock Trial team defeated Saratoga High School to again win the County championship.  In 2012, the team went undefeated in the county tournament, to repeat as county champions. The team was County Champion both in 2015 and 2019; and earned the school's 6th County Championship in 2022.\nIn 2014, the Prospect Debate Team was ranked 27th in the nation for Parliamentary debate. In 2017, it rose to 9th in the nation.\nProspect eSports Nation (PeSN) Grant Geissman, (Class of 1971), American jazz guitarist\nJohn Meehan, criminal who was the subject of the 'Dirty John' Los Angeles Times series, a podcast, and a TV show, mid 70s\nWayne Koestenbaum, (Class of 1976), American poet and cultural critic\nSteve Harwell (Class of 1985), lead singer of Smash Mouth\nJon Nakamatsu (class of 1986), concert pianist\nGordy Carbone (Class of 1993), singer and radio host", ["w_s837"]]
[30429, "The Middlesex Plat Historic District is located in Des Moines, Iowa, United States.  It was an upper-middle-class neighborhood of two-story square houses and bungalows that were built from 1910 to 1923.   The district has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2000.  It is part of The Bungalow and Square House--Des Moines Residential Growth and Development MPS.<PIC> The Middlesex Plat is an infill area to the east of the western developments that had been built in the late 19th and early 20th century.  The reason this plat had not been developed earlier was a lack of infrastructure.  The Ingersoll Run sewer line was completed into northwest Des Moines in 1907.  The closest streetcar line was along University Avenue, which was a distance to the north, and other the lines in the Drake and Sherman Hill neighborhoods ended to the east of this area.  They were extended at the time of the sewer lines.  Another factor was that the property was owned by J. Callanan who kept the property off the real estate market in the late 19th century.  Most of the houses in the district were built from 1910 to 1923.  Those who promoted the development of the area were able to control it in order to maintain their promises to those who bought lots and the builders.  Realtor Winner and Kauffman and house builders Henry Tillia and Charles Barnes were influential in the development of the area. The Middlesex Plat Historic District is largely composed of square houses and bungalows with a mixture of a variety of subtypes.  Of the 293 properties in the district 187 are houses, of which only nine are not contributing because they were built more recently or substantially altered. There are also 106 detached garages in the district, of which 62 are contributing properties.  The square houses outnumber the bungalows, and there are also 18 other houses that were built in another architectural style.\nMost of the square house plans have a front gabled roofs with a full-width front porch.  Six of them were built before 1906 with most of them built between 1910-1911 and then 1914\u20131916.  Three more houses were built in this style between 1917 and 1918, with the last being built in 1923.  The second largest subtype has a side-gabled roof.  The peak year for construction of this type was 1910 when seven were built.  Otherwise, two to three houses were started each year between 1906 and 1919.  The last four houses in this subtype were built between 1919 and 1925.  There were only nine American foursquare houses with a hip roof built in the district.  All but two were built before 1911.  The other two were built in 1916.\nMost of the bungalows feature a gable front with an offset front wing with a roof that is partly a continuation of the main roof.  Of the 23 in this style, three were built before 1914 and 15 were built after 1918.  Seven of the bungalows have a gabled front porch with a gabled side porch.  Four more bungalows have a gabled front with a parallel gable front porch.  One was built in 1911 and the rest were built in 1918.  There are three \"areoplane bungalows\" that feature a gable front single story design that has a second story room or rooms that appear to be pushed up through the roof.  Three bungalows feature a front gable with recessed full-width front porch (1918, 1921, 1923).  Only one bungalow has a hipped roof (1908) and there is also one example of a \"plain bungalow.\"  The remaining bungalows feature a side gable.  Of these, 14 have a single roof pitch with a full-width front porch.  They were built beginning in 1910 with the last being built in 1921.  There are 16 more bungalows that feature a less than full-width front porch.  They can be further divided into two subgroups because of their influences from either the American Craftsman or the Colonial styles.  The Colonials, for the most part, were built later in the time period.\nThe remaining 18 houses follow the Tudor Revival, Colonial Revival or the Prairie Style.  Except for the house that had a basement level garage, there are few examples of early garages.  Because they post-date the period being studying they do not contribute to the historic nature of the district.  There are also no alleys in the district and the narrow lots also limited garage construction.  Seven of the garages are attached to the houses and 29 are basement garages.", ["w_s841"]]
[30430, "IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA ICE) is a Building performance simulation (BPS) software. IDA ICE is a simulation application for the multi-zonal and dynamic study of indoor climate phenomena as well as energy use. The implemented models are state of the art, many studies show that simulation results and measured data compare well.<PIC> The user interface of IDA ICE makes it easy to create simple cases but also offers the flexibility to go into detail of advanced studies. Many inputs are adaptable to local requirements such as climate data, material data, system components or result reports. IDA ICE provides a 3D environment for geometry modeling, the table-based input of boundary conditions provide good visual feedback and enables efficient quality check. A simple procedure for calculating and reporting cooling, heating, air demand, and energy, together with a built-in version handling system, makes it efficient to compare different systems and results. \nAdvanced daylight calculation are achieved by interfacing the Radiance lighting simulation tool with result visualization in the 3D environment. A module for Appendix G of ASHRAE 90.1-2010 is available, this is used for example in LEED and BREEAM. The integrated radiosity method with single reflection and one measuring point can be used for whole-year daylight analysis and allows modeling daylight-based control strategies (e.g. shading devices, artificial lightening).\nThere is also the \"Early Stage Building Optimization\" (ESBO) user interface which makes it possible for users to experiment with variations in both buildings and systems at an early stage with a minimum of user input. A full range of component models for renewable energy studies is available, with boreholes, stratified tanks, heat pumps, solar collectors, CHP, PV, wind turbines, etc.\nAn interface with OpenFOAM for detailed CFD studies is in development. IDA ICE can be used for complete energy and design studies, involving the envelope, systems, plant and control strategies. The equation-based approach enables solving more complex mathematical problems than software using imperative programming languages. The IDA ICE model library features viewable code; the model equations can be viewed and adapted, every variable in the whole system can be logged. The flexible architecture of the software makes it easy to develop the software continuously to adapt it to local requirements and languages, and to expand it with new capabilities. Additional features like parametric simulation runs and visual scripting support decision making in a parametric design process. The coupling with optimization engines like GenOpt is available directly in the program.\nThe big advantage compared to other BPS software is the coupled simulation of building envelope, systems and controls. IDA ICE library components are either written in the Neutral Model Format (NMF) or Modelica. The software is fully scriptable with Common LISP. The IDA general purpose solver comes with a variable timestep, which guarantees that no event in the system will be missed. IDA ICE supports IFC BIM models generated by tools such as ArchiCAD, Revit, MagiCAD, and others. Geometry an shading on site can also be imported from SketchUp, Rhino or other geometry tools. Solar influx is evaluated through windows (also internal) with full 3D accounting for the local shading situation. Additionally it has an integrated geometry editor where building and zone geometry can be modeled with 2D architectural drawings or pictures serving as template.\nClimate files like EnergyPlus weather files (EPW) or ASHRAE climate files, can be downloaded and installed. The table-based input structure allows full interoperability with MS Excel and comparable software. Modern features like copy and paste and Drag&drop combined with visual input data check make input data management easier. IDA ICE output include tables, charts, reports and plots. 3D visualizations (both stills and animations) show geometry, solar shadings, color coded input data as well as results. Arrow animations in 3D visualize ventilation air flows, window energy balance, and wind driven flows. There are special reports for LEED submittal forms included. The diagram plots deliver vector graphics which allows detailed result analysis in custom reports. Results can be exported to Microsoft Word or Excel. A single zone IDA ICE model with default systems comprises a total of approximately 2 000 time dependent variables, any of which may be plotted.\nPredefined output files and reports cover\nZone heat and energy balances: solar radiation, occupants, equipment, lights, mechanical ventilation, heating and cooling devices, air leakage, heat bridge losses and surface transmission\nControl signals: window opening and shading, signals for secondary and primary systems\nBuilding occupancy: for each zone or the whole building\nHeat and mass transfer: detailed heat fluxes of surfaces and air streams\nIndoor air quality: CO\u2082-content of indoor air and moisture levels, air change rate\nComfort indices: operative temperature, surface temperatures, PPD and PMV, unmet load hours, EN15251 comfort results and daylight availability\nEnergy demand: total energy separated by application, including energy costs based on time-dependent prices, primary energy results and CO\u2082 emission", ["w_s845"]]
[30431, "Eastwind Airlines was a start-up airline formed in mid-1995 and headquartered in Trenton, New Jersey, United States, and later in Greensboro, North Carolina. Jim McNally, a former Price Waterhouse analyst who had headed that firm's recovery teams when several other airlines sought management and investment help, founded the airline. McNally's paper airline found a benefactor in UM Holdings, a Haddonfield, New Jersey-based investment company, which provided investment capital.\nThe airline began in August 1995. Eastwind chose Trenton as no major airlines served Trenton and the airline believed that it could attract passengers from Philadelphia and New York City. The headquarters moved to Greensboro in 1996 after Continental Airlines ended the Continental Lite operations in Greensboro. The airline served the following destinations in the eastern U.S. at various times during its existence:\nFlorida\nFort Lauderdale (Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport)\nJacksonville, Florida (Jacksonville International Airport)\nOrlando (Orlando International Airport)\nSaint Petersburg (Saint Petersburg Clearwater International Airport)\nTampa (Tampa International Airport)\nWest Palm Beach (Palm Beach International Airport)\nGeorgia\nAtlanta (Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport)\nMassachusetts\nBoston (Logan International Airport)\nNew Jersey\nTrenton (Trenton-Mercer Airport) Rochester (Greater Rochester International Airport)\nNew York (LaGuardia Airport)\nNorth Carolina\nGreensboro/High Point/Winston-Salem (Piedmont Triad International Airport)\nPennsylvania\nPhiladelphia (Philadelphia International Airport)\nPittsburgh (Pittsburgh International Airport)\nRhode Island\nProvidence (T.F. Green Airport)\nVirginia\nRichmond (Richmond International Airport)\nWashington, DC area (Washington Dulles International Airport) At the height of the airline's operation in 1998, it operated a fleet of three Boeing 737-200 and two Boeing 737-700 aircraft. Throughout its history, Eastwind owned a total of five first-generation 737-200, two were already sold for scrap in 1997.<PIC> On June 9, 1996 Eastwind Airlines Flight 517, a Boeing 737-2H5 experienced a reported loss of rudder control while on approach to Richmond from Trenton. There was one minor injury to a flight attendant and no damage to the airplane as a result of the incident. At the time of the event the airplane's airspeed was about 250 knots and at 4,000 feet MSL. On approach the crew experienced unexpected movement of the rudder causing the airplane rolling to the right. The crew applied opposite rudder to keep the plane from rolling over. Thirty-seconds later the plane righted itself back to normal flight. As the crew performed the emergency checklist the plane again rolled over to the right. Another thirty-seconds went by before the plane snapped back to level. The crew declared an emergency and landed safely in Richmond. Investigation of this incident would later help solve two other unsolved accidents: United Airlines Flight 585 and USAir Flight 427.\nOn July 17, 1996 Eastwind Airlines Flight 507 described the first reports of TWA Flight 800 exploding. Due to the short runway at Trenton-Mercer Airport, the airline served Philadelphia for a short time, but consolidated its flights back to Trenton, New Jersey in early 1999 when Delta Air Lines terminated their contract to handle ground services.\nBy 1999, the airline was in dire straits, facing some performance concerns as well as severe financial trouble.  In July 1999, the airline terminated several senior managers including its CEO.\nThe airline's financial situation deteriorated when two new Boeing 737-700 aircraft were purchased in 1997.  Service issues created tension with its customers, resulting in large numbers of complaints filed with the FAA.  In 1999, two passengers in Greensboro who feared being stranded in Greensboro refused to get off an airplane forcing the captain to call authorities.\nWhile the airline's management refused to file for bankruptcy, in October 1999, three creditors filed a petition for involuntary bankruptcy in an effort to force the airline to liquidate.  The airline ceased all operations shortly afterwards. The two 737-700s were acquired by Southwest Airlines and Shanghai Airlines, while the last three 737-200s were withdrawn from the fleet and permanently retired (one remains in use as a fire trainer, and the rest were scrapped in 2000). On the morning of Thanksgiving Day 1998 passengers in Boston were greeted at Eastwind check-in counter with simple sign reading \"Indefinite Delay\" and no staff present whatsoever. Most passengers were accommodated by other airlines for minimal fees.", ["w_s846"]]
[30432, "Juanne Hugo Smith (born 30 July 1981) is a South African former professional rugby union player who represented South Africa in international test rugby, the Cheetahs in the Super Rugby competition, and the Free State Cheetahs in the Currie Cup. He mainly played as a blindside flanker, although he has also played number eight.<PIC> Smith made his international debut for South Africa on 7 June 2003 as a reserve in the 29\u201325 victory over Scotland at Kings Park Stadium in Durban. He was also named in the Springboks' team for the second Scottish Test the following week. He then played at number 8 during the 2003 Tri Nations Series against Australia and the All Blacks.\nSmith was included in the Springboks squad for the 2003 Rugby World Cup in Australia. He played in four matches at the World Cup and scored a try in the match against Manu Samoa. Although he only played the one Test for South Africa during 2004 \u2013 against Wales at Millennium Stadium in Cardiff in November, he was capped 10 times for the Springboks the following season.\nHe was a reserve in matches against Uruguay and France, before being moving up into the starting line-up again as a flanker for the 2005 Tri Nations Series. The Free State Cheetahs made it to the 2005 Currie Cup final, where they defeated the Blue Bulls to win the championship. He then played in the 20\u201316 loss against France at Stade de France in Paris.\nThe Cheetahs gained entrance into the Super 14, and competed in the 2006 season. Smith captained the side, which ended up doing remarkably well for a new team, and the Cheetahs finished above the other new team, the Western Force, as well as three other Super 14 teams. He played in the 2006 mid-year rugby tests wins over Scotland, as well as the loss against France in South Africa, then being named in the Springboks' 2006 Tri Nations Series squad.\nSmith was a key part of the World Cup-winning team to lift the Webb Ellis trophy in 2007. Although Smith wears the number seven on the back of his shirt, implying that he is an open side flanker, he is actually a blindside flanker, as the custom in South Africa is for openside to wear the number six rather than seven. Renowned for his strong ball carrying, Smith is one of the best blindside flankers in the world.\nOn 25 February 2011, in a Super Rugby match against the Bulls in Bloemfontein, Smith tore his Achilles tendon, which caused him to miss the rest of the 2011 Super Rugby season, as well as the Tri Nations and the 2011 Rugby World Cup.\nIn April 2012, Smith announced that he would be taking an indefinite break from rugby due to the ongoing battle with his Achilles injury. He had had four operations on the injury but was concerned that the recovery was taking longer than he had hoped. \"The right thing to do now is to give my injury sufficient time to heal 100%,\" Smith said in an interview with the Volksblad newspaper.\nDespite making his long-awaited comeback for the Cheetahs playing against the Bulls in a pre-season game in February 2013, the results of a subsequent MRI scan forced Smith to announce his retirement from the game.\nOn 10 September 2013 it was announced that Smith had been persuaded to come out of retirement and had signed a deal with RC Toulonnais.\nSmith's 2013 season return to rugby resembles a fairytale story.  Returning from a career ending injury to an unprecedentedly successful season, Toulon won the Heineken Cup, becoming only the third team ever to retain the title.  On 24 May 2014, Smith scored the decisive try in the 60th minute of the final against Saracens. He also played a crucial part in the final of the French Top 14 a week later on 31 May 2014, in which Toulon defeated Castres Olympique to win the title for the first time since 1992. Subsequently, and capping a remarkable comeback year, on 6 August 2014, Smith was recalled to the Springboks team for the Rugby Championship against New Zealand, Australia and Argentina.\nIn 2015 Smith again won the European Rugby Champions Cup with Toulon.\nSmith then had a short stint in Japan with Toyota Verblitz, but left citing family reasons, and retired from all rugby in 2017. South Africa Under-21\nWorld Cup: 2002\nFree State Cheetahs\nCurrie Cup: 2005\nSouth Africa\nWorld Cup: 2007\nTri-Nations: 2009\nLions Series: 2009\nToulon\nHeineken Cup European Champions/European Rugby Champions Cup: 2014, 2015\nTop 14 French League\u00a0: 2014", ["w_s855"]]
[30433, "Mark George Yudof (born October 30, 1944) is an American law professor and academic administrator. He is a former president of the University of California (2008-2013), former chancellor of the University of Texas System (2002\u20132008), and former president of the University of Minnesota (1997\u20132002).\nIn addition to his position as Chancellor at The University of Texas, Yudof held the Charles Alan Wright Chair in Federal Courts at the University of Texas School of Law.  Previously, he was a faculty member and administrator at The University of Texas at Austin for 26 years, serving as dean of the School of Law from 1984 to 1994 and as the university's executive vice president and provost from 1994 to 1997.<PIC> Born in Philadelphia to parents of Ukrainian Jewish descent,  Yudof was raised in West Philadelphia. Yudof's father worked as an electrician. Yudof earned his B.A. cum laude in political science  from the University of Pennsylvania in 1965 and LL.B. cum laude from the University of Pennsylvania School of Law in 1968. Yudof joined the faculty of The University of Texas School of Law in 1971. He has also been a visiting professor at the University of Michigan Law School and UC Berkeley School of Law.\nYudof is a recognized expert in the fields of constitutional law, freedom of expression, and education law. He was co-counsel for the plaintiffs in the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court case San Antonio v. Rodriguez, the landmark school finance lawsuit. He is the author of Gender Justice (with David L. Kirp and Marlene Franks), (Chicago Press, 1986; Paperback, 1987) and of When Government Speaks: Politics, Law, and Government Expression in America, (The University of California Press, 1983). Yudof became a member of the State Bar of Texas in 1980.  From 1984 to 1994, Yudof served as dean of the University of Texas School of Law. From 1994 to 1997, Yudof served as executive vice president and provost of the University of Texas at Austin. In that position, Yudof initiated many improvements to undergraduate education, including creating a freshman seminar program and Academy of Distinguished Teachers. On July 1, 1997, Yudof took office as the 14th president of the University of Minnesota. In his first year as president, Yudof took advantage of a state budget surplus to fund construction projects, historic preservation, and academic priorities at the university. Yudof helped to establish freshman seminars. In 1999 the university moved from a quarter to semester system.\nThe university encountered scandal in 1999 after the St. Paul Pioneer Press reported that an academic counseling staffer at Minnesota claimed to have done coursework for many student-athletes on the Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball program over the past five years, as well as several other NCAA rules violations by Minnesota basketball. Yudof oversaw self-imposed sanctions on the men's basketball program. Those sanctions included a $1.5 million buyout of the contract of head coach Clem Haskins, a postseason ban for the 1999\u20132000 season, and scholarship reductions. The scandal led to the resignations of men's athletic director Mark Dienhart and university vice president McKinley Boston. Members of the university board of regents praised Yudof for his handling of the scandal. By 2002, Yudof united men's and women's athletics at Minnesota under a single athletic director.\nIn 2002, a six-story apartment-style hall was built at the University of Minnesota and was named Riverbend Commons and then subsequently renamed after Mark G. Yudof. It is currently referred to as Yudof or Yudof Hall. Yudof became the ninth chancellor of the University of Texas System on August 1, 2002. Simultaneously, he was president emeritus at the University of Minnesota and Charles Alan Wright Chair in Federal Courts at the University of Texas School of Law. As University of Texas System chancellor, Yudof allowed individual campuses to set their own tuition rates. He resigned on June 15, 2008, to become President of the University of California system. In March 2008, Yudof was selected as the next president of UC, to succeed Robert C. Dynes. He began his term on June 16, 2008.\nIn November 2009, TIME Magazine recognized Mark Yudof as one of the \"10 Best College Presidents\", citing his efforts to provide opportunity and access to a quality education for California residents with financial need whose family income is less than $60,000.\nIn January 2013, Yudof announced his plan to resign as president of the University of California, effective August 31, 2013. He was heavily criticized for securing the maximum pension of $350,000 after only 7 years of service, including one year on paid sabbatical and another in which he taught only one class per semester. The California budget crisis resulted in massive cuts to higher education by the California State Legislature and Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. Struggling to grapple with the ensuing crisis, California legislative leaders cut more than 20 percent from the UC budget in one year - the largest budgetary reduction in the history of the UC. In a July 9 \"Open Letter to UC alumni and friends,\" UC Regent Richard Blum; Russell Gould, then-chair; Sherry Lansing, then-vice chair; and UC president Yudof wrote, \n\"The UC model \u2014 providing universal access to a top-notch, low-cost education and research of the highest caliber \u2014 continues to be studied around the globe among those who would emulate its success. And yet, this model has been increasingly abandoned at home by a state government responsible for its core funding.\"\nAs state budgetary support declined dramatically, Yudof kicked off an online grassroots advocacy effort in order to make the case for the University of California. In 2008, Yudof organized advocacy efforts on social media. Yudof called on all students, faculty, staff, alumni and friends to unite behind an aggressive push to make funding UC a state priority.\nIn 2009, Yudof further bolstered this effort through a campaign seeking to let legislators and the governor know how critical their support is in preserving the university's commitment to quality and student access.\nAlso in 2009, Yudof came under criticism for an interview that he gave to Deborah Solomon of the New York Times, in which he joked about taking a pay cut from his salary of over $800,000 to $400,000 in exchange for the White House and Air Force One. In October 2009, seeking to help keep the University of California accessible and affordable for California students, President Yudof announced an ambitious effort that aims to raise $1 billion for student support over the next four years. Through the fundraising effort, Project You Can, all 10 UC campuses have committed to raise $1 billion in the aggregate over the next four years\u2014doubling the amount of private support the system has raised for scholarships, fellowships and other gift aid in the previous five years. The UC Board of Regents endorsed the effort at its November 2009 meeting. Yudof made the Project You Can announcement at Sunnyside High School, which for 10 years has propelled promising students toward health careers through its Doctors Academy, a program sponsored by UCSF Fresno. Despite facing social and economic barriers \u2014 87 percent of Sunnyside's students are eligible for free or reduced lunch \u2014 all Doctors Academy graduates have gone on to college, 43 percent of them at UC campuses. Citing increasingly unreliable funding provided to universities by state government, President Yudof called for the federal government to bolster its financial commitments to the nation's universities and colleges in his paper titled Exploring a New Role for Federal Government in Higher Education. In announcing the proposal, Yudof remarked:\nWe must find creative ways to expand the federal commitment to research and access into a new category: The nuts-and-bolts core funding that is vital to a robust university, allowing it to hire quality professors, equip laboratories and expand the physical plant.\nNew York Times columnist Bob Herbert visited the UC Berkeley campus and had this to say: \nThe problems at Berkeley are particularly acute because of the state's drastic reduction of support. But colleges and universities across the country \u2014 public and private \u2014 are struggling because of the prolonged economic crisis and the pressure on state budgets. It will say a great deal about what kind of nation we've become if we let these most valuable assets slip into a period of decline.\n  His op-ed piece, \"Cracks in the Future,\" ran in the New York Times citing UC Berkeley as evidence of the cracks appearing in America's cornerstone of civilization - higher education. Yudof is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the American Law Institute. In 1993, he and his wife, Judy, were the co-recipients of the Jewish National Fund Tree of Life Award.  Judy Yudof served as the first female international president of the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism in 2002.  In February 2010, Regents of the University of Texas System established the Mark G. and Judy G. Yudof Chair for the benefit of the University of Texas School of Law. In 2012, The Jewish Daily Forward named Yudof in its \"Forward 50\" list of influential Jewish Americans.", ["w_s856"]]
[30434, "Aporosa is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the  family Phyllanthaceae, first described as a genus in 1825. It is native to China, the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Papuasia, and Queensland.\nThese plants are mostly dioecious trees or shrubs. Four species (A. hermaphrodita, A. heterodoxa, A. brevicaudata, and A. egreria) have consistently bisexual flowers, although they may be functionally dioecious. The seeds have brightly colored arils that are attractive to birds, which disperse the seeds.\nThere are about 80 species.\nSpecies\nAporosa acuminata - SW India, Sri Lanka\nAporosa alia - Borneo\nAporosa annulata - New Guinea, Bismarcks\nAporosa antennifera - Borneo, Sumatra, W Malaysia\nAporosa arborea - Borneo, Sumatra, W Malaysia, Java, S Thailand\nAporosa aurea - Borneo, Sumatra, W Malaysia, S Thailand\nAporosa banahaensis - Philippines, Sabah\nAporosa basilanensis - Borneo, Basilan\nAporosa benthamiana - Borneo, Sumatra, W Malaysia, Philippines\nAporosa bourdillonii - Kerala\nAporosa brassii - E New Guinea, Bismarcks\nAporosa brevicaudata - New Guinea\nAporosa bullatissima - Borneo\nAporosa caloneura - Borneo\nAporosa cardiosperma - W India, Sri Lanka\nAporosa carrii - E New Guinea\nAporosa chondroneura - Borneo\nAporosa confusa - Borneo, Sumatra, W Malaysia\nAporosa decipiens - New Guinea\nAporosa dendroidea - Maluku\nAporosa duthieana - Indochina\nAporosa egregia - W New Guinea\nAporosa elmeri - Borneo\nAporosa falcifera - Borneo, Sumatra, W Malaysia, Sulawesi, S Thailand\nAporosa ficifolia - Mainland Southeast Asia\nAporosa flexuosa - New Guinea\nAporosa frutescens - Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines\nAporosa fulvovittata - Sabah\nAporosa fusiformis - SW India, Sri Lanka\nAporosa globifera - Sumatra, W Malaysia, S Thailand\nAporosa grandistipula - Borneo, Sulawesi\nAporosa granularis - Borneo\nAporosa hermaphrodita - E New Guinea\nAporosa heterodoxa - Bougainville I\nAporosa illustris - Borneo\nAporosa lagenocarpa - Borneo\nAporosa lamellata - New Guinea\nAporosa lanceolata - Sri Lanka\nAporosa latifolia - Sri Lanka\nAporosa laxiflora - E New Guinea, Bismarcks\nAporosa ledermanniana - New Guinea, Bismarcks, Louisiades\nAporosa leptochrysandra - New Guinea\nAporosa leytensis - Philippines, Sulawesi\nAporosa longicaudata - New Guinea\nAporosa lucida - Malaysia, Indonesia\nAporosa lunata - Borneo, Sumatra, W Malaysia, Java, S Thailand\nAporosa macrophylla - Myanmar\nAporosa maingayi - W Malaysia\nAporosa microstachya - W Malaysia, Java, S Thailand, S Myanmar\nAporosa misimana - E New Guinea\nAporosa nervosa - Borneo, Sumatra, W Malaysia, S Thailand\nAporosa nigricans - Borneo, Sumatra, W Malaysia, S Thailand\nAporosa nigropunctata - New Guinea\nAporosa nitida - Borneo\nAporosa octandra - S China, SE Asia, New Guinea, Queensland\nAporosa papuana - New Guinea, Bismarcks, Solomons\nAporosa parvula - W New Guinea\nAporosa penangensis - W Malaysia, S Thailand\nAporosa planchoniana - Mainland Southeast Asia\nAporosa praegrandifolia - New Guinea\nAporosa prainiana - Borneo, Sumatra, W Malaysia\nAporosa pseudoficifolia - W Malaysia, S Thailand, S Myanmar\nAporosa quadrilocularis - Kedah, Sumatra\nAporosa reticulata - E New Guinea\nAporosa rhacostyla - Sarawak\nAporosa sarawakensis - Borneo\nAporosa sclerophylla - E New Guinea\nAporosa selangorica - W Malaysia\nAporosa serrata - Laos, N Thailand\nAporosa sphaeridiophora - Philippines, Java\nAporosa stellifera - Sumatra, W Malaysia, S Thailand\nAporosa stenostachys - Sarawak\nAporosa subcaudata - Borneo, Sumatra, W Malaysia\nAporosa sylvestri - Sarawak\nAporosa symplocifolia - Philippines\nAporosa symplocoides - Borneo, Sumatra, W Malaysia, S Thailand\nAporosa tetrapleura - Cambodia, Vietnam\nAporosa vagans - New Guinea to Admiralty Is\nAporosa villosa - Southeast Asia, Andaman & Nicobar\nAporosa wallichii - Assam, Bangladesh, Indochina\nAporosa whitmorei - Sumatra, W Malaysia\nAporosa yunnanensis - Indochina, S China, Assam\nformerly included\nmoved to other genera: Antidesma Baccaurea Drypetes Shirakiopsis \nA. bilitonensis - Baccaurea minor\nA. calocarpa - Drypetes longifolia\nA. dolichocarpa - Baccaurea javanica\nA. griffithii - Antidesma coriaceum\nA. inaequalis - Drypetes leonensis\nA. somalensis - Shirakiopsis elliptica<PIC>", ["w_s860"]]
[30435, "William R. Knight (born June 9, 1952) is an American former professional basketball player and executive. Playing with the Indiana Pacers in both the American Basketball Association (ABA) and later the National Basketball Association (NBA), he was both an ABA and NBA All-Star. He played college basketball with the Pittsburgh Panthers, who retired his No. 34.\nIn college, Knight was a consensus second-team All-American in 1974. He began his pro career with Indiana, earning ABA All-Rookie First Team honors in 1975. He continued with the Pacers in the NBA, and he also played in the league for the Buffalo Braves, Boston Celtics, Kansas City Kings and San Antonio Spurs. Knight finished his playing career with a season in France. He became an executive with the Pacers and the Vancouver/Memphis Grizzlies.  He last served as the executive vice president and general manager of the Atlanta Hawks from 2003 to 2008. Knight was born and raised in Braddock, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, where he attended General Braddock High School- He was a member of the 1970 Section High School Basketball Champions on the General Braddock Falcons. A 6'6\" guard/forward, he then attended the University of Pittsburgh (Pitt), where he starred, and along with Mickey Martin and Kirk Bruce, Knight led the Panthers to the East Regional Finals in the 1974 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, where they lost to eventual NCAA Champion North Carolina State, in a matchup between Knight and NCSU's David Thompson. The game was played in Raleigh, North Carolina.  NCSU went on to defeat UCLA & Marquette for the National title in Greensboro, North Carolina.\nKnight's performance during the 1973\u20131974 season, in which Pitt went 25-4 and won a school record, 22 games in a row, earned him 2nd team All-American team status.  He is considered one of Pitt's best players ever and was voted to Pitt's all-time starting five.\nKnight had his number 34 jersey retired by the University of Pittsburgh on February 20, 1989.<PIC> Knight spent 11 seasons, from 1974\u201385, in the ABA and NBA as a member of the Indiana Pacers, Buffalo Braves, Boston Celtics, Kansas City Kings, and San Antonio Spurs.  He scored 13,901 points in his ABA/NBA career and appeared in two All-Star games as well as one ABA all-star game. Knight's best years were with the Indiana Pacers, after being selected by both the Pacers and the LA Lakers in the player draft. Knight was voted 1st team ABA All-Star for the 1975\u20131976 season, his second year in the league after averaging 28.1 ppg. This was the last year of the ABA before the Indiana Pacers merged into the NBA.  The following year Knight maintained All-Star status, this time in the NBA after averaging 26.6 ppg \u2014 second best in the league that season.  After a brief stint with the Buffalo Braves & Boston Celtics, Knight returned to the Pacers in 1978, where he continued his career with them until 1983.\nKnight is the Indiana Pacers 3rd all-time leading scorer and is in several other Top 5 all-time categories for the Pacers. His 1976 statline of 28.1 points per game still remains the highest points average by a Pacer in a single season. Knight is one of twenty-three players in NBA/ABA history to average 28 points and 10 rebounds in a season, joining the likes of Wilt Chamberlain (x7), Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (x5), Shaquille O'Neal (x5), Elgin Baylor (x4), Karl Malone (x4), Giannis Antetokounmpo (x3), Bob McAdoo (x3), Bob Pettit (x3), Oscar Robertson (x3), Anthony Davis (x2), Joel Embiid (x2), Julius Erving (x2), Elvin Hayes (x2), Spencer Haywood (x2), Dan Issel (x2), Charles Barkley, Walt Bellamy, Larry Bird, Patrick Ewing, Moses Malone, George McGinnis, George Mikan, and David Robinson. Among these players, Knight remains the only one out of the eligible names to put up such a statline and not be inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Furthermore, himself, Oscar Robertson, and Larry Bird are the only three to achieve such a statline while not playing at the center or power forward position. A versatile wing player, it was commonplace for Knight to switch between playing the small forward and shooting guard positions over the course of his eleven year professional career. Following a brief but successful tenure with the Buffalo Braves in the 1978 season, Knight's play slowly began to decline after facing the superior competition and talent level of the NBA. A primary reason for Knight's initial success in the NBA was the poor state of the Braves franchise upon his arrival. Having recently lost their MVP talent Bob McAdoo, the directionless Braves won only 27 games in Knight's lone season with the franchise. Knight's averages of 23 points and 7 rebounds would nevertheless be enough for the forward to make his third and final career all-star team. Knight departed from Buffalo via a trade that sent Knight, Tiny Archibald, Marvin Barnes, and a 1981 2nd round draft pick that would become Danny Ainge to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Sidney Wicks, Kermit Washington, Freeman Williams, and Kevin Kunnert. In Boston, Knight's scoring numbers dropped from 22.9 to 13.9. Knight remained a reliable role player throughout the remainder of his career, averaging between 12-17 points for the next five consecutive seasons. He ended his career as a member of the San Antonio Spurs, where he played alongside future Hall of Famers George Gervin and Artis Gilmore for 52 games. Prior to joining the Hawks organization in 2002, Knight worked as a front office executive with the Pacers and the Vancouver/Memphis Grizzlies. Knight's reign as GM of the Atlanta Hawks was marred by poor drafts. In 2004, he drafted Josh Childress over future All-Stars Luol Deng and Andre Iguodala. Childress wound up leaving the Atlanta Hawks to join a Greek franchise. In 2005, Billy Knight drafted UNC freshman phenom Marvin Williams over consensus top point guard and future 9-time All Star and 7-time All-NBA team point guard Chris Paul despite the roster's need for a point guard and glut of young players at the swing position between Josh Childress and Josh Smith. 2006 led to the selection of Sheldon Williams, an undersized power forward, despite glaring needs at guard and future all-star Brandon Roy available.\nOn May 7, 2008, Knight stepped down as Hawks GM. When announcing his resignation from the team he stated that he had left the Hawks \"in much better shape than it was in when I took over.\" Knight currently lives in Atlanta, and continues to play tennis, a game he enjoys and began playing around the age of 30.   ", ["w_s877"]]
[30436, "Drift netting is a fishing technique where nets, called drift nets, hang vertically in the water column without being anchored to the bottom. The nets are kept vertical in the water by floats attached to a rope along the top of the net and weights attached to another rope along the bottom of the net. Drift nets generally rely on the entanglement properties of loosely affixed netting. Folds of loose netting, much like a window drapery, snag on a fish's tail and fins and wrap the fish up in loose netting as it struggles to escape. However the nets can also function as gill nets if fish are captured when their gills get stuck in the net. The size of the mesh varies depending on the fish being targeted. These nets usually target schools of pelagic fish.\nTraditionally drift nets were made of organic materials, such as hemp, which were biodegradable. Prior to 1950, nets tended to have a larger mesh size. The larger mesh only caught the larger fish, allowing the smaller, younger ones to slip through. When drift net fishing grew in scale during the 1950s, the industry changed to synthetic materials with smaller mesh size. Synthetic nets last longer, are odourless and may be nearly invisible in the water, and do not biodegrade.  Most countries regulate drift net fisheries within their territories.  Such fisheries are also often regulated by international agreements.\nDrift net fishing became a commercial fishing practice because it is cost effective. Nets can be placed by low-powered vessels making it fuel efficient. Drift nets are also effective at bringing in large amounts of fish in one catch.\nPrior to the 1960s net size was not limited, and commercially produced nets were commonly as long as 50 kilometres (31\u00a0mi). In 1987 the U.S. enacted the Driftnet Impact, Monitoring, Assessment and Control Act limiting the length of nets used in American waters to 1.5 nautical miles (\u22481.7 miles, \u22482.778\u00a0km). In 1989 the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) placed a moratorium on the practice of drift net fishing. In 1992 the UN banned the use of drift nets longer than 2.5\u00a0km long in international waters.<PIC>  Any fish that crosses the path of a drift net in the ocean may be tangled or caught in the net. This leads to fish species becoming endangered or even extinct. Non-target individuals caught in the net are called by-catch. In 1994 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UNFAO) estimated global by-catch rates to be as high as 27 million tons of fish discarded by fisheries each year. Many individuals of non-target species perish as by-catch in the cast of each drift net. As a result, many such species are now endangered. Species caught as by-catch include sharks, dolphins, whales, turtles, sea birds, and other marine mammals. Since nets are placed and may not be retrieved for days, air-breathing mammals that become tangled in the nets drown if they are unable to free themselves. In certain areas, exemption from punitive measure due to the unintentional by-catch of marine mammals, as outlined by the Marine Mammal Protection Act, is extended to commercial drift fishermen.\nIn the 1990s, drift net fisheries were responsible for 30,000 tons of sharks and skates in global by-catch annually. While filming National Geographic's Incidental Kill in the California Channel Islands where swordfish and various sharks swim north, the divers discovered that many drift net boats had placed nets that night. The nets were one mile long each and nearly 100 feet (30\u00a0m) high placed to target swordfish and thresher sharks. They swam half the length of one net and in that length discovered 32 dead blue sharks in the net as well as 2 hammer head sharks, a sea lion, and a manta ray all of which were thrown back into the ocean when the net was hauled in.\nAlthough long line fisheries are the main contributor to sea bird by-catch, sea birds are also caught in drift nets in significant numbers. Studies conducted on 30 small-scale drift net fisheries in the Baltic Sea estimate that 90,000 sea birds die annually in drift nets.\nBycatch is thrown back to the ocean either dead or with injuries that may result in death. If not eaten, dead animals decompose, as bacteria use oxygen to break down the organic matter. Large amounts of dead matter decomposing in the ocean causes the surrounding levels of dissolved oxygen to decrease. Drift nets lost or abandoned at sea due to storms causing strong currents, accidental loss, or purposeful discard become ghost nets. Synthetic nets are resistant to rot or breakdown, therefore ghost nets fish indefinitely in the oceans. Marine animals are easily tangled in ghost nets as are the predators the dead animals attract. The float line on the net allows it to be pushed in the current which causes ecological damage to plant life and substrate habitats as the nets drag the sea floor.\nIn addition, oceanic microplastics pollution is largely caused by plastic-made fishing gear like drift nets, that are wearing down by use, lost or thrown away. Most countries have jurisdiction over the waters within 200 nautical miles of their shores, called the exclusive economic zone, set by the Law of the Sea. Outside these boundaries lie international waters, or the high seas. While fishing in international waters, vessels must comply with regulations of the country in whose flag they fly, but there are no enforcers on the high seas. International waters make up 50% of the world's surface, yet are its least protected habitat.\nDeclining fish stocks have caused illegal fishing practices to increase. Illegal, unregulated, or unreported fishing catch between 11 and 26 million tons a year which accounts for one quarter of global catch. Illegal fishing includes taking undersized fish, fishing in closed waters, taking more fish than permitted, or fishing during seasonal closures. Illegal fishing is prominent due to lack of enforcement or punishments.\nDespite controls, violations of drift net fishing laws are commonplace. The Mediterranean Sea is the most overexploited. With 21 modern states with coastline on the sea, there are many fisheries harvesting one small area. When drift net gear was banned, manufacturers modified the design of the nets so they no longer fell under the banned definition. A new definition was established in 2007 as \"any gillnet held on the sea surface or at a certain distance below it by floating devices, drifting with the current, either independently or with the boat to which it may be attached. It may be equipped with devices aiming to stabilize the net or to limit drift\".\nJapanese drift net fishing began to draw public attention in the mid-1980s when Japan and other Asian countries began to send large fleets to the North Pacific Ocean to catch tuna and squid. Japan operated about 900 drift net vessels, earning around $300 million a year. Those fishing boats were blamed not only for  indiscriminate destruction of marine life, but also for poaching North Pacific salmon, harming the U.S. and Canadian fishing industries, and threatening the jobs of fishermen who did not use such methods. The first Bush administration opposed a U.S. driftnet ban because it would allegedly conflict with a treaty with Japan and Canada regarding salmon fishing in the North Pacific. Drift nets also are used in ecological studies in studying the downstream drift of invertebrates and Ichthyoplankton. The nets are strung across a stream and allowed to sit overnight, collecting samples. These nets are crucial in the understanding of how watersheds function. Quantitative estimates derived from drift nets used in this way in rivers need careful consideration given the clogging of the nets and decay in performance that can occur as a result.", ["w_s886"]]
[30438, "Vice Admiral Edmund Battelle Taylor (4 April 1904 \u2013 30 April 1973) was an admiral in the United States Navy. During World War II he saw service in the fighting in the Pacific, including the Battle of Cape Esperance, in which his ship, the USS\u00a0Duncan was sunk, the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay and the Battle of the Philippine Sea. In the last months of the war he was the naval aide to the Secretary of the Navy, James Forrestal. After the war he commanded the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and was commander of the Antisubmarine Defense Force, Atlantic Fleet, during the Cuban Missile Crisis.<PIC> Edmund B. Taylor was born in Chicago, Illinois, on 4 April 1904, the son of Edmund Blanton Taylor and Rebecca Attwood (Battelle) Taylor. He had three brothers, two of whom joined the Navy; the other joined the United States Air Force, and a sister. When Taylor was a boy, the family moved to Lima, Ohio, where he attended Central High School. On 1921, he was appointed to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, where he became an accomplished athlete. He was a member of the varsity football team, serving as its Captain in 1924, and the varsity lacrosse team, in which he was All-American in 1924-25. He was also a member of the basketball and boxing teams.\nTaylor graduated on 4 June 1925, and was commissioned as an ensign. He joined the crew of the battleship USS\u00a0New York, but returned to Annapolis in August 1926 as an assistant coach of the football team. On 1 September 1926, he married a local girl, Elizabeth Fay Valiant. They had two children, a daughter and a son. In 1929, he returned to sea duty on the battleship USS\u00a0Wyoming, where he was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on 4 June 1928. He joined the crew of the destroyer USS\u00a0Hatfield in April 1929, and then the destroyer USS\u00a0Leary in January 1931. In June 1932 he returned to Annapolis as an instructor in gunnery and an assistant coach of football and lacrosse. He was promoted to lieutenant on 1 August 1934. In June 1935, he became executive officer of the destroyer USS\u00a0Philip and then, in December 1936, of the destroyer USS\u00a0Perry. From June 1937 to May 1939, he was a flag lieutenant on the staff of the commander of Destroyers, Battle Force. Between June 1939 and February 1942, Taylor worked in the  Records Section of the Officer Personnel Division in the Bureau of Navigation}, with the rank of lieutenant commander from 1 July 1939. In February 1942, he assumed command of the newly-commissioned destroyer USS\u00a0Duncan, with the rank of commander from 1 August 1942. On 20 June 1942 Duncan set sail from New York, bound for the South Pacific Area. She joined Task Force 18, as part of the destroyer screen around the aircraft carrier USS\u00a0Wasp. Wasp was torpedoed by a Japanese submarine on 15 September, and so badly damaged that she had to be sunk by United States ships. Duncan collected survivors from the carrier, transferring 701 to other ships, and took 18 wounded and two dead bodies to the base hospital on Espiritu Santo, which she reached on 16 September. Taylor was issued a Letter of Commendation. On 11 October 1942 Duncan formed part of the screen of Task Force 64, protecting convoy carrying reinforcements to Guadalcanal, when a Japanese surface force was encountered. In the resulting Battle of Cape Esperance, Duncan fired torpedoes at the Japanese cruiser\u00a0Furutaka but was damaged by shellfire. The bridge was cut off by fire, and Taylor was forced to leave it by jumping over the side. Attempts to put out the fires and save the ship failed, and she sank on 12 October. He was awarded the Navy Cross. His citation read:\nFor extraordinary heroism during action against enemy Japanese naval forces off Savo Island on October 11, 1942. Although his ship had sustained heavy damage under hostile bombardment, Lieutenant Commander Taylor, by skillful maneuvering, successfully launched torpedoes which contributed to the destruction of a Japanese cruiser. Maintaining the guns of the Duncan in effective fire throughout the battle, he, when the vessel was finally put out of action, persistently employed to the fullest extent all possible measures to extinguish raging fires and control severe damage. Taylor received a new command, of the destroyer USS\u00a0Bennett, which was commissioned on 9 February 1943, with the rank of captain from 20 May 1943. Bennett sailed to the South Pacific, where she supported the landings at Cape Torokina in November 1944 and on Green Islands in February 1944, and bombarded the Japanese base at Kavieng on New Ireland on 18 February 1944 and at Rabaul on New Britain 29 February. He was awarded the Bronze Star. His citation read:\nFor meritorious service in action against the enemy...operating in the Bismarck Archipelago area on the night of February 24\u201325, 1944. Commander Taylor led his ships deep into enemy held waters in a harassing night raid and bombardment of Japanese installations in the vicinity of Rabaul. Despite known enemy shore batteries and possible mine fields, he directed the attack at close range, which resulted in severe damage to supply areas and ammunition dumps. Due to his excellent seamanship and skillful execution of the attack, no damage was inflicted on any of his ships.\nTaylor commanded Destroyer Division 90 from August 1943 to May 1944, participating in the Empress Augusta Bay, and Destroyer Squadron 45 from May 1944 to November 1944.  He was awarded the Silver Star for the Battle of the Philippine Sea. In December 1944, he became the naval aide to the Secretary of the Navy, James Forrestal. After the war, Taylor returned to Annapolis again as its head of the Department of Physical Training and Director of Athletics in My 1946. In July 1948, he became Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations on the staff of the Commander in Chief, Pacific. From January 1950 to January 1951 he commanded the heavy cruiser USS\u00a0Salem. After service in the Bureau of Naval Personnel at the Navy Department from February to December 1951, he became assistant to the Under Secretary of the Navy. Promoted to Rear Admiral on 1 September 1952, he commanded Destroyer Flotilla 2 in the Atlantic, and then, from February 1954 until September 1955, the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. He was Chief of Information at the Navy Department from September 1955 to December 1957 and then Commander Destroyer Force, US Atlantic Fleet from January 1958 to December 1959. He was promoted to vice admiral in 30 December 1959, and commanded Antisubmarine Defense Force, Atlantic Fleet from January 1960 until November 1963, which included during the Cuban Missile Crisis. His final posting before retirement on 1 May 1966 was as commandant of the Fifth Naval District in Norfolk, Virginia. Taylor died in a Virginia Beach, Virginia, hospital on 30 April 1973 as a result of a heart attack. A memorial service was held at the Chapel-in-the-Woods at the Naval Air Station, Norfolk, and he was buried in the Woodlawn Memorial Gardens. He was survived by his wife, daughter Faye, and three brothers. His son, Navy Captain Edmund B. Taylor Jr., was killed in a helicopter accident in Vietnam on 8 May 1972. Source: Source:", ["w_s892"]]
[30439, "Marian Leslie Hobbs (born 18 December 1947) is a New Zealand politician who was a Labour Member of Parliament from 1996 to 2008. She was initially a list MP and then (from 1999) represented the Wellington Central electorate. She served as Minister for the Environment and, later, as one of two Assistant Speakers of the House of Representatives. She represented the Dunedin constituency of the Otago Regional Council from 2019 to 2021.<PIC> Hobbs was raised in Christchurch and was educated at St Dominic's College, Dunedin. Before entering politics, Hobbs worked as a teacher at Aranui High School and was the principal of Avonside Girls' High School in Christchurch. She helped to establish the Chippenham commune in Christchurch and is by religious affiliation a Friend (Quaker). In 1993, Hobbs was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal.\nAfter leaving school she renounced her Catholic beliefs, later becoming a Quaker. At university she was a student radical and joined the Communist Party. Hobbs marched with HART in the 1981 Springbok tour to oppose Apartheid. After the tour she developed a strong interest in M\u0101ori issues and became fluent in the language. In May 1996, she was offered the position of principal of Wellington Girls' College, but never ended up taking the job, instead moving into Parliament on the Labour list. Hobbs stood unsuccessfully in the 1994 Selwyn by-election where she came a distant third. She contested the Kaikoura electorate in the 1996 election and came second to National Party's Doug Kidd, but entered Parliament via the Labour list, where she was ranked 12th.\nIn the 1999 election, Hobbs won the Wellington Central electorate, defeating the incumbent member, ACT Party leader Richard Prebble. After Labour's electoral victory in 1999, Hobbs joined the Cabinet, becoming Minister for the Environment, Minister of Biosecurity, Minister of Broadcasting, and Minister Responsible for the National Library of New Zealand and Archives New Zealand. In February 2001, she briefly resigned from Cabinet while an enquiry investigated her allowance-claims; she returned in late March after receiving official clearance.\nAs Minister of Broadcasting, Hobbs set a code of practice for New Zealand commercial radio, specifying that 20 percent of music played should have New Zealand origins.\nFollowing the 2002 general election, Hobbs continued as the Minister for the Environment and Minister Responsible for the National Library and Archives New Zealand, and picked up new roles as Minister of Disarmament and Arms Control, Associate Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade with responsibility for Official Development Assistance, Associate Minister for Biosecurity, Associate Minister of Education, and Minister Responsible for Urban Affairs. In 2004, Hobbs told Prime Minister Helen Clark that she did not expect to seek a post in Cabinet again after the 2005 general election. Hobbs contested the election and was returned to the Wellington Central electorate with a 6,180 majority over the National Party candidate, Mark Blumsky. She made her decision about not seeking a Cabinet role public during the negotiations to form a government in October 2005.\nAfter resigning from Cabinet, Hobbs served briefly as Labour's party Vice-President and became the Assistant Speaker of the House in March 2008, after Ann Hartley resigned.\nIn December 2006 Hobbs announced (during a radio interview) that she would not seek re-election at the 2008 general election, confirming much speculation to that effect. She was succeeded in Wellington Central by Grant Robertson, who had worked for her while she was a minister. Before leaving Parliament, Hobbs signalled her intention to work as a teacher in the United Kingdom, in compensation for never having made a traditional working-holiday as a young woman. She spent two years as the Headteacher at Prince William School in Oundle, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom.\nHobbs stood as a Labour candidate for the Otago Regional Council at the 2019 local elections and was successful. On 23 October, she was elected as chair, with Michael Laws as her deputy. In a vote on 8 July 2020, she lost the role and was replaced by councillor Andrew Noone. She resigned from the council on 1 November 2021. Hobbs had one son, Daniel, with her first husband Walter Logeman. Her second marriage was to maths teacher Geoff Norris with whom she unexpectedly had a daughter, Claire.\nHer father was Leslie Hobbs, a political journalist, who wrote The Thirty-Year Wonders, a history of the First and Second Labour Governments and their members.", ["w_s896"]]
[30440, "Nayla Tamraz is a Lebanese writer, art critic, curator, researcher and professor of Literature and Art History at Saint Joseph University of Beirut. She obtained her PhD in Comparative Literature (Literature and Art) from the New Sorbonne University (Paris III) in 2004.<PIC> Along with teaching Literature and Art History, Nayla Tamraz has also been, from 2008 to 2017, the Chair of the French Literature Department at Saint Joseph University of Beirut. In 2010, she designed, proposed and launched the MA and PhD program in Art Criticism and Curatorial Studies that she heads. Nayla Tamraz has also designed, organized, curated and co-curated several cultural events including the symposium \"Litt\u00e9rature, Art et Monde Contemporain: R\u00e9cits, Histoire, M\u00e9moire\" (2014, Beirut) and the exhibition \"Poetics, Politics, Places\" that took place in Tucum\u00e1n, Argentina, from September to December 2017, in the frame of the International Biennale of Contemporary Art of South America (BienalSur). Nayla Tamraz' current research explores the issues related to the comparative theory and aesthetics of literature and art, which brings her to the topics of history, memory and narratives in literature and art in post-war Lebanon.  Since 2014, she's been developing a multi-disciplinary seminar and research platform on the paradigm of modernity. Her research leads her to question the relationship between poetics and politics as well as the representations associated with the notion of territory.  Proust Portrait Peinture, Paris, Orizons, 2010\nLitt\u00e9rature, art et monde contemporain: r\u00e9cits, histoire, m\u00e9moire, Beirut, Presses de l'USJ, 2015 Co-editor, with Claire Launchbury, special issue of the Contemporary French and Francophone studies entitled War, Memory, Amnesia: Postwar Lebanon, Routledge, volume 18, issue No. 5, 2014 \"Le po\u00e8me de Jad Hatem ou une po\u00e9tique de la r\u00e9v\u00e9lation\" in Acanthe, French literature publications, Saint Joseph University, volume 19, 2001, pp.\u00a073\u201379.\n\"Le patriarche di Grado exorcisant un poss\u00e9d\u00e9 dans Albertine disparue\" in Acanthe, French literature publications, Saint Joseph University, volume 20, 2002, pp.\u00a019\u201332\n\"Transgression et litt\u00e9rature\" in Acanthe, French literature publications, Saint Joseph University, volume 21-22, 2003\u20132004, pp.\u00a0337\u2013363\n\"Miss Sacripant d'Elstir: le\u00e7on d'art, le\u00e7on de vie\" in Travaux et jours, Saint Joseph University, No. 75, 2005, pp.\u00a0171\u2013210\n\"Le corps foudroy\u00e9 dans Figures de la foudre: M\u00e9ditations po\u00e9tiques sur trois sculptures de R\u00e9thy Tambourji de Jad Hatem\" in Plaisance, Rivista quadrimestrale di letteratura francese moderna e contemporanea, Rome, No. 10, 4th year, 2007, pp.\u00a0117\u2013130\n\"L'image dans le texte: Albertine comme sujet pictural dans \u00c0 la recherche du temps perdu de Marcel Proust\" in Acanthe, French literature publications, Saint Joseph University, volume 24-25, 2006\u20132007, pp.\u00a0133\u2013166\n\"La g\u00e9ographie subjective dans quelques romans de Richard Millet\" in Travaux et jours, Saint Joseph University, No. 81, 2008\u20132009, pp.\u00a065\u201373\n\"Pour une po\u00e9tique de l'interpicturalit\u00e9\" in Acanthe, French literature publications, Saint Joseph University, volume 26-27, 2008\u20132009, pp.\u00a0109\u2013121\n\"Sympathie et syst\u00e8me de valeurs: pour une r\u00e9ception de La Confession n\u00e9gative de Richard Millet\" in Litt\u00e9ratures, No. 63, 2011, Presses universitaires du Mirail, pp.\u00a0111\u2013124\n\"Le roman contemporain libanais et la guerre\" in Contemporary French and Francophone Studies/ War, Memory, Amnesia: Postwar Lebanon, Routledge, volume 18, issue No. 5, 2014, pp.\u00a0462\u2013469\n\"Philippe de Champaigne et Blaise Pascal: dans l'enceinte de Port-Royal\" in Acanthe, French literature publications, Saint Joseph University, volume 33, 2015, pp.\u00a0101\u2013113\n\"Pour une lecture de la ruine: Berytus de Rabee Jaber et Attempt 137 to Map the Drive de Jalal Toufic et Grazielle Rizkallah Toufic\" in Litt\u00e9rature, art et monde contemporain: r\u00e9cits, histoire, m\u00e9moire, Beirut, Presses de l'USJ, pp.\u00a0201\u2013221\n\"Georges Schehad\u00e9: The Available Landscape\" in The Place That Remains: Recounting the Un-built Territory, Lausanne, Skira, 2018, p.\u00a0166\nMapping the City\u201d in Saradar Collection Art Essays, online publication, May 2020, 15 pages. \"Quand les mots deviennent image: pour une lecture des \u00e9crits po\u00e9tiques de Georg\u00e9 Chaanine\" in Esquisse, Art magazine, No. 3, May 2001, p.\u00a026\n\"Alberto Giacometti, une ligne d\u00e9chirant l'espace\" in Esquisse, Art magazine, No. 3, May 2001, pp.\u00a062\u201365\nAyman Baalbaki's Mythological City, Beirut, Alarm Editions, 2009\n\"Wael Shawky: la r\u00e9\u00e9criture de l'histoire\" in L'Art m\u00eame, plastic arts chronicle of the French Community of Belgium, No. 51, 2nd quarter of 2011, p.\u00a018\n\"Mireille Kassar, AntiNarcissus\" in Art Press, No. 431, March 2016, pp.\u00a065\u201368\n\"Where I End and You Begin: Experiencing the Mountain\", photographies by Nadim Asfar, May 2016\n\"Sifr\", Hady Sy, January 2017\n\"On Marginalisation, Activism and Feminism\", dialogue with Etel Adnan, Lamia Joreige and Tagreed Darghouth, in Selections, No. 42, September 2017, pp.\u00a048\u201361\nCatalogue of the exhibition Poetics, Politics, Places, November 2017\n\"Dreaming History\" in Essays and Stories on Photography in Lebanon, Kaph publisher, 2018, pp.\u00a0297\u2013299 Passantes, Photographs by Alain Brenas, Beirut, Presses de l'Acad\u00e9mie libanaise des Beaux-Arts, 2013 Le Secret, Espace Ygreg, Les bons voisins, Paris, France, April 4-April 28, 2017 (Co-curator)\nPoetics, Politics, Places, Timoteo Navarro Museum, Tucum\u00e1n, Argentina, September\u2013December 2017: In the frame of the International Biennale of Contemporary Art of South America (Curator)", ["w_s898"]]
[30441, "Sheikh Jafar ibn Hussein ibn Ali Shooshtari (born 1230 AH, 1814/1815 AD, died 20 Safar 1303 AH/28 November 1885) was a prominent Shia scholar from the city of Shooshtar.<PIC> He was born in 1230 AH in Shooshtar. He was a descendant of Ali ibn Hussain Najjar who was a great Shia scholar of 11th century AH. His paternal lineage is as follows: Jafar son of Hussein son of Hassan son of Ali son of Ali AlNajjar Shooshtari.  He moved to Kadhimiya in early childhood with his father. He was taught by Sheikh Mohammad Al-e-Yasin, Sheikh AbdulNabi Kazemi and Sheikh Ismail ibn Asadollah Kazemi. He then returned to Shooshtar and then went to Karbala to study under Sheikh Mohammad Hossein Esfahani and Sharif ol Olama. Then he moved to Najaf to study under Sheikh Ansari. He returned to Shooshtar in 1255 AH and wrote \"Menhaj ol Ershad\" and built a Husseinya. In 1287 AH the tomb of prophet Daniel in Susa was repaired by the order of Shaikh Jafar in the hands of Haj Mulla Hassan Memar.  Then he returned to Karbala. He then made a trip to Iran to visit the tomb of Ali Al-Ridha. On the way, he stopped at Ray, where many scholars and clerics on the order of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar visited him and asked him to stay in Tehran. He accepted and moved to Tehran and held the prayers in Marvi Mosque. \nSheikh Jafar was such a gifted speaker and his sermons were so emotional that they attracted thousands. The number of attendees grew so much that Marvi Mosque could not fit the crowd anymore. With the suggestion of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, he moved to Sepahsalar Mosque, and according to one of his students, 40,000 people attended his sermons. His sermons were so emotional, that often even clerics in the audience started weeping. Many have reported that Nasser Al-Din Shah Qajar himself was often coming to his sermons in an anonymous outfit.\nAfter spending some time in Tehran, he made a trip to Mashhad and then returned to Tehran again. Shah suggested that he should stay in Tehran, but he said that he wants to be buried next to his master Ali Ibn Abi Talib in Najaf. Sheikh Mohammad Hassan Saheb Javaher\nSheikh Morteza Ansari\nSheikh Ali ibn Jafar Kashef al Ghata\nSheikh Mohammad Hossein Saheb Fosool\nSheikh Ismail Kazemi\nSheikh Hassan ibn Jafar Kashef Al Ghata\nSheikh Razi Najafi\nMuhammad Hasan al-Najafi Mirza Mohammad Hamedani\nSeyyed Abdulsamad Jazayeri\nAgha Mirza Ebrahim\nMolla Ahmad Naraghi\nSheikh Ali ibn Reza Kashef Al Ghata Sheikh Jafar became ill on his way to Iraq to visit the tomb of Ali ibn Abi Talib and died in the Karand area between Iran and Iraq. His students moved his body to Iraq and buried him there. There is a mosque in Najaf in his honor. Menhaj ol Ershad, in Persian.\nAl Khasaes Al Hosseinya\nMajales Al Mavaez\nFavaed Al Mashahed va Natayej Al Maghased\nOsol Al Din\nDame ol Ain\nLavaeh Allavahein\nFoyouzat Masoudieh\nAldor Alnazid fi Khasaes Al Hossein Al Shahid", ["w_s904"]]
[30444, "Susanne Albrecht (born 1 March 1951) is a former member of the Red Army Faction. Albrecht was the daughter of a successful maritime lawyer, and spent her childhood living in a wealthy suburb of Hamburg. She did not fit in well in public school, and was later sent to a private school in Holzminden. In 1971 she attended the University of Hamburg where she studied sociology, and it was around this time that she became interested in Marxism. She joined several political groups and even a squatters group before moving into an apartment with Karl-Heinz Dellwo. She also began to mingle with some Red Army Faction (RAF) members, such as Ilse Stachowiak, to whom she sometimes gave her ID papers.\nIn 1974, along with Dellwo and a few other people who all later became involved with the RAF, she joined the Committee Against the Torture of Political Prisoners in West Germany, which protested against the conditions that several imprisoned RAF terrorists were living in.\nIn Hamburg, she rented an apartment with six other people which had no shower or bath. She was known to have said about her former home-life; \"I was sick of pigging out on caviar and smoked salmon.\" She, along with Sigrid Sternebeck and Silke Maier-Witt (who were collectively known as the Hamburg Aunties), became very important to the left-wing scene and Albrecht began to further strengthen her connection to the RAF. In July 1977, Albrecht visited her sister's godfather J\u00fcrgen Ponto, chairman of the Dresdner Bank, with whom her family was on such close terms that she called him \"Uncle J\u00fcrgen\". She was accompanied by Brigitte Mohnhaupt and Christian Klar. Together they attempted to kidnap Ponto, but once he resisted he was shot by Mohnhaupt and Klar and murdered. A communique was issued after Ponto's murder, signed by Albrecht, which read\nit had not been clear to us that these people, who start wars in the Third World and destroy entire populations, are dumbfounded when violence faces them in their own house.\nBetween 1978 and 1979, Albrecht travelled to Yemen, where she trained in guerilla warfare in a Palestinian training camp.\nIn June 1979, Albrecht, alongside Werner Lotze and Rolf Clemens Wagner, attempted to assassinate NATO commander-in-chief Alexander Haig in Mons, Belgium by detonating explosives near his car. The attempt failed, however, and Haig was not injured as the bomb exploded too late.\nIn 1980, Albrecht fled to the German Democratic Republic where she was protected by the Stasi and given a new identity. In East Germany, Albrecht worked as an English translator under the name Ingrid J\u00e4ger, and married a scientist, with whom she had a son. Neither knew of her past. She lived in K\u00f6then, but in 1986 she was recognised when West German television reports were broadcast regarding information on the RAF, prompting her to move to Berlin. However when Germany was reunified she was found living as a housewife under the name \"Becker\" and was arrested, the first of eight arrests in a ten-day period, in front of her apartment on 6 June 1990. She was sentenced to twelve years imprisonment by the upper state court in Stuttgart. However, she had served only half her term when she was paroled in 1996.\nAlbrecht has been working as a German language teacher to immigrant children in a Bremen primary school under an assumed name.<PIC>", ["w_s908"]]
[30445, "Charles Barthell Moran (February 22, 1878 \u2013 June 14, 1949), nicknamed \"Uncle Charley\", was an American sportsman who gained renown as both a catcher and umpire in Major League Baseball and as a collegiate and professional American football coach.<PIC> Moran was born in Nashville, Tennessee to an Irish Protestant family. He played football for the University of Tennessee in 1897, but left after one year to go to Bethel College, where he coached football as well as playing the sport.\nMoran coached the University of Nashville football team in 1900 and 1901. The 1901 team was one of the South's greatest. Moran played minor league baseball in 1902 for teams in Little Rock, Chattanooga and Dallas.\nIn 1903, Moran pitched for the National League's St. Louis Cardinals, who finished in last place, but he appeared in only three games (plus another as a shortstop) before injuring his arm. He posted a 5.25 earned run average in his brief tenure of 24 innings, being charged with a loss without earning a win, but also batted .429. He went back to the minor leagues to manage the Dallas Giants in 1904, and continued playing with teams in Galveston (1905), Waco and Cleburne (1906), Grand Rapids (1906\u201307) and Savannah (1908). The 1906 Cleburne team won the Texas League championship. He returned to the Cardinals as a catcher in 1908 and played in 21 games, batting .175 as the team again finished last.\nHis minor league career continued with teams in Milwaukee, Mobile, New Orleans, Dallas and Montgomery until he suffered a broken leg in 1912. He briefly played with teams in Chattanooga and Brunswick in 1913 before retiring as a player. After managing an Austin team in 1914, he began umpiring, in the Texas League in 1915\u201316 and the Southern Association in 1917.  Moran began coaching football in 1909 at Texas A&M, where he accumulated a 38\u20138\u20134 record as head coach over six seasons through 1914. Note: This may be incorrect as he was elevated to head coach after the second game of the 1909 season. He then became the trainer for Head Coach Victor \"Choctaw\" Kelley at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in 1915. He became a National League umpire in 1918, a job he held through the 1939 season. He officiated in four World Series (1927, 1929, 1933, and 1938), serving as crew chief on the last two occasions. He was behind the plate on May 8, 1929, when Carl Hubbell of the New York Giants pitched an 11\u20130 no-hitter against the Pittsburgh Pirates. Moran also resumed his career as a football head coach in 1917 at Centre College, where he had a 42\u20136\u20131 record in five seasons. He had previously been working as an assistant coach at Carlisle, and had visited Centre to see his son Tom\u2014later an NFL player with the New York Giants\u2014play; after helping the team prepare for an important contest he was offered the head coaching job by the school. The first two games of the 1917 season were coached by Robert L. \"Chief\" Myers, and the rest by Moran. According to Centre publications, \"Myers realized he was dealing with a group of exceptional athletes, who were far beyond his ability to coach. He needed someone who could do the team justice, and found that person in Charles Moran.\" His record included undefeated seasons in 1919 and 1921, when the team was led on the field by Hall of Fame quarterback Bo McMillin. On October 29, 1921, Moran guided Centre College to a historic 6\u20130 upset of Harvard, which had been unbeaten the previous two seasons. The game, commonly abbreviated \"C6-H0\", was ranked the 3rd biggest upset in college football history by ESPN.\nDuring the 1921 season Moran began a friendship with future baseball commissioner Happy Chandler, who was then a player on an opposing Transylvania University team. Moran then moved to Bucknell University, where he had a 19\u201310\u20132 record from 1924 through 1926. He was co-coach with Ed Weir of the NFL's Frankford Yellow Jackets in 1927, but left after the team managed only a 6\u20139\u20133 season. His final coaching job was at Catawba College from 1930 through 1933, where he had a 22\u201311\u20135 record. Moran died of heart disease at age 71 in Horse Cave, Kentucky, and was buried at Horse Cave Cemetery. He was named to the Texas A&M Athletic Hall of Fame in 1968.  ", ["w_s913"]]
[30446, "Mario Gavranovi\u0107 ([m\u00e2\u02d0rio \u0261a\u028br\u01ce\u02d0no\u028bit\u0255]; born 24 November 1989) is a Swiss professional footballer who plays as a forward for S\u00fcper Lig club Kayserispor and the Switzerland national team.  Gavranovi\u0107 began his career with AS Vezia, before he was scouted by Team Ticino U18, the youth academy of FC Lugano. In the 2006\u201307 season, he played his first professional games in the Swiss Challenge League for FC Lugano. In his second season he scored eight goals in 21 games. In the summer of 2008 he signed for Yverdon-Sport and scored another eight goals in only 20 games. For the 2008\u201309 season, he moved to Neuch\u00e2tel Xamax. After a successful start at Neuch\u00e2tel Xamax having scored eight goals in 17 games, Gavranovi\u0107 left his team to sign for Schalke 04 on 1 February 2010. He scored a vital goal for Schalke 04 in the Round of 16 in the Champions League against Valencia, which led his team to a 4\u20132 victory and a place in the quarter-finals. Gavranovi\u0107 joined fellow Bundesliga side Mainz on a season-long loan deal on 31 August 2011. Mainz reportedly paid \u20ac200,000 to secure his services and the loan included a deal for a permanent transfer worth \u20ac1.5 million.<PIC> After only making five appearances during his loan spell, Gavranovi\u0107 returned to Schalke at which point he agreed to cancel his contract in May 2012 and moved on a free transfer to FC Z\u00fcrich in the summer. He made his debut for Z\u00fcrich on 15 July 2012, and scored his first goal from the penalty spot in the same match, a 1\u20131 draw with FC Luzern.\nGavranovi\u0107 scored Z\u00fcrich's winning goal against reigning champions FC Basel on 11 August 2013 in the fifth round of the Swiss Super League. He scored Z\u00fcrich's first goal as the club twice came from behind to defeat FC Stade Lausanne Ouchy 3-2 in the second round of the Swiss Cup on 15 September. On 24 November, Gavranovi\u0107 netted twice in the second half of Z\u00fcrich's Super League clash with FC Sion, inspiring his side to a 4\u20131 victory.\nIn the Z\u00fcrich Derby match against Grasshoppers on 1 March 2014, Gavranovi\u0107 scored a goal in either half to give Z\u00fcrich a 3-1 win. On 21 April 2014, Gavranovi\u0107 scored twice in extra-time to lead Z\u00fcrich to a 2\u20130 victory over Basel in the final of the Swiss Cup.\nAfter suffering a knee injury in training at the World Cup, Gavranovi\u0107 was sidelined for the rest of 2014. On 18 January 2016, Gavranovi\u0107 moved to HNK Rijeka in Croatia. He signed a 2+1\u20442-year contract with the club and joined their pre-season training camp in Dubai. Gavranovi\u0107 scored on his official club d\u00e9but on 12 February 2016, converting a cross by Roman Bezjak in the 25th minute to double Rijeka's lead against Lokomotiva. In two years with the club Gavranovi\u0107 scored 40 goals in 80 appearances. On 5 January 2018, Gavranovi\u0107 joined Dinamo Zagreb as part of player exchange deal involving Domagoj Pavi\u010di\u0107 and Luka Capan. He signed a three-year contract with the club and selected the number 11 jersey. With a move to the new club and a successful spring season, Gavranovi\u0107 was determined to secure a place in Switzerland's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. During his official presentation in Zagreb Gavranovi\u0107 revealed that all of his family members are Dinamo supporters and since the early age he was also encouraged to support the club.\nHe scored his first goal for the club in a 1\u20130 win over Slaven Belupo on 4 March. On 7 March, he scored against his former club Rijeka, but Dinamo would go on to lose the match 4\u20131. He scored again in a 2\u20130 win over Rude\u0161 on 17 March and then scored against Istra 1961 in a 4\u20130 away win on 8 April. Gavranovi\u0107 scored twice in a 2\u20131 away win over rivals Hajduk Split, which moved Dinamo closer to securing a 19th league title.\nHe was released from Dinamo at the end of his contract on 30 July 2020. However, he returned to the club just three weeks later due to injury of club's first striker Bruno Petkovi\u0107. On 17 October, he scored his first hat-trick for Dinamo as they defeated Gorica 3\u20132. Gavranovi\u0107 represented Switzerland on U-21 level in 14 games and scored three goals. On 26 March 2011, he made senior team debut in the 0\u20130 draw with Bulgaria in a Euro 2012 qualifier. His first goals arrived in a brace scored in a 4\u20132 friendly win over Croatia on 15 August 2012.\nGavranovi\u0107 was named in the final 23-man squad for the World Cup in Brazil on 13 May 2014. On 29 June, he sustained a serious knee injury in training, ruling him out for the rest of the World Cup and until early 2015.\nGavranovi\u0107 was named in manager Vladimir Petkovi\u0107's 23-man Swiss squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. He played his first ever World Cup match in the second Group E match versus Serbia, entering at the start of the second half and giving an injury time assist which was finished by Xherdan Shaqiri for a 2\u20131 comeback win.\nGavranovi\u0107 was named in Petkovi\u0107's 26-man squad for the UEFA Euro 2020. On 28 June 2021, he was substituted for Shaqiri in the 73rd minute of the Round of 16 match against France. He scored Switzerland's third goal, tying the score at 3\u20133. After extra time and a penalty shoot-out, Switzerland won 5\u20134 (with Gavranovi\u0107 successfully converting his penalty) and qualified for the quarter-finals. That was the first time in history that Switzerland progressed to the European Championship quarter-finals, and the first time since the 1954 FIFA World Cup that they progressed to quarter-finals of a major tournament. Gavranovi\u0107 is a Bosnian Croat, hailing from Grada\u010dac in Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2016, Gavranovi\u0107 is married to Anita, a Bosnian Croat from Derventa. In May 2019, Anita gave birth to a baby girl whom they named Leonie.\nGavranovi\u0107 is a polyglot; he speaks Croatian, Italian, French, German and English.  As of 7 November 2021\nAppearance(s) in UEFA Champions League\nAppearance(s) in UEFA Europa League\nSix appearances and three goals in UEFA Champions League, four appearances and three goals in UEFA Europa League\nFive appearances and one goal in UEFA Champions League, eight appearances and one goal in UEFA Europa League\nAppearance in Croatian Football Super Cup\nTwo appearances in UEFA Champions League, eight appearances and one goal in UEFA Europa League As of match played 5 June 2022\nAs of 12 October 2021\nScores and results list Switzerland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Gavranovi\u0107 goal. Schalke 04\nDFB-Pokal: 2010\u201311\nZ\u00fcrich\nSwiss Cup: 2013\u201314, 2015\u201316\nRijeka\nPrva HNL: 2016\u201317\nCroatian Cup: 2016\u201317\nDinamo Zagreb\nPrva HNL: 2017\u201318, 2018\u201319, 2019\u201320, 2020\u201321\nCroatian Cup: 2017\u201318, 2020\u201321\nCroatian Super Cup: 2019\nSwitzerland U21\nUEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up: 2011\nIndividual\nCroatian Cup top scorer: 2016\u201317\nFootball Oscar \u2013 Prva HNL Team of the Year: 2017, 2018", ["w_s915"]]
[30447, "Jeffrey Curtis Ayres (born Jeffrey Curtis Orcutt; April 29, 1987), formerly known as Jeff Pendergraph, is an American professional basketball player for Niigata Albirex BB of the B.League. He attended Etiwanda High School in Rancho Cucamonga, California and played college basketball for Arizona State University. Ayres attended Arizona State for four seasons, finishing with career averages of 12.6 points, 7.5 rebounds, 1.04 blocked shots and a 58.0 percent shooting accuracy. In his sophomore season, he grabbed a career-high 19 rebounds in a 52\u201336 victory over Colgate on December 19, 2006. As a senior, Ayres averaged 14.5 points and was named to the Pac-10's First Team. His 66.0 percent field goal mark led the nation. On January 4, 2009, he scored a career-high 31 points, along with a game-high 11 rebounds, in a 90\u201360 win over Stanford with twenty-one of those points being tallied in the first half.  On June 25, 2009, Ayres was selected by the Sacramento Kings with the 31st overall pick of the 2009 NBA draft, only to be traded to the Portland Trail Blazers in exchange for Sergio Rodr\u00edguez, the draft rights to Jon Brockman and cash considerations. On September 8, he signed a contract with the Trail Blazers and joined them for the 2009 Summer League, starting all five games and averaging 10.8 points, 7.6 rebounds, 0.6 assists and 1.2 blocked shots. On December 22, he made his NBA debut in an 85\u201381 win against the Dallas Mavericks, in which he scored 2 points in 4 minutes of playing time.\nAyres scored a career-high 23 points on the last regular season game of the 2009\u201310 NBA season on April 14, 2010, against the Golden State Warriors. He was waived by the Trail Blazers prior to the start of the 2011 season after suffering a season-ending knee injury during a pre-season game against the Utah Jazz. Ayres was signed by the Indiana Pacers for the 2011\u201312 season. Before the start of the season he was sidelined with a mild sprain in his knee, suffered when he injured it during a December 10, 2011 practice. On April 23, 2012, Ayres got his first start for the Pacers in a 103\u201397 win against the Detroit Pistons. In 18 minutes of play he scored 10 points with 7 rebounds, 1 assist and 2 blocks.\nOn June 4, 2013, Ayres was ejected from Game 7 of the 2013 Eastern Conference Finals by referee Ken Mauer after a shoving match with Miami Heat guard Norris Cole, who was also ejected in the fourth quarter. Entertainer Flo Rida's manager was also ejected after an ongoing verbal spat with Ayres. On July 11, 2013, Ayres signed with the San Antonio Spurs and made his debut on October 30 in a 101\u201394 win against the Memphis Grizzlies, recording two points, two rebounds, two assists and one block in 11 minutes of playing time. On June 15, 2014, Ayres won his first NBA championship after the Spurs defeated the Miami Heat 4 games to 1 in the 2014 NBA Finals. On October 31, 2015, Ayres was selected by the Idaho Stampede with the first overall pick in the 2015 NBA Development League Draft. On November 13, he made his debut with Idaho in a 110\u2013106 loss to the Rio Grande Valley Vipers, recording 18 points, 9 rebounds, 4 assists, 1 block and one steal in 39 minutes of action. On January 29, 2016, he was named in the West All-Star team for the 2016 NBA D-League All-Star Game.\nOn January 23, 2016, Ayres signed a 10-day contract with the Los Angeles Clippers. The next day, he made his debut in a 112\u201394 loss to the Toronto Raptors, recording two points, one rebound and one assist in five minutes. On February 2, he signed a second 10-day contract with the Clippers. On February 12, the Clippers did not renew his contract, making him a free agent. On February 20, Ayres returned to Idaho, appearing on the team bench that night.\nOn March 4, 2016, Idaho traded Ayres to the Los Angeles D-Fenders in exchange for a 2016 first-round draft pick. The next day, he made his debut for the D-Fenders in a 127\u2013117 win over the Texas Legends, recording 16 points and 10 rebounds in 26 minutes off the bench. At the season's end, he was named to the All-NBA D-League First Team.\nOn March 16, 2016, Ayres returned to the Clippers, signing with the team for the rest of the season. On September 22, 2016, Ayres signed a two-month contract with Russian club CSKA Moscow. Following the expiration of his contract, he parted ways with CSKA on November 23, 2016. In seven games he averaged 5.4 points and 3.6 rebounds per game.\nOn December 1, 2016, Ayres was reacquired by the Los Angeles D-Fenders. On February 16, 2017, Ayres signed with Alvark Tokyo of the Japanese B.League. On August 12, 2017, Ayres signed with Eski\u015fehir Basket of the Turkish Basketball Super League.<PIC> On September 4, 2018, Ayres signed with Ryukyu Golden Kings of the B.League. He signed with Nagoya Diamond Dolphins on June 20, 2020. He signed with Niigata Albirex BB on June 29, 2021. On May 25, 2022, Ayres was drafted by Bivouac with the eighth overall pick of the 2022 BIG3 draft. Jeff Ayres played for Team Challenge ALS in the 2018 edition of The Basketball Tournament. In two games with Eberlein Drive, he averaged 6.5 points per game and 2.5 rebounds per game on 100 percent shooting. Team Challenge ALS made it to the West Regional Championship Game before falling to eventual tournament runner-up Eberlein Drive.     Jeff Ayres married long time girlfriend Raneem Ayres in 2012. The two have 3 children together. In August 2013, he made an Arizona court filing to change his surname from Pendergraph to Ayres, replacing the surname of his stepfather with that of his biological father. The change was formally announced in September 2013.", ["w_s919"]]
[30448, "McCarty Memorial Christian Church is a Gothic Revival church of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) located at 4101 West Adams Boulevard in the historic West Adams district of Los Angeles, California. McCarty was founded in 1932 as a white congregation, and gained attention when it integrated and became a multi-racial congregation in the mid-1950s.<PIC> The church was built in 1932 in the English Gothic Revival style. Among the Church's notable features are stained glass windows with intricate Gothic tracery, arcaded ambulatories, and a 130-foot landmark tower with an elaborate open belfry. The church was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in January 2002. Three months later, McCarty was one of 18 Los Angeles structures to be awarded a \"Preserve L.A.\" grant from the J. Paul Getty Trust. The grant was provided to review historical documentation of the church, assess current materials and condition, and develop a maintenance plan and schedule. The authors of An Architectural Guidebook to Los Angeles call McCarty an excellent example of the city's reinforced-concrete churches of the late 1920s and describe the architectural style as \"Gothic, partially English, and partially French.\"  The church was built and paid for by Dr. and Mrs. Isaac A. McCarty, who had traveled widely in the United States and Europe \"studying church architecture against the time when they were ready to further the Kingdom of God.\" The church was dedicated in May 1932 on the McCartys' 45th wedding anniversary. The Los Angeles Times reported that the church was \"built and furnished at a cost of $250,000 on a $30,000 site.\" Dr. McCarty imported many of the interior features from Czechoslovakia.  The Times called the church, designed by Thomas P. Barber and Paul Kingsbury, \"one of the finest examples of pure Gothic architecture in America.\" The dedication ceremony was attended by Los Angeles Mayor John Porter and Charles C. Chapman. Dr. McCarty died two years later in May 1934, and his funeral was held at the church he built.\nThe founding pastor at McCarty was Dr. Bruce Brown, who served as the pastor until 1942 and died in 1957. Brown was succeeded by Dr. O. James Sowell, who was pastor from 1942 until 1952, when he left the church to become an evangelist. He was next followed by the Rev. James Clark Brown, who served as pastor for seven months from 1952 to 1953. The Rev. Kring Allen was credited with successfully integrating the McCarty Church. Interviewed by the Los Angeles Times in 1967, Allen, who had been the pastor at McCarty since 1954, noted: \"Our neighborhood is 85% Negro. So's our church, I would guess, although I don't know. You lose your color sense when you stop thinking about it. I lost mine.\" When Allen arrived, the church's membership had dropped to 370 members, down from 1,500 in the 1930s. McCarty Church in 1954 was a faltering congregation, plagued by urban problems in a \"changing neighborhood.\" Allen brought plans that were considered \"radical\" at the time. He recalled, \"I came with the understanding with my board here that this church was going to integrate or I wouldn't stay. ... When some of the board wanted to go in a segregated way, I said: 'I won't go that road, and if you go it, you go without me.' I spent most of the first six months in the public library, reading up on Negro history. ... We get brainwashed. We downgrade the Negro and upgrade the white. We fix our stereotypes. That's the trouble with most white people like me. I wrote a lot of churches asking for advice. The Riverside Church at New York ... told me to 'go slow, or you'll tear your church to pieces.' But I didn't want to go slow.\" Things were difficult at first, but Allen recalled that things started to gel when he took 70 parishioners, black and white, to a camp in the San Bernardino Mountains where they \"housed together, worked together, studied together.\" They came back from the camp as \"a completely integrated nucleus.\" He became an advocate for integration of churches, noting, \"Integration is basic to the Gospel. ... The church is either going to pass through this fire, or the church has had it. There can be no more segregated churches. The whole movement of history is against it.\"", ["w_s923"]]
[30449, "C/1874 H1 (Coggia) is a famous non-periodic comet, which in the summer of 1874 could be seen by naked eye observation. On the basis of its brightness, the comet has been called the Great Comet of 1874; on July 13 the magnitude of the brightness was between 0 and 1.<PIC> The astronomer J\u00e9r\u00f4me Eug\u00e8ne Coggia discovered this comet on 17 April 1874 at the Marseille Observatory. During the remainder of April and in May the comet was closely observed by many astronomers, including Winnecke in Stra\u00dfburg, Tempel in Arcetri, Rayet in Paris, Schulhof in Vienna, R\u00fcmker in Hamburg, Schmidt in Athens, Bruhns in Leipzig, Christie in Greenwich and Dreyer in Copenhagen. In mid-May telescopes revealed the development of a faint tail.\nIn early June the comet became visible to the naked eye and by the end of June its brightness reached magnitude 4. By the beginning of July the tail had grown to 6\u00b0 and by the 16th of July to 45\u00b0. The tail was straight and narrow, stretching across from 1\u00b0 to 2\u00b0 of the sky at the tail's end. According to David A. J. Seargent, \nWithout doubt, C/1874 H1 (Coggia) was a beauty; a true great comet. At its brightest, it probably exceeded the first magnitude and displayed a series of envelopes within its coma that astronomers compared with Donati's Comet 16 years earlier. Suitably placed observers also noted maximum naked-eye tail lengths reaching 70 degrees as the comet passed near Earth in July.\nFrom 16 July to 23 July, the comet accelerated and moved rapidly southward in the observer's sky, making the comet more difficult to observe in the northern hemisphere. Reports indicate that the tail length was about 60\u00b0 to 70\u00b0; the tail was at least 63\u00b0. On 23 July in Athens, Schmidt made the last observation of the comet from the northern hemisphere.\nOn July 27 the comet became visible in the southern hemisphere, with observations made in South Africa and by Robert L. J. Ellery in Australia. According to a newspaper report from pre-dawn observations by H. C. Russell on July 29, \"The nucleus was as bright as a first magnitude star, and the head about half the diameter of the moon.\" John Tebbutt in Windsor, New South Wales made observations of the comet from 1 August to 7 October. On 19 October, John M. Thome at C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina made the last observation of Comet Coggia. On the evening of July 21 with a first quarter moon and a very clear sky, Trouvelot observed undulations in the comet's tail. Trouvelot wrote that he \"... saw the comet's tail shortening and extending, lightening up and extinguishing like the rays of certain auroras. Extended undulations, rapid vibrations, ran along it in succession from the horizon to its extremity, giving it the appearance of a fine gauze wavering in a strong breeze. The pulsations and waves of light were of unequal duration; some being rapid, while others lasted a longer time. For over one hour, the comet's tail kindled and extinguished more than one hundred times; the extinction being sometimes so complete that it was impossible to see any trace of the comet; while sometimes it became so bright that, in spite of the light of the moon, it could be distinguished easily in all its contours, even to its very extremity, which was then a little to the south of \u03b3 Ursa Minoris. ...\" From May to July 1874, Huggins, Secchi, Lockyer, Rayet and Wolf made spectrographic observations of the comet. At first only a continuum was found, but by mid-June the three typical comet spectral bands were found. According to Huggins, Comet Coggia was \"the first bright comet which has appeared since the spectroscope has become an instrument of scientific research.\" Using 638 observations of Comet Coggia made over a period of 185 days, Josef von Hepperger in 1882 calculated an elliptical orbit inclined about 66\u00b0 to the ecliptic. On 9 July 1874 the comet reached perihelion at about .6758 AU from the Sun. On 23 July the comet made its closest approach to planet Earth at about .29 AU. Gerard Manley Hopkins wrote on 13 July 1874 a journal entry concerning Coggia's comet.\nThe public scare regarding the comet was satirized by Mark Twain in his short story \"A Curious Pleasure Excursion.\"\nThe comet was observed by members of the Custer 1874 expedition to the Black Hills of South Dakota.  It was observed for 3 or 4 days by white and Native American members of the expedition ending July 2.  Accounts of the observations were included in the diary of James Calhoun and in a newspaper article in the New York World. Lieutenant Calhoun was Custer's brother-in-law and acting adjutant on the expedition and later died at the Little Big Horn.", ["w_s924"]]
[30450, "Emmanuelle Vo-Dinh is a choreographer and director of Le Phare, Centre Chor\u00e9graphique National du Havre Haute-Normandie.<PIC> After training to be a ballet dancer and also exploring the American dance tradition, Vo-Dinh expanded her learning experience at the Merce Cunningham School in New York. Back in France, she danced with Fran\u00e7ois Raffinot from 1991 to 1996. In 1997, she founded the Sui Generis company. She was noticed early on for her distinctive style.\nIn 1999, she was awarded a Villa Medicis Hors-les murs grant for her research in creating Texture/Composite, for which she was awarded the Prix d\u2019Auteur at the Rencontres chor\u00e9graphiques internationales de Bagnolet in 2000. The piece was subsequently presented at Danspace Project in New York in 2002. Since then her productions have been presented on a regular basis both in France and abroad. In January 2012, Vo-Dinh became the director of Le Phare, Centre Chor\u00e9graphique National du Havre Haute-Normandie, ushering in a new artistic vision that has reached out to a diversity of choreographic styles.\nVo-Dinh's wide-ranging choreography has been shaped through the process of creating new work. While she initially focused on choreographing in a more formal way, her methodology gradually evolved toward an open-ended process affording a prominent role to improvisation in the studio. Surrounded by close collaborators, Vo-Dinh works with her performers on a long-term basis.\nSeveral pieces have been deeply rooted in scientific and anthropological research on human beings, romantic relationships, absence, the lack of emotion and schizophrenia. The art world has also informed her work: between figurative and abstract in the visual arts, as well as in the relationship between bodies in motion and the music of Beethoven, Dusapin, Zeena Parkins or G\u00e9rard Grisey. Although the choreographic structure often draws on minimalism to the point of repeating and transforming a single motif, Vo-Dinh has mainly focused on time, how it is perceived and its relationship to memory and memories. After a long absence, fragmented narration has surfaced in her latest pieces \u2013 a new approach to time and point of view, as well as to the body and how it relates to others.\nVo-Dinh readily accepts invitations, including Rainbow, her piece for amateur dancers in collaboration with David Monceau, and her work with the writer J\u00e9r\u00f4me Mauche for Concordanse. Beginning with Histoires Exquises in 2011, she has invited choreographers to create solos from oral testimonies, the starting point for opening up the creative process to audiences. That willingness to share and her curiosity about other approaches to dance were to be the leitmotif in her vision for the CCN du Havre. Since 2012, Vo-Dinh has endeavored to make Le Phare a platform for many different kinds of choreography \u2013 during key moments such as the Pharenheit festival, as well as throughout the year, bringing the CCN to life in order to showcase dance in all it vibrancy.\nSince 2014, she has been the president of the Association des Centres Chor\u00e9graphiques Nationaux, a network comprising nineteen national choreographic centers in France. Vo-Dinh was awarded the insignia of Chevalier de l\u2019ordre des Arts et des Lettres in July 2014. 1998\u00a0: Anthume ou le Membre fant\u00f4me\n1999\u00a0: Texture/Composite\n2001\u00a0: Sagen\n2003\u00a0: D\u00e9compositions\n2004\u00a0: Crois\u00e9es\n2005\u00a0: White Light\n2006\u00a0: ici/Per.For\n2007\u00a0: Aboli Bibelot... Rebondi\n2007\u00a0: Eaux fortes\n2008\u00a0: 5'24\n2008\u00a0: Rainbow en collaboration avec David Monceau (reprise en 2010)\n2009\u00a0: Ad astra\n2009\u00a0: Fractale\n2010\u00a0: -transire-\n2011\u00a0: Vortex\n2013\u00a0: -insight-\n2013\u00a0: Sprint\n2013\u00a0: Eaux-fortes (re-cr\u00e9ation)\n2015\u00a0: Tombouctou d\u00e9j\u00e0-vu", ["w_s930"]]
[30451, "Franz Baumann (born 23 September 1953) is a German former United Nations official, who served as Assistant Secretary-General and United Nations Special Adviser on Environment and Peace Operations at the United Nations Secretariat in New York until the end of 2015. Since 2017 he has been visiting research professor at New York University (Graduate School of Arts and Science, Program in International Relations).<PIC> Baumann was born in Schramberg, where he received his Abitur in 1973 from Gymnasium Schramberg. He then studied social sciences and management at the University of Konstanz, specializing in international management, and in 1975 studied history of art at the University of Bristol, in the United Kingdom. He obtained his degree in public administration in 1979 from the University of Konstanz and went on to obtain a doctorate in political science in 1992 from Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. His wife, Barbara Gibson, is a Canadian diplomat. She served from 2004 to 2008 as ambassador to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in Vienna, in 2015 as Deputy Secretary-General and in 2016 as Secretary-General of ICM, the Independent Commission on Multilateralism (ICM) in New York. \nTheir daughter was born in 2000. Baumann worked for the European Parliament in Luxembourg from 1976, in 1979 at the European Commission in Brussels and in 1980 for Siemens in Munich.\nHe began his career with the United Nations in 1980, serving from 1980 to 1982 as associate expert in Nigeria for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). He then worked in various departments at the United Nations Secretariat, including those of management and peacekeeping, and in the Office of the Secretary General. In 1993 he was chief administrative officer of the joint United Nations/Organization of American States Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Haiti (MICIVIH).\nIn 2002 he was appointed director for management of the United Nations Office at Vienna (UNOV), in 2004 deputy director-general of UNOV, in 2006 deputy executive director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and in 2007 acting director of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA).\nIn 2009 he was appointed assistant secretary-general for General Assembly and conference management at the United Nations Secretariat. In September 2014 he became senior deployment coordinator for Umoja, an enterprise resource planning system. and in September 2015 special advisor on environment and peace operations.\n \nHe is a senior fellow as well as a member of the board of trustees of the Hertie School of Governance in Berlin. \n \nHe is also a member of the board of directors of the Academic Council on the United Nations System.   and of the Board of Advisers of the Centre for United Nations Studies at the University of Buckingham (England). \"Wie weit half der Marshall-Plan?  Das europ\u00e4ische Wiederaufbauprogramm in kritischer Beleuchtung.\"  In:  Damals. 8. Jahrgang, Mai 1976.\n\"Pl\u00e4doyer gegen eine Verweigerung\"  In: Forum Europa. Dezember 1978/Januar 1979.\n\"Die Regionalisierung Belgiens: Arithmetik eines Sprachenstreites.\" (mit Jan Ulrich Clauss).  In:   Aufstand in der Provinz.  Campus Verlag, Frankfurt/ New York 1980, ISBN\u00a03-593-32803-8.\nThe bureaucratic State and economic Development in Nigeria. Doctoral Dissertation. Carleton University, Ottawa 1992.\n\"Kollektive Psychopathologie.\"  In: Sprach-Nachrichten. 1/2000.\n\"Globalisierung und nationale Identit\u00e4t.\"  In: Kontext. 8/2001.\n\"Ein pragmatischer Idealist: W\u00fcrdigung des Nobelpreistr\u00e4gers Kofi Annan.\"  In: Aufbau. 25. Oktober 2001.\n\"Die Generalsanierung des UN-Amtssitzes\" (Capital Master Plan).  In: Vereinte Nationen. Dezember 2004, p.\u00a0206f. online  .(PDF; 2,4\u00a0MB)\n\"Warum ist Afrika unterentwickelt?  Das Beispiel Nigeria.\"  In:  Mut.  Nr. 533, April 2012, pp.\u00a022\u201344\n\"Coexistence of Languages at the United Nations.\"  In: Le jour. Universit\u00e9 de Saint Joseph, Beirut. April 2012, pp.\u00a05\u201310 online(PDF; 23,1\u00a0MB)\n\"Die kurze Renaissance der VN-Friedensmissionen nach der Eiszeit des Kalten Krieges.\"  In: Des Friedens General.  Ekkehard Griep (Hrsg.): Herder Verlag, Freiburg/ Basel/ Wien 2013, ISBN\u00a0978-3-451-30743-0.\n\"Die Vereinten Nationen.  Eine Innenansicht der Schwierigkeiten, Frieden zu schaffen.\"  In: Mut. Nr. 554, M\u00e4rz 2014.\n\"The Principle of Hope.\"  Review of Governing the World?  Addressing  'Problems without Passports'  by Thomas G. Weiss.  In: Academic Council on the United Nations System, 21.10.2014  online Archived 2015-09-15 at the Wayback Machine\n\"Die Vereinten Nationen: Wertvoll aber schwierig.\"  In: Ekkehard Griep (Hrsg.): Wir sind UNO - Deutsche bei den Vereinten Nationen.  Herder Verlag, Freiburg/Basel/Wien 2016, ISBN\u00a0978-3-495-31138-7\n\"UN Bureaucracy? No, Thanks.\" In PassBlue, 14.5.2016; online\n\"Das Sekretariat der Vereinten Nationen: Unabh\u00e4ngig, effizient, kompetent?\"  In: Der (europ\u00e4ische) F\u00f6deralist (17.6.2016); online\n\"The United Nations Secretariat: Independent, efficient, competent?\"  In: Der (europ\u00e4ische) F\u00f6deralist (17.6.2016); online\n\"A sorry state of affairs: The UN Secretariat has no Climate Plan.\" In: PassBlue (2 August 2016); online\n\"UN Management - An Oxymoron?\" In: Global Governance (Volume 22, No. 4, Oct. \u2013 Dec. 2016); online\n\"New Approaches to the UN in a Changing International System\". In:  IDN-InDepthNews UN Insider (12.12. 2016) online\n\"Populism - the Morbid Symptom of a Political Crisis\". In: IDN-InDepthNews UN Insider (8 March 2017); online\n\"Fabulous, Tragic Kurt Tucholsky\"   In: The Los Angeles Review of Books, (19 August 2017) online\n\"Populismus: Reflex einer gesellschaftlichen Verunsicherung und Symptom einer politischen Krise\". In: Mut Nr. 591, July/August 2017.\n\"As UN Climate Talks Convene, the Earth Veers Toward Catastrophe.\"   In PassBlue, 2 November 2017;online\n\"Present at the Destruction: Humanity\u2019s Success in Ruining Nature\". Review of Jeff Goodell\u2019s, The Water will Come: Rising Seas, Sinking Cities, and the Remaking of the Civilized World (New York: Little, Brown & Co, 2017).  In: Los Angeles Review of Books, (21 February 2018); online\n\"Climate Policy is not Rocket Science:  It is much more difficult\". TEDx Talk (22 February 2018); online;also on youtube\n\"A Compelling Book on 'Humanity\u2019s Success in Ruining Nature.'\"   In: IDN-InDepthNews UN Insider, (4 March 2018); online\n\"Climate Change is the Central Challenge for Humanity.\"  In: IDN-InDepthNews (6.6.2018); online\n\"The Systemic Challenge of Global Heating.\"  In: International Politics Reviews, Volume 6, Issue 2 (1.10.2018), pp. 134-144; doi 10.1057/s41312-018-0065-5; online\n\"To Save the Earth, Deepen Incentives for a Carbon-Free World.\"  In: PassBlue, (6.10.2018);  online\n\"Why would you want to be German?\"  In Los Angeles Review of Books, (7.3.2019);  online\nWith William J. Ripple and Dominick A. DellaSala,\"The Green New Deal: Finally Climate Policy informed by Science.\"  In Climate Home News, (18.3.2019);  online\n\"Climate Change: The Problem from Hell.\"  In Los Angeles Review of Books, (9.6.2019); online\n\"Global Heating: too big for politics?\"   Keynote at OxPeace 2019: Peace in the Anthropocene, held at St. John\u2019s College Oxford, May 18th, 2019; online and here", ["w_s932"]]
[30452, "Gonocytes are the precursors of spermatogonia that differentiate in the testis from primordial germ cells around week 7 of embryonic development and exist up until the postnatal period, when they become spermatogonia. Despite some uses of the term to refer to the precursors of oogonia, it was generally restricted to male germ cells. Germ cells operate as vehicles of inheritance by transferring genetic and epigenetic information from one generation to the next. Male fertility is centered around continual spermatogonia which is dependent upon a high stem cell population. Thus, the function and quality of a differentiated sperm cell is dependent upon the capacity of its originating spermatogonial stem cell (SSC).\nGonocytes represent the germ cells undergoing the successive, short-term and migratory stages of development. This occurs between the time they inhabit the forming gonads on the genital ridge to the time they migrate to the basement membrane of the seminiferous cords. Gonocyte development consists of several phases of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. The abnormal development of gonocytes leads to fertility-related diseases.\nThey are also identified as prespermatogonia, prospermatogonia and primitive germ cells, although gonocyte is most common. Gonocytes are described as large and spherical, with a prominent nucleus and two nucleoli. The term, gonocyte, was created in 1957 by Canadian scientists Yves Clermont and Bernard Perey. They considered it essential to study the origin of spermatogonia and carried out a study on rats to investigate this. In 1987, Clermont referred to gonocytes as the cells that differentiate into type A spermatogonia, which differentiate into type B spermatogonia and spermatocytes. \nVery few studies used gonocytes to also refer to the female germ cells in the ovarium primordium. The specification of gonocytes to be confined to male germ cells occurred after foundational differences between the mechanisms of male and female fetal germ cells were uncovered. Some scientists prefer the terms \u201cprospermatogonia\u201d and \u201cprespermatogonia\u201d for their functional clarity.\nLater studies found that the process from primordial germ cell to spermatogonial development is gradual, without clear gene expression markers to distinguish the precursor cells. A 2006 study found that some gonocytes differentiate straight into committed spermatogonia (type B) rather than spermatogonial stem cells (type A). Gonocytes are long-lived precursor germ cells responsible for the production of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Gonocytes relate to both fetal and neonatal germ cells from the point at which they enter the testis primordial until they reach the base membrane at the seminiferous cords and differentiate. At the time of gastrulation, certain cells are set aside for later gamete development. These cells are called post migratory germ cells (PGCs). The gonocyte population develops from the post migratory germ cells (PGCs) around embryonic day (ED) 15. At this point of development, PGCs become dormant and remain inactiveted until birth. Shortly after birth, the cell cycle continues and the production of postnatal spermatogonia commences. Gonocytes migrate to the basement membrane to proliferate. Gonocytes that do not migrate undergo apoptosis and are cleared from the seminiferous epithelium. Spermatogonia are formed in infancy and differentiate throughout adult life. There are currently two proposed models for the formation of the spermatogonial lineage during neonatal development. Both models theorize that the gonocyte population develops from a subset of post migratory germ cells (PGCs) but, differ in the proposed subsets of derived gonocytes. One of the models proposes that the PGCs give rise to a single subset of pluripotent gonocytes that either become SSCs from which progenitors then arise or differentiate into type A spermatogonia directly. The other model proposes that the PGCs give rise to multiple predetermined subsets of gonocytes that produce the foundational SSC pool, initial progenitor spermatogonial population, and initial differentiating type A spermatogonia. The development of germ cells can be divided into two phases. The first phases involves the fetal and neonatal phases of germ cell development that lead to the formation of the SSCs. The second phase is spermatogenesis, which is a cycle of regulated mitosis, meiosis and differentiation (via spermiogenesis) leading to the production of mature spermatozoa, also known as sperm cells.\nGonocytes are functionally present during the first phase of germ cell maturation and development. This period consists of the primordial germ cells (PGC), the initial cells that commence germ cell development in the embryo, and the gonocytes, which after being differentiated from PGCs, undergo regulated proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis to produce the SSCs. Gonocytes therefore correspond to the developmental stages between the PGCs and SSCs. Gonocytes are formed from the differentiation of PGCs. Embryonic cells initiate germ cell development in the proximal epiblast located near the extra-embryonic ectoderm by the release of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and BMP8b. These proteins specify embryonic cells into PGCs expressing the genes PRDM1 and PRDM14 at embryonic day (E) 6.25. The PGCs which are positively stained by alkaline phosphatase and expressing Stella at E7.25 are also specified. In between E7.5 and E12.5, these PGCs migrate towards the genital ridge, where they form the testicular cords, via the cytokine interactions of the CXCR4 and c-Kit membrane receptors and their ligands SDF1 and SCF respectively. During this migratory period, PGCs undergo epigenetic reprogramming through genome-wide DNA demethylation. Once resident in the genital ridge, these germ cells and surrounding supporting cells undergo sex determination driven by the expression of the SRY gene. It is only after these developmental steps that the germ cells present in the developed testicular cords are identified as gonocytes. In order to provide the long-term production of sperm, gonocytes undergo proliferation to produce a populate pool of SSCs. Once enclosed by Sertoli cells to form the testicular cords, gonocytes undergo a succession of differing fetal and neonatal periods of mitosis, with a phase of quiescence in between. The mitotic activity that occurs in the neonatal period is necessary for the migration of gonocytes to the basement membrane of the seminiferous cords in order to differentiate into the SSCs. As many populations of gonocytes are in different stages of development, mitotic and quiescent gonocytes coexist in neonatal developing testes.\nProliferation in fetal and neonatal gonocytes is differently regulated. Retinoic acid (RA), the bioactive metabolite of retinal, is a morphogen shown to modulate fetal gonocyte proliferation. Investigation of fetal gonocyte activity in organ cultures recorded RA to slightly stimulate proliferation. Moreover, RA inhibited differentiation by stopping the fetal gonocytes from entering mitotic arrest while simultaneously triggering apoptosis. RA, by decreasing the overall fetal gonocyte population via apoptosis, is speculated to allow the elimination of mutated and dysfunctional germ cells. The activation of protein kinase C by phorbol ester PMA also decreased fetal gonocyte mitotic activity.\nThere are a number of factors that influence neonatal gonocyte proliferation, including 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol (E2), Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, and RA. The production of PDGF-BB and E2 by surrounding Sertoli cells activate their respective receptors on neonatal gonocytes, triggering proliferation via an interactive, crosstalk mechanism. The regulation of LIF is speculated to allow gonocytes to become sensitive to Sertoli cell factors that trigger proliferation, such as PDGF-BB and E2. Compared to fetal gonocytes, RA exerts a similar functional role in neonatal gonocytes; It simultaneously stimulates proliferation and apoptosis for regulation of gonocyte and future SSCs population. The migration of gonocytes to the basement membrane of the seminiferous cords is necessary for their differentiation into SSCs. This process is regulated by different factors.\nVarious studies provide comprehensive comparison of the expression of c-Kit on the membrane of cells and migratory-related behavior, for example PGCs. Although c-Kit expression is evident in a small fraction of neonatal gonocytes, they also express of PDGF receptor beta (PDGFR\u03b2) on their membrane to aid in their migration. Inhibition of PDGF receptors and c-Kit by in vivo treatment of imatinib, an inhibitory drug, interrupted migration, leading to a number of gonocytes centrally located in the seminiferous cords.\nThe ADAM-Integrin-Tetraspanin complexes, which is a family of proteins, also mediate gonocyte migration. These complexes consist of various proteins that bind to integrins found on the basement membrane of the seminiferous cords and at locations where spermatogonia normally reside, allowing the gonocyte to migrate and bind to the basement membrane. The differentiation of gonocytes to SSC only occur once the cells have established close contact with the basement membrane in the seminiferous cords. RA is the best characterised activator of gonocyte differentiation. De novo synthesis of RA involves retinol, the precursor to RA, being transported to the membrane receptor STRA6 by the retinol-binding protein released by Sertoli cells. Binding of retinol to STRA6 endocytoses retinol into the cell, whereby it undergoes oxidation reactions to form RA. RA is also directly transported from the surrounding Sertoli cells or the vasculature. RA internalization triggers a variety of pathways that modulate the differentiation, such as PDGF receptor pathways and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) signaling pathway.\nAnti-M\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH), a glycoprotein gonadal hormone produced by Sertoli cells in early development, is the only hormone to significantly increase the number of successfully differentiated gonocytes.\nThe timing of differentiation is regulated by NOTCH signaling. The functional components of the NOTCH signaling pathway are expressed and released by both developing and adult Sertoli cells. Activation of the signaling pathway is crucial for gonocyte development as it triggers gonocytes to depart from quiescence and enter into differentiation. Over activation of the pathway allows effective inhibition of quiescence and gonocyte differentiation.<PIC> Gonocytes are large cells with a spherical euchromatic nucleus, two nucleoli and a surrounding, ring-like cytosol. Throughout the majority of their developmental period, gonocytes are structurally supported by the cytoplasmic extensions of surrounding Sertoli cells and are suspended by Sertoli cell nuclei from the basement membrane. Gonocytes are attached to Sertoli cells by gap junctions, desmosome junctions and a number of different cell adhesion molecules such as connexin 43, PB-cadherin and NCAM for regulation of cell-to-cell communication. Gonocytes dissociate from these junctions and migrate so that the basal side of the cell is in close proximity with the basement membrane, where they undergo phenotypic changes and take the appearance of spermatogonia. Dysfunctional development in germ cells plays a significant role in fertility-related diseases. The development of PGCs to gonocytes, and gonocyte differentiation to SSCs is critical for adult fertility and the defective growth often leads to infertility. Testicular germ cell tumors, that occur primarily in young adults, are the consequent of preinvasive cells called carcinoma in situ (CIS). The development of CIS is due to fetal germ cells, such as gonocytes, arrested in quiescence and unable to properly differentiate. This leads to malignant transformation of the germ cells until it becomes an overt germ cell cancer after puberty. Cryptorchidism, also known as undescended testis, is a common birth defect affecting male genital formation. Individuals diagnosed with cryptorchidism are often at risk of testicular cancer and infertility due to dysfunction in the development of the neonatal germ cells, in particular, the disruption of the differentiation of gonocytes into adult dark-spermatogonia. It is proposed that this dysfunction is a product of heat stress caused by the undescended testes remaining in the abdomen and unable to regulate its temperature which is often accomplished by the scrotum.", ["w_s935"]]
[30453, "Abel Ruiz Ortega ([a\u02c8\u03b2el \u02c8rwi\u03b8]; born 28 January 2000) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Primeira Liga club Braga and the Spain national team.\nFormed at Barcelona, where he made one first-team appearance, he moved to Braga in January 2020, where he won the Ta\u00e7a de Portugal in 2021.\nRuiz set the record for caps and goals for Spain's under-17 team, winning the European Championship in 2017 and finishing runners-up in 2016 and at the 2017 World Cup. He made his senior international debut in 2021.  Born in Almussafes, Valencian Community, Ruiz joined Barcelona's youth setup in 2012, from Valencia. On 21 November 2016, he renewed his contract with the club.\nOn 9 April 2017, while still a junior, Ruiz made his senior debut with the reserves, coming on as a late substitute for Jes\u00fas Alfaro in a 2\u20130 Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B away win against Badalona; he also became the first player born in the 2000s to make an appearance for the club's senior ranks. \nAfter Barcelona B's promotion, Ruiz made his professional team debut on 28 August 2017, replacing David Concha in an 0\u20133 home loss against Tenerife in the Segunda Divisi\u00f3n championship. Four days later he scored his first professional goal in a 2\u20132 draw against Granada.\nRuiz had his first-team debut in the Supercopa de Catalunya on 7 March 2018, scoring the winning penalty in a shootout against Espanyol. His La Liga debut came on 12 May 2019 in a 2\u20130 win against Getafe, as a substitute for Philippe Coutinho for the final 21 minutes at the Camp Nou. On 31 January 2020, Ruiz joined Portugal's Braga on loan for the rest of the season, with a mandatory purchase for \u20ac8 million and a buy-back clause. He made his debut on 20 February in the round of 32 first leg of the UEFA Europa League away to Rangers, starting the game and scoring in a 2\u20133 loss. Totalling eight appearances over the season, he scored his first Primeira Liga goal on 4 July soon after entering in a 4\u20130 home win over Aves.\nRuiz was the top scorer in the Ta\u00e7a de Portugal as Braga won it in 2020\u201321, contributing 7 goals in as many games. This included two in a 3\u20132 win away to Porto in the semi-finals.\nIn 2021\u201322, Ruiz scored in each leg of a 3\u20131 aggregate win over Monaco in the Europa League last 16. He netted the only goal of the game in the next fixture against Rangers, though the Scots won 3\u20132 over the two games after extra time. Ruiz made his debut for the Spain under-17 team on 25 October 2015, starting and scoring the first in a 2\u20130 2016 UEFA European Under-17 Championship qualification win against Andorra. He was also named in the list for the finals in Azerbaijan, despite being one year younger than his teammates.\nRuiz finished the competition with four goals, being awarded the Silver Boot; he was also included in the tournament's best eleven. During the 2017 edition in Croatia, he captained the side as Spain achieved their ninth title.\nOn 22 September 2017, Ruiz was included in Santiago Denia's squad ahead of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup, and scored two braces in the tournament, scoring two goals in a 4\u20130 win against Niger on 10 October, and two more in a 3\u20131 semi-finals win against Mali on 25 October.\nDue to the isolation of some national team players following the positive COVID-19 test of Sergio Busquets, Spain's under-21 squad were called up for the international friendly against Lithuania on 8 June 2021. Ruiz made his senior debut in the 4\u20130 win in Legan\u00e9s, missing a penalty in the match.<PIC>  As of match played 15 May 2022\nAppearances in UEFA Europa League\nAppearance in Superta\u00e7a C\u00e2ndido de Oliveira As of match played 5 September 2021  Barcelona Youth\nUEFA Youth League: 2017\u201318\nBarcelona\nLa Liga: 2018\u201319\nBraga\nTa\u00e7a de Portugal: 2020\u201321 Spain U17\nUEFA European Under-17 Championship: 2017; runner-up: 2016\nFIFA Under-17 World Cup runner-up: 2017\nSpain U18\nMediterranean Games: 2018\nSpain U19\nUEFA European Under-19 Championship: 2019 UEFA European Under-17 Championship Silver Boot: 2016\nUEFA European Under-17 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2017\nFIFA Under-17 World Cup Bronze Boot: 2017 (6 goals)\nMediterranean Games top scorer: 2018 (7 goals)\nTa\u00e7a de Portugal top scorer: 2020-21 (7 goals) Top goalscorer in the history of UEFA European Under-17 Championship finals: 8 goals (shared with Amine Gouiri and Odsonne \u00c9douard)\nTop goalscorer in the history of UEFA European Under-17 Championship: 16 goals (shared with Jos\u00e9 Gomes)\nTop goalscorer in the history of the Spain under-17 team: 27 goals.\nMost-capped player in the history of the Spain under-17 team: 37 appearances.", ["w_s937"]]
[30454, "Dinesh Kumar Prabhakar (Born on June 03, 1950) is a violinist, composer, conductor and vocalist in Indian Classical Music. He has been behind many pieces of Indian music in the classical, national and religious genres. He has also composed and directed pop music.<PIC> He started his training in music at the age of 8 years from his father, Late Pt. Husan Lal \u2013 a distinguished violinist, vocalist and music director. After his father\u2019s death, he continued his training under the Government Of India\u2019s Scholarship Scheme from  Guru Pt. Dilip Chandra Vedi (who trained Pt. Husan Lal).\nAs a violinist Prabhakar has been the recipient of several national and international awards. One of the first highlights of his career was when he received the prestigious All India Radio Award for the Best Violinist in India, at the age of 18. He has composed and directed music for more than 300 documentaries, news magazines and animation films. He also has directed documentaries and films such as Ustad Bismillah Khan, a film on the renowned Shehnai Exponent and Bharat Ratna Awardee, and Moments with Maestros, that showcased films made on great maestros of music and his interactions with them. The film was subsequently screened during the inaugural ceremony of Dancing Feet, held at IFFI 2010, Goa.\nPrabhakar gives performances of Indian classical music and devotional music. He also composes for music albums, documentaries and provides music for jingles, and advertisements. He works with recording studios and also with personal and private music labels. Over the years, Mr. Dinesh Kumar Prabhakar\u2019s performance expanded in repertoire to include musical compositions. He is credited with musical performances in India and abroad. His performances in Japan, Singapore, Bangkok, Nepal, back home at Vishnu Digambar Jayanti (Delhi), Hariballabh Sangeet Sammelan (Jalandhar, Punjab), Holi Festival (Amritsar), Basant Festival (Hoshiarpur) and Tansen Sangeet Samaroh (Delhi) created memorable events.\nAs his fame as an artist grew, Mr. Prabhakar gradually got recognized in the world of music, as once his father was. Recently he has given Violin performances at Satguru Jagjit Singh Memorial Concert and Indian Consulate in New York city. Over the years, Mr. Prabhakar dreamed of imparting the training of classical music at international level. \nThe Musician\u2019s Guild released his Violin Audio CD containing Raag Yaman and Miyaan Ki Malhar\nHe has also had the honor of composing an orchestral composition, \u201cTribhava\u201d, played at the inauguration of National Channel for All India Radio (A.I.R.) in India.  \nHe was invited by the (then) USSR Embassy, Department of Culture, to compose and conduct orchestral compositions for a music concert held to mark the visit of the Indian Prime Minister, Late Shri Rajiv Gandhi to the USSR.\nThe song, \u201cWE ARE NATIONS OF COMMONWEALTH\u201d composed by Mr. Prabhakar and sung by Shri A. Hariharan was adjudged second in the Asian Region by the Commonwealth Foundation of U.K. in 1993.\nIn his 40+ Years of experience as a musician, Mr. Prabhakar rendered his services for 20 years to All India Radio in New Delhi. He composed songs, Orchestral compositions, Musical features and received Akashvani Annual Awards for five consecutive years as the Best Music Director for composing musical features. \nDuring his tenure as \u201cDirector of Music\u201d in the Films Division, Bombay (now Mumbai), for almost 20 years, he directed and composed music for more than 300 Documentaries, News Magazines, Featurettes and Animation films. Several of his films received National and International Awards.\nHe composed the music for the film \u201cThe Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi\u201d that won The National Award.  He represented the Films Division to receive the award.\nHe has composed songs with great playback singers such as Vani Jayaram, Yasudas, Asha Bhonsle, Anuradha Paudwal, Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan, Kavita Krishnamurthy, Bhupinder Singh, Sadhna Sargam, Sudesh Bhosle, Sonu Nigam, Anup Jalota and A. Hariharan to name a few, for several documentaries for the Films Division of India. He also composed music for T-Series, Sadhu Vaswani Noori Pukar. Mr. Dinesh Kumar Prabhakar is currently rendering his services in NY, promoting Indian music and culture while guiding young and ambitious students along a path of spiritual fulfillment. His song \u2018We Are Nations of Commonwealth\u2019, sung by Shri A. Hariharan, was selected as the India nominee. It was adjudged Second in the Asian Region by the Commonwealth Foundation, UK in 1993\nHe has composed Vadya Vrinda (Orchestra)\nProvided music for a very popular serial Doosra-Kewal cast by world famous hindi actor \u2013 Shahrukh Khan\nThe version recording of Shehansha and Lata Volume 8 was also performed by him under the banner of Super Cassettes (now T-Series)\nComposed music for Noorie Pukar, an album of Sindhi Bhajans, written by Dada T. L. Vaswani\nComposed music for an Oriya Ballet Pranay Ballari, that was highly acclaimed by both audiences and the media elite\nSung Sanskrit verses (Shloka) of the TV serial Meghdootam.\nComposes music for personal and private albums and for recording studios A During his services with the Films Division, Mr. Prabhakar has also Directed several films such as \n\u201cShat-Shat Pranaam\u201d \u2013 a film on the Independence Movement of India\nComposed and Directed 9 films on \u2018Communal Harmony and National Integration\u2019, in different Indian languages\nThe \u201cEye of Friendship\u201d (showing the glimpses of MIFF between the years 1990-2008). The film was screened at 11th edition of the Mumbai International Festival for Documentary, Short & Animation Films\nDirected the film \u201cMoments with Maestros\u201d, which showcased films that recognized great maestros of music and interactions with them. The film was subsequently screened during the inaugural ceremony of Dancing Feet, held at IFFI 2010, Goa.\n\u201cNaushad \u2013 A Musical Journey\u201d, a film that he directed, was screened at the Homage Section of IFFI 2006, Goa and MIFF 2010, Mumbai\nDirected film \u201cUstad Bismillah Khan\u201d, a film on the renowned Shehnai Exponent and Bharat Ratna Awardee\nMr. Prabhakar had also given his contribution to MIFF (Mumbai India International Festival \u2013 Goa) as a member secretary for several years.", ["w_s941"]]
[30455, "Gyula Kabos (19 March 1887, Budapest \u2013 6 October 1941, New York) was a Hungarian actor and comedian, widely known for his comedic movie roles in the late 1930s.<PIC>  Kabos was born on 19 March 1887, in Budapest as Gyula Kann. After completing Elek Solymosi's acting school, he started acting in Szabadka (Subotica), where he worked until 1910 with a short interruption in 1906\u201307 when he lived in Zombor (Sombor). Szabadka granted him his first successes, his first successful forays into the world of theatre, and this is the town where he met his first great comedic partner, Gyula G\u00f3zon. Following his advice, he moved to Nagyv\u00e1rad (Oradea) and lived there from 1910 to 1913. Later on, he remembered these years quite fondly. He was a well-known actor in town and had various comic adventures with his partner (which were released weekly in the town newspaper). He later moved to Budapest to play in different theatres, including the Kir\u00e1ly Sz\u00ednh\u00e1z, the V\u00edgsz\u00ednh\u00e1z, Pesti Kabar\u00e9, while trying, but ultimately failing to start an American-styled variety theatre in Nagyv\u00e1rad (1919). In 1919 he marries M\u00e1ria Puhalag, and adopts her daughter, Gabriella Sur\u00e1nyi. They moved to Budapest, where his son Istv\u00e1n Gy\u00f6rgy Kabos was born. As directors discover his comedic talent, he gets more and more small roles, including one in the V\u00edgsz\u00ednh\u00e1z. While his appearances are met with high critical acclaim, the financial crisis of the country drew a shadow to the theatrical world, also reducing his appearances. However, this situation proved as an opportunity, as the renowned F\u0151v\u00e1rosi M\u0171v\u00e9sz Sz\u00ednh\u00e1z (the future Operettsz\u00ednh\u00e1z) closed its doors, and a new search began for a director. Along with L\u00e1szl\u00f3 B\u00e9keffi, his name was trusted enough that they got the job. But life as a manager proved to be hard as Kabos disapproved the high salaries of leading actors, resulting in numerous conflicts. Again, the new plays are met with high critical acclaim, but not with monetary success, so the theatre needs to pull out formerly played acts. Continuing work conflicts, the appearance of the first loud movies, and disinterest of the public eventually result in bankruptcy. While he already tried himself in numerous small, often experimental silent films during the 1910s, he disliked them, as he blamed them for the downfall of theatrical world.\nAfter numerous attempts, he played the role of \"M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Schneider\" in the sound film, Hyppolit, a lak\u00e1j (Hyppolit, the Butler) in 1931. The movie became one of the first movie success in Hungary, and along with its soundtrack, becoming one of the most-known cinematic work of the era. The success results in several other foreign-language movie roles. After a small detour in Vienna, trying to impress the Austrian public, he works again in Budapest from 1932. As the global financial crisis, and the more and more popular movies further decimate the Budapest theatre scene, his career is struggling again is small, low-paying roles, overshadowed by few remaining stars. As the Magyar Sz\u00ednh\u00e1z theatre offers him a few dramatic roles, he accepts them, and thereby returns in the front of larger audiences. After a few dramatic roles, he returns to his old light-hearted comedic character, to great success, also touring in Germany. Beginning with M\u00e1rciusi Mese (A March tale) he begins to like doing movies. After the 1934 premier of Meseaut\u00f3 (Dream Car), his other massive success, he is confronted with standing ovation. The sudden fame surprises Kabos, as he does not understand why a movie star should be famous (until then he had only watched a few scenes from his own work). In his numerous later film characters he plays the tragicomical small man in the hard years of the 30s, motivated by fear to carry out foolish acts. While the public believed he became a rich movie star, Kabos's financial situation remained dire, as he needed to pay the debts of his theatrical failure, and had to support his poor family, who did not believe that he was much like them. Even while being the most known comedy star, because of the creditors, he only got 10 Peng\u0151 from his original 60 Peng\u0151/day payment (as comparison actress S\u00e1ri Fed\u00e1k got 540 Peng\u0151/day). To get his livelihood, he needed to make movie after movie, while also playing numerous theatres. His role in the V\u00edgsz\u00ednh\u00e1z act Lovagias \u00dcgy is another great success, winning back his theatrical audience. By 1935, he becomes one of the most sought-after movie actor, as he could greatly adapt to the then-special process of shooting only one scene at a time. Notable movies of this era are Hall\u00f3 Budapest and K\u00f6sz\u00f6n\u00f6m, hogy elg\u00e1zolt. In 1936 he completes the movie version of the Lovagias \u00dcgy, which was the first to spark the opposition of the radical right-wing groups, that were starting a few years before. Protests, shouting \"Down with Jewish movies\" were held in Budapest, P\u00e9cs, Baja, and many premieres were disrupted. As historians believe, the growing number of such revolts were orchestrated from Germany. Kabos slowly becomes the center point of attacks, a condition that fills him with fear and despair, not only for himself, but for his family. He buries himself in work, whenever possible. The third big success, A Noszty fi\u00fa esete T\u00f3th Marival is followed by a massive right-wing press campaign against director Istv\u00e1n Sz\u00e9kely, after which he left the country. Losing one of his main partner in movie-making, Kabos fears he could be next. With budgets decreasing, Kabos, became more and more like a cornerstone of Hungarian filmmaking of the time, deciding the financial success or failure of the venture. In 1937 he leaves V\u00edgsz\u00ednh\u00e1z theatre, to act in the Andr\u00e1ssy and Magyar theatre. These are the months of his last bigger achievements, as air-raid sirens, the first signs of the coming WWII were disrupting the work more and more often.  In spring 1938 he starts to plan his escape. With the help of his old friend Alexander Korda, he sends his son Istv\u00e1n to England to university. After playing in three light comedies, his 33-year theatrical career in Budapest comes to a close. While he still continues to make movies, including his first real leading role in Papucsh\u0151s, the first anti-Jew laws make his work slowly impossible. In 1939 newspapers began to spread rumors that Kabos is travelling to America. With his wife at his side, and in deep depression, he leaves the country in the compartment of a train leaving from the Keleti train station. Through Ostend and Dover they travel to London, where they meet their son Istv\u00e1n. On 1. February 1939, aboard the vessel Paris, they sail out towards America, to a future Kabos was uncertain about. The pair moves into the Woodrow Hotel in New York, where they receive numerous contract offers from fellow countrymen living in the city. Kabos accepts the manager position of a small Hungarian troupe, but in letters he complained that his colleagues are without talent. They go for a 2-week long tour including Philadelphia, Trenton, Passaic. As he described, movie theatre owners tried to ruin their shows, and seats were half empty, even while admission prices were less than half the price of movie tickets. In April 1939 the group continued to tour in Chicago and Detroit, with Kabos making extra appearances, often 4 times a day. But even as such, earnings remained miserable. Their situation got worse when his wife was moved to a hospital with bile failure, needing an immediate operation, using up most of their spare money. S\u00e1ndor Incze, a renowned theatrical figure also in exile, offers Kabos a role in New York, but after travelling there, he declines, partly after discovering that he doesn't speak the theatrical English language. While in Hungary, the attacks again him become more powerful, even questioning his nationality. By the summer of 1939, they start to run out of money. Kabos arranges a second tour with offhand groups, to mild success. He starts to build a small theatre room out of a restaurant run by his friend, but fails after one month. Playing in small acts once-twice a week, the couple gets enough money for basic food, otherwise they make walks in the Central Park. Kabos wrote a small book of his life, directed an amateur movie sketch to tour with, and a 3-hour revue, all failing. With the help of a friend, he gets a small role in one of the Broadway theatres, but had a heart attack on stage. His doctor orders him to stop going to rehearsals, but he refused. Barely surviving two other seizures, he is moved to a hospital, where, after lying in oxygen tent unconsciously for two weeks, dies on 6 October 1941. The funeral was managed by Ferenc G\u00f6nd\u00f6r, an immigrant friend. The actor was buried in Cedar Park Cemetery in Emerson, New Jersey under the name 'Kobas'. His adopted daughter Gabriella received a scrambled telegram from his mother with the news of the death, but the country only knew of it after the official statement from the MTI on 9 October. By this time in Hungary, Kabos's movies were banned, most of his colleagues denied of work, and the country was in war for 3 months. Newspapers only wrote the fact of death, as war news were the most important.\nAfter the war, the first copies of Kabos movies reappear for a short time, although most of them were lost during the battles. But the slowly established communist government thought them to be works of the aristocratic society of the past, and as such, not permitted for the working society \u2013 the copies were returned to their archival boxes, only to open up in the fifties and seventies, to short lived successes. The softening political situation of the 1980s allowed the reappearance of his cinematic work in movies and the National Television, and later cable stations, recapturing his former fame. He was reburied in the Farkasr\u00e9ti Cemetery in Budapest, in the presence of large crowds. ", ["w_s942"]]
[30456, "Retromer is a complex of proteins that has been shown to be important in recycling transmembrane receptors from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN).<PIC> Retromer is a heteropentameric complex, which in humans is composed of a less defined membrane-associated sorting nexin dimer (SNX1, SNX2, SNX5, SNX6), and a vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) trimer containing Vps26, Vps29, Vps35. Although the SNX dimer is required for the recruitment of retromer to the endosomal membrane, the cargo binding function of this complex is contributed by the core trimer through the binding of Vps35 subunit to various cargo molecules  including M6PR wntless and sortilin. Early study on sorting of acid hydrolases such as carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) in S. cerevisiae mutants has led to the identification of retromer in mediating the retrograde trafficking of the pro-CPY receptor (Vps10) from the endosomes to the TGN. The retromer complex is highly conserved: homologs have been found in C. elegans, mouse and human.  The retromer complex consists of 5 proteins in yeast: Vps35p, Vps26p, Vps29p, Vps17p, Vps5p.  The mammalian retromer consists of  Vps26, Vps29, Vps35, SNX1 and SNX2, and possibly SNX5 and SNX6.  It is proposed to act in two subcomplexes: (1) Cargo recognition complex that consist of Vps35, Vps29 and Vps26 (Vps trimer), and (2) SNX-BAR dimers which consist of SNX1 or SNX2 and SNX5 or SNX6 that facilitates endosomal membrane remodulation and curvature resulting in the formation of tubules/vesicles which transports cargo molecules to the trans-golgi network (TGN). The retromer complex has been shown to mediate retrieval of various transmembrane receptors, such as the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor, the functional mammalian counterpart of Vps10, and the Wnt receptor Wntless.  Retromer is required for the recycling of Kex2p and DPAP-A which also cycle between the trans-Golgi network and a pre-vacuolar (yeast endosome equivalent) compartment in yeast.  It is also required for the recycling of the cell surface receptor CED-1, which is necessary for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.\nRetromer plays a central role in the retrieval of several different cargo proteins from the endosome to the trans-Golgi network.  However, it is clear that there are other complexes and proteins that act in this retrieval process.  So far it is not clear whether other components that have been identified in the retrieval pathway act with retromer in the same pathway or are involved in alternative pathways. Recent studies have implicated retromer sorting defects in Alzheimer's disease and late-onset Parkinson disease\nRetromer also seems to play a role in Hepatitis C Virus replication. The association of the Vps35-Vps29-Vps26 complex to the cytosolic domains of cargo molecules endosomal membranes initiates the activation of retrograde trafficking and cargo capture. The nucleation complex was formed through the interaction of VPS complex with GTP-activated Rab7 with clathrin, clathrin-adaptors and various binding proteins.\nThe SNX-BAR dimer enters the nucleation complex via direct binding or lateral movement on endosomal surface. The increased level of Retromer SNX-BARs causes a conformational switch to a curvature-inducing mode which initiates membrane tubule formation. Once the cargo carriers are matured, the carrier scission is then catalyzed by dynamin-II or EHD1, together with the mechanical forces generated by actin polymerization and motor activity.\nThe cargo carrier is transported to the TGN by motor proteins such as dynein. Tethering of the cargo carrier to the recipient compartment will lead to the uncoating of the carrier which is driven by ATP-hydrolysis and Rab7-GTP hydrolysis. Once released from the carrier, the Vps35-Vps29-Vps26 complex and the SNX-BAR dimers get recycled back onto the endosomal membranes.", ["w_s944"]]
[30457, "Bagrat Arshaki Ulubabyan (Armenian: \u0532\u0561\u0563\u0580\u0561\u057f \u0531\u0580\u0577\u0561\u056f\u056b \u0548\u0582\u056c\u0578\u0582\u0562\u0561\u0562\u0575\u0561\u0576; Russian: \u0411\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u0410\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0423\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0430\u0431\u044f\u043d; December 9, 1925 \u2013 November 19, 2001) was an Armenian writer and historian, known most prominently for his work on the histories of Nagorno-Karabakh and Artsakh.<PIC>  Ulubabyan was born in the village of Mushkapat in the Martuni region of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), Azerbaijan SSR, on December 9, 1925. In 1944, he graduated from Shusha's Pedagogical Institute. Two years later, he received his degrees in Armenian language and Armenian literature from Baku's Pedagogical Institute. From 1949 until 1967, he returned to Nagorno-Karabakh and was the head of the province's Writers Union. During those years, he was also a writer for the Armenian language newspaper Sovetakan Gharabagh (Soviet Karabakh) and a deputy to the head of NKAO's executive committee. In 1968, Ulubabyan moved from the NKAO to Yerevan, the capital of the Armenian SSR, and in the following year, became a senior researcher in the history department at the Armenian Academy of Sciences. Ulubabyan's first works were in the field of poetry. In 1952 and 1956, he completed two works, \"Songs about Work and Peace\" and \"This Morning\". He, however, shifted his focus and began writing short stories as well as epics: \"Aygestan\" (1960), \"Tartar\" (1963), \"The Grain Never Dies\" (1967), and \"Lamp\" (1976). He also wrote two novels, Armenian Land in 1959 and The Man in 1963. One of his most prominent works was the historical novel Sardarapat.\nMany of Ulubabyan's work concern the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh. In 1975, he published The Principality of Khachen, From the 10th to 16th centuries, a political and cultural history of the medieval principality of Khachen. In 1979, he published A Gold Chain, a collection of historical essays from the stories of Movses Kaghankatvatsi until the era of the principalities of Karabakh, depicting the role of Nagorno-Karabakh in the history of Armenia. Several years later, in 1981, he published Studies in the History of the Eastern Provinces of Armenia and Gandzasar. More recently, he authored A History of Artsakh: From the Beginning Until Our Days (1994). Another work on the region, The Survival Struggle of Artsakh, was published in the same year and was a study focusing on the Nagorno-Karabakh during the Soviet era (from 1918 until the 1960s). As an expert in Classical Armenian literature, he translated two works of the 5th-century Armenian chronicler Ghazar Parpetsi, A History of Armenia and A Letter to Vahan Mamikonian, into Armenian in 1982. In the late 1980s, with the beginning of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Ulubabyan took part in the demonstrations in Yerevan which called on Soviet authorities to turn Karabakh over to the control of Armenia. During the 1960s, Ulubabyan had also been the author and one of thirteen signatories of a letter sent to Moscow, asking that the Soviet Union to consider Karabakh's incorporation into Armenia.\nOn May 7, 2001, in honor of his work in regards to Armenian history, he was decorated with the Order of Saint Gregory the Illuminator by the Nagorno Karabakh Republic's then-president, Arkady Ghukasyan. After suffering from a long bout of lung disease, Ulubabyan died on November 19, 2001. In modern academic world Bagrat Ulubabyan is acknowledged as a respected scholar in the field of Caucasiology. Western scholars, such as Robert Hewsen or Patrick Donabedian, have extensively used Ulubabyan's research on eastern lands of Armenia, directly or indirectly endorsing his statements and views. In an essay on the kingdom of Artsakh, Hewsen also referred to Ulubabyan's Principality of Khachen as an \"important work\" and suggested it as a supplemental source to readers who are interested in learning more about the region and its medieval history.\nHowever, Russian historian Victor Schnirelmann considers Ulubabyan as one of several scholars who tried to create an Armenian \"myth\" of the history of Nagorno-Karabakh. Schnirelmann criticized Ulubabyans contention that in the early Middle Ages the Caucasian Albanians populated only the lands to the north of the Kura River, and that despite the traditional point of view according to which the Udi people represent the descendants of medieval Albanian tribe of Utis, Ulubabyan claimed that the latter were not only Armenicized very early, but were almost originally Armenian.", ["w_s945"]]
[30459, "Dave Bainbridge is an English guitarist and keyboard player who has played with The Strawbs since 2015. With Dave Fitzgerald, Dave co-founded the Christian progressive and Celtic folk themed band Iona.<PIC> Born in Darlington, England from a musical family. Dave had piano lessons from the age of eight and learnt guitar from thirteen. He joined his first band 'Exodus' at fourteen.\nDave went to Leeds College of Music, gaining the \"BBC Radio 2 Best Jazz Soloist Award\" whilst there. Whilst at college Dave, met singer and songwriter Adrian Snell. The result was a working partnership spanning eight years and through which he would first meet Joanne Hogg and David Fitzgerald. This partnership went on to be the founding force behind the group Iona.\nDave toured the world with Iona between 1989 and 2015, releasing 13 critically acclaimed albums. Dave\u2019s multi-faceted career as a solo artist, keyboardist, guitarist,  bouzouki player, composer, improviser, producer, arranger, teacher and sound mixer has led him into many musical genres and work with numerous artists including: Strawbs (current keyboardist), Jack Bruce, Buddy Guy, Troy Donockley (Nightwish), Nick Beggs, Gloria Gaynor, Moya Brennan, Robert Fripp, Mae McKenna, Phil Keaggy, Paul Jones, Damian Wilson, Nick Fletcher, \u2018Snake\u2019 Davis, Adrian Snell, PP Arnold, Mollie Marriott, Lifesigns (with John Young), Norman Beaker, Fred T Baker, Dave Brons, Paul Bielatowicz and many others.\nWinner of the BBC Radio 2 Best Jazz soloist award (piano) and the Sam Hood Rosebowl for Outstanding Performance during his time at Leeds Music College (where he graduated with first class honours and a distinction in arranging), Dave has composed soundtracks for numerous short films, TV and multimedia productions and has co-written a guitar concerto with Classic FM favourite Nick Fletcher, released on the album \u2018Cathedral of Dreams\u2019 (2009).\nDave has released four solo studio albums, \u2018Veil of Gossamer\u2019 (2004), \u2018Celestial Fire\u2019 (2014), his first solo piano album \u2018The Remembering\u2019 (2016), and \u2018To the Far Away\u2019 (2021). The \u2018Celestial Fire\u2019 album led to the formation of the band of the same name in 2015 and the Celestial Fire band \u2019Live in the UK\u2019 DVD/2\u00a0cd album was released in April 2017.\nDave has also released two collaborative albums with Troy Donockley and two with Iona's David Fitzgerald.\nCurrent live projects include his new band Celestial Fire, Strawbs, the Dave Bainbridge & Sally Minnear duo, Lifesigns, and occasional solo concerts. Dave was arranger & musical director for Adrian Snell\u2019s sell out live performances in The Netherlands of his works \u2018The Passion\u2019, \u2018Light of the World\u2019 and 'Alpha and Omega', all of which feature a full band of top Dutch session musicians, vocal soloists and a 60 piece choir.\n\"Dave Bainbridge is a genius of immeasurable proportions\u2026.working with artists as varied as Buddy Guy, Jack Bruce and IONA. If you are unfamiliar with him it's time to make amends. Trust me.\"\nNick Beggs (Kajagoogoo / Steve Wilson / Steve Hackett etc., etc.)\n\"I've been listening to 'Celestial Fire' and I love it!  Wow\u2026 That's some amazing stuff man! Really one of the best albums I've heard in a while.\"\nNeal Morse (Spock's Beard / Transatlantic / Flying Colors)\n\u201cDave is both a solo artist and a major driving force behind the band Iona. His fluid, emotional guitar playing, epic keyboard work and expansive compositions combine into one of this generation\u2019s most powerful and original musical voices.\u201d \nJohn Kellogg (producer for Britney Spears, Chicago, Foreigner, Black Crows, Deep Purple, ELP)\n\u201cBainbridge's guitar playing is superb; his electric solos conjure Eric Johnson and Allan Holdsworth, while his acoustic technique dazzles, thanks to a remarkable dexterity and the use of unusual tunings.\u2026\u201d\nwww.progressiveworld.net\n\u201cCelestial Fire is absolute sonic brilliance!\u201d\nChris  MacIntosh 88.1fm WCWP New York\n\u201cSoaring guitar passages, stunning keyboard work, and inspirational waves of orchestral prog.\u201d Bert Saraco A multi-instrumentalist and songwriter, Bainbridge's solo material continues in the style established in Iona, fusing progressive rock, Celtic folk, classical and improvisational elements in a unique way.\nA number of members of Iona have recorded solo albums, or co-operated on each others. Iona's and Dave's solo & collaboration are albums available from www.iona.uk.com/store. Veil of Gossamer (2004)\nCelestial Fire (2014)\nThe Remembering (2016)\nLive in the Studio (DVD) (2018) Dave Bainbridge & Sally Minnear\nTo the Far Away (2021)  see Iona for a list of their recordings Eye of the Eagle (1998)\nEye of the Eagle (DVD) (2005)\nLife Journey (Dave Bainbridge) (2009) When Worlds Collide (2005)\nFrom Silence (2005)\nFrom Silence (DVD) (2005) The Ferryman's Curse (2017)\nSettlement (2021) Cardington (2017)\nAltitude (2021) Songs for Luca (2003) (with other Iona members and various other artists)\nSongs for Luca 2 (2007) (with other Iona members and various other artists)\nBreaking of the Dawn  (2007) (with Nick Fletcher, featuring Yvonne Lyon)\nCathedral of Dreams  (2009) (with Nick Fletcher)\nChronofonia (2020) (with an international ensemble)\nHalcyon Hymns (2021) (with Downes-Braide Association)", ["w_s949"]]
[30460, "Terukuni Maru (\u7167\u56fd\u4e38) was a Japanese  ocean liner owned by Nippon Yusen Kaisha (NYK).  The ship was launched in 1929 by Mitsubishi Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. at Nagasaki, on the southern island of Ky\u016bsh\u016b, Japan, entering service in 1930. She sank off the English coast in 1939 after striking a mine. Her sinking has been described as Japan's only World War II casualty outside East Asia before the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor.<PIC> The ship was named for the Terukuni jinja, a Shinto shrine located in Kagoshima. The Terukuni Maru and her sister ship Yasukuni Maru were built for NYK\u2019s fortnightly scheduled high-speed European service, coming into operation from the autumn of 1930. Both ships were specially designed for tropical conditions, with state-of-the-art air conditioning and fresh air circulation systems, as their routing was south from Japan, through the Indian Ocean, Suez Canal and Mediterranean Sea. Both ships were initially designed for use with geared turbine engines for projected cruising speed of 18 knots. However, under increasing pressure from the Japanese government to use only equipment and technologies available domestically, the design was changed to use standard Mitsubishi-Sulzer marine diesel engines, which reduced cruising speed to 15 knots.\nThe 11,931-ton steel-hulled vessel had a length of 505 feet (154\u00a0m), and a beam of 64 feet (20\u00a0m), with a single funnel, two masts, and double screws. Terukuni Maru provided accommodation for 121 first-class passengers and 68 second class passengers. There was also room for up to 60 third-class passengers.  The ship and passengers were served by a crew of 177. On September 24, 1939, at 5 PM, Terukuni Maru departed Yokohama on her 25th voyage to Europe. En route, she made her usual scheduled ports of call: Nagoya, Osaka, Kobe, Moji, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Penang, and Colombo. After transiting the Suez Canal, she called at Beirut, Naples and Marseilles (where she stayed for four days), followed by Casablanca. At 9 AM on November 19, she transited the Dover Straits, turning north to the mouth of the River Thames and her final destination of London. She took aboard a pilot off the South Downs, and underwent contraband inspection while Royal Navy minesweepers checked her route into London for mines. After receiving clearance to proceed, at 35 minutes after midnight on the morning of November 21, an explosion occurred between her second and third holds, after she struck a German magnetic mine at 51\u00b050\u2032N 01\u00b030\u2032E off Harwich on the Essex coast. She sank in less than 45 minutes,  but there were no fatalities as all 28 passengers and 177 crew members were able to escape in lifeboats.\nAs Japan was officially neutral at the time, the sinking of the Terukuni Maru led to a diplomatic incident between Japan and both the United Kingdom and Germany. Both countries officially denied responsibility for the mine. However, it is almost certain to have been a German mine because the type of mine used is one that had been developed by the Germans and because the United Kingdom would not have placed mines in its own shipping lanes. Although Japan was increasingly allied towards Germany, the Japanese government protested the loss with the Nazi German government, but the ship owner was not compensated for the loss.\nThe wrecked ship lay partly submerged on its side at 8 fathoms (48\u00a0ft; 15\u00a0m) depth, visible to wartime shipping. The wreckage was examined for salvage potential, but salvage work was not undertaken. In 1946 the ship was demolished with explosives as part of a British effort to remove war debris from coastal waters. The remains of the Terukuni Maru have been recorded.\nA model of the ship is displayed in the library of the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow.", ["w_s954"]]
[30461, "It\u014d Noe (\u4f0a\u85e4 \u91ce\u679d, January 21, 1895 \u2013 September 16, 1923) was a Japanese anarchist, social critic, author and feminist.  She was the editor-in-chief of the feminist magazine Seit\u014d. Her progressive anarcha-feminist ideology challenged the norms of the Meiji and Taish\u014d periods in which she lived. She drew praise from critics by being able to weave her personal and political ideas into her writings. The Japanese government, however, condemned her for challenging the constructs of the time.  She became a martyr of the ideology in which she believed during the Amakasu Incident.<PIC> It\u014d was born on the island of Kyushu near Fukuoka, Japan on January 21, 1895. She was born into an aristocratic family and convinced an uncle to pay for her education at Ueno Girls High School in Tokyo, from which she graduated. It was at this school where she developed an affinity for literature. She was particularly fond of the progressive ideas of the time from Western and Japanese writers.\nIt was during her second summer vacation, in 1910, at Ueno Girls School when her family pressured her to marry Suematsu Fukutaro, a man who had recently returned to Kyushu from the United States. Marrying Suematsu would be a stipulation that she had to agree to in order to continue her education. It\u014d wanted her own complete freedom, so she immediately started to plot a way to escape the relationship and make her home in Tokyo. She made a major move in her life to Tokyo, marrying an ex-teacher, Tsuji Jun, she had met at Ueno Girls High School. After graduation, It\u014d's relationship with Tsuji became romantic and they had two sons, Makoto (born on January 20, 1914) and Ry\u016bji (born on August 10, 1915). They were officially married in 1915. Their relationship lasted about four years before she was captivated by the anarchist author Sakae \u014csugi. It\u014d joined the Bluestocking Society (\u9752\u979c\u793e Seit\u014d-sha), as producer of the feminist arts-and-culture magazine Seit\u014d (\u9752\u979c) in 1915, contributing until 1916. In her last year as Editor-in-Chief, she practiced an inclusive attitude towards content; she \"opened the pages to extended discussions of abortion, prostitution, free love and motherhood\". Seit\u014d founder, Hiratsku Raich\u014d, would describe her as a writer with intense and natural emotion.\nUnder It\u014d's editorship, Seit\u014d became a more radical journal that led the government to ban five issues as threatening the kokutai. The February 1914 edition was banned by the censors because of a short story It\u014d had published in the journal titled Shuppon (\"Flight\") about a young woman who escapes from an arranged marriage and is then betrayed by her lover who promised to escape with her from Japan. The June 1915 edition was banned for an article calling for abortion to be legalized in Japan.\nThree other editions of Seit\u014d were banned because of an erotic short story where a woman happily remembers having sex the previous night; another edition for a short story dealing with the break-up of an arranged marriage, and another edition for an article titled \"To The Women of the World\" calling for women to marry for love. The narratives in It\u014d's stories held common themes: they were all influenced by her own thoughts on her political and personal beliefs, painting a vivid literary picture of the issues afflicting her at the time.\nHer personal writings published into Seit\u014d dealt with the many problems that she had dealt with in her own life such as arranged marriages, denial of the free love she much longed for, and the sexual nature that all human felt but had been repressed.  Her short story \"Mayoi\" in 1914 told the story of a student who moves in with her ex-school teacher, only to find out he had been intimate with her former classmate.  This story directly parallels her own life with Tsuji Jun. \"Tenki\" another one of her stories published by Seit\u014d, dealt with more of her own issues, as the main protagonists is drawn to social activism while her marriage proves to be an obstacle.  It\u014d's writing was a way for her to express her personal beliefs, and she often used her own real life events to draw upon in order to create her stories.\nUnder It\u014d Seit\u014d became more concerned with social issues than it had been before, and in 1914\u201316, she engaged in a debate on the pages of the magazine with another feminist, Yamakawa Kikue, about whether prostitution should be legalized or not. It\u014d argued for the legalization of prostitution for the same reasons that she favored the legalization of abortion, namely that she believed that women's bodies belonged only to them, and that the state had no business telling a woman what she may or may not do with her body.\nFurthermore, It\u014d argued that the social system did not offer many economic opportunities to women and that most Japanese prostitutes were destitute women who turned to selling sex in order to survive, which led her to the conclusion that they should not be punished for merely seeking a means to live. It\u014d wrote social criticism and novels, and translated socialist and anarchist writings from English to Japanese, from the authors such as American Emma Goldman (The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation, etc.). In February 1916, Seit\u014d published its last edition due to a lack of funds, as the government had prevented distributors from carrying the magazine. Sakae \u014csugi, who was already married, engaged in simultaneous relationships with It\u014d and another feminist, Ichiko Kamichika, taking the viewpoint that he loved all three women equally and should not have to choose which one he loved the most. The three women he was involved with did not feel the same way, and each wanted him only for herself, which caused considerable problems.\nIt\u014d's passion for \u014csugi became evident in February 1916, when she went walking with him in a Tokyo park, holding his hand and kissed him in public; at the time, kissing in public and couples holding hands in Japan were considered to be deeply immoral acts that no decent person should ever engage in, and many people in the park chided the couple for their behavior. Later that same day, when \u014csugi met Ichiko, he told her that he had kissed a woman in public for the first time in his entire life, which, as the woman in question was not Ichiko, caused a very heated scene.\nIt\u014d, who was hoping to see \u014csugi again, had followed him to Ichiko's apartment, was listening in, and chose to knock on the door to involve herself in this conversation. This in turn caused an angry scene between the two women over who loved \u014csugi the best, while \u014csugi insisted he loved both equally. \u014csugi continued to live with his wife while seeing both Ichiko and It\u014d until November 1916, when in a moment of jealousy Ichiko followed \u014csugi and It\u014d to a countryside inn; upon seeing that they had spent the night together, she attacked \u014csugi with a knife as he emerged from his room in the morning, stabbing him several times in the throat.\n\u014csugi was hospitalized as a result of his wounds and his wife left him during his stay in hospital. It\u014d and \u014csugi would have four children together, and would stay together for the rest of their lives despite never actually being legally married.  Her relationship with him would remain political as well, as she worked with him as a publishing partner. They would work together to further their ideas on anarchism through their writings and publishings, and would both become targets of the state and critics through their unabashed loyalty to their cause. In 1921, It\u014d wrote articles published in R\u014dd\u014d Und\u014d (Labor Movement), a journal which she published with \u014csugi.\nBeginning in 1916, Ito lived and worked with \u014csugi, and continued to rise in the feminist group while showing growing leadership potential. As an anarchist, It\u014d was highly critical of the existing political system in Japan, which led her to call for an anarchism to exist in \"everyday practice,\" namely that people should in various small ways seek routinely to undermine the \"kokutai\". It\u014d was especially critical of the way that most Japanese people automatically deferred to the state and accepted the claim that the emperor was a god who had to be obeyed unconditionally, leading her to complain that it was very difficult to get most people to think critically. As someone who had challenged the kokutai, It\u014d was constantly harassed by the police to the point that she complained of feeling that her home was a prison, as she could not go out without a policeman stopping her. In the chaos immediately following the Great Kant\u014d earthquake on September 16, 1923, according to writer and activist Harumi Setouchi, It\u014d, \u014csugi, and his 6-year-old nephew Munekazu (born in Portland, Oregon) were arrested, strangled to death, and thrown into an abandoned well by a squad of military police (known as the Kenpeitai) led by Lieutenant Masahiko Amakasu. Once the bodies were retrieved from the well, both \u014csugi and It\u014d's bodies were inspected and found to be covered with bruises indicating that they had been severely beaten. According to literary scholar Patricia Morley, It\u014d and \u014csugi were strangled in their cells. Noe It\u014d was 28 years old.\nThe killing of such high-profile anarchists, together with a young child, became known as the Amakasu Incident and sparked shock and anger throughout Japan. Amakasu was arrested and sentenced to ten years in prison for the murders, but he was released after serving only three years.\nIt\u014d and \u014csugi are both buried in the Kutsunoya cemetery in Aoi-ku, Shizuoka. Director Kij\u016b Yoshida made Eros + Massacre in 1969, about Sakae \u014csugi; It\u014d features prominently in the film.", ["w_s955"]]
[30462, "Mira Rai (born 31 December 1988) is a Nepalese trail runner and sky runner. She has participated in many international competitions and has won numerous awards. She was the winner of 2017 National Geographic Adventurer of the Year.<PIC> She has participated in some of the world\u2019s most challenging trail races. Mira Rai hails from a remote village in Bhojpur, in the east of the country. Growing up, her family struggled to meet everyday necessities through farming. She left school at age 12 to help her parents in daily household chores, and because her family could not afford her education. She regularly walked up and down the mountainous terrain to collect water and go to market.\nAt the age of 14 she left home in the middle of the night, without telling her parents, to join the Maoist insurgency when they came recruiting through her village. As she was a minor, when the civil war came to an end she was ineligible for integration into the Nepal Army and was subsequently discharged. After returning home she dreamed of doing something more with her life to support her family, and traveled to Kathmandu to pursue karate and running. She was a good runner, but didn\u2019t know what ultra-running was when she participated in her first ultra-marathon, the 50\u00a0km Himalayan Outdoor Festival trail race. One morning when she was running in the hills surrounding Kathmandu, she met a group who were training on the same trails. After running together for some time, they asked her to meet them the following week for another run. When she arrived for that run, she found it was the start point of the 50\u00a0km race. Despite being unprepared, without carrying proper food or water, or wearing technical running clothes, she won the race, and caught the attention of race organizers with her positive attitude and dedication to the sport.\nAfter more intensive training for trail running, with her mentor Richard Bull of Trail Running Nepal, she began to travel overseas to participate in international ultra-trail running competitions, where she quickly became a well known name, winning one race after another and breaking several records. In early 2016 she suffered a knee injury during competition in the United Kingdom and had to take some time off from international competition to recover. During that time, she turned her attention to promoting trail running across Nepal, and helping to train other promising young female athletes from rural Nepal to complete on the international stage. She has organized many trail races in Kathmandu, and also her native Bojpur, to promote the sport among Nepali youth. She has been featured in both national and international media, which have covered her life from a remote and rural village to a national hero. In a patriarchal society, she has become an inspiration to many girls across the country.\nIn 2017 Mira re-joined the competitive ultra-trail running world, with her first competition in September 2017 at the 120\u00a0km Ben Nevis Ultra Trail Race in Scotland, UK, where she won the race and set a new course record in a time of 14 hours and 24 minutes. She is a professional trail runner, and part of the Salomon Running team. These are her main results.", ["w_s966"]]
[30463, "Stefan William Merriman (born 24 March 1973 in Tauranga, New Zealand) is a former professional motorcycle trials and enduro rider. He won the World Enduro Championship in 2000 (250cc), 2001 (400cc), 2003 (250cc), and 2004 (Enduro 1).<PIC> Merriman began riding trials at an early age. In 1985 when he was 12 years old and competing against adult riders, he won the clubman class at the New Zealand Trials Championship riding a Fantic 80. Two years later when he was 14, he won the New Zealand Experts Championship.  In August 1989 he won a two-day international youth trial at Scarborough. and while he was in England, he also finished second in the YMSA youth six days trial in Derbyshire.  When he returned to New Zealand he won the expert class at the 1989 New Zealand Trials Championship. In 1990 he moved to Yorkshire to live and in May was 10th in the Scottish Six Days Trial (SSDT) and received the award for best newcomer.  The following year he finished 15th in the SSDT and in 1992 he finished 4th. In the 1991 and 1992 SSDTs he won best performance of the day awards.\nWhile living in England he rode in the British and World trials championships and received support from the UK Aprilia importers, Gerald Richardson and Malcolm Rathmell.  He rode in 21 rounds of the World Championship from 1990 to 1992, with a best result of 16th at the Finnish round in 1991. He was also 6th in the British Championship that year.  Merriman returned to New Zealand in 1992 then moved to Brisbane in 1993. Later that year he won the Australian and the New Zealand Trials Championships.  In 1994 he finished second to Graham Jarvis in the Australian Trials Championship, and he won it again in 1995.  Around this time he also competed in road racing and won the Australian Supersport 600 championship in 1995.\nFrom 1996 he began competing in enduro events, riding on an Australian motorcycle competition licence when he competed in international events.   He won the World Enduro Championship in the  250cc class in 2000, the 400cc in 2001, 250cc in 2003 and Enduro One in 2004. In 2003, Merriman also came close to beating Juha Salminen for the overall World title, finishing second in the overall championship only three points (266 vs. 269) behind Salminen. He led the championship before the final heat where he fell and finished second as Salminen took the win and the championship. In 2004, Merriman moved to Yamaha, winning his fourth world title and placing third overall, behind Salminen and Samuli Aro and ahead of David Knight. The following year, he won eleven of the 18 rounds in the Enduro 2 class, but with four retirements could not challenge KTM's Samuli Aro for the title. In 2006, he took three wins and placed third in the championship.\nMerriman signed with Aprilia to race their V-Twin machine in the 2007 World Enduro Championship, and placed fifth in the E2 championship, with one second place as his best event result. In the 2008 season, he competed in the E3 class, winning three of the last four events and again placed fifth in the standings. ", ["w_s978"]]
[30464, "Mount Dennis is an intermodal transit terminal under construction in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Located east of the intersection of Eglinton Avenue and Weston Road in the Mount Dennis neighbourhood in the district of York, the station will be the western terminus of the future Line 5 Eglinton as well as an intermediate station on the GO Transit Kitchener line and Union Pearson Express. The station has been designated as one of many \"mobility hubs\" in Greater Toronto. It is scheduled to open in 2022.\nThe station is being built on the lands formerly known as Kodak Heights, which was a camera manufacturing facility operated by the Eastman Kodak Company from 1918 to 2006. The station will use Kodak Building 9, a heritage building and local landmark, as a station entrance. Adjacent to the station, the Eglinton Maintenance and Storage Facility is also located on the lands.<PIC> A draft prepared on April 10, 2013, established four designs for the station. In all the designs, the underground LRT platform was 150 metres (490\u00a0ft) long\u2014long enough for four vehicle trainsets. Two designs placed the bus platform on the north side of Eglinton, accessed through a 230-metre (750\u00a0ft) pedestrian tunnel. In the other two designs, the bus platforms were on the south side of Eglinton, accessed through a 260-metre (850\u00a0ft) pedestrian tunnel.\nBy 2016, the finalized design placed the bus loop on the north side of the station, accessed by a relocated Photography Drive bridge that crosses Eglinton further to the east than the old bridge. This roadway would pass east of the renovated Kodak building, which would form the station's third entrance.\nOn the weekend of February 19 to 21, 2016, the Photography Drive bridge over Eglinton Avenue was demolished to make way for construction on the Mount Dennis station site.\nIn August 2016, the former Kodak building was temporarily moved 60 metres (200\u00a0ft) to facilitate construction. On November 13, 2017, the building was moved back to sit on a newly built foundation. The community wanted this landmark preserved; thus, it will become an integral part of Mount Dennis station.\nBy August 2018, some track had already been laid within the Line 5 portion of the station. By August 2019, track had been extended from the station platform eastwards past the junction with the Eglinton Maintenance and Storage Facility, but overhead wire for pantographs had not yet been hung; escalators and wall tiles were being installed; graffiti had been removed from the Kodak building and restoration work to its interior was in progress.\nBy the fourth quarter of 2020, light rail vehicles were making test runs between Mount Dennis and Keelesdale stations. In addition to being a landmark and a Heritage Interest Building, the former Kodak building will be a focal point for riders using the mobility hub, as many of the mobility hub's features are linked to this building. It will have a waiting area and public washrooms, and retail spaces on the main and basement levels. The upper floors of the building will be used for rented offices, to provide a space for community use, and will include an auditorium.\nThe station will have three entrances:\nThe main entrance and a station plaza will be located between Weston Road and the GO Transit Kitchener rail corridor. There will be an underground passage from the main entrance to the former Kodak building.\nThe secondary entrance will be located at street level on the north side of Eglinton Avenue West on the east side of the rail bridges for the Kitchener rail corridor.\nThe third entrance and another station plaza will be at the former Kodak building.\nThe hub will encompass the following services:\nLine 5 Eglinton will terminate at Mount Dennis, and there will be special track work for reversing LRT trains. The LRT platform will have a glass wall allowing natural light into the space.\nGO Transit and UP Express station will have platforms constructed along the Kitchener rail corridor and be accessible from the underground connection between the main entrance and the waiting room in the former Kodak building.\nThe off-street TTC bus terminal will have 15 bays and will be connected to the former Kodak building. The bus terminal will have its own space for retail.\nThe passenger pick-up and drop-off area will be available to riders of any of the hub's transit services. There will also be four taxi stands nearby.\nBicycle storage will include 40 outdoor and 80 indoor spaces. Indoor storage will be provided at the main entrance.\nEast of the station, the LRT line would travel on an elevated guideway above Black Creek Drive and Black Creek itself, before descending into the western portal of the line's bored tunnel, towards Keelesdale Station.\nAs part of a program to install artworks at major interchange stations along Line 5 Eglinton, Mount Dennis Station will feature two artworks:\nUp to This Moment, by Hadley + Maxwell, will be a video display of an image documenting changes to the Kodak Heights site. The image displayed will change daily. The artwork will be located on the east wall of the upper concourse; it will be visible from Eglinton Avenue through the south-side, glass wall of the station.\nAn untitled work by Sara Cwynar will feature a brightly coloured, wall-sized mural consisting of a collage of photographic images, digitally printed on layered glass panels. The artwork will be located along a pedestrian corridor within the station. As of February\u00a02022, the following are the proposed connecting routes that would serve this station when Line 5 Eglinton opens:", ["w_s982"]]
[30465, "Khin Myo Chit (Burmese: \u1001\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1005\u103a, [k\u02b0\u026a\u0300\u0270\u0303 mj\u00f3 t\u0255\u02b0\u026a\u0294]; 1 May 1915 \u2013 2 January 1999) was a Burmese author and journalist, whose career spanned over four decades. She began her career writing short stories in Burmese for Dagon Magazine in 1934. She worked on the editorial staff of The Burma Journal during anti-colonial movements. After the war, Khin Myo Chit wrote for The Oway, a Burmese newspaper.<PIC> Her birth name was Khin Mya. She started her work in Burmese culture, literature and politics in the 1300 Movement. She acted as deputy head of the Women's Front of the 1300 Movement which demanded self-rule at the Shwedagon Pagoda in Rangoon (now Yangon) on 29 January 1939. Starting from that moment, she adopted the name, Khin Myo Chit. After the 1300 Movement, Khin Myo Chit started writing in many patriotic Burmese papers, including the Deedoke Journal.\nShe graduated from the University of Rangoon in 1952, and served as an editor for The Guardian Daily, when she began writing short stories and articles in English. Her story, \"The 13-carat Diamond\", which appeared first in The Guardian Daily, was featured in Fifty Great Oriental Stories, published by Bantam Classics. Other stories, including \"Her Infinite Variety\" and \"The Four Puppets\", won acclaim in Asia. During her career, Khin Myo Chit wrote many English publications, including a historical novel on King Anawrahta.\nKhin Myo Chit also served as an editor in the Working People's Daily, voicing her political opinions and also her nationalistic spirit. She also wrote many books on Burmese culture \u2013 such as the Wonderland of Burmese Legends, where she documented famous myths, legends and folktales of Myanmar, and the Colourful Burma series. Khin Myo Chit died on 2 January 1999 at her home in Yangon. Her son, Khin Maung Win and daughter-in-law Tekkatho Shwe Yi Win are Burmese writers. 1932 \u2013 \"Patriotism\" (a poem that earned her pen name)\n1936 \u2013 College Girl (a novelette for serialization in The Sun a daily paper.)\n1945 \u2013 Three years under the Japs.\n1955 \u2013 \"13 Carat Diamond\" (short story published in The Guardian magazine, later included in 50 Great Oriental Stories in Bantam Classics.)\n1963 to 1968 \u2013 Heroes of Old Burma and Quest for Peace (an autobiography) (Both serialized in The Working People's Daily.)\n1969 \u2013 13 Carat Diamond and Other Stories\n1970 \u2013 \"Her Infinite Variety\" (a prize-winning short in the Horizon magazine short story competition.). \"The Four Puppets\" (included in Folk Tales of Asia by UNESCO). Anawrahta of Burma(Myanmar) (Publication of Heroes of Old Burma (Myanmar), which was later re-printed under the titles 'Anawrahta' and 'King Among Men'.)\n1976 \u2013 Colourful Burma (a practical and poetic guide for the visitor who wants something better than a tourist view of Myanmar, later reprinted under the title 'Colourful Myanmar'.\n1977 \u2013 Burmese Scenes and Sketches\n1980 \u2013 Flowers and Festivals Round the Burmese Year: Kyaikhtiyo (a short history of Kyaikhtiyo Pagoda, published in the Asia Magazine.)\n1981 \u2013 \"A Pagoda Where Fairy Tale Characters Come to Life\" (a tale-like description of Melamu Pagoda in the outskirts of Yangon, published in the Asia Magazine.)\n1984 \u2013 A Wonderland of Burmese Legends (published by the Tamarind Press in Bangkok later reprinted in Myanmar under the title A Wonderland of Pagoda Legends\n1995 \u2013 Gift of Laughter (on the picturesque speech of the people of Hladaw, a village in Central Myanmar, selections of which have been published in the Pyinsa Rupa magazine.)\n2005 \u2013 Stories and Sketches of Myanmar", ["w_s984"]]
[30466, "Eoin Murphy (born 6 August 1990) is an Irish hurler who plays for Kilkenny Intermediate Championship club Glenmore and at inter-county level with the Kilkenny senior hurling team. He usually lines out as a goalkeeper.<PIC>  Murphy first came to prominence as a Gaelic footballer at New Ross Vocational College. It was during his time here that he was selected for the Wexford vocational schools' team. Murphy won back-to-back All-Ireland B Championship medals in 2008 and 2009. Murphy studied at the Waterford Institute of Technology and joined the senior hurling team in his second year at the institute. On 1 March 2014, he captained the team from centre-back when Waterford IT defeated the Cork Institute of Technology by 0-17 to 0-12 to win the Fitzgibbon Cup. Murphy joined the Glenmore club at a young age and played in all grades at juvenile and underage levels as a dual player before eventually joining the club's top adult teams in both hurling and Gaelic football.\nOn 10 October 2009, Murphy lined out at left wing-back when Glenmore faced Muckalee in the Kilkenny Football Championship final. He ended the game with a winners' medal following the 2-7 to 0-10 victory.\nOn 25 October 2015, Murphy won a Kilkenny Junior Championship medal as part of the Glenmore hurling team that defeated Kilmacow by 1-12 to 2-06 in the final. He was one of the club's top scorers throughout the championship after amassing 6-28. On 16 January 2016, Murphy lined out at right wing-forward when Glenmore faced Lusmagh in the Leinster final. He top scored with 0-08, including four frees, and ended the game with a winners' medal following the 0-23 to 0-13 defeat of Lusmagh. Murphy was switched to centre-forward for the All-Ireland final against Eoghan Rua on 7 February 2016. He scored a point from play and collected an All-Ireland medal following the 2-08 to 0-12 victory.  Murphy first played for Kilkenny as a member of the minor team during the 2008 Leinster Championship. He made his first appearance for the team on 6 April 2008 when he lined out in goal in Kilkenny's 3-12 to 0-15 defeat of Wexford. On 6 July 2008, Murphy was again in goal when he collected a Leinster Championship medal following a 1-19 to 0-12 defeat of Wexford in the final. On 7 September 2008, Kilkenny faced Galway in the All-Ireland final. Although held scoreless for much of the second half, Murphy collected a winners' medal following the 3-06 to 0-13 victory.\nMurphy was drafted onto the Kilkenny under-21 team as sub-goalkeeper in advance of the Leinster Championship. He won a Leinster Under-21 Hurling Championship medal as an unused substitute on 15 July 2009 following Kilkenny's 2-20 to 1-09 defeat of Dublin in the final. Murphy was again an unused substitute on 13 September 2009 when Kilkenny suffered a 0-15 to 0-14 defeat by Clare in the All-Ireland final.\nOn 9 June 2010, Murphy made his first appearance for the Kilkenny under-21 team. He scored three points from right corner-forward following Kilkenny's 2-31 to 0-08 defeat of Offaly.\nMurphy was eligible for the under-21 grade for a third and final season in 2011. He made his final appearance in the grade on 7 June 2011 and top scored with 0-05 in the 1-16 to 2-12 defeat by Wexford. Murphy was added to the Kilkenny intermediate hurling team in advance of the 2010 Leinster Championship. He won a Leinster Championship medal as an unused substitute on 7 July 2010 following a 1-21 to 0-11 defeat of Dublin in the final. On 28 August 2010, Murphy was again an unused substitute when Kilkenny defeated Cork by 2-17 to 1-13 in the All-Ireland final.\nOn 6 July 2011, Murphy made his Kilkenny intermediate team debut. He won a second successive Leinster Championship medal on that occasion after top scoring with 1-07 in a 2-15 to 2-13 defeat of Wexford in the final. Murphy was added to the Kilkenny senior team as third-choice goalkeeper for the 2011 season. On 3 July 2011, he won a Leinster Championship medal as a member of the extended panel following Kilkenny's 4-17 to 1-15 defeat of Dublin in the final. Murphy again failed to make the match-day panel but was on the extended panel when Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the All-Ireland final on 4 September 2011. He ended the game with an All-Ireland medal following the 2-17 to 1-16 victory.\nMurphy was promoted to second-choice goalkeeper behind David Herity during the 2012 National League. He made his first appearance on 11 March 2012 when he lined out in goal in a 2-21 to 1-15 defeat of Waterford. On 6 May 2012, Murphy won a National League medal as an unused substitute following Kilkenny's 3-21 to 0-16 defeat of Cork in the final. He was retained as second-choice goalkeeper for the Leinster Championship and was an unused substitute on 8 July 2012 when Kilkenny suffered a 2-21 to 2-11 defeat by Galway in the final. On 9 September 2012, Murphy was amongst the substitutes when Kilkenny drew 2-13 to 0-19 with Galway in the All-Ireland final. On 30 September 2012, he won his second All-Ireland medal as an unused substitute following Kilkenny's 3-22 to 3-11 defeat of Galway in the All-Ireland final replay.\nOn 5 May 2013, Murphy lined out in goal when Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the National League final. He ended the game with a second successive winners' medal - his first on the field of play - following the 2-17 to 0-20 victory. Murphy made his Leinster Championship debut on 9 June 2013 when he lined out in goal in Kilkenny's 0-26 to 4-09 defeat of Offaly.\nOn 4 May 2014, Murphy was selected in goal when Kilkenny faced Tipperary in a second successive National League final. He ended the game with a third successive winners' medal following the 2-25 to 1-27 victory. Murphy lined out in Kilkenny's opening three games in the subsequent Leinster Championship but returned to the substitutes' bench for the Leinster final against Dublin on 6 July 2014. He ended the game with a second winners' medal as an unused substitute following the 0-24 to 1-09 victory. On 7 September 2014, Murphy was restored to the goalkeeping position when Kilkenny drew 3-22 to 1-28 with Tipperary in the All-Ireland final. He was again in goal for the replay on 27 September 2014 and ended the game with a third All-Ireland medal - his first on the field of play - following the 2-17 to 2-14 victory. Murphy ended the season by receiving an All-Star nomination.\nMurphy won his third Leinster Championship medal - his first on the field of play - on 5 July 2015 following Kilkenny's 1-25 to 2-15 defeat of Galway in the Leinster final. On 6 September 2015, he was again in goal for the All-Ireland final against Galway. Murphy ended the game with a fourth All-Ireland medal following the 1-22 to 1-18 victory. He ended the season by being nominated for a second All-Star award.\nMurphy won a fourth Leinster Championship medal on 3 July 2016 following a 1-26 to 0-22 defeat of Galway in the final. He was again in goal for the All-Ireland final against Tipperary on 4 September 2016. Murphy ended the game on the losing side following a 2-29 to 2-20 defeat. He ended the season by being named in the goalkeeping position on the All-Star team.\nOn 8 April 2018, Murphy was in goal when Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the National League final. He scored a point from a free and collected a fourth winners' medal following the 2-23 to 2-17 victory. Murphy was again selected in goal when Kilkenny faced Galway in the Leinster final on 1 July 2018. He scored a point from a free in the 0-18 apiece draw. He retained his position for the replay a week later, however, Kilkenny suffered a 1-28 to 3-15 defeat. Murphy was later named in the goalkeeping position on the All-Star team.\nMurphy missed the opening rounds of the Leinster Championship in 2019 but was back in goal for the final on 30 June 2019. He scored a point from a long-range free in the 1-23 to 0-23 defeat by Wexford. Murphy again lined out in goal when Kilkenny suffered a 3-25 to 0-20 defeat by Tipperary in the 2019 All-Ireland final. He ended the season by being nominated for an All-Star award.\nOn 14 November 2020, Murphy won his fifth Leinster Championship medal after keeping a clean sheet in goal in the 2-20 to 0-24 defeat of Galway in the final. Murphy was added to the Leinster inter-provincial team during the 2016 Inter-provincial Championship. He made his only appearance for the team on 15 December 2016 when he came on as a half-time substitute for Gerry Keegan in a 2-20 to 2-16 defeat by Munster in the final.   Wexford\nAll-Ireland Senior B Vocational Schools Football Championship: 2008, 2009\nWaterford Institute of Technology\nFitzgibbon Cup: 2014 (c)\nGlenmore\nKilkenny Senior Football Championship: 2009\nAll-Ireland Junior Club Hurling Championship: 2016\nLeinster Junior Club Hurling Championship: 2016\nKilkenny Junior Hurling Championship: 2015\nKilkenny\nAll-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship: 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015\nLeinster Senior Hurling Championship: 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2020, 2021, 2022\nNational Hurling League: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2018, 2021\nWalsh Cup: 2012, 2014, 2017\nAll-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship: 2010\nLeinster Intermediate Hurling Championship: 2010, 2011\nLeinster Under-21 Hurling Championship: 2009\nAll-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship: 2008\nLeinster Minor Hurling Championship: 2008 All-Stars: 2016, 2018, 2021", ["w_s986"]]
[30468, "Erich Bruckmann was a boat builder and founder of Bruckmann Manufacturing, one of four companies that in 1969 formed C&C Yachts, a Canadian yacht builder that dominated North American sailing in the 1970s and early 1980s.\nErich Bruckmann built the revolutionary racing yacht Red Jacket which featured a first in sailboat construction - an extremely light weight balsa core - which allowed the vessel to compete and win. Red Jacket won 11 of 13 races in her first season, including the Charles Freeman Cup and the Lake Ontario International. In the 1967 Southern Ocean Racing Conference (SORC) race from St. Petersburg to Venice in Florida, Red Jacket finished first. It was the first Canadian boat to win against a fleet of about 85 others, many being the best U.S. racers. Erich Bruckmann was born in D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany in 1930. The only child of Klara and Ludwig, he suffered from tuberculosis, an ailment that relapsed late in his life. Bruckmann at times spoke about his difficult youth in war-torn Germany. After the Second World War ended and his health returned, he became an active youth, playing soccer and cycling. He met his future wife, Lisa (briefly) on a bicycle tour around Germany and, despite the brevity of the meeting, sent her a postcard from every subsequent destination.\nBruckmann left Germany as a young man in 1956 to start a new life in Canada. Bruckmann was trained as a cabinetmaker and master carpenter in his native Germany. Bruckmann arrived in Oakville, Ontario from Germany in 1956, speaking no English and with little other than his carpentry tools, hoping to bring his wife and first-born son to Canada as soon as possible. His first years in Ontario after arriving were difficult. He showed up for his first job in the boat-building trade with no references and little English but with a toolbox of his own construction \u2013 the meticulously organized and crafted box served as his best reference. Bruckmann was hired by Metro Marine in Bronte, Ontario, working for Harry D. Greb, building and repairing wooden boats, working with Jan Gudgeon and Vic Carpenter. Metro Marine had evolved into a first-class yacht yard under the direction of John \u201cJohnnie\u201d Walker and, after a short time, Erik Bruckmann was made Shop Superintendent. While at Metro Marine Bruckman oversaw the construction of several Cuthbertson & Cassian designs, including the 38-foot La Mouette, a wooden design built for Gord Fisher of the Royal Canadian Yacht Club, which led to a semi-production series.\nIn 1962 Bruckmann left Metro Marine in Bronte to found his own cabinetmaking business, ostensibly to build kitchen cabinets and counters, but he had undertaken several yacht jobs, including completion of a Canadian Northern CN35 from a Cuthbertson & Cassian design. His skills had become known and appreciated. Erich Bruckmann began Bruckmann Manufacturing on Maple Avenue in Burlington, Ontario. He later set up shop on Wallace Road in the Speers Road and Third Line area of Oakville, Ontario, still as Bruckmann Mfg. Canadian yachtsman Perry Connolly asked George Cuthbertson of Cuthbertson & Cassian to design a custom 40\u00a0ft (12\u00a0m) racing sloop for him. The design directive called for flat-out speed. Connolly said he wanted \"the meanest, hungriest 40-footer afloat\".\nAs a result of a connection through his earlier relationship with Metro Marine, Bruckmann was asked to build this new boat, named  Red Jacket, from the design by Cuthbertson. Starting in 1963 and through 1964 Red Jacket, was built by Erich Bruckmann at Bruckmann Manufacturing in fiberglass with a balsa core, the resulting structure was strong, stiff and significantly lighter than the wood or solid fiberglass yachts then sailing. Red Jacket is considered to be the first sailboat engineered with a cored hull (other earlier boats had balsa-cored decks and powerboat builders were then using it in transoms and superstructures). No doubt the weight savings and panel stiffness of her cored hull contributed significantly to her racing success. She was launched in May 1966 and took 11 of 13 starts that summer. That winter, Red Jacket headed south and won the famed SORC (Southern Ocean Racing Conference), also called \"the circuit,\" which was a series of six races with the major two being from St. Petersburg to Fort Lauderdale and from Miami to Nassau, competing against over 85 of the best racers of the day. Red Jacket was the first Canadian boat to win the SORC. She is still actively raced by her owners, members the Royal Canadian Yacht Club. That victory was quickly followed by a successful defence of the Canada\u2019s Cup with Manitou in 1969. This racing success resulted in the formation of C&C Yachts in the same year with the amalgamation of the design firm and the three builders producing Cuthbertson & Cassian designs.\nIn September 1969 the design firm of Cuthbertson & Cassian Ltd. joined with Belleville Marine Yard, Hinterhoeller Ltd. and Bruckmann Manufacturing to form C&C Yachts. In that first year C&C achieved sales of $3.9 million. As a result of this merger, Bruckmann\u2019s Oakville plant became part of C&C Yachts, operating as the C&C Custom Yachts Division with Erich Bruckmann assuming responsibility for custom manufacturing and mold development.  During that time, C&C Custom Yachts built some 200 custom and semi-custom boats, including many renowned racing and cruising yachts.\nUnder Bruckmann the Custom Shop built such Cuthbertson & Cassian designs as the Redline 41, C&C 43-1, C&C 50, and the successful C&C 61. The Redline 41 Condor would follow Red Jacket's lead and win SORC overall in 1971. In the year of the merger Erich Bruckmann's custom shop was doing well financially. In 1966-67, meticulous craftsmanship had seen only three yachts completed; an ongoing expansion increased its output of semi-custom yachts alone to 62 annually.\nThe high water mark of the Custom Division career was the 1971 SORC where Cuthbertson & Cassian designed boats not only won overall, but also won three of the five divisions. A truly remarkable feat, which has never been achieved by another designer. The ground breaking yacht Evergreen, Canada's Cup winner and Fastnet survivor, was perhaps Bruckmann's most recognized achievement.\nThe Canada's Cup winner in 1978 was a C&C design, the Two Ton class Evergreen, owned by Don Green with Hans Fogh at the helm. The design was a radical, dinghy-like, 41-foot boat, designed with the aim of winning the trophy as the C&C design team had exploited loopholes in the regatta rules. As one example, the galley was required to have sink but, in order to save weight, it had no drain, which the rule makers had not thought to specify. The deck hatches opened inward, which could be a safety hazard if they gave way during a capsize or broach, and the Evergreen crew faced protests over this defect in both the SORC and in the Canada's Cup. Upon reflection over the 1979 Fastnet race in which he participated but prudently DNF'ed, Skipper Green later said that Evergreen \"never should have gone to England\" for the Admiral's Cup, which is the destination of most Canada's Cup winners. Canadian Yachting magazine stated fifteen years later that \"few yachts have created more controversy than\" Evergreen, and that \"its extreme design and controversial features ruffled feathers around the world.\" After the competition that year, the rule books were rewritten to preclude safety problems like those raised by the design of Evergreen, and as a result, C&C never received another commission for a Canada's Cup yacht. The C&C Custom 67 is a Canadian sailboat, that was designed by Robert W. Ball of C&C Yachts and was launched and named Archangel in September 1980.\nThe boat was built by Bruckmann and his crew at the C&C Yachts Custom Division in Oakville. She remains the largest pleasureboat commission ever received by C&C, and was an enormous project: six months in design and 14 months in construction. Only one example was completed.<PIC> After his retirement in 1984 Bruckmann did some consulting work for C&C Yachts in Niagara-on-the-Lake. He was a hands-on man, a hiker of the Alps and daily frequenter of the YMCA who could not bear to be inactive. He once re-shingled a backyard shed the day after a major operation. He would go from watching European soccer matches to listening to Beethoven and Strauss. His subscription to The Economist and wide (always non-fiction) reading bolstered his strong opinions on politics and history. But he could be a careful listener, too. Erich made much of the teak modernist furniture in the home he shared with Lisa, his beloved wife of 58 years and the mother of his five children.\nIn 1986 Bruckmann's son Mark decided to reinvent Bruckmann Manufacturing. Mark Bruckmann reopened the company in the former Metro Marine building - the same place where his father started so many years before, and Erich Bruckmann helped Mark to re-establish in 1986. Erich Bruckmann died 28 October 2011 at Joseph Brant Memorial Hospital in Burlington, Ontario, of tuberculosis, surrounded by his family. He was 81. Erich Bruckmann was awarded the Canadian Yachting Magazine, Ontario Sailing, 2011 Legends of Ontario Sailing Award as one of the \u201cBuilders of C&C Yachts\u201d", ["w_s989"]]
[30469, "James Armstrong Mackay (June 25, 1919 \u2013 July 2, 2004) was a U.S. Representative and lawyer from Georgia. MacKay was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-ninth Congress. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Ninetieth Congress in 1966. He died on July 2, 2004, in Chattanooga, Tennessee.<PIC> Mackay was born in Fairfield, Jefferson County, Alabama on June 25, 1919.\nHe graduated with an A.B. degree from Emory University, Atlanta, Ga., in 1940, where he was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order. Mackay attended Duke University from 1940 to 1941. After active duty, he then returned to Emory where he was president of the student body and received an LL.B. in 1947. During World War II, he served as a Coast Guard Reserve officer on the USS Menges, a destroyer escort in the Mediterranean, in 1944, and earned a Bronze Star Medal for rescuing men when his ship was torpedoed. During his tenure, he supported passage of the Medicare Program, and obtained federal funding for the Fernbank Science Center and Planetarium. He was also one of only two congressmen from Georgia (the other being Charles Weltner of the 5th district) to support the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law.\nMacKay was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Ninetieth Congress in 1966. MacKay practiced law in Decatur, Georgia with his daughter Kathy and remained active in the Georgia Conservancy. He was a lifelong Methodist and served as an Emory trustee\nMacKay was one of 32 state House members who opposed the Georgia flag change in 1956. \"There was only one reason for putting the flag on there. Like the gun rack in the back of a pickup truck, it telegraphs a message,\" he said decades later. On Feb. 13, 1956, the day Governor Griffin approved the new flag with its Confederate emblem, the state Senate gave final legislative approval to a resolution declaring null and void the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Brown vs. Board of Education.\nEmory University conferred an Honorary Doctorate Degree on MacKay at its Sesquicentennial Convocation December 10, 1986. The honors included the Georgia Conservancy\u2019s \"Distinguished Conservationist Award,\" the DeKalb Historical Society\u2019s \"History Maker Award,\" the 1979 Rock Howard Award, and the 1984 \"Mr. DeKalb\" Award. Georgia Conservancy president John Sibley remarked after MacKay's passing, \"He was a larger-than-life person and an environmentalist who raised the level of the environmental movement in Georgia all by himself.\" MacKay recognized that public concern for the environment, stemming from the 1962 publication of Rachel Carson\u2019s Silent Spring, needed to take root in Georgia. In January 1967, he assembled some of his colleagues to discuss forming the group that today is known as one of the leading environmental organizations in the nation.\nUnder MacKay\u2019s leadership, the Conservancy understood that seeing what was happening in Georgia is the best way to learn about places and issues, that being active rather than reactive leads to success, and that Georgia\u2019s economy and ecology are inseparable. The Georgia Conservancy honored Jamie with its Distinguished Conservationist award in 2001. Sweetwater Creek, Panola Mountain, the Okefenokee Swamp, Chattooga River, Cumberland Island, and Fernbank are only a few of his legacies. MacKay died on July 2, 2004 at the age of 85, at Lookout Mountain, Tennessee where he maintained a boat cleat on his deck a thousand feet above the floor of Lookout Valley and invited others to join his Society of Noah \u2013 keeping the long view clearly in mind.\nHis first wife, Mary Caroline Lee MacKay, and his son, James Edward MacKay, predeceased him. He was survived by his wife Sara Lee MacKay, and his daughter Kathleen MacKay, of Rising Fawn, Georgia, a former member of the DeKalb Bar Association. MacKay's remains were cremated.", ["w_s992"]]
[30470, "Curraghabweehan (from Irish: Currach an Bhu\u00edochain, meaning 'Moor of the Muddy Yellow Place') is a townland in the civil parish of Templeport, County Cavan, Ireland. It lies in the Roman Catholic parish of Corlough and barony of Tullyhaw.<PIC> Curraghabweehan is bounded on the west by Corraclassy townland, on the south by Garvary (Corlough) townland, on the north by Drumbeagh townland and on the east by Derryvahan townland. Its chief geographical features are the Owensallagh river (A source of the River Blackwater, County Cavan) and dug wells. Curraghabweehan is traversed by minor public roads and rural lanes. The townland covers 55 statute acres. In the Plantation of Ulster by grant dated 27 February 1610, along with other lands, King James VI and I granted one poll of Drombeagh and Corroboan to William O'Shereden, gentleman, Cheefe of his Name. William Sheridan was the chief of the Sheridan Clan in County Cavan. He was the son of the previous chief, Hugh Duff O'Sheridan of Togher townland, Kilmore parish, County Cavan. William was the ancestor of the famous Sheridan theatrical family. William died sometime before 1638 leaving two sons, Owen (of Mullaghmore, Tullyhunco) and Patrick (of Raleagh townland, Kildallan parish). Owen Sheridan succeeded to his father's lands. Owen's son Denis was born in 1612 and became a Catholic priest in charge of Kildrumferton parish, County Cavan. He later converted to Protestantism and on 10 June 1634 William Bedell, the Protestant Bishop of Kilmore, ordained him as a Minister of the Church of Ireland and two days later Denis was collated to the Vicarage of Killasser in the Diocese of Kilmore. Denis had several children, including William Sheridan (Bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh) 1682-1691 (his son Donald kept up the Templeport connection by marrying Mrs Enery of Bawnboy); Patrick Sheridan, Cloyne, Protestant Bishop of Cloyne (1679-1682) and Sir Thomas Sheridan (politician) Chief Secretary of State for Ireland (1687-1688).\nThe Sheridan lands in Curraghabweehan were confiscated in the Cromwellian Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 and were distributed as follows:\nThe 1652 Commonwealth Survey lists the townland as Curraghabeghan and the proprietor as Lieutenant-Colonel Tristram Beresford. A further confirming grant dated 3 November 1666 was made by King Charles II of England to the aforementioned Sir Tristram Beresford, 1st Baronet included, inter alia, 76 acres and 3 roods in Curraghboghan and Drumbeagh. By grant dated 11 September 1670 from King Charles II of England to said Sir Tristram Beresford, the lands of Curraghbegan and Drumbeagh were included in the creation of a new Manor of Beresford.\nThe 1790 Cavan Carvaghs list spells the name as Curraghbuhan.\nAn 1813 map depicts the townland as Curraghboghan and Curraghoghan.\nThe Tithe Applotment Books for 1827 list seven tithepayers in the townland.\nThe 1836 Ordnance Survey Namebooks describe the townland as- The soil is of a clayey nature...The townland is bounded on the north side by a large stream.\nThe Curraghabweehan Valuation Office Field books are available for September 1839.\nIn 1841 the population of the townland was 32, being 15 males and 17 females. There were seven houses in the townland, all of which were inhabited.\nIn 1851 the population of the townland was 26, being 12 males and 14 females, the reduction being due to the Great Famine (Ireland). There were six houses in the townland, all were inhabited.\nGriffith's Valuation of 1857 lists five landholders in the townland.\nIn 1861 the population of the townland was 25, being 11 males and 14 females. There were five houses in the townland and all were inhabited.\nIn the 1901 census of Ireland, there are three families listed in the townland,\n and in the 1911 census of Ireland, there are three families listed in the townland. Stepping Stones across the river", ["w_s995"]]
[30472, "Paul Pierson (born 1959) is an American professor of political science specializing in comparative politics and holder of the John Gross Endowed Chair of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley. From 2007-2010 he served at UC Berkeley as Chair of the Department of Political Science. He is noted for his research on comparative public policy and political economy, the welfare state, and American political development. His works on the welfare state and historical institutionalism have been characterized as influential.<PIC> Pierson is a native of Eugene, Oregon, where both of his parents taught at the University of Oregon. He graduated with a B.A. in government from Oberlin College in 1981 and then attended graduate school at Yale University, completing an M.A. and MPhil in 1986 and a PhD degree in political science in 1989.\nPierson taught at Harvard University from 1989 to 2004, when he moved to the University of California, Berkeley. He was a visiting professor at the European University Institute in 1999.\nPierson's first book, Dismantling the Welfare State?, was a revision of his doctoral dissertation and won the American Political Science Association's Kammerer Prize for the best work on American national politics published in 1994. Jacob Hacker described the book as \"pathbreaking\" and as the start of a substantial scholarly literature on welfare state retrenchment. The book finds that social policy programs in the United States are resilient to fundamental change. The book argues that drastic changes are hard to implement because cuts to social programs entail concentrated costs but diffuse gains, which makes it easier for constituencies that benefit from the social programs to mobilize and impose costs on politicians that seek fundamental changes to social policy programs. He argues that once social policy programs are created, it is hard to repeal them, because powerful constituencies form that depend the social policy programs.\nHis journal article \u201cIncreasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics\u201d won the Heinz Eulau Award for the best article published in the American Political Science Review in 2000. His 2010 book with Jacob Hacker, Winner-Take-All Politics, was a New York Times bestseller. They authored American Amnesia in 2016, which argues for the restoration and reinvigoration of the United States' mixed economy. Their most recent book is Let Them Eat Tweets: How the Right Rules in an Age of Extreme Inequality, published in 2020, argues that Donald Trump and the Republican Party embody a distinct form of populism: plutocratic populism.\nPierson was president of the Politics and History Section of the American Political Science Association for 2003-04.\nPierson is married to Tracey Goldberg, a landscape architect. They live in Berkeley, CA with their two children. Let Them Eat Tweets: How the Right Rules in an Age of Extreme Inequality, with Jacob Hacker, New York, NY\u00a0: Liveright Publishing Corporation, 2020. ISBN\u00a09781631496844\nAmerican Amnesia: How the War on Government Led Us to Forget What Made America Prosper. with Jacob Hacker. Simon & Schuster. 2016. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4516-6782-0.\nWinner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer--and Turned Its Back on the Middle Class. with Jacob Hacker. Simon & Schuster. 2010. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4165-8869-6.\nThe Transformation of American Politics: Activist Government and the Rise of Conservatism. 2007. Princeton University Press. (edited with Theda Skocpol).\nOff Center: The Republican Revolution and the Erosion of American Democracy. 2005. Yale University Press. (with Jacob Hacker).\nPolitics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis. 2004. Princeton University Press.\n\"Imposing Losses in Pension Policy.\" 1993. In Do Institutions Matter? Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad. Brookings Institution Press. eds. R. Kent Weaver, and Bert A. Rockman. (written with R. Kent Weaver).\n\"Historical Institutionalism in Contemporary Political Science.\" In Political Science: The State of the Discipline, eds. I. Katznelson and H. Milner. W.W. Norton. (written with Theda Skocpol).\nThe New Politics of the Welfare State. 2001. Oxford University Press. (editor).\n\"Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics.\" 2000. American Political Science Review 94(2): 251-267.\n\"Not Just What, but When: Timing and Sequence in Political Processes.\" 2000. Studies in American Political Development 14(1): 73-93.\nEuropean Social Policy: Between Fragmentation and Integration. 1995. Brookings Institution Press. (edited with Stephan Leibfried).\nDismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment. 1994. Cambridge University Press.", ["w_s999"]]
[30473, "Charles-\u00c9douard Brown-S\u00e9quard FRS (8 April 1817 \u2013 2 April 1894) was a Mauritian physiologist and neurologist who, in 1850, became the first to describe what is now called Brown-S\u00e9quard syndrome.<PIC> Brown-S\u00e9quard was born at Port Louis, Mauritius, to an American father and a French mother.  He attended the Royal College in Mauritius, and graduated in medicine at Paris in 1846. He then returned to Mauritius with the intention of practising there, but in 1852 he went to the United States. There he was appointed to the faculty of the Medical College of Virginia where he conducted experiments in the basement of the Egyptian Building.\nHe was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1854. He returned to Paris, and in 1859 he migrated to London, becoming physician to the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic. There he stayed for about five years, expounding his views on the pathology of the nervous system in numerous lectures which attracted considerable attention. In 1864 he again crossed the Atlantic, and was appointed professor of physiology and neuropathology at Harvard. He relinquished this position in 1867, and in 1869 became professor at the \u00c9cole de M\u00e9decine in Paris, but in 1873 he again returned to America and began to practice in New York City. While in New York, his daughter, Charlotte Maria was born.\nFinally, he went back to Paris to succeed Claude Bernard in 1878 as professor of experimental medicine in the Coll\u00e8ge de France, and he remained there until his death, which occurred in 1894 at Sceaux, France.  He was buried in Paris at the Cimeti\u00e8re du Montparnasse.\nBrown-S\u00e9quard was quite a controversial and eccentric figure, and is also known for self-reporting, at age 72, \"rejuvenated sexual prowess after subcutaneous injection of extracts of monkey testis\". Thousands of men tried the therapy. The endocrinologist Robert B. Greenblatt wrote that this therapy could not have possibly worked because, unlike the thyroid gland, the testes do not store the hormones they produce and, therefore, obtaining a therapeutic dose of testosterone directly from animal glands \"would require about one-quarter ton of bull's testes.\" The positive response by many men is now thought to have been a placebo effect, but apparently this was \"sufficient to set the field of endocrinology off and running.\"\nIn 1886 Brown-S\u00e9quard was elected to the Board of the Sugar Club.  He also was a member of the Royal Society of London. Brown-S\u00e9quard was a keen observer and experimentalist. He contributed largely to our knowledge of the blood and animal heat, as well as many facts of the highest importance on the nervous system. He was the first scientist to work out the physiology of the spinal cord, demonstrating that the decussation of the fibres carrying pain and temperature sensation occurs in the cord itself. His name was immortalised in the history of medicine with the description of a syndrome which bears his name (Brown-S\u00e9quard syndrome) due to the hemisection of the spinal cord, which he described after observing accidental injury of the spinal cord in farmers cutting sugar cane in Mauritius.\nFar more important is that he was one of the first to postulate the existence of substances, now known as hormones, secreted into the bloodstream to affect distant organs. In particular, he demonstrated (in 1856) that removal of the adrenal glands resulted in death, due to lack of essential hormones. At age 72, at a meeting of the Societ\u00e9 de Biologie in Paris, Brown-S\u00e9quard reported that hypodermic injection of a fluid prepared from the testicles of guinea pigs and dogs leads to rejuvenation and prolonged human life. It was known, among scientists, derisively, as the Brown-S\u00e9quard Elixir. A Vienna medical publication quipped dismissively: \"The lecture must be seen as further proof of the necessity of retiring professors who have attained their threescore and ten years.\"\nBrown-S\u00e9quard's research, published in about 500 essays and papers, especially in the Archives de Physiologie, which he helped to found in 1868 along with Jean-Martin Charcot and Alfred Vulpian, cover a very wide range of physiological and pathological subjects.\nIn the late 19th century Brown-S\u00e9quard gave rise to much controversy in the case of supposed modification-inheritance by his experiments on guinea pigs. In a series of experiments extending over many years (1869 to 1891), he showed that a partial section of the spinal cord, or a section of the sciatic nerve, was followed after a few weeks by a peculiar morbid state resembling epilepsy. The offspring of the animals operated on were frequently decrepit, and a certain number showed a tendency to the so-called epilepsy. Although some scientists considered the experiments as evidence for Lamarckian inheritance, the experiments were not Lamarckian as Lamarck had rejected that this sort of acquired characteristic was inherited as such experiments did not involve the use and disuse of characters in response to the environment. One explanation for the results was that they show a transmitted disease and not evidence for the inheritance of an acquired character. His experiments are now considered anomalous and alternative explanations have been suggested.", ["w_s1000"]]
[30474, "Makkovik (Inuit: Maggovik) is a town in Labrador in eastern Canada. It had 365 residents in 2021. The main industry is snow crabbing and there is a fishing cooperative.\nMakkovik is only accessible by air or sea.<PIC> The Makkovik area has been inhabited by the Inuit since 1400 or earlier.\nSome early European settlers included Antoine Perrault and Jean-Baptiste Jacques, French Canadian fur traders who set up trading posts at nearby Kaipokok Bay. Another earlier settler to the area was Charles McNeil, a Scottish fisherman who married a woman from Clarke's Beach and established a fishing post at Island Harbour. A Scottish fur trader named George Lyall settled near Island Harbour in the 1850s while a Welsh settler named Thomas Evans settled at Ben's Cove. Several Inuit families also continued to live in the region. Near the 1880s, some families of mixed European and Inuit origin from Cartwright and other areas of southern Labrador also established fishing posts near Makkovik. The later establishment of the Moravian mission in Makkovik eventually pushed many families to move from outlying posts (such as Island Harbour, Ben's Cove, Adlavik, Ailik and Tishialuk) to Makkovik itself or to Postville.\nTorsten Kverna Andersen and his wife Mary Ann Thomas set up a trading post at Makkovik in 1860. Andersen was originally from Norway and had previously worked in Rigolet while his wife was from Labrador.\nColonization was assured in 1896 when the Moravian Church established a mission station and residential school there. Both the mission and school were destroyed by a fire in 1948 but the economy was instilled in the 1950s by two notable events. First was the forceful resettlement to Makkovik of 150 Inuit residents of the northern communities of Nutak and Hebron. Second was the establishment nearby of a radar warning station by the United States government.\nIn January 2012, Makkovik received notable media attention after 14-year old Burton Winters froze to death after his snowmobile broke down on the ice just outside of the community.\nThe population is mainly composed of residents of mixed European and Inuit heritage. Ninety five people in Makkovik claimed to have Norwegian ancestry in the 2016 census. For three years in the late 1950s, the United States Air Force operated a remote radar base approximately 15\u00a0km (9.3\u00a0mi) north of the settlement. Called Cape Makkovik, it was constructed between 1955 and 1957 and operated until 1961, and dismantled later in the decade. It was a \"gap-filler\" in the Pinetree Line set up to monitor the skies for aircraft approaching from the north. The community lies at the end of a peninsula in northern Labrador about 215\u00a0km (134\u00a0mi) northeast of Happy Valley-Goose Bay. Travel is by air year round (served by Makkovik Airport) and by boat in summer. Winter travel is by snowmobile. The community is situated on a sheltered bay in a saddle between two hills. In the lee of the northernmost hill is a large copse of tall spruce trees,  which is remarkable given the paucity of tree cover for miles around. Now known as the Moravian Wood, there is a small cemetery in the centre. In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Makkovik had a population of 365 living in 142 of its 154 total private dwellings, a change of -3.2% from its 2016 population of 377. With a land area of 2.95\u00a0km\u00b2 (1.14\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), it had a population density of 123.7/km\u00b2 in 2021. The community is located in the Makkovik Province,  a Paleoproterozoic accretionary belt which is the smallest defined tectonic component of the Canadian Shield. The Makkovik Province is separated from the Nain Province to the north by the Kanairiktok Shear Zone and from the Grenville Province to the south by the Grenville Front, which marks the northern limit of the widespread Grenvillian deformation. Prior to the opening of the Labrador Sea the Makkovik Province lay adjacent to the Ketilidian mobile belt which currently forms part of Southwest Greenland. Like most of Labrador, Makkovik has a subarctic climate (K\u00f6ppen Dfc) with short, mild summers and very cold winters. Typically for its region but unusually for subarctic regions generally, precipitation is high with a minimum from March to May. This high precipitation and cool summers is due to the powerful influence of the Icelandic Low and the Labrador Current on its western side, and gives very heavy snowfall of 411.6\u00a0cm (162.0\u00a0in) per year with an average maximum cover of 69\u00a0cm (27\u00a0in) during March and April. The greatest snow depth was 152\u00a0cm (60\u00a0in) on April 17, 1997. Unlike most places with a pronounced subarctic climate, Makkovik has a pronounced seasonal lag with August being much warmer than July and September averaging slightly warmer than June. Makkovik is governed by an AngajukK\u00e2k (currently Barry Andersen) and a five-member Inuit Community Government. The ICG consists of four members elected by the Inuit population (currently Bernie Andersen, Tony Andersen, Elizabeth Evans-Mitchell and Caroline Rideout) and one member elected by the non-Inuit population (currently Dion Rideout).\nIn the provincial House of Assembly, Makkovik is represented as part of the riding of Torngat Mountains which is currently represented by Lela Evans. Three of the four most recent MHAs for Torngat Mountains have been from Makkovik.\nIn the House of Commons, Makkovik is represented as part of Labrador which is currently represented by Yvonne Jones.\nIn the Nunatsiavut Assembly, Makkovik is represented as its own single-member electoral district. The current representative is John Andersen while past representatives have been:", ["w_s1001"]]
[30475, "The megalithic yard is a hypothetical ancient unit of length equal to about 2.72 feet (0.83\u00a0m). Some researchers believe it was used in the construction of megalithic structures. The proposal was made by Alexander Thom as a result of his surveys of 600 megalithic sites in England, Scotland, Wales and Brittany. Thom also proposed the megalithic rod of 2.5 megalithic yards, or on average across sites 6.77625 feet. As subunits of these, he further proposed the megalithic inch of 2.073 centimetres (0.816\u00a0in), one hundred of which are included in a megalithic rod, and forty of which composed a megalithic yard. Thom applied the statistical lumped variance test of J.R. Broadbent on this quantum and found the results significant, while others have challenged his statistical analysis and suggested that Thom's evidence can be explained in other ways, for instance that the supposed megalithic yard is in fact the average length of a pace. Thom suggested that \"There must have been a headquarters from which standard rods were sent out but whether this was in these islands or on the Continent the present investigation cannot determine.\"\nMargaret Ponting has suggested that artefacts such as a marked bone found during excavations at Dail M\u00f2r near Callanish, the Patrickholme bone bead from Lanarkshire and Dalgety bone bead from Fife in Scotland have shown some evidence of being measuring rods based on the megalithic yard in Britain. An oak rod from the Iron Age fortified settlement at Borre Fen measured 53.15 inches (135.0\u00a0cm) with marks dividing it up into eight parts of 6.64 inches (16.9\u00a0cm). Euan Mackie referred to five-eighths of this rod 33.2 inches (84\u00a0cm) as \"very close to a megalithic yard\". A hazel measuring rod recovered from a Bronze Age burial mound in Borum Esh\u00f8j, East Jutland by P. V. Glob in 1875 measured 30.9 inches (78\u00a0cm). Keith Critchlow suggested this may have shrunk 0.63 inches (1.6\u00a0cm) from its original length of one megalithic yard over a period of 3000 years.\nThom made a comparison of his megalithic yard with the Spanish vara, the pre-metric measurement of Iberia, whose length was 2.7425 feet (0.8359\u00a0m). Archaeologist Euan Mackie noticed similarities between the megalithic yard and a unit of measurement extrapolated from a long, marked shell from Mohenjo Daro and ancient measuring rods used in mining in the Austrian Tyrol. He suggested similarities with other measurements such as the ancient Indian gaz and the Sumerian \u0161u-du3-a. Along with John Michell, Mackie also noted that it is the diagonal of a rectangle measuring 2 by 1 Egyptian remens. Jay Kappraff has noted similarity between the megalithic yard and the ancient Indus short yard of 33 inches (0.84\u00a0m). Anne Macaulay reported that the megalithic rod is equal in length to the Greek fathom of (2.072 metres (6.80\u00a0ft)) from studies by Eric Fernie of the Metrological Relief in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Thom's proposals were initially ignored or regarded as unbelievable by mainstream archaeologists.\nClive Ruggles, citing astronomer Douglas C. Heggie, has said that both classical and Bayesian statistical reassessments of Thom's data \"reached the conclusion that the evidence in favour of the megalithic yard was at best marginal, and that even if it does exist the uncertainty in our knowledge of its value is of the order of centimetres, far greater than the 1mm precision claimed by Thom. In other words, the evidence presented by Thom could be\nadequately explained by, say, monuments being set out by pacing, with the 'unit' reflecting an average length of pace.\" David George Kendall makes the same argument, and says that pacing would have created a greater difference in measurements between sites, and that a statistical analysis of sites would reveal whether they were measured by pacing or not. In an investigation for the Royal Academy Kendall concluded that there was evidence of a uniform unit in Scottish circles but not in English circles, and that further research was needed. Statistician P. R. Freeman reached similar conclusions and found that two other units fit the data as well as the yard.\nDouglas Heggie casts doubt on Thom's suggestion as well, stating that his careful analysis uncovered \"little evidence for a highly accurate unit\" and \"little justification for the claim that a highly accurate unit was in use\".\nIn his book Rings of Stone: The Prehistoric Stone Circles of Britain and Ireland. Aubrey Burl calls the megalithic yard \"a chimera, a grotesque statistical misconception.\"\nMost researchers have concluded that there is marginal evidence for a standardized measuring unit, but that it was not as uniform as Thom believed. Some commentators upon Thom's megalithic yard (John Ivimy and then Euan Mackie) have noted how such a measure could relate to geometrical ideas found historically in two Egyptian metrological units; the remen of about 1.2 feet and royal cubit of about 1.72 feet. The remen and royal cubit were used to define land areas in Egypt: \"On documentary and other evidence Griffith came to the conclusion that the square on the royal cubit was intended to be twice that on the remen; and Petri identified the remen as a length of 20 digits\".\nA square with side length equal to the diagonal of a square with side length equal to one remen has an area of one square royal cubit, ten thousand (a myriad) of which defined an Egyptian land measure, the setat. John Ivimy noted that \"The ratio MY\u00a0: Rc is SQRT(5)\u00a0: SQRT(2) to the nearest millimeter, which makes the MY equal to SQRT(5) remens, or the length of a 2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01 remen rectangle.\" see figure at right.\nThe main weakness in this argument is probably that, in order to derive their yard, the builders of the megalithic monuments would have needed the remen and royal cubit, upon which this geometrical relationship relies.  However, since the megalithic constructs of the British Isles and northern France predate the pyramids by millennia, this supposed counter-argument is anachronistic.\nRecent work by John Michell (Ancient Metrology, The Lost Science of Measuring the Earth), John Near (All Done with Mirrors),  Richard and Robin Heath (various works on British megalithic circles and on Carnac), and others, make a compelling case for the connection of the megalithic yard with a systemic relation of geodetics and the lunation cycle.<PIC>", ["w_s1002"]]
[30476, "Gavin Glinton (born 1 March 1979 in Grand Turk) is a Turks and Caicos Islands football coach and former professional soccer player. He played for the LA Galaxy, Dallas Burn, and San Jose Earthquakes in the MLS. He also played for the Charleston Battery and Carolina Railhawks in the USL. He is currently the Technical Director at Sacramento United Soccer Club, having previously serving as an Assistant Coach for New Mexico United, and the U13 and U14 Academy Coach at Sacramento Republic FC.<PIC>  Glinton grew up in Livermore, California, attended Livermore High School, played club soccer with Tri-Valley Soccer Club. He also played PDL with the Silicon Valley Ambassadors, and played four years of college soccer at Bradley University, where he was a four-time All-American. He scored 53 career goals at Bradley, including 15 in 1998 and 2000, was named to the All-Missouri Valley Conference First-team all four seasons (becoming first player in league history to earn first team honours four times), and was named his team's offensive MVP all four years. During his college years he also played with the Chicago Fire Reserves in the Premier Development League. He was inducted into the Bradley University Hall of Fame in 2012 and the Missouri Valley Conference Hall of Fame in 2014. Glinton was drafted by Major League Soccer's Los Angeles Galaxy in 2002 before transferring to the Dallas Burn in 2003. His two-year totals include 44 games played with two goals and six assists. In 2004, he took a break from professional football to become assistant coach at his alma mater, Bradley University.\nIn 2006, he joined USL First Division team Charleston Battery for the 2006 season. After a successful season with the Battery where he led the team with 13 goals and was elected \"Offensive MVP\" by the fans, Glinton was called up by the Galaxy. He proved to be a great clutch player after the 2007 season. In the 2007 season, he was mostly used as a substitute by Galaxy coach Frank Yallop, where he scored 4 goals. Gavin followed Yallop to the San Jose Earthquakes when the coach selected him in the 2007 MLS Expansion Draft. The Earthquakes released him following the 2008 season. In February 2009, he had an unsuccessful two week trial with St Patrick's Athletic of the League of Ireland, whom he played for in a friendly game against Premier League club Chelsea, drawing 2\u20132. Later that month, he signed with the Carolina RailHawks in the USL First Division. He joined Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh F.C. of the V-League of Vietnam in March 2010. Gavin Glinton plays for the Turks and Caicos Islands national team, and is their highest ever goalscorer with four goals. He scored one of the goals in the country's first ever win in a FIFA international over the Cayman Islands in a Caribbean Cup game in Cuba. He has earned eight caps in total, three of them in World Cup qualification games. Gavin's younger brother, Duane Glinton, formerly of the Ogden Outlaws in the Premier Development League, also played for the national team and was the all-time national team appearances record holder before being surpassed by Philip Shearer. Los Angeles Galaxy\nMLS Cup (1): 2002\nMajor League Soccer Supporter's Shield (1): 2002", ["w_s1003"]]
[30477, "The 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry (15th Reserves / 44th Volunteers) was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army as part of the Pennsylvania Reserves infantry division during the American Civil War. The 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry (Companies A through G) was organized at Camp Curtin in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania as the \"44th Volunteers\" and mustered in for state service in July and August 1861 under the command of Colonel George Dashiell Bayard.\nCompanies H, I, and K were organized at Camp Wilkins in Pittsburgh, August 1861. Company L was organized as an independent company on July 30, 1861 and served duty at Baltimore until January 7, 1862 when it joined the regiment. Company M was organized as an independent company August 5, 1861. At Baltimore until October 3, 1861, then on the eastern shore of Maryland under Lockwood picketing and scouting until January 7, 1862 when it joined the regiment.\nThe regiment was attached to McCall's Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. Cavalry, McDowell's I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April 1862. Bayard's Cavalry Brigade, Department of the Rappahannock, to June 1862. Bayard's Cavalry Brigade, III Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. Bayard's Brigade, Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1865.\nThe 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry ceased to exist on June 17, 1865, when it was consolidated with the 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry and 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry to form the 2nd Regiment Pennsylvania Provisional Cavalry. Moved to Camp Jones, near Washington, D.C., August.\nReconnaissance to Leesburg, Virginia, October 20, 1861. Reconnaissance to Hunter's Mills October 20 (detachment).\nExpedition to Dranesville November 26\u201327. Action at Dranesville November 27. Expedition to Gunnell's Farm December 6.\nBattle of Dranesville December 20 (Companies C, D, E, H, and I).\nAt Camp Pierpont until March 1862. Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10\u201315. McDowell's advance to Falmouth April 9\u201317.\nReconnaissance to Falmouth April 17\u201319. Falmouth April 19. Rappahannock River May 13 (Companies F, G, H, L, and M).\nStrasburg and Staunton Road June 1\u20132. Mount Jackson June 3. New Market June 5. Harrisonburg June 6. Battle of Cross Keys June 8. Harrisonburg June 9. Scouting on the Rappahannock June\u2013July. Reconnaissance to James City July 22\u201324.\nSkirmish at Madison Court House July 23. Slaughter House August 8. Battle of Cedar Mountain August 9. Pope's Campaign in northern Virginia August 16-September 2. Stevensburg, Raccoon Ford, and Brandy Station August 20.\nFords of the Rappahannock August 21\u201323. Special duty at General Pope's Headquarters August 22\u201330. Thoroughfare Gap August 28 (Companies I and M). Gainesville August 28.\nSecond Battle of Bull Run August 29\u201330. Germantown August 31. Centreville and Chantilly August 31. Chantilly September 1. Fairfax Court House September 2.\nBattle of Antietam September 16\u201317.\nScout to Warrenton September 29. Aldie and Mountsville October 31.\nSalem, New Baltimore, and Thoroughfare Gap November 4. Warrenton November 6. Rappahannock Station November 7, 8 and 9.\nBattle of Fredericksburg December 12\u201315.\nPicket near King George Court House until January 1863. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324. (Company H at Headquarters of VI Corps February 22 to August 15.)\nPicket duty from Falmouth to Port Conway until April 26.\nChancellorsville Campaign April 26-May 8. Oak Grove April 26.\nRapidan Station May 1. (Company H at Chancellorsville May 1\u20135.)\nStoneman's Raid May 27-April 8.\nBrandy Station or Fleetwood and Beverly Ford June 9.\nAldie June 17. Special duty at Corps Headquarters June 28.\nBattle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133.\nEmmettsburg, Md., July 4.\nGuarding Reserve Artillery July 5\u201310.\nCompanies A and B advanced for VI Corps from Gettysburg to Hagerstown, Md., July 5\u201310. Old Antietam Forge, near Leitersburg, July 10.\nNear Harpers Ferry, W. Va., July 14. Shepherdstown July 15\u201316.\nPicket near Warrenton July\u2013August. Rixeyville and Muddy Run August 5. Wilford's Ford August 9 (detachment).\nCarter's Run September 6.\nScout to Middleburg September 10\u201311.\nAdvance from the Rappahannock to the Rapidan September 13\u201317.\nCulpeper Court House September 13. Near Auburn October 1 (detachment). Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322.\nWarrenton or White Sulphur Springs October 12\u201313.\nAuburn and Bristoe October 14. Brentsville October 14.\nAdvance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138.\nRappahannock Bridge November 7\u20138. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2.\nNew Hope Church November 27. Expedition to Turkey Run Station January 1\u20134, 1864.\nScout to Piedmont February 17\u201318. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James May 4-June 12.\nTodd's Tavern May 5, 6, 7, and 8. Corbin's Bridge May 8. Sheridan's Raid May 9\u201324.\nNew Castle and Davenport May 9. North Anna River May 9\u201310. Ashland May 11. Ground Squirrel Church and Yellow Tavern May 11. Brook's Church, Richmond Fortifications, May 12.\nMilford Station May 21.\nOn line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328.\nHaw's Shop May 28. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331.\nCold Harbor May 28\u201331.\nSumner's Upper Bridge June 2. Sheridan's Trevilian Raid June 7\u201324.\nTrevilian Station June 11\u201312.\nNewark or Mallory's Cross Roads June 12.\nWhite House or St. Peter's Church June 21.\nBlack Creek or Tunstall's Station June 21. St. Mary's Church June 24.\nHope Church June 24.\nBellefield July.\nWarwick Swamp July 12.\nDemonstration north of the James July 27\u201329.\nMalvern Hill and Gaines Hill July 28.\nLee's Mills July 30. Demonstration north of James River August 13\u201320.\nGravel Hill August 14.\nMalvern Hill August 16.\nStrawberry Plains August 16\u201318.\nDinwiddie Road, near Ream's Station, August 23.\nReam's Station August 25.\nOld members mustered out September 9.\nConsolidated to a battalion of five companies September 9.\nBelcher's Mills September 17.\nPoplar Springs Church September 29-October 2.\nArthur's Swamp September 30-October 1.\nCharles City Cross Roads October 1.\nHatcher's Run October 27\u201328.\nReconnaissance toward Stony Creek November 7.\nStony Creek Station December 1.\nHicksford Raid December 7\u201312.\nBellefield December 9\u201310.\nDabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137, 1865.\nAppomattox Campaign March 28-April 9.\nDinwiddie Court House March 30\u201331.\nFive Forks April 1.\nAmelia Springs April 5.\nSailor's Creek April 6.\nFarmville April 7.\nAppomattox Court House April 9.\nSurrender of Lee and his army.\nExpedition to Danville April 23\u201329. Moved to Washington, D.C.. Grand Review of the Armies May 23. The regiment lost a total of 201 men during service; 9 officers and 87 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 104 enlisted men died of disease. Colonel George Dashiell Bayard - promoted to brigadier general May 5, 1862 and killed in action at the Battle of Fredericksburg\nColonel Owen Jones - resigned January 30, 1863\nColonel John P. Taylor\nLieutenant Colonel David Gardner - commanded during the Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns\nLieutenant Colonel Jacob C. Higgins - commanded at the Battle of Dranesville\nMajor Hampton Sidney Thomas - commanded during the Appomattox Campaign Sergeant John A. Davidsizer, Company A - Medal of Honor recipient for action at the Battle of Amelia Springs\nSergeant Alexander Elliott, Company A - Medal of Honor recipient for action at the Battle of Amelia Springs\nPrivate Charles Higby, Company F - Medal of Honor recipient for action during the Appomattox Campaign\nBugler James Parker Landis - Medal of Honor recipient for action at the Battle of Amelia Springs\nMajor Hampton Sidney Thomas - Medal of Honor recipient for action at the Battle of Amelia Springs\nSergeant Andrew J. Young, Company F - Medal of Honor recipient for action at the Battle of Amelia Springs Among the tributes paid to the regiment, during and after the Civil War, were the Congressional Medal of Honor awards conferred upon members of the regiment for valor and the placement of the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry monument on the battlefield at the Gettysburg National Park.<PIC>", ["w_s1007"]]
[30478, "Raymond Ladais Sandover, DSO, ED (28 March 1910 \u2013 12 August 1995) was a brigadier in the Australian Army. During the Second World War, he commanded the 2/11th Battalion from 1941 to 1943 and the 6th Australian Infantry Brigade between 1943 and 1945.\nPromoted to brigadier in May 1943, at the time he was the youngest officer in the Australian Army to hold that rank.<PIC> Born on 28 March 1910 at Richmond, London, Sandover was educated at Rugby School and the University of Bonn. In 1929, he joined a Territorial battalion of the East Surrey Regiment. He qualified as a chartered accountant and went on to work for the family business in Perth, Western Australia. At the outbreak of the Second World War, Sandover volunteered to serve with the Second Australian Imperial Force. Joining the 2/11th Infantry Battalion, he subsequently led them through the Battle of Crete. Commanding the 2/11th Battalion, Sandover took up defensive positions in the hills around the airstrip of Rethymno, Crete, along with the 2/1st Battalion, supported by elements of 2/3rd Field Regiment, 2/1st Machine Gun Battalion and members of the Cretan Police. Lieutenant Colonel Ian Campbell, commander of the 2/1st Battalion, was appointed overall commander of the Rethymno Force.\nOn 20 May 1941 German paratroopers landed on Crete. The fighting was severe at times as the Australian and Greek units fought to contain the German landings.\nCampbell's forces were doing well in comparison with allied efforts on other parts of the island.  The 2/11th Battalion along with the Cretan Police were able to force back the German paratroopers to Perivolia in which the 2/11th Battalion, in a series of counter attacks, attempted to drive the German forces from the village.\nOn 28 May the British main force was in full retreat. Messages to Lieutenant Colonel Campbell informing him of the retreat and evacuation never reached Rethymno. By 29 May the Rethymno force was trapped but had still denied German forces the airfield.\nOn 29 May Lieutenant Colonel Campbell surrendered but Sandover gave his men the option of either surrendering or, after destroying their weapons, taking to the mountains and escaping from Crete in any way possible. Many of Sandover's men took the latter option and evaded capture, living in the mountains with assistance from the local civilian population. The landing at Jacquinot Bay was an Allied amphibious operation during the New Britain Campaign that was conducted as part of a change of garrison with the Australians taking over from US Infantry Divisions.\nOn 4 November 1944, Sandover's 6th Brigade landed largely unopposed with the initial landing by 14th/32nd Battalion with support from naval forces and aircraft. Sandover was promoted four times from 1941 to 1946. Sandover commanded the 2/11th Infantry Battalion, the 6th Australian Infantry Brigade and the Lae Base Sub-area.  He retired from military service on 19 January 1946. Sandover was Mentioned in Despatches on three occasions and awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for leadership during the advance to the Wide and Open Bay areas during the New Britain Campaign.\n23 June 1942 \u2013 Mentioned in Despatches\n19 July 1945 \u2013 Mentioned in Despatches for distinguished services in the South-West Pacific Area.\n14 February 1946 \u2013 The Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for leadership during the advance to the Wide and Open Bay areas in 1945.\n6 March 1947 \u2013 Mentioned in Despatches for exceptional service in the field in the South-West Pacific Area. After the war he returned to England, where he was a director of the family business. He died 12 August 1995 at Surrey, England.", ["w_s1009"]]
[30479, "Joseph M. Otting (born 1957) is an American businessman and government official. He served as the 31st Comptroller of the Currency from November 27, 2017 to May 29, 2020.<PIC> Otting grew up in Maquoketa, Iowa, the son of Grace and James Otting.\nHe holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in management from the University of Northern Iowa, which he received in 1981. He is also a graduate of the School of Credit and Financial Management, a multi-year program that includes four-weeks of classroom instruction offered by the National Association of Credit Management, which was held at Dartmouth College at the time he attended in 1992.  Otting started his career at Bank of America, where he held positions in branch management, preferred banking, and commercial lending. From 1986 to 2001, Otting was with Union Bank, where he held roles including deputy regional vice president, senior vice president, executive vice president, and group head of commercial banking. Between 2001 and 2010, Otting worked for U.S. Bank, a subsidiary of U.S. Bancorp. Otting served as Market President of U.S. Bank in Oregon from December 2001 to June 2003 and as Executive Vice President and Manager of East Region Commercial Banking Group from June 2003 to April 2005. Until his departure in 2010, he served as one of eight Vice Chairman, as the head of the Commercial Banking Group. In addition, during his tenure, he led U.S. Bank's efforts in California as the senior executive responsible for expansion in the region. Otting was president, CEO, and a board member of OneWest Bank, N.A., from October 2010 until August 2015, when the bank merged with CIT Group, which purchased OneWest Bank for $3.4 billion, following regulatory approval. He served as President of CIT Bank and co-president of CIT Group from August 2015 to December 2015.\nAt OneWest, he worked closely with the bank's founder, Steven Mnuchin, who later became the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. Mnuchin led a group that purchased the California-based residential lender, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, on March 19, 2009, from the FDIC to create OneWest, FSB. The FDIC established IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, in 2008 when IndyMac Bank, F.S.B., failed. OneWest Bank, FSB, converted to a national bank and was renamed OneWest Bank, N.A., in February 2014, as the bank transitioned from a residential lender to a full-service bank.\nIn 2011, Otting signed a consent order, in conjunction with 14 other large bank mortgage servicers, with the U.S. Office of Thrift Supervision regarding the bank's mortgage servicing and foreclosure practices. The OCC terminated that order on July 21, 2015, after determining that the bank \u201csatisfied the terms of the 2011 foreclosure-related consent order\u201d and completed the independent foreclosure review in accordance with the requirements included in the original 2011 order. OneWest did not enter into a payment agreement with the OCC, and in April 2014, the OCC published a report showing that an independent consultant found a relatively low error rate in the bank's mortgage and foreclosure activity covered by the regulator's order. When Otting left CIT in December 2015, the Wall Street Journal calculated that he earned $24.9 million in compensation for 2015, including a $12 million severance payment.\nDuring the merger of OneWest and CIT, consumer advocates who protested against approval of the merger clashed with bank supporters, based on the community redevelopment and reinvestment activities of the bank.\nIn May 2017, the U.S. Department of Justice reached an $89 million settlement with CIT involving a portfolio of reverse mortgage products acquired from the failed IndyMac Federal Bank and compliance with HUD foreclosure requirements, which requires banks to complete resolution and foreclosure activities within an aggressive timeline. On June 5, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Otting to become the Comptroller of the Currency, responsible for overseeing federally-chartered banks, savings associations, and federal branches of foreign banks operating in the United States. The U.S. Senate confirmed him on November 16, 2017, and he was sworn in on November 27, 2017.\nThe Comptroller of the Currency is the administrator of the federal banking system and chief officer of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC). The OCC supervises nearly 1,400 national banks, federal savings associations, and federal branches and agencies of foreign banks operating in the United States. The mission of the OCC is to ensure that national banks and federal savings associations operate in a safe and sound manner, provide fair access to financial services, treat customers fairly, and comply with applicable laws and regulations.\nThe Comptroller also serves as a director of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and member of the Financial Stability Oversight Council and the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council.\nDuring his July 27, 2017, confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Otting voiced support for simplifying regulatory capital requirements and for bank's ability to provide short-term, small-dollar loans, which in his view had been pushed out of the federal banking system by previous regulatory action.\nDuring his swearing-in ceremony, Otting stressed that his priorities include job creation and economic discrimination, reducing regulations, enhancing the value of the federal charter, and ensuring the OCC operates as effectively and efficiently as possible.\nIn his first testimony as Comptroller, Otting discussed his main priorities, which included modernizing the Community Reinvestment Act; encouraging banks to meet the short-term, small-dollar needs of their customers; making Bank Secrecy Act compliance work more efficiently; simplifying regulatory capital and Volcker Rule; and helping the OCC operate as efficiently and effectively as possible.\nOn May 23, 2018, the OCC published a bulletin promoting short-term, small-dollar installment loans to encourage national banks and federal savings association to help meet the credit needs of their customers.\nOn July 31, 2018, Otting his decision to begin accepting applications for national bank charters from non-depository financial technology (fintech) companies engaged in the business of banking. \"The decision to consider applications for special purpose national bank charters from innovative companies helps provide more choices to consumers and businesses, and creates greater opportunity for companies that want to provide banking services in America,\" said Comptroller Otting. \"Companies that provide banking services in innovative ways deserve the opportunity to pursue that business on a national scale as a federally chartered, regulated bank.\" Federal preemption applies to state law regarding federally chartered banks.\nOn August 28, 2018, Otting announced that the OCC released an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to solicit input on the best ways to modernize the regulations implementing the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA). On December 12, 2019, the FDIC and the OCC announced a proposed rule to strengthen and modernize CRA regulations, which may require large banks \"to lend more in poor areas under the new rules.\"\nOn May 20, 2020, the OCC finalized the updates to the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act. On that same day, the OCC and other federal financial regulators published principles for offering small-dollar loans in a responsible manner to meet financial institutions customers\u2019 short-term credit needs. Although community and industry groups agree that the CRA, which has gone without major updates since 1995, is in need of updates, groups from both camps were critical of Otting's proposed changes. Community groups such as the National Community Reinvestment Coalition expressed concerns that the changes would lead to reduced lending in low- and middle-income communities. Industry groups like the American Bankers Association and Independent Community Bankers of America worried about the complexity of the updates and the lack of agreement between the OCC and the FDIC and Federal Reserve, all of which share responsibility for enforcing the CRA, on the rule changes. Otting's proposed changes would go into effect on January 1, 2023, and would expand the criteria under which banking activities qualify as serving low-income communities. For example, a $500,000 mortgage in an area where the average mortgage size is $1 million could qualify as low- or moderate-income lending. Otting was the CEO of OneWest when the bank sought approval to merge with CIT, a process that was complicated by the bank's history of noncompliance with the CRA. Regulators approved the merger only after both banks pledged to increase their lending in low-income communities. Congresswoman Maxine Waters commented that Otting's efforts to weaken the CRA were likely informed by the challenges the law presented to the merger he presided over at OneWest.\nIn May 2020, it was reported that Otting would resign as Comptroller of the Currency, upon the finalization of the updates to the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act. He formally announced his resignation on May 21, 2020. On December 21, 2018, President Donald J. Trump designated Otting to be the acting director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) upon completion of current Director Mel Watt's term. Otting has played significant roles in charitable and community development organizations. He has served as a board member for the California Chamber of Commerce, the Killebrew-Thompson Memorial foundation, the Associated Oregon Industries, the Oregon Business Council, the Portland Business Alliance, the Minnesota Chamber of Commerce, and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Oregon. He was also a member of the Financial Services Roundtable, the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, and the Board and executive committee of the Los Angeles Economic Development Corporation.\nOtting and his wife, Bonnie, currently reside in Southern Highlands, Las Vegas, Nevada. His interests include golf, tennis, cross-training and reading. In addition, the Ottings are co-owners of Southern Highlands Golf Club, Tennis Facility, and Spa.", ["w_s1010"]]
[30480, "Admiral Sir Thomas Hastings, KCB DL (25 Jan 1786 \u2013 3 January 1870) was a British artist, innovator, instructor, and distinguished officer of the Royal Navy.  He was renowned as an expert gunner, and some believe him to be the first officer to take a truly scientific approach to gunnery.<PIC> Hastings was born on 25 Jan 1786, the third son (and fifth child) of Rev. James Hastings (later Rector of Martley, Worcestershire) and Elizabeth (n\u00e9e Paget). He was brother to Sir Charles Hastings (founder of the British Medical Association). Another brother, Francis Decimus Hastings (1796\u20131869), also served in the Royal Navy from the age of twelve, reaching the rank of Rear-Admiral in 1859 having been obliged to relinquish active service because of his wounds, hardships and length of service.\nWhile a lieutenant in 1812, he painted Storm at Sea. On 29 April 1812, Hastings participated in an attack led by Captain Thomas Ussher on French privateers of M\u00e1laga, in which he performed admirably, commanding twenty men in the attack.\nIn 1814, as a first lieutenant of the Undaunted, he escorted Napoleon into his exile on Elba, and was one of three officers responsible for the arrangements for the arrival of Napoleon. From 14 November 1828 until 22 July 1830, he commanded Ferret in the Mediterranean with the rank of commander. He was then promoted captain.\nOn 13 April 1832, Captain Hastings took command of the sixth-rate training ship Excellent. As far back as 1817 General Sir Howard Douglas had submitted plans to remedy the obvious deficiencies of British naval gunnery. Nothing was done until 1830 when Commander George Smith was appointed to \"superintend the practice of Sea Gunnery\" on board that ship at Portsmouth. The gunnery school was put on a permanent basis by Captain Thomas Hastings (known at the time as \"Old Sting\").\nHe became noted for his training methods, although some in the admiralty disapproved of his emphasis on science, and found his reports on gunnery confusing, as they had little knowledge of science themselves. From a life of Sir John Barrow, the Secretary to the Admiralty through most of the first half of the 19th century, an interesting account appears; two years after Hastings' appointment to Excellent, Sir John Briggs, Reader to the Board, happened to show the examination paper to an Admiral on the Board.\n\"Do you know, it is very strange, but I do not understand all this. Pray, Sir, what is the meaning of 'impact'?\" \"I rather think that it means the force of the blow\", replied Briggs. The Admiral turned to another Naval Lord, Sir John Beresford, and asked him: \"What in the name of good fortune is meant by 'initial velocity'?\" \"I'll be hanged if I know\", answered Sir John, \"but I suppose it is some of Tom Hastings' scientific bosh; I'll tell you what I think we had better do - we'll go at once to Lord de Grey (First Lord) and get that Excellent paid off.\"\nHowever, the First Lord replied: \"I am afraid, my dear Beresford, I cannot sanction it, for you have no idea how damned scientific that House of Commons has become.\"\nHe was knighted in 1839. The first diving training in the Royal Navy occurred in 1844 under Hastings' watch.\nHe left command of Excellent on 28 August 1845, after his appointment as Storekeeper of the Ordnance on 25 July 1845. He held that post until it was abolished with the dissolution of the Board of Ordnance in 1855. On 27 September 1855 he was promoted rear admiral, and on 4 October 1862 vice admiral. On 2 April 1866, he retired from the navy with the rank of admiral.  He died on 3 January 1870 at his home in London.", ["w_s1011"]]
[30481, "Neal Skupski (born 1 December 1989) is a British professional tennis player who specialises in doubles.\nHe is a two-time Grand Slam champion in mixed doubles, having won the 2021 and 2022 Wimbledon Championships alongside Desirae Krawczyk. Skupski also reached the men's doubles semifinals at the 2019 US Open with Jamie Murray, and has reached the quarterfinals or better at all four major tournaments. He achieved his career-high doubles ranking of world No. 5 in July 2022, and is the current British No. 2. Skupski has won 11 titles on the ATP Tour, including the 2022 Madrid Open with partner Wesley Koolhof, and has finished runner-up at four further Masters 1000 events.\nHe is the younger brother of former tennis player Ken Skupski, and the pair regularly competed together until 2021, most notably winning the 2021 Mexican Open. Skupski has represented Great Britain in the Davis Cup since 2019, and competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics.<PIC> Skupski was born in Liverpool and went to King David High School. His father, Ken Sr. of Polish descent, is a retired police officer, his mother Mary is a golfer. Neal is the younger brother of Ken Skupski Jr., with whom he has regularly partnered since 2013. He competed in a handful of matches in 2010 and 2011, before taking a year out to finish his degree at Louisiana State University, where he studied sports administration as well as playing college tennis, before turning professional in 2013. He began competing as a professional in 2013, initially playing on the Futures and Challenger Tours. After playing with a number of partners, he started competing more frequently with his brother Ken from March 2013 onwards. The pair reached the final of the Nottingham Trophy on the Challenger Tour, before winning five Challenger titles in 2013, as of 23 September. These wins saw Neal move into the world top 200 in July 2013. \nAt the 2013 Kremlin Cup the Skupski brothers entered their first ATP World Tour tournament, progressing to the final, where they lost on a tie-break. Following the final, Neal moved into the top 100 for the first time, having been unranked at the start of the season. He ended 2013 ranked 86th in the world. At the 2017 Wimbledon Championships he reached the quarterfinals as a wildcard for the first time in his career partnering with his brother Ken where they were defeated by 4th seeded pair \u0141ukasz Kubot and Marcelo Melo.\nSkupski won his first ATP Tour title at the Open Sud de France, partnering again with his brother Ken, their first ATP title together. He won his second and biggest title of his career thus far at the ATP 500 2018 Vienna Open partnering with fellow Brit Joe Salisbury. Skupski and Spanish partner Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ednez S\u00e1nchez were defeated in their mixed doubles semifinal at the 2019 Australian Open by third seeded pair and eventual champions Barbora Krej\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1 and Rajeev Ram.\nFollowing the 2019 French Open, Skupski formed a partnership with fellow Briton Jamie Murray. With Murray he reached his first Grand Slam semifinal at the 2019 US Open (tennis) where they lost to the top-seeded Colombian pair and eventual champions Juan Sebasti\u00e1n Cabal and Robert Farah.\nHe made his first Masters 1000 final at the 2020 Western & Southern Open defeating top seeded pair Cabal/Farah in the first round en-route before losing to Pablo Carreno Busta and Alex de Minaur in the final, and won his fourth ATP doubles title at the 2020 Sofia Open by a walkover from J\u00fcrgen Melzer and \u00c9douard Roger-Vasselin.\nThe pair Skupski/Murray also reached the quarterfinals at the French Open, which was Neal\u2019s first showing at this level at this Major and third overall and again the quarterfinals at the US Open. In March, Skupski won his fifth ATP title with his brother Ken at the Mexican Open.\nTwo weeks later, he reached his second Masters-1000 final with compatriot Dan Evans at the Miami Open and entered the top 20 in the doubles rankings for the first time. Again two weeks later and partnering with Dan Evans, he reached his third Masters 1000 final at the Monte-Carlo Masters and climbed to a career-high ranking in doubles of world No. 16 on 19 April 2021. On 11 July 2021, partnering with Desirae Krawczyk, he won the Wimbledon mixed-doubles final. He reached the top 15 in doubles on 12 July 2021.\nAt the 2021 San Diego Open Skupski won his sixth title and second of the season partnering Joe Salisbury. Partnering with Wesley Koolhof he won two ATP 250 titles during the Australian Summer swing, before the 2022 Australian Open. The pair reached the quarterfinals at the first Grand Slam of the year for the first time at this Major. They won their third title at the 2022 Qatar ExxonMobil Open dropping only one set en route to the final where they defeated Rohan Bopanna and Denis Shapovalov in straight sets. He reached the final of the 2022 Miami Open with Koolhof where they lost to John Isner and Hubert Hurkacz.\nSeeded seventh, they reached their second Masters 1000 final at the 2022 Mutua Madrid Open after defeating John Isner and Hubert Hurkacz. In the final they defeated fifth seeds Robert Farah and Juan Sebasti\u00e1n Cabal to win their first Masters 1000 title in their career and as a pair.\nAt the 2022 French Open he reached the quarterfinals with Koolhof for the second time at this Major, defeating unseeded pair of Americans Tommy Paul and Mackenzie McDonald. As a result Skupski entered the top 10 of the ATP rankings in doubles for the first time on 6 June 2022.\nAt the 2022 Wimbledon Championships he successfully defended and won his second Major title in mixed doubles again partnering Desirae Krawczyk. They defeated Matthew Ebden and Samantha Stosur in straight sets. He reached the top 5 in the doubles rankings on 18 July 2022.\nAt the 2022 National Bank Open he reached with Koolhof the semifinals of a Masters 1000 for the third time in the season defeating Glasspool/Heliovaara. Next the pair advanced to the eight final of the season defeating Krawietz/Mies. Skupski has played five seasons with World TeamTennis starting in 2015 when he made his league debut with the California Dream. He has since played four seasons (2016-2019) for the New York Empire. Skupski was a part of the New York Empire, who claimed the King Trophy during 2020 WTT season  at The Greenbrier.          (W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (P#) preliminary round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (Z#) Davis/Fed Cup Zonal Group (with number indication) or (PO) play-off; (G) gold, (S) silver or (B) bronze Olympic/Paralympic medal; (NMS) not a Masters tournament; (P) postponed; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W\u2013L) win\u2013loss record. \n \nTo avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated at the conclusion of a tournament or when the player's participation has ended.\nCurrent through the 2022 Wimbledon Championships.", ["w_s1013"]]
[30482, "Task Force 44 was an Allied naval task force during the Pacific Campaign of World War II. The task force consisted of warships from the United States Navy and the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). It was generally assigned as a striking force to defend northeast Australia and the surrounding area from any attacks by Axis forces, particularly from the Empire of Japan.  The task force was created on 22 April 1942 from the ANZAC Squadron as part of United States Army General Douglas MacArthur's South West Pacific Area (command). The unit's first commander was Rear Admiral John Gregory Crace (Royal Australian Navy). From 13 June 1942 the task force was commanded by Victor Crutchley, an Australian Rear Admiral of the Royal Navy (UK).\nThe force saw action during the Battle of the Coral Sea, in which it helped turn back a Japanese attempt to invade Port Moresby, New Guinea. \nAt the start of May, the Americans learned of an imminent Japanese invasion of Port Moresby, and HMAS\u00a0Hobart was sent with HMAS\u00a0Australia to rendezvous with United States forces in the Coral Sea. At 07:00 on 7 May, Rear Admiral Crace, embarked aboard Australia as commander of Task Force 44, was ordered to take his ships (Australia, Hobart, US cruiser Chicago, and US destroyers Perkins, Walke, and Farragut) to the Jomard Passage, and engage any Japanese ships found en route to Port Moresby, while several US carrier groups engaged a Japanese force headed for the Solomon Islands. The ships reached their patrol area around 14:00, fired on a group of eleven unidentified aircraft at maximum range with no damage dealt at 14:27, and were attacked themselves by twelve Japanese twin-engine torpedo bombers at 15:06; no ships were damaged for the loss of five aircraft. At 15:16, nineteen Japanese heavy bombers dropped their payload on the Allied ships; no ships were hit directly, the only casualties (aboard Chicago) were from shrapnel. A few minutes later, the ships were attacked by another three heavy bombers, flying at a higher altitude to the first group; the bombing was much less accurate. It was later learned that the three aircraft belonged to the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Although USN Vice Admiral Herbert F. Leary made plans to train aircrews in naval vessel recognition in response, USAAF General George Brett refused to implement them or acknowledge that the friendly fire incident had happened. With no new orders, Crace decided to relocate his ships during the night to a point 220 nautical miles (410\u00a0km; 250\u00a0mi) from Port Moresby, to better intercept a Japanese invasion force if it came through either the Jomard Passage or the China Strait. Instructions from the American commander of the operation were still not forthcoming, and Crace was forced to rely on intercepted radio messages to track the progress of the main battle. The task force remained in their assigned area until 01:00 on 10 May, when Crace ordered them to withdraw south to Cid Harbour on Whitsunday Island; the lack of reports and intelligence concerning either the Americans or Japanese led him to conclude that both forces had withdrawn, and there was no immediate threat to Port Moresby.\nThe Task Force was temporarily redesignated Task Group 17.3 (of the U.S. aircraft carrier task force Task Force 17) during the battle. \nThe task force later, under Crutchley, assisted with the initial stages of the Guadalcanal Campaign along with escorting Allied convoys around the northeast Australia, New Guinea, and Coral Sea areas. In August 1942, the force participated in the Battle of Savo Island. The next month, the unit served with the U.S. Navy's Task Force 18, centered on the aircraft carrier USS\u00a0Wasp.<PIC> When the Operation Pamphlet convoy sailed from Fremantle on 20 February 1943 it was escorted by the Australian light cruiser HMAS\u00a0Adelaide, as well as the Dutch cruiser Jacob van Heemskerck and destroyer Tjerk Hiddes. It met the ships of Task Group 44.3, a component of Task Force 44, on 24 February in the Great Australian Bight. This force comprised Australia and American destroyers Bagley, Helm and Henley, and had been dispatched from Sydney on 17 February to escort the troopships. Adelaide and the Dutch warships left the convoy shortly afterwards to escort Nieuw Amsterdam into Melbourne; the liner docked there on the afternoon of 25 February. Task Group 44.3 escorted the remaining ships to Sydney, passing south of Tasmania. The escort was strengthened by Jacob van Heemskerck and the French destroyer Le Triomphant en route. The three liners arrived at Sydney on 27 February 1943, completing Operation Pamphlet without loss. Despite the official secrecy concerning the convoy, large crowds assembled on vantage points around Sydney Harbour to watch the ships arrive. Queen Mary anchored off Bradleys Head and the other two liners berthed at Woolloomooloo. Curtin officially announced that the 9th Division had returned to Australia in a speech to the House of Representatives on 23 March.\nOn 15 March 1943 the organization was redesignated as Task Force 74 under the United States Seventh Fleet. In mid-1944, Commodore John Augustine Collins was made commander of the Australian-U.S. Navy Task Force 74, and commander of the Australian Naval Squadron, with the heavy cruiser HMAS\u00a0Australia as his flagship. He became the first graduate of the RAN College to command a naval squadron in action, during the bombardment of Noemfoor, on 2 July 1944.\nCommodore Collins was badly wounded in an attack which may have been the first kamikaze strike, which hit Australia on 21 October 1944, in the lead up to the Battle of Leyte Gulf. He did not resume his command until July 1945. When the war ended Collins was the RAN's representative at the surrender ceremony in Tokyo Bay. Heavy cruisers: USS\u00a0Chicago, HMAS\u00a0Australia, HMAS\u00a0Canberra\nLight cruiser: HMAS\u00a0Hobart\nDestroyers: USS\u00a0Perkins, USS\u00a0Whipple, USS\u00a0Farragut (from 7 May 1942), USS\u00a0Walke (from 7 May), USS\u00a0Henley from 14 May, USS\u00a0Helm (from 19 May), USS\u00a0Selfridge (from 21 May), USS\u00a0Patterson (from\u00a0???)", ["w_s1015"]]
[30483, "Thomas Chillenden (died 15 August 1411) was Prior of Christ Church Priory, Canterbury from 1391 to 1410. Under him, from 1391 to 1400, the Cathedral-Priory church's nave was rebuilt in the Perpendicular style of English Gothic architecture.<PIC>  His family (and hence its surname) probably originated in the Kentish village of Chillenden, though his parents are unknown.  After becoming a monk at Christ Church Priory, he studied for a bachelorship in canon law at Canterbury College, Oxford, from 1365 to 1378, before going to Rome to study the same subject at the papal curia.  There he became Doctor of Canon Law, in 1383 or earlier, put together an index to the fourth book of the Decretals of Gregory IX (Repertorium quarti libri decretalium), wrote a commentary to the Regulae juris (Longleat, MS 35, fols. 187\u2013206), and lectured on the fourth book of the Clementines (\u2018Reportata on the Clementines\u2019).  In 1383 the University of Oxford was involved in a dispute with St Frideswide's Priory, and Chillenden served as the former's proctor. Chillenden's election as prior came after some time as one of the Priory's treasurers.  As prior, Chillenden also tried to hold onto partial control of the monasteries's finances, subsuming his role of treasurer into his office of prior.  All the monastery's income from, for example, its oblations and manors thus passed through his office, with him allocating a sufficient allowance to meet the expenditure of each obedientary (e.g. cellarer, sacrist).  In addition, with the monastery - in the wake of the Black Death - veering between leasing out and directly managing its East Kent manors and leasing them out, he ceased direct management (then true of many, but not all, its manors) and reformed the leasing system, with rents being paid in fixed quantities of stock and grain rather than in money.  However, he did not bring so sudden an end to the priory's estates being directly managed as RAL Smith maintains.  Whilst Chillenden was prior, twenty-four books on canon law and another eleven on civil law were added to the monastery library.  One of these was probably the Repertorium sexti libri decretalium - it was previously attributed to Chillenden himself, but was actually written by a monk called John.\nWith this financial control, within a year of election Chillenden had restarted the rebuilding of the nave (paused since Simon Sudbury's murder in 1381).  Chillenden also initiated a policy of investment and new construction by the priory.  This occurred both in urban areas like Southwark, London (where it bought houses and shops previously belonging to a Robert Little, and built new ones) and Canterbury (creating new buildings in Burgate and Stourstreet, along with a huge new inn called The Chequers, and purchasing a new inn called The Crown), in the priory's rural manors (with new granaries, stables, fulling mills, watermills and barns being built, often with roof tiles, rare at this period), and in the priory itself (with the chapter house restored, a new 903\u00a0lb silver-gilt table-altar purchased, and the prior's chapel and residence - among other buildings - extensively improved).  A century after Chillenden's death, he was called by John Leland \"the greatest builder\u2019 among the priors\".\nAs the last prior of Canterbury to attend parliament, Chillenden was summoned to Richard II's 1399 council at Oxford to advise the king on the papal schism, and at another time appointed by Richard as a commissioner in the inquiry on goods belonging to merchants from Gueldres then resident in England.  He represented both Christ Church Priory and the English crown at the 1409 Council of Pisa, though five years earlier [1405] he had refused to accept the role of bishop of Rochester, to which he had been elected.", ["w_s1016"]]
[30484, "Palestinians in Chile (Arabic: \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a) are believed to be the largest Palestinian community outside of the Arab world. Estimates of the number of Palestinian descendants in Chile range from 450,000 to 500,000.  The effects of their migration are widely visible. The earliest Palestinian migrants came in the 1850s during the Crimean War, fleeing due to Russia's intent to capture and control the Holy Land. They worked mainly as businessmen and also in agriculture. Other migrants arrived before and during World War I and later the 1948 Palestine war. By origin they primarily came from the cities of Beit Jala, Bethlehem, and Beit Sahour. Most of these early migrants were Christians. They typically landed at Argentine ports, and crossed the Andes by mule into Chile. Chilean Palestinians are often erroneously but also intentionally called turcos (Spanish for Turks) after the Ottoman nationality that early immigrants had on their passports. Contrary to the immigration of Germans and other European nationalities, the immigration of Palestinians was not considered beneficial by Chilean intellectuals, and was even, alongside Chinese and Japanese immigration, questioned. The arrival of the Palestinian immigrants to Chile in the early 20th century happened at the same time the Chilean state stopped sponsoring immigration to Chile and the country suffered a severe social and economic crisis coupled with a wave of nationalism with xenophobic and racist undertones. Immigrants were also at times treated in highly denigrating terms by the Chilean press; for example, El Mercurio wrote in 1911:\nWhether they are Mohammedans or Buddhists, what one can see and smell from far, is that they are more dirty than the dogs of Constantinople...\n\u2014\u2009El Mercurio, April 13, 1911.\nMany of the immigrants were very poor and illiterate and had to take loans to pay their travel costs. Once in Chile, Palestinians settled largely in the marginal areas of cities and worked as small merchants. In the 1950s by the time of the second government of Carlos Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez del Campo many Palestinian-Chileans had acquired substantial economic as well as political power in Chile, some working as deputies, ministers or ambassadors.  \nAside from these migrants of previous decades, Chile has also taken in some Palestinian refugees in later years, as in April 2008 when it received 117 from the Al-Waleed refugee camp on the Syria\u2013Iraq border near the Al-Tanf crossing. All of those refugees were Sunni Muslims.\nPeople who hold a Diplomatic or Official Palestinian Passport can visit Chile as tourists for up to 90 days, without a Visa. The vast majority of the Palestinian community in Chile follow Christianity. The largest denomination is Orthodox Christian followed by Roman Catholic, and in fact, the number of Palestinian Christians in the diaspora in Chile alone exceeds the number of those who have remained in their homeland. One early Palestinian church in Santiago, the Iglesia Ortodoxa San Jorge, was founded in 1917. Some Palestinians in Chile are Sunni Muslims. The Club Palestino is one of the most prestigious social clubs in Santiago; it offers swimming, tennis, and dining facilities to its members. There is also a soccer team, C.D. Palestino, whose uniform is in the traditional Palestinian colours red, green, and white. The team has been champion of the Chilean Primera Divisi\u00f3n twice. Also, some Chilean-Palestinian footballers like Roberto Bishara and Alexis Norambuena have played for the Palestine national football team. Other Chileans of Palestinian origin, such as Luis Antonio Jim\u00e9nez, played international football for Chile and several foreign clubs.\nA number of Palestinians in Chile have shown significant concern with the situation of Palestine, for example, the president of the C\u00e1mara de Comercio (chamber of commerce) of the Barrio Patronato, himself a Palestinian, in 2006 organised a protest regarding the 2006 Lebanon War; Lebanese and Palestinian flags were widely seen in the neighbourhood's streets at that time. On another occasion, outside the Club Palestino and again in front of the Colegio \u00c1rabe, someone wrote on the sidewalk \"\u00c1rabe=terrorismo\" (\"Arabs=terrorism\") and \"Palestina no existe\" (\"Palestine does not exist\").<PIC> A number of Chilean novels have featured Palestinian characters and discussed the experience of Palestinian immigrants in the country, such as El viajero de la alfombra m\u00e1gica by Walter Garib, Los turcos by Roberto Sarah, and Peregrino de ojos brillantes, by Jaime Hales. Edgardo Abdala, footballer\nCarlos Abumohor, businessman and investor\nRoberto Bishara Adawi, footballer\nDiamela Eltit, writer\nFernando Chomal\u00ed, Roman Catholic Archbishop, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Concepci\u00f3n\nDaud Gazale, footballer\nRicardo Marzuca, professor at Universidad de Chile\nAnnemarie Jacir, movie director and photographer\nEmily Jacir, artist\nLuis Antonio Jim\u00e9nez, footballer\nRoberto Kettlun Beshe, footballer\nMiguel Littin, movie director and screenwriter\nLuis Musrri, footballer\nMiguel Nasur Allel, businessman and football club owner\nJos\u00e9 Said, businessman\n\u00c1lvaro Saieh, businessman\nArturo Salah, former football player\nFernando Solabarrieta Chelech, journalist, TV presenter\nRafael Tarud Siwady, politician\nJos\u00e9 Zalaquett Daher, lawyer\nLeonardo Harum Amaro, footballer\nMarko Zaror, martial artist, actor\nChristopher Penroz, footballer\nMat\u00edas Jadue, footballer\nDaniel Jadue, politician.", ["w_s1019"]]
[30485, "Costumi is a frazione\u2014a small hamlet\u2014located in the commune of Torricella Sicura in the Italian Province of Teramo. The origins of the name date back to feudal times and refer to the usual and customary contributions ('costumi') that the denizens were expected to forward to the baronial landowners. The Costumarii were the local townsmen entrusted with this act.\nIn modern times Costumi is principally known for four diffused clusters of residences, each surrounded by woodlots and farmers' grain fields. These groups of houses are named San Pietro ad Azzano, Case Mancine, Villa Sciarra, and Colle Sansonesco. \nData collected during the 12th census on 25 October 1981 provide the following population figures for Costumi:\n38 families\n63 men\n68 women\n131 inhabitants\nThe local parish church of Costumi is Saint Peters (San Pietro), located in nearby Azzano. This area formerly hosted a monastery, which later became a parish church. In medieval times a large feudal estate named University (Universit\u00e0) was located here, an ancient term given to the various communes comprising a large domain.  The historian Bernardino Delfico posits that the word Azzano derives from the ancient gens Attia. Many people with the last name Attia (and its derivatives such as Attio, Attiano and Attia) live or have lived in this locality. \nThe monastery (later a parish church) that was located in this area was administered by the Abbey of Farfa. It enjoyed the privileges and riches that accompanied this designation at least until the 19th century. This cluster of homes is located between San Pietro ad Azzano and Ioanella. This small cluster of houses is located between Colle Sansonesco and Ioanella. From this location one has a panoramic view of the Gran Sasso and the surrounding mountain chain. In historical documents related Colle Sansonesco the area is sometimes referred to by various names include Collesansonesco, Collo Sansonesco, and Colle Santonesco.  The famous historian Niccola Palma attributes the name of this area to a family called Sansone who were the likely owners.\nLuigi Ercole in the beginning of the 1800s wrote about Colle Sansonesco in this way:   \nThis is a small village located about three miles southeast of Teramo.  It has 32 residents.  The land is steep and mountainous.  The main local product is acorns although grain and vineyards are also to be found....\"   In the Regio Cedolario del 1787 (Royal Taxation Decree of 1787) the area is designated a feudo nobile, (noble feudal holding) i.e., a large aristocratic feud with certain delineated rights and responsibilities.\nPast census data provide an interesting perspective into the area's history. Residents were grouped into fuochi (fireplaces) with the implication that each fireplace served as a gathering place for one family unit.  Thus a village having twenty \"fuochi\" had approximately this many families residing there at the time.  Colle Sansonesco was originally considered to be an outlying villa associated with the town, and belonging to baron, of Teramo.  Only later was it designated a Universit\u00e0 (University), that is, a commune making up part of a domain, and not forming part of the baronial holdings.  This nomenclature was used in the Kingdom of Naples and certain of other states which later came together to form what is now known as modern Italy.\nAccording to the 1754 census (Catasto Onciario) data:\nNuclear families: 7 (for a total of 48 people)\nAbsent families: 1\nNon-clergy associated with the church: 2\nChurches and related properties:  Madonna delle Grazie; San Pietro di Azzano; San Giacomo; Parish of Collesansonesco;\nNon-citizen overseers: 2 A small church, San Donato, is located in Colle Sansonesco. Nearby there is also an even smaller chapel dedicated to the Madonna delle Grazie. These holdings lie within the parochial boundaries of San Pietro ad Azzano.<PIC> In the 1920s Colle Sansonesco was chosen as the location on which was to be built a sanatorium for the city of Teramo for the treatment of tuberculosis.  The treatment of this disease is enhanced by means of air that is cool and fresh and Colle Sansonesco seemed at the time the ideal location. A resident, Alfonso Di Vestea, was selected as the local point of contact for the project development. The worked was to be completed in conjunction with Roman authorities including a Doctor Amendolagine and a ministerial inspector by the name of Sirleo.  An engineering firm, Valente, presented the initial design proposals in August 1923. Funds were to come from a state agency which had been commissioned after World War I to improve the country's public health and welfare. The Province of Teramo also underwrote the operation and issued bonds for its completion. The final plans were prepared by a Roman engineer, Gaetano Galli, in November 1924. Modifications were proposed, incorporated into the final design specifications, and approved by the local Prefecture in June 1926. Ground was broken shortly thereafter. This work was soon interrupted, after it was discovered that the soil below the construction site was friable and would never safely support a building of this magnitude.  With the support of The Confraternity of Charity of Teramo (Congrega di Carit\u00e0 di Teramo) it was then decided to build the sanatorium in Villa Mosca. This area, about 1 mile from the city center, is located on a gentle slope at a slightly higher elevation than Teramo and is easily reachable by foot or by public transport. The development of this new project was awarded to a local engineer, Alfonso De Albentiis. The first contracts were approved in November 1927. Work was completed in 1934 when the facility was first opened to the public. In order to further freshen the air, a great number of pine trees were planted in the vicinity of the sanatorium. The structure today functions as a geriatriccenter and, thanks to the pine saplings that were planted 70 years ago, sits amidst a stand of majestic pines trees.", ["w_s1021"]]
[30486, "Polski S\u0142ownik Biograficzny (PSB; Polish Biographical Dictionary) is a Polish-language biographical dictionary, comprising an alphabetically arranged compilation of authoritative biographies of some 25,000 notable Poles and of foreigners who have been active in Poland \u2013 famous as well as less-well-known persons \u2013 from Popiel, Piast Ko\u0142odziej, and Mieszko I, at the dawn of Polish history, to persons who died in the year 2000.\nThe Dictionary, published incrementally since 1935, is a work in progress. It currently covers entries from A to S and its completion is expected about 2030.\nThe PSB is, by its own assessment, \"at present... one of the world's leading biographical publications.\" Outside Poland, it is available at the British Library, the Library of Congress, the Vatican Library, the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, the University of California at Berkeley, Stanford University, the Getty Museum, and many other national and major research libraries.<PIC> As of February\u00a02021, 52 complete volumes have been produced, with entries to \"T\". The latest installment is fascicle 217, the second of volume 53.\nThe Dictionary's current 52 volumes (well into \"T\") range in length from 480 to 830 pages, for a total of over 33,000, and contain over 27,000 biographies. Some 8,000 individuals have contributed to the Dictionary. Most of its contents are available only in paper form.\nThough not a comprehensive source on all notable Poles, the Dictionary is substantial and well-respected. Brock et al. write that the \"Polish Biographical Dictionary is one of the major achievements of the humanities in 20th-century Poland. The entries reflect the multicultural and multiethnic composition of the pre-partition Polish state [...]. Therefore the dictionary is not 'a biographical dictionary of Poles,' but rather 'a Polish biographical dictionary,' including entries on prominent foreigners who lived in the country as well as representatives of national minorities.\"\nWhile prewar Polish governments had little influence on Dictionary's editorial policies, the postwar communist government of the People's Republic of Poland interfered substantially regarding who should be included. Since Poland's 1989 break with the Soviet bloc, this bias has been partly corrected in several supplements.\nPolski s\u0142ownik biograficzny constitutes a unique mosaic that depicts the full sweep of Polish history through biographies of many of the country's most notable sons and daughters. This reference work has been published in Krak\u00f3w since 1935, although publication was suspended during Poland's World War II occupation by Nazi Germany and during the Stalinist period. The Dictionary is a joint publication of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Polska Akademia Nauk) and the Polish Academy of Learning (Polska Akademia Umiej\u0119tno\u015bci). The project is based at the Tadeusz Manteuffel Historical Institute (Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla) and is sponsored by the Foundation for Polish Learning (Fundacja na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej) and the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego).\nWork at the Dictionary was initiated by W\u0142adys\u0142aw Konopczy\u0144ski. The first volume appeared in 1935, and four more (with coverage to \"D\u0105browski, Ignacy\") before World War II. After the war, by 1949, when Konopczy\u0144ski was forced by the communist government to resign his editorship, two more volumes had been published (covering bios to \"Firlej, Henryk\"). The project was then frozen until 1958, when it was revived under Kazimierz Lepszy. In 1964, after the Dictionary had grown by an additional three volumes (covering bios to \"Jarosi\u0144ski, Pawe\u0142\"), Lepszy died and was replaced by Emanuel Rostworowski.\nDuring Rostworowski's tenure as editor, the quality of the biographies increased, while  government interference and censorship decreased. Twenty-two further volumes had been published (covering bios to \"R\u00f3\u017cycki, Ignacy\") when Rostworowski in 1989 passed the baton to Henryk Markiewicz. Under Markiewicz, nine further volumes were published (covering bios to Stanis\u0142aw August Poniatowski), as well as a special volume Uzupe\u0142nienia i sprostowania do tom\u00f3w I-XL (Supplements and corrections for volumes 1\u201340) rectifying  communist-era bias and censorship. Since 2003, the Dictionary's editor has been Andrzej Romanowski. The PSB estimates their work will be complete around 2030, with expected 62 volumes.\nIn 2003, the PSB has launched its official Internet homepage. In 2010, the project has been unanimously endorsed by the Polish parliament (Sejm), and given its honorary patronage.", ["w_s1024"]]
[30487, "The Canadian Mathematical Society (CMS) (French: Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 math\u00e9matique du Canada) is an association of professional mathematicians dedicated to the interests of mathematical research, outreach, scholarship and education in Canada. It serves the national community through the publication of academic journals, community bulletins, and the administration of mathematical competitions.\nIt was originally conceived in June 1945 as the Canadian Mathematical Congress. A name change was debated for many years; ultimately, a new name was adopted in 1979, upon its incorporation as a non-profit charitable organization.\nThe society is also affiliated with various national and international mathematical societies, including the Canadian Applied and Industrial Mathematics Society and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. The society is also a member of the International Mathematical Union and the International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.<PIC> The Canadian Mathematical Society (CMS) was originally conceived in June 1945 as the Canadian Mathematical Congress. The founding members hoped that \"this congress [would] be the beginning of important mathematical development in Canada\". Seeking to end confusion with the quadrennial mathematical congresses, a name change was considered for many years. Finally, upon its incorporation as a non-profit, charitable organization in 1978, a new name was adopted \u2013 the Canadian Mathematical Society.\nSince then the society has expanded its activities to serve K-12 and post secondary students as well as professors and established researchers. Graham P. Wright served as executive director of the CMS from 1979 to 2009, and helped to build up the society's executive office in Ottawa and to develop its web-based electronic services.\nThe Canadian Mathematical Society was to celebrate its 75th anniversary during its 2020 Summer Meeting in Ottawa, Ontario. However, due to COVID-19 pandemic, the meeting was postponed to 2021 Summer Meeting. The flagship publications of the CMS are the prominent, peer-reviewed research journals Canadian Journal of Mathematics, which is intended for full research papers, and the Canadian Mathematical Bulletin, which publishes shorter papers.  All past issues except the last five volumes are free to download. Access to the most recent research requires a subscription.\nIn cooperation with Springer Publications, the CMS publishes many text books aimed at a university and academic researcher level. The series is called CMS Books in Mathematics.\nThe CMS publishes ten issues per year of Crux Mathematicorum, which contains problem-solving challenges and techniques suitable for training in secondary school problem solving competitions such as the Canadian Mathematical Olympiad or the International Mathematical Olympiad. All past issues except the last five volumes are free to download and use. The CMS also publishes A Taste of Mathematics (ATOM), a series of small booklets on a variety of topics suitable for high school enrichment.\nThe CMS Notes is the Society's official newsletter, published six times per year and available to members or the public online. It includes news relevant to the Canadian mathematical community, including notice on conferences, columns on research and education, book reviews, award announcements, and employment advertisements for mathematicians.  The Canadian Mathematical Society's Student Committee (Studc) was formed in 1999. Studc aims to bring together French and English Canadian graduate and undergraduate mathematics students through research and networking events and publication opportunities. Studc manages and publishes Notes from the Margin, a magazine-style publication devoted to publishing accessible research-based content in addition to opinion pieces, news articles, open problems that are of interest to the mathematical community, and brainteaser puzzles.  CMS organizes two bilingual Meetings each year: the CMS Winter Meeting is normally held during the first weekend of December and the CMS Summer Meeting during the first weekend of June. Each Meeting takes place over the course of 3 days, with 2 days of pre-meeting activities. This includes the executive meeting, board of directors meeting, group development luncheon and mini-courses.\nCMS Meetings are among the biggest mathematical events in Canada, bringing together over 800 of the most respected researchers, educators, post-doctorates and students in mathematics and related fields from around the world. The includes many scientific sessions and plenary, prize and public lectures. Through its Student Committee, the CMS is the main sponsor for the bilingual Canadian Undergraduate Mathematics Conference, an annual research and networking conference held each summer and targeted at Canadian undergraduates interested in any area of pure or applied mathematics. It is entirely student-run and driven by Studc. Delegates may opt to present a poster or paper, as well as a short talk on a topic of their choosing. The location of the conference is alternated between central Canada (defined as Ontario and Quebec) and Western or Eastern Canada every other year, with host applications being submitted by hopefuls a year in advance. The Women in Mathematics committee of the CMS also runs Connecting Women in Mathematics Across Canada (CWiMAC), a workshop and conference aimed at upcoming Canadian female mathematicians. In particular, they target current PhD students and new postdoctoral fellows seeking guidance in their field. The conference strives to strengthen the community between young female mathematicians and their senior counterparts through the building of mentorship, relationships, and networking.  The CMS administers the Canadian Open Mathematics Challenge, a problem solving competition targeted at Canadian high school students, which is modelled after the analogous William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition for undergraduates. High-scoring students may be invited to compete in the Canadian Mathematical Olympiad, a problem-solving and mathematics competition run by the CMS which is also used as a screening process for the selection of the Canadian team for the International Mathematical Olympiad.    CMS runs several annual summer math camps across Canada to foster interest and excitement in elementary-school and secondary-school aged students. Some CMS math camps, are based on invitation and are targeted at high-potential students from all backgrounds, and others are open to all students with interest in mathematics. The CMS also runs several smaller specialty camps targeted at visible minorities and under-represented groups in the mathematical community.\nMany member organizations also run outreach events to attract local talent to mathematics, such as Math Challenge programs held at the local university, Math Enrichment Centres, and educational events throughout the academic year. The CMS annually awards the following prizes:\nJeffery\u2013Williams Prize to recognize mathematicians who have made outstanding contributions to mathematical research.\nAdrien Pouliot Award for contributions to mathematical education in Canada.\nDavid Borwein Distinguished Career Award to recognize individuals who have made exceptional, broad, and continued contributions to Canadian mathematics.\nGraham Wright Award for Distinguished Service recognizes individuals who have made sustained and significant contributions to the Canadian mathematical community and, in particular, to the Canadian Mathematical Society.\nExcellence in Teaching Award recognizes sustained and distinguished contributions in teaching at the post-secondary undergraduate level.\nG. de B. Robinson Award to recognize the publication of excellent papers in Canadian Journal of Mathematics and the Canadian Mathematical Bulletin\nCMS Blair Spearman Doctoral Prize to recognize outstanding performance by a doctoral student.\nKrieger\u2013Nelson Prize is presented in recognition of an outstanding female in mathematics.\nCoxeter\u2013James Prize to recognize young mathematicians who have made outstanding contributions to mathematical research.\nCathleen Synge Morawetz Prize to recognize an outstanding research publication or series of closely related publications. Samuel Beatty (1945\u20131949)\nAdrien Pouliot (1949\u20131953)\nGilbert de Beauregard Robinson (1953\u20131957)\nRalph Lent Jeffery (1957\u20131961)\nRalph James (1961\u20131963)\nMax Wyman (1963\u20131965)\nH. S. M. Coxeter (1965\u20131967)\nMaurice L'Abb\u00e9 (1967\u20131969)\nNathan Mendelsohn (1969\u20131971)\nGeorge F. D. Duff (1971\u20131973)\nAlbert John Coleman (1973\u20131975)\nWilliam O. J. Moser (1975\u20131977)\nR\u00e9mi Vaillancourt (1977\u20131979)\nPeter Lancaster (1979\u20131981)\nPaul G. Rooney (1981\u20131983)\nRenzo Piccinini (1983\u20131985)\nDavid Borwein (1985\u20131987)\nCarl Herz (1987\u20131989)\nFrederick V. Atkinson (1989\u20131991)\nSherman D. Riemenschneider (1991\u20131992)\nMichel Delfour (1992\u20131994)\nPeter Fillmore (1994\u20131996)\nKatherine Heinrich (1996\u20131998)\nRichard Kane (1998\u20132000)\nJonathan Borwein (2000\u20132002)\nChristiane Rousseau (2002\u20132004)\nH. E. A. Campbell (2004\u20132006)\nTom Salisbury (2006\u20132008)\nAnthony Lau (2008\u20132010)\nJacques Hurtubise (2010\u20132012)\nKeith Taylor (2012\u20132014)\nLia Bronsard (2014\u20132016)\nMichael Bennett (2016\u20132018)\nMark Lewis (2018\u20132020)\nJavad Mashreghi (2020\u20132022)", ["w_s1026"]]
[30488, "Jules Olivier Ntcham (born 9 February 1996) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for EFL Championship club Swansea City.\nBorn in Longjumeau, a southern suburb of Paris, Ntcham played for numerous youth clubs in and around Paris before joining youth academies at Paris FC and Le Havre. At the age of 16, Ntcham joined Manchester City's Elite Development Squad for \u00a3730,000 in 2012. Developing under City's Football Development Executive Patrick Vieira, Ntcham's potential was noticed by club manager Manuel Pellegrini, who included him City's pre-season tour of Australia in 2015.\nAfter signing a professional contract with City, Ntcham was loaned out for a two season spell at Genoa in Italy's Serie A, with an option to buy later. In July 2017, Ntcham signed for Scottish Premiership side Celtic on a four-year permanent deal with the Glasgow club. He signed a contract extension with Celtic in November 2018, extending his stay until 2022. In February 2021, Ntcham was loaned out to French club Marseille. He joined Swansea City in September 2021.Cameroon 1 international play\nInternationally, Ntcham has represented France at numerous levels, most recently the France national under-21 football team at the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.  Ntcham signed for Manchester City in 2012, joining from French club Le Havre for a fee in the region of \u20ac1m, after refusing to sign a professional contract at the club. In July 2015, he signed a five-year deal with Manchester City, before joining Italian side Genoa on a two-year loan. On 28 August 2015, Serie A side Genoa signed Ntcham on a two-year loan with an option to buy. He made his debut for the club on 23 August 2015, in a 1\u20130 defeat to Palermo. His second match was marked with a 2\u20130 win against Hellas Verona.\nNtcham's first goal for Genoa came in the opening game of his second season, during a 3\u20131 win over Cagliari on 21 August 2016. He scored his second goal on 26 February 2017, in stoppage time, rescuing a 1\u20131 draw with Bologna. On 12 July 2017, Ntcham signed a four-year contract with Celtic. He scored his first goal for Celtic in a 1\u20130 win against Partick Thistle on 11 August 2017. On 9 November 2018, at the age of 22, he signed a new four-year contract to keep him at Celtic until the year 2022.\nNtcham scored the winning goal against Lazio in the Europa League on 7 November 2019, giving Celtic a 2\u20131 victory.<PIC> On 1 February 2021, Ntcham joined French side Marseille on loan for the remainder of the 2020\u201321 season. Manager Andr\u00e9 Villas-Boas, who had informed the Marseille board that he didn't want the player, offered his resignation the following day in response to Ntcham joining and was suspended as manager a few hours later for publicly criticising the club's board. On 10 February 2021, he made his debut for Marseille as a substitute for Valentin Rongier in a 2\u20130 away win over AJ Auxerre in the Coupe de France. On 10 February 2021, he made his league debut as a substitute for Micha\u00ebl Cuisance in a 0\u20130 away draw against Bordeaux. On 1 September 2021, Ntcham joined Championship club Swansea City on a free transfer. He scored his first goal for Swansea in a 3\u20133 draw with Luton Town on 18 September 2021. Ntcham was born in France to parents of Cameroonian descent. He was a youth international for France at various levels.\nIn November 2019, he was placed on standby for Cameroon's Africa Cup of Nations qualifiers against Cape Verde and Rwanda. As of match played 10 April 2021\nIncludes Coppa Italia, Scottish Cup, Coupe de France\nIncludes Scottish League Cup\nIncludes UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League Celtic\nScottish Premiership: 2017\u201318, 2018\u201319, 2019\u201320\nScottish Cup: 2017\u201318, 2018\u201319\nScottish League Cup: 2017\u201318, 2018\u201319, 2019\u201320", ["w_s1027"]]
[30489, "The Planetarium of Nantes is a planetarium located in Nantes, France. It was inaugurated in 1981. The planetarium is located at 8 Rue des Acadiens in Butte Sainte-Anne. It is near the bank of the Loire, in the Square Moisan and the neighborhood Bellevue - Chantenay - Sainte-Anne. The planetarium can not be visited as a museum, it offers commented sessions of about an hour (as in the cinema but live). Each session, is scheduled in advanced and adapted to a certain type of public, according to the age or the level of knowledge.\nUnder a dome 8 meters (26\u00a0ft) in diameter, the planetarium can accommodate 59 spectators and accommodate about 60,000 visitors per year, school or the general public.\nIn the lobby, there are three large meteorites (36\u00a0kg or 79\u00a0lbs for the heaviest) that the public can touch, showcases exposing several fragments of various types of meteorites, models putting various robots in situation on the soil of Mars, Venus, the Moon, Titan (moon of Saturn) and on a comet, planetary globes, rockets, the International Space Station, probes like Juno (around Jupiter) or the Hubble Space Telescope and James Webb Space Telescope, and other rovers.\nThe planetarium is equipped with a mobile planetarium (an inflatable structure 5 to 6 meters in diameter and 3 meters high) designed for the introduction to astronomy for use in schools.\nThe Planetarium of Nantes also weaves a network among the local actors like the Laboratory of planetology of the University of Nantes, the Museum of natural history, the science and environment pole Sequoia, the Society of Astronomy of Nantes, the association \"Meridienne\" , and many others, all working in the field of research or scientific mediation including astronomy. In 1979, the City of Nantes decided to build a planetarium. At that time in France, there was only one large planetarium in at the Palais de la d\u00e9couverte and 3 small planetariums in Reims, ENAC Toulouse, and Marseille. The planetarium in Nantes was to be built on the upper part of Square Moisan, which was abandoned at this time.\nOpened to the public on June 18, 1981, the planetarium is equipped with a Carl Zeiss projector, model ZKP2 identical to that of Reims, Nimes (which will open a year later) and Marseille (which will burn quickly).\nBetween 1999 and 2000, the City of Nantes expanded the premises with two offices of 9m2 (97 ft2), which allows to expand the lobby and install some models and collections of meteorites.\nIn the autumn of 2005, for approximately 480,000 euros, the opto-mechanical projector Zeiss was replaced by a digital type installation and the City of Nantes has offered its former planetary Zeiss at the National University of C\u00f3rdoba (Argentina ). At that time, there were only 3 planetariums in France using Evans & Sutherland's Digistar II fisheye (Vaulx-en-Velin, Pleumeur-Bodou and Toulouse), and Saint-\u00c9tienne experimenting with multi-video projectors. Nantes is the first planetarium in the world to install five video projectors (to cover the entire vault) DLP type in a medium dome.\nSince the 1990s, some pioneers have been developing digital installations to replace opto-mechanical star projectors. Digital installations consist of installing video projectors in the dome, computers and software (astronomical simulator) to reconstruct the observable Universe data astronomical catalogs constructed by data from astrometric satellites, such as Hipparcos (about 120,000 positioned stars) or Gaia (spacecraft) (more than 1 million objects). This makes it possible to move in a universe volume in three dimensions, in real time or to \"travel\" in time. If the simulator is well built, it can also travel from planets to planets and land there.\nIn the fall of 2013, the Nantes Planetarium closed for refurbishment work: change of video projectors, computers and software for around 500,000 euros. These two months of closure to the public have refreshed the chairs, redo the painting of the dome and re-arrange the lobby of the public.\nAs a result of the transformation of the urban community into Metropole, it becomes a metropolitan facility between January 2015 and January 2016.<PIC> Before this crisis, renovations were planned for fall 2020, but it did not go as planned. The Planetarium remained closed for 16 months. The initial works provided for the change of the carpet, the paintings, the renewal of the seats, the displacement of the console outside the perimeter of the room allowing the addition of eight new places, a new airlock allowing a discreet exit without flooding of light the spectators plunged into darkness. But the additional work made it possible to change the entire air conditioning system. The Planetarium reopened for its 40th anniversary on July 3, 2021. This small municipal square of 690\u00a0m\u00b2 (7,400\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) located between the back of the planetarium and the Rue de l'Hermitage, has in its center a set of sculptures, including a giant sundial, made by Jean-Michel Ansel, sundial maker, entitled  Structures astronomiques , representing the movement of the Earth around the Sun, eclipses of the Moon and the Sun, the retrograde movement of Mars, the sunshine of the Earth in real time, the planets scaled to each other etc. This square is accessible either by the staircase located between Misery street and Hermitage street, or from the Acadiens street bypassing the planetarium.", ["w_s1029"]]
[30490, "Jordan Kos (born June 25, 2000) is a female international Canadian lawn bowler.<PIC> Kos started lawn bowling at the Regina Lawn Bowling Club in May, 2008 at the age of 7 years.  Kos became a member of the Development Squad of Team Canada in 2014, at the age of 14 years - the youngest player every to do so.  Kos became a member of the High Performance, Senior Squad, Team Canada in 2016.  Kos is currently attending the University of Regina, Faculty of Education and Faculty of Arts History.  Kos was selected to represent Canada at the 2022 Commonwealth Games held in Birmingham, England. She competed in the women's singles and the women's pairs (as skip). This was Kos' debut appearance at the Commonwealth Games. Kos won a bronze medal in the triples with Jacqueline Foster and Leanne Chinery at the 2019 Asia Pacific Bowls Championships, held in the Gold Coast, Queensland. In 2020 Kos was selected for the 2020 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Australia which will now take place in September, 2021. Jordan will skip the Pairs team with Joanna Cooper as Lead and will vice the Triples team with Leanne Chinery as skip and Jackie Foster as lead. 2022 - Selected to the Commonwealth Games Team.  Singles. Skipping Pairs with Jackie Foster from Nova Scotia.\n2019 - Multi Nations Tournament - Selected to Represent Canada.  Vice for Women's Fours.  Vice for Women's Triples.\n2019 - US Open - Sun City, Arizona.  Runner Up in the Championship Flights for Women's Fours, Women's Pairs, Women's Singles.  Female Player of the Tournament.\n2019 - US Open - Bowler of the Tournament  https://www.lawnbowlingusopen.com/2019-results\n2018 - Competed in the US Open in Sun City, Arizona.  Finished 1st in Flight 4 in Women's Fours. Finished 2nd in Flight 1 in Women's Pairs.\n2018 - Competed in the NAC (North American Challenge), Laguna Hills, California. Team Jarvis. Competed in Women's Pairs and Women's Fours.\n2018 - Represented Canada in Cardiff, Wales at the 10 Nations Test Match.  Competed in Women's Triples and Women's Singles.\n2017 - Represented Canada in the 8 Nations Event in Broadbeach, Australia.\n2016 - Represented Canada in the NAC (North American Challenge), Vancouver, BC. Team Folkins. Competed in Women's Fours and Women's Pairs.\n2015 - Silver Medal - 18th Annual Tiger Bowls and China Open.  Women's Fours.\n2014 - Represented Canada in the NAC (North American Challenge), Arizona. 2019 - Bronze Medal - Women's Singles (Kitchener)\n2019 - Bronze Medal - Women's U25 (Victoria)\n2018 - Silver Medal - Women's U25 (Winnipeg)\n2018 - Bronze Medal - Women's Fours (Regina)\n2017 - Silver Medal - Women's Singles (Winnipeg)\n2017 - Gold Medal - Women's U18 (Halifax)\n2017 - Gold Medal - Forster-Lang Pairs (Halifax)\n2016 - Silver Medal - Woman's Singles (Vancouver)\n2016 - Silver Medal - Women's Fours (Edmonton)\n2015 - 3rd after Round Robin - Women's Singles (Winnipeg)\n2015 - Gold Medal - Forster-Lang Pairs (Saskatoon)\n2015 - Gold Medal - Women's U18 (Saskatoon)\n2014 - Gold Medal - Women's Fours (Ontario)\n2014 - Silver Medal - Women's U18 (Etobicoke)\n2013 - Gold Medal - Forster-Lang Pairs (New Brunswick)\n2013 - 4th Place - Women's U18 (New Brunswick)\n2012 - Women's U18 (Kelona)\n2012 - Women's U18 (Kelona) won Player of the Tournament\n2011 - Women's U18 - 1st National Tournament (Montreal) 2022 - Gold Medal - Women's Outdoor Singles\n2022 - Gold Medal - Women's Fours\n2019 - Gold Medal - Women's U25\n2019 - Silver Medal - Women's Singles\n2018 - Gold Medal - Women's Fours\n2017 - Gold Medal - Women's Singles\n2017 - Gold Medal - Women's U18\n2017 - Gold Medal - Women's Fours\n2016 - Bronze Medal - Women's Singles\n2016 - Gold Medal - Women's U18\n2016 - Silver Medal - Women's Pairs\n2016 - Gold Medal - Women's Fours\n2015 - Gold Medal - Women's U18\n2015 - Silver Medal - Mixed Pairs\n2015 - Gold Medal - Women's Pairs\n2015 - Silver Medal - Women's Fours\n2014 - Gold Medal - Women's U18\n2014 - Gold Medal - Women's Fours\n2014 - Bronze Medal - Women's Pairs\n2013 - Gold Medal - Women's U18\n2012 - Gold Medal - Women's U18\n2011 - Gold Medal - Women's U18\n2010 - Silver Medal - Women's U18 2021 - Singles Club Champion - Region Lawn Bowling Club\n2021 - Women's Singles Club Champion - Regina Lawn Bowling Club\n2021 - Women's Pairs Provincial Champion - Skip Jean Roney, Lead Jordan Kos\n2021 - Mixed Pairs Provincial Champion - Skip Carter Watson, Lead Jordan Kos\n2014 - Gold Medal - Women's Champion - Regina Lawn Bowling Club\n2014 - Gold Medal - Club Champion - Regina Lawn Bowling Club 2018 - Youth Female Athlete of the Year Finalist - Province of Saskatchewan\n2017 - Nominated for the Sask Sport Youth Athlete of the Year by Bowls Sask\n2016 - Nominated for the Sask Sport Youth Athlete of the Month for September.\n2016 - CTV Athlete of the Week (August 29, 2016) with Carter Watson Taylor Ace - Size 3 - Raspberry Ripple\nTaylor Ace - Size 3 - Pink & White Speckle\nTaylor Ace - Size 3 - Yellow & White Speckle\nTaylor Redline - Size 3 - Red\nHenselite Dreamline XG - Size 3 - Joker (Orange/Black/Violet/Pink)\nTiger - Size 3 - Marine 2021 - 2022 - Contract Extended - High Performance Squad, Team Canada\n2018 - 2021 - Selected to the High Performance Squad, Team Canada\n2016 - 2018 - Selected to the High Performance Squad, Team Canada\n2015 - 2016 - Selected to the Development Squad, Team Canada 2022 - Interview with Global News (Commonwealth Games 2022 Experience)  |   https://globalnews.ca/news/9054209/lawn-bowling-regina-jordan-kos-commonwealth-games/\n2022 - Locker Talk Interview\n2021 - Locker Talk Interview\n2021 - CTV Morning Live Interview\n2021 - Talk of the Town Interview\n2021 - Interview with Fox News (Emily Fulford and Skycron, an affiliate of Fox News)\n2019 - Global TV - Live Morning Segment at the RLBC\n2019 - CTV Morning Live\n2019 - Talk of the Town\n2019 - https://globalnews.ca/news/5362482/lawn-bowling-club-regina/\n2018 - Appeared at the Government of Saskatchewan  Legislative Assembly\n2018 - http://www.ilawnbowl.com/the-spirit-award/\n2018 - https://biasedbowls.ca/2020/09/11/bowls-in-the-age-of-covid-19-checking-in-with-the-youth-squad/\n2018 - Locker Talk\n2017 - CBC Vignette\n2017 - Talk of the Town\n2017 - Leader Post Article\n2017 - https://www.wlbowl.ca/youth/\n2015 - Global TV Field Trippin\n2015 - CTV Noon Show\n2015 - https://leaderpost.com/sports/regina-teen-has-right-touch-on-the-green", ["w_s1031"]]
[30491, "Shirvan Khanate (Persian: \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646, romanized:\u00a0Kh\u0101n\u0101t-e Shirvan) was a Caucasian khanate under Iranian suzerainty, which controlled the Shirvan region from 1761 to 1820.<PIC> Under the Safavid dynasty of Iran, Shirvan was a leading silk manufacturer and its principal city, Shamakhi, became an important place for trade. In 1724, most of Shirvan was annexed to the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Constantinople. In 1734, the Iranian military leader Nader recovered Shirvan and installed Mohammad Mehdi Khan as its beglarbeg (governor-general).\nThe following year, Mohammad Mehdi Khan was killed by rebellious dignitaries of the province. They had been incited by the governor of Darband, Morad-Ali Soltan Ostajlu. Mohammad Qasem Beg, who was a prominent dignitary of Shirvan and Nader's ishikaghasi-bashi (chamberlain), successfully appealed to Nader to pardon Shirvan. In 1735, Nader had the inhabitants of Shamakhi resettled in New Shamakhi (Aqsu), situated 18 miles north of the Kur River. He then installed as Sardar Khan Qaraqlu the new governor of Shirvan, and soon appointed Heydar Khan Afshar as the ruler of both Shirvan and Darband. In 1743, the Safavid pretender Sam Mirza led a local rebellion, overthrowing Heydar Khan. In 1761, the Zand ruler Karim Khan Zand (r.\u00a01751\u20131779) approved the request of the inhabitants of Old Shamakhi to overthrow Sardar Khan Qaraqlu and install their own applicant, Hajji Mohammad Ali Khan, as the governor of Shirvan. Hajji Mohammad Ali Khan governed Shirvan until 1763, when Fath-Ali Khan of Quba gained influence there, and appointed his own governors, such as Aghasi Beg and Askar Beg, both members of the same family. Askar Beg, along with supporters from the Khanchoban tribe, returned to Old Shamakhi, and soon became powerful enough to establish control over New Shamakhi. Aghasi Beg and another family member Mohammad Sa'id successfully acquired the title of khan from Karim Khan Zand. The family were in control of Shirvan until 1767, when a combined army from Quba and Shakki captured Old Shamakhi. Fath-Ali Khan of Quba had Mohammad Sa'id imprisoned, while Hosein Khan of Shakki had Aghasi Khan blinded. Shirvan was subsequently divided between Quba and Shakki. Nevertheless, Aghasi Khan later managed to restore his control over Shirvan, in 1774. He was later succeeded by his son Mostafa Khan.\nAfter the massacre in Ganja, Mostafa Khan asked the central government in Tehran for assistance, in order to prevent Tsitsianov's advance. The government responded by sending an army under general Pir-Qoli Khan Qajar. However, when the general had reached the Mughan plain, he found out that Mostafa Khan had entered negotiations with the Russians. Mostafa Khan hoped that the Russians would recognize a Shirvan Khanate \"enlarged\" to the boundaries of the Shirvanshah's of the Medieval era. Though Mostafa Khan was uncomfortable with Tsitsianov's proposal, the latter threatened that if he wouldn't agree with his terms, he would replace Mostafa with his younger brother (who was reportedly enthusiastic about it). Anyhow, the Russians invaded the khanate, and on 6 January 1806, Mostafa Khan was forced to submit.\n\"I, Mostafa Khan of Shirvan, in my name and that of my heirs, remove myself forever from the vassalage or honors of Persia (Iran) or any other state. I declare before the entire world that I do not recognize anyone as my liege, except His Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of All the Russias, and His heirs to the throne. I promise to be a loyal slave to that throne. I swear this by the Holy Qur'an.\"\nMostafa Khan was allowed to administer the khanate and had to give an annual tribute in gold rubles to the Russians. Furthermore, he had to send hostages to Tiflis (Tbilisi), which had recently been annexed and transformed into the \"base\" of the Russian Caucasus Viceroyalty. Lastly, he also had to provide food and accommodation for the Russian garrisons. After Tsitsianov was killed in Baku in 1806, Mostafa Khan repudiated his allegiance to the Russians, and re-submitted himself to the shah.\nThings changed when Aleksey Yermolov took office as the new Russian commander-in-chief in the Caucasus, in 1816. A staunch Russian imperialist, Yermolov was committed to bringing the entire Caucasus under the Russian sway. He wanted to establish the Aras river as the border between Iran and Russia at all costs, and was therefore determined to conquer the last remaining khanates under Iranian rule; the Erivan Khanate and the Nakchivan Khanate.\nWhen Ismail, the khan of Shaki, died in 1819 without any heir, Yermolov annexed the entity. Realizing what was going to happen to himself, Mostafa Khan fled to mainland Iran in 1820 with his son; Yermolov did not waste any time to annex the Shirvan Khanate.\nSeveral years later, in violation of the Gulistan treaty (1813), the Russians invaded Iran's Erivan Khanate. This sparked the final bout of hostilities between the two; the Russo-Iranian War of 1826-1828. Crown prince Abbas Mirza led a full-scale attack in the summer of 1826 order to recover the Iranian territories that had been lost by the Gulistan treaty. The war started off well for the Iranians; they quickly recaptured Ganja, Shirvan and Shaki amongst others, and performed attacks on Tiflis. The government then reinstated Mostafa in Shirvan. However, just a few months later, the tide had completely turned with the Iranian army suffering decisive defeats against the militarily superior Russians. In September 1826, Abbas Mirza was defeated at Ganja by Ivan Paskevich, and thus the army had to retreat over the Aras. Mostafa Khan, accompanied by a small retinue, fled once again to mainland Iran. The Khanate was composed of 17 mahals (districts):\nSalyan Mahal\nHowz Mahal\nSedenrud Mahal\nKhanchoban Mahal\nElat Mahal\nKoshun Mahal\nQarasubasar Mahal\nKessan Mahal\nEkeret Mahal\nQobustan Mahal\nLahij Mahal\nRudbar Mahal\nMughan Mahal\nNavahin Mahal\nQarabaghlar Mahal\nBoluket Mahal\nKhazarud Mahal Hajji Mohammad Ali Khan (1761\u20131763)\nAghasi Khan and Askar Beg (1763\u20131768)\nAghasi Khan (1774\u2013?)\nMostafa Khan (?\u20131820)", ["w_s1033"]]
[30492, "A chromogenic print, also known as a C-print or C-type print, a silver halide print, or a dye coupler print, is a photographic print made from a color negative, transparency or digital image, and developed using a chromogenic process. They are composed of three layers of gelatin, each containing an emulsion of silver halide, which is used as a light-sensitive material, and a different dye coupler of subtractive color which together, when developed, form a full-color image.<PIC> Developing color by using oxidized developers was first suggested by German chemist Benno Homolka who, in 1907, successfully developed insoluble indigo-blue and red dyes on a latent image by oxidizing indoxyl and thio-indoxyl respectively. He additionally noted these developers could create beautiful photographic effects.\nThe potential of oxidized developers in a color photographic process however, was first realized by another German chemist, Rudolf Fischer, who, in 1912, filed a patent describing a chromogenic process to develop both positives and negatives using indoxyl, and thio-indoxyl-based color developers as dye couplers in a light-sensitive silver halide emulsion. The following year he filed a patent listing various color developers and dye couplers, which have historically been used in Agfachrome and are still in use today in Fujichrome Velvia and Provia, and Ektachrome. In spite of this, Fischer never created a successful color print due to his inability to prevent the dye couplers from moving between the emulsion layers.\nThis first solution to this problem, found by Agfa workers Gustav Wilmanns and Wilhelm Schneider, who created a print made of three layers of gelatin containing subtractive color dye couplers made of long hydrocarbon chains, and carboxylic or sulfonic acid. This turned the dye couplers into micelles which can easily be scattered in the gelatin while loosely tethering to it.:698 Agfa patented both the developer for this print and its photographic process, and promptly developed and released in 1936 Agfacolor Neu, the first chromogenic print, which was a color print film that could be developed using a transparency.:698 Agfa developed a chromogenic negative film by 1939, which could be developed directly on a companion paper to the film, although this film was never commercialized.\nKodak too worked to solve the issue of the dye couplers movement, and found a different solution. They used ionic insoluble carbon chains which were shorter than Agfa's for their dye couplers, which were suspended within droplets of water in the gelatin layers of the print. In 1942, Kodak released Kodacolor, the first published chromogenic color print film that could be developed from a negative. It became the cheaper and simpler to develop counterpart to the alternatives at the time, and could be used in the simplest of cameras.\nDue to their simple development process and their cheap price, chromogenic printing became wildly popular in amateur photography, and by the 1960s it overtook black and white printing in the amateur photofinishing market.\nIn 1955, Kodak introduced a chromogenic paper named \"Type C\", which was the first color negative paper Kodak sold to other labs and individual photographers. Although the paper's name was changed to \"Kodak Ektacolor Paper\" in 1958, the terminology \"Type-C Print\" persisted, and has become a popular term for chromogenic prints made from negatives still in use today, with the name \"Type-R Print\" becoming its reversal film counterpart.\nNotwithstanding the success of chromogenic prints in the amateur and professional market, it wasn't considered a medium for fine-art photography up to the 1970s. The pioneers in the use of chromogenic prints and in the use of color photography as a whole in fine-art were photographers such as Ernst Haas, which was profiled by the Museum of Modern Art in its first exhibition of color photography in 1962.:257 Other pioneering fine-art color photographers who printed their photographs on chromogenic prints include William Eggleston:251 and Stephen Shore. Their works, and those of many others, caused chromogenic prints to become the preferred medium for contemporary photography by the 1990s.\nChromogenic prints made from negatives became obsolete with the release of chromogenic digital prints, which have become the most common photographic print today. Chromogenic processes are characterized by a reaction between two chemicals to create the color dyes that make up a print. After exposure, the silver image is developed (or reduced) by a color developer. In its reaction to the print, the color developer is oxidized in the areas of exposed silver, and subsequently reacts with another chemical, the dye coupler, which is present throughout the emulsion. Different dye couplers are used in each of the three layers, so the reaction forms a different colored dye in each layer. Responding to both exposure and development, a blue-light-sensitive layer forms yellow dye, a green-light-sensitive layer forms magenta dye, and a red-light-sensitive layer forms cyan dye. The remaining silver and silver compounds are then bleached out, leaving a color image composed of dyes in three layers. The exposure of a chromogenic print may be accomplished with a traditional photographic enlarger using color filters to adjust the color balance of the print.\nThe print's name is derived from the chromogenic reaction between the dye coupler and the oxidized color developer. Chromogenic prints, like most color photographic prints, are developed using the RA-4 process. As of 2017, the major lines of professional chromogenic print paper are Kodak Endura and Fujifilm Crystal Archive. Plastic chromogenic \"papers\" such as Kodak Duratrans and Duraclear are used for producing backlit advertising and art. A reversal film chromogenic print, also known as a Type-R print, is a positive-to-positive photographic print made on reversal-type color photographic paper.\nFujifilm, Kodak, and Agfa have historically manufactured paper and chemicals for the R-3 process, a chromogenic process for making Type-R prints. As of 2008, all of these companies have ceased to produce Type R paper, although Fujifilm still has some stocks remaining.\nAnother positive-to-positive process is Ilfochrome, which is sometimes also referred to as a Type-R process. Ilfochrome is a dye destruction process, with materials, processing, and results quite different from the R-3 process. A digital chromogenic print, sometimes known as digital Type-C print, Lambda print or LightJet print, is a chromogenic print made from a digital file rather than a negative, and exposed using digital exposure systems such as the Durst Lambda, Oc\u00e9 LightJet and ZBE Chromira. The LightJet and the Lambda both use RGB lasers to expose light-sensitive material to produce a latent image that is then developed using conventional silver-based photographic chemicals. The Chromira uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) instead of lasers. All of the aforementioned printers utilize ICC color profiles to achieve color and density accuracy and also to correct paper sensitivity errors. The same technology can also be used to produce digital silver gelatin bromide black and white prints.", ["w_s1034"]]
[30493, "Hans-Werner Janssen (June 1, 1899 \u2013 September 19, 1990) was an American conductor of classical music, and composer of classical music and film scores. He was the first New York born conductor to lead the New York Philharmonic. For his film work he was nominated for six Academy Awards.<PIC> Janssen was born in New York City on June 1, 1899.  His father was a New York restaurateur, founder of the Janssen Hof Brau Haus on Broadway. The family lived in Great Neck on King's Point Road next door to musician George M. Cohan. It was Cohan who encouraged young Werner to continue to play piano and explore his passion for music. Cohan describes the interplay of families as he states, \"I'll hold to my dying day that Werner became a musician because his dad made him practice the piano all day to keep me awake, just to get even with me for playing all night and keeping him awake.\" Werner recounts that his first two music students were the daughters of George M. Cohan, whom he taught in their home. As a teenager Werner remembers hearing the first renditions of \"Over there\" from across the fence between the houses. Cohan reflects on those days writing to Werner's father, \"those were golden days when you were singing songs and I was trying to write them down next door\u2014they were in fact the happiest of all any days as I look back on them now.\"\nAugust, nevertheless, strongly encouraged Werner to enter the family business, opposing the son's desire for a musical career.  Therefore, after Werner completed secondary school (graduating from Phillips Exeter Academy) he had to support his own musical education at Dartmouth College. He did this by being a waiter, performing in cabarets and theaters, and selling his own popular compositions. At the New England Conservatory of Music he studied with the composers George Chadwick and Frederick Converse. He also studied piano with Arthur Friedheim, a pupil of Franz Liszt.\nJanssen entered the US military (infantry) in World War I.  After the war he returned to his studies and earned a bachelor's degree in music at Dartmouth College in 1921. He began to compose jazz songs for Tin Pan Alley. He made recordings as a pianist of two of his popular songs in 1920.  He composed for the Ziegfeld Follies of 1925 and 1926 and wrote several songs which became national hits. This helped finance his conducting studies with Felix Weingartner in Basel, Switzerland (1920\u201321) and with Hermann Scherchen in Strasbourg, France (1921\u201325). He also received a Juilliard Fellowship and the Rome Prize from the American Academy in Rome for his tone poem for large orchestra in a jazz idiom New Year's Eve in New York. That composition received its premiere from the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Howard Hanson on May 8, 1929. In 1930, it was performed by the Cleveland Orchestra conducted by Nikolai Sokoloff, and was recorded in 1929 by the Victor Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Nathaniel Shilkret. Shilkret and Janssen were later (1945) to exchange roles, with Janssen and his Symphony Orchestra of Los Angeles conducting the Genesis Suite, which was conceived and coauthored by Shilkret.\nIn 1927, he was hired by  NBC to conduct symphony concerts over the radio but was dismissed early on. He was engaged in 1929 by Samuel Roxy Rothapfel to conduct at his Roxy Theater but was soon fired from that position as well.\nThree years of studying in Rome at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia with mentor Ottorino Respighi resulted in several new compositions including the Louisiana Suite and the string quartet American Kaleidoscope performed by the Quartetto di Roma. His work with that group led to an engagement to conduct the Royal Orchestra of Rome. He also took conducting engagements throughout Europe (including Berlin, Budapest, Copenhagen, Riga, Stockholm, and Turin). He conducted an entire concert of the works of Jean Sibelius in Helsinki in February 1934. Sibelius said of this concert: \"You may say that tonight Finland has for the first time discovered my music. This achievement of Janssen's is the deed of a hero\". After a second concert, he received the Order of the White Rose on March 8, 1936, from the government of Finland for his contribution to Finnish music.\nHe was appointed associate conductor of the New York Philharmonic for the 1934\u201335 season, and on November 8, 1934, became the first American-born conductor to lead the orchestra. He was conductor of the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra from 1937 through 1939.\nWhile Janssen filled roles as guest conductor, he was also contracted to write film music.  His first credited film score was for The General Died at Dawn (1936), which was nominated for an Academy Award, the first of six Janssen scored films to be nominated. In 1939, he resigned his position with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra to work with film producer Walter Wanger. He composed several other film scores including Blockade (1938), Winter Carnival (1939), Eternally Yours (1939), Slightly Honorable (1940), The House Across the Bay (1940), Guest in the House (1944), The Southerner (1945), Captain Kidd (1945), A Night in Casablanca (1946), Ruthless (1948), and Uncle Vanya (1957), starring and co-directed by Franchot Tone. He was also responsible for the score for the 1966 German television production Robin Hood, der edle Ritter (Robin Hood, the Noble Knight). He continued to write non-film compositions too, including the Foster Suite (1937), the String Quartet No. 2 (1938), the Octet for Five (1965), and the Quintet for 10 Instruments (1968).\nIn 1940, he formed the Janssen Symphony in Los Angeles, which became a rival organization to the Los Angeles Philharmonic and a forum for contemporary music until 1952. Compositions for this were commissioned from American composers. This group performed and recorded film music, musical theater works, and contemporary musical scores. Numerous recordings were made by Janssen and this orchestra for Capitol Records. Janssen formed a partnership with producer David L. Loew to produce the Musicolor series of classic musical shorts, including Toccata and Fugue (1946) and Enchanted Lake (1947), both filmed in Cinecolor.\nJanssen was the music director of the Utah Symphony 1946\u201347, the Oregon Symphony 1947\u201349, and the San Diego Philharmonic (1952\u201354).  He also had positions at the NBC Symphony Orchestra (\"Symphony of the Air\") (1956), Toronto Symphony Orchestra (1956\u201357), the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra, the Vienna State Opera Orchestra (1959\u201361) and the Vienna Volksoper. Recordings with the latter included Karl-Birger Blomdahl's opera, Aniara; and Sergei Prokofiev\u2019s opera War and Peace.  He returned to the U.S. in the early 1970s.\nShilkret, described Arthur Judson as being the leading person for choosing symphony conductors, and he quotes Crawford as quoting Hart: \"All agree that from 1915 to 1956, at least, Arthur Judson exercised a power and influence in the symphony and concert affairs of this country without equal then or at any other time.\" Shilkret says that \"Werner Janssen tells, in his unpublished autobiography (referenced as 'Janssen, Werner and D. Bruce Lockerbee, ca 1980, While the Music Lasts, unpublished, 261 double-spaced typed pages'), of unintentionally bypassing Judson and later being forced to pay Judson a commission on all of his (Janssen's) performance fees, without getting a single booking from Judson in return.\" Janssen was married three times, to:\nElsa Schmidt, an Indianapolis brewery heiress, by whom he had two children, Werner Jr. (1924\u20132012) and Alice (1923\u20132011, later Krelle). They divorced in 1937.\nAnn Harding, the Hollywood actress, whom he married in 1937. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1963. By this marriage he had a stepdaughter, Jane Harding.\nChristina Heintzmann, by whom he had daughter, Jennifer.\nHe died on September 19, 1990, at Stony Brook, New York). Juilliard Fellowship\nPrix de Rome (Rome Prize) for Musical Composition, American Academy in Rome, 1930\nFellow of the American Academy in Rome, 1930\nHonorary Doctorate in Music (Mus.D. honoris causa) from Dartmouth College, 1935\nOrder of the White Rose of Finland, Knight First Class, 1936", ["w_s1037"]]
[30494, "Cheryl Heller is an American business strategist and designer. She is the Founding Chair of the first MFA program in Design for Social Innovation at the School of Visual Arts, President of the design lab CommonWise, and winner of the AIGA Medal for her contribution to the field of design. She is a Rockefeller Bellagio Fellow  Heller has been credited as founding the first design department in a major advertising agency and her work focuses on investigating the contributions design have on human health and its impact on society.<PIC> When Heller was younger she attended the School of the Museum of Fine Arts where she studied painting and printmaking. She then decided to go back to school to earn a bachelor's degree in Fine Arts at Ohio Wesleyan University. After earning her bachelor's degree she went on to study at Goddard College, where she received her Masters of Fine Arts in Creative Writing. Heller began her career in advertising in 1972 at Giardini/Russell, in Boston. She co-founded Heller/Breene inside of the WCRS Group. Heller/Breene was a small innovative firm specializing in design, where she was chairperson and creative director until 1989; two months after her departure WCRS Group sold the firm Cipriani.  She left Heller/Breene two work at Wells Rich Greene BDDP; after 3 1/2 years she became the executive vice president and executive creative director at Frankfurt Gips Balkind.  In 2003, she began to partner with entrepreneurs and organizations to further social and environmental projects.\nAfter becoming president of the advertising company she grew the division to US$50m in billings when it took off and became an independent entity. She began to help grow business from small enterprises into multi-billion dollar global market leaders. Heller has worked as a small businesses consultant, working with businesses, as well as writing about design strategies for businesses. She has taught creativity to leaders and organizations around the world, and written about branding.\nIn 1999, she created the \"Ideas that Matter\" program for Sappi, that awards grants to designers working on social and environmental projects. Heller is the former Board Chair and current Adviser to PopTech, a Senior Fellow at the Babson Social Innovation Lab  on the Innovation Advisory Board for the Lumina Foundation, and serves as an adviser to DataKind. She is one of the advisors at the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and USAID on an initiative in attempt to integrate Human Centered Design into public health. She has led an initiative to diminish the flow of young people from foster care to homelessness.  Heller served as an adviser to  Paul Polak and the Cooper Hewitt National Design Museum on the exhibit, \"Design for the Other 90%.\" She is a  Matrix Award  winner for excellence in communication and has been profiled through articles in the New York Times, the Boston Globe, BusinessWeek, and many others. Heller was the founding chairperson of the MFA program for Design for Social Innovation in 2011 for the School of Visual Arts. This degree program is recognized as being the first of its kind. It allows students to further develop skills in several fine art skills after they have received their bachelor's degree. It is a three-year program where graduates are working as creative leaders in government, industry, healthcare, technology and global NGOs. It is a two to a student to enter into a three-year program that will provide them with a higher skill level in creative writing, visual arts, photography and much more. This will make the individual more desire in the world field.\nHeller began to teach and undergraduate class called \u201cDesign for Good\u201d  where she is helping kids develop into leaders. Working in the design industry takes a lot of leadership skills and a lot of hard work. The social design industry is changing dramatically and Heller is encouraging students to further their education and receive credentials. With credentials, it allows students more options and allows them to develop a higher skill level in the field. While in the program Heller teaches her students to become aware of major issues going on in the present day. They will also begin to gain skills in entrepreneurship, leadership, metrics and data visualization, mapping, ethics, service design, and informal economies and cultures. The main idea behind social innovation is to find solutions for society, humanity. Heller has a large clientele. Her clients range from major car companies like Ford Motor Company to magazines and international hotels. She has worked with some clothing companies including the Gap and American Express. She took part in giving donation to small business in order to help them grow and succeed. She encouraged designer to work not only for self interest but for public interest. Lastly, she also worked with sunglass companies and oil companies", ["w_s1041"]]
[30495, "Jacob Schum (born January 21, 1989) is a former American football punter. He played college football at Buffalo. Schum was signed by the Cleveland Browns as an undrafted free agent in 2013. He has also been a member of the New York Jets, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Green Bay Packers, and Tampa Bay Vipers. Schum was born to Alan, a Hamburg, New York police officer, and Charlene Schum. Schum played football as a wide receiver and punter at Frontier High School in Hamburg. Failing to attract the attention of any Division I college football programs, Schum committed to play for the Buffalo State Bengals. After one season, Schum attempted to transfer to the University at Buffalo but the Buffalo Bulls football coaches spurned his advances. Schum continued attending Buffalo State but withdrew from the football team, opting instead to focus on training.\nBefore his junior year, Schum transferred to Buffalo and walked on to the football team where he was only used as a wide receiver on the scout team under Turner Gill. In 2010, under new head coach Jeff Quinn, Schum was granted a tryout at punter and was named the team's starter in each of his final two years of athletic eligibility. He was eventually awarded a scholarship.   After going undrafted in the 2012 NFL Draft, Schum spent a year working odd jobs. He was selling gym memberships for the Buffalo Athletic Club in the spring of 2013 when he got a call from the Cleveland Browns, who had taken an interest in Schum at an NFL regional combine. He signed with the Cleveland Browns on March 28, 2013. On May 13, 2013, he was waived by the Browns. On January 6, 2014, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers signed Schum to a reserve/future contract. He was waived by the Buccaneers on May 21, 2014. Schum was signed by the New York Jets on June 19, 2014 to compete with incumbent Ryan Quigley in training camp. He was released on August 23, 2014. The Buccaneers signed Schum to their practice squad on November 14, 2014, but was waived four days later. The Jets signed Schum to a reserve/future contract on December 30, 2014. He was released on August 18, 2015. On August 26, 2015, the Buccaneers signed Schum to compete with Karl Schmitz and Michael Koenen. By September 1, Schum was the last remaining punter on the Buccaneers roster after roster cuts. Schum made his NFL debut with four punts in a game against the Tennessee Titans in September 2015, nearly four years after his final college game. On August 28, 2016, Schum was waived by the Buccaneers.<PIC> Schum was claimed off waivers by the Green Bay Packers on August 30, 2016. He re-signed with the Packers on March 8, 2017. On June 1, 2017, he was released by the Packers. In October 2019, Schum was put on the 2020 XFL Draft pool and was selected by the Tampa Bay Vipers in the open rounds. He had his contract terminated when the league suspended operations on April 10, 2020.  ", ["w_s1042"]]
[30496, "The Nord 2200 was a French carrier-based, jet-engined interceptor developed in the late 1940s. It was intended to compete for an A\u00e9ronavale (French Naval Aviation) contract, but was not selected for production after a 1950 accident badly damaged the sole prototype. It was repaired and resumed flight testing the following year, which including evaluating rocket-assisted take offs. After the aircraft made its last flight in 1954, it was used as a gunnery target. Much of the airframe was recovered in the 1980s, but its current disposition is uncertain.<PIC> After the end of World War II, A\u00e9ronavale had only two small aircraft carriers: Dixmude, which was loaned by the Americans, and Arromanches, which had been leased from the British, but planned to lay down its own larger PA-28 design in 1947. All of its aircraft were piston-engined and had been rendered obsolete by the advent of jet-propelled aircraft during the war. The French lacked an indigenous turbojet design and licensed the British Rolls-Royce Nene to facilitate their development of jet-propelled aircraft. A\u00e9ronavale issued a requirement for a jet-powered interceptor on 29 March 1946 and then issued a request for proposals on 8 June. The aircraft had to exceed a speed of 900\u00a0km/h (559\u00a0mph) at all altitudes, have a climb rate in excess of 25\u00a0m/s (82\u00a0ft/s) at sea level, and an armament of three 30-millimeter (1.2\u00a0in) autocannon with the possibility of carrying bombs or unguided air-to-ground rockets. The SNCAC NC 1080 and Arsenal VG 90 were the other competitors for the contract for 90 aircraft.\nThe single-seat Nord Aviation 2200 had a low-mounted two-spar wing that was swept back at an angle of 24\u00b0. Its fuselage was built in three sections and the fuel tanks were housed in the center section with a total capacity of 2,160 liters (475\u00a0imp\u00a0gal; 571\u00a0U.S.\u00a0gal). It was fitted with tricycle landing gear and provision was made for an arrestor hook. Dive brakes were fitted on the lower surfaces of the non-folding wings and it was equipped with an all-moving horizontal stabilizer. Air for the license-built 22.2-kilonewton (5,000\u00a0lbf) Nene 102 engine was provided by an oval intake in the nose. The entire aft fuselage could be removed to allow access to the engine. The cockpit was armored and the pilot was provided with an ejection seat.\nThe prototype was unarmed, but Nord intended production aircraft to be armed with the required three 30\u00a0mm autocannon, albeit with 150 rounds per gun rather than the full 200 even though the location for the guns had not yet been decided. Nord also investigated changing the armament to four 20\u00a0mm (0.8\u00a0in) autocannon. The aircraft was also supposed to be able to carry bombs up to 500\u00a0kg (1,100\u00a0lb) in size as well as rocket pods under the wings and a 950-litre (210\u00a0imp\u00a0gal; 250\u00a0US\u00a0gal) drop tank underneath the fuselage. Design work on the 2200 began in early 1946 and the company submitted its proposal on 16 October. A contract for one prototype followed on 27 December. It was completed behind schedule and did not begin taxiing trials until 10 November 1949. Its maiden flight followed on 16 December and flight testing was generally satisfactory. The aircraft was flown to Br\u00e9tigny-sur-Orge Air Base on 3 April 1950 to begin its official trials at the Air Force's Centre d'essais en vol (Flight-testing Center). The test pilots evaluated the Nord 2200 as having very good flying and handling qualities, although it was underpowered and was only able to reach 815\u00a0km/h (506\u00a0mph) and Mach 0.83. Its dive brakes proved to be completely ineffective and it did have some bad stall characteristics at certain weights.\nThe prototype was displayed at the Paris Air Show on 11 June and caught on fire during take off on the 24th after the cap for one of the fuel tanks had been left off and kerosene spilled into the air intake. The pilot was able to abort the take off and the aircraft was repaired so it could continue flight testing. Nord took advantage of the opportunity to move the dive brakes to the rear fuselage, install servo controls, enlarge the vertical stabilizer and add a \"lip\" above the air intake to house a small radar. The work took almost a year and effectively ensured that the 2200 did not win the competition; a license-built version of the British de Havilland Sea Venom was ultimately selected to satisfy A\u00e9ronavale's requirement. The company received a contract during this time to evaluate replacing the Nene engine with a 28\u00a0kN (6,300\u00a0lbf) Rolls-Royce RB.44 Tay engine, but this remained a study only.\nThe prototype did not fly again until 24 May 1951 and was flown intensively until 11 July when it was put into storage for most of the rest of the year. Intermittent flights resumed in December and the aircraft made its 100th flight on 25 February 1953. In June it began to be used to test rocket-assisted take offs using two rockets installed underneath the fuselage. The following month it demonstrated them at the Paris Air Show, but it only made occasional flights afterwards. The aircraft flew for the last time on 16 June 1954 and became a gunnery target at Bourges after its engine and most of its equipment was removed. The surviving portions of the airframe were recovered in the 1980s and stored at the Mus\u00e9e a\u00e9ronautique de Vannes - Monterblanc. That museum closed in 2014 and its collection was supposed to be distributed to other French museums, but no information about the current disposition of the prototype is available. Data from X-Planes of Europe II: Military Prototype Aircraft from the Golden Age 1945\u20131974\nGeneral characteristics\nCrew: 1\nLength: 13\u00a0m (42\u00a0ft 8\u00a0in)\nWingspan: 12\u00a0m (39\u00a0ft 4\u00a0in)\nWing area: 31.6\u00a0m\u00b2 (340\u00a0sq\u00a0ft)\nGross weight: 6,960\u00a0kg (15,344\u00a0lb)\nFuel capacity: 2,160 liters (475\u00a0imp\u00a0gal; 571\u00a0U.S.\u00a0gal)\nPowerplant: 1 \u00d7 Rolls-Royce Nene 102 centrifugal-flow turbojet engine, 22.2\u00a0kN (5,000\u00a0lbf) thrust\nPerformance\nMaximum speed: 815\u00a0km/h (506\u00a0mph, 440\u00a0kn) (achieved)\nMaximum speed: Mach 0.83\nRate of climb: 15.00\u00a0m/s (2,953\u00a0ft/min)\nArmament\nGuns: 3 \u00d7 30\u00a0mm (1.2\u00a0in) autocannon with 150 rounds per gun", ["w_s1043"]]
[30497, "Benny Alexander Cameron Howell (born 5 October 1988) is an English first-class cricketer. Howell is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium-fast. He was born in Bordeaux, France, and was educated at The Oratory School in Oxfordshire. After spending several seasons in the Hampshire Second XI, Howell made his first team debut for Hampshire against Leicestershire in a List A match in the Clydesdale Bank 40 in August 2010. His second List A match came in the return fixture held at Grace Road, Leicester. Hampshire won the 2010 Friends Provident t20, though Howell played no part in the competition. This would normally have qualified Hampshire and runners-up Somerset a place in the 2010 Champions League Twenty20. However, the tournament clashed with the end of the English domestic season, making Hampshire unable to take part. Instead, Hampshire were granted a place alongside Somerset in the 2011 Caribbean Twenty20. It was in this tournament that Howell made his Twenty20 debut in during Hampshire's group match against Canada. He played all of Hampshire's fixtures in the tournament, including the final against Trinidad and Tobago, which Hampshire lost.\nThe 2011 English domestic season saw Howell become a regular feature in Hampshire ccc limited-overs squads, mostly in List A cricket, though he also appeared in just under half of Hampshire's group matches in the 2011 Friends Provident t20. He got off to a quiet start in Hampshire's first match of the 2011 Clydesdale Bank 40 against Surrey, but in their following fixture in the competition he struck his maiden half century, scoring 66 runs. Two games later, he scored his maiden century against Surrey at The Oval, making a quickfire 122 from 113 balls. Howell ended the one day season as Hampshire's top run scorer Immediately following this match he made his first-class debut against Lancashire in the County Championship at the Rose Bowl. Howell continued his good form from the previous limited overs fixture by scoring 71 in Hampshire County Cricket Club second-innings, after being forced to follow-on from their first-innings, in which Howell was dismissed for a three-ball duck by Kyle Hogg. This was his only first-class appearance that season. Hampshire's season was one characterised by struggle, following his good run of form, Howell's season levelled out. He made just one further half century in the Clydesdale Bank 40, against Northamptonshire, while his handful of Twenty20 appearances bought him limited success.\nFollowing the 2011 season, Howell announced in November that he was looking for opportunities away from Hampshire, expressing an interest in finding a county where he was assured of regular appearances in four-day cricket. During the English winter he played cricket in Melbourne, Australia, close to where his parents live, for Essendon Cricket Club in the Victorian Premier League. He chose to leave Hampshire in January 2012.<PIC> At the start of the 2012 season he joined Gloucestershire, and was called up to make his debut in a first-class match against Kent in the County Championship after making a double hundred for the 2's 2 days prior to his call up. He has made a strong start in Gloucestershire's CB40 campaign with scores of 72(51) against The Netherlands and 45*(48) against Middlesex and 89(93) against Northants.\nIn July 2012, he signed a two-year contract with Gloucestershire for his impressive performances during the trial period at the club.\nHowell signed a 2-year extension to his contract on 15 October 2013 having played in all Gloucestershire's County Championship matches and the majority of their limited over games.\nHowell has continued to be one of the main players and Gloucestershire with his pivotal role as the club's main allrounder.  Howell got married in early July 2015 and has been is sublime form for Gloucestershire since tying the knot. He was the first player ever for Gloucestershire to have a double wicket maiden in a t20 match. He managed this feat against his former club Hampshire County Cricket Club in which he also scored the winning runs and was man of the match. Hampshire have tried to re sign Howell but at the end of July he extended his contract with Gloucestershire for another 2 years.\nHowell also made his maiden first-class hundred against Leicestershire at Cheltenham after tying the knot.\nOn 6 September 2015 Howell helped his side Beat Yorkshire Vikings in the semi-final of the Royal London One Day Cup with a strong bowling performance. (3-37) . Gloucestershire won the Royal One Day Cup Final beating a strong surrey side by 7 runs. This was one of the closest finals in the competition's history\nIn 2016 Benny Howell was the leading wicket taker in the Natwest T20 Blast. He was rewarded by signing a new 3-year contract with Gloucestershire . His consistent performances in T20 has attracted the eyes of some big T20 competitions. In October 2018, he was named in the squad for the Rangpur Riders team, following the draft for the 2018\u201319 Bangladesh Premier League.\nIn 2019 he signed a three-year contract extension with Gloucestershire.\nSuch is his skill that he claims to have 50 different varieties of slower balls. He has developed them through watching baseball pitchers and practises them in his back garden with his dog.\nHowell has spoken of his experience of ADHD and how medication has helped him to live with the condition, He said that at school \u201cI was always known as the \u2018weird kid\u2019....I was constantly in trouble. Exploring where I shouldn't explore, making noise in class, running down the corridor....\u201d He says that sport was an escape. During the 2019 Bangladesh Premier League Howell impressed with his miserly bowling displays, with his subtle varieties very much suited to the slower Bangladeshi wickets. In his 8 matches he picked up 6 wickets at an impressive economy rate of 5.64. His contributions were not limited to the ball with a vital 53* off 28 (featuring 5 sixes) showing his prowess with the bat. This was made no less significant by the fact that the opposition bowling attack featured three greats of the format in Thisara Perera, Wahab Riaz and Shahid Afridi. So good were his performances that AB de Villiers encouraged him to join the IPL auction in 2020. However, he went unsold. He was selected again for the Bangladesh Premier League, this time by the Chattogram Challengers in the 2022 season.\nHowell was selected for Birmingham Phoenix for the inaugural season of The Hundred, where he impressed as his side made the final. Taking eleven wickets at an average of 18.54, he was named in a number of Teams of the Tournament. He was retained by the Phoenix for the 2022 season.\nIn February 2022, he was bought by the Punjab Kings in the auction for the 2022 Indian Premier League tournament. In the same month, he joined Pakistani Super League side Peshawar Zalmi for the PSL Playoffs.", ["w_s1050"]]
[30498, "William Walker Scranton (April 4, 1844 \u2013 December 3, 1916) was an American businessman based in Scranton, Pennsylvania. He became president and manager of the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company after his father's death in 1872. The company had been founded by his father's cousin George W. Scranton. Among his innovations, Scranton adopted the Bessemer process for his operations in 1876, greatly increasing production of steel ties with a new mill. Scranton founded the Scranton Steel Company, in 1891 consolidated as Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company. The steel company became the second largest in the nation. He later also managed the Scranton Gas and Water Company, developing a secure water supply outside the city by creating Lake Scranton. \nWilliam W. Scranton managed the Lackawanna works during and after the Scranton General Strike of 1877. \nIn 1902 Lackawanna Steel Company moved to a location south of Buffalo, New York on Lake Erie for access to new production of iron ore being shipped from Minnesota. The city of Lackawanna, New York was named after the company. Scranton stayed in his home city, working to develop companies and infrastructure.<PIC> William Walker Scranton was born in 1844 in Augusta, Georgia, the oldest of six children of Joseph Hand Scranton of Connecticut and his second wife Cornelia Walker (February 22, 1823-February 22, 1895), \"ten years his junior, and the youngest daughter and child of the late Judge William P. Walker of Lenox, Massachusetts.\" Joseph Scranton started in business in Augusta, moving his family in 1847 to Scranton, Pennsylvania. He had invested the year before in an ironworks started by two of his cousins, brothers George and Selden T. Scranton. J.H. Scranton's investment in their firm in 1846 saved the firm from bankruptcy. He later became president of Lackawanna Iron & Coal, serving until his death in 1872. \nWilliam was the oldest of six children, with two brothers and three sisters, all of whom were born after the family's move to Pennsylvania. They also had an older half-brother Joseph A. Scranton. He attended  Scranton High, moving to Phillips Andover to complete preparation for college. William Scranton graduated from Yale in 1865. There he rowed crew as one of his sports. He married Katherine Maria Smith on October 15, 1874 in St. Albans, Vermont. She was the daughter of Worthington Curtis Smith and Katherine (Walworth) Smith. They had one son, Worthington Scranton, who was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania on August 29, 1876. Scranton's father Joseph became president of Lackawanna Iron & Coal after George's death in 1861. Selden Scranton had already returned in 1858 to Oxford Furnace in New Jersey. William Scranton started working in the family business after his return from Yale, and took over its management after his father's death in 1872. He had to struggle with economic disruptions after the Panic of 1873, which had effects for years and caused a downturn.\nIn 1874 Scranton traveled to Europe to study the new Bessemer process for making steel ties, which was being used by England, France and Germany; it had been developed in England by Henry Bessemer. From 1866 to 1877, eleven Bessemer mills were licensed in the United States. In 1876 Scranton built a new mill at the Lackawanna works for the Bessemer method. As a result, it \"doubled capacity and quadrupled its output.\" The company became one of the top producers of steel in the United States. \nScranton was leading the company during the economic downturn in the 1870s, and through the disturbances of the Scranton General Strike of 1877. Workers from the railroad, mines and other industries walked out in protest of wage cuts, and associated with the Great Railroad Strike of that year, as labor unrest spread across the nation.\nIn a dispute over control of the family company, Scranton in 1880 quit Lackawanna Iron and Coal Co., which had become the nation\u2019s second-largest producer of iron. \"He formed the Scranton Steel Co. and within a decade, Scranton Steel was so successful that it forced a merger with Lackawanna Iron and Coal. It became Lackawanna Iron and Steel and retired its founding $1.2 million debt within a year.\"\nBeginning in 1891, Scranton worked to develop Scranton Gas & Water, founded by his father in 1858. Although it had in the early decades taken water from the Lackawanna River, industrial pollution spoiled that source. To secure a supply of quality water outside the city, Scranton dammed Stafford Meadow Brook, creating what was commonly known as Lake Scranton. He had a road built around it and a building for overlook and recreation by the public. The reservoir held 2.5 billion gallons. \nScranton supported the Scranton Surface Protection Association, founded in 1913 to combat collapse of city streets and neighborhoods caused by underground mining, and force mining companies to compensate for losses. He contributed $10,000 to its efforts. Scranton is interred in the family chapel at Dunmore Cemetery in Dunmore, Pennsylvania, where his father was also interred. His wake was attended by thousands, and his funeral by hundreds, including numerous employees from his businesses, friends and family, and dignitaries; among the latter was former Governor Edward Curtis Smith of Vermont and his wife, who were also close friends.\nIn 1928 his son Worthington Scranton sold the family business and became a substantial philanthropist to the city and state. William's grandson, William Warren Scranton, became a congressman from Pennsylvania and then was elected as governor of the state, serving from 1963 to 1967. He was appointed as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, serving from 1976 to 1977. His grandson, William Worthington Scranton III served as the 26th lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania from 1979 to 1987.", ["w_s1052"]]
[30500, "Frank Leymann (25 September 1957 in Bochum) is a German computer scientist and mathematician. He is professor of computer science at the University of Stuttgart, Germany, and director and founder of the Institute of Architecture of Application Systems (IAAS).<PIC> Leymann studied Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy, and received a Master of Science degree in Mathematics (i.e. Dipl.-Math.) in 1982 from University of Bochum, Germany. He worked as research staff member in the Faculty of Mathematics at University of Bochum, where he obtained his PhD in Mathematics (i.e. Dr. rer. nat.) in 1984. In his PhD thesis he studied foliations on spaces with singularities. After his PhD he went to IBM Research and Development contributing to software products like DB2, Websphere, or MQSeries. Leymann was main co-inventor and chief software architect of IBM's business process management and workflow products, and was appointed IBM Distinguished Engineer for this work. In 2004, he was appointed full professor of computer science at University of Stuttgart where he founded the Institute of Architecture of Application Systems. He holds many granted patents in the area of software. Frank Leymann's main contributions are from the domains of workflow systems, service-oriented architecture, and cloud computing. He is also active in the area of quantum computing. His initial focus was on database technology:  \nIn order to simplify queries on relational databases with many tables, Leymann co-developed a universal relation system\non top of existing relational database systems. Contributions to architectural aspects of stored procedures and user defined functions followed. The latter resulted in investigating the use of object databases, especially ObjectStore, as the underpinning of other middleware. At this time, developers were quite unfamiliar with object databases, thus, Leymann helped to create tooling to ensure proper performance of corresponding applications. Workflow systems support companies in modeling, optimizing, and executing their business processes in computing environments. Several languages have been proposed for modeling business processes, out which two languages are widely supported in industry: one of which is the OASIS (organization) standard Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) that Leymann co-invented and which in turn is based on Web Services Flow Language (WSFL), a language that Leymann authored for IBM; the other language is Business Process Model and Notation 2.0 (BPMN), which Leymann co-author too. Such modeling languages support \"programming in the large \" and allow splitting high-level logic of control- and data flow within an overall application from low-level logic implementing elementary business functions; this way, workflow-based applications can be created, that allow changing business processes without having to change the programs implementing individual steps of the process. \nOften, collections of such steps represent long running transactions, i.e. performed steps must succeed or - in case of an error - must be collectively undone; to support this behavior in business processes Leymann introduced compensating transactions in workflow systems\nBased on his contributions to IBM's workflow products, Leymann co-authored the seminal book \"Production Workflow \" that explains how to build scalable and reliable workflow systems. The architecture and implementation of workflow systems anticipated many aspects of service-oriented programming like the use of service interfaces, service invoker, or service listener. Consequently, from 2000 on, Leymann helped to define several of the original web service standards like WS-Addressing, WS-Business Activity, BPEL4People, or the Web Services Resource Framework. Especially, aggregation of web services has been addressed by BPEL and WSFL. How the plethora of web service standards fit into an architecture for an enterprise service bus was described in a book on the web service platform co-authored by Leymann. The work on the web services resource framework had already shown that elements of a computing infrastructure like hardware, operating systems etc. can be perceived as services too - just like software functionality. Consequently, complete applications can be outsource to the cloud, which requires standards and technology to provision and manage applications in such environments: Frank Leymann was initial co-author of OASIS TOSCA that allows to specify the structure of applications, their artifacts, and dependencies, as well as the associated operational semantics to automatically provision such applications. Leymann's group at University of Stuttgart built an open source implementation of this standard called OpenTOSCA. Guidelines for building applications that fit properly into the cloud have been derived jointly with industry partners and was published as a vendor-neutral language of cloud computing patterns. Leymann and his group investigated the use of pattern languages not only in the area of cloud computing but in several other domains like the internet of things, green business processes, or quantum computing. The use of pattern languages to (semi-)automatically rewrite the architecture of software has been suggested. Patterns are abstractions of concrete working solutions, but in course of the abstraction process the knowledge about these workings solutions is lost - with the consequence that working solutions are created over and over again when a pattern is applied. To avoid this ineffectiveness, the reuse of concrete solutions has been investigated and worked out. In order to show that newly developed concepts are applicable outside of computer science they are applied to the humanities, especially to the domain of films and musicology. Quantum computing has the potential to solve problems that are intractable today. But programming quantum computers is very different from programming classical computers. In order to support practitioners building solutions based on quantum computers, Leymann and his group proposed a platform for sharing knowledge about building corresponding applications. Within the project PlanQK (which Leymann leads as scientific director) this platform is built. Other work focuses on development tools supporting the creation of applications on noisy quantum computers. Appointment, Kurt G\u00f6del Visiting Professor for Quantum Computing, TU Wien (2020)\nAppointment, Member of the Expert Council for Quantum Computing of the German Government (2020)\nFellow, Center of Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) (2019)\nElected Member, Academia Europaea (2016)\nHonorary Doctorate, University of Crete (2015)\nAppointment to IBM Distinguished Engineer (2000)\nHonorary Professor, University of Stuttgart (1999)\nElected Member, IBM Academy of Technology (1996)", ["w_s1060"]]
[30501, "Jean-Michel Diot (born May 2, 1959, in Cusset, France) is a French chef and restaurateur at Tapenade Restaurant. \nChef Diot has received high recognition such as Best Chef in America and America's Finest Restaurant while holding his first French bistro creation in America, Park Bistro, and has received recognition as the Exemplary Achievement in the Culinary Art by Gault Millau.\nWhile he was raised in France surrounded by culinary masters, Jean Michel began his official career in Vienne (France) in 1975 moving to New York City in 1987. He has owned and operated several restaurants located in New York ranging from New York Times 3-star rated \"Park Bistro\" to a tribute to Paris with highly acclaimed New York Times 2 star \"Les Halles\" as per House and Garden, Diot became New York's \"Baron of Bistros\".  Once in San Diego, he continued his career and opened Tapenade Restaurant in 1998. Tapenade Restaurant has received multiple awards such as best French Restaurant in San Diego in various publications such San Diego Magazine, San Diego Home & Garden, La Jolla Light, and one of the highest recognitions in San Diego by the Zagat Survey.<PIC> In 1978, Jean-Michel Diot began a two-year apprenticeship in Lyon at the Restaurant Magnard while still in school. He received his diploma in classical cooking.  Jean-Michel continued his culinary career through travelling across France and adopted different regional cooking styles. For over a year, he worked at La Pyramide, a 3-star Michelin restaurant led by Fernand Point. While at La Pyramide, Diot served as the Commis de Cuisine. He continued his tour to \"Jacqueline Fenix Restaurant\" in Neuilly, followed by a year at Les Pr\u00e9s d'Eugenie, where under Chef Michel Gu\u00e9rard, known as \"the father of Nouvelle Cuisine,\"  he experienced the complexity of Gu\u00e9rard's cooking philosophy.\nIn 1983, Jean-Michel Diot took a Sous-Chef position at Jacques Chibois's \"Le Royal Gray\" in Cannes, a 2-star rated Michelin restaurant where he stayed four years and became Chef. He also took the position of Executive Chef at Le Chateau d'Esclimont near Paris, the Larochefoucault residence, a 16th-century jewel, 2 toques Gault Millau. In 1987, he opened Maxim's de Paris, as a part of the Peninsula Hotel in New York. While at Maxim's de Paris, Diot served as the Executive Chef. As Executive Chef, Diot took charge of the hotel, two restaurants, and a banquet facility.\nIn January 1989, Jean-Michel Diot opened his first owned restaurant, Park Bistro that won 3-stars from the New York Times. The same year, he opened Park Avenue Catering, a bakery and pastry shop. In 1990, he opened Brasserie Les Halles, a French butcher shop and restaurant that won 2-stars from the New York Times In 1992, he opened Brasserie des Theatres with Max Bernard and Philippe Lajaunie that won two stars in the New York Times.\nWhile operating these restaurants, Diot also served as a chef for prestigious dinners such as the Sister Town Cannes-Beverly Hills, the Cancer Foundation dinner organized by the Martell Foundation, and served as the official and exclusive caterer for the Museum of Television in New York. Diot also catered dinners in honor of Henry Kissinger, and for Pierre Franey's 70th birthday. He also participated in the Master Food and Wine Week in Carmel, as well as \"Share Strength\" since 1990. In 1998, Diot opened Tapenade Restaurant. The restaurant, located in La Jolla California, was recognized as one of the finest French restaurants in San Diego. Tapenade has received the honors of Best French in San Diego by: San Diego Magazine, Zagat Survey, La Jolla Light, San Diego Home & Garden, La Jolla Village News, and more. Tapenade closed in May 2015.\nIn October 2015, Diot opened the successor to Tapenade Restaurant, called \"Bistro du March\u00e9.\" Bistro du March\u00e9, named after La Jolla's popular open air market, Bistro du March\u00e9 is also based on the culinary concept of \"bistronomie\", which emerged in Paris, and has been adopted by the United States. Bistronomie, a play on words on the concepts of \"bistro\" and \"gastronomie\", is a form of French cuisine that emphasizes the fusion of haute gastronomic expertise, seasonality, and the traditional \"cuisine de terroir\" found in bistros across France. The youthfulness of the bistronomie movement has succeeded in reinvigorating French cuisine, and Bistro du March\u00e9, which is now part of the wave called \"gastro-bistro,\" which raises the bar of a traditional French bistro's.\nBistro du March\u00e9 is located in the heart of La Jolla, near La Jolla Elementary school, where the Open Aire Farmers Market is held every Sunday. Bistro du March\u00e9 allows chef Diot to work closely with farmers to incorporate the finest local flavors for the restaurant. Shortly after opening Park Bistro and Park Avenue Catering, Jean Michel was awarded the Grand Master Chef of America and America's Outstanding Chef. A year afterwards, Jean-Michel's Park Bistro received a 3-star review from the New York Times. Two years after opening Park Bistro and Park Avenue Catering, Diot was given the Great Chefs of New York award as well as the Gault Millau Best of New York. \nIn 1992, he was Nominated Best Chef in America by the James Beard Foundation. Diot was the winner of three first prizes at the American Cheese Contest in Wisconsin.\nTapenade Restaurant in San Diego became an instant hit. Currently, Tapenade is recognized as one of the finest French restaurants in San Diego. Tapenade has received countless \"Best French Restaurant\" and \"Best of the Best\" awards in San Diego from La Jolla Village News, San Diego Home and Garden, La Jolla Light, and San Diego Magazine. Tapenade has received the Finest in America from Zagat Survey. The Award of Excellence from Wine Spectators has also been received for eight years. In 2013, Zagat Survey awarded a food rating of 28. Diot has taught cooking classes at Macy's and Bloomingdales, and participated in the cookbook, French Cooking for the Home, by Arlene Feltman-Sailhac.\nDiot has appeared on television shows on the National Food Channel Network. In these shows, Diot has worked closely with chefs including Pierre Franey and Robin Leach.\nFor the last two years, Chef Diot has teamed up with La Jolla's Harvard Cookin' Girl School to raise awareness of the Food 4 Kids Backpack Program through the San Diego Food Bank.", ["w_s1070"]]
[30502, "Suat K\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131o\u011flu (born 1 May 1965) is a Turkish politician, writer and analyst. K\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131o\u011flu began his political career in 1995-1996 with the Democratic Left Party (DSP) in Ankara. Following a break in politics K\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131o\u011flu was elected as Member of Parliament representing \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 in the general election of 22 July 2007 on a Justice and Development Party (AK Party) ticket. K\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131o\u011flu was member of the executive board of the AK Party (2009-2012), deputy chairman of external affairs (2007-2011), spokesman of the foreign affairs committee in the Turkish Parliament (2007-2011), chairman of the Turkey-USA Interparliamentary Friendship Group. Since June 2011 K\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131o\u011flu has been executive director of the Center for Strategic Communication, an Ankara-based foreign policy think tank.<PIC> K\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131o\u011flu was born in Duisburg, Germany.  He graduated from the Turkish Air Force Academy (Electronics) in 1986 and from Carleton University\u2019s Political Science Department with High Honours in 1994. K\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131o\u011flu received his Master in International Relations degree in 1999 at Bilkent University, Ankara. K\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131o\u011flu specializes in Turkish domestic and foreign policy, Turkish-Russian relations and Turkey\u2019s strategic identity.\nK\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131o\u011flu has worked as communications squadron commander in the Turkish Air Force, columnist in Turkish Daily News, editor-in-chief of the foreign policy journal Insight Turkey, executive director of the  German Marshall Fund of the US Ankara office and as columnist at Radikal Daily.\nIn 2006 K\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131o\u011flu received the Sakip Sabanci International Research Award. In 2013 he was invited to become a member of the European Council on Foreign Relations. K\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131o\u011flu is a regular contributor to the international media including the Financial Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, International Herald Tribune and the Guardian. He comments frequently to the Turkish and international media on Turkish domestic and foreign policy issues. K\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131o\u011flu began his political career as a party functionary of the Democratic Left Party (DSP) in Ankara. Upon being invited by Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit to the DSP he contributed to the DSP\u2019s work from 1995 to 1996. Following a shuffle in the local party branches he decided to give politics a break. In 2007, he wrote a piece to the International Herald Tribune titled \u201cGetting Turkey Right\u201d and caught the attention of then-foreign minister now President Abdullah G\u00fcl. He was elected Member of Parliament in the 22 July 2007 general election representing \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131.  From 2007 to 2012 he was spokesman of the Turkish Parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee, chairman of the Turkey - US Interparliamentary Friendship Group, chairman of the Turkey - UK Interparliamentary Friendship Group (2007-2010),  member of the AK Party Executive Board and Deputy Chairman of AK Party External Affairs.\nIn 2014 K\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131o\u011flu managed the Ankara mayoral election campaign of Mansur Yava\u015f who ran on a Republican People's Party (CHP) ticket. The election caught the attention of the country and is claimed to have been won by Mansur Yava\u015f. Yet, his controversial opponent Melih Gokcek was announced as winner. Since 2012 Kiniklioglu is independent and has no affiliation with any of Turkey's political parties. \"Turkey's Self-Inflicted Disaster\". New York Times. 19 October 2015.\n\"Turkey's Hapless Opposition\". Foreign Policy. 4 December 2015.\n\"Turkey's Neighbourhood Policy: Reintegration into Multiple Regions\". What Does Turkey Think?. 2011.\nKiniklioglu, Suat (2011). \"Turkey's Neighbourhood Policy: Reintegration into Multiple Regions\".  In Dimitar Bechev (ed.). What Does Turkey Think. London: European Council on Foreign Relations. pp.\u00a063\u201368.\n\"Democrats, liberals and the AK Party\". Today\u2019s Zaman. 6 June 2013.\n\"A Little Respect, Please\". International Herald Tribune. 22 January 2010.\n\"Getting Turkey right\". The New York Times. 2 May 2007.\n\"There are limits to patience and optimism\". Financial Times. 16 December 2004.", ["w_s1071"]]
[30503, "Green Left, previously known as Green Left Weekly, is an Australian socialist newspaper, written by progressive activists to \"present the views excluded by the big business media\".  The newspaper was founded in 1990. Green Left is the de facto newspaper of the Socialist Alliance.<PIC> The newspaper is a notionally independent Australian source of local, national and international news, and provides left-wing analysis and debate.  In an editorial in the first issue, Green Left Weekly stated:\nThis is a paper by and for the green and progressive movement. We would like it to reflect the movement in action and in discussion. We want to reflect the controversies and the concerns as well as the achievements and celebrations.\nAlthough the newspaper was initiated by the Democratic Socialist Perspective, the newspaper has been supported by a variety of groups throughout its history.  In the early 1990s, Australian Democrats senators Sid Spindler and Janet Powell supported and sponsored the newspaper.\nSubjects of particular importance to Green Left Weekly include workers rights, refugees, women's rights, global warming, environmental destruction, Australian Aboriginal land rights, and foreign policy, especially Australia's military intervention in the Asia-Pacific region, the US led invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq and other forms of US political intervention overseas.\nIn 2011, Victorian Consumer Affairs Minister Michael O'Brien asked the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC) to investigate whether a number of groups, including Green Left Weekly, had breached secondary boycott laws by supporting the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement pickets at the premises of the Max Brenner chain of chocolate shops. The ACCC determined that the protests were not a secondary boycott.\nThe newspaper strongly supports  the socialist policy of Bolivia and Ecuador and the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela led by Hugo Ch\u00e1vez, and in the past opened a bureau in Caracas to improve its coverage of events there.  At the time, it claimed to be the only Australian newspaper with a bureau in Latin America.\nIt is also the only Australian newspaper to regularly print articles by left-wing journalist John Pilger.  Pilger has said of Green Left Weekly: \"There are few other newspapers \u2014 radical or any other kind \u2014 that draw together news and analysis that is as well informed, credible, and non-sectarian as Green Left Weekly.  Its work has influenced mine and has been a beacon to those who believe the press ought to be an agent of the people.\"\nSince 2008, Green Left Weekly has published a monthly Arabic language supplement, The Flame, edited by Socialist Alliance members of the growing Sudanese Australian community. In 2009, Green Left Weekly launched a new Spanish language supplement, Foro Social Latinamericano, edited by the Latin America Social Forum in Sydney, a collaboration between left-wing members and groups in the Latin American community in Australia.\nGreen Left Weekly is routinely criticised by News Corp Australia publications in editorials and opinion pieces. The Australian accused Green Left Weekly of supporting terrorism for its criticism of Israel. In June 2005 Green Left weekly won an award from web-surveying company Hitwise.  Hitwise ranked the website as the most popular Australian-based political site.  Green Left Weekly received a similar award in 2006, and in the period between June and December 2009, Green Left weekly once again ranked in the top ten, achieving 7th position.", ["w_s1078"]]
[30504, "George Edgar \"Ed\" Meads, Jr. (born c. 1935) is a former American and Canadian football player, military field surgeon, and professor of surgery.  He played college football for the University of Michigan from 1953 to 1955 and was selected as the captain of the 1955 Michigan Wolverines football team. He also played college football at the University of Western Ontario (UWO) in 1957 while attending medical school.  He was selected to 1957 All-Canada team and led UWO to the 1957 Canadian national football championship.\nMeads later served as a surgeon at two field hospitals during the Vietnam War and received a Bronze Star Medal in 1969 for his contributions there. He later served as a professor of surgery for 34 years at UWO. Meads was raised in Oxford, Michigan.  His father, Dr. George Edgar Meads, Sr., was a dentist and an alumnus of the University of Michigan.  Meads was a star athlete at Oxford High School, receiving a total of 12 varsity letters in football, basketball, baseball, and track. He earned all-state honors in the half-mile. Meads received a University of Michigan Regent's Scholarship, an academic award, to attend the University of Michigan.  He enrolled in 1952 and played for the school's all-freshman football team.  As a sophomore, he was a backup for the 1953 team.\nAs a junior, Meads started all nine games at right guard for the 1954 Michigan Wolverines football team.  That team compiled a 6-3 record and was ranked No. 15 in the final AP and UPI polls.  On October 16, 1954, made the key play in Michigan's 7-0 victory over Northwestern.  After a Northwestern fumble, Meads recovered the ball at the Northwestern 24-yard line.  Meads' recover set up the only touchdown of the game.\nAs a senior, Meads was chosen as the captain of the 1955 Michigan Wolverines football team.  He later recalled, \"And when I became a captain as a senior, it surpassed my wildest expectations and dreams.\"  Meads started all nine games at right guard, and the team finished the season with a 7-2 record and ranked No. 12 and No. 11 in the final AP and UPI polls.  Meads was selected to play in the Senior Bowl in Mobile, Alabama on January 7, 1956.\nWhile attending Michigan, Meads was also a member of the Sphnix and Michigamua honor societies.  He graduate from Michigan in 1956.<PIC> After graduating from Michigan, Meads enrolled in medical school at the University of Western Ontario (UWO).  He played football at the center position for the UWO football team in 1957.  At the conclusion of the season, Meads was selected by the Canadian Press, coaches, and sports writers as a first-team player on the Senior Intercollegiate Football Union 1957 all-star team.  He also helped lead the Western Ontario Mustangs to the 1957 Canadian national football championship and was named the 1957 most valuable player.\nMeads played for UWO again in 1958, but suffered a concussion.  UWO's head coach John Metras refused to let Meads remain on the team out of concern that Meads could suffer a further injury.  Meads later spoke about Metras: \"He was a very caring and sensitive coach whose exterior belied the interior feeling and warmth he had for his players.\" Meads became a doctor in the 1960s.  In the late 1960s, he joined the United States Army Medical Corps.  Serving with the rank of Major, he was chief of surgery at field hospitals during the Vietnam War.  He received a Bronze Star Medal in 1969.  After his discharge from the U.S. military, Meads settled in London, Ontario.  He was the chief of surgery at St. Joseph Hospital from 1980 to 1990.  He was also a professor of surgery at UWO for 34 years.\nIn 2010, Meads became one of the inaugural inductees into the Oxford Athletic Hall of Fame.  He has also been inducted into the UWO Athletics Hall of Fame.", ["w_s1097"]]
[30505, "In mathematics, the superquadrics or super-quadrics (also superquadratics)  are a family of geometric shapes defined by formulas that resemble those of ellipsoids and other quadrics, except that the squaring operations are replaced by arbitrary powers. They can be seen as the three-dimensional relatives of the superellipses. The term may refer to the solid object or to its surface, depending on the context. The equations below specify the surface; the solid is specified by replacing the equality signs by less-than-or-equal signs.\nThe superquadrics include many shapes that resemble cubes, octahedra, cylinders, lozenges and spindles, with rounded or sharp corners. Because of their flexibility and relative simplicity, they are popular geometric modeling tools, especially in computer graphics.\nSome authors, such as Alan Barr, define \"superquadrics\" as including both the superellipsoids and the supertoroids. However, the (proper) supertoroids are not superquadrics as defined above; and, while some superquadrics are superellipsoids, neither family is contained in the other.\nComprehensive coverage of geometrical properties of superquadrics and a method of their recovery from range images is covered in a monograph.<PIC>  The surface of the basic superquadric is given by\n\\left|x\\right|^{r}+\\left|y\\right|^{s}+\\left|z\\right|^{t}=1\nwhere r, s, and t are positive real numbers that determine the main features of the superquadric. Namely:\nless than 1: a pointy octahedron modified to have concave faces and sharp edges.\nexactly 1: a regular octahedron.\nbetween 1 and 2: an octahedron modified to have convex faces, blunt edges and blunt corners.\nexactly 2: a sphere\ngreater than 2: a cube modified to have rounded edges and corners.\ninfinite (in the limit): a cube\nEach exponent can be varied independently to obtain combined shapes. For example, if r=s=2, and t=4, one obtains a solid of revolution which resembles an ellipsoid with round cross-section but flattened ends. This formula is a special case of the superellipsoid's formula if (and only if) r\u00a0=\u00a0s.\nIf any exponent is allowed to be negative, the shape extends to infinity. Such shapes are sometimes called super-hyperboloids.\nThe basic shape above spans from -1 to +1 along each coordinate axis. The general superquadric is the result of scaling this basic shape by different amounts A, B, C along each axis. Its general equation is\n{\\displaystyle \\left|{\\frac {x}{A}}\\right|^{r}+\\left|{\\frac {y}{B}}\\right|^{s}+\\left|{\\frac {z}{C}}\\right|^{t}=1.} Parametric equations in terms of surface parameters u and v (equivalent to longitude and latitude if m equals 2) are\n{\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}x(u,v)&{}=Ag\\left(v,{\\frac {2}{r}}\\right)g\\left(u,{\\frac {2}{r}}\\right)\\\\y(u,v)&{}=Bg\\left(v,{\\frac {2}{s}}\\right)f\\left(u,{\\frac {2}{s}}\\right)\\\\z(u,v)&{}=Cf\\left(v,{\\frac {2}{t}}\\right)\\\\&-{\\frac {\\pi }{2}}\\leq v\\leq {\\frac {\\pi }{2}},\\quad -\\pi \\leq u<\\pi ,\\end{aligned}}}\nwhere the auxiliary functions are\n{\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}f(\\omega ,m)&{}=\\operatorname {sgn}(\\sin \\omega )\\left|\\sin \\omega \\right|^{m}\\\\g(\\omega ,m)&{}=\\operatorname {sgn}(\\cos \\omega )\\left|\\cos \\omega \\right|^{m}\\end{aligned}}}\nand the sign function sgn(x) is \n\\operatorname {sgn}(x)={\\begin{cases}-1,&x<0\\\\0,&x=0\\\\+1,&x>0.\\end{cases}} Barr introduces the spherical product which given two plane cures produces a 3D surface. If are two plane curves then the spherical product is This is similar to the typical parametric equation of a sphere: which give rise to the name spherical product.\nBarr uses the spherical product to define quadric surfaces, like ellipsoids, and hyperboloids as well as the torus,\nsuperellipsoid, superquadric hyperboloids of one and two sheets, and supertoroids. The following GNU Octave code generates a mesh approximation of a superquadric:\nfunction superquadric(epsilon,a)  n = 50;  etamax = pi/2;  etamin = -pi/2;  wmax = pi;  wmin = -pi;  deta = (etamax-etamin)/n;  dw = (wmax-wmin)/n;  [i,j] = meshgrid(1:n+1,1:n+1)  eta = etamin + (i-1) * deta;  w   = wmin + (j-1) * dw;  x = a(1) .* sign(cos(eta)) .* abs(cos(eta)).^epsilon(1) .* sign(cos(w)) .* abs(cos(w)).^epsilon(1);  y = a(2) .* sign(cos(eta)) .* abs(cos(eta)).^epsilon(2) .* sign(sin(w)) .* abs(sin(w)).^epsilon(2);  z = a(3) .* sign(sin(eta)) .* abs(sin(eta)).^epsilon(3);  mesh(x,y,z);end", ["w_s1104"]]
[30506, "Chinley is a rural village in the High Peak Borough of Derbyshire, England, with a population of 2,796 at the 2011 Census. Most of the civil parish (called Chinley, Buxworth and Brownside) is within the Peak District National Park.  Historically, before the coming of the railway, the area was economically dominated by agriculture. Nowadays most inhabitants commute out of the village to work; accessible centres of work include Stockport, Sheffield and Manchester.<PIC> Chinley lies in the Blackbrook Valley. To the north is Cracken Edge, a once-quarried promontory of Chinley Churn, a large, prominent hill with a pass followed by the A624 named Chinley Head. Brown Knoll commands the skyline on the eastern border of the civil parish, with South Head and Mount Famine to the north-east. An old winding engine can still be seen atop an incline on the north-eastern face of Cracken Edge. Immediately south of the village, brook and parish border is Eccles Pike, an almost-conical hill, partly owned by the National Trust.\nFilling the upper end of the valley to the southeast is Chapel-en-le-Frith, more than twice the size of Chinley in area and in population. Other nearby towns include Whaley Bridge (2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) west), New Mills (3 miles (4.8\u00a0km) northwest), Glossop (6 miles (9.7\u00a0km) north) and Buxton (5 miles (8.0\u00a0km) south). Buxworth in the same civil parish is the location of Bugsworth Basin on the Peak Forest Canal. Buxton Road to the east (bypassed here by the A6 through Whitehough) leads to the small settlement of New Smithy, beyond which the road turns south to Chapel Milton before crossing the Black Brook and continuing south into Chapel-en-le-Frith.\nThe boundary of the Peak District National Park runs up the middle of Stubbins Lane and part of Maynestone Road, before crossing down into the valley and over Otter Brook, towards Wash. Chinley railway station has a single island platform on the trans-Pennine Hope Valley Line between Sheffield and Manchester Piccadilly. The typical service is one train every hour each way to Sheffield and to Manchester Piccadilly, operated by Northern Trains. It is one of only two stations between Stockport and Sheffield where East Midlands Railway express trains stop in peak hours.  \nThe coming of the railways was the reason Chinley grew from the tiny hamlet it had been and the village is actually named after its railway station. Previously, the names Maynestonefield or Four Lanes End were used. Chinley station was once an important railway junction on the Midland Railway's Dore and Chinley (or Hope Valley) line; it had a London-bound extension through Millers Dale and it was common to have to change trains in Chinley en route to Manchester, London or Sheffield. Chinley has a primary school; a small residential special school; an active village community centre and a Women's Institute hall; two village greens (one was formerly the bowling green); two parks, one of which is a local nature reserve; and a small collection of shops, including an Indian restaurant, tea shop, cheese shop, pizzeria and a fish and chip shop.\nChinley Juniors Football Club plays its games at Chinley Community Centre. Recently the club spent \u00a360,000 on refurbishing the two football pitches at the park. Chinley Churners cycling club is officially affiliated to British Cycling and boasts members of all ages. Chinley Independent Chapel, on the southeastern edge of Chinley adjacent to Chapel Milton, was built in 1711. The chapel was established by William Bagshaw as a nonconformist church in 1662, and is still the home of the local Congregational church. It has simple furnishings and a pulpit near the centre of the building.\nThe route of the Peak Forest Tramway (in use from 1796\u20131923), an early horse-and-gravity-powered railway, runs along the southern edge of Chinley near the Black Brook. The one remaining entrance to the Stodhart Tunnel, one of the oldest railway tunnels in Britain, is just inside the entrance to Chapel Lodge nursing home, on the road between Chapel Milton and Chapel-en-le-Frith (in the latter parish). Part of the route is used as a road for testing car brakes by Ferodo, a local manufacturer of brakes and car parts. There are ruins or conversions of a few mills \u2014 one still in use as a plastics factory \u2014 and one or two large manor-style homes near the route.\nThe fine stone building of Chinley railway station was dismantled in 1902 and re-erected as a private house on Maynestone Road on the northeast edge of Chinley.\nThe Old Hall in the nearby hamlet of Whitehough, across the Black Brook to the south, dates from Elizabethan times and, with the adjacent 400-year-old licensed premises, forms part of the Old Hall Inn. A King's Mill stood alongside the Black Brook in Chapel Milton for around 700 years, but was destroyed in 1946 to allow construction of a water treatment facility for Ferodo.\nA small cattle market was developed on the south side of the railway, near the station, in the early 19th century by a local farmers' co-operative society. It was conducted by Brady & Son of Stockport, who could access it conveniently from Tiviot Dale station on the Midland Railway. It closed before the Second World War. John Bennet (1714\u20131759), described as \"one of John Wesley's most outstanding young preachers\", was born at Chinley and lived at Lee End. Bennet and his wife Grace Murray are buried in the graveyard of nearby Chinley Chapel.\nCharles Wesley visited Chinley regularly; it is said he was in love with Grace Murray.\nGeorge Kirk of the Old Hall, Whitehough was groom to the Royal Bedchamber of King Charles I, and was present when the king was beheaded in 1649.\nEdwina Currie, former Conservative minister, winner of Celebrity Mastermind and author, moved to Whitehough in 2010, but moved to nearby Whaley Bridge in 2012.\nConstance Felicity Goddard (1881\u20131954), novelist and poet. Daughter of Mary Ann and James Goddard, dairy farmer, of Heatherlea, Maynestone Road. Novels included Dear Charity (1922), Silver Woods (1939), Come Wind Come Weather (1945), Three at Cherry-Go-Gay (1949). A review in The Spectator compared her work to that of Alison Uttley and Flora Thompson. Her Poems were published in 1929.\nEric Hollies (1912\u20131981), cricketer. A Warwickshire and England leg-break bowler who dismissed Don Bradman in his final Test innings, he died in Chinley aged 68.", ["w_s1108"]]
[30507, "The Trans-Hudson orogeny or Trans-Hudsonian orogeny was the major mountain building event (orogeny) that formed the Precambrian Canadian Shield and the North American Craton (also called Laurentia), forging the initial North American continent. It gave rise to the Trans-Hudson orogen (THO), or Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect (THOT), (also referred to as the Trans-Hudsonian Suture Zone (THSZ) or Trans-Hudson suture) which is the largest Paleoproterozoic orogenic belt in the world. It consists of a network of belts that were formed by Proterozoic crustal accretion and the collision of pre-existing Archean continents. The event occurred 2.0\u20131.8 billion years ago.\nThe Trans-Hudson orogen sutured together the Hearne-Rae, Superior, and Wyoming cratons to form the cratonic core of North America in a network of Paleoproterozoic orogenic belts. These orogenic belts include the margins of at least nine independent microcontinents that were themselves sections of at least three former major supercontinents, including Laurasia, Pangaea and Kenorland (ca. 2.7 Ga), and contain parts of some of the oldest cratonic continental crust on Earth.  These old cratonic blocks, along with accreted island arc terranes and intraoceanic deposits from earlier Proterozoic and Mesozoic oceans and seaways, were sutured together in the Trans-Hudson Orogen (THO) and resulted in extensive folding and thrust faulting along with metamorphism and hundreds of huge granitic intrusions.\nThe THO is a right-angled suture zone that extends eastward from Saskatchewan through collisional belts in the Churchill province, through  northern Quebec, parts of Labrador and Baffin Island, and all the way to Greenland as the Rinkian belt and Nagssugtodidian Orogen. Westward it goes across Hudson Bay through Saskatchewan and then extends 90 degrees south through eastern Montana and the western Dakotas, downward through eastern Wyoming and western Nebraska, and is then cut off by the Cheyenne belt - the northern edge of the Yavapai province (see Trans-Hudson Orogen map and the THOT Transect map. To the south, the orogen contributed to the subsurface Phanerozoic strata in Montana and the Dakotas that created the Great Plains. The Trans-Hudson orogeny was the culminating event of the Paleoproterozoic Laurentian assembly, which occurred after the Wopmay orogeny (West of Hudson Bay, ca. 2.1-1.9 Ga.).  The Trans-Hudson orogeny resulted from the collision of the Superior Craton of eastern Canada with the Hearne Craton in northern Saskatchewan and the Wyoming Craton of the western United States, with the Archean microcontinent Sask Craton trapped in the THO western interior. Similar to the Himalayas, the Trans-Hudson orogeny was also the result of continent-continent collision along a suture zone.  Only the roots of this mountain chain remain, but these can be seen in northeastern Saskatchewan and in the Black Hills of South Dakota.  The Trans-Hudson orogeny and the consequent upheaval of the continental crust in the middle Proterozoic eon caused the area around the Great Lakes to become a flattened plain, which in turn led to the creation of the intracontinental basin and the interior and central plains of the United States (the Great Plains are the westernmost portion of North America's Interior Plains, which extend east to the Appalachian Plateau).\nThe Black Hills of South Dakota is one of the few remaining exposed portions of the Trans-Hudson orogenic belt. The peaks of the Black Hills are 3,000 to 4,000 feet above the surrounding plains, while Black Elk Peak - the highest point in South Dakota - has an altitude of 7,242 feet above sea level.  These central spires and peaks all are carved from granite and other igneous and metamorphic rocks that form the core of the uplift. The nature and timing of this portion of the THO event in southern Laurentia is poorly understood, when compared to the exposed northern segments in Canada. The Black Hills offer the only surface exposure of the deformed and metamorphosed belt of Paleoproterozoic continental margin rocks in the collisional zone between the Archean Wyoming and Superior provinces. Based on geophysical evidence, this zone has been broadly interpreted to be the southern extension of the THO that was later truncated by the ~1.680 Ga. Central Plains orogen.<PIC> Marine evidence indicates that the area initially opened to form an ocean called the Manikewan Ocean. Faulting, sedimentary and igneous rocks all indicate that divergence formed a rift valley that continued to spread until it resulted in a passive margin in which there was no tectonic activity. Shallow marine deposits formed on the continental shelves, and oceanic crust formed on the margins of the continental cratons as the divergence continued. Eventually the divergence stopped, then reversed direction, and collision occurred between continental land masses. During the Wopmay orogeny, subduction occurred as oceanic crust of the Slave Craton was subducted beneath an eastward moving continental plate. Likewise, during the Trans-Hudson orogeny, rifting at first separated the Superior craton from the rest of the continent. Then the Superior Craton reversed its direction and the ocean basin began to close. A subduction zone formed as the oceanic crust of the Superior Craton was subducted beneath the Hearne and Wyoming Craton with the Sask Craton in the middle. Volcanic arcs developed as the cratons collided, eventually resulting in the THO mountain building (orogeny). The Northwestern hinterland zone is a complex tectonically deformed region that includes the Peter Lake, Wollaston, and Seal River domains, and other parts of the Cree Lake Zone, now included in Hearne Province. The Reindeer zone to the north is a 500\u00a0km wide collage of Paleoproterozoic (1.92-1.83 Ga) arc volcanic rocks, plutons, volcanogenic sediments, and younger molasse, divisible into several lithostructural domains. Most of these rocks evolved in an oceanic to transitional, subduction-related arc setting, with increasing influence of Archean crustal components to the northwest. The zone overlies Archean basement exposed in structural windows that are now recognized as the Sask craton. The Wathaman-Chipewyan batholith is an Andean-type continental-margin, magmatic arc emplaced 1.86-1.85 Ga. The Flin Flon domain is in the center of the Trans-Hudson Suture Zone and extends over the border of the Manitoba-Saskatchewan segment east and west.  It is west of the Superior Craton, south of the Kisseynew Domain, and east of the Glennie Domain. The Superior Boundary zone is a narrow, southeastern, ensialic foreland zone bordering Superior Craton, comprising the Thompson Belt, Split Lake Block, and Fox River Belt. The Flin Flon greenstone belt is one of the largest Proterozoic volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VMS) districts in the world, containing 27 Cu-Zn- (Au) deposits from which more than 183 million tonnes of ore have been mined. Most of mined VMS deposits in the Flin Flon belt are associated with juvenile arc volcanic rocks providing a powerful focus for future explorations. Gold mineralization has been less studied, but at Reed Lake has been shown to be associated with late brittle-ductile shear zones that follow peak tectonic and metamorphic activity within the Trans-Hudson Orogen. At Snow Lake, preliminary investigations suggest a long history of gold mineralization with at least some gold introduced prior to metamorphism.", ["w_s1110"]]
[30508, "Mississippi's first art museum, the Lauren Rogers Museum of Art is located in Laurel, Mississippi, United States. It was founded in 1923 in memory of Lauren Eastman Rogers. The building's architect was Rathbone DeBuys of New Orleans, Louisiana.\nThe museum has an extensive collection of Native American baskets. It also has a selection of American art by Winslow Homer, Albert Bierstadt, and John Singer Sargent. It receives 32,000 visitors a year. The Lauren Rogers Museum of Art was opened in 1923 as a memorial to Lauren Eastman Rogers, the only son and only grandson of two of the town's founding families. Lauren died at the age of 23 in 1921 from complications of appendicitis, just months after marrying Lelia Hodson Rogers. After his death, Lauren's father, Wallace Brown Rogers, and his maternal grandfather, Lauren Chase Eastman, created the Eastman Memorial Foundation \"to promote the public welfare by founding, endowing and having maintained a public library, museum, art gallery and educational institution, within the state of Mississippi.\" The museum opened its doors on May 1, 1923 in a building that was originally being constructed to be Lauren and Lelia's private residence.\nThe Eastman, Gardiner and Rogers families had migrated to Laurel, Mississippi, from Clinton, Iowa, in the 1890s for timber resources. Their influence was fundamental in the formation of the city of Laurel. The Rogers family built large residences on broad avenues in Laurel, and the family helped lay the foundation for public parks and schools that served the city for many generations. Lauren Rogers was being groomed by his parents and grandparents to take over the family lumber business and continue the families philanthropic legacy in Laurel. The Rogers and Eastman families did not let Lauren's legacy die with him. Instead, they created Lauren's legacy for him through the establishing of this museum in his honor.\nThroughout the years the museum has served various purposes. The original building not only served as an art gallery, but it also housed the town library. The first collection featured in the museum gallery was a large basket collection that was donated in 1923 by Lauren Rogers' great-aunt, Catherine Marshall Gardiner. A new wing was completed in 1925 giving the museum five art galleries on the first floor and space for the Laurel Library Association on the lower level, where they stayed until 1979. These new galleries were eventually filled with nineteenth- and twentieth-century paintings that were donated by the Rogers and Eastman families. This collection which includes works by famous artists such as Winslow Homer, Albert Bierstadt, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, and Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Millet became a part of the museum's permanent collection and can still be seen today. In 1953 Lelia Rogers added a Reading Room and filled it with furniture from her in-laws home and a portrait of her deceased husband, Lauren.\nThe building itself is a piece of art that has stood the test of time. The building's architect was Rathbone DeBuys of New Orleans, Louisiana. The interior was designed by the Chicago firm of Watson and Walton. The walls are paneled in quarter-sawn golden oak, accented by hand-wrought ironwork by Samuel Yellin, and a ceiling of hand-molded plaster done by master craftsman Leon Hermant. The original museum floors were cork and has been continued throughout the various additions. The collection of the Lauren Rogers Museum of Art consists of five specialized collections: American art, European paintings, Native American baskets, Japanese Ukiyo-e prints, and British Georgian silver.\nAmerican Art \nOne of the largest of these is our collection of American paintings, sculptures, and works on paper. The core of the collection is a group of 19th and 20th-century paintings donated by Lauren Chase Eastman, the grandfather of Lauren Rogers, in the 1920s and 1930s. Some of our most important works came from this astute collector, and many other important works were donated by Lauren Rogers\u2019 parents, Nina and Wallace B. Rogers. These collectors focused on the landscape and portraiture traditions which have been such an important part of the history of American art. Most of the works are intimate in size, reflecting their origins in private collections, which were on display in private homes.\nLandscape paintings in the Museum collection date primarily from the late 19th century onward. The Museum owns late examples of Hudson River School painting, the first group of painters to exclusively focus on and celebrate the American landscape. Artists such as John Frederick Kensett and Albert Bierstadt, whose works are on display in the American gallery, are typical of this movement. These artists were inspired by the Romantic movement in art and literature and strove to glorify the wonders of nature through their art. The American Impressionists of the early 20th century used the image of the landscape as a means of personal expression as well as a vehicle for exploring the medium of painting itself. Artists like John Henry Twachtman chose to portray intimate settings and quiet places in his pictures, some of which border on the abstract in their painterly quality and emphasis on color and light over form and drawing. Since the 1930s, the Museum has added more modern landscape paintings, particularly by Mississippi artists like Marie Hull and William Dunlap. We continue to build on this fine collection of American landscapes.\nBritish Georgian Silver \nMost of the works in the British Georgian Silver Collection were donated to the Museum by the late Harriet and Thomas Gibbons. From the mid-1920s until 1959, Mr. Gibbons was the publisher of the Laurel Leader-Call, and Mrs. Gibbons was the editor. Both had a passion for silver which resulted in a magnificent and well-focused collection of silver luxury goods, most used in relation to English \u201chigh tea.\u201d\nThe term \u201cGeorgian\u201d refers to the period between 1714 and 1830 when four King Georges in a row ruled England. This time span saw a change in style; during the early 18th-century, English silver featured the abundant ornamentation of the Baroque and Rococo periods. By the end of the Georgian period, a restrained Neo-Classical style held sway, inspired by Classical forms and designs from ancient Greece and Rome.\nEuropean Art \nThe Museum owns approximately 65 European works of art, dating from the 17th to the 20th centuries. The core of the collection are 24 works donated by the Eastman and Rogers families during the early years of the Museum\u2019s existence. These include important, internationally known works like Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Millet\u2019s First Steps, an 1856 pastel which later inspired Vincent van Gogh; Landscape Near Paris (c.1885) by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, considered one of the first modernist painters; and other influential early 19th-century painters.\nThe earliest work in the collection is an etching by Rembrandt van Rijn entitled Virgin and Child with Cat (1654), which depicts Mary and the infant Jesus in domestic interior. According to legend, the cat of the Madonna produced a litter of kittens in the stable where Christ was born; the cat of legend crouches next to the Madonna, as Joseph looks in through a window. This tiny etching is one of many Biblical illustrations produced by Rembrandt.\nJapanese Woodblock Prints\nThe Japanese Gallery contains examples of ukiyo-e woodblock prints from the Edo Period (1600-1868). The term ukiyo-e means \u201cimages of the floating world.\u201d This is a reference to the theater and entertainment districts of urban Japan, especially those in Kyoto and Tokyo (then known as Edo). The most popular subjects were those of leisure and pleasure: images of courtesans and actors, of erotica and of the Kabuki theater. Later, artists would adapt the ukiyo-e style that had been honed on these subjects to the depiction of landscapes, as in Hiroshige\u2019s album of prints, Thirty-Six Views of Fuji (c.1828-33).\nNative American Art \nAround 1900, Catherine Marshall Gardiner of Laurel, Mississippi, read an article about Native American baskets and found herself tempted by the possibility of collecting them. Her husband, George Schuyler Gardiner, encouraged her to \u201cgo as far as she liked.\u201d The Gardiners, the great-aunt and great-uncle of Lauren Rogers, moved to Laurel in the 1890s to establish a lumber company after the lumber business in their home state of Iowa had begun to slow. At first she planned to collect only contemporary baskets, but, she said, \u201cthe lure of old and fine work specimens soon gained the ascendancy.\u201d When she embarked on this project, she little realized she would become one of the premier collectors of the period, often called \u201cthe golden age of basket collecting.\u201d Mrs. Gardiner\u2019s quest for fine specimens led her to contact and visit basket dealers, other collectors, officials and teachers on reservations, and weavers, eventually becoming part of a national network of other basket aficionados.\nBy 1923, when she donated her collection of almost 500 baskets to the Lauren Rogers Museum of Art, she had amassed one of the most representative collections of North American Native basketry in the Southeastern United States. Over ten years later, Mrs. Gardiner wrote, \u201cIt has been a work of great charm.\u201d In the intervening decades, the Lauren Rogers Museum of Art has added to the collection, particularly with baskets from the Southeast, but Mrs. Gardiner \u2019s vision has remained the foundation of the collection.\nHumans have been making baskets for thousands of years; it is a craft that is common to all cultures. Today\u2019s Native American basket makers work within a tradition that is centuries old. For example, there are Choctaw weavers in Mississippi who are fifth generation basket weavers, following a tradition passed down from mother to daughter over many decades.<PIC> As the city of laurel has grown and changed so has the Museum grown and changed over the years. In the last 35 years the museum has received a few updates in architecture, as well as, in artistic holdings. In 1983 the museum received an addition designed by Micheal Foil, that included a new gallery for visiting collections and beautiful grand staircase made from Tennessee black marble. In more recent years, a large Chihuly piece has been added above this staircase. Another addition was completed in 2013 adding the Sanderson Gallery.\nThe museum continues to serve the community through various events and ongoing educational programs. The museum has several events such as the annual Blues Bash and Museum Gala. During the summer months the museum holds art camps and free family art days. In addition to events on museum property, the museum also goes to various places in the community such as city centers and holds Artreach art camps.\nIn 2018, the Lauren Rogers Museum of Art celebrated its 95th year of operation. The museum strives daily to continue the legacy that the Rogers, Eastman, and Gardiner families began in 1923. This, however, would not be possible without the continued support of donors and patrons. Admission to the museum is free, but donations are encouraged. Please visit the museum website for details on current exhibitions and upcoming events.", ["w_s1115"]]
[30509, "The Riftwar Cycle is the name given to the series of books authored or co-authored by Raymond E. Feist that revolve around the fantasy worlds of Midkemia and Kelewan.<PIC> The majority of Feist's works are part of The Riftwar Universe, and feature the worlds of Midkemia and Kelewan.  Human magicians and other creatures on the two planets are able to create rifts through dimensionless space that can connect planets in different solar systems.  The novels and short stories of The Riftwar Universe record the adventures of various people on these worlds.\nMidkemia was originally created as an alternative to the Dungeons and Dragons (D&D) role-playing game. When Feist studied at the University of California, San Diego, he and his friends created a new role-playing game based on their own original world of Midkemia. They called themselves the Thursday Nighters, because they played the Midkemia role-playing game every Thursday evening. After some time, when the group changed and began meeting on Fridays, they became known as the Friday Nighters.  The original group have since formed a company called Midkemia Press, which has continued publishing campaigns set in that universe.\nFeist acknowledges that the Tekumel setting from M. A. R. Barker's Empire of the Petal Throne was the source for much of Kelewan. The original D&D campaign which he based his books on had an invasion of the Midkemia world by Tekumel. As a result, much of the background of Kelewan - the Tsurani Empire, the lack of metals and horses, the Cho'ja, the pantheons of 10 major and 10 minor gods - comes from Tekumel. Feist claims to have been unaware of this origin when he wrote Magician. Most Riftwar novels' stories occur in chronological order following the publishing order, with a few exceptions. The Empire Trilogy starts during Magician and concludes after A Darkness at Sethanon. The Riftwar Legacy occurs between the Riftwar Saga and Krondor's Sons. The Legends of the Riftwar novels occur between Magician and Silverthorn.\nNovels are grouped into their respective series, with series ordered by the publishing date of the first novel in the series. Magician (1982), later republished in two parts in the United States as Magician: Apprentice (1986) and Magician: Master (1986)\nSilverthorn (1985)\nA Darkness at Sethanon (1986) Daughter of the Empire (1987) with Janny Wurts\nServant of the Empire (1990) with Janny Wurts\nMistress of the Empire (1992) with Janny Wurts Prince of the Blood (1989)\nThe King's Buccaneer (1992) Shadow of a Dark Queen (1994)\nRise of a Merchant Prince (1995)\nRage of a Demon King (1997)\nShards of a Broken Crown (1998) Krondor: The Betrayal (1998)\nKrondor: The Assassins (1999)\nKrondor: Tear of the Gods (2000)\nJimmy and the Crawler (2013) - a novella replacing the cancelled novels Krondor: The Crawler and Krondor: The Dark Mage. Honoured Enemy (2001) with William R. Forstchen\nMurder in LaMut (2002) with Joel Rosenberg\nJimmy the Hand (2003) with S. M. Stirling Talon of the Silver Hawk (2002)\nKing of Foxes (2003)\nExile's Return (2004) Flight of the Nighthawks (2005)\nInto a Dark Realm (2006)\nWrath of a Mad God (2008) Rides a Dread Legion (2009)\nAt the Gates of Darkness (2010) A Kingdom Besieged (2011)\nA Crown Imperiled (2012)\nMagician's End (2013) Profit and the Grey Assassin (1982) in Fantasy Book (Journal)\nThe Wood Boy (1998) in Legends\nThe Messenger (short story) (2003) in Legends II On February 2, 2022, Six Studios, a production company started by Jeff Huang and Carl Choi, announced it would develop the first six books in The Riftwar Saga into a TV series. Hannah Friedman, Jacob Pinion and Nick Bernardone are attached to write.", ["w_s1118"]]
[30510, "Andreas Samaris (Greek: \u0391\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2; born 13 June 1989) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.\nAfter winning Superleague Greece with Olympiakos in 2014, he signed with Benfica in Portugal for \u20ac10\u00a0million. With them, he has won four Primeira Liga, one Ta\u00e7a de Portugal, two Ta\u00e7a da Liga and two Superta\u00e7a C\u00e2ndido de Oliveira.\nA full international since 2013, Samaris represented Greece at the 2014 FIFA World Cup.  Samaris started his career in Gamma Ethniki side Panachaiki in 2006, making a total of 37 league appearances and scored three goals for the club. On 10 April 2007, he signed his first professional contract with Panachaiki, where he was coached by future Australia national team manager Ange Postecoglou. On 11 January 2010, Samaris moved to Panionios.\nSamaris joined Olympiacos in 2012 but spent the season on loan at Panionios. In 2013, he returned to Olympiacos and scored his first goal with the club on 23 November 2013, in an away 4\u20131 victory against Panthrakikos. Samaris ended the league with 38 appearances and scored four goals en route to the Greeks' 41st title. On 22 August 2014, Samaris moved abroad and joined Portuguese champions Benfica on a five-year contract for a transfer fee of \u20ac10\u00a0million and with a \u20ac45\u00a0million release clause. He made his debut for Benfica on 12 September against Vit\u00f3ria S\u00e9tubal.\nAt the end of the 2014\u201315 season, Samaris mentioned that the Portuguese language was a barrier in his first year with the club. The Greek international stressed the importance of learning it by stating, \"I liked to learn Portuguese because I became closer to my colleagues. The most important is to understand what my coach says because there was an idea of game and I had to adapt faster than the others.\"\nOn 29 August 2015, in the second day of 2015\u201316 Primeira Liga, Samaris, after an assist from Greek teammate Kostas Mitroglou, scored with a right-footed shot from outside the box to the bottom left corner, the second goal giving the lead to his club in a 3\u20132 win against Moreirense. It was his first goal in the Primeira Liga. On 1 April 2016, he scored his second goal in the Portuguese league, with a direct free kick, in a 5\u20131 home game against Braga. On 4 March 2017, in a 1\u20130 away game against C.D. Feirense, Samaris reached 100 appearances with the jersey of Benfica. In that season, he also played in the Ta\u00e7a de Portugal final, which Benfica won over Vit\u00f3ria de Guimar\u00e3es (2\u20131).\nOn 11 March 2019, Samaris scored a volley in a league match, giving his team a two-goal lead in an eventual 2\u20132 home draw to Belenenses. It was his first goal in the 2018\u201319 season in all competitions. On 14 May, he extended his contract with Benfica until 2023.\nOn 21 July 2021, Andreas Samaris starts training with Benfica\u2019s B team today. The 32-year-old Greek international midfielder is not part of Jorge Jesus\u2019 plans and has refused all Benfica\u2019s attempts to negotiate a mutually agreed termination of the contract that runs until 2023. Eventually on 31 August 2021, Samaris agreed with the club for the termination of his contract.<PIC> On 19 November 2021, Fortuna Sittard announced the acquisition of Andreas Samaris until the end of the season. The 32-year-old international midfielder was released last summer and was looking for the next stage of his career, finding a football home in the Eredivisie, has signed a link valid until the end of the current season. The Dutch club in its announcement does not mention anything about a purchase option.  On 27 November 2021, he made his debut with the club as a late substitute in a frustrating 1\u20134 loss against FC Groningen. Samaris is a former Greece under-19 international. He made his debut in a 2008 European Under-19 Championship qualifier against France. In October 2013, he was called up to the Greek senior side by manager Fernando Santos and made a substitute appearance in the final group qualifier against Liechtenstein, also coming off the bench in the two play-off matches against Romania. After a strong season with Olympiakos, Santos opted to select Samaris to his final 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.\nOn 24 June 2014, in his first appearance in a final tournament of the World Cup and against the Ivory Coast, Samaris opened the scoring after capitalizing on Cheick Tiot\u00e9's defensive mistake in the 42nd minute in an eventual 2\u20131 victory; Samaris came on as an early replacement for the injured Panagiotis Kone.  As of match played 17 April 2022\nIncludes Ta\u00e7a da Liga and Superta\u00e7a C\u00e2ndido de Oliveira As of match played 11 June 2019 Olympiacos\nSuper League Greece: 2013\u201314\nBenfica\nPrimeira Liga: 2014\u201315, 2015\u201316, 2016\u201317, 2018\u201319\nTa\u00e7a de Portugal: 2016\u201317\nTa\u00e7a da Liga: 2014\u201315, 2015\u201316\nSuperta\u00e7a C\u00e2ndido de Oliveira: 2016, 2017", ["w_s1120"]]
[30511, "L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Tihanyi (born 21 March 1956) is a Hungarian composer and conductor.<PIC> L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Tihanyi was born in Budapest, Hungary on March 21, 1956, and pursued musical studies at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest, where he studied composition with Rezs\u0151 Sug\u00e1r and conducting with Andr\u00e1s K\u00f3rodi. Since 1979, Tihanyi serves as a devoted professor at the Academy of Music, where he acted also as vice-rector between 2000 and 2005.\nHe regularly conducts at home and abroad, typically 20th century classical and contemporary programmes. He appeared with all major Hungarian orchestras and significant European contemporary music ensembles, as Ensemble Modern, Contrechamps and MusikFabrik. In 1991, he participated in the production of  Maderna's Hyperion at the Festival D'Automne \u00e0 Paris and the subsequent European tour. In 2002, P\u00e9ter E\u00f6tv\u00f6s asked him to be second conductor of his opera Three Sisters for the 2002 production for the Wiener Festwochen (besides E\u00f6tv\u00f6s being first conductor himself).\nIn 1985, founded his own instrumental ensemble, the Intermodulation, dedicated to 20th and 21st Century music, and has been the artistic director since then. \nTihanyi is the winner of prestigious awards, including the Erkel prize and the Bart\u00f3k-P\u00e1sztory prize.\nBeside being the \"composer-in-residence\" of the Ensemble Intermodulation, his works are performed all over Europe: the Hungarian Radio commissioned Irrlichtspiel, for violin and ensemble (a \"pocket\" concerto) in 1991. Then the Componensemble premiered Winterszenen (a work based on Schubert\u2019s Winterreise). In 1992, Summer Music was dedicated to and premiered by the Ensemble Contrechamps in 1992, one of the as yet most performed chamber setting by Tihanyi. In 1994 L\u2019\u00c9pitaph du Soldat (a short sequel to Stravinsky's A Soldier's Tale) was commissioned by Radio France, and Serenata for four instruments by Rainbow over Bath in 1996. Schattenspiel was composed for members of the Forr\u00e1s Chamber Music Workshop in 1997, and premiered in its original, four-movement version in the same year in Vienna. In 1998, two Swiss foundations, Pro Helvetia and the Zuger Kulturstiftung Landis & Gyr commissioned Matrix for four hands. Atte was premiered in 1999 in Berlin by the UMZE Ensemble. The soloists were Csaba Kleny\u00e1n (clarinet) and Gy\u00f6rgy D\u00e9ri (cello). In 2002, Musikfabrik premiered Kosmos, and a number of further commissions followed, one of which was the 20 Night Meditations for 8 soloists and orchestra with double strings, that had its western hemisphere premiere in February 2007 at The Juilliard School, New York.\nHis commission by the Op\u00e9ra National de Bordeaux and the French state for his first opera Genitrix, based on the novel by Fran\u00e7ois Mauriac, premiered on November 25, 2007 in Bordeaux. 2002 - Klaus Martin Ziegler prize of the city of Kassel, Germany\n2001 - Bart\u00f3k-P\u00e1sztory prize\n1999 - \"Merite culturel\" prize from the Polish Minister of Culture and Science\n1997 - Erkel prize\n1986, 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1998 - Artisjus prize\n1988 - Special prize of the Association of Hungarian Musicians\n1981 - Szirmai Albert prize 2012: Clausula No. 4. - for alto flute, viola, cello and piano\n2012: Rundherum - for piano and string quartet\n2011: 50 misure a S. (50 Bars for S.) for violin and viola, Op. 56\n2011: Two Imaginary Dialogues - for ensemble\n2011: Preludie, Invocation and Postlude - for violin, viola and cello\n2010\u20132011: Nyolc invok\u00e1ci\u00f3 a Hold f\u00e1zisaihoz (Eight Invocations to the Lunar Phases) for viola and piano, Op. 53\n2010: Arnis - for harp solo and ensemble\n2009: Passacaglie for viola and orchestra, Op. 49\n2009: Epilegomena (Jan Jansson on the Milkyway) - for flute solo and orchestra\n2008\u20132009: Genitrix \u2013 1. szvit - for tenor and orchestra\n2008: 8 Scenes from the Genitrix - for Ms, tenor, bariton and orchestra\n2001\u20132007: Genitrix - Opera in two acts, based on the novel by Fran\u00e7ois Mauriac, libretto by L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Tihanyi and Alain Surrans, text in French\n2002: 20 Night Meditations - for 8 solo instruments and orchestra\n2002: Matrix/Kosmos - for piano four hands and ensemble\nJan 2001 - Jun 2002: Linos - for harp\n2001: N\u00e4chtliche Klauseln - for organ\n1999: Atte - for clarinet, violoncello and ensemble\n1998: Pimpalin\u2019s Gown - A musical play for a speaking voice and six instruments, based on a tale by Al\u00edz Mosonyi, in Hungarian\n1998: Matrix - for piano four hands\n1997: Schattenspiel - for clarinet in A, violoncello and piano\n1996: Serenata - for four instruments\n1995 - 1996: The Passing of the Neptune - for piano\n1995: Triton - for bassoon and ensemble\n1994: Epitaph of the Soldier - for seven instruments\n1992, rev. 1994: Tra duzioni - for double symphony orchestra, two small string orchestras and six female voices\n1992: Summer Music - for six instruments\n1991: Winter Scenes - for ensemble\n1991: Night Scene - for four instruments\n1989: Arkh\u00e9 - for orchestra\n1987, rev. 1995: Jan Jansson\u2019s Journey from Denmark to Denmark (A Transcendent Musical Travel in Five Scenes) - for flute\n1986: Enodios - for orchestra\n1986: Ductus for viola solo, Op. 3\n1984 - 1985: Krios (The Month of Ram) - for small orchestra\n1984: Silence of the Winds - for ensemble\n1984: Szirom (Petal) - for an optional (keyboard) instrument\n1977: Deux sonates \u00e0 Olivier Messiaen (Two Sonatas for Olivier Messiaen) - for violin and piano", ["w_s1122"]]
[30512, "Jelena McWilliams (n\u00e9e\u00a0Obreni\u0107; born July 29, 1973) is a former Chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. She was nominated to the position and to the FDIC Board of Directors by President Donald Trump,  and the Senate confirmed her appointment on May 24, 2018. She was sworn in as Chairman on June 5, 2018. Previously, McWilliams was executive vice president and chief legal officer of Fifth Third Bank in Cincinnati, Ohio. She resigned from her position as Chairman of the Board of the FDIC on February 4, 2022.<PIC> Born Jelena Obreni\u0107 (Serbian Cyrillic: \u0408\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u045b) in Belgrade, Serbia, in the former Yugoslavia, McWilliams traveled to the United States at age 18 as part of a high-school exchange program. She attended the University of California at Berkeley for college. She funded her education by working a series of minimum-wage jobs. She wrote her thesis on the war in her native Yugoslavia. McWilliams graduated with highest honors with a Bachelor of Arts in political science and went on to earn her law degree from the UC Berkeley School of Law. McWilliams began practicing law working with tech firms at Morrison & Foerster LLP in Palo Alto, California and then moved to Hogan & Hartson LLP, now Hogan Lovells LLP,  in Washington, D.C.\nFrom 2007 to 2010, McWilliams worked as a lawyer at the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, where she focused on a proposal for rules meant to make it easier for consumers to dispute mistakes on their credit reports and to understand their mortgages.\nMcWilliams worked in the United States Senate for six years, first as assistant chief counsel for the Small Business and Entrepreneurship Committee and then as chief counsel and deputy staff director for the Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs. At the banking committee, McWilliams worked with chairpersons Senator Richard Shelby (R, Alabama) and Senator Mike Crapo (R, Idaho) on, among other issues, the implementation of and efforts to rework or repeal the 2010 Dodd-Frank banking-regulation reform act.\nMcWilliams served as executive vice president, chief legal officer, and corporate secretary for Fifth Third from January 2017 until May 2018. On November 30, 2017, the White House press secretary issued a release announcing the President's intention to nominate McWilliams to serve as chairperson of the FDIC. McWilliams had been under consideration for the appointment since July 2017, when James Clinger withdrew his nomination for the position.\nBy year-end 2017, Fifth Third determined that if McWilliams were confirmed as FDIC head, it would not move to have her return the $300,000 signing bonus the bank had paid her when she joined its staff.\nBefore McWilliams' confirmation, The Wall Street Journal previewed the proposed change in leadership at the FDIC, along with changes at the Federal Reserve and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, saying banks \"can expect to see significant further relief\" from postcrisis rules under the new leadership. In that context, the article referenced Dodd-Frank, The Volcker Rule, the Community Reinvestment Act, small-dollar loans (\"Trump officials have said they want to encourage banks to offer loan products that compete\" with payday lenders), new banks (from 237 new banks approved by the FDIC in 2005, two were approved in 2016 and seven in 2017; \"McWilliams has said she wants to speed up new-bank approvals\"), fintech,\nleveraged lending (loans to heavily in debted companies), cybersecurity (\"McWilliams cited cybersecurity as one of her priorities during her Senate testimony\"), and capital, liquidity and overall and supplementary leverage rules.\nIn December of 2021, McWilliams announced her resignation from the FDIC. Following the election of President Joe Biden, Democrats controlled all the seats on the FDIC except for the one she held. She resigned after expressing her frustrations in an essay published in the Wall Street Journal with what she called the erosion of agency norms at the FDIC and a \"hostile takeover\" by the other directors. McWilliams, who is a single mother, has one daughter. She moved her parents from Yugoslavia to the United States after saving enough money to do so.", ["w_s1123"]]
[30513, "Eusebio Bava (6 August 1790 in Vercelli \u2013 30 April 1854 in Torino) was an Italian general who fought in the First Italian War of Independence.<PIC> Born at Vercelli, in 1806 he fought as a volunteer under the French flag against Prussia. He took part in the French campaigns in Spain and Portugal, and was captured by the British at Porto in 1805. After Napoleon's defeat, he returned to Piedmont where  king Victor Emmanuel I integrated  his troops in the Piedmontese army as the Cacciatori piemontesi battalion. In 1838 he was appointed as commander of the Turin division and two years later he became lieutenant general.\nHe commanded one of the two corps of the Piedmonese-Sardinian army under Charles Albert when the latter attacked Austria in Lombardy in the First Italian War of Independence; however, after the successful Five Days of Milan, the Piedmontese army did not attack the retreating Austrian forces at their most vulnerable point and only followed them up to the Mincio river. Despite this, he won the first success of the war at Pastrengo, and later suggested a plan to draw the enemy to battle; however, the plan was adopted with heavy modifications, which led to the defeat at Santa Lucia. Despite the war going relatively well, however, relationships between Bava and the rest of the leading commanders (the king himself, his Minister of War Antonio Franzini, and the other corps commander, Ettore Gerbaix De Sonnaz) were strained, as Charles Albert did not provide his commanders with a firm hand, and the animosity between his counselours made an effective command action very difficult; Bava's own short temper did not help in this regard.\nWhen Josef Radetzky took the offensive, defeating the Tuscan division at Curtatone and Montanara, Bava managed to check his advance with the victory at Goito; however, this was not followed through yet again, and the Piedmontese command was lulled into inaction. Therefore, when Radetzky resumed his offensive, the Piedmontese Army was defeated at Custoza and retreated towards Lombardy; despite the fact that the losses were not particularly heavy, and the army had kept his cohesion, Bava was convinced that the campaign had been lost and remained bent on leading it back to Piedmont.\nAfter an armistice was signed on 9 August, Bava, believing that the King had proved himself unequal to the task of commander in chief and should not lead the army again, remained de facto the head of the Piedmontese army, and was duly named Generale in Capo (General in Chief) on October 22. However, when Wojciech Chrzanowski was called by Charles Albert as Chief of Staff, Bava, seeing this as yet another sign of the King's meddling in the army, and seen by a portion of the public opinion as responsible for the unsuccessful campaign, published a scathing report on it to exonerate himself and declaring that Charles Albert's indecision had been the biggest factor in the defeat. This led to the King and the government to agree on Bava's dismissal, and on 16 February 1849 he was formally removed from his position, replaced by Chrzanowski (albeit ambiguously as Charles Albert's chief of staff).\nAppointed Senator since 1848, Eusebio Bava died in Turin in 1854.\nItalian military historian Piero Pieri observed about Bava that, despite his flaws, he was the best army commander available to Sardinia-Piedmont during the Risorgimento.", ["w_s1124"]]
[30514, "James \"Big Jim\" Healy (22 March 1898 \u2013 13 July 1961) was an Australian trade unionist and communist activist. Healy served as General Secretary of the Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia from 1937 to his death in 1961, a period when the union recovered from its defeat in the 1928 waterfront strike to become one of the most powerful trade unions in Australia. Healy was one of the most prominent public representatives of the communist movement in Australia during the Cold War.<PIC> Healy was born at West Gorton in Manchester, the son of corporation labourer Dominic Healy and cotton-worker Mary Ellen, n\u00e9e Schaill. He attended St Francis of Assisi parish school and began assisting Labour Party canvassers at the age of 8. He enlisted in the 8th Battalion of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders in 1915; served until he was wounded in action on the Western Front in 1918 and discharged. On his return he moved to Scotland to work as a plate-layer in the tramways.\nOn 19 July 1919 Healy married woollen weaver Elizabeth McGowan at St Cuthbert's Catholic Church in Edinburgh. They and their three sons emigrated to Queensland in 1925, where Healy began work as a fireman and boiler attendant at Mackay. He became a wharf labourer in 1927 and the following year was elected to the management committee of the Waterside Workers' Federation (WWF) becoming branch president in 1929. Disappointed with the underperformance of various Labor governments in response to the Great Depression, Healy joined the Communist Party of Australia in 1934 after a tour of the Soviet Union.\nHealy moved to Sydney in 1936 and in 1937 was elected general secretary of the WWF, a position he held until his death in 1961. He transferred the union head office from Melbourne in 1939, and is given credit for modernising the union and he was the founder and first editor of the WWF's national journal, the Maritime Worker. In 1937 and 1938 he campaigned in support of waterside workers' boycotts of Japan, and he continued to strengthen the WWF during World War II due to the industry's contribution to the war effort. From 1945 to 1949 he led a boycott on the Black Armada of Dutch ships, in order to support the Indonesian independence movement.\nHealy oversaw the amalgamation of the WWF with the Permanent & Casual Wharf Labourers' Union (PCWLU), but the antagonism of many in the WWF towards the PCWLU weakened his position. In the 1949 Australian coal strike he was gaoled for contempt of court, having refused to disclose the whereabouts of money used to assist the strikers; sentenced to a year, he was released after apologising five weeks into his sentence. He was active in the campaign against the Menzies government's attempt to ban the Communist Party.\nA committee of inquiry into the waterside industry was established by the Stevedoring Industry Act of 1954, in an attempt by the government to end the WWF's monopoly on wharf labour supply; the federation went on strike with the support of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU); the government went ahead with further reforms, but Healy was appointed to the ACTU executive in 1957.\nHealy died of a cerebrovascular accident in 1961 at Darlinghurst and was cremated; he was farewelled in Sussex Street with a \"comrade's farewell\" (Healy was an atheist), attended by hundreds of mourners. The Internationale was played and the cort\u00e8ge stretched for almost a mile, blocking traffic for over an hour.", ["w_s1126"]]
[30515, "Natalio F\u00e9lix Botana Miralles (Sarand\u00ed del Y\u00ed, September 8, 1888 \u2013 San Salvador de Jujuy, August 7, 1941), was an Uruguayan journalist and entrepreneur who founded the Argentine newspaper Cr\u00edtica in 1913. Published until 1962, Cr\u00edtica was the most widely circulated newspaper in Latin America.\nBotana was a pioneer of sensationalist media in Argentina, and is considered one of the most influential personalities of the 20th century in that country.\nHe also presided over the Argentine Football Association during a brief period in 1926.<PIC> Botana was born into a family of landowners whose commercial activities were often affected by continued political wars that erupted between the country's political parties: White and Colorados.\nWhen Botana arrived in Buenos Aires in 1911, he started to work in different newspapers until he was hired by La Raz\u00f3n, the main evening paper that sold 76,000 copies at the time. Two years later, at the age of 25, he founded his own newspaper, Cr\u00edtica, which was a pioneer in the Argentine media with its sensationalist style. Cr\u00edtica had also a wide coverage of news on the crime, focusing on information rather than opinion.\nCr\u00ectica became a huge success, reaching its peak in the 1920s and 1930s, where increased its daily circulation from 9,000 to 30,000 copies. The newspaper then added a new edition and two supplements, one covering sports and another covering culture, named Cr\u00edtica Magazine. Among the contributing writers were Ra\u00fal Gonz\u00e1lez Tu\u00f1\u00f3n, Roberto Arlt, Jorge Luis Borges, Enrique Gonz\u00e1lez Tu\u00f1\u00f3n, Carlos de la P\u00faa, and Bernardo Verbitsky.\nThe basement of his house in Don Torcuato, a Buenos Aires suburb served in 1933 as the site for Plastic Exercise by exiled Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros.\nBotana died in a car accident in 1941. Botana was married to the writer Salvadora Medina Onrubia, and his daughter Georgina was the mother of comedian and writer Ra\u00fal Damonte Botana, known by the pseudonym of Copi, who was a successful artist in France with his strip La femme assise (the sit woman), published during ten years on Le Nouvel Observateur.\nHis nephew is the famous political scientist Natalio R. Botana, who has written articles for La Naci\u00f3n. Leopoldo Marechal, in his novel Ad\u00e1n Buenosayres, condemned Botana to live in the seven circle of hell, describing him as the absolute boss of a giant rotary machine whose rolls devore and smash men until turning them into paper. The novel also shows Botana confessing how he realised a match box contained one less unit than described on the packaging. After discovering that, he threatened the manufacturer to reveal it on the front page of Cr\u00edtica. As a result, the owner of the factory paid a fortune to avoid that to be published.\nIn his biography Confieso que he vivido, Chilean poet Pablo Neruda tells an adventure which happened at the Botana's weekend house at Don Torcuato.\nArgentine writer Ariel Magnus in El que mueve las piezas, tells a war novel where Botana lives with his grandfather.\nSpanish writer Elena Fort\u00fan (who had met Botana during her exile in Buenos Aires) inspired on Botana to the character \"the doctor\" of her book Celia Institutriz en Am\u00e9rica, published in 1944.", ["w_s1137"]]
[30516, "Prison rape or jail rape refers to sexual assault of people while they are incarcerated. The phrase is commonly used to describe rape of inmates by other inmates, or to describe rape of inmates by staff. In February 2021, BBC News reported eyewitness accounts of systematic rape of Uyghur women in the Xinjiang internment camps.\nMultiple women who were formerly detained in the Xinjiang internment camps have publicly made accusations of systemic sexual abuse, including rape. Sayragul Sauytbay, a teacher who was forced to work in the camps, told the BBC that employees of the camp in which she was detained conducted rapes en masse, saying that camp guards \"picked the girls and young women they wanted and took them away\". She also told the BBC of an organized gang rape, in which a woman around age 21 was forced to make a confession in front of a crowd of 100 other women detained in the camps, before being raped by multiple policemen in front of the assembled crowd. Tursunay Ziawudun, a woman who was detained in the camps for a period of nine months, told the BBC that women were removed from their cells \"every night\" to be raped by Chinese men, and that she was subjected to three separate instances of gang rape while detained. Qelbinur Sedik, an Uzbek woman from Xinjiang, has stated that Chinese police sexually abused detainees during electric shock tortures, saying that \"there were four kinds of electric shock... the chair, the glove, the helmet, and anal rape with a stick\". Sexual violence against political prisoners is prevalent in Iran. It is allegedly ignored or even facilitated by authorities.\nReports issued to the United Nations allege that rape has been used by interrogators in Iran for decades. During the 1980s, following the Iranian Islamic Revolution, the rape of female political prisoners was so prevalent that it prompted Hussein-Ali Montazeri, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khomeini's then-deputy, to write the following to Khomeini in a letter dated 7 October 1986: \"Did you know that young women are raped in some of the prisons of the Islamic Republic?\" Two prominent members of Iran's human rights community, the feminist lawyer and journalist Shadi Sadr and the blogger and activist Mojtaba Saminejad published essays online from inside Iran saying prison rape has a long history in the Islamic Republic.\nIn the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, opposition groups reported thousands were arrested and tortured in prisons around the country, with former inmates alleging mass rape of men, women and children by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards, in prisons such as Kahrizak and Evin.\nFollowing the 2009 presidential election, Iranian presidential candidate Mehdi Karroubi said several protesters held behind bars in Evin Prison had been savagely raped, according to a confidential letter to former president and cleric Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani. Karroubi said this was a \"fragment\" of the evidence he had and that if the denials did not stop, he would release even more.\nOn 9 August 2009, in a letter to the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran, Mehdi Karroubi demanded investigation of Iranian prisons for possible torture and, in particular, sexual harassment of men and women. On 19 August, he wrote to parliament speaker Ali Larijani, asking to meet with him, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, judiciary chief Ayatollah Sadeq Larijani, former president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and the state prosecutor to \"personally present my documents and evidence over the cases of sexual abuse in some prisons specially Kahrizak.\" Ali Larijani and Sadeq Larijani (Judiciary committee) both officially rejected his claims and Ali Khamenei's representatives, and Vice Chairman of National Security Commission of the parliament demanded Karroubi's arrest. Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have both released reports of widespread rape and abuse of prisoners in Turkey spanning multiple decades. Kurdish prisoners have also been specifically targeted for rape and other forms of sexual violence. Rape is regularly used in prisons across the wider Middle East. Sexual abuse of detained women, children and men is rampant in UAE, Saudi and Bahraini prisons. In the United States, the overwhelming majority of prison rape cases involve men who are raped by other men. This is due in part to the fact that in the United States the vast majority of incarcerated people are men. Sexual contact with inmates by prison staff is illegal, regardless of supposed consent. \nPublic awareness of common prison rape is a relatively recent development, and estimates of its prevalence have varied widely over the past several decades.  In 1974, Carl Weiss and David James Friar wrote that 46 million Americans would one day be incarcerated; of that number, they held that 10 million would be raped.\nAccording to a US Department of Justice report from 2013, an estimated 5.0% of people incarcerated in state and federal prison, and 3.2% of those in jail, reported at least one incident of sexual victimization in the prior 12 months. However, advocates dispute the accuracy of the numbers due to under-reporting of sexual assaults in prison, especially among incarcerated youths.\nIn terms of individuals' risk over their entire incarceration, estimates from the 1980s and 1990s range widely. A 1992 estimate from the Federal Bureau of Prisons suggested that between 9 and 20% of inmates had been sexually assaulted. Similarly, studies from 1982 and 1996, concluded that the rate was somewhere between 12% and 14%. In New York State maximum security prisons, a 1986 study put the proportion at around 23%. By contrast, Christine Saum's 1994 survey of 101 inmates determined that 5 had been sexually assaulted.\nThe Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 was the first United States federal law passed specifically dealing with the sexual assault of prisoners. The bill was signed into law on 4 September 2003.<PIC>", ["w_s1139"]]
[30517, "UE 900 and UE 900S are noise-isolating ear phones manufactured and marketed by Logitech, under the Ultimate Ears brand. They are aimed at listeners who prefer neutral sound signature. They are rated as one of the best ear phones in its price range by CNET.\nThe ear phones received overall highly positive reviews. However, they were described as offering method of fitting that might be uncomfortable to some listeners.\nThe ear phones include four armature drivers - two for bass, one for midrange and one for treble. They come with variety of accessories that often accompany more expensive custom models.<PIC> UE 900 looks like a pair of custom earphones and provides a good fit that seals off the ear canals. There are two cables that are being provided: one in blue color that houses microphone and three-button remote control for iPhones, and one in black color for audio only. Both are 48 inches (120\u00a0cm) in length. It has four balanced armatures in each earpiece.\nAccording to George Gill of Los Angeles Post-Examiner the UE900 utilizes a type of transducer that was originally designed for use in hearing aids and has been adapted for use in earphones.\" UE 900 received an \"Excellent\" rating from Tim Gideon of PC Magazine who noted: \"The UE 900 sounds excellent overall, with a robust bass response and slightly boosted highs to match.\"\nSteve Guttenberg from CNET commented that UE 900 is using separate bass, midrange and treble balanced armature drivers and is the best-sounding universal fit earphone in this price range.\nMatthew Miller reviewed the UE 900 for ZDNet in an article named \"You will swear you are listening to new music with the Logitech UE 900 earphones.\" In the summary of his review he wrote: \"My favorite pair until now has been the UE Super.fi 5 Pro, but Logitech UE did it even better with the new UE 900s.\"\nMeta review site Engadget wrote about the headset: \"The UE 900s offer sound quality and a fit that comes close to what you'll get from UE's custom-fit in-ear models, with 9 sets of tips to fit just about any ears.\" However they noted that it is a relatively expensive product.\nMichael Calore of Wired in an article \"Ear Medicine\" summarized his opinion about UE 900 as following: \"The new flagship audiophile earphones from Ultimate Ears are just as awesome and perfect and beautiful-sounding as you\u2019d expect from a $400 headset.\" He noted, that stunning audio quality may justify the high cost. However, he somewhat disliked the fit that he called \"intrusive\", commenting that it might not be for everyone.\nBT Travel, a mainstream magazine for Business Traveling, noted that the noise isolation was very good during the test on a flight, however in his opinion it can also be a problem if someone would like to start a conversation with the listener.\nIT News Africa's staff writer wrote that the sound \"is delivered cleanly\".\nMixmag, a British electronic dance and clubbing magazine, wrote about UE 900: \"Logitech UE have released one of their most hi-def earphones ever.\"\nPC Magazine wrote, that assigning armatures to different frequencies allows for more detail in each specific range, so that deep lows and crisp highs get their own driver. The lows are subtly lifted, \"which allows instrumental and classical pieces, like John Adams' \"The Chairman Dances,\" to retain a natural sound.\"\nWired was impressed by the audio quality and commented that UE 900s produce \"some truly glorious sound, supremely rich from one end of the audio spectrum to the other. The bass is heavy and direct. Mid-range frequencies are perfectly represented, and the chiming highs are only slightly tempered at the very, very top end.\" The reviewer also noted an excellent clarity and ability to hear details he had never picked up on before.\nZDNET characterized the sound as clean, crisp, and authentic. The reviewer also noted that it seemed like he was in the recording studio with the bands and he has not heard sound this good before. While using UE900s with Beats Audio, that is introduced in a number of HTC smartphones, he noted a significant improvement in the music he was listening to.\nStereophile's writer Ariel Bitran related his opinion about the sound: \"The earphones propelled the beat with confidence, discipline, punctuation, and control, accenting the chunkiness of the groove without being edgy.\" In his opinion the treble was chunky, resulting in a very non-fatiguing experience. Cymbals were somewhat grainy, while the midrange was ultra-clean. He could carefully discern instruments and follow them. Bass extended deep and he could hear normally inaudible or subdued whole-note bass synths in the chorus as warm and full-bodied for their entire duration. However, some highly compressed recordings such as the Red Hot Chili Peppers sounded \"boxed\".\nHe also noted: \"Most importantly, the sound is realistic, controlled and involving. Instruments are rich with tone. Attacks are carefully restrained, but the high end is still involving with its texture. Music is presented cleanly in front of the listener.\"\nWitchdoctor, a New Zealand's Web magazine, wrote: \"The 900\u2019s are able to walk the fine line between being very revealing and being too clinical.\"", ["w_s1140"]]
[30518, "The Princeton field-reversed configuration (PFRC) is a series of experiments in plasma physics, an experimental program to evaluate a configuration for a fusion power reactor, at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL). The experiment probes the dynamics of long-pulse, collisionless, low s-parameter field-reversed configurations (FRCs) formed with odd-parity rotating magnetic fields. It aims to experimentally verify the physics predictions that such configurations are globally stable and have transport levels comparable with classical magnetic diffusion. It also aims to apply this technology to the Direct Fusion Drive concept for spacecraft propulsion. The PFRC was initially funded by the United States Department of Energy. Early in its operation it was contemporary with such RMF-FRCs as the Translation Confinement Sustainment experiment (TCS) and the Prairie View Rotamak (PV Rotamak).\nAt PPPL, the experiment PFRC-1 ran from 2008 through 2011. PFRC-2 is running as of 2019. PFRC-3 is scheduled next. PFRC-4 is scheduled for the mid-2020s. The electrical current that forms the field-reversed configuration (FRC) in the PFRC is driven by a rotating magnetic field (RMF). This method has been well-studied and produced favorable results in the Rotamak series of experiments. However, rotating magnetic fields as applied in these and other experiments (so-called even parity RMFs) induce opening of the magnetic field lines. When a transverse magnetic field is applied to the axisymmetric equilibrium FRC magnetic field, rather than magnetic field lines closing on themselves and forming a closed region, they spiral around in the azimuthal direction and ultimately cross the separatrix surface which contains the closed FRC region.\nThe PFRC uses RMF antennae which produce a magnetic field which changes direction about a symmetry plane oriented with its normal along the axis, half-way along the length of the axis of the machine. This configuration is called an odd parity rotating magnetic field. Such magnetic fields, when added in small magnitude to axisymmetric equilibrium magnetic fields, do not cause opening of the magnetic field lines and overall topology is preserved. The critical threshold magnitude of 'odd parity' rotating magnetic field, which opens up the axisymmetric equilibrium magnetic field lines, and fundamentally changes field topology is rather high.  Thus, the RMF is not expected to contribute to transport of particles and energy out of the core of the PFRC.<PIC> In an FRC, the name s-parameter is given to the ratio of the distance between the magnetic null and the separatrix, and the thermal ion Larmor radius. That is how many ion orbits can fit between the core of the FRC and where it meets the bulk plasma. A high-s FRC would have very small ion gyroradii compared to the size of the machine. Thus, at high s-parameter, the model of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) applies. MHD predicts that the FRC is unstable to the \"n=1 tilt mode,\" in which the reversed field tilts 180 degrees to align with the applied magnetic field, destroying the FRC.\nA low-s FRC is predicted to be stable to the tilt mode. An s-parameter less than or equal to 2 is sufficient for this effect. However, only two ion radii between the hot core and the cool bulk means that on average only two scattering periods (velocity changes of on average 90 degrees) are sufficient to remove a hot, fusion-relevant ion from the core of the plasma. Thus the choice is between high s-parameter ions that are classically well confined but convectively poorly confined, and low s-parameter ions that are classically poorly confined but convectively well confined.\nThe PFRC has an s-parameter between 1 and 2. Stabilizing the tilt-mode is predicted to aid confinement more than the small number of tolerable collisions will hurt confinement. Scientists from Princeton Satellite Systems are working on a new concept called Direct Fusion Drive (DFD) that is based on the PFRC. It would produce electric power and propulsion from a single compact fusion reactor. The first concept study and modeling (Phase I) was published in 2017, and was proposed to power the propulsion system of a Pluto orbiter and lander. Adding propellant to the cool plasma flow results in a variable thrust when channeled through a magnetic nozzle. Modeling suggests that the DFD might produce 5 Newtons of thrust per each megawatt of generated fusion power. About 35% of the fusion power goes to thrust, 30% to electric power, 25% lost to heat, and 10% is recirculated for the radio frequency (RF) heating. The concept has advanced to Phase II to further advance the design and shielding.", ["w_s1141"]]
[30519, "General Sir Reginald John Thoroton Hildyard, KCB, CMG, DSO (11 December 1876 \u2013 29 September 1965) was a British Army officer who saw active service in the Second Boer War and the First World War. He was Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Bermuda from 1936 to 1939.<PIC> The third son of General Sir Henry Hildyard, by his marriage to Annette, the daughter of Admiral James Charles Prevost, Hildyard's brothers were Harold Charles Thoroton Hildyard (born 1872) and Gerald Moresby Thoroton Hildyard (1874\u20131956). He also had one sister, Edith Mary Thoroton Hildyard. Hildyard was commissioned into The Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment) in 1896. He was promoted captain in 1904, major in 1915, colonel in 1919, major general in 1929, lieutenant general in 1934, and general in 1938.\nHildyard served in South Africa during the Second Boer War of 1899\u20131902, receiving the Queen's Medal with four clasps and the King's Medal with two clasps; from 1900 to 1903 he was employed with the South African Constabulary and served as Aide-de-camp (ADC) to the lieutenant general commanding in South Africa, from 1904 to 1905, then as ADC to the General Officer Commanding, Africa, from 1905 to 1908. He was a General Staff Officer (3rd grade) at the War Office from 1911 to 1913, then Brigade-Major in the Southern Command, 1913 to 1914, and passed the Staff College. He served in the First World War of 1914\u20131918, was seven times mentioned in despatches, and was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order and a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George. He was also appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1928 and appointed to command the 2nd Rhine Brigade later that year. He served as General Officer Commanding the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division, Territorial Army, from 1930 to 1934, and was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1936. From 1936 to 1939, Hildyard was Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Bermuda. He retired the service in 1939. Hildyard promoted the Bermuda Government's plans to establish birth control clinics on the island in order to \"check the growth of the Negro population,\" because they represented \"the biggest problem\" of the \"Colony's major difficulties\" online archive. The 1939 census recorded 3,098 coloured, 124 white, and 64 Portuguese persons of illegitimate birth. Bermuda's population was undergoing rapid and accelerating growth at the time, with fears that it had already passed a sustainable level. In 1699, ninety years after settlement began, the population had been 5,862; by 1811 it had been 10,180; by 1871 it had been 12,101; by 1911 it had been 18,994; by 1931 it had been 27,789, and by 1939 was 30,799. This was partly down to high birth rates, which, as elsewhere in the world, were highest amongst the least affluent and privileged, who in Bermuda were disproportionately coloured (which, in Bermuda, designated anyone not entirely of European ancestry). There was also a long history of white fears over the changing ratio of coloured to white Bermudians, which had resulted in official barriers being placed against the immigration of free coloured people and the discouragement of the importation of enslaved coloured people (which had included Native Americans during the Seventeenth Century). Efforts had also repeatedly been made to compel the emigration of free, and to encourage the export of enslaved, coloured Bermudians. As coloured Bermudians lived cheek-by-jowl with the white, the different sub-groups of the population inevitably blended together. Although whites started with a clear majority, with every child of a coloured and a white parent added to the coloured total instead of the white, the coloured to population consequently grew faster, making up 2,247 of Bermuda's population of 5,862 in 1699, 4,919 of the 10,381 total in 1783, 5,596 of 9,930 in 1843, 12,303 of 18,994 in 1911, 16,436 of 27,789 in 1931, and 19,318 of 30,799. Since the end of slavery in 1834, the local government had encouraged white immigration through a number of methods, though the large Portuguese Bermudian demographic (2,622 in 1939) that was one of the results was treated as a third racial category, separate from whites. There had, however, also been considerable immigration since the end of the Nineteenth Century from British West Indian colonies which had added to the coloured population. On 23 November 1911, Hildyard married Muriel Mary Bonsor (1887\u20131975), the daughter of Sir Cosmo Bonsor, 1st Baronet, by his second marriage to Mabel Grace Brand.\nHildyard died on 29 September 1965 and at the time of his death was living at South Hartfield House, Coleman's Hatch, Sussex.", ["w_s1143"]]
[30520, "Cory Lamar Crossgill Burke (born 28 December 1991) is a Jamaican professional footballer who plays as a forward for the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer and the Jamaica national team.  Between 2013 and 2015, Cory Burke played three seasons for Rivoli United, where he totaled 25 goals and was second in goals in Jamaica's Red Stripe Premier League for the 2015\u201316 season. Burke's performance for Rivoli United sparked interest abroad and on 17 February 2016, he joined the newly formed Bethlehem Steel FC on a year-long loan. After registering 4 goals from 20 appearances during Steel FC's 2016 season, Burke's loan deal was made permanent by official transfer in November 2016.<PIC> After spending two seasons with Philadelphia Union's USL affiliate in Bethlehem, Burke was officially signed to the MLS team on 21 December 2017. Burke made his debut for the Union on 3 March 2018, as a substitute in the home opener against New England Revolution, registering an assist on the Union's second goal. Burke began to establish himself as a regular starter, culminating in being the joint top scorer on the season (alongside Fafa Picault) with 10 goals.\nDue to an error in renewing his U.S. visa in May 2019, Burke was unable to play for the Union. At the time, he was also in the process of applying for a green card for permanent residency in the U.S. He officially returned to Philadelphia in October 2020 and made his first appearance in 18 months as a substitute against New England Revolution. Burke scored against the Revolution weeks later as the final goal of the Union's season, resulting in the team's first MLS Supporter's Shield title.\nAt the conclusion of the 2020 season, Burke signed a new two-year contract with the Union, with an option for a third year. On 4 September 2019, Burke was loaned to Portmore United whilst his ongoing visa issue were solved. During his time with Portmore, Burke found consistent scoring form leading the league's scoring with 11 goals (7 goals in 8 matches) midway through the season. Burke finish his time at Portmore with 11 goals in 20 matches.\nOn 6 February 2020, Burke moved to Austrian Bundesliga side St. P\u00f6lten on loan until June 2020 as a result of his visa issues. He scored his first goals for St. P\u00f6lten on 2 June, netting a hat-trick against Swarovski Tirol. Burke scored 4 goals from 11 appearances during his loan in Austria. In 2016, Burke made his senior team debut versus Haiti and scored his first international goal against Guyana. Burke's second international goal was scored against Suriname in the final group match of the 2017 Caribbean Cup qualification, sending Jamaica to the 2017 Gold Cup. Burke made five appearances during the 2017 Gold Cup, where Jamaica finished runner-up to the United States.\nBurke scored four goals for Jamaica during the 2019\u201320 CONCACAF Nations League qualifying ultimately helping Jamaica earn a spot in League B of the inaugural competition.\nDuring the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup, Burke was called up alongside Philadelphia Union teammates Andre Blake and Alvas Powell. He scored an equalizing goal against Guadeloupe during the group stage; marking his seventh national team goal. Making four appearances for the Reggae Boyz during the competition, Jamaica was ultimately knocked out during the quarterfinals against the United States.  Appearances in the USL Cup Playoffs\nAppearances in the U.S. Open Cup\nAppearances in the MLS Cup Playoffs\nAppearances in the CONCACAF Champions League  Philadelphia Union\nSupporters' Shield: 2020", ["w_s1145"]]
[30521, "The GMA Network Center is the headquarters and broadcast complex of the GMA Network, a major radio and television network in the Philippines. It is located at EDSA corner Timog Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City. It is the network's main television and radio production center, and its main transmission facility for most of Metro Manila. The building houses Super Radyo DZBB 594 AM, Barangay LS 97.1 FM, GMA-7 and GTV-27.\nGMA inaugurated the facility on June 14, 2000, the birthdate of GMA Network, as part of the kick-off of its year-round celebration of its 50th golden anniversary. While the first phase of the project has already been completed with the completion of the 17-storey high-rise building, the center has an option to upgrade the older, existing facilities in the GMA compound, as originally planned.\nThe center is equipped with MARC (Multiple Automated Recorder Cassette) System with a D3 format digital video recorder and a Broadcast Automation System that allows the network to manage live feeds and international feeds that will be carried out to GMA Pinoy TV, GMA Life TV and, GMA News TV International subscribers around the world.<PIC> GMA Network Center serves as the corporate office of the company. Most of the core departments of the company like the human resources, finance, and marketing are located in the building. The newsroom of GMA News and GMA News Online is located on the 2nd floor. The production offices and staff offices of GMA News and Public Affairs, GMA Entertainment Group, GMA Regional TV, and GMA International are also based on the building. The network's post-production unit, engineering department, program management, and talent development (Sparkle GMA Artist Center) are also located in the building.\nSome of the network's subsidiaries are also based here. The GMA New Media, Inc. (NMI) and its subsidiary, Digify are located in the twelfth floor while the Worldwide division of the network is on tenth floor. Also, the management and staffs of GMA Network Films, GMA Music, and Script2010 are located here. The GMA Network complex has a total area of 17,184 square-meters (including the 4,053 sqm Studio Annex) located in EDSA corner Timog Avenue, Brgy. South Triangle, Diliman, Quezon City. The complex is the main headquarters and the main radio and television production hub of the network. It contains several building, including the GMA Network Center and GMA Network Studio Annex.\nThe network has held office in the complex since 1957 with its television broadcasts started in 1961, having moved from the Calvo Building in Escolta, Manila (where the network, then known as Loreto de F. Hemedes, Inc., later renamed Republic Broadcasting System, had its first studios and corporate offices since its inception in 1950).\nThe complex contains seven studios and various production hubs for its production arms, GMA News and Public Affairs and GMA Entertainment Group. It also houses radio studios for Super Radyo DZBB 594\u00a0kHz and Barangay LS 97.1, as well as recording studios for GMA Music. A convenience store, canteen, and ATM are also available serving the employees working in the complex.\nThe buildings between the Network Center and Studio Annex contains several studios and production offices, as well as the Kapuso Center, where the GMA Kapuso Foundation, the \"Action Center\" for Sumbungan ng Bayan, and the office of the public service show, Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko. One of the buildings here served as the studios and offices of Barangay LS 97.1 and Super Radyo DZBB before moving to the Studio Annex. This area is believe to become the site for the new building to be built in the complex.\nOn the Network Center's front, a sculpture called \"Beyond Broadcasting\" was built and designed by the artist, Eduardo Castrillo. GMA Network has seven studios in the complex. The studios were named Studios 1-7 (except German Moreno Studio) based on their size. Three of the studios (Studios 2, 3, and 5) are located in the GMA Network Center while Studios 1 and 4 are on the old GMA Building between the Network Center and Studio Annex. While German Moreno Studio and the Studio 7 are located on the GMA Network Studio Annex. Studios 2, 3, and 5 are currently used by GMA News and Public Affairs programs. While the remaining studios are being used by entertainment programs, with Studios 1 and 4 are for small production that needs no audience or just small audience and German Moreno Studio and Studio 7 are used by large production that needs large audience or big set. All the studios in the complex is in high-definition and considered state-of-the-art. Studios in the old GMA Building are currently being renovated.\n\u2022 Studio 1 - is a studio located on the old GMA Building. It is one of the oldest and smallest studios in the complex. Some of GMA News TV's (now GTV) defunct programs are being taped here. Currently, this studio is under renovation.\n\u2022 Studio 2 - is the second smallest studio in the complex. The studio is equipped with HD video systems and cameras, as well as audio systems like audio mixer and overrides. The studio is currently used by GTV's noontime newscast, Balitanghali, afternoon newsmagazine show, Dapat Alam Mo!, and State of the Nation. The green screen used on weather reports of GMA News' programs is also located here.\nIn 2022, the studio was renovated for the Eleksyon 2022, the 2022 Philippine national and local elections coverage of GMA News and Public Affairs. The newly renovated studio was designed by the Emmy award-winning US firm, FX Design Group and uses the latest technology from Vizrt and Red Spy. It features LED video walls, color-changing panels, and an open-floor space.\n\u2022 Studio 3 - is the third smallest studio in the complex. It is the home studio of the Philippines' longest morning show, Unang Hirit.\n\u2022 Studio 4 - is the fourth largest studio in the complex. It is located in the old GMA Building and one of the oldest studios in the complex. The studio is currently occupied by the Saturday morning talk and lifestyle show, Sarap, 'Di Ba?.\n\u2022 Studio 5 - is the third largest studio in the complex. It is one of the most technologically advanced studio in the country. It is equipped with state-of-the-art broadcast equipment like HD video systems, audio systems, and cameras. In 2019, the studio was renovated. The renovation makes the studio equipped with augmented reality (AR) technology and immersive graphics by Vizrt. The studio has large video walls, video floors, and a lot of TV screens used by news programs. GMA's flagship newscasts, 24 Oras and its weekend edition, as well as the late night newscast, Saksi are being broadcast live in this studio.\n\u2022 German Moreno Studio - formerly Studio 6, is the second largest studio of GMA. It is located in the GMA Network Studio Annex. The studio's total area is 638-square-meter that can accommodate an audience of more than 400. The studio was named after the late German \"Kuya Germs\" Moreno on its 85th birthday on October 4, 2018. Like other studios, it is also equipped with HD video systems, audio systems, and lighting system. It is the former home of Wowowin and Walang Tulugan with the Master Showman.\n\u2022 Studio 7 - is a 1020-square-meter studio in the GMA Network Studio Annex that can accommodate up to 600 audience. It is the largest studio in the complex and one of the largest in the Philippines. The studio is equipped with HD video systems, lighting system, and state-of-the-art audio systems that can be used on musical shows and live concerts. It is the first studio in the country installed with aluminum truss motorized suspension system. It is used by various shows of GMA like All-Out Sundays, The Boobay and Tekla Show, Bubble Gang, and most of the reality and game shows produced by the network. GMA Network Studio Annex is a 4-storey television facility owned by GMA Network. It was built in a 4,308-square meter land that is part of the 17,184-square meter complex in the Brgy. South Triangle, Diliman, Quezon City. The structure costs as much as PhP1 billion. The construction was begun in 2006 and completed in 2008.\nThe building houses two state-of-the art HD studios, as well as offices for GMA Network's subsidiaries and departments. It also houses studio support facilities, set construction facilities, set and props storage, and facilities for broadcast equipment. Some production offices of GMA News and Public Affairs and GMA Entertainment Group are located on the third and fourth floor of the building. Aside from offices, the building has also rehearsal rooms, dressing rooms, and make-up room for the network's talents, as well as conference rooms and editing rooms for pre-production and post-production of programs. A bridge also connects the building to the rest of the compound.\nOn 2021, Radio GMA (RGMA Network), the owner of Super Radyo DZBB and Barangay LS 97.1, moved to the third floor of the building. The new office has two studios (one for the FM station and one for AM station), as well as technical rooms for radio and television broadcasting and office for anchors and management.\nThe GMA Network Studios was unveiled on October 17, 2008, with a red carpet event. The red carpet event was attended by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, the country's president at that time and network's big stars. There are two studios in the building, the German Moreno Studio (formerly Studio 6) and the Studio 7. Both studios are equipped with HD video system, audio equipment, and lighting system, as well as self-climbing hoist that is used in big studios, theaters, and concert halls worldwide. Also, both studios are equipped with Digital Speaker Management systems that standardize digital feedback elimination, ensure accurate sound quality, and allow studio-to-studio link for multi-studio audio communication.\nIn terms of audio equipment, both studios are designed for musical shows and live concerts through their state-of-the-art audio systems.\nThe building is beside MRT Station and EDSA so loud noise from these is a major problem for the studios. As a solution, the network used box-in-a-box concept or room-in-a-room concept wherein the walls of the studios are located inside the building to block the noise from outside. The visible room is enclosed with a bigger room acting as a sound barrier. On March 24, 2014, GMA Network launched its own version of \"Walk of Fame\" outside Network Annex, over 190 celebrities and news & public affairs personalities received the plaque. The concept of this \"Walk of Fame\" was done by the late German \"Kuya Germs\" Moreno who was also behind the Eastwood City's Walk of Fame. GMA Network plans to construct a new building and state-of-the-art studios within the complex. The building was featured on the 2019 musical-comedy film, The Mall, The Merrier.", ["w_s1146"]]
[30522, "Portrait of Catharina Hooghsaet (1607\u20131685) is a 1657 painting by the Dutch Golden Age painter Rembrandt.<PIC> This painting was documented by Hofstede de Groot in 1915, who wrote:\n652. CATHARINA HOOGHSAET (1607 -after 1657). Sm. 546. and Suppl. 32; Bode 247; Dut. 216; Wb. 234; B.-HdG.  454.\nFull length; life size. She sits in an arm-chair, on which both her arms are stretched out; she is turned to the left and looks in that direction. \nShe holds a handkerchief in her right hand. She wears the black gown of a citizen's wife, with a plain flat white collar and a white cap, covering \nher hair, which is smoothly combed back. Beside her. to the left is a table with a Turkish carpet having a red pattern. Above the table a \nmetal ring with a parrot hangs from a bracket fixed to the wall. In even daylight. Dark background.\nSigned to the left at top on two labels on the wall-bracket, \"Catrina Hooghsaet, out 50 jaer, Rembrandt 1657\"; canvas, 49 1/2inches by 38 1/2 inches. \nMentioned by Vosmaer, p.\u00a0557; Bode, pp.\u00a0516, 590; Dutuit, p.\u00a047; Michel, p.\u00a0558 [433]; Waagen, ii. 336; Moes, No. 3684. \nExhibited at the British Institution, London, 1851, No. 52; at the Royal Academy Winter Exhibition. 1873, No. 137, and 1899, No. 75 at the Grafton Gallery, London, 1911, No. 60.\nSale. Lord Le Despencer, London, 1831 (\u00a3178\u00a0: 10s.). In the possession of the London dealer Peacock, 1842. \nSales. E. Higginson of Saltmarsh Castle, London, June 4, 1846 1842 catalogue, No. 39 (\u00a3798, Turner, bought in).  E. Higginson, London, 1860 (\u00a3777, Farrer). In the collection of Lord Penrhyn, Penrhyn Castle.\nThe painting is unusual for a portrait as it features a pet. Catharina is looking at her pet parrot with a satisfied look that prompted Horst Gerson to remark that her lively commune with her pet bird would make an interesting subject for a book about Rembrandt and animals. The biography of Catharina Hooghsaet was written in 2014 and at the time the painting was made, she was aged 50 and living estranged from her husband.\nCatharina is wearing the sober black dress of the Mennonite community but the silk sheen of her dress, pearl pin, hairpin, ring and gold cap support show off her wealth. The same year she commissioned the portrait she drew up her will and named several nieces and nephews and sums to the poor of both the Mennonite community and the Reformed community. The Rembrandt portrait was left to her brother along with 2000 guilders, and the parrot was to be left to Giertje Crommelingh. Genealogy experts from the Dutch Hoogzaad family paid a visit to the Rijksmuseum in 2007 when the painting was on loan there. The Hoogzaad family papers showed that Catharina or Catrina or Trijn was the granddaughter of Dirck Pietersz van Nierop, a man from a farm in Nieuwe Niedorp called Hoochsaet and that this is the origin of the Hoogzaad name. The painting had been on loan since November 2006 for the end of the Rembrandt year celebrated in Amsterdam. An article in the Noord-Hollands Dagblad mentions the Hoogzaad family's work and that the owners of the painting, the family Douglas-Pennant, were at that time negotiating a sale with the Rijksmuseum for \u20ac70 million. The NRC during the same period also remarked on the possible Rembrandt deal, but did not mention a price. The Rijksmuseum had earlier acquired the Jan Steen painting from the Douglas-Pennant family in 2004 called A Mayor of Delft and his Daughter. The painting was lent to the National Gallery in 2014 for an exhibition on Rembrandt's late works, travelled to the Rijksmuseum the following year. It was then owned by Penrhyn Castle and was sold shortly after. The painting was to be sold to a private collector outside the UK for \u00a335 million in September 2015 but had not received an export license yet in October. Since 2016 the painting has been on display in the National Museum Cardiff.", ["w_s1153"]]
[30523, "Trinity High School is a public high school on a hilltop overlooking Washington, Pennsylvania, United States. Its bell tower has been a landmark in Washington County for over a century.\nIt is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation.  The historic section of the school was once Trinity Hall School for Boys that operated from 1879 to 1906. The historic school grounds in North Franklin Township date back to the 1850s when Joseph McKnight built a home on top of a hill overlooking the then-borough of Washington, Pennsylvania.  This twenty-five room Italianate mansion called Spring Hill now functions as the district's administrative offices connected to Trinity High School.\nSpring Hill was purchased by William Smith, a prominent Washington dry goods merchant, as the new home for his son. The Smith family hired Boston-based landscape artist Robert Morris Copeland to prepare the grounds along Catfish Creek before it was occupied by William Wrenshaw Smith and his wife Emma Willard McKennan Smith. Wrenshaw Smith was a cousin to Julia Dent, wife of President Ulysses S. Grant. Wrenshaw Smith also served as Grant's aide-de-camp during the Civil War and Grant visited the Spring Hill mansion on multiple occasions. William Wrenshaw Smith was a devout Episcopalian and longtime vestryman at Trinity Episcopal Church, then located on Beau Street near Washington and Jefferson College. During the 1860s, Smith worked alongside John Barrett Kerfoot, newly elected Bishop of Pittsburgh, to create a boys\u2019 school following the curricular model of famed priest-educator William Augustus Muhlenberg.  In this model, \u201cthe school was to be like a large family with a priest as rector serving as father-figure in loco parentis.\u201d Trinity Hall operated from 1870 to 1906 attracting members of prominent regional families including Heinz, Carnegie, Kammerer, and LeMoyne along with a grandson of President Grant.\nIn 1883, Trinity School for Boys began adopting elements of Muscular Christianity. This included a \u201cmilitary department\u201d for purposes of exercise and a more generic Protestant Christianity in place of Muhlenberg's strictly Episcopalian church school model. Sometimes this leads to overemphasis on the military nature of the school and mistaken conclusions that Trinity Hall was a strict military academy. Various Episcopal priests served as school rector until the 1890s when patron William Wrenshaw Smith became lay rector, a change possibly due to declining enrollment and revenue. Trinity Hall closed in 1906, two years after Smith's death. Trinity Hall, a Smith family property, stood vacant for nearly two decades. In 1922, it was unsuccessfully considered as a site for relocating Presbyterian-affiliated Washington Female Seminary. Then in 1925 the townships of Amwell, Canton, North Franklin, and South Strabane purchased the Trinity Hall property to repurpose as a joint public high school. The sale nearly fell through. Amwell Township's secretary refused to sign documents until forced to do so by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. The classroom block of Trinity Hall was used from 1883 until 2004. It was demolished in 2006. The Spring Hill section of Trinity Hall continues to serve as offices for Trinity Area School District.\nToday, Trinity is a modern public school housing approximately 1,279 students in grades 9\u201312 on a campus-style setting. Trinity Area School District maintains a small Trinity Hall Museum open by appointment only. Trinity High School offers a wide variety of extracurricular activities and sports.  Football, baseball, basketball, soccer, cross-country, track, wrestling, volleyball, golf, rifle, lacrosse, ice hockey, swimming, softball, tennis, and cheerleading are available at Trinity.  They are in the WPIAL AAA and AAAA divisions for their sports.  The ice hockey teams compete in the PIHL Open Division.<PIC> Abraham Higginbotham, actor, comedian, and TV producer\nJesse William Lazear, yellow fever researcher\nJoseph Albert Walker, American astronaut and test pilot", ["w_s1157"]]
[30524, "Timothy R. Coffin is a retired United States Army brigadier general who became the 33rd Commanding General of the White Sands Missile Range on 2 July 2014.\nA graduate of Wheaton College, which he attended on an Army Reserve Officer Training Corps scholarship, Coffin was commissioned as an officer in the Quartermaster Corps in December 1981. He was the group supply maintenance officer and logistics plans officer at Army Special Operations Forces Europe from 1982 to 1985. He was watch commander at the United States Space Command and North American Aerospace Defense Command from 1996 to 1999, when he joined the United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command (USASMDC) staff as the G-4 (Logistics Officer) . He subsequently became commander of the 1st Space Battalion. He was deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom as chief of the U.S. Strategic Command Forward Integration Team, Kandahar Air Field, from July 2010 to January 2011, and was Deputy Commanding General for Operations of USASMDC from 2011 to 2014.<PIC> Timothy R. Coffin attended Wheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois, from 1977 to 1981 on a four-year Army Reserve Officer Training Corps scholarship, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in Communications. He was commissioned as an officer in the Quartermaster Corps in December 1981. He completed the Officer Basic Course, and was posted to Bad Toelz, Germany, where he served as the group supply maintenance officer and logistics plans officer at Army Special Operations Forces Europe from 1982 to 1985. Returning to the United States in 1985, Coffin completed the Quartermaster Officer Advanced Course, and was posted to Fort Hood, Texas, as the deputy materials officer and S-3 of the Armor Support Battalion. He then assumed his first command, of the 62nd Supply and Services Company, part of the 554th Supply and Services Battalion in the 13th Corps Support Command.\nIn 1989, Coffin went to Washington, D.C., where he was a recorder for Army promotion and selection boards in the  Army Secretariat. He was then assigned to the Joint Staff, working as an intern in J-4 for General Colin Powell. He attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, from 1992 to 1993, and then the School of Advanced Military Studies from 1993 to 1994. He became a division planner with 4th Infantry Division at Fort Carson, Colorado, and then executive officer of the 64th Forward Support Battalion until 1996.\nCoffin then became an intelligence watch commander at the United States Space Command and North American Aerospace Defense Command. In 1999, he joined the United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command (USASMDC) staff as the G-4 (Logistics Officer) and subsequently became commander of the 1st Space Battalion. In 2001, he joined the Army staff as a space and aviation system integrator. He attended the Army War College from 2001 to 2002, receiving a Master of Science (M.S.) degree in Military Security Policy and Strategy, and became  Chief of the Space and Missile Defense Division on the Army Staff.\nCoffin was the Director for Combat Developments in the USASMDC's Future Warfare Center until 2006, when he assumed command of the 1st Space Brigade. From July 2008 to February 2011, he was J3 and J7 of the Joint Functional Component Command for Space (JFCC SPACE). He deployed to Kabul, Afghanistan, in 2010 in support of Operation Enduring Freedom as chief of the U.S. Strategic Command Forward Integration Team, Kandahar Air Field, from July 2010 to January 2011.\nFrom June 2011 to December 2012, Coffin was Deputy Commanding General for Operations of USASMDC. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in a ceremony at USASMDC Operations headquarters at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado, on 6 June 2012, with Lieutenant General Richard P. Formica administering the Oath of Office. While his father Bernie looked on, his wife Kristy and daughter April pinned on his stars. He was Deputy Commander of JFCC SPACE until 2 July 2014, when he became the 33rd Commanding General of the White Sands Missile Range. This was Tim\u2019s last assignment as he was retired in 2017. Coffin's  awards and decorations include the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Legion of Merit with two oak leaf clusters, the Defense Meritorious Service Medal and the Meritorious Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters. He has earned the Joint Staff Identification Badge, Army Staff Identification Badge, Master Space Badge, and both the United States and German Parachutist Badges. In November 2013 he was selected as a fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Coffin, Major Timothy R. (1994). How Big Is the Canvas for Operational Art? (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: School of Advanced Military Studies. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.", ["w_s1158"]]
[30525, "Toshio Miyazaki (\u5bae\u5d0e\u654f\u592b, Miyazaki Toshio, extra-December 18, 1899 \u2013 April 4, 1965) was a career officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy. He gained notoriety in the United States after his arrest and subsequent deportation for espionage activities. A prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, during the Pacific War his anticipated promotion to the senior staff of the Combined Fleet was not realized due to Yamamoto\u2019s death, and he ended the war with the rank of captain.<PIC> A native of Kobe in Hyogo Prefecture, Miyazaki graduated from the 48th class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy, rated 5th of his class of 171 cadets. His classmates included Tamotsu Oishi. He was commissioned as an ensign in 1921. After graduating from torpedo warfare school, he served as Torpedo Officer on the light cruiser Nagara and the heavy cruiser Kako.\nDuring his term at the 30th class of Navy Staff College, Miyazaki came under criticism for sabotaging a war game exercise which was unfairly weighed so that the team playing the Japanese side would always defeat the team playing the American side. His actions were supported by Admiral Jisabur\u014d Ozawa and he was allowed to graduate. Afterwards, as a lieutenant commander, he was sent to Stanford University in California from 1933 for further studies, but his real role was to work in naval intelligence to build a spy ring and gather information on American military activities on the west coast of the United States. Operating under the name of \u201cMr. Tanni\u201d, he recruited former Navy yeoman Harry Thomas Thompson, in San Pedro, California in the run-up to World War II. Thompson agreed to board U.S. Navy ships dressed in a yeoman's uniform, for the purpose of gathering information from the crews. Through this and other methods, he was able to sell engineering, gunnery, and tactical information about the Pacific Fleet that was mainly based in nearby San Diego at that time. Unfortunately for Thompson, the Director of the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), Capt. William D. Puleston, took a personal interest in so-called language students like Miyazaki. His suspicions were borne out when Japanese coded radio messages were intercepted and deciphered. On Thompson\u2019s arrest in 1936, Miyazaki fled back to Japan. The incident was highly publicized, including in a 1943 novel by Alan Hynd, Betrayal from the East:  The Inside Story of Japanese Spies in America which was subsequently made into a movie.\nAfter returning to Japan, Miyazaki was promoted to commander on 1 December 1936. He was given command of the destroyer Usugumo from 15 December 1938 until 20 October 1939. At the start of the Pacific War, on 15 October 1941, Miyazaki was promoted to captain and served on the staff of the IJN 5th Fleet. He subsequently was promoted to captain and served as commander of Destroyer Division 17 in the Southwest Pacific from 17 June to 18 December 1943, followed by a posting as senior instructor at the Torpedo School in Oppama. He was then made captain of the aircraft carrier Amagi followed by Katsuragi. He was still captain of the Katsuragi when the war ended, and was retained until the end of 1946 to command the vessel as a repatriation ship, bringing back former Japanese soldiers, POWs, and civilians from southeast Asia and Australia.", ["w_s1159"]]
[30526, "Janet Elizabeth Rice (born 18 November 1960) is an Australian politician, member of the Australian Greens, former councillor and mayor of Maribyrnong, environmentalist, facilitator and one of the founding members of the Victorian Greens.<PIC> Rice was born in the Melbourne suburb of Altona. She attended the University of Melbourne, where she studied Mathematics and Meteorology. It was at Melbourne University where she met her partner, Penny Whetton, another student in the Meteorology department. Rice began her environmental activism whilst at University, including participating in the Franklin Dam Campaign in 1983.\nRice completed a Bachelor of Science, graduating with Honours in Meteorology. Rice began her career in September 1983 as a Nature Conservation Project Officer for the Conservation Council of Victoria now known as Environment Victoria where she was involved in policy and advocacy work on nature conservation issues for 2 years. In 1985, Rice moved to the East Gippsland Coalition as a forest campaigner. She was a leader of the campaign that resulted in the declaration of the Errinundra National Park and protection of the old growth forests of the Rodger River catchment in the Snow River National Park in 1988. Rice continued her work with the East Gippsland Coalition until 1990.\nIn 1985\u20131986, Rice worked as a Water Policy Officer at the Department of Water Resources, where she authored reports on Gippsland Water Resource and South East Region water management strategy and Environmental Aspects of Water Management Strategy for South West Victoria.\nRice worked for Bicycle Victoria from 1993 to 1997, as the inaugural Ride to Work Co-ordinator. She developed the Ride to Work Day program, which started with 615 cyclists and has grown to an estimated 60,000 participants all over Australia. From Bicycle Victoria, Rice pursued her career as a Senior Consultant at Context Pty Ltd. Rice worked with clients including the Barwon Water, Melbourne Water, Parks Victoria and a range of local governments. After leaving Context, Rice began her own facilitation and consultancy practice, Janet Rice Facilitation and Community Involvement. Rice was employed by the Hume City Council as their Senior Strategic Transport Planner.\nRice was also a Member of the School Council for Footscray City Primary School becoming the President between 2002 and 2003.\nRice is a Member of the advisory board at the Centre of Governance and Management of Public Transport. Rice was a key element in establishing Australian Greens Victoria. She organised preliminary meetings, and helped form the green politics network just as the October 1992 Victorian state election approached. The Victorian Greens was officially launched on 7 November 1992.\nIn 2002 Rice was awarded Life Membership with the Australian Greens.\nRice started her political career when in 2003 she was elected the Greens Councillor for the city of Maribyrnong, where she represented the Saltwater ward. As a Councillor, Rice focused on Transport and Planning issues. She was Chair of the Metropolitan Transport Forum between 2004 and 2008. Rice's publications and presentations on transport include a chapter in the book \"Transit Oriented Development: Making it Happen' (Curtis, Renne and Bertolini, 2009).\nRice was elected Mayor of Maribyrnong in 2006. During her mayoral term, she created the Maribyrnong Truck Action Group which succeeded in banning trucks from entering central Footscray. Rice was also a part of the Save Footscray Pool campaign, trying to preserve the aging facility and keep the site from developers. Rice remained in the council until 2008.\nIn 2008 and 2010 Rice worked with Greens Member for the Western Metropolitan Region, Colleen Hartland, managing community campaigns across Hartland's electorate.\nRice was the lead Senate candidate for the Australian Greens Victoria for the 2013 Australian federal election and was elected on a 10.85 percent primary vote.\nRice took her seat in the Senate on 1 July 2014, and was sworn in on 7 July 2014.\nRice was successfully re-elected in the 2016 Australian federal double-dissolution election, running second on the Australian Greens Victoria ticket.\nRice was again re-elected at the 2019 federal election, with a final Senate vote of 10.6%.\nAs of 2020, Rice serves as the Greens' Party Room Chair and Deputy Whip, and acts as the spokesperson for the following:\nForeign Affairs\nMulticulturalism\nForests\nLGBTIQ\nTransport & Infrastructure\nScience, Research & Innovation Rice lives in Footscray, Victoria with her two sons. Her wife was Penny Whetton, until her death on 11 September 2019.\nCoinciding with her wife's gender transition, Rice came out as bisexual. She is currently one of eight members in the Parliament of Australia who are openly part of the LGBTI community.", ["w_s1169"]]
[30527, "Ciudad Acu\u00f1a, also known simply as Acu\u00f1a, (originally Garza Gal\u00e1n, later Villa Acu\u00f1a) is a city located in the Mexican state of Coahuila, at \n29\u00b019\u203227\u2033N 100\u00b055\u203254\u2033W and a mean height above sea level of 271\u00a0m (889\u00a0ft). It stands on the Rio Grande (locally known as the R\u00edo Bravo), which marks the U.S.-Mexico border, and offers two border crossings via Lake Amistad Dam International Crossing and Del R\u00edo-Ciudad Acu\u00f1a International Bridge with the neighboring city of Del Rio in the U.S. state of Texas. It serves as the municipal seat of the surrounding municipality of Acu\u00f1a. The 2017 estimated city population was 201,778,  whereas the municipality's population was 214,616. The city is the fourth-largest in the state of Coahuila and the fastest-growing city in Mexico. The area is served by the Ciudad Acu\u00f1a International Airport.\nThe Del Rio-Ciudad Acu\u00f1a Metropolitan Area (DR-CA) is the seventh-largest binational metropolitan area along the United States-Mexican border. The city of Del Rio is situated in the U.S. state of Texas on the north side of the Rio Grande and Ciudad Acu\u00f1a is located in the Mexican state of Coahuila south of the river. This metropolitan area is also known as \"Tierra de la Amistad\".\nThe Del Rio micropolitan area's population was 55,000 people in 2015, and the Ciudad Acu\u00f1a Metropolitan Area's population was 225,000 people in 2015.\nThe 2015 population of Greater Del Rio-Ciudad Acu\u00f1a binational metropolitan area is 280,000.<PIC> The first recorded settlement of Acu\u00f1a took place on 27 December 1877. It was founded by a group of colonists led by Domingo Urias, Irineo Casillas Arevalo, and his wife Maximina Espinoza. At the same time, the governor of the state was general Hip\u00f3lito Charles, who posted a military garrison in the area led by Captain Manuel Leal. In 1880, the community received villa (town)  status under its first name of Garza Gal\u00e1n. In 1884, the locality was renamed Congregaci\u00f3n las Vacas. Congregacion las Vacas was then renamed Villa Acu\u00f1a in 1912 after Saltillan poet Manuel Acu\u00f1a.  Villa Acu\u00f1a was finally given the title of city on 16 September 1951 by Don Jesus, when it got its present name of Ciudad Acu\u00f1a.\nOn 24 October 1960, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Mexican President Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos met in Acu\u00f1a to sign the initial agreements allowing construction of the dam. Construction plans were not finalized until December 1966, when Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Gustavo D\u00edaz Ordaz met on the international bridge. Presidents Richard M. Nixon and Gustavo D\u00edaz Ordaz met for the dedication of Amistad Dam on 8 September 1969.\nOriginally created to serve airmen at Laughlin AFB just across the border, \"Boys' Town\" is an entertainment district located in an area south of Ciudad Acu\u00f1a and contains a few after-hours bars and brothels, but is designated off-limits to U.S. military personnel.\nOn May 25, 2015, an F3 tornado struck the city, causing incredible damage and killing 14 people and injuring 200 more. Various foreign companies have opened factories, or maquiladoras in Acu\u00f1a, given its status as being 100% union-free. These include Irvin Automotive Products (automotive seat components), Bendix (brake and hydraulic parts), Gentherm de Mexico (automotive seat heaters), Caterpillar (mining truck components), RESCO Electronics (wiring harness and cable assembly manufacturing), and Toter Incorporated (waste receptacles, curbside roll-out carts). Prior to 2009, many students living in this city used their relatives' addresses who lived in the U.S. to attend schools in the San Felipe Del Rio Consolidated Independent School District, on the U.S. side. Minors were being interrogated at the border without an adult present, which caused much controversy, since that is illegal, and not all students had only one home. Many of their parents worked in the Del Rio side of the border and legally paid taxes. More than 400 students never came back.  In the 1930s in Villa Acu\u00f1a, now Ciudad Acu\u00f1a, the border blaster XERF-AM made its home.  The radio station was built by John R. Brinkley from Kansas.  Brinkley claimed to be able to cure male virility deficiency with goat gland transplants. Brinkley wanted to promote his male enhancement operations and used the radio station for that purpose.  Because of the purpose of radio XER and what it promoted, the station was closed in 1939 by the Mexican government.\nIn 1947, the government of Mexico licensed XER, the 100\u00a0kW super-power border blaster run by Ramon D. Bosquez.  They used the old XERA facilities and sold its airtime to American evangelists broadcasting in English to the United States. In 1959, Ramon D. Bosquez and Arturo Gonzalez formed the Inter-American Radio Advertising, Inc. in Del Rio. They ran the broadcasting in Del Rio while the license rested in the hands of Mexican officials. They boosted the power to 250\u00a0kW. This super station was where disc jockey Wolfman Jack became famous between 1962 and 1964.  XERF-AM is currently under control of the Instituto Mexicano de la Radio and plays Spanish-language programs and music.  Acu\u00f1a is mentioned in a song called \"Mexican Blackbird\" on the ZZ Top album Fandango!.\n\"Blame It on Mexico\", a song performed by George Strait and written by songwriter Darrell Staedtler on the Strait Country album tells about a night in Acu\u00f1a at Ma Crosby's (a historic restaurant in Acu\u00f1a) in the beginning.\nAcu\u00f1a is the setting for the Robert Earl Keen song, \"A Border Tale\".\nSteve Earle refers to \"Boys' Town\" in his song \"The Week of Living Dangerously\", recorded as Steve Earle and the Dukes, on their Exit 0 album.\n\"Acu\u00f1a\" is the title of a song recorded by Wade Bowen in October 2017. In the film, Rolling Thunder (1977), the villains are known as the Acu\u00f1a Boys.\nOutdoor scenes for the 1992 cult motion picture El Mariachi were shot in Acu\u00f1a, as well as the bar scenes and street confrontation from the sequel, Desperado. Actor/producer Carlos Gallardo was born in Ciudad Acu\u00f1a.\nAlso, Desperado and Single Action were filmed in Acu\u00f1a at the Corona Club (cater-corner to Ma Crosby's) located on the main strip (La Hidalgo).\nIn Kill Bill: Volume 2 the protagonist goes to see Bill's friend Esteban, who runs Acu\u00f1a through the strength of his Acu\u00f1a boys, the fatherless sons of the women he pimps. In another Tarantino movie, Grindhouse, Acu\u00f1a Boys Mexican Food is featured on a bumper ad, as well as a take-out drink container in the first scenes of Death Proof.\nThe film Like Water for Chocolate was filmed on Lake Amistad in Acu\u00f1a.\nThe film Love and a .45 features a standoff between the film's primary protagonists and antagonist in Acu\u00f1a after the three have crossed the U.S./Mexico border.\nPortions of the film No Country For Old Men are set in Acu\u00f1a.\nScenes in the Western novel Ride Harder (2017) take place in Acu\u00f1a and the town is mentioned in the series's first book, The Hardest Ride (2013).", ["w_s1181"]]
[30528, "Pacific Meridian (Russian: \u041c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0433\u043e; abbreviated as IFFV) is an International Film Festival of the Asian-Pacific region, which has been held every September since 2003 in Vladivostok, Russia. Every year it brings together filmmakers from about 108 countries; with more than 1200 films submitted each year. International Film Festival  Pacific Meridian  is  a competition of length and short films, a panorama of world cinema, a program of Russian films, shorts, documentaries and animated films, retrospectives of masters of world cinema, workshops, master classes, etc. One of the distinguishing features of the Film Festival is a specialization of the IFF  Pacific Meridian  on the films of Asian-Pacific region.\nInternational Film Festival of countries of Asian-Pacific region  Pacific Meridian  in Vladivostok was organized in 2003. The film festival is held annually in September by the Ministry of Culture of Russian Federation and Primorsky Region Territory Administration.<PIC> Each year the Yul Brynner Award is presented by  Rock Brynner  to the most promising young actor or actress. Yul Brynner was born in Vladivostok.\nFilm Festival  Pacific Meridian  is a cultural project  where the  exit  film screenings and artistic encounters of Russian actors and directors with the inhabitants of Primorsky Krai pass.\nSince 2006, the festival runs the program,  Screentest, which is addressed to first-time filmmakers.\nThe sixth International Film Festival  Pacific Meridian  was a presentation of an international project  Cinema train - an international master class for young filmmakers, which took place during the train  Moscow-Vladivostok.  Within two weeks, 18 participants from different European countries traveled throughout Russia, with stops in various cities across the country. During the trip they took six short documentary films on the theme  Where is the border of Europe.  Films were edited in Vladivostok and shown in a program of the IFF. After the world premiere of the film in Vladivostok it has been selected for display at the Cannes Film Festival program.\nWithin the bounds of the sixth Pacific Meridian Film Festival from 14 to 17 September, an International Filmsammit  Eurasia  was held. The business program included round tables, seminars, business trainings and discussions on current topics in the field of cinema. It was a special event of the filmsammit  Eurasia, organized jointly with the  Vjugn Consult  company   Russian Co-production and Film Financing Forum, aimed at developing cooperation between Russian, European and Asian investors and financiers, producers, distributors, representatives of public funds financing the film industry.\nTogether with  Informkino  company from 14 to 17 of September 2008 was held program  Generation campus, which main objective in 2008 was to promote contribution of co-production debut project. The result was 3 short films shot by young filmmakers   actors of  Generation Campus, with Ingeborga Dapkunaite, Irina Bezrukova, Oksana Akinshina. Competition screening includes:\nFeatures and shorts (up to 30 min)\nNon-competition programs:\nPanorama\nRussian Cinema\nSpecial and Info screenings\nRetrospective screening of the World Cinema Masters\nSeminars and workshops To judge competition films there will be an International Jury formed of 5 persons. The Festival covers a round-trip ticket and other expenses for staying in Vladivostok for each International Jury member; the International Jury cannot include anyone involved in production or distribution of any film in the competition; at least one member of the International Jury has to be a film producer. Film Festival takes place in Vladivostok, Russia on the basis of the cinema  Ocean,  Ussuri  network Illusion, a summer site of  Seven Feet  yacht club. According to regulations\nEligible are any films presented by film companies, film studios, independent producers, distributors or any other copyright owners of the films\nDVDs are to be shipped to the Festival Office for preliminary selection\nIn the competitive program are accepted feature and short films on 35 \u043c\u043c, Betacam Digital, Betacam SP, HDCam, DCP with English subtitles, and finished by production no more than a year ago; it can include films that were screened before at other film festivals\nThe competition program attended at least 12 films.\nAll the professional media formats besides 16\u00a0mm are eligible for non-competition programs. The selection of films in order to participate in the IFF provides the selection committee. The final decision on the inclusion of film in one of the programs of the Festival takes the Directorate the IFF. Festival Management agrees to inform the participants of the festival about inclusion of the film in program of the Festival. Copies of the films in their original format, taken in the competitive and non-competitive programs must be received by the Directorate prior to the date indicated on the official festival website.", ["w_s1185"]]
[30529, "Dagmar (born March 24, 1955) is a Puerto Rican television host, actress and singer. Dagmar Rivera was born in Brooklyn, New York, and raised in Dorado, Puerto Rico. She started her career as a young singer in 1976. The only hit single of her first album was Soy la Ma\u00f1ana (I'm the Morning), by Puerto Rican composer Rafi Monclova. She was also a member of a vocal group called: Allegro alongside Tito Lara, Angel \"Cuco\" Pe\u00f1a & Lunna, among others, the gospel group: Spiritual, and the female vocal trio: The Masterpiece. During the 1970s, she started her career as a comedian with her child role Dagmarita in the comedy series Esto No Tiene Nombre (It does not have name which is an expression in Puerto Rico used when something cannot be explained or it is absurd), broadcast by WAPA-TV.\nDuring the 1980s, she married Faustino Garc\u00eda, with whom she had a son: Faustino J.R.\nShe was featured as a comedian in Nydia Caro's television show as Dagmarita, Los Kakuc\u00f3micos, and from 1985 to 1991, she starred alongside Lou Briel in two television shows.  The musical comedy En Broma y en Serio (Joking and Seriously), and the children's television series Teatrimundo (Small Theater World), both broadcast by Telemundo.  Sandra Zaiter was also featured in the latter.  Years later, she was featured alongside Zaiter in Telec\u00f3micas. As the 1980s came about, Dagmar was the host of the variety show Estudio Alegre (Cheerful Studio), in substitution of Awilda Carbia, alongside Juan Manuel Lebr\u00f3n and Otilio Warrington.  She was also one of the hosts of the game show Super Sabados (Super Saturdays), alongside Eddie Mir\u00f3 and Johanna Rosaly.\nDuring the 1990s she hosted for several years the game show Dame un Break (Gimme a Break) broadcast originally by WAPA-TV, and later in Telemundo. Presently, Dagmar hosts the midday show D\u00eda a D\u00eda con Raymond y Dagmar, alongside Raymond Arrieta, broadcast by Telemundo.\nRecently, she has fully embraced the Christian faith, in a practical & unique way. She recorded gospel songs as a soloist, in a CD called Aqu\u00ed Estoy, although years before, she recorded various gospel albums as the lead singer of the Christian group: Spiritual, with whom she performed a concert in Performing Arts Center, in Santurce.\nDuring the month of July 2007, Dagmar, alongside Otilio Warrington, Chucho Avellanet, Jos\u00e9 Nogueras and Nano Cabrera, starred in Cosa Nuestra (Our Thing), a retrospective of Puerto Rican music and culture during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, at the Caguas Performing Arts Center.\nDuring the month of October 2007, Dagmar, alongside Lou Briel, Celin\u00e9s, and Jos\u00e9 Juan Ta\u00f1\u00f3n, starred in the unplugged concert: San Juan Se Pinta de Rosa (San Juan's Painted in Pink), dedicated to breast cancer victims, staged at the historic Casa Ashford (Ashford Home), located in the Condado tourist district.\nIn December 2007, Dagmar underwent major liver surgery at a hospital in San Juan which would keep her away from her broadcast duties for over a month.\nOn November 10, 2008, her TV producer Antonio (Tony) Mojena and fellow entertainer Raymond Arrieta interrupted their programming to announce that Dagmar would remain away from the cameras for several months while she receives chemotherapy and radiotherapy for a cancerous tumor found at the base of her tongue which does not appear to have metastasized.  Competitors at other stations joined in wishing her a quick and full recovery. She returned fully recovered to the program on May 12, 2009 during a special broadcast attended by many of the nearly thirty entertainers who filled in for her, as well as Governor Luis Fortu\u00f1o and First Lady Luc\u00e9 Vela.<PIC>", ["w_s1186"]]
[30530, "St Columb Minor Church is a late 15th-century Church of England parish church Diocese of Truro in St Columb Minor, Cornwall, United Kingdom<PIC> The site is probably that of an ancient barrow where pagan rites were celebrated, and was originally circular. The position is in full view of the twin tumuli, the symbol of the fruitfulness of Mother Nature. It is sheltered from the strong winds of the Atlantic and looks down the Rialton valley and across at Castle-an-Dinas at the summit of Castle Downs. Here the Celtic missionaries, centuries before the Columba legend arose, drove away the evil spirits and replaced pagan magic by Christian worship, and erected the first wooden sanctuary. The Churchtown lay to the West and South while the shelving ground to the North and East prevented building for all time. Hence, as in the case of so many villages, the houses extended more and more from the parish church. Both St Columb Minor & St Columb Major churches were dedicated to Columba of Cornwall, but there is no written record of this. How the name arose or who St. Columba was is not known. The legend is very like that of St. Columba of Sens and some historians think she may be a French saint. the late Mr. Henderson suggested that St. Crantoc called his companions Columba (doves) and that these churches were named after his missionaries. The first church was probably replaced more than once, until about 1100 A.D. a Norman church was built. Its outline has been traced from the present chancel step to about a yard from the belfry door, with  North and South walls, exactly where the nave arches stand today. Part of the Norman foundations are to be seen around the pillars. It is possible to picture this old church with small windows, perhaps with transepts, and having a low arch leading to an apse.\nAbout the middle of the twelfth century another church was erected in the place of the Norman one. This had aisles which terminated at the chancel. Nothing is known about the building of this church, The Church was first mentioned in 1283 as a chapelry to the collegiate church of Crantock. The collegiate church were appropriated the parishes of Crantock and St Columb Minor; That same year, Bishop Peter Quinel united the prebends to make a vicarage. During the reformation the Crown grantee was under the obligation of providing curates for Crantock and St. Columb Minor, but the stipend of the latter, having been fixed at \u00a38, was soon rendered quite inadequate by the rise in prices.\nIn 1417 the Bishop of Exeter stated that the chancel was in a ruinous state and that the church must rebuild at once. The stones used, tell their own story, as does also the style of architecture.\nAbout 1430 nave arcades were reconstructed: two of the original pillars of Beer stone were left but the other pillars are of Cornish granite. One baffling question concerns the blocked window near the tower which is Early English but does not accord with the rest of the building.\nAbout 1470 the east walls of both transepts were taken down and the aisles extended to the length of the chancel, the side walls of the chancel being pierced with arcades.\nThe Tower was built in the fifteenth century. There were three altars, of which something can be learnt from the researches of Dr. W. J. Stephens. The high altar was dedicated to St. Columba and the Blessed Virgin Mary. The north altar was to the Holy Trinity. The south altar was to St. Michael, and stood in front of the screen. The piscenas of these altars were disclosed at the 1886 restoration and are of beer stone.\nWoodwork. The screen was destroyed in 1795. A few fragments may be seen in the North aisle. The staircase and passages through the arcades remain. William Hals (1658) gives this description:- \u201cThe Rood loft (yet standing though without a rood on it) a most curious and costly piece of workmanship, carved and painted with gold, silver, vermilion and bice, is a masterpiece of art in these parts of that kind.\u201d The church was seated with benches \u201cbuilt by the poor stock in 1595\u201d and had carved ends. They were destroyed in 1795 but one is to be seen in the North aisle.\nThe Font of Penventon stone was made about 1450 and is a copy of a Norman original.\nThe Porch with stone benches dates about 1450. The date 1669 was carved over the door-way but was removed at the 1886 restoration.\nThe Tower, recorded as the second highest in Cornwall, is 115 feet in height. Until recent building on the Newquay  Road it could be seen from nearly every point of the very extensive parish, and far out to sea.\nThe Royal Arms are of Charles II and are unusually large and finely coloured.\nMonuments. The most interesting of the slate slabs placed on the walls are to Elizabeth Pollamounter, the daughter of Richard Pollamounter, Gent: and to Roger Ellery who was registrar during the Commonwealth.\nA visitor to the church in 1878 found the church damp with green mould on the pillars and walls, and dry rot everywhere. The churchyard was the most shamefully kept he had ever seen. There have been two \u201crestorations.\u201d In 1795 the screen was cut up for floor boards and the nave and aisles filled with deal box pews for the farmers and a gallery put up at the West end for the labourers. The names of subscribers are painted on a board in the belfry. In 1840 the Lay Rector destroyed the ancient East window and inserted the present \u201cchurchy\u201d window. Samples of the Victorian glass from this window hang in the North aisle. The Holy Water Stoup was removed about this time and built into the boundary wall to the East of the chancel.\nIn 1884 the building was in a deplorable state and another restoration was effected. Unfortunately the restorers did not understand this type of church which having been under a monastic body was all on one level. To make a series of steps to the altar the whole floor of the nave was lowered and the floor of the chancel so raised as to bury the bases of the pillars. The church was seated in pitch pine and a new roof put in. The carved rafters of the aisles were taken from the nave roof, and to make the church perfectly straight the chancel walls which inclined to the South were forced out of shape. The organ was formerly in a private house. The church was reopened on 23 September 1886 with a morning sermon by the Bishop of Truro, George Wilkinson. The pulpit, a splendid piece of work, was given in 1935 by J. Knight, Esq, of Beachcroft in memory of his daughter. The original stone pulpit was given to Trencreek chapel. The chapel was demolished some time ago and the original pulpit has now been lost.\nAn oak altar table has been given by Mrs Stephens and Dr Stephens in memory of Mr Alexander Stephens who was Churchwarden for many years. Let into the mensa is the Portable Altar, which dates from 1415 and is in perfect condition: there are very few other examples of such an altar.\nThe clock was given in 1910 in memory of the Reverend A Langford. From the record of the installation of the church clock that it was dedicated by the Vicar on 4 November 1910, and started at exactly three o\u2019clock, when we are told \u201cThe sweetness of the chimes was noted by all with delight\u201d. On the face of the clock appear the arms of the Langford family. The appearance of the clock is described as being in accordance with the oldest known examples of such clocks, as seen at Hexham Abbey, and Kirkbampton and Castle Rushen in the Isle of Man.\nThere is a peal of eight bells.", ["w_s1196"]]
[30531, "The Londonderry Vase is a hard-paste porcelain vase, standing at 54 inches tall. It is decorated with polychrome enamels, gilding and gilt bronze mounts. It bears the S\u00e8vres mark, two intersecting Ls with a letter in the center denoting its creation year (1813-1815) and a crown over the L's to mark it as hard-paste. The vase was commissioned by Napoleon around 1805 to be created by the S\u00e8vres Manufactory. The vase is currently on display at the Art Institute of Chicago.<PIC>  The vase is created using hard-paste porcelain. Hard paste porcelain was not used at the S\u00e8vres Manufactory until the mid-1700s when a large deposit of china clay, a vital ingredient, was found in Limoges, France. The vase is considered in the Etruscan form, due to the large scrolling handles, and was known as a vase \u00e9trusque \u00e1 rouleaux in royal decrees and records surrounding the object. Once the vase was commissioned, various artists were brought in to decorate the lavish porcelain. The vase itself was designed by Napoleon's chief architect, Charles Percier (1764-1838). The decorations around the exterior of the vase were designed by Alexandre-Th\u00e9odore Brongniart (d. 1813) and were executed by Gilbert Drouet (1785-1825) and Christophe-Ferdinand Caron (active 1792-1815). The Londonderry Vase was created in early 1814 by the Manufacture Nationale de S\u00e8vres, located in S\u00e8vres, just outside the southwest suburbs of Paris, France. The factory is one of the main porcelain manufacturers in Europe and has been creating porcelain since the early 18th century. It was created under the guidance of King Louis XV and Madame de Pompadour and was brought under the jurisdiction of the crown in 1759. It is still operating today and is now a public organization under the name \"S\u00e8vres: City of Ceramics\". To this day, the ceramics are still created with the same mission as when the factory opened. The company strives to produce ceramics using artisanal techniques in the reproduction of modern and traditional designs. These products are displayed either in S\u00e8vres or in a special gallery in the 1st district of Paris. The vase was held at the S\u00e8vres factory until 1814, after the exile of Napoleon. On July 2, 1814, the vase was \"released to the government for presents\" for 22,000 francs, with an additional 168,60 francs for packing. A royal decree transferred the vase to Charles Maurice Talleyrand, the Prince of B\u00e9n\u00e9vent and foreign minister to King Louis XVIII. It was in the negotiations following the reinstatement of the French monarchy that the vase moved from its location in France to its place in Londonderry, located in Northern Ireland. Following the crash of Napoleon's empire, the rest of Europe was anxious to start dividing up Napoleon's spoils of war. The Peace of Paris and the Congress of Vienna dissolved the empire and laid out the new terms for France. Two key figures in these negotiations were Talleyrand and the English Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Robert Viscount Castlereagh, who would become the second Marquis of Londonderry. Talleyrand saw the influence Castlereagh had over the four major European powers; England, Prussia, Russia and Austria. It was common during this period for the defeated parties to give gifts or bribes to aid in negotiations. Talleyrand used the giving of the vase to Castlereagh as insurance that the needs of France would be seen to during these two large political negotiations. The exchange of the vase from Talleyrand to Castlereagh is estimated to have happened around August 20, during two days of meetings leading up to the Congress of Vienna. Once given to Viscount Castlereagh, the vase was housed in the Londonderry Estate in the boudoir and ante-drawing room as recorded by the archivist of the Londonderry Estate in 1937. From its location in Londonderry, it was gifted by the Harry and Maribel Blum Fund and Harold L. Stuart Endowment to the Art Institute of Chicago in 1987. It is now housed in their European Decorative Arts Collection as a prime example of French Neoclassicism. It showcases the achievements of the S\u00e8vres Manufactory and European porcelain as well as encapsulating an important turning point in French history.", ["w_s1200"]]
[30532, "The Rockingham Whigs (or Rockinghamites) in 18th century British politics were a faction of the Whigs led by Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, from about 1762 until his death in 1782. The Rockingham Whigs briefly held power from 1765 to 1766 and again in 1782, and otherwise were usually in opposition to the various ministries of the period.<PIC> The faction came into existence in 1762, following the dismissal of the Duke of Newcastle's government and the dismissal of many of Newcastle's supporters from their posts by his successor, Lord Bute, in the so-called \"Massacre of the Pelhamite Innocents\".\nFor many years Newcastle and his late brother Henry Pelham had dominated parliament and government through their mastery of patronage and the \"old corruption\", to the point where King George II had proved incapable of dispensing with their services even when he desired to. When the new king, George III, came to the throne in 1760, he was determined to reassert royal power and take the patronage mechanism away from Newcastle and his faction. After their fall from power Newcastle and his remaining loyalists came together to oppose Bute and assert what they believed to be Whig principles dating back to the political conflicts of the previous century. The faction was heavily dominated by wealthy aristocrats, and because of Newcastle's advanced age, effective leadership soon came into the hands of the very wealthy young aristocrat the Marquess of Rockingham, who soon gave his name to the group.\nAlthough the Rockingham Whigs were briefly brought into power in 1765, following the fall of the ministry of George Grenville, this ministry was based on an always uneasy relationship with the crown and collapsed a year later.\nIn fact, the faction showed less interest in holding office than in preventing a reassertion of royal power. They were prepared to unite with reformers of all kinds to preserve the constitutional settlement of 1689. But their essentially aristocratic and oligarchic character prevented them from collaborating with \"Country Party\" reformers advocating radical or populistic measures. They also opposed the British position which led to the American Revolution and sought reconciliation after it.\nThe writer and philosopher Edmund Burke, who served as Rockingham's private secretary, was one of the faction's leading spokesmen in the House of Commons.\nThey did not favor Irish constitutional goals but when out of power they used Irish problems to embarrass the government. During Rockingham's government in 1765\u201366, his faction was generally hostile to the Irish Patriot Party, but during the administration of Lord North in 1770\u201382, it supported the Patriots' charges of mismanagement of Irish affairs. In power again in 1782, the Rockinghamites made concessions to the Patriots' demand for Irish legislative independence. They sought and failed to obtain a permanent solution that would have involved British control over external legislation and Irish control over internal affairs. They also failed to implement British party models in Ireland. Rockinghamites Charles James Fox and Burke were actively involved in Irish issues, says Powell, the former opportunistically and the latter with a genuine interest in reform.\nIn 1782 they joined forces with other members of the Opposition to bring down the North government which had overseen the American War since the beginning, and was blamed for the surrender of the British army at Yorktown. The new government was led by Rockingham and began to seek peace terms, laying the foundations for the Treaty of Paris agreed in 1783. Rockingham's unexpected death in July 1782 led to a split in the new government with some Rockingham Whigs remaining in office under the new government of Lord Shelburne, and others going into opposition led by Charles James Fox and Edmund Burke. After Rockingham's death, the Duke of Portland became the head of the Rockingham Whig party. Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham\nThomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle\nAugustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton\nCharles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond\nWilliam Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire\nWilliam Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland\nGeorge Keppel, 3rd Earl of Albemarle\nWilliam Ponsonby, 2nd Earl of Bessborough\nPhilip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke\nPhilip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke\nLord John Cavendish\nHenry Seymour Conway\nWilliam Dowdeswell\nEdmund Burke\nAugustus Keppel\nCharles James Fox\nCharles Yorke\nSir Charles Saunders ", ["w_s1202"]]
[30533, "Cheri Merritt Barry is an American politician and former mayor of Meridian, Mississippi. She is the first woman to hold that position.<PIC> Cheri Merritt grew up in Meridian, where she was a graduate of Lamar High School in 1973.  She continued her education at the University of Mississippi, where she graduated in 1977.\nShortly after graduation, she married Rick Barry, who is a County Attorney.  They have three children, Jennifer Barry Fowler, Jay Barry and Merritt Barry.\nCheri Barry has spent a good part of her professional career in public service.  It began with the Lafayette County welfare system, where her focus was on children and geriatric abuse victims. She later worked with the Lauderdale County Welfare Department.\nFrom 1998 to 2001, Barry taught in the Meridian Public Schools system. She then served as the Executive Director of the American Red Cross Key Chapter from 2001 until her election as mayor. The American Red Cross Key Chapter serves Clarke, Kemper, Lauderdale, Neshoba, Newton and Scott Counties in Mississippi.\nBarry narrowly defeated Democratic challenger Percy Bland to become the first female mayor of Meridian, Mississippi. She won by a margin of only 293 votes.\nOn Tuesday, July 7, 2009, shortly after her first City Council meeting, Barry vowed to make good on a campaign promise to have the community more involved in the governing process. \"What I want to do is involve this community and give ownership back to the residents of Meridian,\" she said. \"I want their input. I want their ideas.\"\nThe mayor receives a salary of $80,000 per year, making her the fifth highest paid city employee in Meridian.\nOn June 4, 2013, Barry lost her bid for re-election to Percy Bland by a margin of 4,514 votes for Barry to 5,479 votes for Bland. Bland took office on July 1, 2013.  On November 16, 2010, Mayor Barry and the Meridian City Council approved an order that authorized the execution of amendment to agreement for professional services between Watkins Development, LLC and the City of Meridian.\nOn June 7, 2011, Mayor Barry and other local officials held a ground-breaking for the Meridian Law Enforcement Center.\nIn June 2012, after a delay in construction, Mayor Barry announced the official approval to move forward with the Meridian Law Enforcement Center, and detailed the proposed financial structure for the city project.\nOn March 19, 2014, Watkins Development was charged with securities fraud for transferring more than $500,000 in public funds to  the Meridian Law Enforcement Center project from the account of Retro Metro LLC, which was formed to renovate the Metrocenter Mall in Jackson, Mississippi.\nOn November 20, 2014, The Chancery Court of Hinds County, First Judicial District, ordered Watkins Development, LLC and David Watkins, Sr. to pay more than $650,000 in restitution, penalties, and interest for violations of the Mississippi Securities Act.\nOn June 28, 2016, the Mississippi Court of Appeals rendered a decision that reinstated the 2014 Secretary of State final order for the fraudulent transfer of funds to the Meridian Law Enforcement Center project.", ["w_s1205"]]
[30534, "Heavy Machinery was an American professional wrestling tag team in WWE, composed of Otis and Tucker.\nThey started to work together while they were trained in NXT, WWE's farm territory as Otis Dozovic and Tucker Knight. They stayed in NXT until 2019, when they were promoted to the main roster and shortly after, their ringnames were shortened to Otis and Tucker. They competed several times for the Smackdown Tag Team Championships, but they never won it. Despite this, Otis won the Money in the Bank briefcase in 2020. Months later, the team was split when Tucker was drafted to Raw and Otis stayed on SmackDown. At Hell in a Cell, Tucker betrayed Otis, signalling the end of the team.<PIC>  In July 2016, Bogojevic and Knight formed a tag team calling themselves Heavy Machinery. The duo participated in the 2016 Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic, losing in the first round to the team of Austin Aries and Roderick Strong. The duo returned and had their first televised victory on the March 29 episode of NXT, defeating the team of Mike Marshall and Jonathan Ortagun. Tucker Knight made his first televised main roster appearance at the Greatest Royal Rumble event in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, entering the Royal Rumble match at #24 and eliminating Drew Gulak before being eliminated by Big E. On the December 17 episode of Raw, Heavy Machinery were advertised as two of six NXT wrestlers to be moved to the main roster. With the shortened names of Otis and Tucker, they debuted on the January 14 episode of Raw interrupting an interview between Alexa Bliss and Paul Heyman. On the April 16 episode of SmackDown, the team was moved to the SmackDown brand during the 2019 WWE Superstar Shake-up. At WrestleMania 35, Otis and Tucker competed in the sixth annual Andr\u00e9 the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but failed to win. In May, they started a feud with SmackDown Tag Team Champions Daniel Bryan and Erick Rowan. The duo participated at the 51-Man Battle Royal at the 2019 Super ShowDown, but they were both eliminated during the match. After weeks of mind games from the champions, Heavy Machinery faced Bryan and Rowan at Stomping Grounds in a losing effort. On the July 2nd episode of SmackDown, Otis and Tucker defeated Dolph Ziggler and Kevin Owens to become the number one contenders to the SmackDown Tag Team Championship. At Extreme Rules, Heavy Machinery lost to Bryan and Rowan and The New Day.\nOn the September 30 episode of Raw, Heavy Machinery made an appearance via the wild card rule to challenge for the Raw Tag Team Championship, but lost to champions Dolph Ziggler and Robert Roode. At Crown Jewel on October 31, Heavy Machinery competed in a tag team turmoil match, but were eliminated by The New Day.\nAt Survivor Series, Heavy Machinery participated in an interbrand tag team battle royal which was won by Dolph Ziggler and Robert Roode. By the end of 2019, Otis had entered into a romantic storyline with Mandy Rose. On the February 14, 2020, episode of SmackDown, Otis had a date with Rose but saw Dolph Ziggler sitting at her table, causing Otis to walk away heartbroken. On the March 6 episode of SmackDown, Otis and Tucker tried apologized to Rose, but Rose dismissed his apology. On the March 20 episode of SmackDown, Ziggler distracted Otis and Tucker by showing pictures of him and Rose and caused them to get disqualified in a match against The Miz and John Morrison. On the April 3 episode of SmackDown, Tucker was attacked by Ziggler ahead of Ziggler's WrestleMania match with Otis. The following week on SmackDown, Tucker challenged Ziggler to a rematch but was unsuccessful. At WrestleMania 36, Otis defeated Ziggler with the help of Rose, who kissed him after the match. On May 10 at Money in the Bank, Otis won the briefcase after AJ Styles and King Corbin tussled over the briefcase and dropped it to Otis unintentionally.\nAs part of the 2020 Draft in October, Tucker was drafted to the Raw brand and Otis remained on the SmackDown brand, splitting the team. Despite being on different brands, Tucker and Otis teamed up one more time on the October 19 episode of RAW, where Otis appeared disguised under a mask and using the name El Gran Gordo. The team broke up at Hell in a Cell, where Tucker attacked Otis during a match against The Miz, costing Otis the Money In The Bank briefcase. Later backstage Otis and Tucker had another brawl, where Otis was shown to be dominating against Tucker. \nOn April 16, 2021, Tucker was released from his WWE contract. The duo made their video game debuts in WWE 2K19 and were also in WWE 2K20. Pro Wrestling Illustrated\nRookie of the Year (2017) \u2013 Otis \nRanked Otis No. 69 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2020\nRanked Tucker No. 185 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2019\nWWE\nMoney in the Bank (Men's 2020) \u2013 Otis", ["w_s1208"]]
[30535, "Warao (also known as Guarauno, Guarao, Warrau) is the native language of the Warao people. A language isolate, it is spoken by about 33,000 people primarily in northern Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname. It is notable for its unusual object\u2013subject\u2013verb word order. The 2015 Venezuelan  film Gone with the River was spoken in Warao. Warao appears to be a language isolate, unrelated to any recorded language in the region or elsewhere. Terrence Kaufman (1994) included it in his hypothetical Macro-Paezan family, but the necessary supporting work was never done. Julian Granberry connected many of the grammatical forms, including nominal and verbal suffixes, of Warao to the Timucua language of North Florida, also a language isolate. However, he has also derived Timucua morphemes from Muskogean, Chibchan, Paezan, Arawakan, and other Amazonian languages, suggesting multi-language creolization as a possible explanation for these similarities. Granberry also finds \"Waroid\" vocabulary items in Guajiro (from toponymic evidence it seems that the Warao or a related people once occupied Goajiro country) and in Taino (nu\u00e7ay or nozay [nos\u00e1i] \"gold\" in Ciboney \u2014 cf. Warao nas\u00e9i s\u00edmo \"gold\" (lit. \"yellow pebble\") \u2014 and duho \"ceremonial stool\" in Classic Taino \u2014 cf. Warao duhu \"sit, stool\"). Granberry & Vescelius (2004) note that toponymic evidence suggests that the pre-Taino Macorix language of Hispaniola and the Guanahatabey language of Cuba may have been Waroid languages as well. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Cariban, Arutani, M\u00e1ku, and Sape language families due to contact within an earlier Guiana Highlands interaction sphere. The language had an estimated 28,100 speakers in Venezuela as of 2007. The Warao people live chiefly in the  Orinoco Delta region of northeastern Venezuela, with smaller communities in southwestern Trinidad (Trinidad and Tobago), western Guyana and Suriname. The language is considered endangered by UNESCO.<PIC> Loukotka (1968) lists these varieties:\nGuanoco - spoken on the Laguna de Asfalto, state of Monagas (unattested)\nChaguan - spoken in the Orinoco Delta on the Manamo branch (unattested)\nMariusa - spoken in the same region on the Cocuina and Macareo branches\nMason (1950) lists:\nWaikeri (Guaiqueri)\nChaguan\nMariusa The language's basic word order has been analyzed as object\u2013subject\u2013verb, a very rare word order among nominative\u2013accusative languages such as Warao. The Warao consonant inventory is small, but not quite as small as many other South American inventories. It does not contain any notable exotica.\n[b] and [d, \u027a] are allophones of /p/ and /\u027e/. There are five oral vowels /a, \u025b, i, \u0254, u/ and five nasal vowels /\u00e3, \u1ebd, \u0129, \u00f5, \u0169/. /u/ after /k/ within the beginning of words has a sound as [\u0268]. Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Uarao (Warao) and Mariusa. Osborn Jr, Henry A. (1966b). \"Warao II: Nouns, Relationals, and Demonstratives\". International Journal of American Linguistics. 32 (3): 253\u2013261. doi:10.1086/464910. S2CID\u00a0144134134.\nBarral, Basilio de. 1979. Diccionario Warao-Castellano, Castellano-Warao. Caracas: UCAB\nFigeroa, Andr\u00e9s Romero. 1997. A Reference Grammar of Warao. M\u00fcnchen, Newcastle: Lincom\nPonce, Peter. 2004. Diccionario Espa\u00f1ol - Warao. Fundaci\u00f3n Turismo de Pedernales.\nVaquero, Antonio. 1965. Idioma Warao. Morfolog\u00eda, sintaxis, literatura. Estudios Venezolanos Ind\u00edgenas. Caracas.\nWilbert, Johannes. 1964. Warao Oral Litrerature. Instituto Caribe de Antropolog\u00eda y Sociolog\u00eda. Fundaci\u00f3n La Salle de Ciencias Naturales. Monograph no 9 Caracas: Editorial Sucre.\nWilbert, Johannes.  1969. Textos Folkl\u00f3ricos de los Indios Warao. Los Angeles: Latin American Center. University of California. Latin American Studies Vol. 12.", ["w_s1217"]]
[30536, "The Constitution of Apatzing\u00e1n, formally Decreto Constitucional para la Libertad de la Am\u00e9rica Mexicana (\"Constitutional Decree for the Liberty of Mexican America\"), was promulgated on October 22, 1814 by the Congress of Anahuac gathered in the city of Apatzing\u00e1n because of the persecution of the troops of F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Calleja. The constitution was valid for insurgent forces in the territories that it controlled during the Mexican War of Independence.<PIC> After the death of the Roman Catholic priest and revolutionary leader, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, on June 28, 1813, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Morelos from Acapulco made a call to create a Congress in September in the city of Chilpancingo (now in the state of Guerrero), whose purpose was to create an independent government. Proclaimed as Supreme National Congress, was installed on September 14, 1813; that same day Morelos announced to the Assembly a program called Sentimientos de la Naci\u00f3n, in which was declared the independence of the Mexican America and establish a government of popular representation with division of powers, forbade slavery and the division of population into castes. On 6 November, same year, the Congress signed the first official document of independence, known as the Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America. Constitution of Apatzing\u00e1n was composed of 2 titles and 242 articles, was based on the same principles that the Constitution of C\u00e1diz but in a modified form, as opposed to the Spanish constitution, provided the establishment of the republican system of government. The most relevant articles were:\n1. The Catholic, apostolic and Roman religion, is the only to be profess by the State\n2. The power to make laws and establish the form of government that best serves the interests of society, is the sovereignty.\n5. Therefore, the sovereignty resides originally in the people, and its exercise in the national representation composed of deputies elected by the citizens in the form prescribed by the constitution.\n12. These three powers, legislative, executive and judicial, must not be exercised not by one person, or by a single corporation.\n13. Are deemed citizens of this America all born here.\n19. The law must be equal for all...\n30. Every citizen is deemed innocent until declared guilty.\n42. (The provinces of the Mexican America): Mexico, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Oaxaca, T\u00e9cpan, Michoac\u00e1n, Queretaro, Guadalajara, Guanajuato, Potos\u00ed, Zacatecas, Durango, Sonora, Coahuila and Nuevo Reino de Leon.\nThe Supreme Government, (Executive), was composed of three persons, they would have equal authority and responsibility; same as the government would exercise as an alternative every four months. Their most direct authority, in addition to the executive and administrative nature, were to ensure the protection of the rights of citizens: liberty, property, equality and security. The Supreme Government would be exercised by Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Cos, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Liceaga and Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Morelos.\nThe Constitution of Apatzing\u00e1n never really entered into force. Almost a year after it was enacted, his inspiring, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Morelos y Pav\u00f3n was imprisoned and was shot on December 22, 1815. So temporary, the royalist troops returned to take control of most of the country, but ultimately could not prevent the Mexican America independence were to be consummated, first as the Mexican Empire that later became the United Mexican States.", ["w_s1218"]]
[30537, "Schwagstock is a music festival that takes place over the course of a weekend in an outdoor setting, and is intended to carry on the vibe of the Woodstock festival. Food, trinkets, glassware, carvings, beads, blankets, tie-dye clothing, and many other handmade and hippie-appeal items are available for sale by individual vendors.  Attendees are allowed to camp anywhere they wish on the campgrounds, and may choose to set up tents or to camp in their vehicles instead. Music is scheduled such that there are several overlapping live music acts between the main stage and the sideshow(s) from early afternoon until early morning.  Past Schwagstocks have been held at Lesterville, Leasburg and Bagnell Dam in Missouri, and in Iowa, but as of 2004 all Schwagstocks are held at Camp Zoe, south of Salem, Shannon County, MO.<PIC> Besides for the camping and concerts, attendees can swim, canoe, hike, float down the river, and explore caves. Camp Zoe has about 370 acres of land that can be explored. There are bluffs, caves, beaches, creeks, trees, ferns, hills, and natural wildlife. Zoe is surrounded by thousands of acres of national forest and private timber reserves. On November 8, 2010, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration filed court documents alleging that the Schwagstock festival is the site of widespread, rampant use and sales of illegal drugs. Investigations date all the way back to 2006 until November 1, 2010, when Camp Zoe was raided. The paperwork shows that the authorities hope to use a mechanism called asset forfeiture to take the property. Under a forfeiture, they do not need to convict the property's owners of a crime or even charge them with one.  Even though Jimmy Tebeau has not pleaded guilty to a crime, the government has to show a \"preponderance of evidence\" that the property was part of criminal activity. The agency seized the Camp Zoe property.\nSince Zoe was shut down at the infamous Spookstock. The property seizure was made possible under 21 USC \u00a7 856, which allows for federal seizure and civil forfeiture of an property used primarily for drug activity. The law can only be used to seize individual property, and the move against Jimmy Tebeau marks the only time the federal \"crackhouse law\" was ever used against the owner of a music festival venue; as corporations are immune from such seizure, had Tebeau incorporated his ownership under an LLC, there could have been no seizure. Subsequent to the seizure, Camp Zoe was developed into a corporate retreat and state park, with $62 million in private contract development The Schwag was created in 1992 by Jimmy Tebeau and Tracy Lowe. In their own words, The Schwag is \"a band out to preserve and perpetuate the vibe and music made popular by the Grateful Dead.\"  The band has played over 1500 shows since then, in at least 18 U.S. states. Recently it has just celebrated its 17th year of playing as a musical entity. Notable guest performers have included Mike Gordon, Butch Trucks, Chuck Berry, Vince Welnick, Melvin Seals, Michael Kang, Bill Nershi, Michael Travis, Jason Hann, Mike and Liz from Rusted Root, Merl Saunders, Keller Williams, Fred Tackett of Little Feat,  Johnnie Johnson, and Devon Allman.  The other members of the band arrive and depart as conditions dictate.  The lineup usually consists of Jimmy; a guitar player (such as Eric Eisen  from the Helping Phriendly band, Michael Kang of The String Cheese Incident, Shawn Guyot (deceased), (TIM MOODY) Darrell Lea, Brad Sarno, Tracy Lowe, Nick Romanoff(deceased)); a keyboard/organ player (such as Nate Carpenter(now in DOWNSTEREO) Jack Kirkner (now in Honeytribe); and a drummer (such as Tony Antonelli Dave Klein, Dino English, Cannon DeWeese (now in DOWNSTEREO).\nIn 2005, the Missouri House of Representatives passed a resolution applauding Jimmy Tebeau for his \"entrepreneurial spirit and creative skills\".   A plaque commemorating the resolution was presented to Jimmy at a 2005 Schwagstock. Jimmy and the new band manager have worked hard to make the band a noticeable presence and the acquisition of Camp Zoe in Salem, Missouri, which has attracted The String Cheese Incident's band members and management involvement, has made the band a popular player in the jamband circuit.  Schwagstocks have become increasingly popular at Camp Zoe and with SCI's management involvement.\nJGB guitarist Stu Allen joined the band in 2008, which has increased the band's profile and sound. They are still traveling and playing shows for people all over the U.S.", ["w_s1219"]]
[30538, "The Bollingen Foundation was an educational foundation set up along the lines of a university press in 1945. It was named after Bollingen Tower, Carl Jung's country home in Bollingen, Switzerland. Funding was provided by Paul Mellon and his wife Mary Conover Mellon. The Foundation became inactive in 1968, and its publications were later re-issued by Princeton University Press.<PIC> Initially the foundation was dedicated to the dissemination of Jung's work, which was a particular interest of Mary Conover Mellon. The Bollingen Series of books that it sponsored now includes more than 250 related volumes. The Bollingen Foundation also awarded more than 300 fellowships.  These fellowships were an important, continuing source of funding for poets like Alexis Leger and Marianne Moore, scholars like K\u00e1roly Ker\u00e9nyi and Mircea Eliade, artists like Isamu Noguchi, among many others. The Foundation also sponsored the A. W. Mellon lectures at the National Gallery of Art.\nIn 1948, the foundation donated $10,000 to the Library of Congress to be used toward a $1,000 Bollingen Prize for the best poetry each year.  The Library of Congress fellows, who in that year included T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden and Conrad Aiken, gave the 1949 prize to Ezra Pound for his 1948 Pisan Cantos. Their choice was highly controversial, in particular because of Pound's fascist and anti-Semitic politics. Following the publication of two highly negative articles by Robert Hillyer in the Saturday Review of Literature, the United States Congress passed a resolution that effectively discontinued the involvement of the Library of Congress with the prize. The remaining funds were returned to the Foundation. In 1950, the Bollingen Prize was continued under the auspices of the Yale University Library, which awarded the 1950 prize to Wallace Stevens. In 1968, the Foundation became inactive. It was largely subsumed into the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, which continued funding of the Bollingen Prize. The Bollingen Series was given to Princeton University Press to carry on and complete. Over its lifetime, the Bollingen Foundation had expended about $20 million. Thomas Bender has written, \nWhen Paul Mellon decided in 1963 to dissolve the Bollingen Foundation, he said that the founding generation was reaching the age of retirement, and it would be hard for others to maintain the original mission and standards. What he might have said was that the Bollingen Foundation was the work of a single generation. For two decades its concerns had been at the center of Western intellectual life, but the 1960s saw a shift in the cultural preoccupations and critical concerns of intellect in the United States and Europe. A great many texts that were issued in the original Pantheon Books version of the Bollingen Series and in early editions by Princeton University Press are now out of print.  The Princeton Press site does not provide a comprehensive list, and is missing some of the key texts in the series and some of the grandest in vision, e.g. The Egyptian Religious Texts series.  A list of the works in the series, complete to 1982, appears as an appendix to William McGuire's book, pp.\u00a0295\u2013309. The list below is based on McGuire's list and information appearing in the individual volumes, with help from the Princeton site and from The Library Congress Online Catalog.  This is the only part of the Bollingen Series that continues to produce new volumes. ", ["w_s1224"]]
[30539, "Joni Pitk\u00e4nen (born 19 September 1983) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Philadelphia Flyers, Edmonton Oilers, and Carolina Hurricanes.<PIC> Pitk\u00e4nen started his pro hockey career in the K\u00e4rp\u00e4t organization in the Finnish SM-liiga. After three seasons there he crossed the Atlantic to play for the Philadelphia Flyers, who drafted him in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft with their first round draft pick (fourth overall). After a good opening season that saw Pitk\u00e4nen cement his place on the team lineup, he played for the Philadelphia Phantoms during the 2004\u201305 NHL lockout when the team won the Calder Cup. When the NHL resumed in 2005, Pitk\u00e4nen returned to the Flyers and became the team's top-scoring defenseman, recording 46 points in 58 games. However, he was hampered by injuries during the second half of the season.\nWhen Joni Pitk\u00e4nen came to the United States to play for the Philadelphia Flyers, he hardly spoke a word of English, so teammate and fellow Finn Sami Kapanen translated for him, and eventually taught him English.\nOn 14 July 2006, Pitk\u00e4nen signed a one-year, $2 million contract with Philadelphia. A key member of the Flyers' powerplay unit, Pitk\u00e4nen was tied for second in powerplay scoring in 2006\u201307 with 1+17=18 and led Philadelphia in powerplay assists. During his rookie season, Pitk\u00e4nen was ranked second among NHL rookies in powerplay points (5+12=17) and powerplay assists. The 23-year-old defenseman led in ice time in each of the last two seasons with Philadelphia.\nPitk\u00e4nen was ranked among the NHL\u2019s top 25 defensemen in scoring in each of the first two seasons following the 2004\u201305 NHL lockout. His 43 points in 2006\u201307 ranked him 22nd, while his career-high 13+33=46 in 2005\u201306 placed him 19th. He was also among the 2006\u201307 NHL blueline leaders in assists (16th) and ice time (20th with 24:32 minutes per-game).\nOn 1 July 2007, Pitk\u00e4nen was traded to the Edmonton Oilers along with Geoff Sanderson and a third round draft choice in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft in exchange for Jason Smith and Joffrey Lupul. On 20 July 2007, Pitk\u00e4nen signed a one-year contract with the Oilers. With the Oilers, Pitk\u00e4nen scored 8+18=26 in 63 games.\nOn 1 July 2008, Pitk\u00e4nen was traded to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for Erik Cole. On 2 July 2008, Pitk\u00e4nen signed a three-year, $12 million contract with the Carolina Hurricanes as a restricted free agent.\nPitk\u00e4nen missed the entire 2013-14 season, his last under contract to the Hurricanes, with a broken heel.\nIn early December 2014 it was reported that Pitk\u00e4nen had started light training with Oulun K\u00e4rp\u00e4t of the Finnish Liiga, skating for the first time since his injury.\nOn February 5, 2016, it was announced that Pitk\u00e4nen had signed a deal with Oulun K\u00e4rp\u00e4t for the rest of the season. He played his first game in almost three years on February 6 against KalPa. On February 25, 2016, Pitk\u00e4nen announced he would retire once more from ice-hockey after playing three games with Oulun K\u00e4rp\u00e4t.    2003\u201304: All-Rookie Team (NHL)\n2003\u201304: Played in the YoungStars Game (NHL)\n2004\u201305: Calder Cup (Philadelphia Phantoms)\n2005\u201306: Barry Ashbee Trophy (Philadelphia Flyers)\n2005\u201306: Pelle Lindbergh Memorial (Philadelphia Flyers)", ["w_s1229"]]
[30540, "Hong Beom-do (Korean:\u00a0\ud64d\ubc94\ub3c4; Hanja:\u00a0\u6d2a\u7bc4\u5716; Russian: \u0425\u043e\u043d \u0411\u043e\u043c \u0414\u043e; August 27, 1868 \u2013 October 25, 1943), was a Korean independence activist and general. Hong was born in Chasong, North Pyongan. During his early life, he was a hunter who lived in Korea during the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910). In September 1907, Japan, as part of its colonial policies in Korea, passed a law that required hunters to turn in their hunting guns, with the intention of weakening the Korean resistance to the Japanese occupation. The law effectively crippled the ability of hunters to pursue their traditional livelihood, angering many hunters, including Hong.  In response to the outlawing of hunters' guns, Hong organized a resistance force named the 1907 Righteous Army of Jeongmi. The Righteous Army carried out a number of battles against Japanese garrisons around the Bukcheong area, using hit-and-run attacks.\nWhen Japan annexed Korea in 1910, Hong moved to Manchuria, China to train anti-Japanese freedom fighters. After the March First Movement in 1919, Hong became a Commander-in-Chief of the Korean Independence Army. In August 1919, Hong crossed the Tumen River with 400 soldiers. Once across the river and in Korea, Hong successfully attacked the Japanese troops in Hyesanjin, Jaseong, and Kapsan. Hong and his soldiers would cross the Tumen River twice more, each time carrying out successful attacks against the occupying Japanese forces.\nIn August 1919, Hong launched an advance operation into Korea. He succeeded in integrating the northern army in Gando with other forces. On May 28, 1920, Hong Beom-do's Korean Independence Army (Korean:\u00a0\ub300\ud55c\ub3c5\ub9bd\uad70; Hanja:\u00a0\u5927\u97d3\u7368\u7acb\u8ecd), Ahn-Mu's National Army (Korean:\u00a0\uad6d\ubbfc\ud68c\uad70; Hanja:\u00a0\u570b\u6c11\u6703\u8ecd) and Choi Jin-dong's Military Affairs Command (Korean:\u00a0\uad70\ubb34\ub3c4\ub3c5\ubd80; Hanja:\u00a0\u8ecd\u52d9\u90fd\u7763\u5e9c) were combined into the Korean Northern Army Command (Korean:\u00a0\ub300\ud55c\ubd81\ub85c\ub3c5\uad70\ubd80; Hanja:\u00a0\u5927\u97d3\u5317\u8def\u7763\u8ecd\u5e9c). They assembled troops and were prepared for a significant military operation.\nOn June 4, 1920, troops of Korean Democratic Corps (Korean:\u00a0\ub300\ud55c\uc2e0\ubbfc\ub2e8; Hanja:\u00a0\u5927\u97d3\u65b0\u6c11\u5718) attacked Japanese Army units in Hamgyeongbuk-do Gangyang-dong (Korean:\u00a0\uac15\uc591\ub3d9; Hanja:\u00a0\u6c5f\u967d\u6d1e). The next day, a Japanese unit pursued the Independence Army, and the Korean Northern Army Command trapped the Japanese in Samdunja (Korean:\u00a0\uc0bc\ub454\uc790; Hanja:\u00a0\u4e09\u5c6f\u5b50), defeating hundreds of them. This encounter became known as the Battle of Samdunja (Korean:\u00a0\uc0bc\ub454\uc790; Hanja:\u00a0\u4e09\u5c6f\u5b50). On June 6 and 7, as the conflict increased, the Japanese Army deployed a battalion from the 19th Division, stationing it at Nanam (Korean:\u00a0\ub098\ub0a8; Hanja:\u00a0\u7f85\u5357). The Japanese battalion launched an attack on Bongo-dong (Korean:\u00a0\ubd09\uc624\ub3d9; Hanja:\u00a0\u9cf3\u68a7\u6d1e). The Independence Army combined forces were led by Hong Beom-do and hid in ambush in the mountains of Bongo-dong. As the Japanese forces advanced, the Korean militias ambushed the pursuing battalion from three sides, winning the battle. The Japanese battalion withdrew after suffering substantial casualties. An estimated 157 Japanese soldiers were killed and 300 wounded out of 500, and 13 Koreans were killed and 2 wounded out of 1,200~1,300.\nThe conflict became known as the Battle of Bongo-dong, or the Battle of Fengwudong. It was the first large-scale battle between the Korean Independence Army and the Japanese Army in Manchuria. The Korean soldiers and the leadership of the Korean Northern Army Command were inspired by the victory, as were Koreans in China and Korea. The Korean resistance forces served as momentum for further independence battles in the 1920s.\nIn October of the same year, working together with Kim Jwa-jin, Hong again carried out an attack against Japanese troops at what is known as the Battle of Cheongsanri (Korean:\u00a0\u9752\u5c71\u91cc; Hanja:\u00a0\uccad\uc0b0\ub9ac).\nThe Japanese Army, having lost the battle in Cheongsang-ri and other locations, retaliated by carrying out a campaign of brutal scorched earth warfare that included the killing of Koreans and burning of villages. In response, the Korean Independence Army launched a military counter offensive. In December 1920, Hong's forces were integrated with other independence forces to organize the Korean Independence Corps. In 1921, Hong and his forces sought refuge in the Soviet Union from the Japanese forces. In June, the Soviet military enacted a policy by Joseph Stalin to secure Russian borders near China and Korea. Concerned that the Japanese Army might enter the Soviet Union in pursuit of Hong and other Korean independence fighters, the Soviet Union disarmed Korean troops. The loss of weapons and safe areas for Hong and his forces resulted in the collapse of the Korean Independence Army. Hong, still hoping to oppose the Japanese in Korea, chose to join the Red Army.\nIn 1937, Stalin's deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union took place. Hong was among those 171,781 Koreans (almost the entire Soviet population of ethnic Koreans) forcibly relocated to Kazakhstan. Hong died in Kazakhstan in 1943.\nOn October 25, 1963, Hong was posthumously awarded the Republic of Korea Medal of Merit for National Foundation.\nIn August 2021, his remains were returned to Korea, ahead of an official state visit by Kazakh president Kassym-Jomart Tokayev to South Korea. In 1919, Hong Beom-do (1868 ~ 1943) created relations with Koreans residing in Yeonggae, Primorsky Krai, and Gando (Jiandao). In March 1920, he joined forces with the Korean National Association Army, led by An Mu, and they became an autonomous organization of Korean resistance fighters opposed to Japanese colonialism. During this time they lived and operated in the area of Nosuando. Starting with the attack on Hyesanjin (a city located on the Yalu River) in August 1919, the military forces led by Hong launched a military campaign against the Japanese forces in northern Korea. After March 1920, Hong led the coalition of the Korean independence forces in the northern area of Manchuria.\nHong Beom-do, who had also led the Korean Righteous Army, has won several victories since 1907 at Gaksan, Samsu, and Bukcheong. These successes eventually led to increased attacks by the Japanese Army and the Korean army's activities in Korea became difficult, resulting in a need to escape in 1910 to Primorsky and Kando. Once in a safer location inside Russia, Hong continued his campaign against the Japanese. In August 1918, when Japan invaded Primorsky in support of the White Army during the Russian civil war, Hong Beom-do formed a military force centered around the former independence army and Korean people living in Manchuria. When the March 1st Movement took place in 1919, Hong and his soldiers moved to Antuhyun.\nLater, in August 1919, the Korean independence army crossed the Yalu River and wiped out a Japanese military unit. This was the first domestic military operation to take place in Korea following the March 1st Movement. In October, Hong's forces once again moved into Korea, occupied Ganggye and Manpojin, fighting a fierce battle with the Japanese army in Jaseong county, northern Korea. By March 1920, Hong was allied with the Dongdo-dong Military Service, led by Choi Jin-dong, who had been stationed in Hoeryong and Jongseong (Wongseong) along the Tuman coast of the Tuman River. The domestic resistance operation of the Korean independence forces provided a boost to the national spirit of Koreans everywhere and prompted further armed resistance struggles in Manchuria.\nBy March 1920, the Korean independence army had moved its base from Antuhyun to Wang Qinghyun, China and received financial support from the Korean People's Association for a larger domestic resistance operation. Hong also joined forces with the National Liberation Army, which was under the leadership of the Korean People's Association. The military's finances and administration were managed by the Korean Minjok Association and the Korean Independence Army was directed by Hong Beom-do.\nOn May 3, 1920, the Korea Military Association held a joint military operation with other Korean military and resistance forces in Wangchunhyeon Poomdong. Also located there were the Provisional Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Military Affairs, and the Korean Civil Corps. The northern Korean military group orchestrated many of the subsequent activities, specifically being in charge of administration, politics, and finances. Hong Beom-do became the head of the Korean Northern Army Command and was in charge of the military forces. The Korean rebels were assembled into four groups under the leadership of Yi Cheon-oh, Kang Sang-mo, Kang Si-beom, and Jo Kwon-dong.\nOn June 4, 1920, the Independence Army of Korea, which was led by Park Seung-gil, entered Jaseong County, Korea and ambushed Samdungja and attacked a Japanese army patrol. In retaliation, the Japanese army occupied Nanam-dong (now Cheongjin) in North Hamgyeong-do of the Japanese 19th Division headquarter base. By June 7, the Daehan Independence Army, National Association Army, Doron Ministry of Military, and the Shinmin Corps had defeated the battalion of 19th Division of the Japanese Army in Bong-o-dong and won the great victory. On July 8, Hong and his forces surprised and defeated the Japanese police who were searching for the independence forces in that area.<PIC>", ["w_s1232"]]
[30541, "Ibou Omar Touray (born 24 December 1994) is a professional footballer who plays as a left back for EFL League Two club Salford City. Born in England, he represents The Gambia at international level, qualifying through his father.  Born in Toxteth, Liverpool, England, Touray started his career at Everton, having joined the club in 2011. He was close of joining Liverpool before joining Everton instead. After progressing through the Everton's youth system, he signed his first professional contract at the club in July 2013. Although he was given a number 40 shirt in the 2013\u201314 season, he was released by the club in May 2014. After leaving Everton in the summer, Touray went on a trial at Tranmere Rovers. After the trial was unsuccessful, he joined Chester on 13 September 2014.\nAfter appearing as an unused substitute against Woking, Touray made his Chester debut three days later joining the club, coming on as a first half substitute, in a 2\u20130 win over Southport. Since making his Chester debut, Touray quickly established himself in the starting eleven at the club, playing in the left-midfield position. His performance attracted attention from League One side Oldham Athletic, which he appeared on the substitute bench on two occasions. After returning, he appeared in every match until he was sent-off for a \"wild challenge\" on Nicky Clee, in a 4\u20131 loss to Altrincham on 31 December 2014. Although he served a three match suspension, Touray, however, lost his first team place for the rest of the season and was released by the club. After leaving Chester, Touray moved to Wales when he joined Rhyl.\nTouray made his Rhyl debut in the opening game of the season, in a 1\u20131 draw against Bangor City on 21 August 2015, starting the whole game. Since making his Rhyl debut, he established himself in the starting eleven for the side despite missing out one game through suspension. It wasn't until on 9 April 2016 when Touray scored his first goals, in a 5\u20130 win over Port Talbot Town. Rhyl had not won in 16 matches and faced accusations of match fixing due to suspicious betting patterns. At the end of the season, Touray went on to make a total of 29 appearances and scoring two times in total.\nAfter one season at Rhyl, Touray was released by Rhyl in May 2016. After being released by Rhyl, he signed for Nantwich Town. His move came after at a recommendation from the club's manager Dave Cooke.\nTouray made his Nantwich Town debut in the opening game of the season, in a 1\u20131 draw against Ashton United. Throughout the season, Touray established himself in the starting eleven at Nantwich Town as a left-back. He'a also played a role when the club won 5\u20133 in the penalty shootout to the final of Cheshire Senior Cup against Warrington Town. However, the club went on to lose the final after losing to Crewe Alexandra 3\u20132.\nAfter making 41 appearances in all competitions, Touray was awarded the club's Young Player of the Year. In May 2017, he signed for Salford City. Touray made his Salford City debut in the opening game of the season, in a 2\u20130 loss against Darlington. Following an impressive 2020\u201321 season, Touray was named in the 2020\u201321 EFL League Two Team of the Season at the league's annual awards ceremony.\nOn 22 June 2021, Touray signed a new two-year contract; Touray and manager Gary Bowyer both cited a connection with Salford's supporters as being key to the new deal.<PIC> He made his international debut for Gambia in 2015. Touray is eligible for Gambia through his father, who moved to England aged 16. In a 2021 interview, Touray said that his proudest moment in international football was when Gambia drew 1\u20131 with Algeria, who at the time were unbeaten in over two years.\nHe played in the 2021 Africa cup of Nations, his national team's first continental tournament, where they made a sensational quarter-final. Appearance(s) in the FA Trophy.\nTwo appearances in the FA Trophy and two appearances in the Play-Offs.\nAppearance(s) in the EFL Trophy.\nIncludes appearance in the 2019\u201320 EFL Trophy final which was postponed until 13 March 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Salford City\nNational League North: 2017\u201318\nNational League play-offs: 2019\nEFL Trophy: 2019\u201320\nIndividual\nEFL League Two Team of the Season: 2020\u201321", ["w_s1237"]]
[30542, "Night Riots (sometimes stylized as NIGHT RIOTS or || NIGHT RIOTS ||) were an American alternative rock band from San Luis Obispo, California. Formed in 2010, the band consists of Travis Hawley (lead vocals), Nick Fotinakes (guitar), Matt DePauw (guitar), Mikel van Kranenburg (bass), and Rico Rodriguez (drums).<PIC> Travis Hawley, Nick Fotinakes, Matt DePauw, Kevin Menesez and Mikel van Kranenburg were raised in Templeton, California, and they all met in middle school. They learned how to play instruments together in high school and decided to form a band. After graduating from high school, the band split for a brief period. Rico Rodriguez replaced Kevin Menesez as the drummer in 2010. The name was inspired by the character PeeKay in Australian author Bryce Courtenay's novel The Power of One. Able to relate to his \"[rise] from the bottom to overcome adversity\", the band agreed that he was a \"pretty awesome character\" and were able to take away from him that they \"could indeed take over the world if we just work hard and don't let anything get in our way!\" They self-released their debut studio album Into the Roaring in 2010. The band traveled and performed at high schools and college campuses on weekdays, and music venues on weekends within the same city. MTV Buzzworthy included PK on its \"The Most Criminally Overlooked Artists of 2012\" list.\nIn order to eliminate any trademark concerns with PK in the future, the band decided to change its name. The band decided on Night Riots in order to better encapsulate their sound; yearning for a \"latchkey feel\", they cited the energy of shows that take place at night as determining their new name. They also explained that, while PK was a \"great name\", its meaning was difficult to interpret and failed to project any imagery. Night Riots sought to raise money through crowd funding website Indiegogo to release their upcoming extended play (EP), where they accumulated $12,000. The money was used to independently release Young Lore on July 30, 2013.\nIn 2014, Night Riots debuted their single \"Contagious\" on radio station KROQ and supported musician K.Flay on a US tour. On October 23, 2014 they premiered their music video for Contagious through MTV and announced their signing to Sumerian Records. On January 20, 2015 their EP Howl was released and the band was spotlit by Live 105 in San Francisco as one of \"Aaron Axelsen\u2019s Top 16 New Acts To Watch In 2015\". In February 2015, Night Riots embarked on their first full US headlining tour. In March and April 2015, Night Riots were main support on The Mowgli's US and Canada tour. In May 2015, Night Riots performed for the Vans Warped Tour 2015. On September 16, 2015, Night Riots performed at the debut of the new, tenth-generation Honda Civic Sedan.\nIn the fall of 2015 following the Vans Warped Tour, Night Riots also went to the Let The Kids Riot tour as main support to Young Rising Sons, ending the tour and gaining vast new audiences.\nIn the Spring of 2016, Night Riots went on tour with Blaqk Audio, opening for The Material Tour, and revisited some of the same venues in the Midwest and East Coast from the LTKR tour. For the 2016 festival season Night Riots will attend BFD, Firefly Music Festival, Osheaga Festival, and Riot Fest in both Colorado and Chicago. In October 2016, Night Riots released their new album, Love Gloom, their first full-length album under a new label. Night Riots was featured on Alt Nation's 2016 Advanced Placement Tour with The Hunna and The Shelters, running November through December.\nIn the spring of 2017, Andrew McMahon in the Wilderness toured the U.S. featuring Night Riots and Atlas Genius. In Summer 2017, Night Riots played two dates on All Time Low's Young Renegade Tour, in replacement of SWMRS. Night Riots opened for The Maine on The Lovely Little Lonely Tour and The Modern Nostalgia tour, which ran until November 2017. The Lovely Little Lonely tour marked the band's first European tour. Also in November 2017, Night Riots played the first night of Chicago radio station 101 WKQX's The Nights We Stole Christmas Music Festival, playing before Papa Roach and Rise Against.\nNight Riots opened for The Hunna in early January 2018 on their U.K tour. Shortly after returning from that tour, Night Riots announced their first ever international headliner tour and their third venture across the atlantic. It was later announced that they would be supported by Silent Rival. On February 20, Night Riots released a new single, \"Colour Morning.\" Another single, \u201cOn the Line\u201d was released May 24, days before they embarked on their month-long \u201cDark Violet\u201d tour. The June 2018 tour was their first cross-country headlining tour and featured the support of Silent Rival and Courtship.\nAfter the \"Dark Violet\" tour, the band stayed out of the public eye for nearly a year before releasing three new singles leading up to the release of their second full-length studio album, \"New State of Mind\" on July 26, 2019. Night Riots embarked on a US tour of the same name to promote the album.\nIn August 2020, the band announced via Instagram that they would be taking an extended hiatus. They coupled this announcement with the release of a number of remixes and demos from New State of Mind. Night Riots' foundations lie within punk rock; they cite bands AFI and Thursday as their biggest influences. They also draw influence from Billy Idol, Paul Simon, Peter Gabriel, Arctic Monkeys, Atmosphere, The Cure, U2, The Killers, Vampire Weekend, The Strokes, Bruce Springsteen, INXS and Dave Gahan. PK integrated pop rock and power pop into their sound, accompanied with \"introspective and emotional\" lyrics with music that \"is always lively and upbeat\". The band changed its name to Night Riots in order to represent \"its darker side as it explores the deeper aspects of music with varying tempos and somber, haunting melodies juxtaposed against uplifting choruses.\" An alternative rock band, they incorporate new wave music, as well as a 1980s Gothic pop feel into their current sound. Hawley distinguished Night Riots' music from PK by describing it as indie pop rock with a \"dark undertone\", comparing the sound to U2, The Strokes, and The Killers. He also describes the band's sound as \"gloom pop\" because of the vein of darkness that runs throughout the alternative/pop sounding music. Guitarist Matt DePauw described the band's sound as \"catchy rock 'n' roll with a bit of pop and a bit of darkness\".\nNight Riots' music has been compared to The Cure and The Killers; with Hawley's \"emotive vocal style\" compared to that of Robert Smith. His stage presence has also been compared to Davey Havok and Brandon Flowers. Travis Hawley \u2013 lead vocals\nNick Fotinakes \u2013 guitar\nMatt DePauw \u2013 guitar\nMikel van Kranenburg \u2013 bass\nRico Rodriguez \u2013 drums\nKevin Menesez - drums through 2010 (Into the Roaring)    ", ["w_s1240"]]
[30543, "Explorer 49 (also called Radio Astronomy Explorer-2, RAE-B) was a NASA 328\u00a0kg (723\u00a0lb) satellite launched on 10 June 1973, for long wave radio astronomy research. It had four 230\u00a0m (750\u00a0ft) X-shaped antenna elements, which made it one of the largest spacecraft ever built. The Radio Astronomy Explorer B (RAE-B) mission was the second of a pair of RAE satellites. It was placed into lunar orbit to provide radio astronomical measurements of the planets, the Sun, and the galaxy over the frequency range of 25-kHz to 13.1-MHz. The experiment complement consisted of two Ryle-Vonberg radiometers (nine channels each), three swept-frequency burst receivers (32 channels each), and an impedance probe for calibration. The experiment antenna package, made of BeCu, consisted of very long travelling wave antennas forming an X configuration: a 229\u00a0m (751\u00a0ft) upper V-antenna pointed away from the Moon; a 229\u00a0m (751\u00a0ft) lower V-antenna pointed toward the Moon; and a 37\u00a0m (121\u00a0ft) dipole antenna parallel to the lunar surface. There was also a 129\u00a0m (423\u00a0ft) boron libration damper boom system used to damp out any spacecraft oscillations about the equilibrium position. The spacecraft body, constructed of aluminum and aluminum honeycomb, had a mass of 328\u00a0kg (723\u00a0lb) at launch and 200\u00a0kg (440\u00a0lb) in lunar orbit. It was a truncated cylinder 92\u00a0cm (36\u00a0in) in diameter and approximately 79\u00a0cm (31\u00a0in) high, with four fixed solar paddles. The solar arrays were n-p solar cells generating 25 watts and powering nickel-cadmium batteries. The maneuvering system consisted of a hydrazine velocity correction package, a cold gas attitude control system, and a solid fuel lunar insertion motor. Data were returned to the Earth via either a low power UHF/(400-MHz) transmitter, in real time, or stored in an onboard tape recorder and transmitted to Earth via a high power Ultra high frequency (UHF) transmitter (400-MHz). Two tape recorders provided backup storage. A Very high frequency (VHF) transmitter served primarily for range and range-rate measurements and as a backup. Commands were received on a VHF (148-MHz) receiver, which also was a part of the range and range-rate system. Spacecraft attitude was determined by: (1) a solar aspect system, (2) a horizon sensor system and (3) a panoramic attitude sensor system, and was accurate to 1\u00b0. The spacecraft was gravity gradient oriented (Z axis parallel to local vertical). Explorer 49 was launched after the termination of the Apollo program in 1972, and although it did not examine the Moon directly, it became the last American lunar orbital mission until the launch of Clementine spacecraft in 1994. It was launched on 10 June 1973, at 14:13:00 UTC from Cape Canaveral by the Delta 1913 from the launch site LC-17B. Explorer 49 was placed into lunar orbit so that radio waves from Earth would not be as big of an interference as Explorer 38 had discovered. After launch on a direct ascent trajectory to the Moon and one mid-course correction on 11 June 1973, was placed into lunar orbit on 15 June 1973, at 07:21 UTC, after a 20 seconds firing of the solid apogee kick motor, and began operations on 20 June 1973. Initially only the 37\u00a0m (121\u00a0ft) dipole antenna was deployed, during which the spacecraft was operated in a 4-rpm spin-stabilized mode with the spin axis in the ecliptic plane normal to the spacecraft-Sun line. After three weeks the dipole booms were retracted, the spacecraft reoriented, the long-V antennas and libration damper were extended, and the dipole was redeployed. The lower V-antenna was initially extended to 183\u00a0m (600\u00a0ft) during the first 16 months of flight and was extended to its full 229\u00a0m (751\u00a0ft) length in November 1974. The lunar orbit and position of the Earth as a radio source imposed periodicities on the observations of 29.5 days (the lunar synodic month) and 24.8 hours (the interval between consecutive sweeps of a given Earth geographic position past the Moon.<PIC> The principal investigator for all the experiments was Dr. Robert G. Stone. This experiment was an engineering experiment to check the upper v-antenna. It was used only for routine confirmation of antenna characteristics early in the flight. The burst receivers (BR) were 32-channel, stepped-frequency (25-kHz to 13.1-MHz) receivers, which obtained one sample at each frequency every 7.68-seconds. One receiver (BR-1) was connected to the upper V-antenna and one receiver (BR-2) was connected to the lower V-antenna. A third burst receiver was connected to the dipole antenna, but it failed 1 week into the flight and no significant data resulted. The RF voltage at the feed point of each half of the V-antenna was sampled by a wideband, high-impedance preamplifier, and the preamplifier outputs were combined in a balun transformer and fed to the burst receiver. Each burst receiver was composed of a pair of redundant IF amplifiers and detectors, which shared a common set of crystal-controlled local oscillators and mixers. Only one IF strip was powered on at a given time; the other was used as a backup system. Low-pass filters at the input of the burst receiver prevented strong signals at the 21.4-MHz intermediate frequency from entering the IF strip. Each receiver had a crystal-controlled IF bandwidth of 20-kHz and a post detection integration time constant of 6 ms. A thermistor located in each burst receiver provided a measurement of the ambient temperature of the receiver, and this information was included in the housekeeping data telemetered every 19.7 minutes. Also, the normal antenna signal measurement sequence was interrupted for 1.28 minutes every 19.7 minutes, and calibration noise source signals were injected into each burst receiver to provide a check of their long-term gain stability. The total dynamic range of the burst receivers was approximately 60 dB and was divided into two 30-dB ranges by logic circuitry in the detector electronics. The limit of the input signal level resolution that was due to telemetry quantization step size was about 0.3\u00a0dB. Saturation level signals at the preamplifier input often resulted in the generation of intermodulation products in the radio frequency amplifiers, which then appeared as wideband signals in the telemetered data. This problem was most acute when intense kilometer wavelength emissions from the terrestrial magnetosphere were observed at frequencies in the 200 to 300-kHz range. BR-1 was less susceptible to intermodulation problems than BR-2 by 6 to 10\u00a0dB. Because of a failure in the local oscillator circuitry in BR-1, channels 4 (55-kHz) and 12 (210-kHz) did not provide usable data. During periods when a portion of each orbit was in the lunar shadow, cyclic variations in thermal gradients across the V-antenna booms resulted in scissor-mode oscillations of the booms, which did not occur when the spacecraft was in 100% sunlight. This effect had a period of approximately 50 minutes (the scissor-mode period) and was most pronounced on the upper V-antenna during the first and fifth lunar shadow period and on the lower V-antenna during the second and third lunar shadow periods. The Ryle-Vonberg (RV) receivers were designed to provide measurements that were relatively insensitive to gain and bandwidth changes. There were two receivers\u2014RV-1 connected to the upper V-antenna and RV-2 connected to the lower V-antenna. The radiometers had an effective bandwidth of 40-kHz and a postdetection time constant of 0.1-second. A coarse output channel was obtained from the integrated servo-loop error signal, and a fine output channel was obtained from the noise source output required to match the antenna signal. The time constant for the fine channel was 0.5-second. A thermistor located in the receiver measured the ambient temperature, which was telemetered every 19.7 minutes in the housekeeping data. The receivers operated at nine frequencies from 0.45 to 9.18-MHz. Each frequency was selected for 15.4-seconds before stepping to the next. During this time, eight coarse and two fine samples were taken. Of the eight coarse samples, the first was not reliable since not enough time had elapsed for the receiver to stabilize after the frequency switch was made. The contact was lost in August 1977, the orbiter presumably crashed some time after this.", ["w_s1242"]]
[30544, "The benzilic acid rearrangement is formally the 1,2-rearrangement of 1,2-diketones to form \u03b1-hydroxy\u2013carboxylic acids using a base. This reaction receives its name from the reaction of benzil with potassium hydroxide to form benzilic acid. First performed by Justus von Liebig in 1838, it is the first reported example of a rearrangement reaction. It has become a classic reaction in organic synthesis and has been reviewed many times before. It can be viewed as an intramolecular redox reaction, as one carbon center is oxidized while the other is reduced.\nThe reaction has been shown to work in aromatic, semi-aromatic, aliphatic, and heterocyclic substrates. The reaction works best when the ketone functional groups have no adjacent enolizable protons, as this allows aldol condensation to compete. The reaction is formally a ring contraction when used on cyclic diketones. It has been found that aryl groups more readily migrate than alkyl groups, and that aryl groups with electron-withdrawing groups migrate the fastest.<PIC> The reaction is a representative of 1,2-rearrangements. The long-established reaction mechanism was first proposed in its entirety by Christopher Kelk Ingold, and has been updated with in silico data as outlined below. The reaction is second order overall in terms of rate, being first order in diketone and first order in base.\nA hydroxide anion attacks one of the ketone groups in 1 in a nucleophilic addition to form the alkoxide 2. The next step requires a bond rotation to conformer 3 which places the migrating group R in position for attack on the second carbonyl group. In a concerted step, the migrating R group attacks the \u03b1-carbonyl group forming another alkoxide with concomitant formation of a keto-group at the other carbon. This migration step is rate-determining. This sequence resembles a nucleophilic acyl substitution. Calculations show that when R is methyl the charge build-up on this group in the transition state can be as high as 0.22 and that the methyl group is positioned between the central carbon carbon bond!\nThe carboxylic acid in intermediate 4 is less basic than the alkoxide and therefore reversible proton transfer takes place favoring intermediate 5 which is protonated on acidic workup to the final \u03b1-hydroxy\u2013carboxylic acid 6. Calculations show that an accurate description of the reaction sequence is possible with the participation of 4 water molecules taking responsibility for the stabilization of charge buildup. They also provide a shuttle for the efficient transfer of one proton in the formation of intermediate 5.\nThe above mechanism is consistent with all available experimental evidence. The equilibrium between species 1 and 2 is supported by \u00b9\u2078O Isotopic labeling experiments. In deuterated water, carbonyl oxygen exchange occurs much faster than the rearrangement, indicating that the first equilibrium is not the rate-determining step. Further experiments showed a larger relative rate in a deuterated solvent system compared to a non-deuterated solvent system of otherwise identical composition. This was explained as being due to the greater relative basicity of the deuterated hydroxide anion compared to the normal hydroxide anion, and was used to indicate that hydrogen migration did not occur in the rate determining step of the reaction. This ruled out a concerted mechanism for the reaction, as hydrogen transfer would occur in the rate determining step.  This reaction is identical to the normal benzilic acid rearrangement, except that an alkoxide or an amide anion is used in place of a hydroxide ion. The alkoxide used should not be easily oxidizable (such as potassium ethoxide) as this favors the Meerwein\u2013Ponndorf\u2013Verley reduction pathway as a side reaction. The reaction is second order overall in terms of rate, being first order in terms of alkoxide and first order in terms of diketone. The product of the reaction is an \u03b1-hydroxy\u2013ester or an \u03b1-hydroxy-amide. The alpha-ketol rearrangement is an interconversion of a hydroxyl alpha to a carbonyl to the complementary carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, with migration of a substituent. It is mechanistically equivalent to the benzyllic acid rearrangement at the point after the nucleophile attacks the 1,2-dicarbonyl. This variation of the reaction has been known to occur in many substrates bearing the acyloin functional group. The picture below shows the ring expansion of a cyclopentane to a cyclohexane ring as an example reaction.", ["w_s1243"]]
[30545, "Louis Meyer (July 21, 1904 \u2013 October 7, 1995) was an American Hall of Fame race car driver who was the first three-time winner of the Indianapolis 500. Born in lower Manhattan, New York on July 21, 1904, he was the son of French immigrants, Meyer was raised in Los Angeles, where he began automobile racing at various California tracks.\nEarly in his career, he helped prepare the Miller driven by Frank Elliott in 1926, destroking the engine to bring it within the 91+1\u20442\u00a0cu\u00a0in (1,499\u00a0cc) displacement limit permitted by the rules. Meyer went with the car when it was sold in 1927 to Fred Holliday (of Holliday Steel Company) as the Jynx Special (a morbidly ironic name, since Jimmy Murphy had been killed in it in 1924). He would be mechanic for Wilbur Shaw in the Indianapolis 500 that year. Meyer also served as co-driver, taking the car from seventh place up to sixth.\nIn 1928, Phil Shafer's intended Miller entry went up for sale, and Alden Sampson bought the car for Meyer. Meyer passed the rookie test, qualified thirteenth, and took the lead on Lap 181; he won by a margin of 25 seconds, at an average speed of 99.5\u00a0mph (160.1\u00a0km/h).  The same year, Meyer won a 200\u00a0mi (320\u00a0km) event  at the 1+1\u20442\u00a0mi (2.4\u00a0km) board track at Altoona, Pennsylvania, at an average speed of 117.02\u00a0mph (188.33\u00a0km/h), in a Stutz-Miller. He earned consistent points finishes to make him AAA's National Champion. He would claim the title again in 1929 and 1933.\nAt the 1929 Indianapolis 500, Ray Keech beat Meyer, only to be killed at Altoona two weeks later, the season's second  200\u00a0mi (320\u00a0km) event there, which Meyer won, averaging 110\u00a0mph (180\u00a0km/h).\nMeyer managed only fourth place at the 1930 Indianapolis 500, and the Great Depression curtailed racing.  That, plus the closure of many board tracks as unsafe, led Meyer to concentrate more on dirt track racing.\nIn 1933's 500, at the wheel of the Tydol Special Miller, Meyer took the lead on Lap 129. Meyer steadily increased his lead from there, until he was fully four laps up on the field by the checkered flag. Despite lifting later in the race, Meyer's race average, 104.16\u00a0mph (167.63\u00a0km/h), was still a record. By winning his second 500, he joined a fairly exclusive club.  Meyer started the tradition of drinking milk (buttermilk at the time) in victory lane that year, when he drank a glass. Following his 1936 victory, he drank from a glass milk bottle instead, as most race winners have done since.\nMeyer followed his success in 1935, forming Champion Drivers, Inc., to promote racing, along with nine other top racers.\nHe had a successful 1936 season, winning at Altoona, placing second at the difficult Ascot track, and winning his third Indianapolis 500 (in the Ring Free Special Miller, at an average speed of 109.1\u00a0mph (175.6\u00a0km/h).\nFollowing the suggestion of former race winner, Tommy Milton, that year he became the first driver to receive the Pace Car as part of the race winnings.\nMeyer came close to winning a (then-record) fourth 500 in 1939, in the Bowes Seal Fast Special Miller. Battling Shaw with just four laps to go, Meyer lost control and spun; while unhurt, Meyer's race was lost. He sold the Miller to Rex Mays the next year, going back to becoming a mechanic\u2014or, rather an engine builder: he went into partnership with Dale Drake, taking over Offenhauser's engine plant. Meyer-Drake Offys would dominate Indy for most of the next two decades, powering every winner until 1968.\nMeyer joined Ford in 1964, and through worked on development of the Ford V8, which powered four 500 winners in that time.\nMeyer's wife June did not even know he was racing in the 1928 Indianapolis 500. Earlier in the day she was in Pennsylvania picking up a wrecked car and after that went to see her brother-in-law Eddie Meyer race in Reading. She found out about her husband's victory after the track announcer in Reading asked the crowd to give a big hand to Eddie Meyer, the brother of the Indianapolis 500 winner.\nMeyer died on November 7, 1995 in Searchlight, Nevada, aged 91, where he had been living in retirement since 1972. He was interred at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California.<PIC> Meyer's son Louis (Sonny) Meyer, Jr. assisted him in engine work at his race shops, and worked on the various DOHC Ford engines in USAC racing, including building 15 Indianapolis 500-winning engines. Grandson Louis III (Butch) built Oldsmobile Aurora engines for Team Menard in Indy Racing League IndyCar Series competition, winning the 1996-97 (18-month season) and 1999 championships before becoming the Indy Pro Series (now Indy Lights) director.  \nMeyer's offspring continue to work in Indy racing.  Louis Meyer III and his sons Louis (Michael) Meyer IV, and Matt Meyer are joint owners of Legacy Autosport with investors of the Metalloid Corporation, a team part of the Road to Indy.  .\nMeyer was inducted in the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame in 1963.  Meyer, Jr. was inducted in 2013.\nHe was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1993.\nHe was not related to fellow driver Zeke Meyer. ", ["w_s1246"]]
[30546, "Ronald R. Gonzales (born 1951) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party, who served as the 63rd Mayor of San Jose, California. Gonzales was the first Hispanic to serve as Mayor of San Jose since 1845.<PIC> Gonzales grew up in the Santa Clara Valley, and graduated from the University of California, Santa Cruz. Gonzales served as a two-time mayor and member of the Sunnyvale City Council from 1979 to 1987. He completed the Mayor's Leadership Program at Harvard Kennedy School and is an American Leadership Forum fellow.\nAfter his first two-terms as mayor, he then served for eight years (1989\u20131996) on the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors. In 1998, Gonzales was elected Mayor of San Jose, being sworn in during 1999.\nEarly in his first term, Gonzales began new programs. He designed a program to attract young teachers to the city's schools, including home purchase assistance programs.  He advocated using San Jose Redevelopment Agency funds in areas outside Downtown, including the King and Story neighborhood.\nGonzales pushed for BART to extend to Downtown San Jose, in the Silicon Valley BART extension. When San Jose's first BART station, Berryessa/North San Jos\u00e9 station, opened, many officials credited Gonzales with bringing this project to fruition. Ron Gonzales was the first Latino Mayor of San Jose since California's Statehood. As San Jose is a major metropolitan region, that made Gonzales one of the first Hispanic mayors of a major U.S. city. He is listed among the nation's \"Most influential Hispanics\". When he addressed the 2000 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, Mayor Gonzales launched into an impassioned speech extolling the virtues of California's famed \"Silicon Valley.\"\nGonzales came under frequent political attacks during the transitional years as San Jose politics moved left. As a single prominent Latino politician, he formed an easy target for dog whistle attacks tuned for a white voting constituency.\nIn 2000, a political spectacle was made out of Gonzales' personal life, which culminated in the politicized news of a separation from his wife and a relationship with a staffer, Guiselle Nunez, whom he married.\nWith his marriage already a public spectacle, in 2003, Gonzales came under political attack for negotiating a raise for sanitation workers. The issue revolved around  a nine-percent, $11 million ($2000), increase for Norcal Waste Systems, Inc., that Gonzales advocated the San Jose City Council adopt. Which the Council did. Gonzalez's political distractors framed the negotiation through a Santa Clara County Civil Grand Jury as an illegal quid pro quo to the Teamsters workers, which were part of Gonzales' labor political base. In a dramatic turn, fellow councilman Dave Cortese demanded Gonzales's resignation while member Chuck Reed began proceedings to remove Gonzales from his office as mayor. Eventually, the Council voted to censure Gonzales, but took no further actions. When the issue came before a judge, all charges were thrown out, on the basis that the prosecution's claims were novel as a matter of law, and even if true, did not amount to illegal activity. In the court's opinion, the judge wrote \"This is not bribery, this is politics.\"\nIn 2002, Gonzales created the Silicon Valley Leadership PAC  and started collecting donations for this fund. With the above noted sanitation political fight ongoing and suffering a stroke in January, in March 2004, Gonzales announced he would stop collecting donations because of controversy about the fund. Gonzales was reelected as mayor in the March 2002 election. His second, and final, term as San Jose mayor ended in 2006. On January 28, 2004, while delivering the State of the City address, Gonzales suffered a stroke.  He returned to his duties on February 16 of that year. Gonzales stayed out of the race to succeed him and did not endorse or campaign for either candidate running in the November 2006 run-off election. The winner was Chuck Reed, who won a clear majority of the votes over the vice-Mayor of San Jose, Cindy Chavez. After leaving the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors due to term limits, Gonzales was an executive at Hewlett-Packard. Gonzales worked as Program Manager for ten years at Hewlett-Packard where he led a national initiative to create partnerships with local school districts and universities. Gonzales received the Community Impact Award in June 1999 from the Asian Law Alliance, as well as the Point of Light Award, a national honor given to individuals who have made significant contributions to their community. Gonzales founded of The Role Model Program, an effort that recruits adult role models to visit local middle schools . He also chairs the National League of Cities Youth, Education, and Families Council overseeing the League's policies related to the betterment of youth and families across the country , and was a founding board member of Downtown College Prep, Santa Clara County's first charter high school, which focuses on the academic success of high school students from the San Jose central city area.", ["w_s1251"]]
[30547, "Pindi Pindi Brickworks is a heritage-listed former brickworks off the Bruce Highway, Pindi Pindi, Mackay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1933. It is also known as Evans Firebricks Ltd and Pindi Pindi Firebricks Company. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 October 2000.<PIC> The former Pindi Pindi Brickworks were established in 1933 for Edmund Evans.\nThe production of bricks on the site was related to the presence of coal at the Fleetwood Colliery, in the Whiptail Ranges, a source that was first commercially exploited in 1927\u201328. This colliery supplied the brickworks with coal following the opening of the Pindi Pindi site. Production of bricks was possible due to the high quality of clay in the area.\nThe brickworks were established by Edmund Evans, a resident of Dinmore, a bricklayer by trade with experience in brick manufacture. A local resident, W Adams, assisted him in investigating the site. Construction on the brickworks site, established to supply the North Queensland market, began in May 1933. The first production of bricks took place at the end of 1933.\nLocal shareholders in the Mackay area invested in the establishment of the works, with the brickworks trading under the name of Evans Firebricks Ltd. In 1934, the works employed 18 local workers, three of whom quarried the material at the clay pit and fifteen employed in the works environment. 78 000 bricks were produced during this time. Increasing demand for building bricks, as well as for firebricks, necessary for the sugar industry in North Queensland, saw the continued expansion of the brickworks.\nIn 1937 the company won a lucrative contract to supply refractory firebricks used in the construction of brick arches in locomotive fireboxes for the Northern Division of Queensland Railways. It was the only local company capable of producing this material.\nFollowing the replacement of Evans in 1938, Newbold Industries purchased the works, and Bill Gunthorpe was appointed as manager. Gunthorpe took up residence on site, living in a brick veneer dwelling, thought to be the first constructed in the area. This dwelling is currently separated from the brickworks site, situated on the Bruce Highway, across from the sheds. At this time, the works were renamed the Pindi Pindi Firebricks Company and continued to supply materials for the construction industry in North Queensland.\nWith the outbreak of World War II the works were forced to close, as a result of labour shortages and the loss of construction contracts in North Queensland. At the time, the threat to Australia from invasion was considered so real that machinery on site was buried to prevent it falling into the hands of the Japanese. At the end of 1947, the company closed, only to be reopened in 1949 by a local resident, Tony Giaiotti. Edmund Evans returned on site to act as an advisor to Giaiotti.\nThe bricks at Pindi Pindi were made by the semi-plastic method. A tramline ran from the clay and shale pit to the works. The clay was ground in the pan and then dropped into the brick press. The building bricks and fire bricks used the dry press method, however, bricks for fire arches in locomotive fireboxes had to be fashioned by hand.\nEarly bricks produced on site were stamped with EFB (Evans Fire Bricks). The original brick pan and press were from Fowlers in Sydney. The pug-mill (mud mixer) was designed by Evans. The single cylinder engine remaining on site was imported from England, and is thought to be still capable of operating.\nProducts from the works also found markets in other parts of Queensland, firebricks being used at the Mount Isa smelters as well as at Ipswich. Labour shortages continued to afflict the works at this time, and during the sugar crushing season, the works closed entirely.\nDuring the 1950s, the brickworks changed hands three times, being sold in 1951 to George Fattseas of Mackay. In 1955, Bitkin and Machen purchased the site, but closed the works in 1958. A local Mackay builder, Alan Porter, purchased the works in 1961, reopening them and continued in ownership until 1977. The Pindi Pindi works closed in 1977 with the brickworks being relocated to a new site at Glenalla Road, Mackay. At the time of closure, most of the machinery was moved to the new works; however, the kilns, brick pan and press and single cylinder engine (Ruston Hornsby) remain on site.\nBricks from the former Pindi Pindi Brickworks were used to construct the Mackay Central State School (formerly the Mackay Intermediate School), Mackay Court House and Mackay Technical College. The brickworks are no longer in operation. The former Pindi Pindi Brickworks site is bounded by Blackrock Creek to the south and the Bruce Highway and railway line to the west. At present, the former Pindi Pindi Bricworks site includes the remnants of the kilns, the brick chimney stacks and the brick-floored \"storage area\".\nEvidence of the clay and shale pit quarrying operation is still present, and now shares the boundary with another property on the eastern side of the allotment. The original processing area is still visible, with the floor being constructed of bricks produced at the works. Original wooden supports, roof beams and trusses also remain, along with corrugated iron roofing. The majority of the walls are open and the roofed area has dirt floors.\nTwo brick kilns, with chimneys, remain. Located at the base of the kilns are a number of openings with arched brick lintels. The original clay conveyor belt and pan are also present under the covered works area. Two small, brick offices remain in the western corner of the site as does a single storey brick house. The house is located near the river at the southern end of the property. The former Pindi Pindi Brickworks was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 October 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.\nThe place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.\nThe former Pindi Pindi Brickworks, established in 1933, is important as an industrial in North Queensland, demonstrating industrial processes of the inter-war period. The establishment of the Brickworks resulted from the demand for the supply of building materials in North Queensland, as well as being the source of production for the supply of firebricks for the local sugar milling industry. It was the first brickworks to be established outside Brisbane capable of producing refractory firebricks, supplying these by contract to Queensland Railways.\nThe place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.\nThe site demonstrates a rare aspect of Queensland's history as the brickworks chimney stacks at the Pindi Pindi site are among the last remaining stacks in the district.\nThe place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history.\nAs an industrial archaeological site, the former Pindi Pindi Brickworks has the potential to reveal information which could contribute to an understanding of Queensland's heritage, providing more information on the manufacture of bricks in North Queensland.\nThe place is important because of its aesthetic significance.\nThe former Pindi Pindi Brickworks is significant for the landmark qualities of the chimney stacks.\nThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.\nThe bricks produced at the former Pindi Pindi Brickworks are associated with the development of the character and fabric of North Queensland, particularly in the Mackay area.", ["w_s1252"]]
[30548, "Flasher is a city in Morton County, North Dakota, United States. It is part of the \"Bismarck, ND Metropolitan Statistical Area\" or \"Bismarck-Mandan\". The population was 217 at the 2020 census. Flasher was founded in 1902.<PIC> Flasher was platted in 1902. The city was named in honor of Mabel Flasher, the relative of a town promoter. A post office has been in operation at Flasher since 1903. Flasher is located at 46\u00b027\u203218\u2033N 101\u00b013\u203259\u2033W (46.454942, -101.232920).\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.71 square miles (1.84\u00a0km\u00b2), of which, 0.70 square miles (1.81\u00a0km\u00b2) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03\u00a0km\u00b2) is water.  As of the census of 2010, there were 232 people, 113 households, and 58 families living in the city. The population density was 331.4 inhabitants per square mile (128.0/km\u00b2). There were 135 housing units at an average density of 192.9 per square mile (74.5/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.8% White, 0.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, and 1.3% from two or more races.\nThere were 113 households, of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.7% were non-families. 46.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 3.00.\nThe median age in the city was 40.6 years. 25.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.1% were from 25 to 44; 28.9% were from 45 to 64; and 18.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.0% male and 50.0% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 285 people, 130 households, and 72 families living in the city. The population density was 408.0 people per square mile (157.2/km\u00b2). There were 155 housing units at an average density of 221.9 per square mile (85.5/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.89% White, 0.35% Native American, 0.35% Asian, and 1.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.05% of the population. Flasher, North Dakota was established by multiple German families from Russia in the early 1900s.  It is rumored that one of the sons from the ship was left behind and is now living in Germany, in a small village near Heidelberg.\nThere were 130 households, out of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.7% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.6% were non-families. 40.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.94.\nIn the city, the population was spread out, with 24.9% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 19.3% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 30.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males.\nThe median income for a household in the city was $20,313, and the median income for a family was $40,556. Males had a median income of $24,167 versus $28,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,970. About 9.7% of families and 16.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.4% of those under the age of eighteen and 12.7% of those 65 or over. This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters.  According to the K\u00f6ppen Climate Classification system, Flasher has a humid continental climate, abbreviated \"Dfb\" on climate maps. Hilaire du Berrier - pilot, barnstormer, and spy", ["w_s1253"]]
[30549, "Stefan N\u0133land ([\u02c8ste\u02d0.f\u0251n \u02c8n\u025bi\u032f.\u02ccl\u0251nt]; born 10 August 1988) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a forward for DVS '33.  Born in Hoogezand, N\u0133land began his professional career during the 2007\u201308 season with Groningen and signed a contract with the club until 2009.\nNijland made his Groningen debut, where he set up one of the goals, in a 3\u20130 win against NAC Breda in the opening game of the season on 18 August 2007. He also made his European debut, where he played the whole game, in a 1\u20131 draw against Fiorentina on 20 September 2007. He continued to make a handful of first team appearances and then scored his first goals for the club, in an 8\u20131 win over IJsselmeervogels in the second round of KNVB Cup on 26 September 2007. However, he suffered an injury, which he sustained in training and was sidelined for months. After two months on the sidelines, he made his first team return on 9 December 2007, coming on as a substitute in the second half, in a 4\u20132 loss against Heerenveen. Two weeks later on 22 December 2007, he scored his first Groningen league goal and set up one of the goals, in a 2\u20131 win over Heracles Almelo. Seven days later on 29 December 2007, Nijland scored a brace, in a 3\u20131 win over Sparta Rotterdam, followed up by setting up two goals, in a 3\u20132 win over Excelsior in the next game. For his performance, Nijland signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him until 2012 and revealed that he turned down a move to join Ajax in the January transfer window, where he could have joined alongside Bruno Silva and Rasmus Lindgren. Nijland then scored again on 24 February 2008, in a 3\u20131 win over VVV-Venlo. Despite suffering from ankle injury, Nijland finished his first season at Groningen, making twenty\u2013three appearances and scoring six times in all competition. On 24 August 2008, Nijland left Groningen when he was transferred to PSV for a fee of \u20ac4 million, signing a five\u2013year contract, keeping him until 2013.\nNijland then made his PSV debut, where he made his first start for the club and played for 55 minutes before being substituted, in a 1\u20130 win over Sparta Rotterdam. After missing out one match, he returned and set up one of the goals, in a 3\u20132 loss against Roda JC on 25 October 2008. It wasn't until on 29 November 2008 when he scored his first goal for the club, in a 2\u20132 draw against Heerenveen. In his second meeting against his former club Groningen on 21 February 2009, Nijland came on as a late substitute in the second half and scored a winning goal, in a 1\u20130 win. However, as the 2008\u201309 season progressed, his first team opportunities was limited, as he appeared most of the time on the substitute bench before an injury forced him out for the rest of the season. In his first season at PSV, he went on to make nineteen appearances and scoring once in all competitions.\nIn the 2009\u201310 season, Nijland made one appearance for PSV, where he came on as a substitute in the second half, in a 2\u20130 win over Roda JC in the third round of KNVB Cup. Following his loan spell at Willem II came to an end, he scored on his first appearance for the club in the 2010\u201311 season, in a 3\u20130 win over Sparta Rotterdam in second round of KNVB Cup. Nijland went on to make seven appearances in the 2010\u201311 season in all competition.\nAfter being told by the club's technical manager Marcel Brands that he would not be at the club next season, Nijland returned to the club at the end of the 2011\u201312 season and was linked with a move to German side 1860 Munich and even started a negotiation between the two parties, but remained at PSV Eindhoven after he rejected a move to the club.\nAt the end of the 2012\u201313 season, Nijland was released by the club after being told that his contract would not be renewed.<PIC> On 24 December 2009, PSV loaned Nijland to Willem II for the remainder of the 2009\u201310 season. Nijland made his Willem II debut on 13 January 2010 in a friendly match against UD Ojen, where he scored five goals, in a 9\u20131 victory for the club. Ten days later on 23 January 2010, he scored on his league debut for Willem II, in a 4\u20132 loss against Heerenveen, followed up by scoring his second on 29 January 2010, in a 2\u20131 win against RKC Waalwijk. He went on to score two more goals later in the season against NEC, Sparta Rotterdam and Eindhoven. At the end of the 2009\u201310 season, Nijland helped the club survive relegation to ensure that Willem II stayed in the top\u2013flight football for another season and scored five times in twenty appearances.\nOn 25 May 2011, PSV loaned Nijland to NEC Nijmegen for the 2011/12 season. Nijland scored on his debut in the opening game of the season, in a 2\u20132 draw against Heerenveen. He scored his second goal of the season, in the second round of KNVB Cup, in a 4\u20131 win over Fortuna Sittard on 20 September 2011. However, Nijland suffered injuries as the 2011\u201312 season and went on to make nineteen appearances and scoring two times in the 2011\u201312 season in all competition.\nOn 28 January 2013, N\u0133land went to Australian club Brisbane Roar on a four-month loan deal. Nijland made his debut for Brisbane in round 19 against Central Coast Mariners in a 2\u20132 draw. Despite keen on signing for the club on a permanent basis, Nijland failed to score a single goal in his ten appearances at the club and at the end of the 2012\u201313 season, he returned to his parent club. After leaving PSV Eindhoven, Nijland signed for newly promoted side PEC Zwolle, signing a three\u2013year contract, keeping him until 2016. Upon joining the club, Nijland re\u2013joined Manager Ron Jans from his time at Groningen.\nNijland made his PEC Zwolle debut, where he came on as a late substitute, in a 3-0 win over Hercales, It wasn't until on 1 September 2013 when he scored his first PEC Zwolle goal, in a 1\u20131 draw against Utrecht. His second goal then came on 8 December 2013, in a 4\u20131 loss against Go Ahead Eagles. However, his first season at PEC Zwolle was a disappointment for him, as his first team opportunities was limited and restricted into making twenty\u2013five appearances and scoring two times in all competition.\nFrustrated with a lack of first team opportunities last season, Nijland considered leaving the club ahead of the 2014\u201315 season Despite this, Nijland was named in the starting eleven in the 2014 Dutch Supercup-game between PEC and Ajax, where he scored the winning goal in a 1-0 win, giving PEC its first ever Supercup win and himself his second major trophy at the club. Following the match, his performance was praised by the club's director Gerard Nijkamp. Niljand's season proved was an improvement for him, as he was given more first team opportunities and by the first half of the season, he scored five times in seventeen appearances against Vitesse (in addition to being named Man of the Match by Voetbal International, Heracles Almelo, Go Ahead Eagles and Excelsior (twice). At the start of 2015, he scored three more goals against Utrecht and Dordrecht before receiving a straight red card, in a 1\u20130 loss against Go Ahead Eagles on 15 February 2015. After serving a two match suspension, Nijland returned to the first team on 7 March 2015 and scored a hat\u2013trick of his career, in a 6\u20131 win over Cambuur despite playing for twenty\u2013one minutes during the match. Despite suffering an injury towards the end of the 2014\u201315 season, Nijland finished the 2014\u201315 season, making thirty\u2013eight appearances and scoring thirteen times in all competitions, making him the club's topscorer.\nIn the 2015\u201316 season, Niljand continued to be in the first team regular despite facing new competitions and it wasn't until on 7 November 2015 when he scored his first goal of the season, in a 1\u20131 draw against Heracules Almelo, followed up by scoring in a 5\u20130 win over Roda JC. As the 2015\u201316 season progressed, Niljand went on to score four more goals against Heerenveen, De Graafschap (twice) and Willem II. As a result, Niljand signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him until 2018. Despite suffering from injuries as the 2015\u201316 season progressed, Nijland finished the 2015\u201316 season, making twenty\u2013seven appearances and scoring six times in all competitions.\nIn the 2016\u201317 season, Nijland appeared in the first three matches to the season before a thigh injury, which he sustained during a 4\u20130 defeat to PSV Eindhoven. In May 2008, Nijland was called up by the B Team. He is the son of Hans N\u0133land, the former Managing Director of FC Groningen.\nIn addition to playing football, Nijland said he has been taking Spanish classes in an interview with Goal.com. Stef also revealed that he's often being called Stefan than Stef. As of match played on 1 July 2019\nAppearances in UEFA Champions League\nAppearance in UEFA Europa League\nAppearances in Promotion/relegation play-offs\nAppearance in AFC Champions League\nTwo Appearances in UEFA Europa League, One Appearance in Johan Cruyff Shield", ["w_s1256"]]
[30550, "Koby Owusu Arthur (born 31 January 1996) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays for National League club Maidenhead United.\nA midfielder who can also play as a forward, Arthur made his Football League debut in the Championship with Birmingham City in April 2013. He spent time on loan at Conference Premier club Lincoln City and in two spells with League Two club Cheltenham Town, for whom he scored his first senior goal. After his release from Birmingham in 2017, Arthur joined Macclesfield Town, and was part of the squad that won the 2017\u201318 National League title and promotion back to the Football League. After time out of the game through injury, Arthur had a truncated season with Kidderminster Harriers of the National League North before joining Dover Athletic in 2021. Arthur was born in Kumasi, Ghana. After moving to England he joined the youth system of Southern League club Woodford United, where he was noticed by a Birmingham City scout in 2012. The 16-year-old Arthur moved into the football and education development programme run by Birmingham City's community department, and was soon recruited into the club's main development system. He played for the club's under-18 team, and made his reserve team debut in February 2013 in a 2\u20131 Birmingham Senior Cup defeat to Stourbridge. Development squad coach Richard Beale described his performance as excellent: \"He won his headers and tackles and he got the ball down and tried to pass it and he can be very pleased with the way he played.\" A few days later, he produced another good performance on his first Professional Development League appearance.\nArthur is short in stature, at 5\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in (1.68\u00a0m), but solidly built. Manager Lee Clark described him as a \"pocket battleship\", who plays at a high tempo with \"so much energy and enthusiasm\". According to his profile on the Birmingham City website, he is \"a powerful striker of the ball\", able to play in any midfield position or as a forward.  Arthur was given squad number 16 ahead of the visit of Sheffield Wednesday on 19 February 2013, but did not make the 18-man matchday squad, and was included in the travelling party for the next match, away at Peterborough United. Amid tabloid reports of interest from Premier League clubs, Arthur signed a two-year professional contract with Birmingham. He made his first-team debut on 1 April in a 3\u20132 defeat at home to Wolverhampton Wanderers in the Championship, coming on as a 78th-minute substitute for Mitch Hancox. According to the Birmingham Mail's match report, \"he was nimble, showed the odd glimpse\". He made his second and last appearance of the season, also as a late substitute, in Birmingham's next match. At the end-of-season awards ceremony, Arthur was honoured as Academy Player of the Season.\nHe made his first competitive start on 6 August 2013, as Birmingham beat Plymouth Argyle 3\u20132 after extra time in the first round of the League Cup, and his first league appearance of the season a few days later, as a second-half substitute in a home defeat to Brighton & Hove Albion. On 21 March 2014, Arthur became the third Birmingham youngster, after Charlee Adams and Nick Townsend, to join Conference Premier club Lincoln City on a youth loan until the end of the season. He went straight into the starting eleven for the following day's match at Gateshead, but was replaced at half-time with his side two goals behind. He made five more appearances before returning to Birmingham.\nArthur joined League Two side Cheltenham Town on 25 July 2014 on a six-month youth loan. On his second appearance, he scored his first senior goal: in the 84th minute, he latched on to a long goalkeeping clearance and \"showed his strength to hold off Jordan Mustoe and bundle it past Simpson into the net\" to put Cheltenham 2\u20131 up, which proved to be a winning lead after Accrington Stanley's Kal Naismith missed a late penalty. He scored again a week later as Cheltenham came back from 2\u20130 down to win at Tranmere Rovers, and further enhanced his \"super-sub\" reputation with a 90th-minute header in the next match to secure a 1\u20130 win against Hartlepool United that took Cheltenham top of the table. Given his first start in the Football League Trophy, he scored Cheltenham's second goal, again with a header, to ensure their progress to the second round at Oxford United's expense. He made his first league start on 13 September, in a 1\u20130 defeat away to Luton Town, and was recalled by Birmingham the following day. A hamstring injury prevented any immediate involvement with the team, but after what assistant manager Steve Watson described as a breathtaking training session, and with Demarai Gray unavailable through injury, Arthur made his full League debut for Birmingham on 30 September 2014 in a 3\u20131 win at Millwall, the club's first away win of the season. He missed out on a debut goal in the next match, away to Charlton Athletic, when his attempt was disallowed for offside against Clayton Donaldson. After Gary Rowett took over as manager, Arthur had a brief run in the side, and was given a new two-year contract at the end of the 2014\u201315 season, but he never broke through to the first team; his last league appearance for the club came on 6 December 2014, in a 1\u20130 defeat away to Blackpool.\nArthur returned to Cheltenham Town on 19 August 2016 on loan until 2 January 2017. His progress was disrupted by injury, and he returned to Birmingham having made just seven appearances. He was released when his contract expired at the end of the season.<PIC> After trials with National League clubs Solihull Moors and Macclesfield Town, Arthur signed a one-year contract with Macclesfield on 1 August 2017. He linked up again with assistant manager Steve Watson, his former coach at Birmingham. Arthur made his debut as a late substitute in a 1\u20131 draw at home to Hartlepool United on 8 August. He made 14 league appearances and scored once, in a 4\u20131 defeat at home to Maidstone United, as Macclesfield went on to win the National League title and promotion back to the Football League. Although he was not initially included on Macclesfield's retained list, he signed a one-year deal to extend his stay with the club. On the opening day of the 2018\u201319 season, Arthur scored twice at home to Swindon Town, but his team lost 3\u20132. He made 25 appearances in all competitions, but was not offered a new contract at the end of the season. Arthur had hopes of remaining in the Football League with Walsall, but an Achilles injury in a pre-season friendly was to keep him out of football for some time. He began training with National League North club Kidderminster Harriers in the early months of 2020, and the club registered him to play in reserve-team matches. At the end of May, he signed for Kidderminster for the 2020\u201321 season. He made 11 league appearances before the season ended early because of issues surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, and was released when his contract expired. After featuring for the club in pre-season, Arthur signed for Dover Athletic of the National League in August 2021. His first goal for the club opened the scoring in a 3\u20132 away to Altrincham on 4 September. On 15 April 2022, Arthur scored his fifth goal of the season which proved to be the winner as Dover got only their second win of the season against Boreham Wood, taking their points tally up to zero after their twelve-point deduction prior to the season. Arthur was not retained by the club following relegation. On 28 May 2022, Arthur joined National League club Maidenhead United. Appearance in Football League Trophy\nAppearance in EFL Trophy\nAppearance in FA Trophy Macclesfield Town\nNational League: 2017\u201318\nIndividual\nBirmingham City Academy Player of the Season: 2012\u201313", ["w_s1260"]]
[30551, "The Public Service Alliance of Canada (PSAC; French: Alliance de la Fonction publique du Canada, AFPC) is one of Canada's largest national labour unions and the largest union in the Canadian federal public sector. PSAC members work in every province and territory, and also work abroad in embassies and consulates.\nMany of PSAC's some 200,000 members work for the federal public service, crown corporations, or agencies as immigration officers, fisheries officers, food inspectors, customs officers, national defence civilian employees, and the like. However, an increasing number of PSAC members work in non-federal sectors: in women's shelters, universities, security agencies and casinos. In Northern Canada, PSAC represents most unionized workers employed in the Yukon, Nunavut and the Northwest Territories.\nPSAC's National President is Chris Aylward.\nPSAC is headquartered in Ottawa with 23 regional offices across Canada. PSAC's Ottawa headquarters building, designed in 1968 by Paul Schoeler, is a notable example of modernist architecture in Ottawa.<PIC> PSAC was formed when the Civil Service Association of Canada, led by Calbert Best, and Civil Service Federation of Canada, led by Claude Edwards, agreed to merge. Claude Edwards was elected as the first PSAC president. PSAC's founding convention took place at Ottawa's Chateau Laurier in 1966. PSAC signed its first collective agreements with Treasury Board in 1968. By 2015, the union was negotiating 316 separate collective agreements under federal, provincial and territorial jurisdictions. PSAC's first strike came in November 1971 against Defence Construction Ltd. In 1980, the PSAC's large CR bargaining unit, made up largely of women clerical workers, went out on in Canada's biggest single bargaining unit work stoppage. PSAC's 1991 general strike, the largest single union strike in Canadian history, brought job security improvements. Most founding convention delegates were men. In 1967, PSAC began organizing secretaries, stenographers and typists. By 1976, PSAC had abolished the practice of tying a secretary\u2019s salary to the rank of her boss (a practice known as \"rug-ranking\"), created an Equal Opportunities Committee to address women's issues and elected Aileen Manion, PSAC's first female national officer. From 1981 onward, PSAC's Equal Opportunities Committee included all equity-seeking groups. In 1988, PSAC adopted a comprehensive human rights policy. Action committees for members with disabilities and racially visible members started in 1990. By 1999, the union started holding conferences for racially visible members, Aboriginal Peoples and workers with disabilities. In 2004, the first network of Aboriginal, Inuit and Metis members was formed to advance their rights within and beyond the union. The National President, the National Executive Vice-President and the seven Regional Executive Vice-Presidents form the Alliance Executive Committee (AEC). The AEC is responsible for the day-to-day decisions of the union with respect to finances, overseeing campaigns, mobilizing the membership, advocating on behalf of the membership and advancing the union and its members' rights in the workplace. The AEC meets monthly and as needed.\nThe current REVPs are:\nColleen Coffey, Regional Executive Vice-President, Atlantic\nYvon Barri\u00e8re, Regional Executive Vice-President, Qu\u00e9bec\nAlex Silas, Regional Executive Vice-President, National Capital Region\nSharon DeSousa, Regional Executive Vice-President, Ontario\nMarianne Hladun, Regional Executive Vice-President, Prairies\nJamey Mills, Regional Executive Vice-President, British Columbia\nJack Bourassa, Regional Executive Vice-President, North Agriculture Union (AU/PSAC) formerly the Canada Agriculture National Employees Association (CANEA) charter union\nCanada Employment and Immigration Union (CEIU/PSAC) charter union\nCustoms and Immigration Union (CIU/PSAC) charter union\nGovernment Services Union (GSU/PSAC) joined after the merger in 1999 with the former Union of Public Works Employees and Supply and Services Union\nNunavut Employees Union (NEU/PSAC) joined in 1999, previously members had belonged to the UNW\nUnion of Canadian Transportation Employees (UCTE/PSAC) charter union \u2013 merged with the Natural Resources Union in 2017\nUnion of Health and Environment Workers (UHEW/PSAC) formed by a merger of the Union of Environment Workers and the National Health Union in 2016\nUnion of National Defence Employees (UNDE/PSAC) charter union\nUnion of National Employees (NE/PSAC) (formerly the National Component) charter union\nUnion of Northern Workers (UNW/PSAC) joined in 1970\nUnion of Postal Communications Employees (UPCE/PSAC) joined in 1967, successor to the former Canadian Railway Mail Clerks Federation\nUnion of Solicitor General Employees (USGE/PSAC)\nUnion of Taxation Employees (UTE/PSAC) charter union\nUnion of Veterans Employees (UVE/PSAC) charter union\nYukon Employees Union (YEU/PSAC) joined in 1990 Chris Aylward (UTE) 2018\u2013present\nRobyn Benson (UTE), 2012\u20132018\nJohn Gordon (GSU), 2006\u20132012\nNycole Turmel (CEIU), 2000\u20132006\nDaryl Bean (PWU/GSU), 1985\u20132000\nPierre Samson (CEIU), 1982\u20131985\nAndy Stewart (AU), 1976\u20131982\nClaude Edwards, Civil Service Federation of Canada (CSFC), 1966\u20131976", ["w_s1262"]]
[30552, "Windwaker is an Australian heavy metal band from Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. The band formed in late 2014 and relocated to Melbourne, Victoria in April 2015. They subsequently released their debut EP Fade in May 2017. After numerous lineup changes, Windwaker solidified their lineup in 2018 before the release of their single \"New Infinite\". In March 2019, Windwaker released their self-produced sophomore EP Empire, and made their second festival appearance 11 days before the release at Download Festival Melbourne.  Windwaker, named after the Legend of Zelda game of the same name, was formed in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. The founding lineup featured vocalist Will King, bassist Indey Salvestro, drummer Chris Lalic and guitarists Mark Mcghie and Will Eggleton. In April 2015, Windwaker moved to Melbourne, Victoria and began performing and recording new material. Their debut single \"The Charade\", featuring Zach Britt of Dream On, Dreamer, was released on September 15 2015. Windwaker's next single \"Castaway\" was released on November 2, 2016, and was later included on their debut EP. The band began performing with Liam Guinane, who unofficially acted as both a live and studio guitarist after the departure of Mcghie, while guitarist Chris Moohan began playing with the group after the departure of Eggleton. Windwaker's debut EP Fade was released on May 31, 2017. The EP was produced, mixed and mastered by Sonny Truelove at STL Studios in Sydney, Australia.\nOn January 15, 2018, Windwaker introduced guitarist Jesse Crofts as an official member. Two days later, Guinane was officially introduced as the fifth member of the band. On April 2, the band released the single \"New Infinite\", the first track to feature Guinane and Crofts. The band made their first festival appearance at BIGSOUND Festival in Brisbane, Queensland in September. In early 2019, the hashtag #TheSitch frequently began to appear across social media forums in Australia. On February 1, 2019, Windwaker released the single \"The Sitch\" with an accompanying music video and announced pre-orders for their sophomore EP Empire. The band released the second single of the release, \"My Empire\", on March 5 with an accompanying music video. The self-produced EP was mixed, mastered and engineered by drummer Chris Lalic, while additional engineering was provided by guitarist Liam Guinane and Declan White.\nVocalist Will King commented about the release: \"Coming out of our last record, a record deeply rooted in post-adolescent feelings of pain and loneliness, as a band, it\u2019s safe to say that we all had this strong desire to redeem ourselves of those sole qualities. I think we have always feared trapping ourselves in a box, kept in by one-dimensional expectations, and we are very conscious of not allowing that influence to hinder our creativity. We are absolutely not a band who is going to sit around all day writing the same songs over and over again.\"\nEleven days before the release of the Empire EP, Windwaker played their first large festival at Download Festival Melbourne, after winning a national triple j Unearthed competition. Empire was released on March 22, with a limited physical release following in June. All of the shows for the Empire tour sold out. The band subsequently signed with New World Artists for bookings. In July Windwaker joined Beartooth on their Disease Tour as support, alongside Thornhill. Windwaker announced that Guinane was unable to attend the tour due to personal obligations, so Weighbridge guitarist Sean Ross filled in. They also stated their plan to cover Silverchair's hit \"Freak\" on the tour. On September 9, Guinane  announced he would be leaving Windwaker to focus on his other band Reside. He played at Windwaker's performances at Good Things in December and Unify Festival in January 2020 before departing. On December 30, 2020 Windwaker announced their forthcoming debut album Love Language. On December 17, 2021 they made their Fearless Records debut with the single \"Toxic\". In 2022, they released the singles \"Beautiful\", \"Lucy\", \"Glow\" and \"Superstitious Fantasy\" on February 11, March 4, March 25 and April 15 respectively. The full album was released on May 6, 2022.<PIC> Current\nWill King \u2013 lead vocals (2014\u2013present)\nJesse Crofts \u2013 lead guitar (2018\u2013present)\nIndey Salvestro \u2013 bass (2014\u2013present)\nChris Lalic \u2013 drums (2014\u2013present); programming (2018\u2013present)\nFormer\nMark Mcghie \u2013 lead guitar (2014\u20132016)\nWill Eggleton \u2013 rhythm guitar (2014\u20132016)\nChris Moohan \u2013 lead guitar (2016\u20132017)\nJesse Holt \u2013 rhythm guitar (2016\u20132017)\nLiam Guinane \u2013 rhythm guitar, backup vocals (2017\u20132020); programming (2017\u20132018)\n \nTimeline     ", ["w_s1263"]]
[30553, "Shmuly Yanklowitz (born 1981) is an Orthodox rabbi, activist, and author. In March 2012 and March 2013, Newsweek and The Daily Beast listed Yanklowitz as one of the 50 most influential rabbis in America.<PIC> In 2022, Yanklowitz was recognized as one of the top faith leaders to watch by the American Center for Progress. In addition,The Forward named Yanklowitz one of the 50 most influential Jews of 2016 and also one of the most inspiring rabbis in America. In 2020, Yanklowitz was named a \"Hero of Dialogue\" by the international group KAICIID. Yanklowitz was ordained as an Orthodox rabbi at Yeshivat Chovevei Torah, received a second rabbinic ordination from Rabbi Shlomo Riskin, the chief rabbi of Efrat, and a third rabbinic ordination from Rabbi Nathan Lopes Cardozo of Jerusalem. He earned a master's degree at Harvard University in Leadership and Psychology and a second master's degree in Jewish Philosophy at Yeshiva University. Yanklowitz earned a Doctorate from Columbia University in Epistemology and Moral Development and has taught seminars at UCLA Law School and Barnard College.\nYanklowitz worked in corporate and non-profit consulting and was the Director of Panim JAM in Washington D.C., training others in leadership and advocacy. While in rabbinical school, Yanklowitz served at four different Orthodox congregations. Following his ordination, Yanklowitz served as Senior Jewish Educator and Director of Jewish Life at UCLA Hillel from 2010 to 2012. Yanklowitz has served as a delegate to the World Economic Forum. From August 2012 to May 2013, Yanklowitz served as the Senior Rabbi of Kehilath Israel Synagogue in Overland Park, Kansas. In July 2013, he became Executive Director, then later President and Dean, of Valley Beit Midrash in Phoenix, Arizona. Yanklowitz is the founder of multiple nonprofit organizations that engage in activism:\nHe founded Uri L'Tzedek, an Orthodox social justice organization.\nHe founded SHAMAYIM: Jewish Animal Welfare (previously known as The Shamayim V'Aretz Institute), an animal welfare spiritual activist center.\nHe founded YATOM: The Jewish Foster & Adoption Network.\nHe founded Torat Chayim, a \"progressive-minded\" Orthodox rabbinic association.\nIn 2012, Yanklowitz co-founded \"Jews for Human Rights in Syria\" and has worked closely with Syrian refugees including hosting new refugee families annually at his home for Thanksgiving.\nYanklowitz founded and leads the Jewish social justice group Arizona Jews for Justice.\nYanklowitz has advocated for a regulated organ market, cadaveric organ donation, as well as for living kidney donation. Yanklowitz is a kidney donor.\nPhoenix mayor Greg Stanton appointed Yanklowitz to be a commissioner on the Phoenix Human Relations Commission. Yanklowitz has organized the Jewish community for the abolition of the death penalty. Yanklowitz is a leading advocate for increased Jewish-Muslim dialogue. Yanklowitz's organization YATOM provides \"educational programs and provides small grants\" to families in the adoption/fostering process. Yanklowitz engages in outreach efforts to the homeless and  advocates for their defense from harassment.\nYanklowitz has been an advocate for racial justice including calling for police reform, prison reform, and slave reparations. Yanklowitz marched with other civil rights leaders calling to \"raise the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour.\" Defending racial justice, Yanklowitz has called for DC statehood. Yanklowitz advocates for environmental justice. Yanklowitz speaks out against all forms of antisemitism. He has been an advocate for women's rights. Yanklowitz has advocated for refugees and asylum seekers at the Southern Border of the United States calling the need to assist asylum seekers a \"spiritual revolution\"; Yanklowitz is critical of the mistreatment of asylum seekers. Through Uri L'Tzedek and Arizona Jews for Justice, Yanklowitz and partners have raised awareness on the issue and have led campaigns to collect supplies for asylum seekers released by Immigration and Customs Enforcement.\nDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, Yanklowitz launched The Mask Project, which employs immigrant mothers to make masks for populations such as the Navajo Nation and the homeless.\nYanklowitz has led initiatives to support Afghan refugees. A film crew followed Yanklowitz for over a year to produce a PBS documentary named The Calling, a documentary series that follows seven Muslims, Catholics, Evangelical Christians, and Jews as they train to become professional clergy. The program aired in the United States in December 2010.\nYanklowitz was featured in the 2019 documentary \"A Prayer for Compassion.\" Yanklowitz is vegan. Under Yanklowitz's direction, the SHAMAYIM: Jewish Animal Welfare launched the Synagogue Vegan Challenge in Summer 2017.\nYanklowitz has written extensively on questions of Jewish veganism and vegetarianism.  He has argued that Jewish animal ethics can encompass both speciest frameworks and more egalitarian frameworks. Yanklowitz has opposed the shackle-and-hoist method of slaughter.\nIn 2017, Yanklowitz was one of the rabbis who signed a statement by Jewish Veg encouraging veganism for all Jews.\nIn 2022, Yanklowitz proposed ways for Jewish Vegans to wear Tefillin. Yanklowitz's books include the following:\nThe Five Ounce Gift: A Medical, Philosophical, & Spiritual Jewish Guide to Kidney Donation (Ben Yehuda Press) \u2013 2022\nThe Book of Proverbs: A Social Justice Commentary (CCAR Press) \u2013 2022\nFrom Suffering to Healing: Jewish Reflections on How to Repair our Broken World (Indie Publishing, LLC) - 2021\nFaith and Resiliency: Spiritual & Halachic Rabbinic Perspectives on the Coronavirus Pandemic Paperback (Indie Publishing, LLC) \u2013 2021\nThe Book of Jonah: A Social Justice Commentary (CCAR Press) - 2020\nThe Soul of Activism: A Spirituality for Social Change (Changemaker Books) - 2019\nJewish Veganism and Vegetarianism: Studies and New Directions (ed.) (State University of New York Press)\u00a0 - 2019\nKashrut & Jewish Food Ethics (ed.)(Academic Studies Press) - 2019\nThe Jewish Spirituality of Service: Giving Back Rather Than Giving In! (Indie Publishing, LLC) - 2018\nPirkei Avot: A Social Justice Commentary (CCAR Press) - 2018\nA Torah Giant: The Intellectual Legacy of Rabbi Dr. Irving Greenberg (ed.) (URIM Publications) - 2018\nPostmodern Jewish Ethics: Emerging Social Justice Paradigms (Indie Publishing, LLC) - 2017\nTorah of the Street, Torah of the Heart (Indie Publishing, LLC) - 2016\nExisting Eternally, Existing Tomorrow: Essays on Jewish Ethics & Social Justice (Indie Publishing, LLC) - 2015\nThe Jewish Vegan (ed.) (Indie Publishing, LLC) - 2015\nSPARKS! Bringing Light Back into the World (Indie Publishing, LLC) - 2014\nSoul Searching: A Jewish Workbook for Spiritual Exploration and Growth (Indie Publishing, LLC) - 2014\nBringing Heaven Down To Earth: Jewish Ethics for a Complex and Evolving World \u00a0(Indie Publishing, LLC) - 2014\nSpiritual Courage: Vignettes on Jewish Leadership for the Twenty-First Century \u00a0(Indie Publishing, LLC)\u00a0 - 2014\nThe Soul of Jewish Social Justice (URIM Publications) - 2014\nEpistemic Development in Talmud Study - 2013\nJewish Ethics & Social Justice: A Guide for the 21st Century (Derusha Publishing, LLC) - 2012\nYanklowitz's writing has been described as challenging Jews to seek social justice.  Regarding Jewish Ethics & Social Justice, Peter L. Rothholz wrote that \"in language that is at once passionate and direct, the author tackles a number of delicate subjects head on and makes practical suggestions for dealing with them.\"  Regarding Pirkei Avot: A Social Justice Commentary, David Ellenson wrote that Yanklowitz \"inspires\" and \"challenges his readers... to improve the world.\" In its review of the Book of Jonah: A Social Justice Commentary, the Jerusalem Post noted that the book was \"refreshing\" and \"worth your investment of time and effort to understand the Book of Jonah through the lens of social justice.\" Yanklowitz's commentary on the Book of Proverbs received a starred review from Publishers Weekly. Yanklowitz is married, has four biological children, has fostered children, and lives in Scottsdale. Yanklowitz himself underwent an Orthodox conversion to Judaism, as he is the son of a Jewish father and a Christian mother. He is an advocate for greater inclusion of Jewish converts and for the inclusion of interfaith families.", ["w_s1265"]]
[30554, "A great room is a room inside a house that combines the roles of several more traditional rooms such as the family room, living room, and study into one space. Great rooms typically have raised ceilings and are usually placed at or near the center of the home. Great rooms have been common in American homes since the early 1990s.<PIC> The concept of a great room hearkens back to the romanticized ideal of great halls and great chambers in medieval castles and mansions, which contained one large central room where everything happened. Developers of mid-range suburban homes in America tried to solve the problem of the \"dead\" living room and the split between the living and family rooms by \"returning\" to the idea of the great room. The general concept is one relatively central room, the crossroads of the house to be used for all of the family functions traditionally split between living and family rooms. The dominant feature of the great room is the raised ceiling, higher than other parts of the house, typically two stories with arching ceilings often referred to in real estate jargon as \"cathedral ceilings\".\nDifferent great rooms will combine different functions.  Some may incorporate a reading area, thus bringing the traditional study function into the scheme of the room, while others may forgo this particular function. Some great room designs incorporate the functions of the traditional dining room as well. In the most general sense, great rooms are typically found on the lower level of American multi-story homes built in the second half of the 20th century. In many houses the great room will also adjoin the kitchen, often separated just by a counter instead of a full wall. The modern great room concept traces back to the \"multipurpose room\" in modernist homes built by Joseph Eichler in California in the 1950s and 1960s. Developers started building high-end houses  with great rooms in the 1970s and 1980s, at first simply adding vaulted entryways to ranch-style houses. An example of this is the house in the television series The Brady Bunch. Great rooms became a nearly ubiquitous feature of suburban homes constructed in America in the 1990s and 2000s.  Great rooms were initially popular with homeowners. According to builders asked by the Wall Street Journal, this was because homeowners wanted a way to show off wealth in a growing economy and thus The New York Times called the great room \"the McMansion's signature space\".\nBy the mid-2000s, however, the Wall Street Journal reported that home buyers were not as enthusiastic about great rooms. Common complaints included the cost to heat and cool them, that they were difficult to clean and paint due to height and irregular angles, and that they simply were wasted space.  About 15 years after great rooms became widely popular in the early 1990s, developers across America were getting fewer demands for houses with great rooms.  Buyers were preferring instead houses with increased floor space and numbers of rooms. Owners of existing homes with great rooms were sometimes opting to add new rooms or lofts in the great room's ceiling space, which can cost as much as 50% less than adding a conventional addition to the house. According to the United States Census Bureau, from 2005 to 2007 expenditures on the interior restructuring of homes rose by about 40%, but spending on new-room additions fell by 57%, which a census bureau statistician said can be explained in part by the retrofitting of great rooms. However, much of the motivation for working within the existing footprint of the home may be due to state and municipal regulations which may trigger higher taxes, additional permit hurdles, or septic system redesigns when a building's footprint increases.\nIn 2007, Money listed great rooms as a fad whose time had passed. The magazine reported that a typical great room costs $150 to $350 per square foot, whereas building conventional rooms cost $125 to $250 a square foot, and concluded that the supposed benefits of a great room (unifying family activities into one room) did not justify its cost and maintenance difficulties.", ["w_s1266"]]
[30555, "Aranyosgad\u00e1ny ([\u02c8\u0252r\u0252\u0272o\u0283\u02cc\u0261\u0252da\u02d0\u0272], Croatian: Ranjo\u0161) is a village (Hungarian: k\u00f6zs\u00e9g) in central Baranya County, P\u00e9cs District, in southern Hungary. It is located in the western Baranya Hills. It was established in 1941 with the merger of the settlements of Kem\u00e9nygad\u00e1ny and P\u00e9csaranyos. Its population at the 2011 Census was 355.<PIC> The village is located at 46\u00b0 0\u2032 18.5\u2033 N, 18\u00b0 7\u2032 15.92\u2033 E. Its area is 8.26 km2 (3.19 sq mi). It is part of the Southern Transdanubia statistical region, and administratively it falls under Baranya County and then P\u00e9cs District.\nIt lies 11.3\u00a0km (7.0\u00a0mi) southwest of the city of P\u00e9cs and is bordered by the villages of Pell\u00e9rd to the northeast, G\u00f6rcs\u00f6ny to the south, Z\u00f3k to the west, and Bics\u00e9rd to the northwest.  As of the census of 2011, there were 355 residents, 148 households, and 86 families living in the village. The population density was 111 inhabitants per square mile (43/km\u00b2). There were 138 dwellings at an average density of 43 per square mile (17/km\u00b2).\nThere were 148 households, of which 56.8% were one-family households, 0.7% were multi-family households, 38.5% were one-person households, and 4.1% were other non-family households. The average household size was 2.40.\nThere were 86 families, of which 54.7% were couples living with children, 24.4% were couples living without children, 15.1% were single females with children, and 5.8% were single males with children. The average number of children was 1.45. The average family size was 3.24.\nThe age breakdown of the village was 29.9% under the age of 20, 5.6% between ages 20 and 24, 28.7% aged 25 to 44, 25.4% aged 45 to 64, and 10.4% aged 65 and older. The gender ratio was 1.01 males to every female.\nIn terms of educational attainment, 92.9% completed at least primary school, 22.5% completed at least secondary school with final examination, and 4.8% had a higher education degree.\nReligious affiliation was 55.5% Roman Catholic, 3.9% Calvinist, 0.3% Lutheran, 1.7% other religion, and 10.1% unaffiliated, with 28.5% declining to answer.\nNearly a third of the village's population declared themselves as belonging to an ethnic minority. It had a German population of 10.7%, a Roma population of 10.1%, and a Croatian population of 8.5%, with small numbers of Romanians and others, non-native to Hungary, totaling less than 1%. The vast majority declared themselves as Hungarian (74.4%), with 23.4% declining to answer. The village is governed by a mayor with a four-person council. The local government of the village operates a joint council office with the nearby locality of Pell\u00e9rd. The seat of the joint council is in Pell\u00e9rd.\nAs of the election of 2019, the village also has local minority self-governments for its Croatian, German, and Roma communities, each with three elected representatives.   Bics\u00e9rd Train Station, 9.0\u00a0km (5.6\u00a0mi) to the northwest of the village. The station is on the Pusztaszabolcs\u2013P\u00e9cs and Gy\u00e9k\u00e9nyes\u2013P\u00e9cs railway lines and is operated by M\u00c1V. Zsigmond Kem\u00e9ny, writer, his family owned fief lands and hunting grounds in Kem\u00e9nygad\u00e1ny.\nL\u00e1szl\u00f3 Papp, zoologist, and Lajos Papp, heart surgeon, brothers born in the village.", ["w_s1267"]]
[30556, "A cricket team representing Antigua and Barbuda has been active since the late 1890s. The Antigua and Barbuda Cricket Association is a member of the Leeward Islands Cricket Association, which itself is a member association of the West Indies Cricket Board, and players from Antigua and Barbuda generally represent the Leeward Islands cricket team at domestic level and the West Indies at international level. The team made its List A debut at the 1998 Commonwealth Games, and its Twenty20 debut at the 2006 Stanford 20/20 tournament. As of 2015, the team has played 14 List A matches and four Twenty20 matches. The team captain is Sylvester Joseph, while Ridley Jacobs is the team coach. In the mid-1890s, several touring English amateur sides played matches against Antiguan representative sides. R. S. Lucas' XI toured in 1895, winning by an innings and 69 runs, and A. A. Priestley's and Lord Hawke's XIs both toured in early 1897, winning by an innings and 96 runs and 259 runs, respectively. Part of the colony of the British Leeward Islands until 1958, and a member of the West Indies Federation between 1958 and 1962, Antigua played almost exclusively in the Leewards Islands Tournament, with occasional matches against touring teams, which included a \"New Zealand Ambassadors\" team in 1970, Kent in 1973 and 1979, and Canada in 1976. At West Indian domestic level, Antiguan and Barbudan cricketers represented the Leeward Islands cricket team, which debuted in the Shell Shield, the domestic first-class competition, in 1958. The Leeward Islands and the Windward Islands participated together as the Combined Islands cricket team from 1965 to 1981, when they separated again. Antigua and Barbuda gained independence in 1981, and from then on participated as \"Antigua and Barbuda\". The team toured Bermuda in September 1984, drawing a three-day match with the Bermuda national team.\nAt the 1998 Commonwealth Games held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Antigua and Barbuda fielded a separate team at the cricket tournament, as did Jamaica and Barbados. Matches at the tournament had List A status. Antigua and Barbuda were drawn in Group B, along with Australia, Canada, and India.  The team's first match, against India at the Tenaga National Sports Complex, finished in a no-result due to rain. The team was captained by Dave Joseph, and included seven West Indies international players: Curtly Ambrose, Eldine Baptiste, Kenny Benjamin, Winston Benjamin, Ridley Jacobs, Sylvester Joseph, and Richie Richardson. After losing to Australia and defeating Canada, Antigua and Barbuda finished second in Group B over India due to a higher net run rate, but did not qualify for the semi-finals. The team's leading run-scorer at the games was Ridley Jacobs, who scored 74 runs, and the leading wicket-taker was Anthony Lake.\nAs part of a reorganisation of the structure of cricket in the West Indies, Antigua and Barbuda, along with the other Leeward and Windward Islands constituent members, fielded teams at the Red Stripe Bowl, the domestic one-day tournament, in the 2001\u201302, 2002\u201303, and 2003\u201304 seasons. The team was largely unsuccessful, and did not progress beyond the group stage. Antigua and Barbuda also participated in the Stanford 20/20 tournament in 2006 and 2008, being knocked out in the quarter-finals in both instances. The team played a number of matches against touring sides in the mid-2000s, including against England, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, and India cricket team. The traditional home ground of Antigua and Barbuda is the Antigua Recreation Ground (pictured), the national stadium of the country, which has hosted a number of Test and One-Day International matches. Two further grounds, the Stanford Cricket Ground and Sir Vivian Richards Stadium, were constructed in 2004 and 2006 for use in the Stanford 20/20 and 2007 World Cup respectively, and have both been used in inter-island matches featuring Antigua and Barbuda.<PIC>  A number of Antigua players have represented the West Indies internationally.\nApps denotes the number of appearances the player has made.\nRuns denotes the number of runs scored by the player.\nWkts denotes the number of wickets taken by the player.  source: \nStanford 20/20 Squad 2006\nStanford 20/20 Squad 2008", ["w_s1270"]]
[30557, "Adnan Abdul Aziz Ahmed (1977\u201329 August 2017), better known as Adnan Abu Amjad (Arabic: \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u062c\u062f), was the commander of the Manbij Military Council, active within the Syrian Democratic Forces in the Syrian Civil War. Adnan led his group, the Manbij Military Council and the Northern Sun Battalion, in every battle since its formation in 2014, including the Siege of Koban\u00ee, the Tell Abyad offensive, the Tishrin Dam offensive, the al-Hawl offensive, the al-Shaddadi offensive, the Battle of Manbij, his hometown, where he freed his parents from ISIL rule in August 2016, and the Raqqa campaign, including the Battle of Raqqa, where he was killed in action on 29 August 2017.<PIC>  Adnan Abdul Aziz Ahmed was born in 1977 in the city of Manbij in northern Syria, where he attended school. Adnan worked in his brother's pharmacy for 7 years.  After the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, Adnan Abu Amjad participated in protests against the Syrian government. In 2012, he joined a Free Syrian Army group in northern Syria. During his membership in the FSA group between 2012 and 2013, he participated in the Battle of Aleppo and the Battle of Qusayr. In July 2013, after attacks by Islamist groups, including al-Qaeda's al-Nusra Front, on Kurds in Tell Abyad, Tell Aran, and Tell Hasel, Adnan defected from the FSA group and joined the Kurdish Front.\nIn 2014, Adnan Abu Amjad joined the Northern Sun Battalion, whose leaders included Abu Layla. In late 2014, the Northern Sun Battalion withdrew from its headquarters in Manbij after the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant took control of the city. While Abu Layla withdrew to Koban\u00ee, Adnan headed to Afrin. In September 2014, Adnan was deployed to Koban\u00ee to defend the city against an ISIL siege. After the recapture of Koban\u00ee, Adnan fought in Tell Abyad and Ayn Issa in mid-2015. On 10 October 2015, Adnan Abu Amjad as the deputy commander of the Northern Sun Battalion became one of the founding members of the Syrian Democratic Forces. Under the SDF, he took part in offensives in al-Hawl, Tishrin Dam, and al-Shaddadi.\nOn 2 April 2016, Adnan announced the formation of the Manbij Military Council in Tishrin Dam, with himself as the general commander of the council. On 31 May, the council and allied SDF groups launched the Manbij offensive to capture the city from ISIL. On 2 August, Adnan Abu Amjad freed his parents in the city after almost 2 years. By 12 August, the SDF captured Manbij and the Manbij Military Council took over its security on 15 August. The offensive extended Westward toward Al-Bab in order to connect to Afrin but was stopped due to the Turkish/Rebels offensive on Al-Bab, the push northward by SAA, and the lack of support from the US.\nSince late 2016, Adnan Abu Amjad led the Manbij Military Council in the SDF's Raqqa campaign. The Battle of Raqqa city began on 6 June 2017. On 29 August 2017, Adnan Abu Amjad was killed in action during the battle, during which over half of the city was captured by the SDF. His funeral was held in Manbij 2 days later. Adnan Abu Amjad was married and had 2 children.", ["w_s1271"]]
[30558, "Zeus B. Held is a German music producer and musician, known for his work in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. He was involved with several artists of the krautrock, disco, and new wave era, such as Birth Control, Rockets, Gina X Performance, Dead Or Alive, John Foxx, Fashion, and Men Without Hats on their successful album Pop Goes the World.\nBesides being an experienced producer and sound creator, his musical education on piano and reed instruments made him also a well-respected arranger. Spending 6 years as keyboard player and multi-instrumentalist with the German prog-rock group \"Birth Control\" (6 LPs) gave him experience as a touring musician. After these years on the road he worked as producer, session musician, programmer, and engineer in German and French studios before moving to London in 1982.<PIC> His production \u201c\u2026combines electronic Teutonic sounds with a soulful sensibility for melodic expression\u2026\u201d. (NME, June 1982)\nAfter writing and producing the groundbreaking album by Gina X Performance Nice Mover, (followed by three more Gina X albums), his first UK production credits were with Fashion and Dead or Alive, he produced Pete Wylie's Sinful album and an album by Men Without Hats for Polygram US which yielded a number one in many European countries and a US Top 20 hit with \"Pop Goes The World\". This was followed by two albums with Transvision Vamp on MCA with a top five single and a number one album. Zeus went on to write and produce two successful albums with Nina Hagen (Nina Hagen in 1990, and Street in 1991), Udo Lindenberg's Casanova, Win, National Velvet, Spear of Destiny, and two albums with Marc Parrot.\nHe has produced and co-written an album with South African group Shikisha, an EP with Victoria Wilson-James, and recorded and produced an album with Hawkwind \u2013 Distant Horizons.\nIn 1995 he wrote and recorded the music for a worldwide advertising campaign for Swatch. His 1987 'E Reg' remix of Gary Numan's \"Cars\" hit the British charts again as the 'Premier Mix' in March '96.\nAfter extended travelling round the world he produced his own two projects: No Sweat, a jazzy hip hop album with diverse guest singers and assorted samples and involving his collected samples \"Inma Wiru\", his Australian project under the banner of \"Digital Dreaming\", distributed by Warner Music. During his long stays in Australia Zeus also toured and recorded with Aboriginal Singer and Guitarist Frank Yamma and his band.\nIn 1999 he co-wrote Nina Hagen's single \"Der Poetenclub\" which also features the voice of Falco (of \"Rock Me Amadeus\" fame).\nHis production and arranging skills led to intensive work on audio-visuals and soundtracks, one of which was a British film shown at the Cannes 2001 festival, Mad Dogs.\nSince 2003 he has divided his time between working in his Freiburg, Germany-based studio and his London KGBeat studio and production setup.\nFrom 2005 Zeus he also worked with \"Jazz & Rock Schulen Freiburg\", where he created and realised the 3-year project \"EuroPop\", which was a musician's networking, events (EuroPop Festival in Neuf-Brisach) and education program founded by the European Union.\nHis musical ventures saw Zeus writing for and playing with big bands and orchestras. The 2011 retrospective album, Voice-Versa, featuring solo material as well as tracks by Gina X Performance and Rockets is a compilation of vocoder and electronic music.\nThe release of his remixed and remastered Australian album Dream2Machine on the Broome-based label Desert Ocean Productions in late 2013 also marks Zeus' continual creative collaboration with Jim Lampi and his multimedia approach to music and the arts.\nHis solo adventure Logic of Coincidence, released June 2015 on Les Disques du Crepuscule, is an album of electronic music which features US cult author Luke Rhinehart's voice and readings on two tracks.\nA remix of one album track by \"Dream Control\" marks the start of Zeus' collaboration with former Tangerine Dream member Steve Schroyder.\nIn August 2017 Dream Control's first album entitled \"Zeitgeber\" is released on Planetware Records. In October a special edited vinyl version of this album was released on U.S. label Medical Records.\nCurrently Dream Control is working on a film project which should be released in early 2021.\nIn 2019 Zeus teamed up with Krautrocklegend and Guru Guru band leader Mani Neumeier to record an album of adventurous tracks under the name of Mani & Zeus \"The Secret Lives\". Released on D\u00fcsseldorf label Bellerophon Records in September 2020 it had some great response by the media.\nIn October 2020 Zeus was awarded with the City of Cologne's Holger Czukay Prize in \u201cappreciation of life's work\u201d for his writing and production work with \"Gina X Performance\".  Birth Control\u00a0: 7 albums as keyboard, saxophonist and co-writer in the 70s.\nZeus B. Held (solo): Zeus' Amusement 1978 Metronome,\nEuropium 1979, Teldec/Telefunken\n\"Attack Time\" 1981 CBS,\nVisionova (Soundtrack) 1980, Sport & Culture\nGina X Performance: \"Nice Mover\" 1978 EMI, \"X- Traordinaire\" 1980 EMI,\n\"Voyeur\" 1981 EMI, \"Yinglish\" 1981 Statik/Virgin UK\nFashion: \"Fabrique\" 1982 Arista, \"Twilight of Idols\" 1984 CBS\nJohn Foxx: \"The Golden Section\" 1983 Virgin\nDead or Alive: Sophisticated Boom Boom 1984 CBS\nChaz Jankel: \"Looking at you\" 1985 A&M\nDie Krupps: \"Entering the Arena\" 1985 Voice Versa/Statik\nSpear of Destiny: \"Outland\" 1986 Virgin,\nRiff: \"Mission Love\" 1989 RCA\n\"S.O.D.'s Law\" 1992 Burning Rome Records\nClaire Grogan: \"Claire Grogan\" 1986 London\nMen Without Hats: \"Pop Goes The World\" 1987 Polygram US\nPete Wylie: \"Sinful\" 1987 Circa/Virgin\nKamerata: \"Lovers & Other Strangers\" 1987 Polydor\nTransvision Vamp: \"Pop-Art\" 1988 MCA, \"Velveteen\" 1989 MCA\nWin: \"Freaky Trigger\" 1988 Virgin\nMusic Art: Soundtrack for Multi Media Installation, 1988 Champagne Music CH\nUdo Lindenberg \"Casanova\", 1988 Deutsche Grammophon\nNina Hagen: \"Nina Hagen\" 1989 Phonogram GmbH, \"Street\" 1991 Phonogram GmbH\nNational Velvet: \"Courage\" 1989 Capitol Canada\nDoctor Rain: \"The Spoon Run Away\" 1991 Imago\nMarc Parrot: \"Solo Para Locos\" 1992 WEA Spain, \"Solo Para Ninos\" 1995 WEA Spain\nThe Bozfor: \"Endorphenia\" 1992 EMI-Electrola\nThe Fetish: \"The Fetish\" EP, 1992\nAunt Jamima: \"Birth\" 1993 Sony Germany\nCandy Dates: \"This Easy Life\" 1994 WEA\nVortex: \"Transistor Revenge\" 1995 Vortex/Roadrunner\nYulduz Usmanova: \"Binafscha\" 1996 Blue Flame\nZeus & the Spiritual Traders: \"Compassion\" 1996 H.A.N.D.spun, BMG\nVortex\u00a0: \"Energize\" 1996 Vortex/Roadrunner\nStrobe: \"Lost in Space\" 1997 Vortex/Roadrunner\nOctavia: \"HipOpera\", Janus Media 1998\nNokturnl\u00a0: \"Point Your Finger\". EP, Heartbeat, Australia 1998\nDigital Dreaming\u00a0: \"Inma Wiru 1998, Massive Recordings, Australia\nShikisha\u00a0: Maluju, Toshiba/EMI 2000\nBulletproof Electric Revue\u00a0: \"Cake, Pills and Pain\", Northern Recordings, 2002\nHeld Lampi Project\u00a0: \"Digital Dreaming\", Kissing Fish Music, 2004\nZeus B. Held\u00a0: \"Voice-Versa\", LTM 2011\nHeld Lampi Project\u00a0: \"Dream2machine\", Desert Ocean Productions, 2013\nZeus B. Held\u00a0: \"Logic of Coincidence\", Les Disques du Crepuscule 2015\nZeus B. Held\u00a0: \"Vinyl Collection\", Medical Records, 2016\nDream Control\u00a0: \"Zeitgeber\" , Planetware Records, 2017\nMani Neumeier & Zeus B. Held\u00a0: \"The Secret Lives\" , Bellerophon Records, 2020 Zeus: \"Fool on the Hill\" 1978 Metronome, \"Musik, Music, Musique\" 1979 Teldec\nRockets: \"On the Road Again\", 1978 Decca France\nGina X Performance: \"Nice Mover\u201d1978 EMI, \"No G.D.M\" 1979/82 EMI, \"No G.D.M '85\"\n1985 Statik, \"Do It Yourself\" 1979 EMI, \"Striptease\" 1980 EMI, \"Weekend Twist\"\n1980 EMI, \"Drive My Car\" 1984 Statik, \"Harley Davidson\" 1984 Statik\nFashion: \"Move On\" 1982 Arista, \"Streetplayer\" 1982 Arista, \"Something in Your Picture\" 1982 Arista, \"Love Shadow\" 1983 Arista, \"Eye Talk\" 1984 CBS/Sony,\n\"Dreaming\" 1984 CBS/Sony, \"You in the Night\" 1984 CBS/Sony\nJohn Foxx: \"Endlessly\" 1983 Virgin, \"Your Dress\" 1983 Virgin, \"Like a Miracle\" 1983 Virgin\nDead Or Alive: \"What I Want 1983 CBS/Sony, I'd Do Anything\" 1983 CBS/Sony, \"That's the Way I Like It\" 1984 CBS/Sony\nLe Clan: \"Vive le Mambo\" 1984 MN/Barclay France\nLilidrop: \"Tartine Breakfast\" 1982 Eurodisc/Virgin France\nCha Cha at the Opera: \"A Cha Cha at the Opera\" 1982 Island\nImpulse: \"The Prize\" 1983 Polydor\nThis Island Earth: \"See That Glow\" 1984 Magnet, \"Take Me to the Fire\" 1985 Magnet\nThe Spy: \"Big Brother\" 1984 Trigger /Disques\nBrilliant: \"Wait For It\" 1984 WEA\nEllery Bop: \"Torn Apart\" 1985 WEA\nAcademy: \"Tonight\" 1985 RCA, \"Stand Up\" 1985 RCA, \u201cYou Are in My System\u201d 1986 RCA, \"Keep on Pushing\" 1986 RCA\nEast of Java: \"Different World\" 1985 RCA\nRanch: \"Put Your Love in Me\" 1985 Sedition/PTR\nThe Krupps: \"RISK \u201c 1985 Voice Versa\nAnnabella Wu: \"Under The Gun\" 1985 RCA/Arista\nAngel Chorus: \"Devil on My Shoulder\" 1986 Virgin\nPete Wylie: \"Diamond Girl\" 1986 Virgin\nMichael van Dyke: \"I Do\" 1986 Metronome\nSpear of Destiny: \"Strangers in Our Town\" 1986 Virgin, \u201cNever Take Me Alive\u201d, 1987 Virgin, \"Was That You?\u201d1987 Virgin, \"The Traveller\" 1987 Virgin\nClaire Grogan: \"Love Bomb\" 1987 London Records\nMen Without Hats: \"Pop Goes the World\" 1987 Phonogram US, \"Moonbeam, featuring Ian Anderson\" 1988 Phonogram US\nKamerata: \"Heroin\" 1987 Polydor GmbH \"Charlotte\" 1987 Polydor GMBH, \"Horseback\" 1988 Polydor GMBH\nEric Robinson: \"No.1\", 1988 MCA\nUdo Lindenberg\u00a0: \"Airport\", \"Die Klavierlehrerin\" Polydor 1988\nTransvision Vamp: \"Tell that girl\u201d1988 MC, \"Baby I Don, t Care\" 1989 MCA, \"Landslide of Love\", 1989 MCA, \"I want your love\" 1990 MCA\nRiff \"No Mercy\" 1989 RCA\nThe Marines: \"Go Go Now\" 1989 Sony UK, \"Say Goodbye\" 1989 Sony UK\nNina Hagen\u00a0: \"Hold Me\" Phonogram 1989, \"Viva Las Vegas\" Phonogram1989 \"Michail, Michail\" Phonogram 1990\nRiff \"All or nothing\" 1990 RCA\nFlesh For Lulu: \"Every Little Word\" 1989 Beggars Banquet\nBarry Ryan: \"Turn Away\" 1989 BMG/Ariola\nTony Head: \"Sweet Transvestite\" 1990 RCA/BMG,\nSunsonic:  \"Drive Away\", 1990 Polydor\nExotic Birds: \"Stay OnThis Road\" 1990 Alpha\nSee See Rider: \"Da Da Love\" 1990 Lazy\nNina Hagen\u00a0: \"Blumen Fuer Die Damen\", Phonogram 1991 \"In My World\" Phonogram 1991\nThe Fetish\u00a0:  \"Psychotic Sympathy\" Voice Versa\nThe Bones: \"Hot\" 1993 EMI-Eletrola, \"Come On\" 1993 EMI-Eletrola\nDein Cyan: \"An Solchen Tagen\" 1994 EMI-Eletrola\nHexenhaus: \"Hallo & Tschuess\" 1995 SingSing Record GMBH/Hansa\nCharlie's Angels: \"Honey\" 1995 Org Records\nStrobe: \"In ain't out\" 1996 Vortex\nLani: \"Reach for the sky\" 1997 Shock Australia\nZeus & the Spiritual Traders: \"Buddha of Compassion\", 1997 H.A.N.D.spun\nDisco Pistols: \"Talk to Me\", Org Records, 1998\nNina Hagen\u00a0: \"Der Poetenclub\", Orbit Records, 2000\nVictoria Wilson James: \"Fandango\", Arriva, 2000\nBulletproof Electric Revue\u00a0: \"2 Cut A Long Story Short\", Northern Recordings, 2002 Dead or Alive: \"Misty Circles\" 1983 CBS/Sony, \"Lover Come Back\" 1985 CBS/Sony\nAlphaville: \"Big in Japan\" 1984 WEA\nBlack Uhuru: \"Solidarity\" 1984 Island\nPeter Godwin: \"Window Shopping\" 1984 Polydor\nBarb: \"Yeah\" 1984 Magnet\nKissing The Pink: \"The Other Side of Heaven\" 1985 Magnet\nEast of Java: \"Taipo Say Drum\" 1984 RCA/Arista\n5 TA: \"Heaven\" 1986 Virgin France\nLove & Rockets: \"Ying and Yang\" 1986 Beggars Banquet\nPascal Rod: \"On En Fera\" 1986 Virgin France\nAlliss Terrell: \"Miss Florida\" 1986 Virgin France\nEtienne Daho:\u201dTattoo Shoulder\" 1986 Virgin France\nFrances: \"Piege Pour La\" 1986 Virgin France\nPete Wylie: \"Sinful\" 1986 Virgin\nTwo Nations: \"Who Do You Believe?\u201d 1986 Virgin\nKilling Joke: \"Love Like Blood\" 1986 Virgin, \"Adorations\" 1986 Virgin,\n\"War Dances\" 1986 Virgin, Sanity 1986 Virgin\n52nd Street: \"Are You Receiving Me?\u201d 1986 Virgin\nSimple Minds: \"Ghostdancing\" 1986 Virgin, \"Jungleland\" 1986 Virgin\nSecession: \"New Messiah\" 1986 Virgin\nThe Mission: \"Wasteland\" 1986 Phonogram\nSuper Enig Matix: \"Touch The Beat\" 1987 MDM Records\nGary Numan: \"Cars\" 1987 Beggars Banquet\nThe Fall: \"Hit The North\" 1987 Beggars Banquet\nUdo Lindenberg: \"Ein Kommen Und Gehen\" 1988 Polydor GMBH\nPlan B: \"Beam Me Up Scottie\" 1988 SMV\nErasure: \"No G.D.M\". 1990 Mute\nExotic Birds: \"Road to Heaven\", 1990 Alpha\nAzucar Moreno: \"Torero\" 1991 Sony Spain\nThe Bones: \"Come On\" 1993 EMI-Electrola\nFields of the Nephilim: \"Exodus\", EP 1996 Beggars Banquet\nYulduz Usmanova: \"Binafscha\u201d1996 Blue Flame\nWillie & The W.W.S.: \"Mumbridge Boogie\" 1997 Massive Records\nHawkwind: \"Love in Space\" 1998 EBS/Vital Advertisement: C&A, Swatch, Audi, Rowntree, Marbles, Direct Line, Weightwatchers, Africa Aid,\nTV:  ZDF, BBC2, Saturday Review, Channel Plus, Trouble TV, CAAMA TV,\nFilms: Le Cauchemar, Blind Man, Mad Dogs", ["w_s1272"]]
[30560, "State Road 115 (SR 115) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Florida.<PIC> SR 115 was built in separately named segments by the Jacksonville Expressway Authority. The land for the southern section, south of Beach Boulevard, was donated by Jacksonville's Skinner family. Three siblings\u00a0\u2013 Bryant, Dottie and Richard Jr.\u00a0\u2013 inherited thousands of acres in southeast Duval county and needed roads through the area to access their property and facilitate development. The construction of Southside Boulevard was key to the growth of the south side of Jacksonville.  SR 115 runs north as Southside Blvd from its terminus at US 1, providing access for The Avenues. Right afterwards, the road goes through the largely residential and commercial south side of Jacksonville with crossings at Baymeadows Road (SR 152), Butler Boulevard (SR 202), Beach Boulevard (US 90), and Atlantic Boulevard (SR 10). At the Southside Connector (SR 113), SR 115 turns sharply to become the Arlington Expressway, heading west into downtown via the Mathews Bridge, where it turns north, becoming the Martin Luther King Jr. Parkway (former Haines Street Expressway), and again turning to the west along with the MLK Parkway (now the former 20th Street Expressway), before reaching I-95. The portion on the MLK Parkway is signed only as US 1 Alt. and US 1, not SR 115.\nThe southern segment serves primarily as a conduit between the residential neighborhoods of Southside and the commercialized areas farther north and downtown. Heavy traffic is commonplace along most of the road. To improve traffic flow, especially during rush-hours, the FDOT is planning a major redesign of the intersections just north and south of the interchange with SR 202 (Butler Boulevard) to be carried out by the mid-2020s. Approximately two miles of SR 115 run unsigned along I-95. The second section of signed road runs from the junction of I-95 and Norwood Avenue (SR 117) through northwest Jacksonville, passing through the Lake Forest section of the city before crossing a bridge over the Ribault River, where it enters Riverview and then crosses another bridge over the Trout River into the eastern edge of the College Park neighborhood, before entering the Garden City neighborhood at the intersection with Florida State Road 104. FL 115 continues through Garden City, until the interchange with I-295 and runs between the Forest Trails and the territory near the Jacksonville International Airport before crossing a bridge over the Thomas Creek where it crosses the Duval-Nassau County Line, and ending at New Kings Rd (US 1/US 23) in Callahan.\nThe northern segment has the same function as the southern, except that it is built to lower standards and carries traffic south from the densely populated areas northwest of downtown into the heart of the city. Northbound, it is also an alternative to US 1/US 23 as a route to Callahan.  Two unsigned sections of State Road 115A (SR 115A) exist in close proximity to each other east of Downtown Jacksonville. One is the approximately 500 feet (150\u00a0m) stub of MLK Parkway south of SR 115; the other carries US 1 Alt. for 1.254 miles (2.018\u00a0km) between the Hart Bridge (SR 228) and MLK Parkway (SR 115). Some sources (including FDOT's straight line diagrams) indicate a third SR 115A on the ramps connecting SR 115 to I-95 at exit 340.", ["w_s1276"]]
[30561, "Brian Sidney Harper (19 June 1934 \u2013 23 June 2021), known professionally as Brian London, was an English professional boxer who competed from 1955 to 1970. He held the British and Commonwealth heavyweight title from 1958 to 1959, and twice challenged for the world heavyweight title, losing to Floyd Patterson in 1959 and Muhammad Ali in 1966, both times via knockout. He was one of a quartet of British boxers, with Henry Cooper, Joe Erskine, and Dick Richardson, who dominated the British boxing scene throughout the 1950s and 1960s.\nAn orthodox fighter, London was 6\u00a0feet tall and fought at about 14 stone 12 pounds (208 lbs). His nicknames in the ring were \"The British Bulldog\" and \"The Blackpool Rock\". London was born in West Hartlepool, County Durham, on 19 June 1934. He moved to Blackpool when he was 16 years old, where he resided into his later years. His father, Jack London, beat Freddie Mills in 1944 to win the British heavyweight title. He also had a brother, Jack junior, who fought as a light-heavyweight. His father fought under the name \"London\" rather than Harper, as a homage to an American novelist with this name. Brian never liked the idea of boxing as a child, as he didn't like the idea of having cauliflower ears like his father and his associates. London was spurred to take up boxing during his time in the Royal Air Force for national service, after an officer learned of his familial relations. It wasn't so much of a choice, but rather the expectations of his colleagues. He fought as an amateur before turning professional in 1955. London made a good start to his career, winning his first twelve bouts, one of which was against RAF light heavyweight boxer Brian Wiltshire (UK) in 1951. He finally lost when he came up against Henry Cooper in May 1956. Cooper stopped him with a technical knockout in the first round. Following this defeat, London continued his winning run, apart from two ten-round points defeats, against Heinz Neuhaus in Dortmund, in 1957 and against the talented American Willie Pastrano in February 1958. In June 1958, London fought Joe Erskine, the Welsh boxer, for the British and Commonwealth heavyweight titles. The fight was at the White City Stadium, London, and London took the titles with an eighth-round knockout. He followed this in September with a revenge win against Willie Pastrano, by a technical knockout in the fifth round. On 12 January 1959, London lost his titles in a fight against Henry Cooper, losing for the second time to the Londoner by a points decision after fifteen rounds. In May 1959 he was given the chance of a world title fight against current champion Floyd Patterson, but he lost the bout in Indianapolis by a knockout in the eleventh. He also lost to the Cuban Nino Valdez later that year, by a technical knockout in the seventh. However, in January 1960, London bounced back when he beat the American Pete Rademacher by a knockout in the seventh. London challenged Dick Richardson in August 1960 for his European heavyweight title, but lost the bout in Porthcawl, Wales on a technical knockout in the eighth. This result provoked a brawl, when London's father and brother invaded the ring to protest that Richardson had used his head to open a cut on his opponent. When Richardson's trainer shouted a few remarks at London, London replied with an impressive combination of blows, decking him, and chaos broke out. As a result of the incident, London was fined by the British Boxing Board of Control.\nLondon lost to American Eddie Machen in October 1961 by a technical knockout in the tenth, and in April 1963, he lost to Ingemar Johansson of Sweden on points over twelve rounds.\nLondon then fought Henry Cooper for the third time in February 1964, when he challenged for his British and Commonwealth titles, as well as the vacant European title. The fight took place in Manchester, and Cooper won on points after fifteen rounds. His next fight of note was in March 1965, against the young \"Golden Boy\" of British boxing, Billy Walker. London won on points after ten rounds. On 6 August 1966 London fought for the World Heavyweight Championship for the second time at the age of 32, when Muhammad Ali came to defend his title at Earl's Court Exhibition Hall in England. Ali at 24 years old with the advantages of height, weight, reach, speed and youth on his side, put on a masterful performance against a clearly out-classed opponent, almost hitting London at will as the fight went on. As London put it in an interview with the BBC: \"he was just getting through all the time\". Ali bouncingly circled continually, whilst London tracked doggedly after him for the first two rounds seemingly with a strategy of trying to land a single knock-out punch to the American champion. London succeeded in landing only one blow in the match, a left jab to Ali's jaw midway through the first round which caught Ali by surprise and left him for a moment stunned (and wide-open for a follow through right cross, which London failed to take advantage of), but the blow lacked weight and Ali was able to quickly recover. On coming out for the 3rd Round London hesitated to engage. Ali danced him into a corner and threw a rapid 12-punch combination in three seconds, with the tenth knocking London down and ending the fight. In a post-career media interview, London described Ali as:\nBig, fast and he could punch, whereas I was smaller, fatter and couldn't punch. He stopped me in three rounds and that was it, I don't think I hit him. It was good money and I got well paid for it \u2013 that's all I fought for. Every fight I ever had I always had a go, but with Muhammad Ali I thought \"don't get hurt Brian\", and I therefore didn't try, which was wrong, totally wrong.<PIC> In March 1967, London next fought American, Jerry Quarry, in Los Angeles, losing the fight by a unanimous decision after ten rounds. In November 1967, London had what was to be the last win in his career when he fought the talented American Zora Folley. Folley had lost a world title fight against Muhammad Ali earlier that year, and London beat him on points over ten rounds.\nLondon had continued to fight when he was past his best, and in June 1968, he lost, by a technical knockout to Jack Bodell. In September 1969 he travelled to Oakland, California, to fight Jerry Quarry for the second time, this time being knocked out in the second round. The bout was unusual in that the bell was inadvertently rung as London was getting up after being knocked down in the second. The fighters returned to their corners and the referee, realising that the round had not finished, made them resume. London was then knocked down again and was counted out before the end of the round.\nLondon's last fight was against the up-and-coming young boxer Joe Bugner, who would eventually take the British, Commonwealth and European titles from Henry Cooper. The bout was in May 1970, at Wembley, and Bugner won by a technical knockout in the fifth, signalling an end to London's career. After retiring from boxing, London became a businessman in his hometown of Blackpool, owning several nightclubs, and was a fitness fanatic, running 12 miles a day. A teetotaller all of his life, in 2006 it was revealed that London was still only a few pounds over his fighting weight. He was married to Veronica Cliffe. Together, they had three children: Brian, Melanie and Jack.  After they divorced, he was in a domestic partnership with Beryl Hunter for 30 years until her death in 2005.\nIn January 1971 English footballer Bobby Moore was embroiled in what became a national media story when he and three other West Ham United players, Jimmy Greaves, Clyde Best and Brian Dear, spent the evening at London's 007 nightclub in Blackpool, the night before an important FA Cup match against Blackpool which they went on to lose 4\u20130, with then West Ham manager Ron Greenwood and the national media severely criticising the players. Moore later said of the incident, \"I'd met Brian London on many occasions and thought it would be nice to look him up. I suppose we all realised at the time that we were leaving ourselves vulnerable\".\nLike many other boxers, London continued fighting long after his prime. He was 22 wins to 3 losses early in his career but lost 17 of his last 33 fights. In judging London's career it should be remembered that he fought some of the best fighters in the world, including four who at some stage were world champions \u2013 Ali, Patterson, Johansson and Pastrano.\nMy dad was Jack London and I was expected to fight as well. I was never a great fighter. I was just really, really fit.\n\u2014\u2009Brian London\nThe British Boxing website listed London at number eight in a list of the top ten post World War II British heavyweight boxers in 2004.\nHe had a dark sense of humour, and when asked if he would have done anything differently with Muhammad Ali, he replied, \"Yeah, I should have shot him\". He died on 23 June 2021 at the age of 87. He had suffered a long illness prior to his death. ", ["w_s1277"]]
[30562, "Ross Michael Greenwood (born 1 November 1985) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Greenwood was born in York, North Yorkshire and grew up in the village of Copmanthorpe. He attended Copmanthorpe primary school and then went on to Tadcaster Grammar School.  Greenwood was playing for Copmanthorpe when he joined York City's Centre of Excellence. He soon joined the under-11s and was coached by City's Colin Sanderson and then progressed into the under-12s, where he was coached by John Stockton and Garry Naylor. He spent two years with York City in total and also played regularly for Copmanthorpe and for York School Boys.\nAt only 12 years of age, Greenwood was contacted by Nottingham Forest and was asked to join them for a two-week trial period. Greenwood was set to travel to Nottingham, when out of the blue, he received a call from Manchester United urging him to join them instead. Although Greenwood's father is a Leeds United fan and disliked the prospect of his son joining Manchester United, he put all sense of rivalry behind him and recognised his son could not miss out on this opportunity. He joined the Manchester United under-13s side as a right-back and occasional centre-back and played in the same team as Chris Eagles and Phil Picken, as well as training with older players such as Kieran Richardson. His coach at the time was Paul McGuinness, the son of former York manager and Manchester United player, Wilf McGuinness and Greenwood would regularly train at Manchester United's Carrington training ground where he would see many of the first team players preparing for Premier League games. Greenwood was not accepted on Manchester United's youth trainee programme and was released by the club. However, soon after Greenwood received offers from 23 clubs including Aston Villa and Blackburn Rovers. Yorkshire club Sheffield Wednesday was the most persistent and Greenwood felt this was the right move for him. He was signed by academy director, Jimmy Shoulder and the first team manager at the time was Terry Yorath. Greenwood had to wait until Wednesday 22 September 2004 for his first professional start. He played at right-back in a League Cup 1\u20130 defeat to Coventry City who were a division above Wednesday. Assistant manager Mark Smith singled him out for praise for dealing with opponents who were recently in the Premier League. After this impressive start, Greenwood only made two more substitute appearances before being deemed not good enough by new manager Paul Sturrock. He then moved to Stockport County on 15 July 2005 for the 2005\u201306 season, appearing for the club 25 (22 times in the league), while with the club he played in defence although he is normally a midfield player. A move back to Yorkshire and his hometown came 17 July 2006 as he was signed by Conference National side York City. Greenwood was offered a new contract by York at the end of the 2006\u201307 season on 16 May 2007.<PIC> He joined Gainsborough Trinity on loan in January 2008. He was released by York in April 2008, after which he set up a plastering and tiling business with former York teammate Chaz Wrigley whilst playing part-time for Gainsborough. Appearance in Football League Trophy\nAppearance in FA Trophy\nOne appearance in Conference League Cup, one in FA Trophy", ["w_s1280"]]
[30563, "Ha Hyun-woo (born November 25, 1981) is a South Korean singer-songwriter. He is the lead vocal and guitarist of the rock band Guckkasten.<PIC> On November 25, 1981, Ha Hyun-woo was born in Jangsu, North Jeolla Province. He moved to Ansan, Gyeonggi Province at around age 7, where he spent his elementary, middle, and high school days. Throughout his youth, he tended to be introspective until middle school.His voice did not change drastically during puberty. As a result, he was able to produce high-pitched sounds with ease. Unfortunately, his time spent during his youth was rather unpleasant. He remembers his puberty as being a time of defeat, helplessness, and tearfulness. He held a self-image as an outsider, which had a deep influence on his self-esteem, even after passing through puberty. These experiences are an important and prominent theme in Guckkasten's music world, particularly in the first  of their regular albums.\nAt the end of first grade in high school, Ha lost his girlfriend to his friend. He was greatly shocked and started singing, to change his impression. He practiced \"She's Gone\" hard for the high school festival. He got a good response, and he decided to work on music. Sadly, he did not study music formally because his father opposed him working on music.\nOn the other hand, Ha also liked to draw cartoons. Thanks to his mother who had dreamed of a painter, he was able to learn art when he was in high school, which was quite late. His father opposed art as well as music, but he eventually let Ha go to the college to study art. He quit music for a while after entering the university. Although his life in the university was short, his interest in art and aesthetics also became a driving force for image music in the future by forming a big axis in Guckkasten's music. He designed all of Guckkasten's albums himself.  New Unbalance was a band which was formed in 2001. The drummer Lee Jeong-gil, guitarist Jeon Kyu-ho (both members of Guckkasten), bassist Jina Ryu, keyboardist Lee Min-kyung were the group members. Ha Hyun-woo met the drummer Lee Jeong-gil in Daejeon, 2000, and they made the band a year after, within the other members. In 2003, Lee Min-kyung left the band and the other members invited a new keyboardist and changed the band name to the C.O.M. The C.O.M., also as known as the Compass of Music, was formed in 2003. The members were mostly the previous member of the New Unbalance, with the new bassist Park Chul-young and keyboardist Lee In-kyung. The C.O.M. got the title \"The Hidden Expert\" in the Samzi Festival in 2003. However, due to military enlistment issues, the band did not last very long and with the end of the Samzi Festival stage, the team was disbanded. Ha Hyun-woo went to the military after the team disbanded. In 2007, the three members regrouped under the name Guckkasten in Gangwon Province, with the addition of Kim Ki-bum. In 2008, the band earned the Hello Rookie of June award by the EBS Space Sympathy. Guckkasten released their self-titled debut studio album \"Guckkasten\" on February 4, 2009. They held their first solo concert on February 21, 2009, in Seoul, South Korea, at Hongik University's V-Hall. Throughout that year, the band performed at several music festivals. The band was selected by the KCCA to usher in Korean culture into Japan and they won Rookie of the Year and Best Rock Song for \"Mirror\" at the seventh annual Korean Music Awards in 2010. They released their first Mini-Album 'Tagtr\u00e4ume' on December 7, 2010. In 2011, Guckkasten performed at their first major music hall concert. The 2,000 tickets for the concert were sold out in ten days. Guckkasten made an appearance in the second season of I Am a Singer in 2012. They released their second studio album \"Frame\" on November 26, 2014. In 2016, Ha achieved the record of all-time longest-winning contestant of King of Mask Singer, serving as reigning king of the 22nd to 30th generations (equivalent to 18 consecutive broadcast weeks), as the \"Music Commander in Town\". During this run, he achieved an average of 68.22 out of 99 votes. As of 2021, this record has been kept.   ", ["w_s1283"]]
[30564, "Kila Saifullah District, Qilla Saifullah, or Saifullah Killa (Urdu and Balochi: \u0642\u0644\u0639\u06c1 \u0633\u06cc\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u06c1, Pashto: \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647) is a district in northwestern Balochistan province, Pakistan. It was established as a district in  1988 comprising two former administrative units of Zhob District: the Upper Zhob sub-division and the sub-tehsil of Badinai, previously named Kashatoo and part of the subdistrict of Kakar Khurasan. Early in the 13th century the country came within the sphere of the raids organised by Genghis Khan, the Mongol. In 1398 AD, an expedition against the Afghans of the area was led by Pir Muhammad, grandson of Amir Timur. Although no authentic information exist about any foreign occupation, many forts, mounds and karezes are attributed to the Mughals. Both Nadir Shah (reigned 1736\u201347) and Ahmed Shah (reigned 1747\u201373) extended their power through Balochistan and thenceforth Zhob remained under the more or less nominal suzerainty of the Durranis and Barakzais until it came under British protection. In the middle of the 18th century Ahmed Shah granted a sanad (certificate) to Bekar Nika, fourth in descent from Jogi and the head of the Jogezai family, conferring upon him the title and position of \"Badshah or Ruler of Zhob\". Shah Jehan Jogezai was conferred as Badshah of Zhob. The descendants of Shah Jehan Jogezai used to live in Loralai District of Balochistan.\nThe British sent its Zhob Expedition in 1884 in order to occupy the Zhob region through Baratkhail. Meanwhile, the castles of Saifullah Khan Khoidadzai and Shah Jehan Jogezai (Badshah of Zhob) were demolished. On 7 October 1884, an assault on the Qalla (castle) of Shah Jehan near Akhterzai resulted the killings of many tribal people including Malik Hamza Daulatzai and Mohammad Ghous who fought bravely. All 500 tribal Sardars admitted their submission before the British forces and also signed an agreement that they will not interfere in the affairs of British Government in Zhob region except Saifullah Khan Khoidadzai and Shah Jehan Jogezai who had a narrow escape from the battle scene and established themselves at Kalat; where they used to operate their insurgency campaign against the British and never subdued before the British occupying forces. At the time of the 2017 census the district had a population of 342,932, of which 181,806 were males and 161,121 females. Rural population was 279,639 (81.54%) while the urban population was 63,293 (18.46%). The literacy rate was 32.77% - the male literacy rate was 43.22% while the female literacy rate was 21.00%. 432 people in the district were from religious minorities. Pashto was the predominant language, spoken by 97.85% of the population. The district is administratively subdivided into the following tehsils:\nKilla Saifullah\nMuslim Bagh\nAt present the district is divided into two sub-divisions: Qilla Saifullah and Muslim Bagh. Kila Saifullah sub-division comprises one tehsil (Killa Saifullah) and one sub-tehsil (Badinai). Killa Saifullah tehsil is further sub-divided into two Qanungo circles and then into five patwar circles. The entire Badinai sub-tehsil is a Qanungo circle as well as patwar circle. Muslim Bagh sub-division comprises Muslim Bagh tehsil and Loiband sub-tehsil. The entire Muslim Bagh tehsil is one Qanungo circle, further sub-divided into four patwar circles. The Loiband sub-tehsil consists of one qanungo circle and is sub-divided into two patwar circles. Babu China\nMuslim Bagh\nQilla Saifullah According to the Pakistan District Education Rankings 2017, district Killa Saifullah is ranked at number 127 out of the 141 ranked districts in Pakistan on the education score index. This index considers learning, gender parity and retention in the district.\nLiteracy rate in 2014\u201315 of population 10 years and older in the district stands at 40% whereas for females it is only 6%.\nPost primary access is a major issue in the district with 88% schools being at primary level. Compare this with high schools which constitute only 4% of government schools in the district. This is also reflected in the enrolment figures for 2016\u201317 with 15,836 students enrolled in class 1 to 5 and only 338 students enrolled in class 9 and 10.\nGender disparity is another issue in the district. Only 24% schools in the district are girls\u2019 schools. Access to education for girls is a major issue in the district and is also reflected in the low literacy rates for females.\nMoreover, the schools in the district lack basic facilities. According to Alif Ailaan district education rankings 2017, the district is ranked at number 140 out of the 155 districts of Pakistan for primary school infrastructure. At the middle school level, it is ranked at number 134 out of the 155 districts. These rankings take into account the basic facilities available in schools including drinking water, working toilet, availability of electricity, existence of a boundary wall and general building condition. Approximately 3 out of 4 schools do not have electricity in them. 2 out 3 schools lack a toilet and 1 out of 2 schools do not have a boundary wall. 2 out of 5 schools do not have clean drinking water.\nThe main issue for the district is the poor infrastructure of schools. They are reported to be in poor condition and need immediate repair. The district is rich with mineral wealth and produces high quality chromite in Pakistan, the second largest reserve in the world. Gypsum, ores of coal, salt, granite, marble, copper and gabbro are also found in various parts of the district. Being rich in oil and gas, the government of Pakistan has started oil and gas exploration in the Murgha Fairzai, Shaighala and Kakar Khurasan areas. Killa Saifullah is about 182\u00a0km south of the provincial capital Quetta. Neighbouring districts are Zhob, Loralai and Pishin.<PIC> Nawab Ayaz Jogezai\nUsman Khan Kakar\nArman Loni\nWranga Loni\nArfa Siddiq\nMaulana Abdul Wasay", ["w_s1284"]]
[30565, "Scottish Ensemble is a professional string orchestra based in Glasgow, Scotland and led by Artistic Director and violinist Jonathan Morton. \nScottish Ensemble also collaborates with soloists. Recently guest artists have included trumpeter Alison Balsom, tenor Toby Spence, violinist Anthony Marwood, cellist Pieter Wispelwey and violist Lawrence Power. The group also seeks out collaborations with musicians from different traditions, and has recently performed alongside Scottish folk musicians Catriona McKay, Chris Stout and Aly Bain, DJ Alex Smoke, Finnish violinist Pekka Kuusisto and American bassist Edgar Meyer.\nAs well as touring across Scotland, Scottish Ensemble perform in the UK and internationally. Alongside performances at venues across London including Kings Place, The Barbican Centre and Wigmore Hall, Scottish Ensemble receives regular invitations to tour abroad and in recent years the group has performed in Sweden, Norway, Germany, France, Istanbul, China, Japan, Brazil and North America. \nScottish Ensemble has produced a number of recordings on labels including Linn Records and EMI. Its most recent release, Anno, is a recording of its 2016 production with Anna Meredith which was released on the Moshi Moshi imprint in August 2018. \nFounded in 1969 by violinist Leonard Friedman, in 2019 Scottish Ensemble celebrates its 50th anniversary. The group is a registered charity.<PIC> Formed in 1969 as the Scottish Baroque Ensemble, by the violinist Leonard Friedman, Scottish Ensemble's extensive repertoire spans from the Baroque to the present day. The group is known for its distinctive programming style, which blends music from different centuries, musical periods, genres and styles, often linked together thematically. It is also known for its presentation of more unusual or rarely performed pieces.  \nCommitted to expanding the string repertoire, Scottish Ensemble also regularly commissions new works. In recent years, these have included new pieces by composers including Sir John Tavener, James MacMillan, Sally Beamish, Martin Suckling, John Woolrich, Craig Armstrong, Luke Bedford, Thea Musgrave and Anna Meredith. Scottish Ensemble regularly tours across Scotland, the UK and the world.  \nIn Scotland, as well as its regular touring cities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee, Perth, Aberdeen, Inverness and Dumfries, the group performs in smaller towns and more remote locations across the country. Scottish Ensemble has presented an annual series of concerts at London\u2019s Wigmore Hall and, more recently, performed at Kings Place and The Barbican Centre. The group has also appeared at the BBC Proms and at festivals including Edinburgh International, Edinburgh Fringe, City of London, Aldeburgh and St Magnus festivals. In 2013 SE undertook an 11-date tour of the US, performing in halls including Walt Disney Hall and New York Town Hall.  \nScottish Ensemble delivers performances from more traditional classical concerts, in venues across the UK, Scotland and the world, to adventurous productions which combine classical music with other art forms, including theatre, visual art and contemporary dance.  \nSince 2014, the group have presented one major cross art form project a year. In 2014, Scottish Ensemble collaborated with visual artist Toby Paterson to create 20th-Century Perspectives: City Spaces and Strings, a site-specific performance designed for a previously-derelict modernist landmark in Glasgow, which combined 20th-century architecture, visual art and music.  \nIn 2015, Scottish Ensemble worked with Swedish contemporary dance company Andersson Dance to present Goldberg Variations - ternary patterns for insomnia, a 21st-century interpretation of Bach\u2019s masterpiece in which musicians are choreographed on stage alongside dancers.  \nIn 2016, Scottish Ensemble collaborated with composer/producer Anna Meredith and her sister, the visual artist Eleanor Meredith, on Anno. This new commission combined Vivaldi's Four Seasons with new electronic compositions by Anna Meredith, creating one continuous piece of music. Anno was released as a recording in August 2018 to great critical acclaim, including BBC 6 Music's Album Of The Day.  \nIn 2017, the group joined with pioneering Scottish theatre company Vanishing Point to create Tabula Rasa, a theatrical production which centred around the live performance of music by Arvo P\u00e4rt. A recording of Tabula Rasa was hosted on BBC iPlayer from November 2018 to January 2019.  \nIn 2018, Scottish Ensemble worked again with Andersson Dance on its second collaboration, Prelude - skydiving from a dream, which premiered in Scotland in November 2018 to critical acclaim, with five-star reviews from The Herald, The Scotsman and Bachtrack. Concerts are regularly broadcast on BBC Radio 3 and BBC Radio Scotland, and there is a collection of recordings available. SE\u2019s extensive recording catalogue includes: EMI Classics\u2019 top-selling CD of 2010: Italian Concertos with Alison Balsom; recent recordings of Shostakovich, Tchaikovsky, Takemitsu and Debussy on Linn Records; and a recording of its 2016 collaboration with composer and producer Anna Meredith, released on Moshi Moshi Records in August 2018.  \nScottish Ensemble has produced a number of short behind-the-scenes documentaries around its major projects, as well as a full-length recording of its 2017 project with Vanishing Point. The group also enjoys a relationship with BBC Arts. As well as the site hosting its behind-the-scenes films about its projects with Andersson Dance and Anna Meredith, in 2018 the full-length recording of Tabula Rasa was hosted on BBC iPlayer. Scottish Ensemble is also committed to a comprehensive programme of education and outreach activities. Its work in this area was developed further in 2012 with the launch of the City Residency programme, where the orchestra spends three or four days in one Scottish city providing a range of events designed to engage diverse communities. \nEvents as part of the City Residencies have included: tea dances, ceilidhs, community feasts, flash-mob style performances, coaching and workshops with amateur music groups, schools workshops, and free public performances. Scottish Ensemble also delivers events combining music and other art forms, which link to the group's collaborations with other art forms. These have included music-and-dance workshops, life drawing sessions, and a primary school art class using music as inspiration led by visual artist Eleanor Meredith.\nSince 2015, Scottish Ensemble has delivered its SE Young Musician programme in partnership with the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland. Promising string students are invited to audition to join Scottish Ensemble musicians for a week of coaching in preparation for a public concert, held at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, at the end of the week. A small number of these musicians are then invited to join the group on tour across the following year to gain experience of life as a touring musician. \nScottish Ensemble also delivers regular educational programmes in both primary and secondary schools, working with educational professionals, composers and animateurs to create bespoke workshops that will enhance the current music syllabus.", ["w_s1285"]]
[30566, "Denis Ivanov (Ukrainian: \u0406\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0441 \u0412\u0456\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0439\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447; born July 22, 1978, Kramatorsk, Donetsk region, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian producer, film distributor, cultural manager, TV presenter, head of the Arthouse Traffic  film company, member of the European Film Academy and National Union of Cinematographers of Ukraine, founder of the Odesa International Film Festival and \u00abChildren Kinofest\u00bb \u2013 International Film Festival for children and teenagers (Ukraine).<PIC> Denis Ivanov was born in the city of Kramatorsk, Donetsk region. In 2000 he graduated from the Donetsk State University with a degree in Political Science. In 1996 he founded the \u00abAlternative Cinema Club\u00bb at the Donetsk State University. In 1998-1999 he worked as a cameraman in the Donetsk Regional State TV and Radio Company. In 1999 he studied at the Islington College of London and received a master's degree in black and white photography. In 2000-2001 he worked as a program coordinator of the Kiev International Theater Festival \u00abMystetske Berezilla\u00bb.\nIn 2001 he became a member of the selection committee and program coordinator of the Kiev IFF \u00abMolodist\u00bb, in 2002 took the post of the program director, in 2003 \u2013 marketing director of the festival.\nIn 2003 founded  \u00abArthouse Traffic\u00bb film company and became its CEO. Arthouse Traffic became the first Ukrainian distributor of art-cinema and the manager of film festivals. Since foundation Arthouse Traffic has distributed more than 400 films, including \"Pina\" by Wim Wenders, \"Oceans\" by Jacques Perrin, \"Zatoichi\" by Takeshi Kitano, \"Pool\" by Francois Ozon, \"Return\" by Andrei Zvyagintsev, \"Oldboy\" by Park Chan-wook, \"Prophet\" by Jacques Odiar, \"Slumdog Millionaire\" by Danny Boyle, \"Dallas Buyers Club\" by Jean-Marc Valle among others.\nIn 2006, Denis Ivanov became co-producer of the thriller \"Shtolnya\", dir. Lubomir Levytskyi, whose international premiere took place at the Moscow International Film Festival.\nIn 2010, he became the founder and general director (2010-2013) of the Odesa International Film Festival, which for the first few years became one of the largest film festivals in Eastern Europe.\nTogether with the director Volodymyr Tykhy, Denis Ivanov produced almanacs of short films called \"Mudaky. Arabesques\"(2010) and \"Ukraine, goodbye\"(2012). In 2013, he became a general producer of the film \"The Green Jacket\" directed by Volodymyr Tykhy, the world premiere of which took place at the San Sebastian film festival. The film also took part in the international competition of the Warsaw International Film Festival and won the FIPRESCI prize for the best Ukrainian feature film at the Odessa Film Festival 2014.\nIn December 2013, Denis Ivanov initiated the creation of the first winter film market in Kyiv, which became an annual professional event for Ukrainian cinemas, distributors, and producers.\nThe film \"The Tribe\" directed by Miroslav Slaboshpitsky (2014), which Denis Ivanov co-produced, won three prizes at Critic's Week section of the Cannes Film Festival. The film participated in more than 50 film festivals around the world, including the Locarno and Toronto and was released in more than forty countries, becoming the most successful international release of the Ukrainian film in history.\nIn 2014 Denis Ivanov founded \u00abChildren KinoFest\u00bb \u2013 film festival for children and teenagers . In 2017, the festival expanded to 21 cities, the number of visitors exceeded 40 thousand viewers.\nIn 2016, he initiated the organization of annual days of Ukrainian cinema UKRAINE ON FILM in the cultural center BOZAR in Brussels, Belgium.\nThe film \"Black Level\" by Valentin Vasianovich (2017), in which Ivanov participated as an associate producer, received the FIPRESCI prize for the best Ukrainian feature film at the Odessa Film Festival 2017 and became the Ukrainian candidate for the Oscar in the Best Foreign Language film category.\nIn 2017 Denis Ivanov founded annual \"Kyiv Critics Week\" film festival. Well-known Ukrainian film critics were invited as the curators of the film program: Daria Badior, culture editor, LB.ua; film critic Nadezhda Zavarova; the author of the publications \"Ukrainian Truth\" and \"Ukrinform\" Alexander Gusev and the director, the founder of the portal Cineticle Stanislav Bityutsky.\nIn 2017, Denis Ivanov became a co-producer of Sergei Loznitsa's \"Donbass\", which became the opening film of the Un Certain Regard at the Cannes Film Festival in 2018  and was awarded a jury prize for the best director of the program In April 2014, the Ukrainian NLO channel hosted the first release of the TV program \"Pro Kino na NLO\", in which Denis Ivanov became a producer and a host. As producer\nFull-length features:\n2006 \u2013 Shtolnya by Lubomir Levytskyi\n2013 \u2013 The Green Jacket by Volodymyr Tykhy\n2014 - The Tribe by Myroslav Slaboshpytskyi\n2017 - Black Level by Valentyn Vasianovych\n2018 \u2013 Donbass by Sergei Loznitsa\n2018 \u2013 Polina by Olias Barco", ["w_s1286"]]
[30567, "William Munford Tuck (September 28, 1896 \u2013 June 9, 1983) was an American lawyer and lieutenant in the Byrd Organization, who served as the 55th Governor of Virginia from 1946 to 1950 as a Democrat, and as a U.S. Congressman from 1953 until 1969.<PIC> He was the youngest of nine children of Halifax County, Virginia tobacco warehouseman Robert James Tuck (1863\u20131930)  and Virginia Susan Fitts (1860\u20131909). He was named for his grandfather William Munford Tuck (1832\u20131899), who served in the Third Virginia Infantry during the American Civil War. Tuck's mother died when he was 13. He attended county schools, Virgilina High School, and Chatham Training School (now Hargrave Military Academy). He attended the College of William and Mary for two years, earning a teacher's certificate and working for a year as a teacher/principal in Northumberland County. Tuck then enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps and served in 1917 in the Caribbean. Tuck returned to attend law school at the Washington and Lee University School of Law, graduating in 1921. In 1929 he married widow (and former schoolteacher) Eva Lovelace Dillard (1891\u20131975), to whom he remained married until her death in 1975, raising her son Lester Layne (L.L.) Dillard Jr. as his own. Upon being admitted to Virginia bar, Tuck maintained a private legal practice in Halifax for decades, eventually with his stepson L.L. Dillard.\nHis career as an elected official began in 1923, when Halifax County voters elected Tuck as their delegate (a part-time position) to the Virginia General Assembly. He was re-elected once but declined to run for re-election in 1929, citing the need to grow his legal business to support his new family. However, when his elected successor died, Tuck was drafted in 1930 and served the remainder of the term. He was then elected to the Virginia State Senate in 1931, where he became a friend of U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, a former governor. During the national New Deal, state Senator Tuck worked to repeal Prohibition and sponsored new child labor laws, as well as an unemployment compensation system, old age assistance and jail reforms. He also helped develop the state park system.\nIn 1941, Tuck sought statewide office, but Senator Byrd slated Colgate Darden to run for Governor of Virginia, so Tuck was slated for and won election as the 25th Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. He served from 1942 to 1946 under Governor Darden, and gained visibility throughout the Commonwealth. Tuck defeated his Republican opponent, S. Floyd Landreth by a 2 to 1 margin and won election as governor.\nAs governor from 1946 to 1950, Tuck demonstrated his fiscal conservatism as a Dixiecrat by reorganizing state government and enacting a right-to-work law. He also created a state water pollution control agency, helped reform state schools and mental hospitals, as well as constructed roads. Governor Tuck gained national exposure, however, for labor unrest in his home state. He worked with Senator Harry Byrd to oppose President Harry Truman, although a fellow Democrat, especially Truman's plan to establish a Fair Employment Practices Commission. Once, as governor, Tuck drafted workers of the Virginia Electric Power Company into the state's national guard to avoid a threatened strike in an unionization effort. Transportation and coal also experienced labor unrest.\nTuck's resumption of legal practice in South Boston after his governorship proved short-lived, for he rose within the Byrd Organization. In 1953 Tuck won election as a Democrat to U.S. Congress vacated by Thomas Bahnson Stanley who had resigned to run for Governor of Virginia. A militant segregationist, Congressman Tuck opposed most major items of civil rights legislation during the 1950s and 1960s. Like U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Tuck promised \"massive resistance\" to the Supreme Court's 1954 and 1955 decisions banning segregation, Brown v. Board of Education, and helped draft the Stanley Plan\u2014a series of state laws designed to legally avoid Brown, most of which were soon declared unconstitutional. He was a signatory to the 1956 Southern Manifesto. Tuck was a member of the U.S. House of Representative's Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) and vehemently opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1965.\nHe was a delegate to Democratic National Conventions of 1948 and 1952, and in 1967 announced he would not seek reelection to Congress, citing health problems. He remained a power broker in the state for years. He retired from his law practice in South Boston in 1979, after suffering a stroke. He is buried beside his wife in Oak Ridge Cemetery in South Boston. Virginia named highway 58 in Halifax County after Tuck, and elected a historical marker in his memory.\nHis personal papers, including papers from his time as congressman and governor, are held by the Special Collections Research Center at the College of William & Mary.  His executive papers from his time as governor are held by the Library of Virginia.\nHis birthplace and home Buckshoal Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. 1945; Tuck was elected Governor of Virginia with 66.57% of the vote, defeating Republican Sidney Floyd Landreth and Independent Howard Hearnes Carwile.\n1953; Tuck was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives with 57.81% of the vote in a special election, defeating Republican Lorne R. Campbell.\n1954; Tuck was re-elected unopposed.\n1956; Tuck was re-elected unopposed.\n1958; Tuck was re-elected unopposed.\n1960; Tuck was re-elected unopposed.\n1962; Tuck was re-elected unopposed.\n1964; Tuck was re-elected with 63.47% of the vote, defeating Republican Robert L. Gilliam.\n1966; Tuck was re-elected with 56.18% of the vote, defeating Republican Gilliam.", ["w_s1289"]]
[30568, "Andrew Darius Goudelock (born December 7, 1988) is an American professional basketball player for Bilbao Basket of the Liga ACB. Standing at 6\u00a0ft 3\u00a0in (1.91\u00a0m), he plays the shooting guard position. He played college basketball for the Charleston Cougars and was named the Southern Conference Player of the Year in 2011.\nGoudelock was drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers in the second round of the 2011 NBA draft. Following a year with the Lakers, he spent a season with the Sioux Falls Skyforce and the Rio Grande Valley Vipers in the NBA Development League, winning the NBA Development League Most Valuable Player Award in 2013. He was re-signed by the Lakers towards the end of the 2012\u201313 season. Goudelock was and All-EuroLeague Second Team selection in 2015, as he reached the Euroleague Final Four with Fenerbah\u00e7e \u00dclker. Goudelock attended Stone Mountain High School under coach William Johnson, leading the Pirates to a 24\u20137 record as a senior while averaging 22.7 points per game and hitting 42.4 percent of his three-point attempts. He was named Georgia 4A Player of the Year. Goudelock played college basketball for the College of Charleston. As a senior, he averaged 23.4 points and was the fourth highest scoring player in the nation. Goudelock's 40.7 percent three-point average was the nation's second highest; he scored 131 of his 322 three-point attempts. He was voted an All-America honorable mention by the Associated Press. On March 15, 2011, he scored 39 points, including shooting 8\u201315 on 3-pointers, in front of a sellout crowd in the first round of the NIT Tournament. The Cougars were playing the Dayton Flyers in the first round of the 2011 NIT Tournament. The game, which the Cougars won 94\u201384, was Goudelock's last game at home in Carolina First Arena (now TD Arena).\nGoudelock became known for his tremendous range and his ability to hit three-pointers well beyond the college (and NBA) three-point line. One of Goudelock's breakout games came on January 4, 2010 against the Defending National Champions UNC, in which he hit a game-tying three with less than 3 seconds left and led the Cougars to an eventual 72\u201369 win in overtime at Carolina First Arena.\nGoudelock was the 5th leading scorer in NCAA Division I for his senior year. During his four-year career, Goudelock appeared in 140 games, averaging 18.4 points, 3.3 rebounds and 3.0 assists per game.  Goudelock was selected by the Los Angeles Lakers in the second round as the 46th overall pick of the 2011 NBA Draft. Goudelock was also drafted by the Harlem Globetrotters. On December 17, he was assigned to the Los Angeles D-Fenders by the Lakers and was recalled the next day. While Steve Blake was injured he became the back up point guard, averaging 20 minutes a game. In his rookie season, Andrew Goudelock averaged 4.4 points in 10.5 minutes per game. Goudelock was waived by the Lakers on October 27, 2012. On November 2, 2012, he was drafted by the Sioux Falls Skyforce of the NBA Development League. On January 3, 2013, he was traded to the Rio Grande Valley Vipers in a three-way trade also involving Erie BayHawks. On February 4, Goudelock was named to the Prospects All-Star roster for the 2013 D-League All-Star Game. However, due to injury, he was replaced by Travis Leslie.\nOn April 14, 2013, Goudelock re-signed with the Los Angeles Lakers after Kobe Bryant suffered a season-ending Achilles tendon injury. He had just signed with Puerto Rico's Cangrejeros de Santurce, but turned around with the Lakers' offer. Goudelock afterwards played 6 minutes in the Lakers' final game of the season against the Houston Rockets, and another 6 in the second game of the playoffs against the San Antonio Spurs.\nOn April 25, Goudelock was named the 2012\u201313 NBA Development League Most Valuable Player Award for his earlier play with Rio Grande Valley and Sioux Falls. With Lakers guards Steve Nash, Steve Blake, and Jodie Meeks also out with injuries, Goudelock started with fellow second-year guard Darius Morris in Game 3 of the first round of the 2013 playoffs against the San Antonio Spurs. In his first playoff start, Goudelock scored a career-high 20 points, but the Lakers lost 120\u201389 for their worst home playoff loss in franchise history. In Game 4, Goudelock scored 14 points in an 82\u2013103 defeat that eliminated the Lakers. The guard said, \"We basically threw a team together\", but considered his NBA call-up a learning experience. On July 26, 2013, Goudelock signed a one-year deal with UNICS Kazan. On April 27, 2014 he was named the VTB United League MVP, after he averaged 20.1 points, 1.9 rebounds and 2.8 assists per game in the VTB United League regular season. For the entire VTB United League season, regular season and playoffs combined, he averaged 19.8 points, 2.0 rebounds, 2.8 assists, and 0.7 steals per game in 22 games played.\nAfter having the best season in his career, he was named to the All-EuroCup First Team and selected the season MVP of Europe's 2nd-tier competition, the EuroCup. In the EuroCup, he averaged 18.8 points, 2.0 rebounds, 3.1 assists, and 0.8 steals per game in 24 games played. On July 2, 2014, Goudelock signed a two-year deal with the Turkish Basketball Super League team Fenerbah\u00e7e \u00dclker. In a roster full of talent like Jan Vesel\u00fd, Nemanja Bjelica, Bogdan Bogdanovi\u0107, Ricky Hickman and others, Goudelock quickly emerged as a first scoring option for one of the most demanding and greatest European head coaches, \u017deljko Obradovi\u0107. He was named the EuroLeague MVP of the Week of the Round 2, after putting up 27 points, 3 rebounds, 2 assists, and 3 steals, for a total index rating of 30, in his second EuroLeague game against Tur\u00f3w Zgorzelec. On November 13, 2014, Goudelock set the EuroLeague record since the 2000\u201301 season in three point field goals made, with 10, in a 93\u201386 victory over FC Bayern Munich. He finished the game with 34 points, 4 assists, and 3 rebounds, for a total index rating of 40. For such a performance, he was named the EuroLeague MVP of the Week of Round 5.\nIn May 2015, he was selected to the All-EuroLeague Second Team for the performances he put up over the season. Fenerbah\u00e7e also advanced to the EuroLeague Final Four for the first time in the team's history. On May 15, 2015, however, they lost in the 2015 Euroleague Final Four semifinal game to Real Madrid, by a score of  87\u201396. Goudelock led his team with 26 points, 6 rebounds, and 4 assists in the semifinal. Eventually, Fenerbah\u00e7e finished the Final Four in 4th place, after losing in the third-place game to CSKA Moscow, by a score of 80\u201386. In the third-place game, Goudelock once again led his team in scoring, with 24 points on 10 of 15 shooting from the field. Goudelock finished his first EuroLeague season with the averages of 17 points, 2.2 rebounds, and 2.1 assists per game, over 29 games played. Being the team's leader in scoring, he scored 20 or more points eleven times during the Euroleague 2014\u201315 season.\nOn June 17, 2015, Fenerbah\u00e7e's team manager, \u00d6mer Onan, confirmed that Goudelock would not play for the Turkish team in the next season. Goudelock later stated to the media that he had personally wanted to stay with Fenerbah\u00e7e, and play with them in the next season, but that the team did not want him back, and declined to pick up the option for another year in his contract. On July 14, 2015, Goudelock signed with Xinjiang Flying Tigers of China for the 2015\u201316 CBA season. In 35 games, he averaged 22.1 points per game. On March 9, 2016, Goudelock signed with the Houston Rockets. Three days later, he made his debut with the Rockets in a 125\u2013109 loss to the Charlotte Hornets, recording two points and one steal in five minutes. On July 9, 2016, Goudelock was waived by the Rockets. On August 2, 2016, Goudelock signed with Israeli club Maccabi Tel Aviv for the 2016\u201317 season. Goudelock helped Maccabi to win the 2017 Israeli State Cup. On July 10, 2017, Goudelock signed with Italian club Olimpia Milano.\nOn June 15, 2018, Goudelock went to win his first Italian title ever with Milano by beating Dolomiti Energia Trento in game 6 of the 2018 LBA Finals. He was named MVP in the league's Finals series of the playoffs.<PIC> On July 23, 2018, Goudelock returned to China for a second stint, signing with the Shandong Golden Stars. In 19 games played for Shandong, he averaged 23.2 points and 3.3 assists per game, while shooting 44.3 percent from three-point range. On October 21, 2019, Goudelock returned to Italy for a second stint, signing with Umana Reyer Venezia for the 2019\u201320 season, even though he was officially registered to the league only three months later, on January 23, 2020. The team parted ways with him on June 16, 2020. On August 12, 2020, Goudelock signed with Rytas Vilnius for a one-year deal. On 14 February, 2021, Goudelock won the 2021 Lithuanian League Three-Point Contest. He averaged 14.6 points, 2.4 assists and 1.8 rebounds per game. On June 30, 2021, Goudelock signed with Bilbao Basket of the Liga ACB.       He is the son of Marvin and Angela Austin. He majored in sociology at the College of Charleston.", ["w_s1290"]]
[30569, "The Contemporary Arts Center (CAC) is a contemporary art museum in Cincinnati, Ohio and one of the first contemporary art institutions in the United States. The CAC is a non-collecting museum that focuses on new developments in painting, sculpture, photography, architecture, performance art and new media. Focusing on programming that reflects \"the art of the last five minutes\", the CAC has displayed the works of many now-famous artists early in their careers, including Andy Warhol. In 2003, the CAC moved to a new building designed by the late Zaha Hadid.<PIC> The Contemporary Arts Center was founded as the Modern Art Society in 1939 by Betty Pollak Rauh, Peggy Frank Crawford and Rita Rentschler Cushman. These three women were able to raise enough money through donations to display modern art at the Cincinnati Art Museum. Early advice and encouragement was offered by both Edward M.M. Warburg, a friend of the Pollak family, as well as Alfred H. Barr.  The society's very first exhibit, Modern Painting from Cincinnati Collections, opened in December of the same year. In 1954 the Modern Art Society adopted its current name, the Contemporary Arts Center.  The name change coincided with the creation of two permanent galleries that were remodeled from part of the museum's lower level. These two spaces, designed by Carl Strauss and Ray Roush, consisted of about 900 square feet (84\u00a0m\u00b2) each and featured movable wooden wall covers.  Many local Cincinnati collections were shown in this space, including works now kept at the Cincinnati Art Museum from the Mary E. Johnston collection.\nConstruction on the Emery Wing at the Cincinnati Art Museum replaced the original space of the CAC.  As a result of the museum\u2019s need to expand, the center moved out in 1962 and temporarily inhabited various locations at the Taft Museum of Art, space at 608 Main Street, and the Carew Tower. In 1964 the center occupied the fourth floor of the Women\u2019s Exchange building at 113 West Fourth street where it remained for six years. After two years on Fourth street the center announced that it had plans to move to the Mercantile Center on Fifth street, which opened in 1970.  The new building cost $400,000 and was designed by Harry Weese. The CAC\u2019s space covered about 12,000 square feet (1,100\u00a0m\u00b2) and overlooked the new bus terminal in downtown Cincinnati. Despite early financial troubles in 1971, the CAC was able to put on over 400 exhibitions during its 30-year stay on Government Square. A permanent lease for the location was acquired in 1982 through a city bond.\nEarly proposals for a new home began at the end of the 1980s and included possible locations at the Ohio Mechanics Institute (currently the Emery Center) and the Aronoff Center. Later, as the idea of constructing an entirely new building became possible, the CAC focused on the site at Sixth and Walnut. By 1997 the center\u2019s Architectural Selection Committee was publicly seeking architects to design the CAC's first-free standing building. The search narrowed 97 statements of qualification to twelve semi finalists:  Coop Himmelblau, Diller & Scofidio, Herzog & de Meuron, Steven Holl, Rem Koolhaas, Eric Owen Moss, Jean Nouvel, Toyo Ito, Antoine Predock, Zaha Hadid, Daniel Liebeskind and Bernard Tschumi. One year later the board granted the commission to Zaha Hadid. Construction began in 2001 and the new building opened on May 31, 2003. In March 2008, the Contemporary Arts Center announced the exhibition and auction \"FORM: Contemporary Architects at Play\".\nParticipating architects included:\nPeter Eisenman, Eisenman Architects\nMichael Graves, Graves Design\nZaha Hadid, Zaha Hadid Architects\nThom Mayne, Morphosis\nBill Pedersen, Kohn Pedersen Fox\nLaurinda Spear, Arquitectonica\nBernard Tschumi, Bernard Tschumi Architects\nJaime Velez, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, LLP\nMassimo Vignelli, Vignelli Designs, Inc.\nBuzz Yudell, Moore Ruble Yudell Architects and Planners\nChristie's Fine Arts Division sold eight pieces and one concept at auction raising $425,000.\nIn March 2011 the Laminex Group brought the collection to New Zealand for the Auckland Arts Festival and invited New Zealand architects and design professionals to submit entries for a New Zealand collection.  The domestic competition was entitled \"Formica Formations\". Queenstown designer Graham Roebeck of Structural Integrity Ltd won the Professional category and Auckland Unitec student Norman Lin, the emerging designer category. In 1990, a Cincinnati jury acquitted the Contemporary Arts Center and its director, Dennis Barrie, of obscenity charges stemming from an exhibition of photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe. In the first criminal trial of an art museum over the contents of an exhibition, the case centered on seven out of 175 photographs in an exhibition (The Perfect Moment) that traveled from Berkeley to Boston; five of the seven photographs depicted men in sadomasochistic poses and were the basis of charges that the museum and its director had pandered obscenity. Much of the dispute over the Mapplethorpe photographs centered on whether federal money should be used to finance them, through the National Endowment for the Arts. If convicted, the center would have faced fines of up to $10,000; Barrie could have faced a year in jail and fines up to $2,000. The trial was chronicled in the 2000 television movie Dirty Pictures. 44 East 6th Street (Corner of 6th & Walnut), Cincinnati, OH 45202\nAcross Walnut Street from the Aronoff Center for the Arts in downtown Cincinnati's cultural and entertainment area known as the Backstage District. In 2003, the CAC moved to its first free-standing home which was designed by Zaha Hadid. The CAC chose to honor two of its major donors by naming the building the Lois and Richard Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art. The Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art was Zaha Hadid's first American project. Hailed by The New York Times' architecture critic Herbert Muschamp as \"the most important American building to be completed since the cold war,\" the project was the brainchild of Director Charles Desmarais. (Desmarais left the CAC for the Brooklyn Museum in early 2005.)\nThe building's footprint is 11,000 square feet (1,000\u00a0m\u00b2), with a total area of 80,000 square feet (7,400\u00a0m\u00b2) on seven floors. The project cost $34 million, with  design features including \"Urban Carpet\", \"Jigsaw Puzzle\", and \"Skin/Sculpture\". 2004 Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Award\n2005 American Architecture Award from The Chicago Athenaeum", ["w_s1294"]]
[30570, "Sigr\u00fan A\u00f0albjarnard\u00f3ttir (born 9 July 1949) is a professor emeritus at the University of Iceland, School of Education (as of 1 August 2019). Most of her theoretical work is within educational science and developmental psychology with a focus on the welfare of young people. Her primary interest is the social development, risk behaviour, academic engagement, and well-being of children and young people, as well as their civic awareness and engagement. A related focus is on how parents and teachers can foster the development and welfare of children and adolescents.<PIC> Sigr\u00fan received a teacher\u2019s certificate from the Iceland College of Education in 1969. In 1983 she completed a BA in Education at the University of Iceland, in the Faculty of Social Sciences. Then, in the United States, she earned both a master\u2019s degree (1984) and a doctorate (1988) from the Harvard University Graduate School of Education in the Department of Human Development and Psychology. There she studied with professors Robert L. Selman and Lawrence Kohlberg.\nFrom 1970 to 1976, Sigr\u00fan was an elementary school teacher in Reykjavik and in 1976-77 in the Westman Islands. From 1973 to 1983, she designed a curriculum and course materials in social studies for elementary schools under the auspices of the Ministry of Education in the Department of School Research and Development. Professor Wolfgang Edelstein led the social studies group's revision of the curriculum. This work also entailed working with teachers and principals around the country as a part of a school-based continuing education program.\nIn 1989, Sigr\u00fan became an assistant professor in education at the University of Iceland, within the Faculty of Social Sciences and an associate professor the same year. She became a professor in education on 1 January 1994.\nSigr\u00fan has been a visiting scholar at Harvard\u2019s Graduate School of Education for several semesters, and a Fulbright Visiting Scholar there for one year. In addition, she was a visiting professor at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland. Sigr\u00fan has mainly worked with university students in the field of developmental psychology, focusing on such issues as the social, ethical, and emotional development of youth, and on young people\u2019s academic engagement, risk behaviour and resilience, as well as their civic awareness and engagement. In addition, she has worked with university students in the field of teaching and curriculum development. She has supervised numerous undergraduate (BA) and graduate (MA, PhD) students in their final projects. Sigr\u00fan\u2019s research covers a wide range of issues within educational science and developmental psychology. Her aim as a researcher is to increase knowledge and understanding about how to support children's and youths' development and welfare at home, in school and in leisure activities. Four overlapping elements have been especially key to her research.\nSigr\u00fan\u2019s first studies focused on how elementary school children's social competence develops with age. The emphasis was on their developing capacity to coordinate different points of view as they negotiate interpersonal classroom conflicts. Then, applying that understanding, she conducted research in school-based programs to learn whether, through constructive work with students, teachers could strengthen the development of the students\u2019 social competence and skills. This school development program, \u201cFostering students' social and emotional development\u201d (Hl\u00fa\u00f0 a\u00f0 f\u00e9lags- og tilfinninga\u00feroska nemenda), entailed a year-long course for the teachers. It included working with teachers, designing curricula for students and teachers,  and evaluating both the students\u2019 and teachers\u2019 progress.\nSigr\u00fan\u2019s second project, \u201cTeachers' and school administrators' educational vision\u201d, sprang out of the school development project. To strengthen teachers in their work with their students, she explored how the teachers developed in their teaching as they participated in the project and reflected on their work. Using a life story approach, she elicited their educational vision by directing attention to their values, aims, and teaching methods, as well as how they felt their life story had an impact on their educational vision. In the book Respect and Care: The Call of the 21st Century (Vir\u00f0ing og umhyggja: \u00c1kall 21. aldar), Sigr\u00fan reports on this research and the school development projects that took place over several years.\nSigr\u00fan's interest in the welfare of children and youth led her to her third research project, \u201cYoung People\u2019s Relationships, Risk taking, and Strengths: A Longitudinal Study\u201d. In it she directs attention to how parenting styles in the earlier part of adolescence (age 14) relate to various factors of the young people\u2019s development, well-being, and behaviour up until they are in their twenties (age 22). This study focuses on their social competence, self-esteem, perceived self-control, and how they feel (anxious, depressed), along with their academic engagement (academic achievement, dropping out of school) and risk behaviour, especially substance use. In addition, she pays special attention to the interaction, over time, between these factors and the adolescents\u2019 social competence.\nAgain using a life story approach, Sigr\u00fan also explores the voices of the young people in the longitudinal study as they speak about their relationships with those closest to them (parents, friends, partners) from when they were adolescents (age 16) until they were in their 30s (age 33). She also explores their experiences and attitudes toward their own and others' drug abuse. Further, she elicits their pedagogical visions (values, aims, actions) as they describe their upbringing and their relationships with their children after they had become parents in their 30s. In her book 'Young People\u2019s Life Stories:  Relationships, Risk-taking, Strengths (L\u00edfss\u00f6gur ungs f\u00f3lks: Samskipti, \u00e1h\u00e6ttuheg\u00f0un, styrkleikar) Sigr\u00fan reports on the findings of this longitudinal study.\nIn her fourth major research project, \u201cYoung People's Civic Awareness and Engagement in a Democratic Society\u201d (Borgaravitund ungs f\u00f3lks \u00ed l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi) her aim is to gain more knowledge and understanding of young people\u2019s civic awareness in both elementary and secondary schools. In the study the young people are given voice as, for example, they explore their ideas about democracy and their attitudes towards human rights, especially those of women and immigrants, and also as they describe the impacts they want to have on society.\nSigr\u00fan has organised this research with her collaborators in Iceland at the research centre Challenges Facing Children and Young People. She has also worked with Professor Robert L. Selman and his research team at the Harvard\u2019s Graduate School of Education and with scholars in the European network project, Children's Identity and Citizenship in Europe (CiCe). Sigr\u00fan has served in various positions at the University of Iceland. For example, she chaired both the Science Committee of the University Council and the Science Committee of State Universities. Under the auspices of the Faculty of Social Sciences she was on the Board of Directors of the Social Sciences Institute and also chaired the Faculty's Science Committee.\nUnder the auspices of the Ministry of Education, she sat on a committee to develop a parliamentary bill for public support of scientific research. She was also on the Board of Directors of the Icelandic Research Fund (Icelandic Centre for Research). And, under the auspices of the Ministry of Education, she served in a working group on fundamental factors for education in Iceland; the emphasis was on the factors of democracy and human rights.\nAlong with her collaborators, Sigr\u00fan has founded a variety of graduate programs in educational science at the university; examples are the program Psychology in Educational Science and the program Parent Education which was founded in collaboration with the University of Minnesota in the United States. She has also worked on school-based continuing education for teachers and principals. Sigr\u00fan has received several acknowledgements for her academic work, including one from the University of Iceland in 2004 for her \u201ccontribution to research\u201d. In 2005 \u201cThe Together Group\u201d recognised her for her \u201cgood theoretical work and useful research for the benefit of parents and children\u201d. The group is an association of many municipalities, associations and institutions that work together to enhance the welfare of children and adolescents. In addition, in 2012 she received the Icelandic Order of the Falcon Cross for her contribution to Educational Science. Sigr\u00fan is married to \u00de\u00f3r\u00f3lfur \u00d3lafsson, a dentist. They have two sons, A\u00f0albj\u00f6rn and \u00de\u00f3r\u00f3lfur R\u00fanar and three grandchildren.  Adalbjarnardottir, S. (2019). L\u00edfss\u00f6gur ungs f\u00f3lks \u2013 Samskipti, \u00e1h\u00e6ttuheg\u00f0un, styrkleikar [Young people\u2019s life stories \u2013 Relationships, risk-taking behavior, strengths]. Reykjavik: Haskolautgafan.\nAdalbjarnardottir, S. (2011). Borgaravitund ungs f\u00f3lks \u00ed l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi [Young people\u2018s civic awareness and engagement in a democratic society]. Reykjav\u00edk: Ranns\u00f3knasetri\u00f0 L\u00edfsh\u00e6ttir barna og ungmenna - F\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindastofnun og Menntav\u00edsindastofnun H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands.\nAdalbjarnardottir, S. (2007). Vir\u00f0ing og umhyggja \u2013 \u00c1kall 21. aldar [Respect and care \u2013 The call of the 21st century] . Reykjavik: Heimskringla, Hask\u00f3laforlag M\u00e1ls og menningar.\nAdalbjarnardottir, S., Dorfad\u00f3ttir, A.G., Thorolfsson, Th.R., & Gardarsdottir, K.L. (2003). V\u00edmuefnaneysla og vi\u00f0horf - Ungu f\u00f3lki \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk fylgt eftir fr\u00e1 14 \u00e1ra til 22 \u00e1ra aldurs [Substance use and attitudes \u2013 Following young people in Reykjavik from age 14 to 22]. Reykjav\u00edk: F\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindastofnun og H\u00e1sk\u00f3la\u00fatg\u00e1fan. Adalbjarnardottir, S. (2015). \u00c1kall og \u00e1skoranir: Vegsemd og vir\u00f0ing \u00ed sk\u00f3lastarfi [Challenges and Opportunities for Schools: Respect and Professionalism]. Netla - Veft\u00edmarit um uppeldi og menntun [Netla \u2013 Online Journal on Pedagogy and Education].\nBlondal, K. S., & Adalbjarnardottir, S. (2014). Parenting in relation to school dropout through student engagement: A longitudinal study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76, 778-795.\nAdalbjarnardottir, S. (2002). Adolescent psychosocial maturity and alcohol use: Quantitative and qualitative analysis of longitudinal data. Adolescence, 37, 19-53.\nAdalbjarnardottir, S. & Hafsteinsson, L.G. (2001). Parenting styles and adolescent substance use: A longitudinal study. Journal of Research on Adolesence, 11, 401-423.\nBlondal, K. S., & Adalbjarnardottir, S. (2014). Parenting in relation to school dropout through student engagement: A longitudinal study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76, 778-795.\nGestsdottir, S., Geldhof, J., Paus, T., Freund, A.M., Adalbjarnardottir, S, Lerner, J.V., & Lerner, R.M. (2015). Self-regulation processes among youth in four western cultures: Is there an adolescent-specific structure of the Selection-Optimization-Compensation (SOC) model? International Journal of Behavioral Development, 39(4) 346\u2013358.\nGudjohnsen, R. Th. & Adalbjarnardottir, S. (2017). Vi\u00f0horf ungs f\u00f3lks til p\u00f3lit\u00edskrar \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku [Young peoples\u2019 views on political participation] Stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1l & stj\u00f3rns\u00fdsla [Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration], 13(2), 287-310.", ["w_s1295"]]
[30571, "The Italian cruiser Vettor Pisani was the name ship of her class of two armored cruisers built for the Royal Italian Navy (Regia Marina) in the 1890s. She often served as a flagship during her career and frequently served overseas. On one of these deployments, the ship received a radio message from Peking, one of the first long-range radio transmissions to a ship. Vettor Pisani participated in the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 and the Italo-Turkish War of 1911\u201312, during which her admiral nearly caused a diplomatic incident with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. During World War I, her activities were limited by the threat of Austro-Hungarian submarines and she was converted into a repair ship in 1916. Vettor Pisani was stricken from the Navy List in 1920 and scrapped later that year. Vettor Pisani had a length between perpendiculars of 99 meters (324\u00a0ft 10\u00a0in) and an overall length of 105.7 meters (346\u00a0ft 9\u00a0in). She had a beam of 18.04 meters (59\u00a0ft 2\u00a0in) and a draft of 7.2 meters (23\u00a0ft 7\u00a0in). The ship displaced 6,614 metric tons (6,510 long tons) at normal load, and 7,128 metric tons (7,015 long tons) at deep load. The Vettor Pisani-class ships had a complement of 28 officers and 472 to 476 enlisted men.\nThe ship was powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft. Steam for the engines was supplied by eight Scotch marine boilers. Designed for a maximum output of 13,000 indicated horsepower (9,700\u00a0kW) and a speed of 19 knots (35\u00a0km/h; 22\u00a0mph), Vettor Pisani only reached a speed of 18.6 knots (34.4\u00a0km/h; 21.4\u00a0mph) during her sea trials despite slightly exceeding her designed horsepower with 13,259\u00a0ihp (9,887\u00a0kW). She had a cruising radius of about 5,400 nautical miles (10,000\u00a0km; 6,200\u00a0mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19\u00a0km/h; 12\u00a0mph).\nThe main armament of the Vettor Pisani-class ships consisted of twelve quick-firing (QF) Cannone da 152/40 A Modello 1891 guns in single mounts. All of these guns were mounted on the broadside, eight on the upper deck and four at the corners of the central citadel in armored casemates. Single QF Cannone da 120/40 A Modello 1891 guns were mounted in the bow and stern and the remaining two 120\u00a0mm (4.7\u00a0in) guns were positioned on the main deck between the 152\u00a0mm (6.0\u00a0in) guns. For defense against torpedo boats, the ship carried fourteen QF 57\u00a0mm (2.2\u00a0in) Hotchkiss guns and eight QF 37\u00a0mm (1.5\u00a0in) Hotchkiss guns. The ship was also equipped with four 450\u00a0mm (17.7\u00a0in) torpedo tubes.\nVettor Pisani was protected by an armored belt that was 15\u00a0cm (5.9\u00a0in) thick amidships and reduced to 11\u00a0cm (4.3\u00a0in) at the bow and stern. The upper strake of armor was also 15\u00a0cm thick and protected just the middle of the ship, up to the height of the upper deck. The curved armored deck was 3.7\u00a0cm thick. The conning tower armor was also 15\u00a0cm thick and each 15.2\u00a0cm gun was protected by a 5\u00a0cm (2.0\u00a0in) gun shield. Vettor Pisani, named after the eponymous Venetian admiral, was laid down on 7 December 1892 at the Royal Shipyard in Castellammare di Stabia. The ship was launched on 14 August 1895 and completed on 1 April 1899. She was the flagship of Rear Admiral Candiani, commander of the Cruising Squadron dispatched to China in 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion. Vettor Pisani arrived there on 20 August and made port visits in Japan, Korea and Vladivostok before departing the area on 29 November 1901. She arrived at La Spezia in February 1902, but only remained in Italian waters for a year before departing for another year-long cruise to the Far East on 15 April 1903. On 14 October, the Italian Legation in Peking successfully radioed the ship off the coast of China, one of the first long-range radio transmissions to a ship. The cruiser arrived back in Italy on 13 June 1904. Nothing is known of her activities until May \u2013 June 1908 when Vettor Pisani made a short cruise in Greek waters.\nWhen the Italo-Turkish War of 1911\u201312 began on 29 September 1911, Vettor Pisani was the flagship of Rear-Admiral Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi, Inspector of Torpedo Boats. His command, the Division of the Inspector of Torpedo Boats, was deployed in the Adriatic Sea and five of his destroyers encountered two Ottoman torpedo boats in the Ionian Sea only an hour after war was declared. One of the Ottoman ships was able to take shelter under the protection of the fortifications in Prevesa while the other was forced to beach itself with nine men killed by Italian gunfire. The Italians blockaded the port and the Duke requested permission to issue an ultimatum for the Ottoman authorities to surrender the ship lest he bombard the city with Vettor Pisani and the battleship Ammiraglio di Saint Bon. Protests in early October over Italian interference in Ottoman-controlled Albania by the Austro-Hungarian Empire forced the Italians to abandon operations there and permission was denied. The cruiser was based in Taranto and Brindisi for much of December.\nIn mid-April 1912, the division escorted the 1st, 2nd and 4th Divisions of the Italian fleet from Taranto to the eastern Aegean Sea where it bombarded the fortifications defending the Dardanelles to little effect before the main body departed for Italy on the 19th. Several months later, Vettor Pisani supported an unsuccessful sortie by five torpedo boats into the Dardanelles in search of the Ottoman fleet on the night of 18/19 July.\nObsolescent by the beginning of World War I, Vettor Pisani was not very active during the war. She spent the war in the Adriatic and participated in an abortive attempt in mid-1915 to bombard a rail line near Ragusa Vecchia on the Dalmatian coast. An Austro-Hungarian submarine, U-4, intercepted the Italian ships and sank the armored cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi. The loss of Giuseppe Garibaldi and the sinking of the armored cruiser Amalfi by another submarine on 7 July severely restricted the activities of the other ships based at Venice. She subsequently became a repair ship in 1916 and was stricken from the Navy List on 2 January 1920. Vettor Pisani was sold for scrap and broken up beginning on 13 March.<PIC>", ["w_s1298"]]
[30572, "Solimano is an opera in three acts composed by Johann Adolph Hasse to an Italian-language libretto by Giovanni Ambrogio Migliavacca. Loosely based on an episode in the life of Suleiman the Magnificent, the opera premiered on 5 February 1753 at the Opernhaus am Zwinger in Dresden. The lavish premiere production was designed by Giuseppe Galli Bibiena and featured Angelo Amorevoli in the title role.<PIC> Hasse was a favorite of Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria and composed multiple operas for her court in Dresden, beginning with La Spartana generosa performed in 1747 to celebrate her betrothal to Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony. His librettist for Solimano, Giovanni Ambrogio Migliavacca, was a student and prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of Metastasio. Migliavacca's libretto was loosely based on the early 17th-century tragedy Il Solimano by Prospero Bonarelli, which in turn was loosely based on an episode in the life of Suleiman the Magnificent who had his eldest son Mustafa killed as a traitor. In the opera Mustafa's name is changed to \"Selim\" while his younger half-brother and rival Cihangir becomes \"Osmino\". Roxelana, Suleiman's consort and Osmino (Cihangir)'s mother, was a central character in Bonarelli's play, but she is only alluded to in the opera. Migliavacca also changed the tragic ending. In the opera Suleiman recognizes his folly in believing Selim (Mustafa) to be a traitor and spares his life. The two brothers are reconciled and marry the Persian princesses Narsea and Emira with whom they had fallen in love. Solimano premiered on 5 February 1753 at the Opernhaus am Zwinger. The production designed by Giuseppe Galli Bibiena with costumes by Francesco Ponte was a lavish spectacle with real horses, camels and elephants on stage and hundreds of extras in addition to the seven main singers and the chorus of soldiers. The final scene, a brilliantly lit Turkish camp at night, had ships sailing on the River Tigris with the hanging gardens of Babylon in the distance. The opera ran for twelve performances, and according to contemporary accounts, the ladies of the Dresden Court paid the Swiss Guards to hold their places in the opera house so they revisit the most spectacular scenes on each evening it was performed. Hasse revised the score when Solimano was revived at the Opernhaus am Zwinger in January 1754. Solimano proved to be Migliavacca's most successful libretto and was subsequently set by several other composers, including Fischietti (1755), Pescetti (1756), Perez (1757), and Galuppi (1760).\nThe opera received its first performance in modern times on 16 August 1997 at the Innsbruck Festival of Early Music in a production conducted by Ren\u00e9 Jacobs and directed by Georg Quander. Thomas Randle sang the title role with mezzo-soprano Iris Vermillion as Selim. A recording of the performance was broadcast on BBC Radio 3 the following December. In February 1999 Jacobs conducted the same production at the Berlin Staatsoper to mark the tricentennial of Hasse's birth. On that occasion Thomas Randle reprised the title role while Vivica Genaux sang the role of Selim. In his review of the Berlin performance critic George Loomis wrote: \"Hasse's arias emerged as not just musical pleasantries, but also vital studies in character. Intense rhythmic energy conveys Solimano's volatile nature, soothing melodic pathos defines his wrongly accused son, Selim.\"  There are no complete commercial recordings of Solimano. However Selim's Act 2 aria \"Fra quest'ombre\" sung by Vivica Genaux can be heard on Decca's Baroque Divas and one of the sinfonias from the opera transcribed for lute can be heard on the Oehms Classics recording Opera for Lute. The Act 1 triumph scene (\"Marcia alla Turca\" and the soldiers' chorus \"Viva il prode, viva il forte\") appears on Phoenix Edition's 1001 Nights: Breezes From The Orient performed by the Berlin Radio Orchestra and Choir.", ["w_s1299"]]
[30574, "Alexander Vasilievich Sukhomlin (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0421\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0438\u043d; 5 November\u00a0[O.S. 23 October]\u00a01900 \u2013 7 October 1970) was a Soviet military commander, reaching the rank of lieutenant general in the Red Army.<PIC> Sukhomlin was born in a village in the Chernigov Governorate, Russian Empire (now Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine). He graduated from an industrial school in Irkutsk in 1917 and worked as a locksmith for the local Trans-Baikal Railway station. In 1918 he joined the Red Guards as a machine gunner and helped suppress the Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion and served on several Soviet steamships on Lake Baikal. He was transferred to the Amur Front after the Empire of Japan and the White movement captured Khabarovsk, located on the Amur River. He later completed the Vystrel course and graduated from the M. V. Frunze Military Academy. He served as head of the faculty's training department at Frunze Military Academy and then as commissioner for the academy's preparatory course from 1931 to 1933. In 1936 he was appointed an assistant army inspector for the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army. In 1937 he became the course director at the Soviet General Staff Academy after graduating from that institution in October 1936. In February 1941 he was named an assistant professor.\nWhen Operation Barbarossa began in June 1941 Sukhomlin was named deputy chief of staff for the Northwestern Front centered around Leningrad. In September he was chosen as acting chief of staff for the 54th Army, part of the Leningrad Front. In January 1942 he briefly assumed command of the 8th Army on the Volkhov Front before taking command of the 54th Army, recovering from the Soviet loss in the Battle of Lyuban. He led the army in February 1943 during Operation Polar Star, an unsuccessful attempt to lift the blockade of Leningrad. His role was to attack toward Tosno and link up with the 55th Army attacking from Krasny Bor. Sukhomlin was demoted to deputy commander of the army for his failure. In March he was named assistant commander of the Volkhov Front and in June he became chief of staff of the 5th Army on the Western Front.\nIn August 1943 Sukhomlin became chief of staff of the 10th Guards Army and in September was named its commander. He replaced Kuzma Trubnikov, who was blamed for the early failures of Operation Suvorov, an attempt to liberate Smolensk. Under Sukhomlin the 10th Guards broke through the right flank of the German IX Army Corps of 4th Army west of Yelnya on September 15 and then advanced on Smolensk from the southwest. The troops under his command earned distinction for their performance during the operation.\nIn February 1944 Sukhomlin became the deputy chief of the Frunze Military Academy. In January 1949 he was appointed head of the military history department and then in December 1953 he was appointed senior lecturer in the Department of Strategy at the K. \u0415. Voroshilov Higher Military Academy (now the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia). In February 1956 he went on a foreign trip to the People's Republic of China and served as senior military adviser to the head of the PLA military academy. In May 1959 he was seconded to the Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Ground Forces and in June he was seconded to the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union for research work. In August 1960 he returned to the General Staff military academy as a senior lecturer in the Department of Strategy. He retired from active service in June 1963. ; on encyclopedia.mil.ru\nGlantz, pp. 412-14\nForczyk, p. 13\nibid, p. 76-77", ["w_s1306"]]