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waves that need matter to carry energy are called
A mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter , and therefore transfers energy through a medium . While waves can move over long distances , the movement of the medium of transmission -- the material -- is limited . Therefore , the oscillating material does not move far from its initial equilibrium position . Mechanical waves transport energy . This energy propagates in the same direction as the wave . Any kind of wave ( mechanical or electromagnetic ) has a certain energy . Mechanical waves can be produced only in media which possess elasticity and inertia .
[ [ "mechanical" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "A mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter , and therefore transfers energy through a medium . While waves can move over long distances , the movement of the medium of transmission -- the material -- is limited . Therefore , the oscillating material does not move far from its initial equilibrium position . Mechanical waves transport energy . This energy propagates in the same direction as the wave . Any kind of wave ( mechanical or electromagnetic ) has a certain energy . Mechanical waves can be produced only in media which possess elasticity and inertia .", "A mechanical wave requires an initial energy input . Once this initial energy is added , the wave travels through the medium until all its energy is transferred . In contrast , electromagnetic waves require no medium , but can still travel through one .", "One important property of mechanical waves is that their amplitudes are measured in an unusual way , displacement divided by ( reduced ) wavelength . When this gets comparable to unity , significant nonlinear effects such as harmonic generation may occur , and , if large enough , may result in chaotic effects . For example , waves on the surface of a body of water break when this dimensionless amplitude exceeds 1 , resulting in a foam on the surface and turbulent mixing . Some of the most common examples of mechanical waves are water waves , sound waves , and seismic waves .", "There are three types of mechanical waves : transverse waves , longitudinal waves , and surface waves .", "Transverse waves cause the medium to vibrate at a right angle to the direction of the wave or energy being carried by the medium . Transverse waves have two parts -- the crest and the trough . The crest is the highest point of the wave and the trough is the lowest . The distance between a subsequent crest and a trough is half of wavelength . The wavelength is the distance from crest to crest or from trough to trough .", "To see an example , move an end of a Slinky ( whose other end is fixed ) to the left - and - right of the Slinky , as opposed to to - and - fro . Light also has properties of a transverse wave , although it is an electromagnetic wave .", "Longitudinal waves cause the medium to vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave . It consists of multiple compressions and rarefactions . The rarefaction is the farthest distance apart in the longitudinal wave and the compression is the closest distance together . The speed of the longitudinal wave is increased in higher index of refraction , due to the closer proximity of the atoms in the medium that is being compressed . Sound is considered a longitudinal wave .", "This type of wave travels along a surface that is between two media . An example of a surface wave would be waves in a pool , or in an ocean , lake , or any other type of water body . There are two types of surface waves , namely Rayleigh waves and Love waves .", "Rayleigh waves , also known as ground roll , are waves that travel as ripples with motion similar to those of waves on the surface of water . Rayleigh waves are much slower than body waves , roughly 90 % of the velocity of body waves for a typical homogeneous elastic medium .", "A Love wave is a surface waves having horizontal waves that are shear or transverse to the direction of propagation . They usually travel slightly faster than Rayleigh waves , about 90 % of the body wave velocity , and have the largest amplitude .", "Ocean waves Sound waves Seismic waves" ]
Mechanical wave - Wikipedia Mechanical wave Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ripple in water is a surface wave. A mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter , and therefore transfers energy through a medium . While waves can move over long distances, the movement of the medium of transmission -- the material-- is limited. Therefore, the oscillating material does not move far from its initial equilibrium position. Mechanical waves transport energy. This energy propagates in the same direction as the wave. Any kind of wave (mechanical or electromagnetic) has a certain energy. Mechanical waves can be produced only in media which possess elasticity and inertia. A mechanical wave requires an initial energy input. Once this initial energy is added, the wave travels through the medium until all its energy is transferred. In contrast, electromagnetic waves require no medium, but can still travel through one. One important property of mechanical waves is that their amplitudes are measured in an unusual way, displacement divided by (reduced) wavelength . When this gets comparable to unity, significant nonlinear effects such as harmonic generation may occur, and, if large enough, may result in chaotic effects. For example, waves on the surface of a body of water break when this dimensionless amplitude exceeds 1, resulting in a foam on the surface and turbulent mixing. Some of the most common examples of mechanical waves are water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves . There are three types of mechanical waves: transverse waves , longitudinal waves , and surface waves . Contents ( hide ) 1 Transverse wave 2 Longitudinal wave 3 Surface waves 4 Examples 5 References Transverse wave ( edit ) Main article: Transverse wave Transverse waves cause the medium to vibrate at a right angle to the direction of the wave or energy being carried by the medium. Transverse waves have two parts-- the crest and the trough . The crest is the highest point of the wave and the trough is the lowest. The distance between a subsequent crest and a trough is half of wavelength. The wavelength is the distance from crest to crest or from trough to trough. To see an example, move an end of a Slinky (whose other end is fixed) to the left-and-right of the Slinky, as opposed to to-and-fro. Light also has properties of a transverse wave, although it is an electromagnetic wave. Longitudinal wave ( edit ) Main article: Longitudinal wave Longitudinal waves cause the medium to vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave. It consists of multiple compressions and rarefactions. The rarefaction is the farthest distance apart in the longitudinal wave and the compression is the closest distance together. The speed of the longitudinal wave is increased in higher index of refraction, due to the closer proximity of the atoms in the medium that is being compressed. Sound is considered a longitudinal wave. Surface waves ( edit ) Main article: Surface wave This type of wave travels along a surface that is between two media. An example of a surface wave would be waves in a pool, or in an ocean, lake, or any other type of water body. There are two types of surface waves, namely Rayleigh waves and Love waves . Rayleigh waves, also known as ground roll , are waves that travel as ripples with motion similar to those of waves on the surface of water. Rayleigh waves are much slower than body waves , roughly 90% of the velocity of body waves for a typical homogeneous elastic medium. A Love wave is a surface waves having horizontal waves that are shear or transverse to the direction of propagation. They usually travel slightly faster than Rayleigh waves, about 90% of the body wave velocity, and have the largest amplitude. Examples ( edit ) Ocean waves Sound waves Seismic waves References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Giancoli, D.C. (2009) Physics for scientists & engineers with modern physics (4th ed.). Upper Sadddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Jump up ^ Giordano, Nicholas (2009). College Physics: Reasoning and Relationships (illustrated ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 387. ISBN 978-0-534-42471-8 . Extract of page 387 Jump up ^ Towne, Dudley H. (2014). Wave Phenomena (illustrated ed.). Courier Dover Publications. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-486-14515-0 . Extract of page 139 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mechanical_wave&oldid=826337559 '' Categories : Waves Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from April 2013 All articles needing additional references All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018, at 15:47. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
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if loving you is wrong season 4 episode 18
Christ The Mystery Of God Revealed
[ [] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "If Loving You Is Wrong is an American primetime television soap opera , created , executive produced , written and directed by Tyler Perry . The show premiered September 9 , 2014 , on the Oprah Winfrey Network . If Loving You Is Wrong is loosely based on Perry 's 2014 film , The Single Moms Club .", "Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 September 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) May 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 26 ) 22 September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 22 September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 18 September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 )", "Season Episodes Originally aired", "First aired Last aired", "20 September 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) May 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 26 )", "22 September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 )", "22 September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 )", "18 September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 )", "No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) `` A Twisted Affair '' September 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) 1.93 Alex takes a pregnancy test because everyone thinks she 's pregnant . Her husband Brad loves his job more than he loves her , but wants to make up for it . Esperanza deals with her ex-husband . Kelly wants to buy a house for her boyfriend Travis and her son Justice . Note : The character Esperanza ( played by Zulay Henao ) is based on the character of the same name ( also played by Zulay Henao ) from the feature film The Single Moms Club . The character Natalie is based on the character Lytia Wright from The Single Moms Club . Differences from the movie : ( 1 ) The girls meet because their kids are on the same sports team ; unlike the movie , where their kids got into trouble in school . ( 2 ) Esperanza 's character and storyline is rebooted and her ex-husband is more aggressive . `` Shots Fired '' September 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) 1.92 Kelly buys a home in Alex and Marcie 's neighborhood ; meanwhile , the identification of Esperanza 's new lover , is revealed to Edward . `` Alex Is Pregnant '' September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) 1.80 Brad and Alex help Kelly move into her new house , his suspicions of Alex 's infidelity are put on hold after she reveals she is pregnant . `` The Colombian '' September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 1.64 Travis comes back from his mission trip to Haiti and drops a bombshell on Kelly . Meanwhile , Esperanza finds out that Julius ' father is the head of a Colombian cartel . 5 5 `` The War Begins '' September 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 30 ) 1.54 Kelly 's world is rocked when Travis reveals that he is engaged to another woman . Meanwhile , Alex tries to confirm that Brad is the father of her child . 6 6 `` Game Night '' October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 1.80 After Eddie 's house gets sprayed with gunfire , Lushion finally has an interview at the police station . Travis goes to see Kelly with the hopes of remaining in her life . During game night at Alex and Brad 's house , a game of truth with Randall and Marcie leads to some awkward moments for everyone . 7 7 `` After Heartbreak '' October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 1.65 Kelly makes plans to sell her house . Marcie and Brad become more suspicious of their spouses . 8 8 `` 14 Weeks '' October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 1.68 Alex finds out that she 's further along in her pregnancy than she originally thought . 9 9 `` Peppa '' October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) 1.74 Natalie points the finger at Joey when Burger Fast is robbed . Marcie finds out Randall is sneaking around with a woman named `` Peppa '' . 10 10 `` Look Closely '' November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 1.87 In need of a distraction from her own drama , Kelly helps Marcie find `` Peppa 's '' true identity . 11 11 `` The Lady Next Door '' March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 2.99 Marcie has discovered the truth about Randall 's affair ; she makes a scene at Brad 's birthday party . Everyone is thinking it was Kelly who was having the affair with Randall . It is later revealed that it was Alex who is `` Peppa '' . Brad and Edward both attack Randall and beat him up for the deception . 12 12 `` Girlfriends '' March 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) 2.53 After , Alex 's affair with Randall is exposed . Kelly , Natalie and Esperanza try to comfort her . Brad and Eddie talk over what to do about the affair . Kelly gets a visit from Travis , who claims to still be in with her . Joey has a run - in with some guys from his old gang . Brad pulls a gun on Alex . 13 13 `` Fatherless Boys '' April 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 07 ) 2.02 Brad is looking for Randall . Travis tells Justice that he is not his biological father , at the same time his mother comes to apologize to Kelly . Marcie is looking for a place to stay and comes to Kelly for comfort . Joey wants to work at a chemical plant but Natalie does n't want him to work there . Meanwhile , things are getting heated between Eddie and Lushion . 14 14 `` Who Knew '' April 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) 2.28 Brad questions all of the girls about the affair . The police come to Randall 's house after getting reports of gunfire . Eddie arrests Randall . Lushion stands up to Eddie . Marcie becomes unstable when showing a house to an interracial couple . 15 15 `` Marcie & Brad '' April 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 21 ) 2.21 Marcie tries to hold it together when she confronts Alex . Randall hires a lawyer specializing in discrimination . Joey is still trying to get a job but things are n't looking up . Lushion and Natalie discuss living arraignments . Meanwhile , Marcie and Brad plot to have sex to get back at Alex and Randall . 16 16 `` Whose Baby ? '' April 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) 1.97 Marcie and Brad find out they have more in common than they expected . Alex experiences contraction - like symptoms . Brad demands that Alex get a paternity test from the doctor . 17 17 `` The Randall Connection '' May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 1.95 Randall tells Marcie he 's the father of Alex 's unborn child . Alex and Brad 's kids see him sleeping on the couch and question their parents . Eddie feels uneasy , so he tries to make things right with Lushion . Joey gets some helpful advice from Faun but things go wrong when Quan shows up , to threaten his family . Randall finds out Eddie 's secret and uses it against him . 18 18 `` The Debt '' May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 2.07 Edward is targeted in an act of revenge for taking money from Quan . Marcie confronts Alex about her sexual history . Esperanza gets a visit from Randall 's lawyer . Meanwhile , being a stay - at - home mom has its disadvantages , when Randall shows up at Alex 's front door . Quan struggles to pay back the debt he owes Julius . 19 19 `` Nine P.M. '' May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 2.21 Eddie is rushed to the hospital after getting shot in the last episode . While struggling for his life , Esperanza is distraught but things worsen when Eddie 's wife shows up . Travis comes to Kelly 's job and she finds herself tempted . Brad helps Peter with his Mother 's Day homework . Peter gets suspicious over Brad 's behavior . 20 20 `` Alex 's Baby '' May 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 26 ) 2.05 Marcie tells the neighbors about the Randall - Alex affair and Brad threatens Randall . Alex goes into labor ; Natalie begs Lushion to quit the force ; Edward confesses his feelings for Esperanza .", "No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million )", "`` A Twisted Affair '' September 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) 1.93", "Alex takes a pregnancy test because everyone thinks she 's pregnant . Her husband Brad loves his job more than he loves her , but wants to make up for it . Esperanza deals with her ex-husband . Kelly wants to buy a house for her boyfriend Travis and her son Justice . Note : The character Esperanza ( played by Zulay Henao ) is based on the character of the same name ( also played by Zulay Henao ) from the feature film The Single Moms Club . The character Natalie is based on the character Lytia Wright from The Single Moms Club . Differences from the movie : ( 1 ) The girls meet because their kids are on the same sports team ; unlike the movie , where their kids got into trouble in school . ( 2 ) Esperanza 's character and storyline is rebooted and her ex-husband is more aggressive .", "Alex takes a pregnancy test because everyone thinks she 's pregnant . Her husband Brad loves his job more than he loves her , but wants to make up for it . Esperanza deals with her ex-husband . Kelly wants to buy a house for her boyfriend Travis and her son Justice .", "Note : The character Esperanza ( played by Zulay Henao ) is based on the character of the same name ( also played by Zulay Henao ) from the feature film The Single Moms Club . The character Natalie is based on the character Lytia Wright from The Single Moms Club .", "`` Shots Fired '' September 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) 1.92", "Kelly buys a home in Alex and Marcie 's neighborhood ; meanwhile , the identification of Esperanza 's new lover , is revealed to Edward .", "`` Alex Is Pregnant '' September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) 1.80", "Brad and Alex help Kelly move into her new house , his suspicions of Alex 's infidelity are put on hold after she reveals she is pregnant .", "`` The Colombian '' September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 1.64", "Travis comes back from his mission trip to Haiti and drops a bombshell on Kelly . Meanwhile , Esperanza finds out that Julius ' father is the head of a Colombian cartel .", "5 5 `` The War Begins '' September 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 30 ) 1.54", "Kelly 's world is rocked when Travis reveals that he is engaged to another woman . Meanwhile , Alex tries to confirm that Brad is the father of her child .", "6 6 `` Game Night '' October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 1.80", "After Eddie 's house gets sprayed with gunfire , Lushion finally has an interview at the police station . Travis goes to see Kelly with the hopes of remaining in her life . During game night at Alex and Brad 's house , a game of truth with Randall and Marcie leads to some awkward moments for everyone .", "7 7 `` After Heartbreak '' October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 1.65", "Kelly makes plans to sell her house . Marcie and Brad become more suspicious of their spouses .", "8 8 `` 14 Weeks '' October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 1.68", "Alex finds out that she 's further along in her pregnancy than she originally thought .", "9 9 `` Peppa '' October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) 1.74", "Natalie points the finger at Joey when Burger Fast is robbed . Marcie finds out Randall is sneaking around with a woman named `` Peppa '' .", "10 10 `` Look Closely '' November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) 1.87", "In need of a distraction from her own drama , Kelly helps Marcie find `` Peppa 's '' true identity .", "11 11 `` The Lady Next Door '' March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 2.99", "Marcie has discovered the truth about Randall 's affair ; she makes a scene at Brad 's birthday party . Everyone is thinking it was Kelly who was having the affair with Randall . It is later revealed that it was Alex who is `` Peppa '' . Brad and Edward both attack Randall and beat him up for the deception .", "12 12 `` Girlfriends '' March 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) 2.53", "After , Alex 's affair with Randall is exposed . Kelly , Natalie and Esperanza try to comfort her . Brad and Eddie talk over what to do about the affair . Kelly gets a visit from Travis , who claims to still be in with her . Joey has a run - in with some guys from his old gang . Brad pulls a gun on Alex .", "13 13 `` Fatherless Boys '' April 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 07 ) 2.02", "Brad is looking for Randall . Travis tells Justice that he is not his biological father , at the same time his mother comes to apologize to Kelly . Marcie is looking for a place to stay and comes to Kelly for comfort . Joey wants to work at a chemical plant but Natalie does n't want him to work there . Meanwhile , things are getting heated between Eddie and Lushion .", "14 14 `` Who Knew '' April 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) 2.28", "Brad questions all of the girls about the affair . The police come to Randall 's house after getting reports of gunfire . Eddie arrests Randall . Lushion stands up to Eddie . Marcie becomes unstable when showing a house to an interracial couple .", "15 15 `` Marcie & Brad '' April 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 21 ) 2.21", "Marcie tries to hold it together when she confronts Alex . Randall hires a lawyer specializing in discrimination . Joey is still trying to get a job but things are n't looking up . Lushion and Natalie discuss living arraignments . Meanwhile , Marcie and Brad plot to have sex to get back at Alex and Randall .", "16 16 `` Whose Baby ? '' April 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) 1.97", "Marcie and Brad find out they have more in common than they expected . Alex experiences contraction - like symptoms . Brad demands that Alex get a paternity test from the doctor .", "17 17 `` The Randall Connection '' May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 1.95", "Randall tells Marcie he 's the father of Alex 's unborn child . Alex and Brad 's kids see him sleeping on the couch and question their parents . Eddie feels uneasy , so he tries to make things right with Lushion . Joey gets some helpful advice from Faun but things go wrong when Quan shows up , to threaten his family . Randall finds out Eddie 's secret and uses it against him .", "18 18 `` The Debt '' May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 2.07", "Edward is targeted in an act of revenge for taking money from Quan . Marcie confronts Alex about her sexual history . Esperanza gets a visit from Randall 's lawyer . Meanwhile , being a stay - at - home mom has its disadvantages , when Randall shows up at Alex 's front door . Quan struggles to pay back the debt he owes Julius .", "19 19 `` Nine P.M. '' May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 2.21", "Eddie is rushed to the hospital after getting shot in the last episode . While struggling for his life , Esperanza is distraught but things worsen when Eddie 's wife shows up . Travis comes to Kelly 's job and she finds herself tempted . Brad helps Peter with his Mother 's Day homework . Peter gets suspicious over Brad 's behavior .", "20 20 `` Alex 's Baby '' May 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 26 ) 2.05", "Marcie tells the neighbors about the Randall - Alex affair and Brad threatens Randall . Alex goes into labor ; Natalie begs Lushion to quit the force ; Edward confesses his feelings for Esperanza .", "No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 21 `` Miss Louise '' September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 2.90 Kelly , Esperanza , and Natalie try to calm down Brad when he discovers that he is n't the father of Alex 's newborn baby boy ; As Marcie struggles with her and Randal 's relationship a surprise lies ahead , a visit from her mother - in - law , Louise . 22 `` The Beauty That Is '' September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 2.32 The ladies show their support for Alex as she deals with giving birth with Randal 's child . 23 `` The Painter '' October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 2.05 Alex dreams of how her affair with Randal started . 24 `` Blonde Hair , Blue Eyes '' October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) 1.96 Louise gives up information about Randal attraction to blonde women with blue eyes , making Marcie jealous . 25 5 `` The Shed '' October 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) 2.01 Randal finds out karma does exists . Natalie catches Joey and Faun having sex at her restaurant . 26 6 `` Being a Woman '' October 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) 2.44 Randal 's wife and mother deal with their conflicted feelings . 27 7 `` Joey and Faun '' November 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) 2.28 Marcie gains an unexpected ally ; Faun tries to reconcile with Natalie . 28 8 `` The Tape '' November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 2.43 Eddie and Ben go forward with plans to take down their enemies . 29 9 `` He 's Beautiful '' November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 2.23 Brad surprises Alex with something terrible . 30 10 `` Time For A Cigar '' November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) 2.19 Because of his betrayal , Brad taunts Randal , causing a fight between the two at the hospital . 31 11 `` Out of Control '' December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 2.51 Edward plans out something vicious . Alex gets released from the hospital . 32 12 `` Mortal & Fifth '' March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 2.47 A horrible ambush ends in catastrophe . 33 13 `` The Last Word '' March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 2.20 Randal confronts his wife about her infidelity . 34 14 `` Backfired '' March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 2.19 Kelly does her best to protect Alex . 35 15 `` Randal 's Wicked Web '' April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 1.99 Randal comes for Alex and Brad . 36 16 `` A Mother 's Love '' April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) 2.19 Alex realizes the debts of Randal 's evil 37 17 `` Betting on Tina '' April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 2.20 Eddie finds that a nurse is his most formidable opponent . The ladies spend the night at Alex 's house . 38 18 `` The Brown Paper Bag '' April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) 2.05 Lushion searches high and low for a piece of evidence . Kelly and Esperanza talk Alex into letting Randal see the baby . 39 19 `` For Pete '' May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 2.30 Lushion takes a stand against corruption . Alex agrees to let Randal see the baby . 40 20 `` The Will '' May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 2.37 Julius faces a shocking blow . 41 21 `` An Evil Alliance '' May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 2.28 An alliance is formed . Alex receives custody notices from Randal . 42 22 `` The Wicked Soul '' May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 2.39 Lushion confesses a secret . Alex begs her parents for help with Randal .", "No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million )", "21 `` Miss Louise '' September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 2.90", "Kelly , Esperanza , and Natalie try to calm down Brad when he discovers that he is n't the father of Alex 's newborn baby boy ; As Marcie struggles with her and Randal 's relationship a surprise lies ahead , a visit from her mother - in - law , Louise .", "22 `` The Beauty That Is '' September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 2.32", "The ladies show their support for Alex as she deals with giving birth with Randal 's child .", "23 `` The Painter '' October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 2.05", "Alex dreams of how her affair with Randal started .", "24 `` Blonde Hair , Blue Eyes '' October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) 1.96", "Louise gives up information about Randal attraction to blonde women with blue eyes , making Marcie jealous .", "25 5 `` The Shed '' October 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) 2.01", "Randal finds out karma does exists . Natalie catches Joey and Faun having sex at her restaurant .", "26 6 `` Being a Woman '' October 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) 2.44", "Randal 's wife and mother deal with their conflicted feelings .", "27 7 `` Joey and Faun '' November 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) 2.28", "Marcie gains an unexpected ally ; Faun tries to reconcile with Natalie .", "28 8 `` The Tape '' November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 2.43", "Eddie and Ben go forward with plans to take down their enemies .", "29 9 `` He 's Beautiful '' November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 2.23", "Brad surprises Alex with something terrible .", "30 10 `` Time For A Cigar '' November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) 2.19", "Because of his betrayal , Brad taunts Randal , causing a fight between the two at the hospital .", "31 11 `` Out of Control '' December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 2.51", "Edward plans out something vicious . Alex gets released from the hospital .", "32 12 `` Mortal & Fifth '' March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 2.47", "A horrible ambush ends in catastrophe .", "33 13 `` The Last Word '' March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 2.20", "Randal confronts his wife about her infidelity .", "34 14 `` Backfired '' March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 2.19", "Kelly does her best to protect Alex .", "35 15 `` Randal 's Wicked Web '' April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 1.99", "Randal comes for Alex and Brad .", "36 16 `` A Mother 's Love '' April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) 2.19", "Alex realizes the debts of Randal 's evil", "37 17 `` Betting on Tina '' April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 2.20", "Eddie finds that a nurse is his most formidable opponent . The ladies spend the night at Alex 's house .", "38 18 `` The Brown Paper Bag '' April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) 2.05", "Lushion searches high and low for a piece of evidence . Kelly and Esperanza talk Alex into letting Randal see the baby .", "39 19 `` For Pete '' May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 2.30", "Lushion takes a stand against corruption . Alex agrees to let Randal see the baby .", "40 20 `` The Will '' May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 2.37", "Julius faces a shocking blow .", "41 21 `` An Evil Alliance '' May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 2.28", "An alliance is formed . Alex receives custody notices from Randal .", "42 22 `` The Wicked Soul '' May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 2.39", "Lushion confesses a secret . Alex begs her parents for help with Randal .", "No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 43 `` Watch Your Back '' September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) 2.94 In the Season 3 premiere , Alex discovers a terrible scene . 44 `` 911 Emergency '' September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 2.33 In a fit of desperation , Alex leaves home and takes matters into her own hands . 45 September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) 2.16 Natalie waits for news about Joey while the police try to locate Alex 's baby . 46 `` You 're The Boss '' October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) 2.06 Edward oversteps his authority in front of Steven and is reminded who the boss really is . 47 5 `` An Unlikely Suspect '' October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 2.25 A crime shocks the town of Maxine ; the police identify a suspect . 48 6 `` The Power Of Love '' October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 2.03 Police interrogate their top suspect in the crime that has shocked the town . 49 7 `` The Wages Of Sin '' October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 2.08 The police question Brad as Joey fights for his life . 50 8 `` Keeping Watch '' November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 1.89 Edward tries to wake Louise while she is unconscious in an effort to see what she knows about Brad ; Lushion scolds an agent who was n't keeping tabs on Pete 's room . 51 9 `` A Room For You '' November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 2.05 Alex and Andrew wait for backup on a quiet country road ; things are not quiet at the hospital . 52 10 `` Every Minute Counts '' November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 2.00 Marcie learns life - altering news and her life will never be the same . 53 11 `` Rusty 's Brand Of Justice '' November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 2.41 On the mid-season finale , Rusty issues his brand of justice . 54 12 `` A Neighborhood In Crisis '' March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 1.96 Kelly learns the shocking whereabouts of her neighbor Ramsey and Alex finally saves her baby . 55 13 `` Sui Ling Mai '' March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 1.97 Pete takes on an alias to keep himself out of Edward 's grasp . Kelly attempts to distance herself from Travis . Marcie and Brad confess their love for each other . 56 14 `` A Fatal Attraction '' April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 1.89 Travis loses his mind and becomes a crazed predator . Alex and Randall face off in court . 57 15 `` The Missing Person '' April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 2.03 The police are searching for the missing Andrew . Alex reveals shocking news . 58 16 `` The Mail Man '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 1.87 Kelly panics when she learns the crime Travis has committed . 59 17 `` Tippa Haynes '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 1.92 Randal questions the paternity of Alex 's baby . Marcie struggles of telling Brad about her pregnancy . 60 18 `` The Party Just Arrived '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 1.85 Dianne confronts and bullies Kelly with outrageous demands , while Randal warns Natalie that Lushion is cheating on her . 61 19 `` Do n't Lose Your Deposit '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) N / A Louise gives Marcie advice about Brad . Marcie taunts Alex . 62 20 `` No One Is Safe '' May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) N / A Kelly finds herself in an all - to - familiar predicament with a man she just ca n't get rid of . 63 21 `` Angry Men '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) N / A Travis acts on his vengeful impulses . 64 22 `` Sound The Alarm '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) N / A In the Season 3 finale , Kelly learns a new way to protect herself from Travis , Alex is finally granted custody of her baby , and Eddie gets taken down .", "No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million )", "43 `` Watch Your Back '' September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) 2.94", "In the Season 3 premiere , Alex discovers a terrible scene .", "44 `` 911 Emergency '' September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 2.33", "In a fit of desperation , Alex leaves home and takes matters into her own hands .", "45 September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) 2.16", "Natalie waits for news about Joey while the police try to locate Alex 's baby .", "46 `` You 're The Boss '' October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) 2.06", "Edward oversteps his authority in front of Steven and is reminded who the boss really is .", "47 5 `` An Unlikely Suspect '' October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 2.25", "A crime shocks the town of Maxine ; the police identify a suspect .", "48 6 `` The Power Of Love '' October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 2.03", "Police interrogate their top suspect in the crime that has shocked the town .", "49 7 `` The Wages Of Sin '' October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 2.08", "The police question Brad as Joey fights for his life .", "50 8 `` Keeping Watch '' November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 1.89", "Edward tries to wake Louise while she is unconscious in an effort to see what she knows about Brad ; Lushion scolds an agent who was n't keeping tabs on Pete 's room .", "51 9 `` A Room For You '' November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 2.05", "Alex and Andrew wait for backup on a quiet country road ; things are not quiet at the hospital .", "52 10 `` Every Minute Counts '' November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 2.00", "Marcie learns life - altering news and her life will never be the same .", "53 11 `` Rusty 's Brand Of Justice '' November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 2.41", "On the mid-season finale , Rusty issues his brand of justice .", "54 12 `` A Neighborhood In Crisis '' March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 1.96", "Kelly learns the shocking whereabouts of her neighbor Ramsey and Alex finally saves her baby .", "55 13 `` Sui Ling Mai '' March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 1.97", "Pete takes on an alias to keep himself out of Edward 's grasp . Kelly attempts to distance herself from Travis . Marcie and Brad confess their love for each other .", "56 14 `` A Fatal Attraction '' April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 1.89", "Travis loses his mind and becomes a crazed predator . Alex and Randall face off in court .", "57 15 `` The Missing Person '' April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 2.03", "The police are searching for the missing Andrew . Alex reveals shocking news .", "58 16 `` The Mail Man '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 1.87", "Kelly panics when she learns the crime Travis has committed .", "59 17 `` Tippa Haynes '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 1.92", "Randal questions the paternity of Alex 's baby . Marcie struggles of telling Brad about her pregnancy .", "60 18 `` The Party Just Arrived '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 1.85", "Dianne confronts and bullies Kelly with outrageous demands , while Randal warns Natalie that Lushion is cheating on her .", "61 19 `` Do n't Lose Your Deposit '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) N / A", "Louise gives Marcie advice about Brad . Marcie taunts Alex .", "62 20 `` No One Is Safe '' May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) N / A", "Kelly finds herself in an all - to - familiar predicament with a man she just ca n't get rid of .", "63 21 `` Angry Men '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) N / A", "Travis acts on his vengeful impulses .", "64 22 `` Sound The Alarm '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) N / A", "In the Season 3 finale , Kelly learns a new way to protect herself from Travis , Alex is finally granted custody of her baby , and Eddie gets taken down .", "No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 65 `` A Difficult Path '' September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) 1.89 In the Season 4 premiere , the Maxine community is left unsteady after an incident endangers the lives of all the children in the neighborhood . 66 `` Justice '' September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 1.70 Kelly finds herself in legal trouble that endangers her freedom . Randal continues to antagonize Marcie and Brad . 67 `` In Distress '' October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 1.93 Lushion tries to get Kelly out of a horrible situation . 68 `` Enemy Secrets '' October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 1.81 Kelly gets help for her legal troubles . Eddie declares war against Steven and Lushion . 69 5 `` A Taste Of Freedom '' October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 1.84 Randall continues his intensified harassment on all his neighbors , especially those of Brad and Alex . 70 6 `` Falling '' October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 1.79 Brad seeks revenge against Randall , almost injuring him seriously . Much to Randall 's dismay , it 's not giving him much help by calling the police . 71 7 `` Something Is Rotten '' November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 1.72 Randall secretly undermines Marcie in her attempts to seek legal counsel against him ; Also , Eddie surprises Esperanza and is shocked in anger by his discovery . 72 8 `` Dark Intentions '' November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 1.79 Lushion comes to Kelly 's aid by going after Travis ; Steven reveals his true feelings to Esperanza . 73 9 `` Chains , Guns , and Automobiles '' November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 1.77 Larry , the attorney , mistakenly breaks Marcie 's confidence , leaving Marcie in great peril . Travis goes after Kelly in the dead of night . 74 10 `` A Dame In Distress '' January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 1.39 Randall enacts a terrible game of vengeance against Eddie ; Eddie must depend on Lushion to call for help . 75 11 `` The Porch Light '' January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 1.60 Lushion reluctantly comes to Eddie 's rescue ; and Eddie vows revenge against Randall and his attorney , Larry . 76 12 `` The Papers '' January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) 1.55 Kelly finds out she has been betrayed by her lawyer , Ian ; Steven continues his pursuit of Esperanza . 77 13 `` Hanging in the Balance '' January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 1.47 Eddie seeks out vengeance against attorney Larry . 78 14 `` The Battleground State '' February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 1.52 Randall schemes up a plan to destroy Marcie so he gets some high - maintenance assistance ; Kelly 's son , Justice , becomes traumatized by his mother 's legal troubles . 79 15 `` Golfer '' February 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 1.46 Marcie finds a lawyer , who she hopes to be a strong ally in her fight against her devious husband Randal ; Brad gives Alex an ultimatum that forces her to make a promise she will have a difficult time keeping . 80 16 `` Rock Solid '' February 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) 1.49 Randal sounds alarm bells informing the police and law firm that Larry may be missing and in danger . 81 17 `` In God 's Hands '' February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 1.53 Lushion confronts Eddie about Larry 's whereabouts ; Randal confronts Dr. Raston with a criminal accusation . 82 18 `` Behind Enemy Lines '' March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 1.55 In the Season 4 finale , the sins of the neighborhood come to a head in catastrophic events across the city .", "No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million )", "65 `` A Difficult Path '' September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) 1.89", "In the Season 4 premiere , the Maxine community is left unsteady after an incident endangers the lives of all the children in the neighborhood .", "66 `` Justice '' September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 1.70", "Kelly finds herself in legal trouble that endangers her freedom . Randal continues to antagonize Marcie and Brad .", "67 `` In Distress '' October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 1.93", "Lushion tries to get Kelly out of a horrible situation .", "68 `` Enemy Secrets '' October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 1.81", "Kelly gets help for her legal troubles . Eddie declares war against Steven and Lushion .", "69 5 `` A Taste Of Freedom '' October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 1.84", "Randall continues his intensified harassment on all his neighbors , especially those of Brad and Alex .", "70 6 `` Falling '' October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 1.79", "Brad seeks revenge against Randall , almost injuring him seriously . Much to Randall 's dismay , it 's not giving him much help by calling the police .", "71 7 `` Something Is Rotten '' November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 1.72", "Randall secretly undermines Marcie in her attempts to seek legal counsel against him ; Also , Eddie surprises Esperanza and is shocked in anger by his discovery .", "72 8 `` Dark Intentions '' November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 1.79", "Lushion comes to Kelly 's aid by going after Travis ; Steven reveals his true feelings to Esperanza .", "73 9 `` Chains , Guns , and Automobiles '' November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 1.77", "Larry , the attorney , mistakenly breaks Marcie 's confidence , leaving Marcie in great peril . Travis goes after Kelly in the dead of night .", "74 10 `` A Dame In Distress '' January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 1.39", "Randall enacts a terrible game of vengeance against Eddie ; Eddie must depend on Lushion to call for help .", "75 11 `` The Porch Light '' January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 1.60", "Lushion reluctantly comes to Eddie 's rescue ; and Eddie vows revenge against Randall and his attorney , Larry .", "76 12 `` The Papers '' January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) 1.55", "Kelly finds out she has been betrayed by her lawyer , Ian ; Steven continues his pursuit of Esperanza .", "77 13 `` Hanging in the Balance '' January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 1.47", "Eddie seeks out vengeance against attorney Larry .", "78 14 `` The Battleground State '' February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 1.52", "Randall schemes up a plan to destroy Marcie so he gets some high - maintenance assistance ; Kelly 's son , Justice , becomes traumatized by his mother 's legal troubles .", "79 15 `` Golfer '' February 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 1.46", "Marcie finds a lawyer , who she hopes to be a strong ally in her fight against her devious husband Randal ; Brad gives Alex an ultimatum that forces her to make a promise she will have a difficult time keeping .", "80 16 `` Rock Solid '' February 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) 1.49", "Randal sounds alarm bells informing the police and law firm that Larry may be missing and in danger .", "81 17 `` In God 's Hands '' February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 1.53", "Lushion confronts Eddie about Larry 's whereabouts ; Randal confronts Dr. Raston with a criminal accusation .", "82 18 `` Behind Enemy Lines '' March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 1.55", "In the Season 4 finale , the sins of the neighborhood come to a head in catastrophic events across the city .", "Christ The Mystery Of God Revealed" ]
List of If Loving You is Wrong episodes - wikipedia List of If Loving You is Wrong episodes If Loving You Is Wrong is an American primetime television soap opera, created, executive produced, written and directed by Tyler Perry . The show premiered September 9, 2014, on the Oprah Winfrey Network . If Loving You Is Wrong is loosely based on Perry's 2014 film, The Single Moms Club . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Season 1 (2014-- 15) 1.2 Season 2 (2015-- 16) 1.3 Season 3 (2016-- 17) 1.4 Season 4 (2017-- 18) 2 References 3 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 September 9, 2014 ( 2014-09-09 ) May 26, 2015 ( 2015-05-26 ) 22 September 22, 2015 ( 2015-09-22 ) May 24, 2016 ( 2016-05-24 ) 22 September 13, 2016 ( 2016-09-13 ) May 30, 2017 ( 2017-05-30 ) 18 September 19, 2017 ( 2017-09-19 ) March 7, 2018 ( 2018-03-07 ) Season 1 (2014-- 15) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers (million) `` A Twisted Affair'' September 9, 2014 ( 2014-09-09 ) 1.93 Alex takes a pregnancy test because everyone thinks she's pregnant. Her husband Brad loves his job more than he loves her, but wants to make up for it. Esperanza deals with her ex-husband. Kelly wants to buy a house for her boyfriend Travis and her son Justice. Note: The character Esperanza (played by Zulay Henao ) is based on the character of the same name (also played by Zulay Henao) from the feature film The Single Moms Club . The character Natalie is based on the character Lytia Wright from The Single Moms Club . Differences from the movie: (1) The girls meet because their kids are on the same sports team; unlike the movie, where their kids got into trouble in school. (2) Esperanza's character and storyline is rebooted and her ex-husband is more aggressive. `` Shots Fired'' September 9, 2014 ( 2014-09-09 ) 1.92 Kelly buys a home in Alex and Marcie's neighborhood; meanwhile, the identification of Esperanza's new lover, is revealed to Edward. `` Alex Is Pregnant'' September 16, 2014 ( 2014-09-16 ) 1.80 Brad and Alex help Kelly move into her new house, his suspicions of Alex's infidelity are put on hold after she reveals she is pregnant. `` The Colombian'' September 23, 2014 ( 2014-09-23 ) 1.64 Travis comes back from his mission trip to Haiti and drops a bombshell on Kelly. Meanwhile, Esperanza finds out that Julius' father is the head of a Colombian cartel. 5 5 `` The War Begins'' September 30, 2014 ( 2014-09-30 ) 1.54 Kelly's world is rocked when Travis reveals that he is engaged to another woman. Meanwhile, Alex tries to confirm that Brad is the father of her child. 6 6 `` Game Night'' October 7, 2014 ( 2014-10-07 ) 1.80 After Eddie's house gets sprayed with gunfire, Lushion finally has an interview at the police station. Travis goes to see Kelly with the hopes of remaining in her life. During game night at Alex and Brad's house, a game of truth with Randall and Marcie leads to some awkward moments for everyone. 7 7 `` After Heartbreak'' October 14, 2014 ( 2014-10-14 ) 1.65 Kelly makes plans to sell her house. Marcie and Brad become more suspicious of their spouses. 8 8 `` 14 Weeks'' October 21, 2014 ( 2014-10-21 ) 1.68 Alex finds out that she's further along in her pregnancy than she originally thought. 9 9 `` Peppa'' October 28, 2014 ( 2014-10-28 ) 1.74 Natalie points the finger at Joey when Burger Fast is robbed. Marcie finds out Randall is sneaking around with a woman named `` Peppa'' . 10 10 `` Look Closely'' November 4, 2014 ( 2014-11-04 ) 1.87 In need of a distraction from her own drama, Kelly helps Marcie find `` Peppa's '' true identity. 11 11 `` The Lady Next Door'' March 24, 2015 ( 2015-03-24 ) 2.99 Marcie has discovered the truth about Randall's affair; she makes a scene at Brad's birthday party. Everyone is thinking it was Kelly who was having the affair with Randall. It is later revealed that it was Alex who is `` Peppa'' . Brad and Edward both attack Randall and beat him up for the deception. 12 12 `` Girlfriends'' March 31, 2015 ( 2015-03-31 ) 2.53 After, Alex's affair with Randall is exposed. Kelly, Natalie and Esperanza try to comfort her. Brad and Eddie talk over what to do about the affair. Kelly gets a visit from Travis, who claims to still be in with her. Joey has a run-in with some guys from his old gang. Brad pulls a gun on Alex. 13 13 `` Fatherless Boys'' April 7, 2015 ( 2015-04-07 ) 2.02 Brad is looking for Randall. Travis tells Justice that he is not his biological father, at the same time his mother comes to apologize to Kelly. Marcie is looking for a place to stay and comes to Kelly for comfort. Joey wants to work at a chemical plant but Natalie doesn't want him to work there. Meanwhile, things are getting heated between Eddie and Lushion. 14 14 `` Who Knew'' April 14, 2015 ( 2015-04-14 ) 2.28 Brad questions all of the girls about the affair. The police come to Randall's house after getting reports of gunfire. Eddie arrests Randall. Lushion stands up to Eddie. Marcie becomes unstable when showing a house to an interracial couple. 15 15 `` Marcie & Brad'' April 21, 2015 ( 2015-04-21 ) 2.21 Marcie tries to hold it together when she confronts Alex. Randall hires a lawyer specializing in discrimination. Joey is still trying to get a job but things aren't looking up. Lushion and Natalie discuss living arraignments. Meanwhile, Marcie and Brad plot to have sex to get back at Alex and Randall. 16 16 `` Whose Baby?'' April 28, 2015 ( 2015-04-28 ) 1.97 Marcie and Brad find out they have more in common than they expected. Alex experiences contraction-like symptoms. Brad demands that Alex get a paternity test from the doctor. 17 17 `` The Randall Connection'' May 5, 2015 ( 2015-05-05 ) 1.95 Randall tells Marcie he's the father of Alex's unborn child. Alex and Brad's kids see him sleeping on the couch and question their parents. Eddie feels uneasy, so he tries to make things right with Lushion. Joey gets some helpful advice from Faun but things go wrong when Quan shows up, to threaten his family. Randall finds out Eddie's secret and uses it against him. 18 18 `` The Debt'' May 12, 2015 ( 2015-05-12 ) 2.07 Edward is targeted in an act of revenge for taking money from Quan. Marcie confronts Alex about her sexual history. Esperanza gets a visit from Randall's lawyer. Meanwhile, being a stay-at-home mom has its disadvantages, when Randall shows up at Alex's front door. Quan struggles to pay back the debt he owes Julius. 19 19 `` Nine P.M.'' May 19, 2015 ( 2015-05-19 ) 2.21 Eddie is rushed to the hospital after getting shot in the last episode. While struggling for his life, Esperanza is distraught but things worsen when Eddie's wife shows up. Travis comes to Kelly's job and she finds herself tempted. Brad helps Peter with his Mother's Day homework. Peter gets suspicious over Brad's behavior. 20 20 `` Alex's Baby'' May 26, 2015 ( 2015-05-26 ) 2.05 Marcie tells the neighbors about the Randall-Alex affair and Brad threatens Randall. Alex goes into labor; Natalie begs Lushion to quit the force; Edward confesses his feelings for Esperanza. Season 2 (2015-- 16) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers (million) 21 `` Miss Louise'' September 22, 2015 ( 2015-09-22 ) 2.90 Kelly, Esperanza, and Natalie try to calm down Brad when he discovers that he isn't the father of Alex's newborn baby boy; As Marcie struggles with her and Randal's relationship a surprise lies ahead, a visit from her mother-in-law, Louise. 22 `` The Beauty That Is'' September 29, 2015 ( 2015-09-29 ) 2.32 The ladies show their support for Alex as she deals with giving birth with Randal's child. 23 `` The Painter'' October 6, 2015 ( 2015-10-06 ) 2.05 Alex dreams of how her affair with Randal started. 24 `` Blonde Hair, Blue Eyes'' October 13, 2015 ( 2015-10-13 ) 1.96 Louise gives up information about Randal attraction to blonde women with blue eyes, making Marcie jealous. 25 5 `` The Shed'' October 20, 2015 ( 2015-10-20 ) 2.01 Randal finds out karma does exists. Natalie catches Joey and Faun having sex at her restaurant. 26 6 `` Being a Woman'' October 27, 2015 ( 2015-10-27 ) 2.44 Randal's wife and mother deal with their conflicted feelings. 27 7 `` Joey and Faun'' November 3, 2015 ( 2015-11-03 ) 2.28 Marcie gains an unexpected ally; Faun tries to reconcile with Natalie. 28 8 `` The Tape'' November 10, 2015 ( 2015-11-10 ) 2.43 Eddie and Ben go forward with plans to take down their enemies. 29 9 `` He's Beautiful'' November 17, 2015 ( 2015-11-17 ) 2.23 Brad surprises Alex with something terrible. 30 10 `` Time For A Cigar'' November 24, 2015 ( 2015-11-24 ) 2.19 Because of his betrayal, Brad taunts Randal, causing a fight between the two at the hospital. 31 11 `` Out of Control'' December 1, 2015 ( 2015-12-01 ) 2.51 Edward plans out something vicious. Alex gets released from the hospital. 32 12 `` Mortal & Fifth'' March 15, 2016 ( 2016-03-15 ) 2.47 A horrible ambush ends in catastrophe. 33 13 `` The Last Word'' March 22, 2016 ( 2016-03-22 ) 2.20 Randal confronts his wife about her infidelity. 34 14 `` Backfired'' March 29, 2016 ( 2016-03-29 ) 2.19 Kelly does her best to protect Alex. 35 15 `` Randal's Wicked Web'' April 5, 2016 ( 2016-04-05 ) 1.99 Randal comes for Alex and Brad. 36 16 `` A Mother's Love'' April 12, 2016 ( 2016-04-12 ) 2.19 Alex realizes the debts of Randal's evil 37 17 `` Betting on Tina'' April 19, 2016 ( 2016-04-19 ) 2.20 Eddie finds that a nurse is his most formidable opponent. The ladies spend the night at Alex's house. 38 18 `` The Brown Paper Bag'' April 26, 2016 ( 2016-04-26 ) 2.05 Lushion searches high and low for a piece of evidence. Kelly and Esperanza talk Alex into letting Randal see the baby. 39 19 `` For Pete'' May 3, 2016 ( 2016-05-03 ) 2.30 Lushion takes a stand against corruption. Alex agrees to let Randal see the baby. 40 20 `` The Will'' May 10, 2016 ( 2016-05-10 ) 2.37 Julius faces a shocking blow. 41 21 `` An Evil Alliance'' May 17, 2016 ( 2016-05-17 ) 2.28 An alliance is formed. Alex receives custody notices from Randal. 42 22 `` The Wicked Soul'' May 24, 2016 ( 2016-05-24 ) 2.39 Lushion confesses a secret. Alex begs her parents for help with Randal. Season 3 (2016-- 17) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers (million) 43 `` Watch Your Back'' September 13, 2016 ( 2016-09-13 ) 2.94 In the Season 3 premiere, Alex discovers a terrible scene. 44 `` 911 Emergency'' September 20, 2016 ( 2016-09-20 ) 2.33 In a fit of desperation, Alex leaves home and takes matters into her own hands. 45 September 27, 2016 ( 2016-09-27 ) 2.16 Natalie waits for news about Joey while the police try to locate Alex's baby. 46 `` You're The Boss'' October 4, 2016 ( 2016-10-04 ) 2.06 Edward oversteps his authority in front of Steven and is reminded who the boss really is. 47 5 `` An Unlikely Suspect'' October 11, 2016 ( 2016-10-11 ) 2.25 A crime shocks the town of Maxine; the police identify a suspect. 48 6 `` The Power Of Love'' October 18, 2016 ( 2016-10-18 ) 2.03 Police interrogate their top suspect in the crime that has shocked the town. 49 7 `` The Wages Of Sin'' October 25, 2016 ( 2016-10-25 ) 2.08 The police question Brad as Joey fights for his life. 50 8 `` Keeping Watch'' November 1, 2016 ( 2016-11-01 ) 1.89 Edward tries to wake Louise while she is unconscious in an effort to see what she knows about Brad; Lushion scolds an agent who wasn't keeping tabs on Pete's room. 51 9 `` A Room For You'' November 15, 2016 ( 2016-11-15 ) 2.05 Alex and Andrew wait for backup on a quiet country road; things are not quiet at the hospital. 52 10 `` Every Minute Counts'' November 22, 2016 ( 2016-11-22 ) 2.00 Marcie learns life-altering news and her life will never be the same. 53 11 `` Rusty's Brand Of Justice'' November 29, 2016 ( 2016-11-29 ) 2.41 On the mid-season finale, Rusty issues his brand of justice. 54 12 `` A Neighborhood In Crisis'' March 21, 2017 ( 2017-03-21 ) 1.96 Kelly learns the shocking whereabouts of her neighbor Ramsey and Alex finally saves her baby. 55 13 `` Sui Ling Mai'' March 28, 2017 ( 2017-03-28 ) 1.97 Pete takes on an alias to keep himself out of Edward's grasp. Kelly attempts to distance herself from Travis. Marcie and Brad confess their love for each other. 56 14 `` A Fatal Attraction'' April 4, 2017 ( 2017-04-04 ) 1.89 Travis loses his mind and becomes a crazed predator. Alex and Randall face off in court. 57 15 `` The Missing Person'' April 11, 2017 ( 2017-04-11 ) 2.03 The police are searching for the missing Andrew. Alex reveals shocking news. 58 16 `` The Mail Man'' April 18, 2017 ( 2017-04-18 ) 1.87 Kelly panics when she learns the crime Travis has committed. 59 17 `` Tippa Haynes'' April 25, 2017 ( 2017-04-25 ) 1.92 Randal questions the paternity of Alex's baby. Marcie struggles of telling Brad about her pregnancy. 60 18 `` The Party Just Arrived'' May 2, 2017 ( 2017-05-02 ) 1.85 Dianne confronts and bullies Kelly with outrageous demands, while Randal warns Natalie that Lushion is cheating on her. 61 19 `` Don't Lose Your Deposit'' May 9, 2017 ( 2017-05-09 ) N/A Louise gives Marcie advice about Brad. Marcie taunts Alex. 62 20 `` No One Is Safe'' May 16, 2017 ( 2017-05-16 ) N/A Kelly finds herself in an all-to-familiar predicament with a man she just can't get rid of. 63 21 `` Angry Men'' May 23, 2017 ( 2017-05-23 ) N/A Travis acts on his vengeful impulses. 64 22 `` Sound The Alarm'' May 30, 2017 ( 2017-05-30 ) N/A In the Season 3 finale, Kelly learns a new way to protect herself from Travis, Alex is finally granted custody of her baby, and Eddie gets taken down. Season 4 (2017-- 18) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers (million) 65 `` A Difficult Path'' September 19, 2017 ( 2017-09-19 ) 1.89 In the Season 4 premiere, the Maxine community is left unsteady after an incident endangers the lives of all the children in the neighborhood. 66 `` Justice'' September 26, 2017 ( 2017-09-26 ) 1.70 Kelly finds herself in legal trouble that endangers her freedom. Randal continues to antagonize Marcie and Brad. 67 `` In Distress'' October 3, 2017 ( 2017-10-03 ) 1.93 Lushion tries to get Kelly out of a horrible situation. 68 `` Enemy Secrets'' October 10, 2017 ( 2017-10-10 ) 1.81 Kelly gets help for her legal troubles. Eddie declares war against Steven and Lushion. 69 5 `` A Taste Of Freedom'' October 17, 2017 ( 2017-10-17 ) 1.84 Randall continues his intensified harassment on all his neighbors, especially those of Brad and Alex. 70 6 `` Falling'' October 24, 2017 ( 2017-10-24 ) 1.79 Brad seeks revenge against Randall, almost injuring him seriously. Much to Randall's dismay, it's not giving him much help by calling the police. 71 7 `` Something Is Rotten'' November 7, 2017 ( 2017-11-07 ) 1.72 Randall secretly undermines Marcie in her attempts to seek legal counsel against him; Also, Eddie surprises Esperanza and is shocked in anger by his discovery. 72 8 `` Dark Intentions'' November 14, 2017 ( 2017-11-14 ) 1.79 Lushion comes to Kelly's aid by going after Travis; Steven reveals his true feelings to Esperanza. 73 9 `` Chains, Guns, and Automobiles'' November 21, 2017 ( 2017-11-21 ) 1.77 Larry, the attorney, mistakenly breaks Marcie's confidence, leaving Marcie in great peril. Travis goes after Kelly in the dead of night. 74 10 `` A Dame In Distress'' January 10, 2018 ( 2018-01-10 ) 1.39 Randall enacts a terrible game of vengeance against Eddie; Eddie must depend on Lushion to call for help. 75 11 `` The Porch Light'' January 17, 2018 ( 2018-01-17 ) 1.60 Lushion reluctantly comes to Eddie's rescue; and Eddie vows revenge against Randall and his attorney, Larry. 76 12 `` The Papers'' January 24, 2018 ( 2018-01-24 ) 1.55 Kelly finds out she has been betrayed by her lawyer, Ian; Steven continues his pursuit of Esperanza. 77 13 `` Hanging in the Balance'' January 31, 2018 ( 2018-01-31 ) 1.47 Eddie seeks out vengeance against attorney Larry. 78 14 `` The Battleground State'' February 7, 2018 ( 2018-02-07 ) 1.52 Randall schemes up a plan to destroy Marcie so he gets some high-maintenance assistance; Kelly's son, Justice, becomes traumatized by his mother's legal troubles. 79 15 `` Golfer'' February 14, 2018 ( 2018-02-14 ) 1.46 Marcie finds a lawyer, who she hopes to be a strong ally in her fight against her devious husband Randal; Brad gives Alex an ultimatum that forces her to make a promise she will have a difficult time keeping. 80 16 `` Rock Solid'' February 21, 2018 ( 2018-02-21 ) 1.49 Randal sounds alarm bells informing the police and law firm that Larry may be missing and in danger. 81 17 `` In God's Hands'' February 28, 2018 ( 2018-02-28 ) 1.53 Lushion confronts Eddie about Larry's whereabouts; Randal confronts Dr. Raston with a criminal accusation. 82 18 `` Behind Enemy Lines'' March 7, 2018 ( 2018-03-07 ) 1.55 In the Season 4 finale, the sins of the neighborhood come to a head in catastrophic events across the city. Christ The Mystery Of God Revealed References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` ' If Loving You is Wrong' is Most Watched Series Premiere in OWN History With 1.93 Million Viewers'' . Archived from the original on 11 September 2014 . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, ' 19 Kids and Counting' , ' Face Off' , ' Dance Moms' , ' Finding Carter' & More'' . September 17, 2014. Archived from the original on 20 September 2014 . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting' , ' Little People, Big World' , ' Ink Master' & More'' . Archived from the original on 25 September 2014 . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` Shows A-Z - if loving you is wrong on own'' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved 2014-06-21 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, MLB Wildcard, ' 19 Kids and Counting' , ' Awkward' , ' Face Off' , ' Dance Moms' & More'' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Tops Night + ' Tosh.0' , MLB Baseball, ' 19 Kids and Counting' & More'' . Archived from the original on 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, ' BET Hip Hop Awards' , ' Chrisley Knows Best' , ' Awkward' , ' Face Off' & More'' . Archived from the original on 17 October 2014 . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting' , ' Ink Master' , ' Tosh.0' & More'' . Archived from the original on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings:' Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, ' 19 Kids & Counting' , ' Ink Master' , ' Face Off' , ' Awkward' & More'' . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Sons of Anarchy' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting' , Election Coverage & More'' . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` If Loving You is Wrong - Facebook'' . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Pretty Little Liars' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots' , ' If Loving You is Wrong' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com'' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' 19 Kids and Counting' Wins Night, ' Real Housewives' , ' Justified' , ' Finding Carter' , ' Cougar Town' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com'' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting' , ' Tosh.0′ & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com'' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' Deadliest Catch' Wins Night, ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' , ' Justified' , ' Being Mary Jane' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com'' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: NBA Basketball Tops Night + ' Deadliest Catch' , ' 19 Kids and Counting' , ' Tosh.0′ & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com'' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 4.28.2015'' . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: NBA Basketball Tops Night + ' 19 Kids and Counting' , ' Deadliest Catch' , NHL Hockey & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com'' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 5.12.2015'' . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 5.19.2015'' . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 5.26.2015'' . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings: ' The Haves and the Have Nots' Tops Night + ' If Loving You is Wrong' , ' Ink Master' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com - Page 470596'' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals'' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . September 30, 2015 . Retrieved October 1, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals'' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . October 6, 2015 . Retrieved October 6, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals'' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . October 13, 2015 . Retrieved October 13, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals'' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . October 20, 2015 . Retrieved October 20, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals'' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . October 27, 2015 . Retrieved October 27, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals'' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . November 3, 2015 . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals'' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . November 10, 2015 . Retrieved November 10, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EXPANDED SHOWBUZZDAILY Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update: 11.17.2015'' . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update: 11.24.2015'' . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update: 12.1.2015'' . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update: 3.15.2016'' . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update: 3.22.2016'' . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update: 3.29.2016'' . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update: 4.5.2016'' . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/13/tuesday-cable-ratings-april-12-2016/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/20/tuesday-cable-ratings-april-19-2016/ Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.26.2016'' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved May 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.3.2016'' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved May 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.10.2016'' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved May 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.17.2016'' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved May 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.24.2016'' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved May 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 14, 2016). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.13.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 21, 2016). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.20.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 21, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 28, 2016). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.27.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 5, 2016). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.4.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 5, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 12, 2016). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.11.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 19, 2016). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.18.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 26, 2016). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.25.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (November 2, 2016). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.1.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (November 16, 2016). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.15.2016'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (November 23, 2016). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.22.2016'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 23, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (November 30, 2016). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.29.2016'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 30, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 22, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.21.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 29, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.28.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 5, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.4.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 5, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 12, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.11.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 19, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.18.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 26, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.25.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (May 3, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.2.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 20, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.19.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 27, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.26.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 4, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.3.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 11, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.10.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 18, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.17.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 25, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.24.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (November 8, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.7.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (November 15, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.14.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (November 22, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.21.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 11, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.10.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If loving you is wrong Episode Guide'' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 18, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.17.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 18, 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 25, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.24.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 25, 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 1, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.31.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 8, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.7.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 8, 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 15, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.14.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 15, 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 22, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.21.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 22, 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 1, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.28.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 8, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.7.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8, 2018 . External links ( edit ) Episodes of If Loving You Is Wrong on TV Guide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_If_Loving_You_Is_Wrong_episodes&oldid=846117193 '' Categories : American television soap operas Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of soap opera episodes 2014 American television seasons 2015 American television seasons 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018, at 12:35. AboutWikipedia
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where do the dancing dolls get their hair from
In the United Kingdom , Lifetime UK premiered the series in late 2014 , in 2016 another UK channel , ITVBe will premiere the series on Friday 2nd September 2016 .
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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Bring It ! Genre Reality television Starring Dianna Williams Camryn Harris Makalah Whitenson Crystianna Summers Kayla Jones Sunjai Williams Faith Thigpen Dalisha Holmes Tina Jones Mimi Harris Rittany Summers Selena Johnson Daina Roilton Demetry Harrison Tanisha Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 95 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Colleen Conway Grogan Craig Piligian Derek W. Wan Eli Lehrer Mary Donahue Kayla Jones Tanisha ( co in season 4 ) Camera setup Multiple Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Pilgrim Studios Distributor A + E Networks Release Original network Lifetime Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website", "Bring It !", "Genre Reality television", "Starring Dianna Williams Camryn Harris Makalah Whitenson Crystianna Summers Kayla Jones Sunjai Williams Faith Thigpen Dalisha Holmes Tina Jones Mimi Harris Rittany Summers Selena Johnson Daina Roilton Demetry Harrison Tanisha", "Dianna Williams Camryn Harris Makalah Whitenson Crystianna Summers Kayla Jones Sunjai Williams Faith Thigpen Dalisha Holmes Tina Jones Mimi Harris Rittany Summers Selena Johnson Daina Roilton Demetry Harrison Tanisha", "Country of origin United States", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of seasons", "No. of episodes 95 ( list of episodes )", "Production", "Executive producer ( s ) Colleen Conway Grogan Craig Piligian Derek W. Wan Eli Lehrer Mary Donahue Kayla Jones Tanisha ( co in season 4 )", "Colleen Conway Grogan Craig Piligian Derek W. Wan Eli Lehrer Mary Donahue Kayla Jones Tanisha ( co in season 4 )", "Colleen Conway Grogan", "Derek W. Wan", "Tanisha ( co in season 4 )", "Camera setup Multiple", "Running time 44 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Pilgrim Studios", "Distributor A + E Networks", "Release", "Original network Lifetime", "Picture format 1080i ( HDTV )", "Original release March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) -- present ( present )", "External links", "Website", "Bring It ! is an American dance reality television series that debuted March 5 , 2014 , on Lifetime . On April 28 , 2014 , Lifetime announced an additional 10 - episode renewal of Bring It ! . Additional episodes returned on July 23 , 2014 . The second season premiered on January 23 , 2015 . New episodes aired on July 31 , 2015 . The third season premiered on January 1 , 2016 . On December 1 , 2016 , Lifetime renewed the show for a fourth season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 .", "Bring It ! is set in Jackson , Mississippi and features Coach Dianna `` Miss D '' Williams and her Dollhouse Dance Factory , home of Miss D 's Dancing Dolls team , which was founded in 2001 . The troupe has over 15 Grand Champion titles and more than 100 trophies , and consists of children aged 10 to 17 . The show also features the Baby Dancing Dolls , consisting of children under the age of 11 .", "The team competes in hip - hop majorette competitions , with their main focus being on the Stand Battle ( a routine where two teams face each other and alternate `` stands '' ( routines ) , which are called by the captain depending on what stand the other team performs ) . The team slogan ( both the Dancing Dolls and the Baby Dancing Dolls ) is `` Dancing Dolls For Life '' ( popularly shortened to DD4L , featured on much of their gear ) .", "Rival dance teams featured on the show include : the Divas of Olive Branch ( the Dolls main rival , due to the intense rivalry between Miss D and Divas coach Neva ) , the Prancing Tigerettes ( from Memphis ) and the Infamous Dancerettes ( f / k / a Dynamic Diamond Dollz , also from Memphis ) , the Purple Diamonds ( a cross-town Jackson rival ) , the YCDT Superstarz ( from Miami ) and new rival ( from Tupelo , Mississippi ) The Golden Prancerettes .", "Similar to fellow Lifetime show Dance Moms , Bring It ! features the moms of several of the dancers and their interactions ( and occasional arguments ) with Miss D. However , unlike Dance Moms ( where the moms are in a room above the studio watching the practices ) , the moms in Bring It ! are featured outside the studio . In early seasons , the parents could only see what happens in practice through the studio windows ; in later seasons Miss D has made a room for the parents to watch the girls through a TV screen . ( Miss D does not allow parents inside the studio during practices , believing that the dancers need to have only one person -- Miss D -- leading them at those times . )", "`` Miss D '' Williams , owner of the Dollhouse Dance Factory and head choreographer and sponsor of the Dancing Dolls and Baby Dancing Dolls . Miss D is not one to mess with when it comes to competition . She pushes the girls because she wants them to succeed in life . Her secret weapon is her clipboard when she is about to do cuts in practice ( `` If you do n't get it right , I 'm gon na cut your ass '' ) . Dianna is married to Robert and has a son , Cobe . She finds it difficult to balance time , as she not only has a family at home , but a family at the Dollhouse Dance Factory . Tina is the mother of Kayla , who is the assistant coach of the Dancing Dolls and excels at hip - hop and majorette . Kayla was promoted from captain to assistant coach in Season 2 , now that her position was taken by Camryn . Kayla hopes that Camryn can uphold the responsibility like she did . Mimi is the mother of Camryn , who is Captain of The Dancing Dolls ( Season 3 ) excels in majorette , lyrical , and jazz . Camryn was promoted from Drill Master to Co-Captain in Season 1 and then Captain in Season 2 . Camryn 's dance techniques often intimidate the rest of the dancers , and now that she is captain , the team respects her more . Selena is the mother of Sunjai , Star , and Sky . Sunjai excels at majorette , jazz , and tap . Sunjai was a struggling dancer in Season 1 with her main goal being to make stand battle but always got cut . Before the end of Season 1 , she finally made the cuts for stand battle , as the series progressed her dance techniques improved as well . Sunjai made her departure at the end of Season 2 , due to graduation . Sky and Star are Sunjai 's younger twin sisters . They are constantly mixed up by the DDPs and Coach Dianna . Rittany is the aunt ( and mother figure ) of Crystianna , who is the Head Co Captain of the Dancing Dolls . Crystianna excels at majorette and acro . Having been the youngest member of the stand battle team , she is always a good dancer to look at . Being a quiet but fierce dancer , she earned the nickname the `` Silent Killer '' . Dana is the mother of Faith . Faith is a member of the Dancing Dolls who was introduced in Season 3 . She excels in many aspects of dance , but is new to majorette . Tanisha is the mother of Princess .", "`` Miss D '' Williams , owner of the Dollhouse Dance Factory and head choreographer and sponsor of the Dancing Dolls and Baby Dancing Dolls . Miss D is not one to mess with when it comes to competition . She pushes the girls because she wants them to succeed in life . Her secret weapon is her clipboard when she is about to do cuts in practice ( `` If you do n't get it right , I 'm gon na cut your ass '' ) . Dianna is married to Robert and has a son , Cobe . She finds it difficult to balance time , as she not only has a family at home , but a family at the Dollhouse Dance Factory .", "Tina is the mother of Kayla , who is the assistant coach of the Dancing Dolls and excels at hip - hop and majorette . Kayla was promoted from captain to assistant coach in Season 2 , now that her position was taken by Camryn . Kayla hopes that Camryn can uphold the responsibility like she did .", "Mimi is the mother of Camryn , who is Captain of The Dancing Dolls ( Season 3 ) excels in majorette , lyrical , and jazz . Camryn was promoted from Drill Master to Co-Captain in Season 1 and then Captain in Season 2 . Camryn 's dance techniques often intimidate the rest of the dancers , and now that she is captain , the team respects her more .", "Selena is the mother of Sunjai , Star , and Sky . Sunjai excels at majorette , jazz , and tap . Sunjai was a struggling dancer in Season 1 with her main goal being to make stand battle but always got cut . Before the end of Season 1 , she finally made the cuts for stand battle , as the series progressed her dance techniques improved as well . Sunjai made her departure at the end of Season 2 , due to graduation . Sky and Star are Sunjai 's younger twin sisters . They are constantly mixed up by the DDPs and Coach Dianna .", "Rittany is the aunt ( and mother figure ) of Crystianna , who is the Head Co Captain of the Dancing Dolls . Crystianna excels at majorette and acro . Having been the youngest member of the stand battle team , she is always a good dancer to look at . Being a quiet but fierce dancer , she earned the nickname the `` Silent Killer '' .", "Dana is the mother of Faith . Faith is a member of the Dancing Dolls who was introduced in Season 3 . She excels in many aspects of dance , but is new to majorette .", "Tanisha is the mother of Princess .", "Joerick Grice is the coach of the up & coming Golden Prancerettes of Tupelo , Mississippi Quincy Oliver is coach of the Prancing Tigerettes John Connor is the coach of the Infamous Dancerettes ( beginning in Season 2 ) ; he was previously ( Season 1 ) coach of the Dynamic Diamond Dollz Neva McGruder is coach of the Divas of Olive Branch ; the rivalry between Neva and Miss D extends beyond the dance floor Shanika Lee is the coach of the Purple Diamonds , the Dolls ' Jackson cross-town rival Traci Young - Byron is coach of the YCDT Supastarz and was once a dancer for the Miami Heat ( beginning September 2015 Ms. Young - Byron and YCDT will be featured in a spin - off series , Step It Up ! ) Fulvia Ford is coach of Virtuous Divine of Greenwood , Mississippi Rick Calloway , Penelope Holloway are the coaches of The Dazzling Divas of Macon GA . `` F.A.D.D '' Helenor Wade Dazzlin Starz coach Kehli is the coach of The Divas of Compton Rodney Jones is the coach of the Pearls of Perfection of Macon GA . Tyrus Sellers is the coach of Elite Starz of Nashville .", "Joerick Grice is the coach of the up & coming Golden Prancerettes of Tupelo , Mississippi", "Quincy Oliver is coach of the Prancing Tigerettes", "John Connor is the coach of the Infamous Dancerettes ( beginning in Season 2 ) ; he was previously ( Season 1 ) coach of the Dynamic Diamond Dollz", "Neva McGruder is coach of the Divas of Olive Branch ; the rivalry between Neva and Miss D extends beyond the dance floor", "Shanika Lee is the coach of the Purple Diamonds , the Dolls ' Jackson cross-town rival", "Traci Young - Byron is coach of the YCDT Supastarz and was once a dancer for the Miami Heat ( beginning September 2015 Ms. Young - Byron and YCDT will be featured in a spin - off series , Step It Up ! )", "Fulvia Ford is coach of Virtuous Divine of Greenwood , Mississippi", "Rick Calloway , Penelope Holloway are the coaches of The Dazzling Divas of Macon GA . `` F.A.D.D ''", "Helenor Wade Dazzlin Starz coach", "Kehli is the coach of The Divas of Compton", "Rodney Jones is the coach of the Pearls of Perfection of Macon GA .", "Tyrus Sellers is the coach of Elite Starz of Nashville .", "Robert Williams is Dianna 's husband Cobe Williams is Dianna 's son Terrell is Kayla 's dad Calvin is Camryn 's dad JJ Sunjai , Sky , and Star 's dad Dominic Faith 's dad Jay Fever Announcer / Event Host", "Robert Williams is Dianna 's husband", "Cobe Williams is Dianna 's son", "Terrell is Kayla 's dad", "Calvin is Camryn 's dad", "JJ Sunjai , Sky , and Star 's dad", "Dominic Faith 's dad", "Jay Fever Announcer / Event Host", "Season Episodes Season premiere Season finale 22 March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) 25 January 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) October 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 02 ) 25 January 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) TBA January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) TBA", "Season Episodes Season premiere Season finale", "22 March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 )", "25 January 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) October 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 02 )", "25 January 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 )", "TBA January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) TBA", "No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) `` You Better Bring It ! '' March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) 1.01 `` Battle in Memphis '' March 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) 1.09 `` The Wig is Off '' March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 1.28 `` '' Baby '' Doll Do n't Mean `` Baby '' '' March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 1.54 5 `` Sunjai in Stilettos '' April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 1.70 6 `` Street Battle '' April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) 1.65 7 `` Shut Up and Dance '' April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 1.90 8 `` The Lock - In '' April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 1.75 9 `` The Finale : Battle Royale '' April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2.30 10 `` Miss D Breaks it Down '' May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 0.89 11 `` Behind the Battles '' May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 0.83 12 `` So You Wanna Be A Doll ? '' July 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 23 ) 1.56 13 `` Prom or Competition ? '' July 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 30 ) 1.29 14 `` A New Rival Emerges '' August 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 06 ) 1.51 15 `` Kayla 's Big Surprise '' August 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 13 ) 1.38 16 `` Nashville Smackdown '' August 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 20 ) 1.08 17 `` Baby Dolls vs. Baby Tigerettes '' August 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 27 ) 1.27 18 `` Pray for Sunjai '' September 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 03 ) 1.26 19 `` Dolls vs. Dollz : The Rematch '' September 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 10 ) 1.30 20 `` Bucking for Revenge '' September 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 17 ) 1.22 21 `` Chumps or Champions ? '' September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) 1.29 22 `` Bring It Special '' October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) 1.05", "No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million )", "`` You Better Bring It ! '' March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) 1.01", "`` Battle in Memphis '' March 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) 1.09", "`` The Wig is Off '' March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 1.28", "`` '' Baby '' Doll Do n't Mean `` Baby '' '' March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 1.54", "5 `` Sunjai in Stilettos '' April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 1.70", "6 `` Street Battle '' April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) 1.65", "7 `` Shut Up and Dance '' April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 1.90", "8 `` The Lock - In '' April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 1.75", "9 `` The Finale : Battle Royale '' April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2.30", "10 `` Miss D Breaks it Down '' May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 0.89", "11 `` Behind the Battles '' May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 0.83", "12 `` So You Wanna Be A Doll ? '' July 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 23 ) 1.56", "13 `` Prom or Competition ? '' July 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 30 ) 1.29", "14 `` A New Rival Emerges '' August 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 06 ) 1.51", "15 `` Kayla 's Big Surprise '' August 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 13 ) 1.38", "16 `` Nashville Smackdown '' August 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 20 ) 1.08", "17 `` Baby Dolls vs. Baby Tigerettes '' August 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 27 ) 1.27", "18 `` Pray for Sunjai '' September 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 03 ) 1.26", "19 `` Dolls vs. Dollz : The Rematch '' September 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 10 ) 1.30", "20 `` Bucking for Revenge '' September 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 17 ) 1.22", "21 `` Chumps or Champions ? '' September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) 1.29", "22 `` Bring It Special '' October 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) 1.05", "No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 1 ( 23 ) `` Miami Heat is Back '' January 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) 1.82 2 ( 24 ) `` Miss D Loses Her Cool '' January 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 30 ) 1.41 3 ( 25 ) `` Hometown Showdown '' February 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) 1.61 4 ( 26 ) `` Bucking In Bama '' February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) 1.20 5 ( 27 ) `` Selena 's Triple Threat '' February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) 1.62 6 ( 28 ) `` No Stopping Kayla '' February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) 1.43 7 ( 29 ) `` Stamp Out Atlanta '' March 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 06 ) 1.48 8 ( 30 ) `` Traci 's Revenge '' March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) 1.55 9 ( 31 ) `` Captain Down '' March 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 20 ) 1.44 10 ( 32 ) `` Do n't Do It , Neva '' March 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 27 ) 1.67 11 ( 33 ) `` Baby Tiger Attack '' April 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 03 ) 1.30 12 ( 34 ) `` Copycat '' April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) 1.44 13 ( 35 ) `` Road to Royale '' April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) 1.49 14 ( 36 ) `` Battle Royale 2015 '' April 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 24 ) 1.69 15 ( 37 ) `` Rival Rehash '' May 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) 0.93 16 ( 38 ) `` A Whole New Doll Game '' July 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) 1.39 17 ( 39 ) `` Dancing Dolls NOT for Life '' August 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) 1.26 18 ( 40 ) `` Selena 's Makeover Madness '' August 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 14 ) 1.36 19 ( 41 ) `` The Big Apple and the Bitter Apple '' August 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 21 ) 1.26 20 ( 42 ) `` Saturday Night Fights '' August 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 28 ) 1.32 21 ( 43 ) `` Who You Callin ' Cookie ? '' September 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 04 ) 1.37 22 ( 44 ) `` Pom Pom Panic '' September 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 11 ) 1.39 23 ( 45 ) `` Tick , Tick , Boom ! '' September 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ) 1.06 24 ( 46 ) `` Summer Slam '' September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) 1.57 25 ( 47 ) `` Bring It ! Bonus Round Special '' October 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 02 ) 0.82", "No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million )", "1 ( 23 ) `` Miami Heat is Back '' January 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) 1.82", "2 ( 24 ) `` Miss D Loses Her Cool '' January 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 30 ) 1.41", "3 ( 25 ) `` Hometown Showdown '' February 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) 1.61", "4 ( 26 ) `` Bucking In Bama '' February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) 1.20", "5 ( 27 ) `` Selena 's Triple Threat '' February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) 1.62", "6 ( 28 ) `` No Stopping Kayla '' February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) 1.43", "7 ( 29 ) `` Stamp Out Atlanta '' March 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 06 ) 1.48", "8 ( 30 ) `` Traci 's Revenge '' March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) 1.55", "9 ( 31 ) `` Captain Down '' March 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 20 ) 1.44", "10 ( 32 ) `` Do n't Do It , Neva '' March 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 27 ) 1.67", "11 ( 33 ) `` Baby Tiger Attack '' April 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 03 ) 1.30", "12 ( 34 ) `` Copycat '' April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) 1.44", "13 ( 35 ) `` Road to Royale '' April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) 1.49", "14 ( 36 ) `` Battle Royale 2015 '' April 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 24 ) 1.69", "15 ( 37 ) `` Rival Rehash '' May 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) 0.93", "16 ( 38 ) `` A Whole New Doll Game '' July 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) 1.39", "17 ( 39 ) `` Dancing Dolls NOT for Life '' August 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) 1.26", "18 ( 40 ) `` Selena 's Makeover Madness '' August 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 14 ) 1.36", "19 ( 41 ) `` The Big Apple and the Bitter Apple '' August 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 21 ) 1.26", "20 ( 42 ) `` Saturday Night Fights '' August 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 28 ) 1.32", "21 ( 43 ) `` Who You Callin ' Cookie ? '' September 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 04 ) 1.37", "22 ( 44 ) `` Pom Pom Panic '' September 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 11 ) 1.39", "23 ( 45 ) `` Tick , Tick , Boom ! '' September 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ) 1.06", "24 ( 46 ) `` Summer Slam '' September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) 1.57", "25 ( 47 ) `` Bring It ! Bonus Round Special '' October 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 02 ) 0.82", "No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 1 ( 48 ) `` A Very Bring It ! New Year '' January 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) 0.97 2 ( 49 ) `` Straight Outta Jackson '' January 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) 1.36 3 ( 50 ) `` The Bucking Ballerina '' January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) 1.22 4 ( 51 ) `` Hell Week '' January 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 15 ) 1.14 5 ( 52 ) `` Homecoming Hell '' January 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 22 ) 1.33 6 ( 53 ) `` Rittany 's Revolt '' January 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 29 ) 1.35 7 ( 54 ) `` The Wicked Witch of Jackson '' February 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 05 ) 1.54 8 ( 55 ) `` Bucking Bride '' February 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 12 ) 1.25 9 ( 56 ) `` Blow it Up '' February 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 19 ) 1.44 10 ( 57 ) `` Flash Mob Madness '' February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) 1.38 11 ( 58 ) `` 3 Strikes , You 're Out '' March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 1.19 12 ( 59 ) `` Neva Gets Even '' March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) 1.32 13 ( 60 ) `` They 're Coming for Us ! ! '' March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 1.19 14 ( 61 ) `` Face the Music ! It 's the Finale ! '' March 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) 0.88 15 ( 62 ) `` Spilling the Tea Reunion Special '' April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) N / A 16 ( 63 ) `` Team Kayla vs. Team Dianna '' July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 1.08 17 ( 64 ) `` The Return of Neva the Diva '' July 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) 1.07 18 ( 65 ) `` Compton Call Out '' August 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 05 ) 1.13 19 ( 66 ) `` Ratchcity ! '' August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) 1.18 20 ( 67 ) `` Hoop Dreams Drama '' August 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 19 ) 1.12 21 ( 68 ) `` Scholarship Dreams and Dating Nightmares '' August 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 26 ) 1.18 22 ( 69 ) `` Dancing With the Enemy '' September 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 02 ) 1.09 23 ( 70 ) `` Wigging Out '' September 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 09 ) 1.19 24 ( 71 ) `` Lil Niqo and a LOT of Sweat ! '' September 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) 1.22 25 ( 72 ) `` Stomp ! Summer Slam Shocker '' September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 1.30", "No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million )", "1 ( 48 ) `` A Very Bring It ! New Year '' January 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) 0.97", "2 ( 49 ) `` Straight Outta Jackson '' January 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) 1.36", "3 ( 50 ) `` The Bucking Ballerina '' January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) 1.22", "4 ( 51 ) `` Hell Week '' January 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 15 ) 1.14", "5 ( 52 ) `` Homecoming Hell '' January 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 22 ) 1.33", "6 ( 53 ) `` Rittany 's Revolt '' January 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 29 ) 1.35", "7 ( 54 ) `` The Wicked Witch of Jackson '' February 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 05 ) 1.54", "8 ( 55 ) `` Bucking Bride '' February 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 12 ) 1.25", "9 ( 56 ) `` Blow it Up '' February 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 19 ) 1.44", "10 ( 57 ) `` Flash Mob Madness '' February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) 1.38", "11 ( 58 ) `` 3 Strikes , You 're Out '' March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 1.19", "12 ( 59 ) `` Neva Gets Even '' March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) 1.32", "13 ( 60 ) `` They 're Coming for Us ! ! '' March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 1.19", "14 ( 61 ) `` Face the Music ! It 's the Finale ! '' March 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) 0.88", "15 ( 62 ) `` Spilling the Tea Reunion Special '' April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) N / A", "16 ( 63 ) `` Team Kayla vs. Team Dianna '' July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 1.08", "17 ( 64 ) `` The Return of Neva the Diva '' July 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) 1.07", "18 ( 65 ) `` Compton Call Out '' August 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 05 ) 1.13", "19 ( 66 ) `` Ratchcity ! '' August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) 1.18", "20 ( 67 ) `` Hoop Dreams Drama '' August 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 19 ) 1.12", "21 ( 68 ) `` Scholarship Dreams and Dating Nightmares '' August 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 26 ) 1.18", "22 ( 69 ) `` Dancing With the Enemy '' September 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 02 ) 1.09", "23 ( 70 ) `` Wigging Out '' September 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 09 ) 1.19", "24 ( 71 ) `` Lil Niqo and a LOT of Sweat ! '' September 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) 1.22", "25 ( 72 ) `` Stomp ! Summer Slam Shocker '' September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 1.30", "No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 1 ( 73 ) `` Miss D Reboots '' January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 1.16 2 ( 74 ) `` Diana Said Knock You Out ! '' January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 0.92 3 ( 75 ) `` Coach D Meets Queen B '' January 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) 1.11 4 ( 76 ) `` Bringing It to the Big Apple '' February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 1.02 5 ( 77 ) `` Torrey Takes Over '' February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) 1.03 6 ( 78 ) `` Losing Faith '' February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 1.00 7 ( 79 ) `` A Tale of Two Dollhouses '' February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) 1.04 8 ( 80 ) `` Attack Of The B Squad '' March 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) 0.90 9 ( 81 ) `` Black Ice Meltdown '' March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) 1.06 10 ( 82 ) `` Revenge of the Robo - Dolls '' March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) 1.10 11 ( 83 ) `` Cookie Bites Back '' March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 1.14 12 ( 84 ) `` La La Land '' March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 1.03 13 ( 85 ) `` Lemons to `` Lemonade ? '' '' April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 0.97 14 ( 86 ) `` Battle for Broadway '' April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 0.92 15 ( 87 ) `` Deliver Us From Neva '' April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) 0.82 16 ( 88 ) `` Battle Royale : Up in Flames ! '' April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 0.95 17 ( 89 ) `` Crossing the Line '' November 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 24 ) 0.82 18 ( 90 ) `` Rumble in the Jungle '' December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 0.72 19 ( 91 ) `` # Clapback '' December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 0.73 20 ( 92 ) `` Battle for Oz '' December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 0.74 21 ( 93 ) `` Secrets , Lies , And Slumber Parties '' December 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) 0.79 22 ( 94 ) `` Coach D Resigns '' January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 0.84 23 `` Stand Battle Shake - Up '' January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) 0.77 24 `` Doll Meets World '' January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 0.80 25 `` The Doll 's Last Chance '' January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) TBD", "No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million )", "1 ( 73 ) `` Miss D Reboots '' January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 1.16", "2 ( 74 ) `` Diana Said Knock You Out ! '' January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 0.92", "3 ( 75 ) `` Coach D Meets Queen B '' January 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) 1.11", "4 ( 76 ) `` Bringing It to the Big Apple '' February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 1.02", "5 ( 77 ) `` Torrey Takes Over '' February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) 1.03", "6 ( 78 ) `` Losing Faith '' February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 1.00", "7 ( 79 ) `` A Tale of Two Dollhouses '' February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) 1.04", "8 ( 80 ) `` Attack Of The B Squad '' March 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) 0.90", "9 ( 81 ) `` Black Ice Meltdown '' March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) 1.06", "10 ( 82 ) `` Revenge of the Robo - Dolls '' March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) 1.10", "11 ( 83 ) `` Cookie Bites Back '' March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 1.14", "12 ( 84 ) `` La La Land '' March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 1.03", "13 ( 85 ) `` Lemons to `` Lemonade ? '' '' April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 0.97", "14 ( 86 ) `` Battle for Broadway '' April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 0.92", "15 ( 87 ) `` Deliver Us From Neva '' April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) 0.82", "16 ( 88 ) `` Battle Royale : Up in Flames ! '' April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 0.95", "17 ( 89 ) `` Crossing the Line '' November 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 24 ) 0.82", "18 ( 90 ) `` Rumble in the Jungle '' December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 0.72", "19 ( 91 ) `` # Clapback '' December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 0.73", "20 ( 92 ) `` Battle for Oz '' December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 0.74", "21 ( 93 ) `` Secrets , Lies , And Slumber Parties '' December 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) 0.79", "22 ( 94 ) `` Coach D Resigns '' January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 0.84", "23 `` Stand Battle Shake - Up '' January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) 0.77", "24 `` Doll Meets World '' January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 0.80", "25 `` The Doll 's Last Chance '' January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) TBD", "In the United Kingdom , Lifetime UK premiered the series in late 2014 , in 2016 another UK channel , ITVBe will premiere the series on Friday 2nd September 2016 ." ]
Bring It! (TV series) - wikipedia Bring It! (TV series) Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bring It! Genre Reality television Starring Dianna Williams Camryn Harris Makalah Whitenson Crystianna Summers Kayla Jones Sunjai Williams Faith Thigpen Dalisha Holmes Tina Jones Mimi Harris Rittany Summers Selena Johnson Daina Roilton Demetry Harrison Tanisha Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 95 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) Colleen Conway Grogan Craig Piligian Derek W. Wan Eli Lehrer Mary Donahue Kayla Jones Tanisha (co in season 4) Camera setup Multiple Running time 44 minutes Production company(s) Pilgrim Studios Distributor A+E Networks Release Original network Lifetime Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release March 5, 2014 ( 2014-03-05 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Bring It! is an American dance reality television series that debuted March 5, 2014, on Lifetime . On April 28, 2014, Lifetime announced an additional 10-episode renewal of Bring It! . Additional episodes returned on July 23, 2014. The second season premiered on January 23, 2015. New episodes aired on July 31, 2015. The third season premiered on January 1, 2016. On December 1, 2016, Lifetime renewed the show for a fourth season, which premiered on January 13, 2017. Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Opposing team coaches 2.3 Other cast members 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 (2014) 3.2 Season 2 (2015) 3.3 Season 3 (2016) 3.4 Season 4 (2017-- 18) 4 International Broadcasts 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) Bring It! is set in Jackson, Mississippi and features Coach Dianna `` Miss D'' Williams and her Dollhouse Dance Factory, home of Miss D's Dancing Dolls team, which was founded in 2001. The troupe has over 15 Grand Champion titles and more than 100 trophies, and consists of children aged 10 to 17. The show also features the Baby Dancing Dolls, consisting of children under the age of 11. The team competes in hip-hop majorette competitions, with their main focus being on the Stand Battle (a routine where two teams face each other and alternate `` stands'' (routines), which are called by the captain depending on what stand the other team performs). The team slogan (both the Dancing Dolls and the Baby Dancing Dolls) is `` Dancing Dolls For Life'' (popularly shortened to DD4L , featured on much of their gear). Rival dance teams featured on the show include: the Divas of Olive Branch (the Dolls main rival, due to the intense rivalry between Miss D and Divas coach Neva), the Prancing Tigerettes (from Memphis) and the Infamous Dancerettes (f/k/a Dynamic Diamond Dollz, also from Memphis), the Purple Diamonds (a cross-town Jackson rival), the YCDT Superstarz (from Miami) and new rival (from Tupelo, Mississippi) The Golden Prancerettes. Similar to fellow Lifetime show Dance Moms , Bring It! features the moms of several of the dancers and their interactions (and occasional arguments) with Miss D. However, unlike Dance Moms (where the moms are in a room above the studio watching the practices), the moms in Bring It! are featured outside the studio. In early seasons, the parents could only see what happens in practice through the studio windows; in later seasons Miss D has made a room for the parents to watch the girls through a TV screen. (Miss D does not allow parents inside the studio during practices, believing that the dancers need to have only one person -- Miss D -- leading them at those times.) Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) `` Miss D'' Williams , owner of the Dollhouse Dance Factory and head choreographer and sponsor of the Dancing Dolls and Baby Dancing Dolls. Miss D is not one to mess with when it comes to competition. She pushes the girls because she wants them to succeed in life. Her secret weapon is her clipboard when she is about to do cuts in practice (`` If you don't get it right, I'm gonna cut your ass'' ). Dianna is married to Robert and has a son, Cobe. She finds it difficult to balance time, as she not only has a family at home, but a family at the Dollhouse Dance Factory. Tina is the mother of Kayla , who is the assistant coach of the Dancing Dolls and excels at hip-hop and majorette. Kayla was promoted from captain to assistant coach in Season 2, now that her position was taken by Camryn. Kayla hopes that Camryn can uphold the responsibility like she did. Mimi is the mother of Camryn , who is Captain of The Dancing Dolls (Season 3) excels in majorette, lyrical, and jazz. Camryn was promoted from Drill Master to Co-Captain in Season 1 and then Captain in Season 2. Camryn's dance techniques often intimidate the rest of the dancers, and now that she is captain, the team respects her more. Selena is the mother of Sunjai , Star , and Sky . Sunjai excels at majorette, jazz, and tap. Sunjai was a struggling dancer in Season 1 with her main goal being to make stand battle but always got cut. Before the end of Season 1, she finally made the cuts for stand battle, as the series progressed her dance techniques improved as well. Sunjai made her departure at the end of Season 2, due to graduation. Sky and Star are Sunjai's younger twin sisters. They are constantly mixed up by the DDPs and Coach Dianna. Rittany is the aunt (and mother figure) of Crystianna , who is the Head Co Captain of the Dancing Dolls. Crystianna excels at majorette and acro. Having been the youngest member of the stand battle team, she is always a good dancer to look at. Being a quiet but fierce dancer, she earned the nickname the `` Silent Killer'' . Dana is the mother of Faith . Faith is a member of the Dancing Dolls who was introduced in Season 3. She excels in many aspects of dance, but is new to majorette. Tanisha is the mother of Princess . Opposing team coaches ( edit ) Joerick Grice is the coach of the up & coming Golden Prancerettes of Tupelo, Mississippi Quincy Oliver is coach of the Prancing Tigerettes John Connor is the coach of the Infamous Dancerettes (beginning in Season 2); he was previously (Season 1) coach of the Dynamic Diamond Dollz Neva McGruder is coach of the Divas of Olive Branch; the rivalry between Neva and Miss D extends beyond the dance floor Shanika Lee is the coach of the Purple Diamonds, the Dolls' Jackson cross-town rival Traci Young-Byron is coach of the YCDT Supastarz and was once a dancer for the Miami Heat (beginning September 2015 Ms. Young-Byron and YCDT will be featured in a spin-off series, Step It Up! ) Fulvia Ford is coach of Virtuous Divine of Greenwood, Mississippi Rick Calloway, Penelope Holloway are the coaches of The Dazzling Divas of Macon GA. `` F.A.D.D'' Helenor Wade Dazzlin Starz coach Kehli is the coach of The Divas of Compton Rodney Jones is the coach of the Pearls of Perfection of Macon GA. Tyrus Sellers is the coach of Elite Starz of Nashville. Other cast members ( edit ) Robert Williams is Dianna's husband Cobe Williams is Dianna's son Terrell is Kayla's dad Calvin is Camryn's dad JJ Sunjai, Sky, and Star's dad Dominic Faith's dad Jay Fever Announcer/Event Host Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Season premiere Season finale 22 March 5, 2014 ( 2014-03-05 ) October 1, 2014 ( 2014-10-01 ) 25 January 23, 2015 ( 2015-01-23 ) October 2, 2015 ( 2015-10-02 ) 25 January 1, 2016 ( 2016-01-01 ) September 23, 2016 ( 2016-09-23 ) TBA January 13, 2017 ( 2017-01-13 ) TBA Season 1 (2014) ( edit ) No. Title Original air date U.S. viewers (million) `` You Better Bring It!'' March 5, 2014 ( 2014-03-05 ) 1.01 `` Battle in Memphis'' March 12, 2014 ( 2014-03-12 ) 1.09 `` The Wig is Off'' March 19, 2014 ( 2014-03-19 ) 1.28 `` '' Baby'' Doll Don't Mean `` Baby'' '' March 26, 2014 ( 2014-03-26 ) 1.54 5 `` Sunjai in Stilettos'' April 2, 2014 ( 2014-04-02 ) 1.70 6 `` Street Battle'' April 9, 2014 ( 2014-04-09 ) 1.65 7 `` Shut Up and Dance'' April 16, 2014 ( 2014-04-16 ) 1.90 8 `` The Lock-In'' April 23, 2014 ( 2014-04-23 ) 1.75 9 `` The Finale: Battle Royale'' April 30, 2014 ( 2014-04-30 ) 2.30 10 `` Miss D Breaks it Down'' May 7, 2014 ( 2014-05-07 ) 0.89 11 `` Behind the Battles'' May 14, 2014 ( 2014-05-14 ) 0.83 12 `` So You Wanna Be A Doll?'' July 23, 2014 ( 2014-07-23 ) 1.56 13 `` Prom or Competition?'' July 30, 2014 ( 2014-07-30 ) 1.29 14 `` A New Rival Emerges'' August 6, 2014 ( 2014-08-06 ) 1.51 15 `` Kayla's Big Surprise'' August 13, 2014 ( 2014-08-13 ) 1.38 16 `` Nashville Smackdown'' August 20, 2014 ( 2014-08-20 ) 1.08 17 `` Baby Dolls vs. Baby Tigerettes'' August 27, 2014 ( 2014-08-27 ) 1.27 18 `` Pray for Sunjai'' September 3, 2014 ( 2014-09-03 ) 1.26 19 `` Dolls vs. Dollz: The Rematch'' September 10, 2014 ( 2014-09-10 ) 1.30 20 `` Bucking for Revenge'' September 17, 2014 ( 2014-09-17 ) 1.22 21 `` Chumps or Champions?'' September 24, 2014 ( 2014-09-24 ) 1.29 22 `` Bring It Special'' October 1, 2014 ( 2014-10-01 ) 1.05 Season 2 (2015) ( edit ) No. Title Original air date U.S. viewers (million) 1 (23) `` Miami Heat is Back'' January 23, 2015 ( 2015-01-23 ) 1.82 2 (24) `` Miss D Loses Her Cool'' January 30, 2015 ( 2015-01-30 ) 1.41 3 (25) `` Hometown Showdown'' February 6, 2015 ( 2015-02-06 ) 1.61 4 (26) `` Bucking In Bama'' February 13, 2015 ( 2015-02-13 ) 1.20 5 (27) `` Selena's Triple Threat'' February 20, 2015 ( 2015-02-20 ) 1.62 6 (28) `` No Stopping Kayla'' February 27, 2015 ( 2015-02-27 ) 1.43 7 (29) `` Stamp Out Atlanta'' March 6, 2015 ( 2015-03-06 ) 1.48 8 (30) `` Traci's Revenge'' March 13, 2015 ( 2015-03-13 ) 1.55 9 (31) `` Captain Down'' March 20, 2015 ( 2015-03-20 ) 1.44 10 (32) `` Don't Do It, Neva'' March 27, 2015 ( 2015-03-27 ) 1.67 11 (33) `` Baby Tiger Attack'' April 3, 2015 ( 2015-04-03 ) 1.30 12 (34) `` Copycat'' April 10, 2015 ( 2015-04-10 ) 1.44 13 (35) `` Road to Royale'' April 17, 2015 ( 2015-04-17 ) 1.49 14 (36) `` Battle Royale 2015'' April 24, 2015 ( 2015-04-24 ) 1.69 15 (37) `` Rival Rehash'' May 1, 2015 ( 2015-05-01 ) 0.93 16 (38) `` A Whole New Doll Game'' July 31, 2015 ( 2015-07-31 ) 1.39 17 (39) `` Dancing Dolls NOT for Life'' August 7, 2015 ( 2015-08-07 ) 1.26 18 (40) `` Selena's Makeover Madness'' August 14, 2015 ( 2015-08-14 ) 1.36 19 (41) `` The Big Apple and the Bitter Apple'' August 21, 2015 ( 2015-08-21 ) 1.26 20 (42) `` Saturday Night Fights'' August 28, 2015 ( 2015-08-28 ) 1.32 21 (43) `` Who You Callin' Cookie?'' September 4, 2015 ( 2015-09-04 ) 1.37 22 (44) `` Pom Pom Panic'' September 11, 2015 ( 2015-09-11 ) 1.39 23 (45) `` Tick, Tick, Boom!'' September 18, 2015 ( 2015-09-18 ) 1.06 24 (46) `` Summer Slam'' September 25, 2015 ( 2015-09-25 ) 1.57 25 (47) `` Bring It! Bonus Round Special'' October 2, 2015 ( 2015-10-02 ) 0.82 Season 3 (2016) ( edit ) No. Title Original air date U.S. viewers (million) 1 (48) `` A Very Bring It! New Year'' January 1, 2016 ( 2016-01-01 ) 0.97 2 (49) `` Straight Outta Jackson'' January 1, 2016 ( 2016-01-01 ) 1.36 3 (50) `` The Bucking Ballerina'' January 8, 2016 ( 2016-01-08 ) 1.22 4 (51) `` Hell Week'' January 15, 2016 ( 2016-01-15 ) 1.14 5 (52) `` Homecoming Hell'' January 22, 2016 ( 2016-01-22 ) 1.33 6 (53) `` Rittany's Revolt'' January 29, 2016 ( 2016-01-29 ) 1.35 7 (54) `` The Wicked Witch of Jackson'' February 5, 2016 ( 2016-02-05 ) 1.54 8 (55) `` Bucking Bride'' February 12, 2016 ( 2016-02-12 ) 1.25 9 (56) `` Blow it Up'' February 19, 2016 ( 2016-02-19 ) 1.44 10 (57) `` Flash Mob Madness'' February 26, 2016 ( 2016-02-26 ) 1.38 11 (58) `` 3 Strikes, You're Out'' March 4, 2016 ( 2016-03-04 ) 1.19 12 (59) `` Neva Gets Even'' March 11, 2016 ( 2016-03-11 ) 1.32 13 (60) `` They're Coming for Us!!'' March 18, 2016 ( 2016-03-18 ) 1.19 14 (61) `` Face the Music! It's the Finale!'' March 25, 2016 ( 2016-03-25 ) 0.88 15 (62) `` Spilling the Tea Reunion Special'' April 1, 2016 ( 2016-04-01 ) N/A 16 (63) `` Team Kayla vs. Team Dianna'' July 22, 2016 ( 2016-07-22 ) 1.08 17 (64) `` The Return of Neva the Diva'' July 29, 2016 ( 2016-07-29 ) 1.07 18 (65) `` Compton Call Out'' August 5, 2016 ( 2016-08-05 ) 1.13 19 (66) `` Ratchcity!'' August 12, 2016 ( 2016-08-12 ) 1.18 20 (67) `` Hoop Dreams Drama'' August 19, 2016 ( 2016-08-19 ) 1.12 21 (68) `` Scholarship Dreams and Dating Nightmares'' August 26, 2016 ( 2016-08-26 ) 1.18 22 (69) `` Dancing With the Enemy'' September 2, 2016 ( 2016-09-02 ) 1.09 23 (70) `` Wigging Out'' September 9, 2016 ( 2016-09-09 ) 1.19 24 (71) `` Lil Niqo and a LOT of Sweat!'' September 16, 2016 ( 2016-09-16 ) 1.22 25 (72) `` Stomp! Summer Slam Shocker'' September 23, 2016 ( 2016-09-23 ) 1.30 Season 4 (2017-- 18) ( edit ) No. Title Original air date U.S. viewers (million) 1 (73) `` Miss D Reboots'' January 13, 2017 ( 2017-01-13 ) 1.16 2 (74) `` Diana Said Knock You Out!'' January 20, 2017 ( 2017-01-20 ) 0.92 3 (75) `` Coach D Meets Queen B'' January 27, 2017 ( 2017-01-27 ) 1.11 4 (76) `` Bringing It to the Big Apple'' February 3, 2017 ( 2017-02-03 ) 1.02 5 (77) `` Torrey Takes Over'' February 10, 2017 ( 2017-02-10 ) 1.03 6 (78) `` Losing Faith'' February 17, 2017 ( 2017-02-17 ) 1.00 7 (79) `` A Tale of Two Dollhouses'' February 24, 2017 ( 2017-02-24 ) 1.04 8 (80) `` Attack Of The B Squad'' March 3, 2017 ( 2017-03-03 ) 0.90 9 (81) `` Black Ice Meltdown'' March 10, 2017 ( 2017-03-10 ) 1.06 10 (82) `` Revenge of the Robo-Dolls'' March 17, 2017 ( 2017-03-17 ) 1.10 11 (83) `` Cookie Bites Back'' March 24, 2017 ( 2017-03-24 ) 1.14 12 (84) `` La La Land'' March 31, 2017 ( 2017-03-31 ) 1.03 13 (85) `` Lemons to `` Lemonade?'' '' April 7, 2017 ( 2017-04-07 ) 0.97 14 (86) `` Battle for Broadway'' April 14, 2017 ( 2017-04-14 ) 0.92 15 (87) `` Deliver Us From Neva'' April 21, 2017 ( 2017-04-21 ) 0.82 16 (88) `` Battle Royale: Up in Flames!'' April 28, 2017 ( 2017-04-28 ) 0.95 17 (89) `` Crossing the Line'' November 24, 2017 ( 2017-11-24 ) 0.82 18 (90) `` Rumble in the Jungle'' December 1, 2017 ( 2017-12-01 ) 0.72 19 (91) `` #Clapback'' December 8, 2017 ( 2017-12-08 ) 0.73 20 (92) `` Battle for Oz'' December 15, 2017 ( 2017-12-15 ) 0.74 21 (93) `` Secrets, Lies, And Slumber Parties'' December 29, 2017 ( 2017-12-29 ) 0.79 22 (94) `` Coach D Resigns'' January 5, 2018 ( 2018-01-05 ) 0.84 23 `` Stand Battle Shake-Up'' January 12, 2018 ( 2018-01-12 ) 0.77 24 `` Doll Meets World'' January 19, 2018 ( 2018-01-19 ) 0.80 25 `` The Doll's Last Chance'' January 26, 2018 ( 2018-01-26 ) TBD International broadcasts ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , Lifetime UK premiered the series in late 2014, in 2016 another UK channel, ITVBe will premiere the series on Friday 2nd September 2016. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 5, 2014). `` ' Preachers Daughters' Season 2 & Dance Competition ' Bring It!' to Premiere March 5 on Lifetime'' . TV by the Numbers (Press release) . Retrieved April 12, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lifetime Orders New Episodes Of ' Bring It! ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 29, 2014 . Retrieved April 29, 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (June 2, 2014). `` ' Bring It!' Returns to Lifetime Wednesday July 23'' . TV by the Numbers (Press release) . Retrieved June 2, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bring It!: Season Three Coming to Lifetime'' . TV Series Finale . December 21, 2015 . Retrieved January 9, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` When Does Bring It! Season 4 Start?'' . Wait With Us! . 2016-01-26 . Retrieved 2016-12-08 . ^ Jump up to: Schumann, Rebecka (March 19, 2014). `` 10 Reasons ' Dance Moms' Fans Should Watch ' Bring It!' On Lifetime, According To Its Star, Dianna Williams'' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 12, 2014 . Jump up ^ Yanan, Travis (March 6, 2014). `` Wednesday's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals: `` Modern Family'' Tops Demos, `` Criminal Minds'' Leads Viewers`` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 6, 2014 . Jump up ^ Yanan, Travis (March 13, 2014). `` Wednesday's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals: `` Criminal Minds,'' `` Modern Family'' Top Charts in Viewers, Demos`` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 13, 2014 . Jump up ^ Yanan, Travis (March 20, 2014). `` Wednesday's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals: CBS Tops Viewers, Demos with `` CSI,'' `` Survivor '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 20, 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 27, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: ' Duck Dynasty' Finale Tops Night + NBA Basketball, ' Psych' , ' Workaholics' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 3, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: ' American PIckers' Wins Night, ' Workaholics' , ' Real World Ex-Plosion' , ' Baby Daddy' , ' The Americans' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 10, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: NBA Basketball Tops Night + ' American Pickers' , ' Bring It!' , ' Workaholics' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 17, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: ' American Pickers' Wins Night, NBA Basketball, ' Bring It!' ,' Melissa & Joey' , ' The Americans' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17, 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 24, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: NBA Basketball Leads Night + ' American Pickers' , ' Inside the NBA Playoffs' , ' Bring It!' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 1, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: NBA Playoffs Win Night, ' Bring It!' , ' American Pickers' , ' Baby Daddy' , ' The Americans' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1, 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 8, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: NBA Basketball Tops Night + ' Love & Hip Hop' , ' Catfish' , ' American Dad' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 15, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: NBA Playoffs Win Night, NHL Playoffs, ' Catfish' , ' The Americans' , ' Melissa & Joey' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (July 24, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: ' Teen Mom 2' Wins Night, ' Suits' , ' Bring It' , ' Graceland' , ' The Bridge' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29, 2014 . Retrieved July 24, 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 31, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: ' Sharknado 2' Tops Night + ' Duck Dynasty' , ' Teen Mom II' ' Suits' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 3, 2014 . Retrieved July 31, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 7, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: ' Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, ' Teen Mom 2' , ' Suits' , ' Young & Hunger' , ' The Bridge' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 7, 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 14, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: ' Duck Dynasty' Tops Night + ' Zombie Sharks' , ' Spawn of Jaws' , ' Teen Mom II' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 14, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 21, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: ' Teen Mom 2' & Little League World Series Win Night, ' Suits' , ' Franklin & Bash' , ' Bring It!' , ' The Bridge' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 28, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: ' Teen Mom 2' Leads Night + ' American Pickers' , ' The Daily Show' , ' American Restoration' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 28, 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (September 6, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: ' Teen Mom 2' Wins Night, ' American Pickers' , ' Graceland' , ' The Bridge' , ' Franklin & Bash' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 15, 2014 . Retrieved September 7, 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (September 11, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: ' Teen Mom 2' Wins Night + ' The Kelly File' , ' The Daily Show' , ' Couples Therapy' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 15, 2014 . Retrieved September 11, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (September 18, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: ' Teen Mom 2' Wins Night, ' The Daily Show' , ' The Bridge' , ' Couples Therapy' , ' Impact Wrestling' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20, 2014 . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (September 25, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: ' South Park' Tops Night + ' Key & Peele' , ' Teen Mom II' , ' The Daily Show' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 27, 2014 . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 2, 2014). `` Wednesday Cable Ratings: Baseball Wild Card Wins Night, ' South Park' , ' Teen Mom 2' , ' Key & Peele' , ' The Bridge' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4, 2014 . Retrieved October 2, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bring It!'' . Zap2it . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (January 26, 2015). `` Friday Cable Ratings: ' Gold Rush' Tops Night + ' Alaskan Bush People' , ' Bring It!' , ' Newsreaders' , NBA Basketball & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 2, 2015). `` Friday Cable Ratings: ' Gold Rush' Wins Night, ' Alaskan Bush People' , ' Bring It!' , ' 12 Monkeys' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 9, 2015). `` Friday Cable Ratings: ' Gold Rush' Tops Night + ' Alaskan Bush People' , ' Bring It!' , ' Newsreaders' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 17, 2015). `` Friday Cable Ratings: ' Gold Rush' Wins Night, ' Alaskan Bush People' , NBA Celebrity All-Stars Game,' Bad Hair Day' , ' Bring It' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 23, 2015). `` Friday Cable Ratings: ' Alaskan Bush People' Tops Night + ' Gold Rush' , ' Jack & Triumph Show' , NBA Basketball & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 2, 2015). `` Friday Cable Ratings: ' Gold Rush' Wins Night, ' Bring It!' , NBA Basketball, ' Preachers'Daughters ' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 9, 2015). `` Friday Cable Ratings: ' Gold Rush' Tops Night + ' Gold Rush: The Dirt' , ' Bring It!' , NBA Basketball & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 16, 2015). `` Friday Cable Ratings: ' Gold Rush' Wins Night, College Basketball, ' Bring It!' , ' Bering Sea Gold' ,' Preachers' Daughters' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 23, 2015). `` Friday Cable Ratings: NCAA Basketball Dominates Night + ' Bring It!' , ' Children's Hospital' , ' Newsreaders' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 30, 2015). `` Friday Cable Ratings: NCAA Basketball Wins Night, ' Bring It!' , ' Jack & Triumph Show' , ' Girl Meets World' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 6, 2015). `` Friday Cable Ratings: ' Children's Hospital' Tops Night + ' Bring It!' , ' Newsreaders' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 13, 2015). `` Friday Cable Ratings: ' The Jack & Triumph Show' Wins Night, The Masters, ' Bering Seas Gold' , ' Jump!' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 20, 2015). `` Friday Cable Ratings: ' Children's Hospital' Tops Night + ' Bring It!' , ' Newsreaders' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 27, 2015). `` Friday Cable Ratings: ' NBA Playoffs' Win Night, ' Bring It!' , Childrens Hospital' , ' Bering Sea Gold' & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 4, 2015). `` Friday Cable Ratings: NFL Draft Coverage Tops Night + NBA Basketball, NHL Hockey & More'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 7.31.2015'' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 8.7.2015'' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 8.14.2015'' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 8.21.2015'' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 8.28.2015'' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 9.4.2015'' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 9.11.2015 (Correct Charts Now Posted)'' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 9.18.2015'' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 9.25.2015'' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Friday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 10.2.2015'' . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (January 5, 2016). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update: 1.1.2016'' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved January 5, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 11, 2016). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update: 1.8.2016'' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved January 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 18, 2016). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update: 1.15.2016'' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved January 18, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 25, 2016). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Update: 1.22.2016'' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved January 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 1, 2016). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.29.2016'' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 8, 2016). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.5.2016'' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 16, 2016). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.12.2016'' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 22, 2016). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.19.2016'' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 29, 2016). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.26.2016'' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 7, 2016). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.4.2016'' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 7, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 14, 2016). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.11.2016'' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 21, 2016). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.18.2016'' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 21, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 28, 2016). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.25.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 25, 2016). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.22.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 1, 2016). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.29.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 8, 2016). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.5.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 15, 2016). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.12.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 22, 2016). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.19.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 29, 2016). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.26.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 6, 2016). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.2.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 6, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 12, 2016). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.9.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 19, 2016). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.16.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 26, 2016). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.23.2016'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 17, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.13.2016'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 17, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 23, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.20.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 23, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 30, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.27.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 6, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.3.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 6, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 13, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.10.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 21, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.17.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 21, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 27, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.24.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 6, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.3.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 6, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 13, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.10.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 20, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.17.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 27, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.24.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 3, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.31.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 10, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.7.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 17, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.14.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 17, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 24, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.21.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (May 1, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.28.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (November 28, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.24.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (December 4, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 12.1.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (December 11, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 12.8.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (December 18, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 12.15.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 2, 2018). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 12.29.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 2, 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 8, 2018). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.5.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 8, 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 16, 2018). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.12.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 16, 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 22, 2018). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.19.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 22, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - bring it! on lifetime'' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 28, 2017 . 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who played glinda the good witch on the wizard of oz
Mary William Ethelbert Appleton `` Billie '' Burke ( August 7 , 1884 -- May 14 , 1970 ) was an American actress who was famous on Broadway , in early silent film , and subsequently in sound film . She is best known to modern audiences as Glinda the Good Witch of the North in the movie musical The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , which starred Judy Garland .
[ [ "\"Billie\" Burke" ] ]
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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Billie Burke Billie Burke , by Harris & Ewing Mary William Ethelbert Appleton Burke ( 1884 - 08 - 07 ) August 7 , 1884 Washington , D.C. , U.S. May 14 , 1970 ( 1970 - 05 - 14 ) ( aged 85 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1903 -- 1960 Spouse ( s ) Florenz Ziegfeld ( m . 1914 ; d . 1932 ) Children Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson", "Billie Burke", "Billie Burke , by Harris & Ewing", "Mary William Ethelbert Appleton Burke ( 1884 - 08 - 07 ) August 7 , 1884 Washington , D.C. , U.S.", "May 14 , 1970 ( 1970 - 05 - 14 ) ( aged 85 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S.", "Occupation Actress", "Years active 1903 -- 1960", "Spouse ( s ) Florenz Ziegfeld ( m . 1914 ; d . 1932 )", "Children Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson", "Mary William Ethelbert Appleton `` Billie '' Burke ( August 7 , 1884 -- May 14 , 1970 ) was an American actress who was famous on Broadway , in early silent film , and subsequently in sound film . She is best known to modern audiences as Glinda the Good Witch of the North in the movie musical The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , which starred Judy Garland .", "Burke was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1938 for her performance as Emily Kilbourne in Merrily We Live and is also remembered for her appearances in the Topper film series . Her high - pitched , wavering , aristocratic voice was her trademark , which made her a frequent choice to play dim - witted , spoiled society types .", "Billie Burke was the wife of Broadway producer Florenz Ziegfeld , Jr. , of Ziegfeld Follies fame , from 1914 until his death in 1932 .", "Billie Burke was born Mary Burke , the daughter of William `` Billy '' Burke and Blanche ( née Beatty ; 1844 -- 1921 ) , in Washington , D.C. She toured the United States and Europe with her father , who was a singer and clown and worked for the Barnum & Bailey Circus . Her family ultimately settled in London where she attended plays in the West End . In 1903 , she began acting on stage , making her debut in London in The School Girl . Other London shows included The Duchess of Dantzic ( 1903 ) and The Blue Moon ( 1904 ) . She eventually returned to America to star in Broadway musical comedies .", "Burke went on to play leads on Broadway in Mrs. Dot , Suzanne , The Runaway , The `` Mind - the - Paint '' Girl , and The Land of Promise from 1910 to 1913 , along with a supporting role in the revival of Sir Arthur Wing Pinero 's The Amazons . There she caught the eye of producer Florenz Ziegfeld , marrying him in 1914 . Two years later they had a daughter , Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson ( 1916 -- 2008 ) .", "Burke was signed for the movies and made her cinematic debut in the title role of Peggy ( 1915 ) . Her success was phenomenal , and she was soon earning what was reputedly the highest salary ever granted to a motion picture actress up to that time . She followed her first feature with the 15 - part serial Gloria 's Romance ( 1916 ) , another popular and critically acclaimed vehicle . By 1917 Billie Burke was a favorite with silent movie fans , rivaling Mary Pickford , Lillian Gish , Clara Kimball Young and Irene Castle . Billie Burke starred primarily in provocative society dramas and comedies , similar in theme to The `` Mind - the - Paint '' Girl , her most successful American play . The star 's girlish charm rivaled her acting ability , and as she dressed to the hilt in fashionable gowns , furs and jewelry , her clothes sense also won the devotion of female audiences . Among the films in which she appeared during this period were Arms and the Girl ( 1917 ) , The Mysterious Miss Terry , Let 's Get a Divorce ( 1918 ) , Good Gracious , Annabelle ( 1919 ) , Away Goes Prudence ( 1920 ) and The Frisky Mrs. Johnson ( 1920 ) .", "The actress 's beauty and taste made her a major trendsetter throughout the 1910s and 20s . During this time , much of her wardrobe ( on screen and off ) was provided by the leading European couturier Lucile ( in private life Lady Duff Gordon ) , whose New York branch was then the fashion mecca for socialites and entertainment celebrities .", "Despite her success in film , Burke eventually returned to the stage , appearing in Caesar 's Wife ( 1919 ) , The Intimate Strangers ( 1921 ) , The Marquise ( 1927 ) and The Happy Husband ( 1928 ) . When the family 's investments were wiped out in the Wall Sreeet Crash the following year , she resumed screen acting to aid her husband .", "Burke made her Hollywood comeback in 1932 , when she starred as Margaret Fairfield in A Bill of Divorcement , which was directed by George Cukor . She played Katharine Hepburn 's mother in the film , which was Hepburn 's debut . Despite the death of her husband Florenz Ziegfeld during the film 's production , she resumed acting shortly after his funeral .", "In 1933 , Burke was cast as Millicent Jordan , a scatterbrained high - society woman hosting a dinner party in the comedy Dinner at Eight , directed by George Cukor , co-starring with Lionel Barrymore , Marie Dressler , John Barrymore , Jean Harlow and Wallace Beery . The movie was a great success and revived her career . She subsequently starred in many comedies and musicals , typecast as a ditzy , fluffy and feather - brained upper - class matron with her high - pitched voice .", "In 1936 , MGM filmed a sanitized biopic of Florenz Ziegfeld ( The Great Ziegfeld ) , a film that won Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Actress ( Luise Rainer as Ziegfeld 's common - law wife , Anna Held ) . William Powell played Flo Ziegfeld and Myrna Loy played Burke , which infuriated Burke because she was under contract to the studio and could have played herself , but MGM considered her too old to cast in the part despite her obviously having the look and mannerisms down perfectly otherwise .", "In 1937 Burke appeared in the first of the Topper films , about a man haunted by two socialite ghosts ( played by Cary Grant and Constance Bennett ) , in which she played the twittering and daffy Clara Topper . Her performance as Emily Kilbourne in Merrily We Live ( 1938 ) resulted in her only Oscar nomination . In 1938 she was chosen to play Glinda the Good Witch of the North , in the musical The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , directed by Victor Fleming , which starred Judy Garland . She had worked on a Garland film , Everybody Sing , in which she played Judy 's histrionically hysterical actress - mother . Director George Cukor offered her the role of Aunt Pittypat in Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) , but she declined and it was played by Laura Hope Crews , a character that Cukor wanted to be played in a `` Billie Burke - ish manner '' with `` the same zany feeling '' . Another successful film series followed with Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and Father 's Little Dividend ( 1951 ) , both directed by Vincente Minnelli and starring Spencer Tracy , Joan Bennett , and Elizabeth Taylor .", "Burke wrote two autobiographies , both with Cameron Van Shippe , With a Feather on My Nose ( Appleton 1949 ) and With Powder on My Nose ( Coward McCann , 1959 ) .", "On CBS Radio , The Billie Burke Show was heard on Saturday mornings from April 3 , 1943 until September 21 , 1946 . Sponsored by Listerine , this situation comedy was initially titled Fashions in Rations during its first year . Portraying herself as a featherbrained Good Samaritan who lived `` in the little white house on Sunnyview Lane , '' she always offered a helping hand to those in her neighborhood . She worked often in early television , appearing in the short - lived sitcom Doc Corkle ( 1952 ) . She was a guest star on several TV and radio series , including Duffy 's Tavern .", "On television , Burke starred in her own talk show , At Home With Billie Burke , which ran on the DuMont Television Network from June 1951 through the spring of 1952 . She was one of the first female talk show hosts , after the hostesses of the earlier DuMont series And Everything Nice ( 1949 -- 50 ) and Fashions on Parade ( 1948 -- 49 ) which both included some talk show segments .", "Burke tried to make a comeback on the New York stage . She starred in two short - lived productions : This Rock and Mrs. January and Mr. X . Although she got good reviews , the plays did not . She appeared in several plays in California as well , although her mind became clouded , and she had trouble remembering lines . In the late 1950s , her failing memory led to her retirement from show business , although her explanation for that was , `` Acting just was n't any fun anymore . ''", "Burke made her final screen appearance in Sergeant Rutledge ( 1960 ) , a Western directed by John Ford .", "Burke was married to producer Florenz Ziegfeld , Jr . Burke resided in Beverly Hills , California . She died in Los Angeles of natural causes on May 14 , 1970 , at the age of 85 and was interred at Kensico Cemetery , Valhalla , Westchester County , New York .", "For many years , Burke 's framed photo was displayed above the exit staircase at New York 's Ziegfeld Theatre , but it vanished after renovations . However , an opening night program that bore a picture of her from her 1912 triumph The Mind The Paint Girl ( Sir Arthur Wing Pinero ) is still displayed in the lobby of the Lyceum Theatre in Manhattan . A park in the New York City suburb of Hastings on Hudson , New York , is named the Burke Estate .", "For her contributions to the film industry , Burke was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 with a motion pictures star located at 6617 Hollywood Boulevard .", "On November 4 , 2015 , a crater near the north pole of the planet Mercury was named after her .", "The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air -- 1932 Doubting Thomas - 1935 Good News of 1939 -- 1938 The Rudy Vallee Hour -- 1939 The Gulf Screen Guild Theater -- 1939 The Rudy Vallee Sealtest Show -- 1940 -- 41 The Pepsodent Show -- 1941 The Billie Burke Show -- 1943 -- 1946 Duffy 's Tavern -- 1944 The Sealtest Village Store -- 1944 Mail Call -- 1944 The Charlie McCarthy Show -- 1944 -- 47 Tribute to Ethel Barrymore -- 1945 The Rudy Vallee Show -- 1945 Show Stoppers -- 1946 The Danny Kaye Show -- 1946 WOR 25th Anniversary -- 1947 Your Movietown Radio Theatre -- 1948 The Eddie Cantor Pabst Blue Ribbon Show -- 1948 Family Theater -- 1948 -- 52 This Is Show Business -- CBS - TV , 1949 The Martin and Lewis Show -- 1949 The Bill Stern Colgate Sports Newsreel -- 1949 Stagestruck -- 1954 Biography in Sound -- 1955 -- 56", "The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air -- 1932", "Doubting Thomas - 1935", "Good News of 1939 -- 1938", "The Rudy Vallee Hour -- 1939", "The Gulf Screen Guild Theater -- 1939", "The Rudy Vallee Sealtest Show -- 1940 -- 41", "The Pepsodent Show -- 1941", "The Billie Burke Show -- 1943 -- 1946", "Duffy 's Tavern -- 1944", "The Sealtest Village Store -- 1944", "Mail Call -- 1944", "The Charlie McCarthy Show -- 1944 -- 47", "Tribute to Ethel Barrymore -- 1945", "The Rudy Vallee Show -- 1945", "Show Stoppers -- 1946", "The Danny Kaye Show -- 1946", "WOR 25th Anniversary -- 1947", "Your Movietown Radio Theatre -- 1948", "The Eddie Cantor Pabst Blue Ribbon Show -- 1948", "Family Theater -- 1948 -- 52", "This Is Show Business -- CBS - TV , 1949", "The Martin and Lewis Show -- 1949", "The Bill Stern Colgate Sports Newsreel -- 1949", "Stagestruck -- 1954", "Biography in Sound -- 1955 -- 56", "My Wife -- 1907 Love Watches -- 1908 Mrs. Dot -- 1910 Suzanne -- 1910 The Philosopher in the Apple Orchard -- 1911 The Runaway -- 1911 The Amazons -- 1913 The Land of Promise -- 1913 Jerry -- 1914 The Rescuing Angel -- 1917 A Marriage of Convenience -- 1918 Caesar 's Wife -- 1919 The Intimate Strangers -- 1921 Rose Briar -- 1922 Annie Dear -- 1924 The Marquise -- 1927 The Happy Husband -- 1928 Family Affairs -- 1929 The Truth Game -- 1930 Ziegfeld Follies of 1934 -- 1934 Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 -- 1936 This Rock -- 1943 Ziegfeld Follies of 1943 -- 1943 Mrs. January and Mr. X -- 1944", "My Wife -- 1907", "Love Watches -- 1908", "Mrs. Dot -- 1910", "Suzanne -- 1910", "The Philosopher in the Apple Orchard -- 1911", "The Runaway -- 1911", "The Amazons -- 1913", "The Land of Promise -- 1913", "Jerry -- 1914", "The Rescuing Angel -- 1917", "A Marriage of Convenience -- 1918", "Caesar 's Wife -- 1919", "The Intimate Strangers -- 1921", "Rose Briar -- 1922", "Annie Dear -- 1924", "The Marquise -- 1927", "The Happy Husband -- 1928", "Family Affairs -- 1929", "The Truth Game -- 1930", "Ziegfeld Follies of 1934 -- 1934", "Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 -- 1936", "This Rock -- 1943", "Ziegfeld Follies of 1943 -- 1943", "Mrs. January and Mr. X -- 1944", "Silent Our Mutual Girl ( 1914 ) as Herself Peggy ( 1916 ) as Peggy Cameron Gloria 's Romance ( 1916 ) as Gloria Stafford The Mysterious Miss Terry ( 1917 ) as Mavis Terry Arms and the Girl ( 1917 ) as Ruth Sherwood The Land of Promise ( 1917 ) as Nora Marsh Eve 's Daughter ( 1918 ) as Irene Simpson - Bates Let 's Get a Divorce ( 1918 ) as Mme . Cyprienne Marcey In Pursuit of Polly ( 1918 ) as Polly Marsden The Make - Believe Wife ( 1918 ) as Phyllis Ashbrook Good Gracious , Annabelle ( 1919 ) as Annabelle Leigh The Misleading Widow ( 1919 ) as Betty Taradine Sadie Love ( 1919 ) as Sadie Love Wanted : A Husband ( 1919 ) as Amanda Darcy Cole Away Goes Prudence ( 1920 ) as Prudence Thorne The Frisky Mrs. Johnson ( 1920 ) as Belle Johnson The Education of Elizabeth ( 1921 ) as Elizabeth Banks Sound Glorifying the American Girl ( 1929 ) as Billie Burke ( uncredited ) A Bill of Divorcement ( 1932 ) as Margaret Christopher Strong ( 1933 ) as Lady Strong - His Wife Dinner at Eight ( 1933 ) as Millicent Jordan Only Yesterday ( 1933 ) as Julia Warren Where Sinners Meet ( 1934 ) as Eustasia Finishing School ( 1934 ) as Her Mother / Mrs. Helen Crawford Radcliff We 're Rich Again ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Linda Page Forsaking All Others ( 1934 ) as Aunt Paula Society Doctor ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Crane After Office Hours ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Norwood Becky Sharp ( 1935 ) as Lady Bareacres Doubting Thomas ( 1935 ) as Paula Brown She Could n't Take It ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Daniel Van Dyke A Feather in Her Hat ( 1935 ) as Julia Trent Anders Splendor ( 1935 ) as Clarissa My American Wife ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Robert Cantillon Piccadilly Jim ( 1936 ) as Eugenia Willis , Nesta 's Sister Craig 's Wife ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Frazier Parnell ( 1937 ) as Clara Wood Topper ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Topper The Bride Wore Red ( 1937 ) as Contessa di Meina Navy Blue and Gold ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Alyce Gates Everybody Sing ( 1938 ) as Diana Bellaire Merrily We Live ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Kilbourne The Young in Heart ( 1938 ) as Marmy Carleton Topper Takes a Trip ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Topper Zenobia ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Tibbett Bridal Suite ( 1939 ) as Mrs. McGill The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) as Glinda the Good Witch of the North Eternally Yours ( 1939 ) as Aunt Abby Remember ? ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Bronson The Ghost Comes Home ( 1940 ) as Cora Adams And One Was Beautiful ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Julia Lattimer Irene ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Vincent The Captain Is a Lady ( 1940 ) as Blossy Stort Dulcy ( 1940 ) as Eleanor Forbes Hullabaloo ( 1940 ) as Penny Merriweather The Wild Man of Borneo ( 1941 ) as Bernice Marshall Topper Returns ( 1941 ) as Mrs. Topper One Night in Lisbon ( 1941 ) as Catherine Enfilden The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1942 ) as Daisy Stanley What 's Cookin ' ? ( 1942 ) as Agatha Courtney In This Our Life ( 1942 ) as Lavinia Timberlake They All Kissed the Bride ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Drew Girl Trouble ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Rowland Hi Diddle Diddle ( 1943 ) as Liza Prescott So 's Your Uncle ( 1943 ) as Aunt Minerva You 're a Lucky Fellow , Mr. Smith ( 1943 ) as Aunt Harriet Crandall Gildersleeve on Broadway ( 1943 ) as Mrs. Laura Chandler The Laramie Trail ( 1944 ) as Jessica Mariman Swing Out , Sister ( 1945 ) as Jessica Mariman The Cheaters ( 1945 ) as Clara Pidgeon Breakfast in Hollywood ( 1946 ) as Mrs. Frances Cartwright The Bachelor 's Daughters ( 1946 ) as Molly Burns Billie Gets Her Man ( 1948 ) as Billie Baxter The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 ) as Mrs. Livingston Belney And Baby Makes Three ( 1949 ) as Mrs. Marvin Fletcher The Boy from Indiana ( 1950 ) as Zelda Bagley Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) as Doris Dunstan Three Husbands ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Jenny Bard Whittaker Father 's Little Dividend ( 1951 ) as Doris Dunstan Small Town Girl ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Livingston The Young Philadelphians ( 1959 ) as Mrs. J. Arthur Allen Sergeant Rutledge ( 1960 ) as Mrs. Cordelia Fosgate Pepe ( 1960 ) as Billie Burke ( final film role )", "Silent Our Mutual Girl ( 1914 ) as Herself Peggy ( 1916 ) as Peggy Cameron Gloria 's Romance ( 1916 ) as Gloria Stafford The Mysterious Miss Terry ( 1917 ) as Mavis Terry Arms and the Girl ( 1917 ) as Ruth Sherwood The Land of Promise ( 1917 ) as Nora Marsh Eve 's Daughter ( 1918 ) as Irene Simpson - Bates Let 's Get a Divorce ( 1918 ) as Mme . Cyprienne Marcey In Pursuit of Polly ( 1918 ) as Polly Marsden The Make - Believe Wife ( 1918 ) as Phyllis Ashbrook Good Gracious , Annabelle ( 1919 ) as Annabelle Leigh The Misleading Widow ( 1919 ) as Betty Taradine Sadie Love ( 1919 ) as Sadie Love Wanted : A Husband ( 1919 ) as Amanda Darcy Cole Away Goes Prudence ( 1920 ) as Prudence Thorne The Frisky Mrs. Johnson ( 1920 ) as Belle Johnson The Education of Elizabeth ( 1921 ) as Elizabeth Banks Sound Glorifying the American Girl ( 1929 ) as Billie Burke ( uncredited ) A Bill of Divorcement ( 1932 ) as Margaret Christopher Strong ( 1933 ) as Lady Strong - His Wife Dinner at Eight ( 1933 ) as Millicent Jordan Only Yesterday ( 1933 ) as Julia Warren Where Sinners Meet ( 1934 ) as Eustasia Finishing School ( 1934 ) as Her Mother / Mrs. Helen Crawford Radcliff We 're Rich Again ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Linda Page Forsaking All Others ( 1934 ) as Aunt Paula Society Doctor ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Crane After Office Hours ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Norwood Becky Sharp ( 1935 ) as Lady Bareacres Doubting Thomas ( 1935 ) as Paula Brown She Could n't Take It ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Daniel Van Dyke A Feather in Her Hat ( 1935 ) as Julia Trent Anders Splendor ( 1935 ) as Clarissa My American Wife ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Robert Cantillon Piccadilly Jim ( 1936 ) as Eugenia Willis , Nesta 's Sister Craig 's Wife ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Frazier Parnell ( 1937 ) as Clara Wood Topper ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Topper The Bride Wore Red ( 1937 ) as Contessa di Meina Navy Blue and Gold ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Alyce Gates Everybody Sing ( 1938 ) as Diana Bellaire Merrily We Live ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Kilbourne The Young in Heart ( 1938 ) as Marmy Carleton Topper Takes a Trip ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Topper Zenobia ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Tibbett Bridal Suite ( 1939 ) as Mrs. McGill The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) as Glinda the Good Witch of the North Eternally Yours ( 1939 ) as Aunt Abby Remember ? ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Bronson The Ghost Comes Home ( 1940 ) as Cora Adams And One Was Beautiful ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Julia Lattimer Irene ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Vincent The Captain Is a Lady ( 1940 ) as Blossy Stort Dulcy ( 1940 ) as Eleanor Forbes Hullabaloo ( 1940 ) as Penny Merriweather The Wild Man of Borneo ( 1941 ) as Bernice Marshall Topper Returns ( 1941 ) as Mrs. Topper One Night in Lisbon ( 1941 ) as Catherine Enfilden The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1942 ) as Daisy Stanley What 's Cookin ' ? ( 1942 ) as Agatha Courtney In This Our Life ( 1942 ) as Lavinia Timberlake They All Kissed the Bride ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Drew Girl Trouble ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Rowland Hi Diddle Diddle ( 1943 ) as Liza Prescott So 's Your Uncle ( 1943 ) as Aunt Minerva You 're a Lucky Fellow , Mr. Smith ( 1943 ) as Aunt Harriet Crandall Gildersleeve on Broadway ( 1943 ) as Mrs. Laura Chandler The Laramie Trail ( 1944 ) as Jessica Mariman Swing Out , Sister ( 1945 ) as Jessica Mariman The Cheaters ( 1945 ) as Clara Pidgeon Breakfast in Hollywood ( 1946 ) as Mrs. Frances Cartwright The Bachelor 's Daughters ( 1946 ) as Molly Burns Billie Gets Her Man ( 1948 ) as Billie Baxter The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 ) as Mrs. Livingston Belney And Baby Makes Three ( 1949 ) as Mrs. Marvin Fletcher The Boy from Indiana ( 1950 ) as Zelda Bagley Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) as Doris Dunstan Three Husbands ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Jenny Bard Whittaker Father 's Little Dividend ( 1951 ) as Doris Dunstan Small Town Girl ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Livingston The Young Philadelphians ( 1959 ) as Mrs. J. Arthur Allen Sergeant Rutledge ( 1960 ) as Mrs. Cordelia Fosgate Pepe ( 1960 ) as Billie Burke ( final film role )", "Our Mutual Girl ( 1914 ) as Herself Peggy ( 1916 ) as Peggy Cameron Gloria 's Romance ( 1916 ) as Gloria Stafford The Mysterious Miss Terry ( 1917 ) as Mavis Terry Arms and the Girl ( 1917 ) as Ruth Sherwood The Land of Promise ( 1917 ) as Nora Marsh Eve 's Daughter ( 1918 ) as Irene Simpson - Bates Let 's Get a Divorce ( 1918 ) as Mme . Cyprienne Marcey In Pursuit of Polly ( 1918 ) as Polly Marsden The Make - Believe Wife ( 1918 ) as Phyllis Ashbrook Good Gracious , Annabelle ( 1919 ) as Annabelle Leigh The Misleading Widow ( 1919 ) as Betty Taradine Sadie Love ( 1919 ) as Sadie Love Wanted : A Husband ( 1919 ) as Amanda Darcy Cole Away Goes Prudence ( 1920 ) as Prudence Thorne The Frisky Mrs. Johnson ( 1920 ) as Belle Johnson The Education of Elizabeth ( 1921 ) as Elizabeth Banks", "Our Mutual Girl ( 1914 ) as Herself", "Peggy ( 1916 ) as Peggy Cameron", "Gloria 's Romance ( 1916 ) as Gloria Stafford", "The Mysterious Miss Terry ( 1917 ) as Mavis Terry", "Arms and the Girl ( 1917 ) as Ruth Sherwood", "The Land of Promise ( 1917 ) as Nora Marsh", "Eve 's Daughter ( 1918 ) as Irene Simpson - Bates", "Let 's Get a Divorce ( 1918 ) as Mme . Cyprienne Marcey", "In Pursuit of Polly ( 1918 ) as Polly Marsden", "The Make - Believe Wife ( 1918 ) as Phyllis Ashbrook", "Good Gracious , Annabelle ( 1919 ) as Annabelle Leigh", "The Misleading Widow ( 1919 ) as Betty Taradine", "Sadie Love ( 1919 ) as Sadie Love", "Wanted : A Husband ( 1919 ) as Amanda Darcy Cole", "Away Goes Prudence ( 1920 ) as Prudence Thorne", "The Frisky Mrs. Johnson ( 1920 ) as Belle Johnson", "The Education of Elizabeth ( 1921 ) as Elizabeth Banks", "Glorifying the American Girl ( 1929 ) as Billie Burke ( uncredited ) A Bill of Divorcement ( 1932 ) as Margaret Christopher Strong ( 1933 ) as Lady Strong - His Wife Dinner at Eight ( 1933 ) as Millicent Jordan Only Yesterday ( 1933 ) as Julia Warren Where Sinners Meet ( 1934 ) as Eustasia Finishing School ( 1934 ) as Her Mother / Mrs. Helen Crawford Radcliff We 're Rich Again ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Linda Page Forsaking All Others ( 1934 ) as Aunt Paula Society Doctor ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Crane After Office Hours ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Norwood Becky Sharp ( 1935 ) as Lady Bareacres Doubting Thomas ( 1935 ) as Paula Brown She Could n't Take It ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Daniel Van Dyke A Feather in Her Hat ( 1935 ) as Julia Trent Anders Splendor ( 1935 ) as Clarissa My American Wife ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Robert Cantillon Piccadilly Jim ( 1936 ) as Eugenia Willis , Nesta 's Sister Craig 's Wife ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Frazier Parnell ( 1937 ) as Clara Wood Topper ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Topper The Bride Wore Red ( 1937 ) as Contessa di Meina Navy Blue and Gold ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Alyce Gates", "Glorifying the American Girl ( 1929 ) as Billie Burke ( uncredited )", "A Bill of Divorcement ( 1932 ) as Margaret", "Christopher Strong ( 1933 ) as Lady Strong - His Wife", "Dinner at Eight ( 1933 ) as Millicent Jordan", "Only Yesterday ( 1933 ) as Julia Warren", "Where Sinners Meet ( 1934 ) as Eustasia", "Finishing School ( 1934 ) as Her Mother / Mrs. Helen Crawford Radcliff", "We 're Rich Again ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Linda Page", "Forsaking All Others ( 1934 ) as Aunt Paula", "Society Doctor ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Crane", "After Office Hours ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Norwood", "Becky Sharp ( 1935 ) as Lady Bareacres", "Doubting Thomas ( 1935 ) as Paula Brown", "She Could n't Take It ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Daniel Van Dyke", "A Feather in Her Hat ( 1935 ) as Julia Trent Anders", "Splendor ( 1935 ) as Clarissa", "My American Wife ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Robert Cantillon", "Piccadilly Jim ( 1936 ) as Eugenia Willis , Nesta 's Sister", "Craig 's Wife ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Frazier", "Parnell ( 1937 ) as Clara Wood", "Topper ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Topper", "The Bride Wore Red ( 1937 ) as Contessa di Meina", "Navy Blue and Gold ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Alyce Gates", "Everybody Sing ( 1938 ) as Diana Bellaire Merrily We Live ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Kilbourne The Young in Heart ( 1938 ) as Marmy Carleton Topper Takes a Trip ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Topper Zenobia ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Tibbett Bridal Suite ( 1939 ) as Mrs. McGill The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) as Glinda the Good Witch of the North Eternally Yours ( 1939 ) as Aunt Abby Remember ? ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Bronson The Ghost Comes Home ( 1940 ) as Cora Adams And One Was Beautiful ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Julia Lattimer Irene ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Vincent The Captain Is a Lady ( 1940 ) as Blossy Stort Dulcy ( 1940 ) as Eleanor Forbes Hullabaloo ( 1940 ) as Penny Merriweather The Wild Man of Borneo ( 1941 ) as Bernice Marshall Topper Returns ( 1941 ) as Mrs. Topper One Night in Lisbon ( 1941 ) as Catherine Enfilden The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1942 ) as Daisy Stanley What 's Cookin ' ? ( 1942 ) as Agatha Courtney In This Our Life ( 1942 ) as Lavinia Timberlake They All Kissed the Bride ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Drew Girl Trouble ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Rowland Hi Diddle Diddle ( 1943 ) as Liza Prescott So 's Your Uncle ( 1943 ) as Aunt Minerva You 're a Lucky Fellow , Mr. Smith ( 1943 ) as Aunt Harriet Crandall Gildersleeve on Broadway ( 1943 ) as Mrs. Laura Chandler The Laramie Trail ( 1944 ) as Jessica Mariman Swing Out , Sister ( 1945 ) as Jessica Mariman The Cheaters ( 1945 ) as Clara Pidgeon Breakfast in Hollywood ( 1946 ) as Mrs. Frances Cartwright The Bachelor 's Daughters ( 1946 ) as Molly Burns Billie Gets Her Man ( 1948 ) as Billie Baxter The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 ) as Mrs. Livingston Belney And Baby Makes Three ( 1949 ) as Mrs. Marvin Fletcher The Boy from Indiana ( 1950 ) as Zelda Bagley Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) as Doris Dunstan Three Husbands ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Jenny Bard Whittaker Father 's Little Dividend ( 1951 ) as Doris Dunstan Small Town Girl ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Livingston The Young Philadelphians ( 1959 ) as Mrs. J. Arthur Allen Sergeant Rutledge ( 1960 ) as Mrs. Cordelia Fosgate Pepe ( 1960 ) as Billie Burke ( final film role )", "Everybody Sing ( 1938 ) as Diana Bellaire", "Merrily We Live ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Kilbourne", "The Young in Heart ( 1938 ) as Marmy Carleton", "Topper Takes a Trip ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Topper", "Zenobia ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Tibbett", "Bridal Suite ( 1939 ) as Mrs. McGill", "The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) as Glinda the Good Witch of the North", "Eternally Yours ( 1939 ) as Aunt Abby", "Remember ? ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Bronson", "The Ghost Comes Home ( 1940 ) as Cora Adams", "And One Was Beautiful ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Julia Lattimer", "Irene ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Vincent", "The Captain Is a Lady ( 1940 ) as Blossy Stort", "Dulcy ( 1940 ) as Eleanor Forbes", "Hullabaloo ( 1940 ) as Penny Merriweather", "The Wild Man of Borneo ( 1941 ) as Bernice Marshall", "Topper Returns ( 1941 ) as Mrs. Topper", "One Night in Lisbon ( 1941 ) as Catherine Enfilden", "The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1942 ) as Daisy Stanley", "What 's Cookin ' ? ( 1942 ) as Agatha Courtney", "In This Our Life ( 1942 ) as Lavinia Timberlake", "They All Kissed the Bride ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Drew", "Girl Trouble ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Rowland", "Hi Diddle Diddle ( 1943 ) as Liza Prescott", "So 's Your Uncle ( 1943 ) as Aunt Minerva", "You 're a Lucky Fellow , Mr. Smith ( 1943 ) as Aunt Harriet Crandall", "Gildersleeve on Broadway ( 1943 ) as Mrs. Laura Chandler", "The Laramie Trail ( 1944 ) as Jessica Mariman", "Swing Out , Sister ( 1945 ) as Jessica Mariman", "The Cheaters ( 1945 ) as Clara Pidgeon", "Breakfast in Hollywood ( 1946 ) as Mrs. Frances Cartwright", "The Bachelor 's Daughters ( 1946 ) as Molly Burns", "Billie Gets Her Man ( 1948 ) as Billie Baxter", "The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 ) as Mrs. Livingston Belney", "And Baby Makes Three ( 1949 ) as Mrs. Marvin Fletcher", "The Boy from Indiana ( 1950 ) as Zelda Bagley", "Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) as Doris Dunstan", "Three Husbands ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Jenny Bard Whittaker", "Father 's Little Dividend ( 1951 ) as Doris Dunstan", "Small Town Girl ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Livingston", "The Young Philadelphians ( 1959 ) as Mrs. J. Arthur Allen", "Sergeant Rutledge ( 1960 ) as Mrs. Cordelia Fosgate", "Pepe ( 1960 ) as Billie Burke ( final film role )" ]
Billie Burke - wikipedia Billie Burke Jump to: navigation , search For other uses, see Billy Burke . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Billie Burke Billie Burke, by Harris & Ewing Mary William Ethelbert Appleton Burke ( 1884-08-07 ) August 7, 1884 Washington, D.C. , U.S. May 14, 1970 ( 1970-05-14 ) (aged 85) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1903-- 1960 Spouse(s) Florenz Ziegfeld ( m. 1914; d. 1932) Children Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson Mary William Ethelbert Appleton `` Billie'' Burke (August 7, 1884 -- May 14, 1970) was an American actress who was famous on Broadway, in early silent film, and subsequently in sound film. She is best known to modern audiences as Glinda the Good Witch of the North in the movie musical The Wizard of Oz (1939), which starred Judy Garland . Burke was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1938 for her performance as Emily Kilbourne in Merrily We Live and is also remembered for her appearances in the Topper film series. Her high-pitched, wavering, aristocratic voice was her trademark, which made her a frequent choice to play dim-witted, spoiled society types. Billie Burke was the wife of Broadway producer Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. , of Ziegfeld Follies fame, from 1914 until his death in 1932. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Radio and television 3 Personal life 4 Legacy 5 Radio 6 Broadway 7 Filmography 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Billie Burke was born Mary Burke, the daughter of William `` Billy'' Burke and Blanche ( née Beatty; 1844-- 1921), in Washington, D.C. She toured the United States and Europe with her father, who was a singer and clown and worked for the Barnum & Bailey Circus . Her family ultimately settled in London where she attended plays in the West End . In 1903, she began acting on stage, making her debut in London in The School Girl . Other London shows included The Duchess of Dantzic (1903) and The Blue Moon (1904). She eventually returned to America to star in Broadway musical comedies . Career ( edit ) Billie Burke in the Broadway production of Arthur Wing Pinero 's The `` Mind the Paint'' Girl (1912) Burke with daughter Patricia (1917) Burke went on to play leads on Broadway in Mrs. Dot , Suzanne , The Runaway , The `` Mind-the-Paint'' Girl , and The Land of Promise from 1910 to 1913, along with a supporting role in the revival of Sir Arthur Wing Pinero 's The Amazons . There she caught the eye of producer Florenz Ziegfeld , marrying him in 1914. Two years later they had a daughter, Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson (1916-- 2008). Burke was signed for the movies and made her cinematic debut in the title role of Peggy (1915). Her success was phenomenal, and she was soon earning what was reputedly the highest salary ever granted to a motion picture actress up to that time. She followed her first feature with the 15-part serial Gloria's Romance (1916), another popular and critically acclaimed vehicle. By 1917 Billie Burke was a favorite with silent movie fans, rivaling Mary Pickford , Lillian Gish , Clara Kimball Young and Irene Castle . Billie Burke starred primarily in provocative society dramas and comedies, similar in theme to The `` Mind-the-Paint'' Girl , her most successful American play. The star's girlish charm rivaled her acting ability, and as she dressed to the hilt in fashionable gowns, furs and jewelry, her clothes sense also won the devotion of female audiences. Among the films in which she appeared during this period were Arms and the Girl (1917), The Mysterious Miss Terry , Let's Get a Divorce (1918), Good Gracious, Annabelle (1919), Away Goes Prudence (1920) and The Frisky Mrs. Johnson (1920). The actress's beauty and taste made her a major trendsetter throughout the 1910s and 20s. During this time, much of her wardrobe (on screen and off) was provided by the leading European couturier Lucile (in private life Lady Duff Gordon), whose New York branch was then the fashion mecca for socialites and entertainment celebrities. Despite her success in film, Burke eventually returned to the stage, appearing in Caesar's Wife (1919), The Intimate Strangers (1921), The Marquise (1927) and The Happy Husband (1928). When the family's investments were wiped out in the Wall Sreeet Crash the following year, she resumed screen acting to aid her husband. Burke made her Hollywood comeback in 1932, when she starred as Margaret Fairfield in A Bill of Divorcement , which was directed by George Cukor . She played Katharine Hepburn 's mother in the film, which was Hepburn's debut. Despite the death of her husband Florenz Ziegfeld during the film's production, she resumed acting shortly after his funeral. Billie Burke as Glinda with Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz. (1939) In 1933, Burke was cast as Millicent Jordan, a scatterbrained high-society woman hosting a dinner party in the comedy Dinner at Eight , directed by George Cukor , co-starring with Lionel Barrymore , Marie Dressler , John Barrymore , Jean Harlow and Wallace Beery . The movie was a great success and revived her career. She subsequently starred in many comedies and musicals, typecast as a ditzy, fluffy and feather-brained upper-class matron with her high-pitched voice. In 1936, MGM filmed a sanitized biopic of Florenz Ziegfeld ( The Great Ziegfeld ), a film that won Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Actress ( Luise Rainer as Ziegfeld's common-law wife, Anna Held ). William Powell played Flo Ziegfeld and Myrna Loy played Burke, which infuriated Burke because she was under contract to the studio and could have played herself, but MGM considered her too old to cast in the part despite her obviously having the look and mannerisms down perfectly otherwise. In 1937 Burke appeared in the first of the Topper films, about a man haunted by two socialite ghosts (played by Cary Grant and Constance Bennett ), in which she played the twittering and daffy Clara Topper. Her performance as Emily Kilbourne in Merrily We Live (1938) resulted in her only Oscar nomination. In 1938 she was chosen to play Glinda the Good Witch of the North, in the musical The Wizard of Oz (1939), directed by Victor Fleming , which starred Judy Garland . She had worked on a Garland film, Everybody Sing , in which she played Judy's histrionically hysterical actress-mother. Director George Cukor offered her the role of Aunt Pittypat in Gone With the Wind (1939), but she declined and it was played by Laura Hope Crews , a character that Cukor wanted to be played in a `` Billie Burke-ish manner'' with `` the same zany feeling'' . Another successful film series followed with Father of the Bride (1950) and Father's Little Dividend (1951), both directed by Vincente Minnelli and starring Spencer Tracy , Joan Bennett , and Elizabeth Taylor . Burke wrote two autobiographies, both with Cameron Van Shippe, With a Feather on My Nose (Appleton 1949) and With Powder on My Nose (Coward McCann, 1959). Radio and television ( edit ) Burke joined the cast of Eddie Cantor 's radio show in 1948 On CBS Radio , The Billie Burke Show was heard on Saturday mornings from April 3, 1943 until September 21, 1946. Sponsored by Listerine , this situation comedy was initially titled Fashions in Rations during its first year. Portraying herself as a featherbrained Good Samaritan who lived `` in the little white house on Sunnyview Lane,'' she always offered a helping hand to those in her neighborhood. She worked often in early television, appearing in the short-lived sitcom Doc Corkle (1952). She was a guest star on several TV and radio series, including Duffy's Tavern . On television, Burke starred in her own talk show, At Home With Billie Burke , which ran on the DuMont Television Network from June 1951 through the spring of 1952. She was one of the first female talk show hosts, after the hostesses of the earlier DuMont series And Everything Nice (1949-- 50) and Fashions on Parade (1948-- 49) which both included some talk show segments. Burke tried to make a comeback on the New York stage. She starred in two short-lived productions: This Rock and Mrs. January and Mr. X . Although she got good reviews, the plays did not. She appeared in several plays in California as well, although her mind became clouded, and she had trouble remembering lines. In the late 1950s, her failing memory led to her retirement from show business, although her explanation for that was, `` Acting just wasn't any fun anymore.'' Burke made her final screen appearance in Sergeant Rutledge (1960), a Western directed by John Ford . Personal life ( edit ) Memorial statue at Burke's grave in Kensico Cemetery Burke was married to producer Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. Burke resided in Beverly Hills, California . She died in Los Angeles of natural causes on May 14, 1970, at the age of 85 and was interred at Kensico Cemetery , Valhalla, Westchester County, New York . Legacy ( edit ) For many years, Burke's framed photo was displayed above the exit staircase at New York 's Ziegfeld Theatre , but it vanished after renovations. However, an opening night program that bore a picture of her from her 1912 triumph The Mind The Paint Girl (Sir Arthur Wing Pinero ) is still displayed in the lobby of the Lyceum Theatre in Manhattan. A park in the New York City suburb of Hastings on Hudson, New York , is named the Burke Estate. For her contributions to the film industry , Burke was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 with a motion pictures star located at 6617 Hollywood Boulevard . On November 4, 2015, a crater near the north pole of the planet Mercury was named after her. Radio ( edit ) Burke early in her career The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air -- 1932 Doubting Thomas - 1935 Good News of 1939 -- 1938 The Rudy Vallee Hour -- 1939 The Gulf Screen Guild Theater -- 1939 The Rudy Vallee Sealtest Show -- 1940-- 41 The Pepsodent Show -- 1941 The Billie Burke Show -- 1943-- 1946 Duffy's Tavern -- 1944 The Sealtest Village Store -- 1944 Mail Call -- 1944 The Charlie McCarthy Show -- 1944-- 47 Tribute to Ethel Barrymore -- 1945 The Rudy Vallee Show -- 1945 Show Stoppers -- 1946 The Danny Kaye Show -- 1946 WOR 25th Anniversary -- 1947 Your Movietown Radio Theatre -- 1948 The Eddie Cantor Pabst Blue Ribbon Show -- 1948 Family Theater -- 1948-- 52 This Is Show Business -- CBS-TV , 1949 The Martin and Lewis Show -- 1949 The Bill Stern Colgate Sports Newsreel -- 1949 Stagestruck -- 1954 Biography in Sound -- 1955-- 56 Broadway ( edit ) Burke in the February 1920 issue of Vanity Fair in a portrait by Adolf de Meyer Burke with Shelley Hull in The Land of Promise , 1913. My Wife -- 1907 Love Watches -- 1908 Mrs. Dot -- 1910 Suzanne -- 1910 The Philosopher in the Apple Orchard -- 1911 The Runaway -- 1911 The Amazons -- 1913 The Land of Promise -- 1913 Jerry -- 1914 The Rescuing Angel -- 1917 A Marriage of Convenience -- 1918 Caesar's Wife -- 1919 The Intimate Strangers -- 1921 Rose Briar -- 1922 Annie Dear -- 1924 The Marquise -- 1927 The Happy Husband -- 1928 Family Affairs -- 1929 The Truth Game -- 1930 Ziegfeld Follies of 1934 -- 1934 Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 -- 1936 This Rock -- 1943 Ziegfeld Follies of 1943 -- 1943 Mrs. January and Mr. X -- 1944 Filmography ( edit ) Silent Our Mutual Girl (1914) as Herself Peggy (1916) as Peggy Cameron Gloria's Romance (1916) as Gloria Stafford The Mysterious Miss Terry (1917) as Mavis Terry Arms and the Girl (1917) as Ruth Sherwood The Land of Promise (1917) as Nora Marsh Eve's Daughter (1918) as Irene Simpson-Bates Let's Get a Divorce (1918) as Mme. Cyprienne Marcey In Pursuit of Polly (1918) as Polly Marsden The Make-Believe Wife (1918) as Phyllis Ashbrook Good Gracious, Annabelle (1919) as Annabelle Leigh The Misleading Widow (1919) as Betty Taradine Sadie Love (1919) as Sadie Love Wanted: A Husband (1919) as Amanda Darcy Cole Away Goes Prudence (1920) as Prudence Thorne The Frisky Mrs. Johnson (1920) as Belle Johnson The Education of Elizabeth (1921) as Elizabeth Banks Sound Glorifying the American Girl (1929) as Billie Burke (uncredited) A Bill of Divorcement (1932) as Margaret Christopher Strong (1933) as Lady Strong - His Wife Dinner at Eight (1933) as Millicent Jordan Only Yesterday (1933) as Julia Warren Where Sinners Meet (1934) as Eustasia Finishing School (1934) as Her Mother / Mrs. Helen Crawford Radcliff We're Rich Again (1934) as Mrs. Linda Page Forsaking All Others (1934) as Aunt Paula Society Doctor (1935) as Mrs. Crane After Office Hours (1935) as Mrs. Norwood Becky Sharp (1935) as Lady Bareacres Doubting Thomas (1935) as Paula Brown She Couldn't Take It (1935) as Mrs. Daniel Van Dyke A Feather in Her Hat (1935) as Julia Trent Anders Splendor (1935) as Clarissa My American Wife (1936) as Mrs. Robert Cantillon Piccadilly Jim (1936) as Eugenia Willis, Nesta's Sister Craig's Wife (1936) as Mrs. Frazier Parnell (1937) as Clara Wood Topper (1937) as Mrs. Topper The Bride Wore Red (1937) as Contessa di Meina Navy Blue and Gold (1937) as Mrs. Alyce Gates Everybody Sing (1938) as Diana Bellaire Merrily We Live (1938) as Mrs. Kilbourne The Young in Heart (1938) as Marmy Carleton Topper Takes a Trip (1939) as Mrs. Topper Zenobia (1939) as Mrs. Tibbett Bridal Suite (1939) as Mrs. McGill The Wizard of Oz (1939) as Glinda the Good Witch of the North Eternally Yours (1939) as Aunt Abby Remember? (1939) as Mrs. Bronson The Ghost Comes Home (1940) as Cora Adams And One Was Beautiful (1940) as Mrs. Julia Lattimer Irene (1940) as Mrs. Vincent The Captain Is a Lady (1940) as Blossy Stort Dulcy (1940) as Eleanor Forbes Hullabaloo (1940) as Penny Merriweather The Wild Man of Borneo (1941) as Bernice Marshall Topper Returns (1941) as Mrs. Topper One Night in Lisbon (1941) as Catherine Enfilden The Man Who Came to Dinner (1942) as Daisy Stanley What's Cookin' ? (1942) as Agatha Courtney In This Our Life (1942) as Lavinia Timberlake They All Kissed the Bride (1942) as Mrs. Drew Girl Trouble (1942) as Mrs. Rowland Hi Diddle Diddle (1943) as Liza Prescott So's Your Uncle (1943) as Aunt Minerva You're a Lucky Fellow, Mr. Smith (1943) as Aunt Harriet Crandall Gildersleeve on Broadway (1943) as Mrs. Laura Chandler The Laramie Trail (1944) as Jessica Mariman Swing Out, Sister (1945) as Jessica Mariman The Cheaters (1945) as Clara Pidgeon Breakfast in Hollywood (1946) as Mrs. Frances Cartwright The Bachelor's Daughters (1946) as Molly Burns Billie Gets Her Man (1948) as Billie Baxter The Barkleys of Broadway (1949) as Mrs. Livingston Belney And Baby Makes Three (1949) as Mrs. Marvin Fletcher The Boy from Indiana (1950) as Zelda Bagley Father of the Bride (1950) as Doris Dunstan Three Husbands (1950) as Mrs. Jenny Bard Whittaker Father's Little Dividend (1951) as Doris Dunstan Small Town Girl (1953) as Mrs. Livingston The Young Philadelphians (1959) as Mrs. J. Arthur Allen Sergeant Rutledge (1960) as Mrs. Cordelia Fosgate Pepe (1960) as Billie Burke (final film role) See also ( edit ) Biography portal Academy of Music/Riviera Theatre List of actors with Academy Award nominations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The School Girl a Hit'' . The New York Times , May 10, 1903, accessed February 20, 2011 Jump up ^ Mrs. Ziegfeld: The Public and Private Lives of Billie Burke , p. 50. Jump up ^ Hampton's magazine , Volume 26, Page 362. Jump up ^ `` Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson, Daughter of Legendary Broadway Impresario'' . Jazz News . April 25, 2008. Archived from the original on April 29, 2008 . Retrieved May 11, 2008 . Jump up ^ Wilson, Steve (2014). The Making of Gone With the Wind . University of Texas Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-292-76126-1 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times, Various issues, 1951-52 . Jump up ^ Paley Center For Media recording . Jump up ^ Radice, Michael L. Glinda's Ruby Slippers , Manuscript Draft, 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitchell Owens, Legendary Hollywood Stars at Home , Architectural Digest Jump up ^ Obituary Variety , May 20, 1970. Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Walk of Fame - Billie Burke'' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved December 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature'' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Billie Burke . Billie Burke on IMDb Billie Burke at the Internet Broadway Database AllMovie.com Billie Burke still photos from several Billie plays and lost Billie silent films Univ. of Washington Sayre collection Billie Burke photos Univ. of Louisville Macauley Collection Flo Ziegfeld-Billie Burke Papers, 1907-1984 , held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Billie Burke Digital Image Gallery, Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Billie Burke Collection , held by the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center , Boston University Literature on Billie Burke Billie Burke at Find a Grave Billie Burke with one of her motorcars, a Rolls-Royce ( hide ) Ziegfeld Follies Shows Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 Radio The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air Films Glorifying the American Girl The Great Ziegfeld Ziegfeld Girl Ziegfeld Follies People Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. Billie Burke Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson Related articles Ziegfeld Theatre Ziegfeld girl Book VIAF : 44487813 LCCN : n85151807 ISNI : 0000 0001 1631 6948 GND : 136289819 SUDOC : 162467516 BNF : cb139302489 (data) BIBSYS : 6067937 MusicBrainz : 73123cdd-d609-44a9-b39a-087a9111f36c IATH : w6dn4mhs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billie_Burke&oldid=819091344 '' Categories : 20th-century American actresses Actresses from Washington, D.C. Actresses from Beverly Hills, California American film actresses American musical theatre actresses American radio personalities American silent film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses Deaths from dementia Vaudeville performers Burials at Kensico Cemetery 1884 births 1970 deaths Ziegfeld girls Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018, at 10:36. 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who is the present chairman of national commission for minorities
The Committee suggested that policies should `` sharply focus on inclusive development and ' mainstreaming ' of the Community while respecting diversity . ''
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[ "India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas", "India", "This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India", "Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement", "Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights", "Basic structure doctrine", "-- -- -- -- -- -- --", "Code of Civil Procedure , 1908", "Code of Civil Procedure , 1908", "Uniform civil code", "Uniform civil code", "Uniform civil code", "Uniform civil code", "Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement", "Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973", "Indian Penal Code", "Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts", "President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List )", "President ( Head of state ) ( List )", "Vice president ( List )", "-- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive :", "Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary", "Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List )", "Union Council of Ministers", "Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home )", "Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home )", "Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home )", "Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home )", "Civil services", "All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS )", "All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS )", "All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS )", "All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS )", "-- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature :", "Parliament", "Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker )", "Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker )", "Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker )", "Rajya Sabha ( Chairman )", "Lok Sabha ( Speaker )", "Supreme court ( Chief justice )", "Supreme court ( Chief justice )", "High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts", "High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts", "High courts ( Chief justices )", "High courts ( Chief justices )", "District courts", "District courts", "District courts", "Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA )", "Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019", "Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019", "Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019", "Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019", "Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019", "Recent general elections : 2009", "Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019", "Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019", "Recent state elections : 2017", "-- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties", "National parties State parties", "National coalitions :", "National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA )", "National Democratic Alliance ( NDA )", "United Progressive Alliance ( UPA )", "Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats", "Administrative divisions", "-- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments", "Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries )", "Governors ( List )", "Chief ministers ( List )", "Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries )", "Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates", "Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates", "Field - level officers", "Field - level officers", "Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates", "Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates", "Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates", "Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad", "-- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies :", "District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats", "Urban bodies :", "Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats", "Other countries Atlas", "Other countries Atlas", "", "", "Constitution of India does n't define the word ' Minority ' but has used the word minorities considering two attributes religion or language of a person . For minorities Constitution of India has envisaged a number of rights and safeguards . To provide enough equality and to dwindle the discrimination , makers have spelt out various things in Fundamental Rights ( PartIII ) ; Directive Principles of State policy ( Part IV ) and also the Fundamental Duties ( Part IV - A ) . However , with rising right and rising wedge between right and left and also the ephemeral political aspirations of various political parties have diluted the discrimination safeguards .", "The Union Government set up the National Commission for Minorities ( NCM ) under the National Commission for Minorities Act , 1992 . Six religious communities , viz ; Muslims , Christians , Sikhs , Buddhists , Zoroastrians ( Parsis ) and Jains have been notified in Gazette of India as minority communities by the Union Government all over India . Original notification of 1993 was for Five religious communities Sikhs , Buddhists , Parsis , Christians and Muslims .", "The NCM adheres to the United Nations Declaration of 18 December 1992 which states that `` States shall protect the existence of the National or Ethnic , Cultural , Religious and Linguistic identity of minorities within their respective territories and encourage conditions for the promotion of that identity . ''", "The Commission has the following functions :", "Evaluate the progress of the development of Minorities under the Union and States . Monitor the working of the safeguards provided in the Constitution and in laws enacted by Parliament and the State Legislatures . Make recommendations for the effective implementation of safeguards for the protection of the interests of Minorities by the Central Government or the State Governments . Look into specific complaints regarding deprivation of rights and safeguards of the Minorities and take up such matters with the appropriate authorities . Cause studies to be undertaken into problems arising out of any discrimination against Minorities and recommend measures for their removal . Conduct studies , research and analysis on the issues relating to socio - economic and educational development of Minorities . Suggest appropriate measures in respect of any Minority to be undertaken by the Central Government or the State Governments . Make periodical or special reports to the Central Government on any matter pertaining to Minorities and in particular the difficulties confronted by them . Any other matter which may be referred to it by the Central Government .", "Evaluate the progress of the development of Minorities under the Union and States .", "Monitor the working of the safeguards provided in the Constitution and in laws enacted by Parliament and the State Legislatures .", "Make recommendations for the effective implementation of safeguards for the protection of the interests of Minorities by the Central Government or the State Governments .", "Look into specific complaints regarding deprivation of rights and safeguards of the Minorities and take up such matters with the appropriate authorities .", "Cause studies to be undertaken into problems arising out of any discrimination against Minorities and recommend measures for their removal .", "Conduct studies , research and analysis on the issues relating to socio - economic and educational development of Minorities .", "Suggest appropriate measures in respect of any Minority to be undertaken by the Central Government or the State Governments .", "Make periodical or special reports to the Central Government on any matter pertaining to Minorities and in particular the difficulties confronted by them .", "Any other matter which may be referred to it by the Central Government .", "The Commission has the following powers :", "Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from any part of India and examining him on oath . Requiring the discovery and production of any document . Receiving evidence on affidavit . Requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office . Issuing commissions for the ex", "Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from any part of India and examining him on oath .", "Requiring the discovery and production of any document .", "Receiving evidence on affidavit .", "Requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office .", "Issuing commissions for the ex", "The Commission shall consist of", "a Chairperson ,", "a Chairperson ,", "a Vice Chairperson and", "a Vice Chairperson and", "Five Members to be nominated by the Central Government from amongst persons of eminence , ability and integrity ; provided that five members including the Chairperson shall be from amongst the minority communities .", "Five Members to be nominated by the Central Government from amongst persons of eminence , ability and integrity ; provided that five members including the Chairperson shall be from amongst the minority communities .", "thE COMARSIAL WORK", "Although Indian Constitution does not define word Minority but it has provided constitutional safeguards and fundamental rights to minorities :", "Indian state is committed to administer these rights which can be enforced by judiciary", "Right of ' any section of the citizens ' to ' conserve ' its ' distinct language , script or culture ' ; ( Article 29 ( 1 ) ) Right of all Religious and Linguistic Minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice ; ( Article 30 ( 1 ) ) Freedom of Minority - managed educational institutions from discrimination in the matter of receiving aid from the State ; ( Article30 ( 2 ) )", "Right of ' any section of the citizens ' to ' conserve ' its ' distinct language , script or culture ' ; ( Article 29 ( 1 ) )", "Right of all Religious and Linguistic Minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice ; ( Article 30 ( 1 ) )", "Freedom of Minority - managed educational institutions from discrimination in the matter of receiving aid from the State ; ( Article30 ( 2 ) )", "Rights for any section of population for language spoken by them ; ( Article 347 ) Provision for facilities of instruction in mother tongue ; ( Article 350A ) Provisioning a special officer for linguistic minorities and defining his duties ; ( Article 350B )", "Rights for any section of population for language spoken by them ; ( Article 347 )", "Provision for facilities of instruction in mother tongue ; ( Article 350A )", "Provisioning a special officer for linguistic minorities and defining his duties ; ( Article 350B )", "On March 9 , 2005 the Prime Minister issued a Notification for the constitution of a High Level Committee to prepare a report on the social , economic and educational status of the Muslim community of India . Recommendations contained in the Report of the High Level Committee on Social , Economic and Educational Status of the Muslim Community of India headed by Justice Rajindar Sachar ( Retd . ) :", "Need for Transparency , Monitoring and Data Availability - Create a National Data Bank ( NDB ) where all relevant data for various socio - religious categories are maintained . Enhancing the Legal Basis for Providing Equal Opportunities Set up an Equal Opportunity Commission to look into grievances of deprived groups like minorities . Shared Spaces : Need to Enhance Diversity : The idea of providing certain incentives to a ' diversity index ' should be explored . Education : a process of evaluating the content of the school text books needs to be initiated to purge them of explicit and implicit content that may impart inappropriate social values , especially religious intolerance . Need to ensure that all children in the age group 0 - 14 have access to free and high quality education . High quality Government schools should be set up in all areas of Muslim concentration . Exclusive schools for girls should be set up , particularly for the 9 - 12 standards . This would facilitate higher participation of Muslim girls in school education . In co-education schools more women teachers need to be appointed . Provide primary education in Urdu in areas where Urdu speaking population is concentrated . Mechanisms to link madarsas with higher secondary school board . Recognise degrees from madarsas for eligibility in Defence Services , Civil Services and Banking examinations . Increase employment share of Muslims , particularly where there is great deal of public dealing . Enhancing Participation in Governance : appropriate state level laws can be enacted to ensure minority representation in local bodies Create a nomination procedure to increase participation of minorities in public bodies . Establish a delimitation procedure that does not reserve constituencies with high minority population for SCs . Enhancing Access to Credit and Government Programmes : Provide financial and other support to initiatives built around occupations where Muslims are concentrated and that have growth potential . Improve participation and share of minorities , particularly Muslims , in business of regular commercial banks Improving Employment Opportunities and Conditions", "Need for Transparency , Monitoring and Data Availability - Create a National Data Bank ( NDB ) where all relevant data for various socio - religious categories are maintained .", "Enhancing the Legal Basis for Providing Equal Opportunities Set up an Equal Opportunity Commission to look into grievances of deprived groups like minorities .", "Shared Spaces : Need to Enhance Diversity : The idea of providing certain incentives to a ' diversity index ' should be explored .", "Education : a process of evaluating the content of the school text books needs to be initiated to purge them of explicit and implicit content that may impart inappropriate social values , especially religious intolerance . Need to ensure that all children in the age group 0 - 14 have access to free and high quality education .", "High quality Government schools should be set up in all areas of Muslim concentration . Exclusive schools for girls should be set up , particularly for the 9 - 12 standards . This would facilitate higher participation of Muslim girls in school education . In co-education schools more women teachers need to be appointed .", "Provide primary education in Urdu in areas where Urdu speaking population is concentrated .", "Mechanisms to link madarsas with higher secondary school board .", "Recognise degrees from madarsas for eligibility in Defence Services , Civil Services and Banking examinations .", "Increase employment share of Muslims , particularly where there is great deal of public dealing .", "Enhancing Participation in Governance : appropriate state level laws can be enacted to ensure minority representation in local bodies", "Create a nomination procedure to increase participation of minorities in public bodies .", "Establish a delimitation procedure that does not reserve constituencies with high minority population for SCs .", "Enhancing Access to Credit and Government Programmes : Provide financial and other support to initiatives built around occupations where Muslims are concentrated and that have growth potential .", "Improve participation and share of minorities , particularly Muslims , in business of regular commercial banks", "Improving Employment Opportunities and Conditions", "The Committee suggested that policies should `` sharply focus on inclusive development and ' mainstreaming ' of the Community while respecting diversity . ''" ]
National Commission for Minorities - Wikipedia National Commission for Minorities Jump to: navigation , search India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law (show) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India (show) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS/IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections (show) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections: 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions: National Democratic Alliance (NDA) United Progressive Alliance (UPA) Federalism (show) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field-level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures: Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments: Rural bodies: District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies: Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas Constitution of India doesn't define the word ' Minority' but has used the word minorities considering two attributes religion or language of a person. For minorities Constitution of India has envisaged a number of rights and safeguards. To provide enough equality and to dwindle the discrimination, makers have spelt out various things in Fundamental Rights (PartIII); Directive Principles of State policy (Part IV) and also the Fundamental Duties (Part IV-A). However, with rising right and rising wedge between right and left and also the ephemeral political aspirations of various political parties have diluted the discrimination safeguards. The Union Government set up the National Commission for Minorities (NCM) under the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992. Six religious communities, viz; Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Zoroastrians (Parsis) and Jains have been notified in Gazette of India as minority communities by the Union Government all over India . Original notification of 1993 was for Five religious communities Sikhs, Buddhists,Parsis,Christians and Muslims. Contents ( hide ) 1 UN Declaration 2 Functions and Powers 3 Composition of Commission 4 Rights & Safeguards of Minorities 4.1 Under Fundamental Rights Part III of Indian Constitution 4.2 Under Part XVII Official Language of Indian Constitution 5 Sachar Committee Report 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Un Declaration ( edit ) The NCM adheres to the United Nations Declaration of 18 December 1992 which states that `` States shall protect the existence of the National or Ethnic, Cultural, Religious and Linguistic identity of minorities within their respective territories and encourage conditions for the promotion of that identity.'' Functions and powers ( edit ) The Commission has the following functions: Evaluate the progress of the development of Minorities under the Union and States. Monitor the working of the safeguards provided in the Constitution and in laws enacted by Parliament and the State Legislatures. Make recommendations for the effective implementation of safeguards for the protection of the interests of Minorities by the Central Government or the State Governments. Look into specific complaints regarding deprivation of rights and safeguards of the Minorities and take up such matters with the appropriate authorities. Cause studies to be undertaken into problems arising out of any discrimination against Minorities and recommend measures for their removal. Conduct studies, research and analysis on the issues relating to socio-economic and educational development of Minorities. Suggest appropriate measures in respect of any Minority to be undertaken by the Central Government or the State Governments. Make periodical or special reports to the Central Government on any matter pertaining to Minorities and in particular the difficulties confronted by them. Any other matter which may be referred to it by the Central Government. The Commission has the following powers: Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from any part of India and examining him on oath. Requiring the discovery and production of any document. Receiving evidence on affidavit. Requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office. Issuing commissions for the ex Composition of Commission ( edit ) The Commission shall consist of a Chairperson, a Vice Chairperson and Five Members to be nominated by the Central Government from amongst persons of eminence, ability and integrity; provided that five members including the Chairperson shall be from amongst the minority communities. thE COMARSIAL WORK Rights & Safeguards of Minorities ( edit ) Although Indian Constitution does not define word Minority but it has provided constitutional safeguards and fundamental rights to minorities: Under Fundamental Rights Part III of Indian Constitution ( edit ) Indian state is committed to administer these rights which can be enforced by judiciary Right of ' any section of the citizens' to ' conserve' its ' distinct language, script or culture' ; (Article 29(1)) Right of all Religious and Linguistic Minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice;(Article 30(1)) Freedom of Minority-managed educational institutions from discrimination in the matter of receiving aid from the State;(Article30(2)) Under Part XVII Official Language of Indian Constitution ( edit ) Rights for any section of population for language spoken by them ;(Article 347) Provision for facilities of instruction in mother tongue ; (Article 350A) Provisioning a special officer for linguistic minorities and defining his duties ; ( Article 350B) Sachar Committee report ( edit ) On March 9, 2005 the Prime Minister issued a Notification for the constitution of a High Level Committee to prepare a report on the social, economic and educational status of the Muslim community of India. Recommendations contained in the Report of the High Level Committee on Social, Economic and Educational Status of the Muslim Community of India headed by Justice Rajindar Sachar (Retd.): Need for Transparency, Monitoring and Data Availability - Create a National Data Bank (NDB) where all relevant data for various socio-religious categories are maintained. Enhancing the Legal Basis for Providing Equal Opportunities Set up an Equal Opportunity Commission to look into grievances of deprived groups like minorities. Shared Spaces: Need to Enhance Diversity: The idea of providing certain incentives to a ' diversity index' should be explored. Education: a process of evaluating the content of the school text books needs to be initiated to purge them of explicit and implicit content that may impart inappropriate social values, especially religious intolerance. Need to ensure that all children in the age group 0-14 have access to free and high quality education. High quality Government schools should be set up in all areas of Muslim concentration. Exclusive schools for girls should be set up, particularly for the 9-12 standards. This would facilitate higher participation of Muslim girls in school education. In co-education schools more women teachers need to be appointed. Provide primary education in Urdu in areas where Urdu speaking population is concentrated. Mechanisms to link madarsas with higher secondary school board. Recognise degrees from madarsas for eligibility in Defence Services, Civil Services and Banking examinations. Increase employment share of Muslims, particularly where there is great deal of public dealing. Enhancing Participation in Governance: appropriate state level laws can be enacted to ensure minority representation in local bodies Create a nomination procedure to increase participation of minorities in public bodies. Establish a delimitation procedure that does not reserve constituencies with high minority population for SCs. Enhancing Access to Credit and Government Programmes: Provide financial and other support to initiatives built around occupations where Muslims are concentrated and that have growth potential. Improve participation and share of minorities, particularly Muslims, in business of regular commercial banks Improving Employment Opportunities and Conditions The Committee suggested that policies should `` sharply focus on inclusive development and ' mainstreaming' of the Community while respecting diversity.'' See also ( edit ) Tamil Nadu State Minorities Commission References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 25 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Extra ordinary Gazette Notification'' (PDF) . Egazzette . GOI. 23 October 1993 . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://ncm.nic.in/un_declaration.html Jump up ^ `` National Commission for Minorities (Amendment) Act 1995'' . http://www.ncm.nic.in/ . Government of India . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . External link in website= ( help ) Jump up ^ http://ncm.nic.in/Composition_of_Commission.html Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Provisions'' . National Commission for Minorities . GOI . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/Sachar%20Committee%20Recommendations-English.pdf External links ( edit ) Official website of the NCM Handbook of the commission G. Mahajan Negotiating Cultural Diversity and Minority Rights in India ( hide ) Indian commissions Permanent Agricultural Costs and Prices Agriculture Atomic Energy Backward Classes Cattle Competition Consumer Disputes Redressal Cooperation with UNESCO Delimitation Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes Election Electricity Regulation Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector Farmers Finance Forward Markets Human Resources for Health Human Rights Investment Knowledge Labour Law Minorities Minority Educational Institutions Pay Planning Protection of Child Rights Public Service Railway Safety Safai Karamcharis Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Statistics University Grants Women Vigilance Ad hoc Administrative Reforms Gadgil Kalelkar Kapur Khosla Laththa Commission Liberhan Mandal Mukherjee Nanavati Narendran Ranganath Misra (Minorities) Sarkaria Shah States Reorganisation Category List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Commission_for_Minorities&oldid=834162970 '' Categories : Indian commissions and inquiries Minority rights 1993 establishments in India Minorities-focussed government initiatives in India Hidden categories: CS1 errors: external links Use dmy dates from June 2016 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018, at 07:45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
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who played in last year's afc championship game
Season Playoffs Winning team Score Losing team Score Location Stadium 1970 1970 -- 71 Baltimore Colts ( 1 ) 27 Oakland Raiders 17 Baltimore , Maryland Memorial Stadium 1971 1971 -- 72 Miami Dolphins ( 1 ) 21 Baltimore Colts 0 Miami , Florida Miami Orange Bowl 1972 1972 -- 73 Miami Dolphins ( 2 ) 21 Pittsburgh Steelers 17 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Three Rivers Stadium 1973 1973 -- 74 Miami Dolphins ( 3 ) 27 Oakland Raiders 10 Miami , Florida ( 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) 1974 -- 75 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 ) 24 Oakland Raiders 13 Oakland , California Oakland Coliseum 1975 -- 76 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 ) 16 Oakland Raiders 10 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 2 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 2 ) 1976 1976 -- 77 Oakland Raiders ( 1 ) 24 Pittsburgh Steelers 7 Oakland , California ( 2 ) Oakland Coliseum ( 2 ) 1977 1977 -- 78 Denver Broncos ( 1 ) 20 Oakland Raiders 17 Denver , Colorado Mile High Stadium 1978 1978 -- 79 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) 34 Houston Oilers 5 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 3 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 3 ) 1979 1979 -- 80 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 ) 27 Houston Oilers 13 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 4 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 4 ) 1980 1980 -- 81 Oakland Raiders ( 2 ) 34 San Diego Chargers 27 San Diego , California Jack Murphy Stadium 1981 1981 -- 82 Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 ) 27 San Diego Chargers 7 Cincinnati , Ohio Riverfront Stadium 1982 1982 -- 83 Miami Dolphins ( 4 ) 14 New York Jets 0 Miami , Florida ( 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) 1983 -- 84 Los Angeles Raiders ( 3 ) 30 Seattle Seahawks 14 Los Angeles , California Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 1984 1984 -- 85 Miami Dolphins ( 5 ) 45 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Miami , Florida ( 4 ) Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) 1985 1985 -- 86 New England Patriots ( 1 ) 31 Miami Dolphins 14 Miami , Florida ( 5 ) Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) 1986 1986 -- 87 Denver Broncos ( 2 ) 23 Cleveland Browns 20 Cleveland , Ohio Cleveland Municipal Stadium 1987 -- 88 Denver Broncos ( 3 ) 38 Cleveland Browns 33 Denver , Colorado ( 2 ) Mile High Stadium ( 2 ) 1988 1988 -- 89 Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) 21 Buffalo Bills 10 Cincinnati , Ohio ( 2 ) Riverfront Stadium ( 2 ) 1989 1989 -- 90 Denver Broncos ( 4 ) 37 Cleveland Browns 21 Denver , Colorado ( 3 ) Mile High Stadium ( 3 ) 1990 1990 -- 91 Buffalo Bills ( 1 ) 51 Los Angeles Raiders Orchard Park , New York Ralph Wilson Stadium 1991 1991 -- 92 Buffalo Bills ( 2 ) 10 Denver Broncos 7 Orchard Park , New York ( 2 ) Ralph Wilson Stadium ( 2 ) 1992 1992 -- 93 Buffalo Bills ( 3 ) 29 Miami Dolphins 10 Miami , Florida ( 6 ) Joe Robbie Stadium 1993 1993 -- 94 Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) 30 Kansas City Chiefs 13 Orchard Park , New York ( 3 ) Ralph Wilson Stadium ( 3 ) 1994 1994 -- 95 San Diego Chargers ( 1 ) 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 13 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 5 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 5 ) 1995 1995 -- 96 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 ) 20 Indianapolis Colts 16 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 6 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 6 ) 1996 -- 97 New England Patriots ( 2 ) 20 Jacksonville Jaguars 6 Foxborough , Massachusetts Foxboro Stadium 1997 1997 -- 98 Denver Broncos ( 5 ) 24 Pittsburgh Steelers 21 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 7 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 7 ) 1998 1998 -- 99 Denver Broncos ( 6 ) 23 New York Jets 10 Denver , Colorado ( 4 ) Mile High Stadium ( 4 ) 1999 1999 -- 00 Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) 33 Jacksonville Jaguars 14 Jacksonville , Florida Alltel Stadium 2000 2000 -- 01 Baltimore Ravens ( 1 ) 16 Oakland Raiders Oakland , California ( 3 ) Oakland Coliseum ( 3 ) 2001 2001 -- 02 New England Patriots ( 3 ) 24 Pittsburgh Steelers 17 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 8 ) Heinz Field 2002 2002 -- 03 Oakland Raiders ( 4 ) 41 Tennessee Titans 24 Oakland , California ( 4 ) Network Associates Coliseum ( 4 ) 2003 2003 -- 04 New England Patriots ( 4 ) 24 Indianapolis Colts 14 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 2 ) Gillette Stadium 2004 -- 05 New England Patriots ( 5 ) 41 Pittsburgh Steelers 27 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 9 ) Heinz Field ( 2 ) 2005 2005 -- 06 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 ) 34 Denver Broncos 17 Denver , Colorado ( 5 ) Invesco Field at Mile High 2006 2006 -- 07 Indianapolis Colts ( 2 ) 38 New England Patriots 34 Indianapolis , Indiana RCA Dome 2007 2007 -- 08 New England Patriots ( 6 ) 21 San Diego Chargers 12 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 3 ) Gillette Stadium ( 2 ) 2008 2008 -- 09 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 ) 23 Baltimore Ravens 14 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 10 ) Heinz Field ( 3 ) 2009 2009 -- 10 Indianapolis Colts ( 3 ) 30 New York Jets 17 Indianapolis , Indiana ( 2 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 2010 -- 11 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 ) 24 New York Jets 19 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 11 ) Heinz Field ( 4 ) 2011 2011 -- 12 New England Patriots ( 7 ) 23 Baltimore Ravens 20 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 4 ) Gillette Stadium ( 3 ) 2012 2012 -- 13 Baltimore Ravens ( 2 ) 28 New England Patriots 13 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 5 ) Gillette Stadium ( 4 ) 2013 2013 -- 14 Denver Broncos ( 7 ) 26 New England Patriots 16 Denver , Colorado ( 6 ) Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( 2 ) 2014 2014 -- 15 New England Patriots ( 8 ) 45 Indianapolis Colts 7 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 6 ) Gillette Stadium ( 5 ) 2015 2015 -- 16 Denver Broncos ( 8 ) 20 New England Patriots 18 Denver , Colorado ( 7 ) Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( 3 ) 2016 2016 -- 17 New England Patriots ( 9 ) 36 Pittsburgh Steelers 17 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 7 ) Gillette Stadium ( 6 ) 2017 2017 -- 18 New England Patriots ( 10 ) 24 Jacksonville Jaguars 20 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 8 ) Gillette Stadium ( 7 )
[ [ "New England Patriots", "Jacksonville Jaguars" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "AFC Championship Game AFC Championship logo First played 1971 ( 1970 season ) Trophy Lamar Hunt Recent and upcoming games 2017 season Gillette Stadium January 21 , 2018 Jacksonville Jaguars 20 , New England Patriots 24", "AFC Championship logo", "First played 1971 ( 1970 season )", "Trophy Lamar Hunt", "Recent and upcoming games", "2017 season", "Gillette Stadium January 21 , 2018 Jacksonville Jaguars 20 , New England Patriots 24", "The AFC Championship Game is one of the two semi-final playoff games of the National Football League ( NFL ) , the largest professional American football league in the United States . The game is played on the penultimate Sunday in January and determines the champion of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The winner then advances to face the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the Super Bowl .", "The game was established as part of the 1970 merger between the NFL and the American Football League ( AFL ) , with the merged league realigning into two conferences . Since 1984 , each winner of the AFC Championship Game has also received the Lamar Hunt Trophy , named after the founder of the AFL and longtime owner of the Kansas City Chiefs , Lamar Hunt .", "The first AFC Championship Game was played following the 1970 regular season after the merger between the NFL and the American Football League . The game is considered the successor to the former AFL Championship , and its game results are listed with that of its predecessor in the annual NFL Record and Fact Book . Since the pre-merger NFL consisted of six more teams than the AFL , a realignment was required as part of the merger to create two conferences with an equal number of teams : The NFL 's Baltimore Colts , the Cleveland Browns , and the Pittsburgh Steelers joined the ten former AFL teams to form the AFC ; while the remaining 13 pre-merger NFL clubs formed the NFC .", "Every AFC team except the Houston Texans has played in an AFC Championship Game at least once . The Seattle Seahawks , who have been members in both the AFC and the NFC , hold the distinction of appearing in both conference title games , a loss in the AFC conference title game to the Los Angeles Raiders for Super Bowl XVIII and , in their first appearance in a NFC conference title game , a win over the Carolina Panthers for Super Bowl XL . The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most appearances in the AFC Championship Game at 16 , with 11 of those games being in Pittsburgh , the most for either conference . The most AFC Conference Championships have been won by the New England Patriots winning 10 of them and going to 7 straight ( 2011 - present ) .", "At the end of each regular season , a series of playoff games involving the top six teams in the AFC are conducted . In the current ( since 2002 -- 03 season ) NFL playoff structure , this consists of the four division champions and two wild card teams ( those clubs that possess the two best won - loss records after the regular season yet fail to win their division ) . The two teams remaining following the Wild Card round ( first round ) and the divisional round ( second round ) play in the AFC Championship game .", "Initially , the site of the game was determined on a rotating basis . Since the 1975 -- 76 season , the site of the AFC Championship has been based on playoff seeding based on the regular season won - loss record , with the highest surviving seed hosting the game . A wild card team can only host the game if both participants are wild cards , in which case the fifth seed would host the sixth seed . Such an instance has never occurred in the NFL .", "Beginning with 1984 -- 85 season , the winner of the AFC Championship Game has received the Lamar Hunt Trophy , named after the founder of the AFL . The original design consisted of a wooden base with a sculpted AFC logo in the front and a sculpture of various football players in the back .", "For the 2010 -- 11 NFL playoffs , the Lamar Hunt Trophy and the George Halas Trophy , which is awarded to the NFC Champion , were redesigned by Tiffany & Co. at the request of the NFL , in an attempt to make both awards more significant . The trophies are now a new , silver design with the outline of a hollow football positioned on a small base to more closely resemble the Vince Lombardi Trophy , which is awarded to the winner of the Super Bowl .", "Numbers in parentheses in the table are AFC Championships . Bold indicates team won Super Bowl that year . Numbers in parentheses in the city and stadium column is the number of times that metropolitan area and stadium has hosted an AFC Championship , respectively .", "Numbers in parentheses in the table are AFC Championships . Bold indicates team won Super Bowl that year .", "Numbers in parentheses in the city and stadium column is the number of times that metropolitan area and stadium has hosted an AFC Championship , respectively .", "Season Playoffs Winning team Score Losing team Score Location Stadium 1970 1970 -- 71 Baltimore Colts ( 1 ) 27 Oakland Raiders 17 Baltimore , Maryland Memorial Stadium 1971 1971 -- 72 Miami Dolphins ( 1 ) 21 Baltimore Colts 0 Miami , Florida Miami Orange Bowl 1972 1972 -- 73 Miami Dolphins ( 2 ) 21 Pittsburgh Steelers 17 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Three Rivers Stadium 1973 1973 -- 74 Miami Dolphins ( 3 ) 27 Oakland Raiders 10 Miami , Florida ( 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) 1974 -- 75 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 ) 24 Oakland Raiders 13 Oakland , California Oakland Coliseum 1975 -- 76 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 ) 16 Oakland Raiders 10 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 2 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 2 ) 1976 1976 -- 77 Oakland Raiders ( 1 ) 24 Pittsburgh Steelers 7 Oakland , California ( 2 ) Oakland Coliseum ( 2 ) 1977 1977 -- 78 Denver Broncos ( 1 ) 20 Oakland Raiders 17 Denver , Colorado Mile High Stadium 1978 1978 -- 79 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) 34 Houston Oilers 5 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 3 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 3 ) 1979 1979 -- 80 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 ) 27 Houston Oilers 13 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 4 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 4 ) 1980 1980 -- 81 Oakland Raiders ( 2 ) 34 San Diego Chargers 27 San Diego , California Jack Murphy Stadium 1981 1981 -- 82 Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 ) 27 San Diego Chargers 7 Cincinnati , Ohio Riverfront Stadium 1982 1982 -- 83 Miami Dolphins ( 4 ) 14 New York Jets 0 Miami , Florida ( 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) 1983 -- 84 Los Angeles Raiders ( 3 ) 30 Seattle Seahawks 14 Los Angeles , California Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 1984 1984 -- 85 Miami Dolphins ( 5 ) 45 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Miami , Florida ( 4 ) Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) 1985 1985 -- 86 New England Patriots ( 1 ) 31 Miami Dolphins 14 Miami , Florida ( 5 ) Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) 1986 1986 -- 87 Denver Broncos ( 2 ) 23 Cleveland Browns 20 Cleveland , Ohio Cleveland Municipal Stadium 1987 -- 88 Denver Broncos ( 3 ) 38 Cleveland Browns 33 Denver , Colorado ( 2 ) Mile High Stadium ( 2 ) 1988 1988 -- 89 Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) 21 Buffalo Bills 10 Cincinnati , Ohio ( 2 ) Riverfront Stadium ( 2 ) 1989 1989 -- 90 Denver Broncos ( 4 ) 37 Cleveland Browns 21 Denver , Colorado ( 3 ) Mile High Stadium ( 3 ) 1990 1990 -- 91 Buffalo Bills ( 1 ) 51 Los Angeles Raiders Orchard Park , New York Ralph Wilson Stadium 1991 1991 -- 92 Buffalo Bills ( 2 ) 10 Denver Broncos 7 Orchard Park , New York ( 2 ) Ralph Wilson Stadium ( 2 ) 1992 1992 -- 93 Buffalo Bills ( 3 ) 29 Miami Dolphins 10 Miami , Florida ( 6 ) Joe Robbie Stadium 1993 1993 -- 94 Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) 30 Kansas City Chiefs 13 Orchard Park , New York ( 3 ) Ralph Wilson Stadium ( 3 ) 1994 1994 -- 95 San Diego Chargers ( 1 ) 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 13 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 5 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 5 ) 1995 1995 -- 96 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 ) 20 Indianapolis Colts 16 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 6 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 6 ) 1996 -- 97 New England Patriots ( 2 ) 20 Jacksonville Jaguars 6 Foxborough , Massachusetts Foxboro Stadium 1997 1997 -- 98 Denver Broncos ( 5 ) 24 Pittsburgh Steelers 21 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 7 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 7 ) 1998 1998 -- 99 Denver Broncos ( 6 ) 23 New York Jets 10 Denver , Colorado ( 4 ) Mile High Stadium ( 4 ) 1999 1999 -- 00 Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) 33 Jacksonville Jaguars 14 Jacksonville , Florida Alltel Stadium 2000 2000 -- 01 Baltimore Ravens ( 1 ) 16 Oakland Raiders Oakland , California ( 3 ) Oakland Coliseum ( 3 ) 2001 2001 -- 02 New England Patriots ( 3 ) 24 Pittsburgh Steelers 17 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 8 ) Heinz Field 2002 2002 -- 03 Oakland Raiders ( 4 ) 41 Tennessee Titans 24 Oakland , California ( 4 ) Network Associates Coliseum ( 4 ) 2003 2003 -- 04 New England Patriots ( 4 ) 24 Indianapolis Colts 14 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 2 ) Gillette Stadium 2004 -- 05 New England Patriots ( 5 ) 41 Pittsburgh Steelers 27 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 9 ) Heinz Field ( 2 ) 2005 2005 -- 06 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 ) 34 Denver Broncos 17 Denver , Colorado ( 5 ) Invesco Field at Mile High 2006 2006 -- 07 Indianapolis Colts ( 2 ) 38 New England Patriots 34 Indianapolis , Indiana RCA Dome 2007 2007 -- 08 New England Patriots ( 6 ) 21 San Diego Chargers 12 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 3 ) Gillette Stadium ( 2 ) 2008 2008 -- 09 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 ) 23 Baltimore Ravens 14 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 10 ) Heinz Field ( 3 ) 2009 2009 -- 10 Indianapolis Colts ( 3 ) 30 New York Jets 17 Indianapolis , Indiana ( 2 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 2010 -- 11 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 ) 24 New York Jets 19 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 11 ) Heinz Field ( 4 ) 2011 2011 -- 12 New England Patriots ( 7 ) 23 Baltimore Ravens 20 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 4 ) Gillette Stadium ( 3 ) 2012 2012 -- 13 Baltimore Ravens ( 2 ) 28 New England Patriots 13 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 5 ) Gillette Stadium ( 4 ) 2013 2013 -- 14 Denver Broncos ( 7 ) 26 New England Patriots 16 Denver , Colorado ( 6 ) Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( 2 ) 2014 2014 -- 15 New England Patriots ( 8 ) 45 Indianapolis Colts 7 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 6 ) Gillette Stadium ( 5 ) 2015 2015 -- 16 Denver Broncos ( 8 ) 20 New England Patriots 18 Denver , Colorado ( 7 ) Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( 3 ) 2016 2016 -- 17 New England Patriots ( 9 ) 36 Pittsburgh Steelers 17 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 7 ) Gillette Stadium ( 6 ) 2017 2017 -- 18 New England Patriots ( 10 ) 24 Jacksonville Jaguars 20 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 8 ) Gillette Stadium ( 7 )", "Season Playoffs Winning team Score Losing team Score Location Stadium", "1970 1970 -- 71 Baltimore Colts ( 1 ) 27 Oakland Raiders 17 Baltimore , Maryland Memorial Stadium", "1971 1971 -- 72 Miami Dolphins ( 1 ) 21 Baltimore Colts 0 Miami , Florida Miami Orange Bowl", "1972 1972 -- 73 Miami Dolphins ( 2 ) 21 Pittsburgh Steelers 17 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Three Rivers Stadium", "1973 1973 -- 74 Miami Dolphins ( 3 ) 27 Oakland Raiders 10 Miami , Florida ( 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 )", "1974 -- 75 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 ) 24 Oakland Raiders 13 Oakland , California Oakland Coliseum", "1975 -- 76 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 ) 16 Oakland Raiders 10 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 2 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 2 )", "1976 1976 -- 77 Oakland Raiders ( 1 ) 24 Pittsburgh Steelers 7 Oakland , California ( 2 ) Oakland Coliseum ( 2 )", "1977 1977 -- 78 Denver Broncos ( 1 ) 20 Oakland Raiders 17 Denver , Colorado Mile High Stadium", "1978 1978 -- 79 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) 34 Houston Oilers 5 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 3 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 3 )", "1979 1979 -- 80 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 ) 27 Houston Oilers 13 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 4 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 4 )", "1980 1980 -- 81 Oakland Raiders ( 2 ) 34 San Diego Chargers 27 San Diego , California Jack Murphy Stadium", "1981 1981 -- 82 Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 ) 27 San Diego Chargers 7 Cincinnati , Ohio Riverfront Stadium", "1982 1982 -- 83 Miami Dolphins ( 4 ) 14 New York Jets 0 Miami , Florida ( 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 )", "1983 -- 84 Los Angeles Raiders ( 3 ) 30 Seattle Seahawks 14 Los Angeles , California Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum", "1984 1984 -- 85 Miami Dolphins ( 5 ) 45 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Miami , Florida ( 4 ) Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 )", "1985 1985 -- 86 New England Patriots ( 1 ) 31 Miami Dolphins 14 Miami , Florida ( 5 ) Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 )", "1986 1986 -- 87 Denver Broncos ( 2 ) 23 Cleveland Browns 20 Cleveland , Ohio Cleveland Municipal Stadium", "1987 -- 88 Denver Broncos ( 3 ) 38 Cleveland Browns 33 Denver , Colorado ( 2 ) Mile High Stadium ( 2 )", "1988 1988 -- 89 Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) 21 Buffalo Bills 10 Cincinnati , Ohio ( 2 ) Riverfront Stadium ( 2 )", "1989 1989 -- 90 Denver Broncos ( 4 ) 37 Cleveland Browns 21 Denver , Colorado ( 3 ) Mile High Stadium ( 3 )", "1990 1990 -- 91 Buffalo Bills ( 1 ) 51 Los Angeles Raiders Orchard Park , New York Ralph Wilson Stadium", "1991 1991 -- 92 Buffalo Bills ( 2 ) 10 Denver Broncos 7 Orchard Park , New York ( 2 ) Ralph Wilson Stadium ( 2 )", "1992 1992 -- 93 Buffalo Bills ( 3 ) 29 Miami Dolphins 10 Miami , Florida ( 6 ) Joe Robbie Stadium", "1993 1993 -- 94 Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) 30 Kansas City Chiefs 13 Orchard Park , New York ( 3 ) Ralph Wilson Stadium ( 3 )", "1994 1994 -- 95 San Diego Chargers ( 1 ) 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 13 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 5 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 5 )", "1995 1995 -- 96 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 ) 20 Indianapolis Colts 16 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 6 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 6 )", "1996 -- 97 New England Patriots ( 2 ) 20 Jacksonville Jaguars 6 Foxborough , Massachusetts Foxboro Stadium", "1997 1997 -- 98 Denver Broncos ( 5 ) 24 Pittsburgh Steelers 21 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 7 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 7 )", "1998 1998 -- 99 Denver Broncos ( 6 ) 23 New York Jets 10 Denver , Colorado ( 4 ) Mile High Stadium ( 4 )", "1999 1999 -- 00 Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) 33 Jacksonville Jaguars 14 Jacksonville , Florida Alltel Stadium", "2000 2000 -- 01 Baltimore Ravens ( 1 ) 16 Oakland Raiders Oakland , California ( 3 ) Oakland Coliseum ( 3 )", "2001 2001 -- 02 New England Patriots ( 3 ) 24 Pittsburgh Steelers 17 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 8 ) Heinz Field", "2002 2002 -- 03 Oakland Raiders ( 4 ) 41 Tennessee Titans 24 Oakland , California ( 4 ) Network Associates Coliseum ( 4 )", "2003 2003 -- 04 New England Patriots ( 4 ) 24 Indianapolis Colts 14 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 2 ) Gillette Stadium", "2004 -- 05 New England Patriots ( 5 ) 41 Pittsburgh Steelers 27 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 9 ) Heinz Field ( 2 )", "2005 2005 -- 06 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 ) 34 Denver Broncos 17 Denver , Colorado ( 5 ) Invesco Field at Mile High", "2006 2006 -- 07 Indianapolis Colts ( 2 ) 38 New England Patriots 34 Indianapolis , Indiana RCA Dome", "2007 2007 -- 08 New England Patriots ( 6 ) 21 San Diego Chargers 12 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 3 ) Gillette Stadium ( 2 )", "2008 2008 -- 09 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 ) 23 Baltimore Ravens 14 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 10 ) Heinz Field ( 3 )", "2009 2009 -- 10 Indianapolis Colts ( 3 ) 30 New York Jets 17 Indianapolis , Indiana ( 2 ) Lucas Oil Stadium", "2010 -- 11 Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 ) 24 New York Jets 19 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 11 ) Heinz Field ( 4 )", "2011 2011 -- 12 New England Patriots ( 7 ) 23 Baltimore Ravens 20 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 4 ) Gillette Stadium ( 3 )", "2012 2012 -- 13 Baltimore Ravens ( 2 ) 28 New England Patriots 13 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 5 ) Gillette Stadium ( 4 )", "2013 2013 -- 14 Denver Broncos ( 7 ) 26 New England Patriots 16 Denver , Colorado ( 6 ) Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( 2 )", "2014 2014 -- 15 New England Patriots ( 8 ) 45 Indianapolis Colts 7 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 6 ) Gillette Stadium ( 5 )", "2015 2015 -- 16 Denver Broncos ( 8 ) 20 New England Patriots 18 Denver , Colorado ( 7 ) Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( 3 )", "2016 2016 -- 17 New England Patriots ( 9 ) 36 Pittsburgh Steelers 17 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 7 ) Gillette Stadium ( 6 )", "2017 2017 -- 18 New England Patriots ( 10 ) 24 Jacksonville Jaguars 20 Foxborough , Massachusetts ( 8 ) Gillette Stadium ( 7 )", "Num Team PCT PF PA Last appearance Last championship Home games Home wins Home losses Home Win Pct . Away games Away wins Away losses Away Win Pct . 14 New England Patriots 10 . 714 334 249 2017 2017 8 7 . 875 6 . 500 16 Pittsburgh Steelers 8 8 . 500 332 303 2016 11 6 5 . 545 5 . 400 10 Denver Broncos 8 . 800 235 200 2015 2015 7 6 . 857 . 667 7 Miami Dolphins 5 . 714 152 115 1992 1984 6 . 667 0 1.000 11 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 7 . 364 202 253 2002 2002 5 . 600 6 5 . 167 5 Buffalo Bills . 800 130 54 1993 1993 0 1.000 . 500 7 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts . 429 132 178 2014 2009 0 1.000 0 . 000 Baltimore Ravens . 500 78 62 2012 2012 0 0 0 - 4 ! -- -- . 500 Cincinnati Bengals 0 1.000 48 17 1988 1988 0 1.000 0 0 0 - 6 ! -- -- Houston Oilers / Tennessee Titans . 250 75 116 2002 1999 0 0 0 - 3 ! -- -- . 250 Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers . 250 63 95 2007 1994 0 . 000 . 333 New York Jets 0 . 000 46 91 N / A 0 0 0 - 2 ! -- -- 0 . 000 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 . 000 40 77 2017 N / A 0 . 000 0 . 000 Cleveland Browns 0 . 000 74 98 1989 N / A 0 . 000 0 . 000 Kansas City Chiefs 0 . 000 13 30 1993 N / A 0 0 0 - 5 ! -- -- 0 . 000 Seattle Seahawks 0 . 000 14 30 N / A 0 0 0 - 6 ! -- -- 0 . 000 0 Houston Texans 0 0 - 7 ! -- -- -- - -- - N / A N / A 0 0 0 - 7 ! -- -- 0 0 0 - 7 ! -- -- 0 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 0 - 7 ! -- -- -- - -- - N / A N / A 0 0 0 - 7 ! -- -- 0 0 0 - 7 ! -- --", "Num Team PCT PF PA Last appearance Last championship Home games Home wins Home losses Home Win Pct . Away games Away wins Away losses Away Win Pct .", "14 New England Patriots 10 . 714 334 249 2017 2017 8 7 . 875 6 . 500", "16 Pittsburgh Steelers 8 8 . 500 332 303 2016 11 6 5 . 545 5 . 400", "10 Denver Broncos 8 . 800 235 200 2015 2015 7 6 . 857 . 667", "7 Miami Dolphins 5 . 714 152 115 1992 1984 6 . 667 0 1.000", "11 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 7 . 364 202 253 2002 2002 5 . 600 6 5 . 167", "5 Buffalo Bills . 800 130 54 1993 1993 0 1.000 . 500", "7 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts . 429 132 178 2014 2009 0 1.000 0 . 000", "Baltimore Ravens . 500 78 62 2012 2012 0 0 0 - 4 ! -- -- . 500", "Cincinnati Bengals 0 1.000 48 17 1988 1988 0 1.000 0 0 0 - 6 ! -- --", "Houston Oilers / Tennessee Titans . 250 75 116 2002 1999 0 0 0 - 3 ! -- -- . 250", "Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers . 250 63 95 2007 1994 0 . 000 . 333", "New York Jets 0 . 000 46 91 N / A 0 0 0 - 2 ! -- -- 0 . 000", "Jacksonville Jaguars 0 . 000 40 77 2017 N / A 0 . 000 0 . 000", "Cleveland Browns 0 . 000 74 98 1989 N / A 0 . 000 0 . 000", "Kansas City Chiefs 0 . 000 13 30 1993 N / A 0 0 0 - 5 ! -- -- 0 . 000", "Seattle Seahawks 0 . 000 14 30 N / A 0 0 0 - 6 ! -- -- 0 . 000", "0 Houston Texans 0 0 - 7 ! -- -- -- - -- - N / A N / A 0 0 0 - 7 ! -- -- 0 0 0 - 7 ! -- --", "0 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 0 - 7 ! -- -- -- - -- - N / A N / A 0 0 0 - 7 ! -- -- 0 0 0 - 7 ! -- --", "^ b : The Seahawks were members of the NFC in 1976 and then members of the AFC from 1977 to 2001 , before rejoining the NFC in 2002 . Including their appearances in the NFC Championship Game ( 3 -- 0 ) , they hold a combined 3 -- 1 record between both Conference Championship Games .", "^ c : The Buccaneers were members of the AFC in 1976 before moving to the NFC in 1977 .", "^ d : Includes appearances during their first tenure in Oakland ( the 1970 merger until 1981 ) , where they went 2 -- 5 in AFC Championship Games ; their period as the Los Angeles Raiders ( 1982 -- 1994 ) , where they were 1 -- 1 in AFC Championship Games ; and their current tenure in Oakland ( 1995 -- present ) , where they have gone 1 -- 1 in AFC Championship Games .", "^ e : Includes appearances as the Baltimore Colts ( the 1970 merger to 1983 ) , where they went 1 -- 1 in AFC Championship Games . Since moving to Indianapolis in 1984 , the Colts are 2 -- 3 in AFC Championship Games", "^ f : Includes appearances as the Houston Oilers ( the 1970 merger to 1996 ) , where they went 0 -- 2 in AFC Championship Games . Since moving to Tennessee in 1997 , they are 1 -- 1 in AFC Championship Games .", "Most victories : 10 * * ; New England Patriots ( 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) Most losses : 8 ; Pittsburgh Steelers , ( 1972 , 1976 , 1984 , 1994 , 1997 , 2001 , 2004 , 2016 ) Most appearances : 16 ; Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1972 , 1974 -- 1976 , 1978 , 1979 , 1984 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 2001 , 2004 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 , 2016 ) Most consecutive appearances : 7 * * ; New England Patriots ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Most consecutive victories : 4 * * ; Buffalo Bills ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Most victories without a loss : 2 ; Cincinnati Bengals ( 1981 , 1988 ) Most appearances without a win : 4 ; New York Jets ( 1982 , 1998 , 2009 , 2010 ) Most consecutive losses without a win : 4 ; ( tie ) Oakland Raiders ( 1970 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 ) , New York Jets ( 1982 , 1998 , 2009 , 2010 ) Most defensive shutouts : 2 * * ; Miami Dolphins ( 1971 , 21 -- 0 vs Colts and 1982 , 14 -- 0 vs Jets ) Most consecutive losses : 3 ; Oakland Raiders ( 1973 -- 1975 ) Most games hosted : 11 * * ; Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1972 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 2001 , 2004 , 2008 , 2010 ) Most numerous matchups : 3 ( tie ) Pittsburgh Steelers vs. Oakland Raiders ( 1974 , 1975 , 1976 ) Cleveland Browns vs. Denver Broncos ( 1986 , 1987 , 1989 ) New England Patriots vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2001 , 2004 , 2016 ) New England Patriots vs. Indianapolis Colts ( 2003 , 2006 , 2014 ) Most points scored : 51 * * ; January 20 , 1991 ( 1990 ) -- Buffalo Bills vs. Los Angeles Raiders Largest margin of victory : 48 points * * ; January 20 , 1991 ( 1990 ) -- Buffalo Bills ( 51 ) vs. Los Angeles Raiders ( 3 ) Fewest points scored , winning team : 10 ; January 12 , 1992 ( 1991 ) -- Buffalo Bills vs. Denver Broncos Fewest points scored : 0 * ; ( tie ) Jan 2 , 1972 ( 1971 ) Baltimore Colts 0 vs Dolphins 21 , Jan 23 , 1983 ( 1982 ) NY Jets 0 vs Dolphins 14 Most points scored , losing team : 34 * * ; January 21 , 2007 ( 2006 ) -- New England Patriots vs. Indianapolis Colts Most combined points scored : 73 * * ; January 6 , 1985 ( 1984 ) -- Miami Dolphins ( 45 ) vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ( 28 ) Fewest combined points scored : 14 ; January 23 , 1983 ( 1982 ) -- Miami Dolphins ( 14 ) vs. New York Jets ( 0 ) Longest game : 65 minutes , 38 seconds ; January 11 , 1987 ( 1986 ) -- Denver Broncos ( 23 ) at Cleveland Browns ( 20 ) , OT Current AFC teams which have never appeared in a Conference Championship Game : Houston Texans Current AFC teams which have never won a Conference Championship : Cleveland Browns ( 0 -- 3 ) , Houston Texans ( 0 -- 0 ) , Jacksonville Jaguars ( 0 -- 3 ) , New York Jets ( 0 -- 4 ) and Kansas City Chiefs ( 0 -- 1 ) Longest drought without appearing in an AFC Championship Game : 29 years * * ; Cincinnati Bengals ( last appearance -- 1988 ) Longest drought without an AFC Championship : 48 years * * : New York Jets , and Kansas City Chiefs Highest attendance : 91,445 ; Los Angeles Raiders vs. Seattle Seahawks in Los Angeles on January 8 , 1984 ( 1983 )", "Most victories : 10 * * ; New England Patriots ( 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 )", "Most losses : 8 ; Pittsburgh Steelers , ( 1972 , 1976 , 1984 , 1994 , 1997 , 2001 , 2004 , 2016 )", "Most appearances : 16 ; Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1972 , 1974 -- 1976 , 1978 , 1979 , 1984 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 2001 , 2004 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 , 2016 )", "Most consecutive appearances : 7 * * ; New England Patriots ( 2011 -- 2017 )", "Most consecutive victories : 4 * * ; Buffalo Bills ( 1990 -- 1993 )", "Most victories without a loss : 2 ; Cincinnati Bengals ( 1981 , 1988 )", "Most appearances without a win : 4 ; New York Jets ( 1982 , 1998 , 2009 , 2010 )", "Most consecutive losses without a win : 4 ; ( tie ) Oakland Raiders ( 1970 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 ) , New York Jets ( 1982 , 1998 , 2009 , 2010 )", "Most defensive shutouts : 2 * * ; Miami Dolphins ( 1971 , 21 -- 0 vs Colts and 1982 , 14 -- 0 vs Jets )", "Most consecutive losses : 3 ; Oakland Raiders ( 1973 -- 1975 )", "Most games hosted : 11 * * ; Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1972 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 2001 , 2004 , 2008 , 2010 )", "Most numerous matchups : 3 ( tie ) Pittsburgh Steelers vs. Oakland Raiders ( 1974 , 1975 , 1976 ) Cleveland Browns vs. Denver Broncos ( 1986 , 1987 , 1989 ) New England Patriots vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2001 , 2004 , 2016 ) New England Patriots vs. Indianapolis Colts ( 2003 , 2006 , 2014 )", "Pittsburgh Steelers vs. Oakland Raiders ( 1974 , 1975 , 1976 ) Cleveland Browns vs. Denver Broncos ( 1986 , 1987 , 1989 ) New England Patriots vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2001 , 2004 , 2016 ) New England Patriots vs. Indianapolis Colts ( 2003 , 2006 , 2014 )", "Pittsburgh Steelers vs. Oakland Raiders ( 1974 , 1975 , 1976 )", "Cleveland Browns vs. Denver Broncos ( 1986 , 1987 , 1989 )", "New England Patriots vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2001 , 2004 , 2016 )", "New England Patriots vs. Indianapolis Colts ( 2003 , 2006 , 2014 )", "Most points scored : 51 * * ; January 20 , 1991 ( 1990 ) -- Buffalo Bills vs. Los Angeles Raiders", "Largest margin of victory : 48 points * * ; January 20 , 1991 ( 1990 ) -- Buffalo Bills ( 51 ) vs. Los Angeles Raiders ( 3 )", "Fewest points scored , winning team : 10 ; January 12 , 1992 ( 1991 ) -- Buffalo Bills vs. Denver Broncos", "Fewest points scored : 0 * ; ( tie ) Jan 2 , 1972 ( 1971 ) Baltimore Colts 0 vs Dolphins 21 , Jan 23 , 1983 ( 1982 ) NY Jets 0 vs Dolphins 14", "Most points scored , losing team : 34 * * ; January 21 , 2007 ( 2006 ) -- New England Patriots vs. Indianapolis Colts", "Most combined points scored : 73 * * ; January 6 , 1985 ( 1984 ) -- Miami Dolphins ( 45 ) vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ( 28 )", "Fewest combined points scored : 14 ; January 23 , 1983 ( 1982 ) -- Miami Dolphins ( 14 ) vs. New York Jets ( 0 )", "Longest game : 65 minutes , 38 seconds ; January 11 , 1987 ( 1986 ) -- Denver Broncos ( 23 ) at Cleveland Browns ( 20 ) , OT", "Current AFC teams which have never appeared in a Conference Championship Game : Houston Texans", "Current AFC teams which have never won a Conference Championship : Cleveland Browns ( 0 -- 3 ) , Houston Texans ( 0 -- 0 ) , Jacksonville Jaguars ( 0 -- 3 ) , New York Jets ( 0 -- 4 ) and Kansas City Chiefs ( 0 -- 1 )", "Longest drought without appearing in an AFC Championship Game : 29 years * * ; Cincinnati Bengals ( last appearance -- 1988 )", "Longest drought without an AFC Championship : 48 years * * : New York Jets , and Kansas City Chiefs", "Highest attendance : 91,445 ; Los Angeles Raiders vs. Seattle Seahawks in Los Angeles on January 8 , 1984 ( 1983 )", "* Tied for Conference Championship record * * Conference Championship record", "* Tied for Conference Championship record", "* * Conference Championship record", "1982 : 51.6 million viewers ( 1 ) 2002 : 2003 : 41.5 million 2004 : 2005 : 44.3 million 2006 : 39 million viewers ( 2 ) 2007 : 46.7 million viewers ( 6 : 44 - 10 : 23pm ) ( 3 ) 2008 : 2009 : 42 million viewers ( 4 ) 2010 : 42.352 million viewers 2011 : 54.9 million viewers 2012 : 48.7 million viewers 2013 : 47.7 million viewers 2014 : 51.3 million viewers ( 5 ) 2015 : 42.1 million viewers 2016 : 53.3 million viewers 2017 : 41.2 million viewers", "1982 : 51.6 million viewers ( 1 )", "2003 : 41.5 million", "2005 : 44.3 million", "2006 : 39 million viewers ( 2 )", "2007 : 46.7 million viewers ( 6 : 44 - 10 : 23pm ) ( 3 )", "2009 : 42 million viewers ( 4 )", "2010 : 42.352 million viewers", "2011 : 54.9 million viewers", "2012 : 48.7 million viewers", "2013 : 47.7 million viewers", "2014 : 51.3 million viewers ( 5 )", "2015 : 42.1 million viewers", "2016 : 53.3 million viewers", "2017 : 41.2 million viewers", "Jump up ^ Joe Robbie Stadium , now Sun Life Stadium , is located in Miami Gardens . However , the city was not incorporated until 2003 . Prior to that , the area was an unincorporated area of Miami - Dade County , and the stadium used a Miami address . Jump up ^ The Miami Dolphins won 5 AFC Championships before losing their first championship game . The New England Patriots equaled that record before losing a championship game . Jump up ^ The franchise was founded in 2002 . Jump up ^ The Jets won Super Bowl III as the 1968 AFL Champion . Jump up ^ The Chiefs won Super Bowl IV as the 1969 AFL Champion", "Jump up ^ Joe Robbie Stadium , now Sun Life Stadium , is located in Miami Gardens . However , the city was not incorporated until 2003 . Prior to that , the area was an unincorporated area of Miami - Dade County , and the stadium used a Miami address .", "Jump up ^ The Miami Dolphins won 5 AFC Championships before losing their first championship game . The New England Patriots equaled that record before losing a championship game .", "Jump up ^ The franchise was founded in 2002 .", "Jump up ^ The Jets won Super Bowl III as the 1968 AFL Champion .", "Jump up ^ The Chiefs won Super Bowl IV as the 1969 AFL Champion" ]
AFC Championship game - wikipedia AFC Championship game Jump to: navigation , search AFC Championship Game AFC Championship logo First played 1971 ( 1970 season ) Trophy Lamar Hunt Recent and upcoming games 2017 season Gillette Stadium January 21, 2018 Jacksonville Jaguars 20, New England Patriots 24 The AFC Championship Game is one of the two semi-final playoff games of the National Football League (NFL), the largest professional American football league in the United States. The game is played on the penultimate Sunday in January and determines the champion of the American Football Conference (AFC). The winner then advances to face the winner of the National Football Conference (NFC) Championship Game in the Super Bowl . The game was established as part of the 1970 merger between the NFL and the American Football League (AFL), with the merged league realigning into two conferences . Since 1984, each winner of the AFC Championship Game has also received the Lamar Hunt Trophy , named after the founder of the AFL and longtime owner of the Kansas City Chiefs , Lamar Hunt . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Playoff structure 3 Lamar Hunt Trophy 4 List of AFC Championship Games 5 Appearances 1970-- present 6 Records 7 TV ratings 8 Footnotes 9 References History ( edit ) The first AFC Championship Game was played following the 1970 regular season after the merger between the NFL and the American Football League . The game is considered the successor to the former AFL Championship , and its game results are listed with that of its predecessor in the annual NFL Record and Fact Book . Since the pre-merger NFL consisted of six more teams than the AFL, a realignment was required as part of the merger to create two conferences with an equal number of teams: The NFL's Baltimore Colts , the Cleveland Browns , and the Pittsburgh Steelers joined the ten former AFL teams to form the AFC; while the remaining 13 pre-merger NFL clubs formed the NFC. Every AFC team except the Houston Texans has played in an AFC Championship Game at least once. The Seattle Seahawks , who have been members in both the AFC and the NFC, hold the distinction of appearing in both conference title games, a loss in the AFC conference title game to the Los Angeles Raiders for Super Bowl XVIII and, in their first appearance in a NFC conference title game, a win over the Carolina Panthers for Super Bowl XL. The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most appearances in the AFC Championship Game at 16, with 11 of those games being in Pittsburgh, the most for either conference. The most AFC Conference Championships have been won by the New England Patriots winning 10 of them and going to 7 straight (2011-present). Playoff structure ( edit ) Further information: NFL playoffs Lamar Hunt Trophy At the end of each regular season , a series of playoff games involving the top six teams in the AFC are conducted. In the current (since 2002-- 03 season ) NFL playoff structure, this consists of the four division champions and two wild card teams (those clubs that possess the two best won-loss records after the regular season yet fail to win their division). The two teams remaining following the Wild Card round (first round) and the divisional round (second round) play in the AFC Championship game. Initially, the site of the game was determined on a rotating basis. Since the 1975-- 76 season , the site of the AFC Championship has been based on playoff seeding based on the regular season won-loss record, with the highest surviving seed hosting the game. A wild card team can only host the game if both participants are wild cards, in which case the fifth seed would host the sixth seed. Such an instance has never occurred in the NFL. Lamar Hunt Trophy ( edit ) Beginning with 1984-- 85 season, the winner of the AFC Championship Game has received the Lamar Hunt Trophy, named after the founder of the AFL. The original design consisted of a wooden base with a sculpted AFC logo in the front and a sculpture of various football players in the back. For the 2010-- 11 NFL playoffs , the Lamar Hunt Trophy and the George Halas Trophy , which is awarded to the NFC Champion, were redesigned by Tiffany & Co. at the request of the NFL, in an attempt to make both awards more significant. The trophies are now a new, silver design with the outline of a hollow football positioned on a small base to more closely resemble the Vince Lombardi Trophy , which is awarded to the winner of the Super Bowl . List of AFC Championship Games ( edit ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are AFC Championships . Bold indicates team won Super Bowl that year . Numbers in parentheses in the city and stadium column is the number of times that metropolitan area and stadium has hosted an AFC Championship, respectively. Season Playoffs Winning team Score Losing team Score Location Stadium 1970 1970-- 71 Baltimore Colts (1) 27 Oakland Raiders 17 Baltimore, Maryland Memorial Stadium 1971 1971-- 72 Miami Dolphins (1) 21 Baltimore Colts 0 Miami, Florida Miami Orange Bowl 1972 1972-- 73 Miami Dolphins (2) 21 Pittsburgh Steelers 17 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Three Rivers Stadium 1973 1973-- 74 Miami Dolphins (3) 27 Oakland Raiders 10 Miami, Florida (2) Miami Orange Bowl (2) 1974-- 75 Pittsburgh Steelers (1) 24 Oakland Raiders 13 Oakland, California Oakland Coliseum 1975-- 76 Pittsburgh Steelers (2) 16 Oakland Raiders 10 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (2) Three Rivers Stadium (2) 1976 1976-- 77 Oakland Raiders (1) 24 Pittsburgh Steelers 7 Oakland, California (2) Oakland Coliseum (2) 1977 1977-- 78 Denver Broncos (1) 20 Oakland Raiders 17 Denver, Colorado Mile High Stadium 1978 1978-- 79 Pittsburgh Steelers (3) 34 Houston Oilers 5 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (3) Three Rivers Stadium (3) 1979 1979-- 80 Pittsburgh Steelers (4) 27 Houston Oilers 13 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (4) Three Rivers Stadium (4) 1980 1980-- 81 Oakland Raiders (2) 34 San Diego Chargers 27 San Diego, California Jack Murphy Stadium 1981 1981-- 82 Cincinnati Bengals (1) 27 San Diego Chargers 7 Cincinnati, Ohio Riverfront Stadium 1982 1982-- 83 Miami Dolphins (4) 14 New York Jets 0 Miami, Florida (3) Miami Orange Bowl (3) 1983-- 84 Los Angeles Raiders (3) 30 Seattle Seahawks 14 Los Angeles, California Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 1984 1984-- 85 Miami Dolphins (5) 45 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Miami, Florida (4) Miami Orange Bowl (4) 1985 1985-- 86 New England Patriots (1) 31 Miami Dolphins 14 Miami, Florida (5) Miami Orange Bowl (5) 1986 1986-- 87 Denver Broncos (2) 23 Cleveland Browns 20 Cleveland, Ohio Cleveland Municipal Stadium 1987-- 88 Denver Broncos (3) 38 Cleveland Browns 33 Denver, Colorado (2) Mile High Stadium (2) 1988 1988-- 89 Cincinnati Bengals (2) 21 Buffalo Bills 10 Cincinnati, Ohio (2) Riverfront Stadium (2) 1989 1989-- 90 Denver Broncos (4) 37 Cleveland Browns 21 Denver, Colorado (3) Mile High Stadium (3) 1990 1990-- 91 Buffalo Bills (1) 51 Los Angeles Raiders Orchard Park, New York Ralph Wilson Stadium 1991 1991-- 92 Buffalo Bills (2) 10 Denver Broncos 7 Orchard Park, New York (2) Ralph Wilson Stadium (2) 1992 1992-- 93 Buffalo Bills (3) 29 Miami Dolphins 10 Miami, Florida (6) Joe Robbie Stadium 1993 1993-- 94 Buffalo Bills (4) 30 Kansas City Chiefs 13 Orchard Park, New York (3) Ralph Wilson Stadium (3) 1994 1994-- 95 San Diego Chargers (1) 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 13 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (5) Three Rivers Stadium (5) 1995 1995-- 96 Pittsburgh Steelers (5) 20 Indianapolis Colts 16 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (6) Three Rivers Stadium (6) 1996-- 97 New England Patriots (2) 20 Jacksonville Jaguars 6 Foxborough, Massachusetts Foxboro Stadium 1997 1997-- 98 Denver Broncos (5) 24 Pittsburgh Steelers 21 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (7) Three Rivers Stadium (7) 1998 1998-- 99 Denver Broncos (6) 23 New York Jets 10 Denver, Colorado (4) Mile High Stadium (4) 1999 1999-- 00 Tennessee Titans (1) 33 Jacksonville Jaguars 14 Jacksonville, Florida Alltel Stadium 2000 2000-- 01 Baltimore Ravens (1) 16 Oakland Raiders Oakland, California (3) Oakland Coliseum (3) 2001 2001-- 02 New England Patriots (3) 24 Pittsburgh Steelers 17 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (8) Heinz Field 2002 2002-- 03 Oakland Raiders (4) 41 Tennessee Titans 24 Oakland, California (4) Network Associates Coliseum (4) 2003 2003-- 04 New England Patriots (4) 24 Indianapolis Colts 14 Foxborough, Massachusetts (2) Gillette Stadium 2004-- 05 New England Patriots (5) 41 Pittsburgh Steelers 27 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (9) Heinz Field (2) 2005 2005-- 06 Pittsburgh Steelers (6) 34 Denver Broncos 17 Denver, Colorado (5) Invesco Field at Mile High 2006 2006-- 07 Indianapolis Colts (2) 38 New England Patriots 34 Indianapolis, Indiana RCA Dome 2007 2007-- 08 New England Patriots (6) 21 San Diego Chargers 12 Foxborough, Massachusetts (3) Gillette Stadium (2) 2008 2008-- 09 Pittsburgh Steelers (7) 23 Baltimore Ravens 14 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (10) Heinz Field (3) 2009 2009-- 10 Indianapolis Colts (3) 30 New York Jets 17 Indianapolis, Indiana (2) Lucas Oil Stadium 2010-- 11 Pittsburgh Steelers (8) 24 New York Jets 19 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (11) Heinz Field (4) 2011 2011-- 12 New England Patriots (7) 23 Baltimore Ravens 20 Foxborough, Massachusetts (4) Gillette Stadium (3) 2012 2012-- 13 Baltimore Ravens (2) 28 New England Patriots 13 Foxborough, Massachusetts (5) Gillette Stadium (4) 2013 2013-- 14 Denver Broncos (7) 26 New England Patriots 16 Denver, Colorado (6) Sports Authority Field at Mile High (2) 2014 2014-- 15 New England Patriots (8) 45 Indianapolis Colts 7 Foxborough, Massachusetts (6) Gillette Stadium (5) 2015 2015-- 16 Denver Broncos (8) 20 New England Patriots 18 Denver, Colorado (7) Sports Authority Field at Mile High (3) 2016 2016-- 17 New England Patriots (9) 36 Pittsburgh Steelers 17 Foxborough, Massachusetts (7) Gillette Stadium (6) 2017 2017-- 18 New England Patriots (10) 24 Jacksonville Jaguars 20 Foxborough, Massachusetts (8) Gillette Stadium (7) Appearances 1970-- present ( edit ) Num Team PCT PF PA Last appearance Last championship Home games Home wins Home losses Home Win Pct. Away games Away wins Away losses Away Win Pct. 14 New England Patriots 10 .714 334 249 2017 2017 8 7 .875 6 .500 16 Pittsburgh Steelers 8 8 .500 332 303 2016 11 6 5 .545 5 .400 10 Denver Broncos 8 .800 235 200 2015 2015 7 6 .857 .667 7 Miami Dolphins 5 .714 152 115 1992 1984 6 .667 0 1.000 11 Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders 7 .364 202 253 2002 2002 5 .600 6 5 .167 5 Buffalo Bills .800 130 54 1993 1993 0 1.000 .500 7 Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts .429 132 178 2014 2009 0 1.000 0 .000 Baltimore Ravens .500 78 62 2012 2012 0 0 0 -4 ! -- -- .500 Cincinnati Bengals 0 1.000 48 17 1988 1988 0 1.000 0 0 0 -6 ! -- -- Houston Oilers/ Tennessee Titans .250 75 116 2002 1999 0 0 0 -3 ! -- -- .250 Los Angeles/San Diego Chargers .250 63 95 2007 1994 0 .000 .333 New York Jets 0 .000 46 91 N/A 0 0 0 -2 ! -- -- 0 .000 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 .000 40 77 2017 N/A 0 .000 0 .000 Cleveland Browns 0 .000 74 98 1989 N/A 0 .000 0 .000 Kansas City Chiefs 0 .000 13 30 1993 N/A 0 0 0 -5 ! -- -- 0 .000 Seattle Seahawks 0 .000 14 30 N/A 0 0 0 -6 ! -- -- 0 .000 0 Houston Texans 0 0 -7 ! -- -- --- --- N/A N/A 0 0 0 -7 ! -- -- 0 0 0 -7 ! -- -- 0 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 0 -7 ! -- -- --- --- N/A N/A 0 0 0 -7 ! -- -- 0 0 0 -7 ! -- -- ^ b: The Seahawks were members of the NFC in 1976 and then members of the AFC from 1977 to 2001, before rejoining the NFC in 2002. Including their appearances in the NFC Championship Game (3-- 0), they hold a combined 3-- 1 record between both Conference Championship Games. ^ c: The Buccaneers were members of the AFC in 1976 before moving to the NFC in 1977. ^ d: Includes appearances during their first tenure in Oakland (the 1970 merger until 1981), where they went 2-- 5 in AFC Championship Games; their period as the Los Angeles Raiders (1982-- 1994), where they were 1-- 1 in AFC Championship Games; and their current tenure in Oakland (1995-- present), where they have gone 1-- 1 in AFC Championship Games. ^ e: Includes appearances as the Baltimore Colts (the 1970 merger to 1983), where they went 1-- 1 in AFC Championship Games. Since moving to Indianapolis in 1984, the Colts are 2-- 3 in AFC Championship Games ^ f: Includes appearances as the Houston Oilers (the 1970 merger to 1996), where they went 0-- 2 in AFC Championship Games. Since moving to Tennessee in 1997, they are 1-- 1 in AFC Championship Games. Records ( edit ) AFC Championship Game logo, 2001-- 2005 AFC Championship Game logo, 2008-- 2010 (Used with old shield since 2005) Most victories: 10**; New England Patriots ( 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) Most losses: 8; Pittsburgh Steelers , ( 1972 , 1976 , 1984 , 1994 , 1997 , 2001 , 2004 , 2016 ) Most appearances: 16; Pittsburgh Steelers (1972, 1974-- 1976, 1978, 1979, 1984, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2016) Most consecutive appearances: 7**; New England Patriots (2011-- 2017) Most consecutive victories: 4**; Buffalo Bills ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Most victories without a loss: 2; Cincinnati Bengals ( 1981 , 1988 ) Most appearances without a win: 4; New York Jets (1982, 1998, 2009, 2010) Most consecutive losses without a win: 4; (tie) Oakland Raiders (1970, 1973, 1974, 1975), New York Jets (1982, 1998, 2009, 2010) Most defensive shutouts: 2**; Miami Dolphins ( 1971, 21-- 0 vs Colts and 1982, 14-- 0 vs Jets ) Most consecutive losses: 3; Oakland Raiders ( 1973 -- 1975 ) Most games hosted: 11**; Pittsburgh Steelers (1972, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2010) Most numerous matchups: 3 (tie) Pittsburgh Steelers vs. Oakland Raiders (1974, 1975, 1976) Cleveland Browns vs. Denver Broncos (1986, 1987, 1989) New England Patriots vs. Pittsburgh Steelers (2001, 2004, 2016) New England Patriots vs. Indianapolis Colts (2003, 2006, 2014) Most points scored: 51**; January 20, 1991 (1990) -- Buffalo Bills vs. Los Angeles Raiders Largest margin of victory: 48 points**; January 20, 1991 (1990) -- Buffalo Bills (51) vs. Los Angeles Raiders (3) Fewest points scored, winning team: 10; January 12, 1992 ( 1991 ) -- Buffalo Bills vs. Denver Broncos Fewest points scored: 0*; (tie) Jan 2, 1972 ( 1971 ) Baltimore Colts 0 vs Dolphins 21, Jan 23, 1983 ( 1982 ) NY Jets 0 vs Dolphins 14 Most points scored, losing team: 34**; January 21, 2007 ( 2006 ) -- New England Patriots vs. Indianapolis Colts Most combined points scored: 73**; January 6, 1985 (1984) -- Miami Dolphins (45) vs. Pittsburgh Steelers (28) Fewest combined points scored: 14; January 23, 1983 ( 1982 ) -- Miami Dolphins (14) vs. New York Jets (0) Longest game: 65 minutes, 38 seconds; January 11, 1987 ( 1986 ) -- Denver Broncos (23) at Cleveland Browns (20), OT Current AFC teams which have never appeared in a Conference Championship Game: Houston Texans Current AFC teams which have never won a Conference Championship: Cleveland Browns (0-- 3), Houston Texans (0-- 0), Jacksonville Jaguars (0-- 3), New York Jets (0-- 4) and Kansas City Chiefs (0-- 1) Longest drought without appearing in an AFC Championship Game: 29 years**; Cincinnati Bengals (last appearance -- 1988 ) Longest drought without an AFC Championship: 48 years**: New York Jets , and Kansas City Chiefs Highest attendance: 91,445; Los Angeles Raiders vs. Seattle Seahawks in Los Angeles on January 8, 1984 ( 1983 ) Notes: *Tied for Conference Championship record **Conference Championship record TV ratings ( edit ) 1982: 51.6 million viewers (1) 2002: 2003: 41.5 million 2004: 2005: 44.3 million 2006: 39 million viewers (2) 2007: 46.7 million viewers (6:44-10:23pm) (3) 2008: 2009: 42 million viewers (4) 2010: 42.352 million viewers 2011: 54.9 million viewers 2012: 48.7 million viewers 2013: 47.7 million viewers 2014: 51.3 million viewers (5) 2015:42.1 million viewers 2016: 53.3 million viewers 2017: 41.2 million viewers Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joe Robbie Stadium, now Sun Life Stadium, is located in Miami Gardens . However, the city was not incorporated until 2003. Prior to that, the area was an unincorporated area of Miami-Dade County , and the stadium used a Miami address. Jump up ^ The Miami Dolphins won 5 AFC Championships before losing their first championship game. The New England Patriots equaled that record before losing a championship game. Jump up ^ The franchise was founded in 2002. Jump up ^ The Jets won Super Bowl III as the 1968 AFL Champion. Jump up ^ The Chiefs won Super Bowl IV as the 1969 AFL Champion References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Patriots Blog: AFC Championship Trophy In The House'' . WBZ-TV. January 18, 2012 . Retrieved August 16, 2014 . The Lamar Hunt Trophy, given to the winners of the AFC Championship since 1984 Jump up ^ `` Playoff'' . NFL Record and Fact Book 2009 . Time, Inc. Home Entertainment. ISBN 978-1-60320-809-3 . Jump up ^ `` NFC's Halas trophy has new look'' . Chicago Sun-Times . Jump up ^ Bell, Jarrett (January 25, 2011). `` NFL Replay: Gritty Steelers aren't pretty, but they are Super'' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` NFL passes new records in TV ratings'' . USA Today . 1 February 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Ratings Spike: 48.7 Million Watch AFC Title Game, NFC Game Draws 57.6 Mil'' . Deadline Hollywood . 23 January 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Championship Ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Astonishing Chart Shows How The NFL Dominates TV Ratings'' . Business Insider. 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2015/01/afc-championship-ratings-patriots-colts-cbs-nfl-revenge-1201353194/ Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2016/01/afc-championship-game-ratings-broncos-patriots-cbs-1201689780/ Jump up ^ https://sportstvratings.com/nfl-conference-championships-overnight-tv-ratings-2006-2016/7365/ National Football League awards and trophies Team Vince Lombardi Trophy Lamar Hunt Trophy (AFC) George Halas Trophy (NFC) Individual Most Valuable Player Coach of the Year Offensive Player of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Rookie of the Year Comeback Player of the Year Walter Payton Man of the Year `` Whizzer'' White Man of the Year Bert Bell Award Art Rooney Award Super Bowl MVP One-time only 75th Anniversary All-Time Team (1994) All-Decade Teams Annual presentation NFL Honors NFL Top 100 Awards organizations Kansas City Committee of 101 Maxwell Football Club National Football League Alumni Touchdown Club of Columbus Washington D.C. Touchdown Club Defunct Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup NEA Defensive Player of the Year PFWA Defensive Player of the Year NEA Rookie of the Year UPI AFL-AFC Player of the Year UPI NFC Player of the Year UPI AFL-AFC Rookie of the Year UPI NFL-NFC Rookie of the Year National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995-- 2016 American Football League (1960-- 1969) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship (1920-- 1969) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win-- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All-Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AFC_Championship_Game&oldid=837277133 '' Categories : AFC Championship Games Recurring sporting events established in 1971 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 日本 語 Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018, at 20:30. 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who narrated the tv comedy the wonder years
The Wonder Years Created by Neal Marlens Carol Black Starring Fred Savage Dan Lauria Alley Mills Olivia d'Abo Jason Hervey Danica McKellar Josh Saviano Narrated by Daniel Stern Theme music composer Lennon -- McCartney Opening theme `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' by Joe Cocker Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 115 ( list of episodes ) Production Camera setup Single - camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) The Black - Marlens Company New World Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network ABC Original release January 31 , 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 31 ) -- May 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 12 )
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[ "The Wonder Years Created by Neal Marlens Carol Black Starring Fred Savage Dan Lauria Alley Mills Olivia d'Abo Jason Hervey Danica McKellar Josh Saviano Narrated by Daniel Stern Theme music composer Lennon -- McCartney Opening theme `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' by Joe Cocker Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 115 ( list of episodes ) Production Camera setup Single - camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) The Black - Marlens Company New World Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network ABC Original release January 31 , 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 31 ) -- May 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 12 )", "The Wonder Years", "Created by Neal Marlens Carol Black", "Starring Fred Savage Dan Lauria Alley Mills Olivia d'Abo Jason Hervey Danica McKellar Josh Saviano", "Narrated by Daniel Stern", "Theme music composer Lennon -- McCartney", "Opening theme `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' by Joe Cocker", "Country of origin United States", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of seasons 6", "No. of episodes 115 ( list of episodes )", "Production", "Camera setup Single - camera", "Running time 22 -- 24 minutes", "Production company ( s ) The Black - Marlens Company New World Television", "Distributor 20th Television", "Release", "Original network ABC", "Original release January 31 , 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 31 ) -- May 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 12 )", "The Wonder Years is an American television drama created by Neal Marlens and Carol Black . It ran on ABC from 1988 until 1993 . The pilot aired on January 31 , 1988 , following ABC 's coverage of Super Bowl XXII .", "The show earned a spot in the Nielsen Top 30 four of its six seasons . TV Guide named it one of the 20 best shows of the 1980s . After six episodes , The Wonder Years won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1988 . In addition , at age 13 , Fred Savage became the youngest actor ever nominated as Outstanding Lead Actor for a Comedy Series . The show was also awarded a Peabody Award in 1989 for `` pushing the boundaries of the sitcom format and using new modes of storytelling '' . In total , the series won 22 awards and was nominated for 54 more . In 1997 , `` My Father 's Office '' was ranked # 29 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time , and in the 2009 revised list the pilot episode was ranked # 43 . In 2016 , Rolling Stone ranked The Wonder Years # 63 on its list of 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . In 2017 , James Charisma of Paste ranked the show 's opening sequence # 14 on a list of The 75 Best TV Title Sequences of All Time . As of recent years the show has been consistently considered to be one of the most influential and at the time game changing TV Series for its genre category and has been seen to be more of a dramedy than a traditional sitcom since the show tends to lean more towards the dramatic side than comedy .", "The series was conceived by writers Neal Marlens and Carol Black . They set out to create a family show that would appeal to the baby - boomer generation by setting the series in the late ' 60s , a time of radical change in America 's history . They also wanted the series to tie this setting in to the life of a normal boy growing up during the period . After writing the script for the pilot episode , Marlens and Black began pitching the series to television networks . None of them were interested , except for ABC , with whom Marlens and Black reached an agreement .", "Marlens had originally wanted the setting to be his native Huntington , Long Island , where he grew up . Elements were also taken from Black 's childhood from the White Oak section of Silver Spring , Maryland . ABC , however , insisted that the location remain nonspecific ( the colloquial `` Anytown , USA '' ) .", "When they started writing the series , Marlens and Black took a script for a future film that they had been toying with , which featured an off - screen narrator . Black explained , `` We liked the concept that you could play with what people think and what they 're saying , or how they would like to see themselves as opposed to how the audience is seeing them . '' They based the show , in part , on their own childhood growing up in the suburbs . Black recalled that `` we naturally ( took ) elements of our experience and ( threw ) them into the pot . The basic setup , the neighborhood , the era -- that 's the time and place where we grew up . ''", "The search for the main lead of the show did not take long . Marlens and Black went to five casting directors and interviewed them for recommendations . All five of them recommended Fred Savage , who at the time was famous for his roles as the grandson in The Princess Bride and as Charlie / Marshall in Vice Versa . Marlens and Black , having never heard of Savage , decided to see the rough cut of Vice Versa . Said Marlens , `` ( We saw ) a marvelous actor with a natural quality -- which essentially means he has no quality at all except being a kid . It sounds funny , but it 's a rare thing to find in a child actor . '' Marlens and Black took this approach when casting the other kids for the show , looking for natural ability rather than professionalism . According to Marlens , they saw 300 to 400 kids before narrowing it down to 70 , `` My wife and I made the final choice ... each of whom had to be approved by the network . '' For the choice of Savage 's character 's main love interest , the choice came down to actress Danica McKellar and her sister , Crystal McKellar . With just days to go before shooting , the producers eventually selected Danica to play Winnie Cooper . However , Mary Buck , the head of casting , noted that , `` it was practically a tossup '' . Crystal McKellar was liked so much by the producers that they eventually created the character of Becky Slater so that they could have her on the show . Danica later reflected on the experience , `` I auditioned , like everyone else . They had read lots of girls but had n't found their ' Winnie ' yet , and I was thrilled to be chosen . ''", "At the end of the first season , Marlens and Black departed from the show . Although they never gave a reason for their sudden departure , it may have been due to Black 's pregnancy . She hinted at it in an interview in April 1988 , saying `` We have secret plans to leave Los Angeles before our kids reach the age of cognizance . '' One challenge for the cast and crew was filming around a child actor , meaning that the show had to obey child labor laws . Savage at the time explained , `` You have to get at least three hours of school in every day . So whenever I 'm on a break , I go to school . It 's really intense because I have to get a lot done in short periods . And it 's hard because if they need you back on the set , they pull you away every twenty minutes . If you 're writing an essay and suddenly get inspired , you 've got to stop and go back to work . ''", "As the show was in the process of wrapping its sixth and final season , a costume designer on the show named Monique Long filed a sexual harassment charge against stars Fred Savage and Jason Hervey . The suit brought a lot of unwanted publicity to the show . In the end , the case was settled out of court , with Savage stating that he was `` completely exonerated '' , adding that it was a `` terrible experience '' .", "The Wonder Years wrapped its sixth and final season in May 1993 . Its cancellation was partially blamed on conflict between producers and executives at ABC . As Kevin matured , the producers wanted the storylines to mature as well . However , the executives at ABC felt uncomfortable with more explicit content given the time slot , saying , `` We felt it was inappropriate to present Kevin 's awakening because of the setting in the 1960s , the gentle tone of the series and , most importantly , the 8 p.m. time period . '' Bob Brush noted that , `` When Kevin became 16 and 17 , there were really things he needed to get to that we could n't do at 8 p.m. , especially with the kind of venerable cachet that the show had obtained with its audience . We would get notes from the network saying , `` You could do this on any show besides The Wonder Years . '' Other reasons for the show 's cancellation were escalating costs and declining ratings . The cast 's salary increases , coupled with location shooting ( which was due to the producers wanting to reflect Kevin obtaining his driver 's license ) , led to Brush claiming that they were spending $1.2 million an episode . The final episode aired on May 12 , 1993 . Bob Brush noted that the finale was not what he would have wanted it to be , but because the cast and crew were unsure at the time of filming if the sixth season was going to be the last , he was forced to have the ending be open - ended , until the recording of Daniel Stern 's narration . Fans were somewhat disappointed with the ending , in particular the revelation that Kevin and Winnie do n't end up as a couple . Brush acknowledged this disappointment , saying , `` Some viewers ( were ) surprised that nothing works out the way your fondest wish would be , '' and explained , `` The message I wanted in there is that that 's part of the beauty of life . It 's fine to say , ' I 'd like everything to be just the way it was when I was 15 and I was happy , ' but it seemed more nurturing to me to say that we leave these things behind and we go on to forge new lives for ourselves . ''", "Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 6 January 31 , 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 31 ) April 19 , 1988 ( 1988 - 04 - 19 ) 10 18.8 ( Tied with ALF ) 17 November 30 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 30 ) May 16 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 16 ) 22 16.3 ( Tied with The Hogan Family and The NBC Sunday Night Movie ) 23 October 3 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 03 ) May 16 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 16 ) 8 19.2 23 September 19 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 19 ) May 15 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 15 ) 30 14.2 5 24 October 2 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 02 ) May 13 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 13 ) N / A N / A 6 22 September 23 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 23 ) May 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 12 ) N / A N / A", "Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings", "First aired Last aired Rank Rating", "6 January 31 , 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 31 ) April 19 , 1988 ( 1988 - 04 - 19 ) 10 18.8 ( Tied with ALF )", "17 November 30 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 30 ) May 16 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 16 ) 22 16.3 ( Tied with The Hogan Family and The NBC Sunday Night Movie )", "23 October 3 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 03 ) May 16 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 16 ) 8 19.2", "23 September 19 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 19 ) May 15 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 15 ) 30 14.2", "5 24 October 2 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 02 ) May 13 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 13 ) N / A N / A", "6 22 September 23 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 23 ) May 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 12 ) N / A N / A", "The series depicts the social and family life of a boy in a typical American suburban middle - class family from 1968 to 1973 , covering the ages of 12 through 17 . Each year in the series takes place exactly 20 years before airing ( 1988 to 1993 ) .", "The show 's plot centers on Kevin Arnold , son of Jack and Norma Arnold . Kevin 's father holds a management job at NORCOM , a defense contractor , while his mother is a housewife . Kevin also has an older brother , Wayne , and an older sister , Karen . Two of Kevin 's friends and neighbors are prominently featured throughout the series : his best friend , Paul Pfeiffer , and his crush - turned - girlfriend Gwendolyn `` Winnie '' Cooper . Storylines are told through Kevin 's reflections as an adult in his mid-30s , voiced by narrator Daniel Stern .", "In the pilot episode , Winnie 's older brother Brian , whom Kevin admires , is killed in action in Vietnam in 1968 . Kevin meets Winnie in a nearby wooded area called Harpers Woods . This unsaid relationship between Winnie and Kevin remains dormant for a long while , with Winnie starting to date a popular 8th grader named Kirk McCray and Kevin briefly going steady with Becky Slater . After Kevin breaks up with Becky due to his feelings for Winnie , Becky becomes a recurring nuisance for Kevin . Winnie eventually dumps Kirk as well , and Kevin and Winnie share a second kiss at the start of the 1969 summer vacation . Around St. Valentine 's Day 1970 , Winnie temporarily dates Paul , who has broken up with his girlfriend Carla . Winnie and Kevin start dating each other soon after .", "Just before the summer break , Winnie and her family move to a house four miles away . Although Winnie attends a new school , Lincoln Junior High , she and Kevin decide to remain together and maintain a successful long distance relationship . A beautiful new student named Madeline Adams joins Kevin 's school and quickly catches Kevin 's eye , but it is Winnie who breaks up with Kevin after meeting Roger , a jock at her new school . Neither relationship lasts long , but Winnie and Kevin do n't reunite until she is injured in a car crash . After graduating from junior high , Kevin and Winnie both go to McKinley High and Paul attends a prep school . Paul will later transfer to McKinley High and join Kevin and Winnie .", "Earlier seasons of the show tended to focus on plots involving events within the Arnold household and Kevin 's academic struggles , whereas later seasons focused much more on plots involving dating and Kevin 's friends .", "Kevin has several brief flings during the summer of 1971 and the 1971 -- 1972 academic year . After Kevin 's grandfather gets his driver 's license revoked , he sells his car to Kevin for a dollar . Paul transfers to McKinley High after his first semester at prep school when his father runs into financial troubles . Wayne decides to join the army as a result of his inability to do well in school . This gets turned around when Wayne is n't able to get his physical . Winnie and Kevin are reunited when they go on a double date to a school dance and find themselves more attracted to each other than their respective partners . In late 1972 , Kevin 's older brother Wayne starts working at NORCOM , and dates his co-worker Bonnie , a divorcée with a son , but the relationship does not last . Kevin 's father quits NORCOM , and buys a furniture manufacturing business .", "In the series finale double episode , Winnie decides to take a job for the summer of 1973 as a lifeguard at a resort . Kevin , meanwhile , is at his job at his father 's furniture factory and calls Winnie , who by all accounts is distant and seems to be enjoying her time away from Kevin . Eventually , Kevin and his father fight and Kevin announces that he is leaving , reasoning that he needs to `` find himself . '' Kevin hops in his car and heads to the resort where Winnie is working , hopeful that she can secure him a job and they can spend the rest of the summer together .", "Kevin eventually secures a job at the resort , and plays a round of poker with the in - house band . He wins big , and goes out to search for Winnie to tell her of his good fortune . To his surprise , he sees Winnie engaged in a passionate kiss with another lifeguard .", "The next day , Kevin confronts her actions , and they fight . Kevin then plays another round of poker , losing his car in a bet in the process . Desperate , Kevin confronts Winnie and her new beau at the restaurant and ends up punching him in the face . Kevin then leaves the resort on foot .", "On a desolate stretch of highway , Kevin decides to begin hitchhiking . He finally gets picked up by an elderly couple and much to his surprise he finds Winnie in the backseat . Winnie was fired over the fight Kevin instigated at the resort . Kevin and Winnie begin to argue and the elderly couple gets fed up and kicks them out of the car . A flash rain storm begins and Kevin and Winnie search for shelter . They find a barn and discuss how much things are changing and the prospects for the future . They make up and kiss passionately . ( It is loosely implied that the two lose their virginity with each other . )", "The narrator 's monologue states", "Once upon a time , there was a girl I knew who lived across the street , brown hair , brown eyes . When she smiled , I smiled , when she cried , I cried . Every single thing that ever happened to me that mattered , in some way , had to do with her . That day , Winnie and I promised each other that no matter what , that we will always be together . It was a promise full of passion , truth and wisdom . It was the kind of promise that can only come from the hearts of the very young .", "They soon find their way back to their home town and arrive hand - in - hand to a Fourth of July parade . During this parade , the adult Kevin ( Daniel Stern ) describes the fate of the show 's main characters : Kevin makes up with his father , graduates from high school in 1974 , and leaves for college , later becoming a writer . Paul studies law at Harvard . Karen , Kevin 's sister , gives birth to a son in September 1973 . Kevin 's mother becomes a businesswoman and corporate board chairwoman . Kevin 's father dies in 1975 , and Wayne takes over his father 's furniture business . Winnie studies art history in Paris while Kevin stays in the United States . Winnie and Kevin end up writing to each other once a week for the next eight years . When Winnie returns to the United States in 1982 , Kevin meets her at the airport with his wife and eight - month - old son .", "The final sounds , voice - over narration , and dialogue of the episode and series is that of Kevin ( voice of Daniel Stern ) , with children heard in the background :", "Growing up happens in a heartbeat . One day you 're in diapers , the next day you 're gone . But the memories of childhood stay with you for the long haul . I remember a place , a town , a house , like a lot of houses . A yard like a lot of other yards . On a street like a lot of other streets . And the thing is , after all these years , I still look back ... with wonder .", "A little boy ( Stern 's real life son ) can be heard asking his dad to come out and play catch during a break in the final narration . Kevin 's narrative responds , `` I 'll be right there '' as the episode -- and series -- closes .", "In 2011 , the finale was ranked # 11 on the TV Guide Network special , TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales .", "Kevin Arnold ( Fred Savage ) : Character born March 18 , 1956 , Kevin grew up in the turbulent late 1960s and early 1970s . The voice of Kevin as an adult ( and the show 's narrator ) is supplied by Daniel Stern ( Arye Gross in the original broadcast of the pilot ) . John `` Jack '' Arnold ( Dan Lauria ) : Character born on November 5 , 1927 , died in 1975 . Kevin 's father was a gruff , laconic man and a Korean War veteran ; he grew up during the Great Depression , served in the US Marine Corps , and is seen in photographs wearing the uniform of a First Lieutenant . He works at NORCOM , a large military defense corporation , in a middle management position he loathes . Later , he starts his own business , building and selling handcrafted furniture . The series 's last episode reveals that he dies in 1975 near the end of Kevin 's freshman year of college -- that is , two years after the time of the show 's finale -- although in a previous episode , an adult Kevin says his father would later be the grandfather of Kevin 's sons . Jack represents the viewpoint of the `` Silent Generation '' that grew up during the Depression and came of age during the Second World War ; it was confused and angered by the rapid changes taking place in the 1960s . He is described as a Republican who voted for Richard Nixon twice in the presidential elections of 1968 and 1972 . Norma Arnold ( née Gustavson ) ( Alley Mills ) : Kevin 's housewife mother . Unlike her husband , Norma is friendly and upbeat . She met Jack as a college freshman . When he graduated , she moved across the country with him and did not finish college . She eventually gets her degree late in the series and begins work at a software startup called Micro Electronics . Although she came of age at the same time as her husband , she is less conservative than her husband and increasingly yearns to break out of her homemaker role , reflecting the rise of feminism in the 1960s . Karen Arnold ( Olivia d'Abo ) : Kevin 's older , hippie sister . Her free - spirited ways clash with her overbearing father 's conservatism , and she depends upon her mother as a mediator . When Karen moves in with her boyfriend Michael ( David Schwimmer ) during her freshman year of college , she has a falling out with her father . The pair marry one year later and move to Alaska , where Michael has secured a good job . Karen ultimately accepts some of her parents ' viewpoints and has a baby , while her husband learns to support his wife and child . Wayne Arnold ( Jason Hervey ) : Character born circa 1954 , Wayne is Kevin 's older brother . Wayne enjoys physically tormenting Kevin and Paul , calling Kevin `` butthead '' or `` scrote '' . He takes over the family furniture business when his father dies . Wayne is usually portrayed as a loser in romantic relationships . For a time , he dated a girl named Dolores , but that was more casual than serious . In later seasons , Wayne matures . In the final season , he begins a serious relationship with a divorcée named Bonnie , but is left heartbroken when she reconciles with her husband . Paul Joshua Pfeiffer ( Josh Saviano ) : Character born March 14 , 1956 , Paul is Kevin 's long time best friend , a bright and excellent student , and an allergy sufferer . He is also Jewish and in one episode celebrates his Bar Mitzvah . Although Kevin and Paul are best friends in the series 's early seasons , their relationship becomes somewhat strained later . Kevin begins to spend more time with Chuck and Jeff , causing tension with Paul . Paul also attends a private prep school for one season , leaving Kevin alone to start public high school . In another episode , Kevin tattles on Paul after Paul loses his virginity . In the final episode , it is revealed that Paul eventually attends Harvard . Gwendolyn `` Winnie '' Cooper ( Danica McKellar ) : Winnie is Kevin 's main love interest and neighbor . Her older brother 's death in the Vietnam War plays a big part in the plot . In another episode , Winnie 's parents separate in grief over the death of their son . In the epilogue of the final episode , it is revealed that Winnie travels overseas to study art history in Paris . Kevin and Winnie write to each other every week for eight years until she returns ; in the concluding moments of the finale , Kevin says that when Winnie returned to the States , Kevin met her accompanied by his wife and first child , despite the hope among Wonder Years fans that Kevin and Winnie would themselves marry . `` Like I said , '' says Kevin at the end , `` things never turn out exactly the way you plan them . '' As suggested in an episode entitled `` The Accident '' and in the finale episode of the series , every important event in Kevin 's life has somehow involved Winnie .", "Kevin Arnold ( Fred Savage ) : Character born March 18 , 1956 , Kevin grew up in the turbulent late 1960s and early 1970s . The voice of Kevin as an adult ( and the show 's narrator ) is supplied by Daniel Stern ( Arye Gross in the original broadcast of the pilot ) .", "John `` Jack '' Arnold ( Dan Lauria ) : Character born on November 5 , 1927 , died in 1975 . Kevin 's father was a gruff , laconic man and a Korean War veteran ; he grew up during the Great Depression , served in the US Marine Corps , and is seen in photographs wearing the uniform of a First Lieutenant . He works at NORCOM , a large military defense corporation , in a middle management position he loathes . Later , he starts his own business , building and selling handcrafted furniture . The series 's last episode reveals that he dies in 1975 near the end of Kevin 's freshman year of college -- that is , two years after the time of the show 's finale -- although in a previous episode , an adult Kevin says his father would later be the grandfather of Kevin 's sons . Jack represents the viewpoint of the `` Silent Generation '' that grew up during the Depression and came of age during the Second World War ; it was confused and angered by the rapid changes taking place in the 1960s . He is described as a Republican who voted for Richard Nixon twice in the presidential elections of 1968 and 1972 .", "Norma Arnold ( née Gustavson ) ( Alley Mills ) : Kevin 's housewife mother . Unlike her husband , Norma is friendly and upbeat . She met Jack as a college freshman . When he graduated , she moved across the country with him and did not finish college . She eventually gets her degree late in the series and begins work at a software startup called Micro Electronics . Although she came of age at the same time as her husband , she is less conservative than her husband and increasingly yearns to break out of her homemaker role , reflecting the rise of feminism in the 1960s .", "Karen Arnold ( Olivia d'Abo ) : Kevin 's older , hippie sister . Her free - spirited ways clash with her overbearing father 's conservatism , and she depends upon her mother as a mediator . When Karen moves in with her boyfriend Michael ( David Schwimmer ) during her freshman year of college , she has a falling out with her father . The pair marry one year later and move to Alaska , where Michael has secured a good job . Karen ultimately accepts some of her parents ' viewpoints and has a baby , while her husband learns to support his wife and child .", "Wayne Arnold ( Jason Hervey ) : Character born circa 1954 , Wayne is Kevin 's older brother . Wayne enjoys physically tormenting Kevin and Paul , calling Kevin `` butthead '' or `` scrote '' . He takes over the family furniture business when his father dies . Wayne is usually portrayed as a loser in romantic relationships . For a time , he dated a girl named Dolores , but that was more casual than serious . In later seasons , Wayne matures . In the final season , he begins a serious relationship with a divorcée named Bonnie , but is left heartbroken when she reconciles with her husband .", "Paul Joshua Pfeiffer ( Josh Saviano ) : Character born March 14 , 1956 , Paul is Kevin 's long time best friend , a bright and excellent student , and an allergy sufferer . He is also Jewish and in one episode celebrates his Bar Mitzvah . Although Kevin and Paul are best friends in the series 's early seasons , their relationship becomes somewhat strained later . Kevin begins to spend more time with Chuck and Jeff , causing tension with Paul . Paul also attends a private prep school for one season , leaving Kevin alone to start public high school . In another episode , Kevin tattles on Paul after Paul loses his virginity . In the final episode , it is revealed that Paul eventually attends Harvard .", "Gwendolyn `` Winnie '' Cooper ( Danica McKellar ) : Winnie is Kevin 's main love interest and neighbor . Her older brother 's death in the Vietnam War plays a big part in the plot . In another episode , Winnie 's parents separate in grief over the death of their son . In the epilogue of the final episode , it is revealed that Winnie travels overseas to study art history in Paris . Kevin and Winnie write to each other every week for eight years until she returns ; in the concluding moments of the finale , Kevin says that when Winnie returned to the States , Kevin met her accompanied by his wife and first child , despite the hope among Wonder Years fans that Kevin and Winnie would themselves marry . `` Like I said , '' says Kevin at the end , `` things never turn out exactly the way you plan them . '' As suggested in an episode entitled `` The Accident '' and in the finale episode of the series , every important event in Kevin 's life has somehow involved Winnie .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Reruns of the show aired in syndication between September 1992 and September 1997 . Nick at Nite then reran the show from October 13 , 1997 to February 3 , 2001 . It also reran on The New TNN ( January 22 , 2001 to September 28 , 2001 ) , ABC Family ( November 12 , 2001 to October 2 , 2004 ) , Ion Television ( April 2 , 2007 to October 4 , 2007 ) , and The Hub ( October 11 , 2010 to August 31 , 2012 ) .", "In Canada , the show aired on CTS Ontario from September 2010 until September 2 , 2011 .", "In Australia , the show aired on Network Ten between 1989 and 1995 , then from March 31 , 2012 on ABC1 .", "In Spain the series initially aired Mondays 9 : 30pm on TVE2 ( now La2 ) as part of the Monday night Comedy block which also featured Murphy Brown . The series was later promoted to main channel TVE1 where it aired Fridays 9pm . Years later , in the late 90s , commercial station Antena 3TV recovered the series and aired it first in its 2pm comedy hour , later relocating it to a 530pm slot as part of the youth macro-show La Merienda .", "Three different versions of the opening were made and each set to the Joe Cocker rendition of With a Little Help from My Friends .", "This first version of the opening was very basic : Nothing but a black screen was shown , after the title logo , with each cast member 's name appearing in the center one by one . Much like the Arye Gross narration , this version of the opening was only used once when the pilot first aired after Super Bowl XXII .", "This opening now consists of home movie footage from the pilot , after the title logo is shown , ending with the `` Created by '' credit . In season five , more footage is added to show how much the cast has aged .", "The opening was overhauled completely in this version . Now , it consisted of stock footage and images of various moments throughout 60 's and early 70s culture ( i.e. John Lennon and Yoko Ono 's Bed - in , The Kent State Shootings , The Moon Landing , an anti-war protest . ) , and was set to a new edit of Cocker 's rendition of the song ( starting with the chorus , versus the opening of the song , as was the case in seasons one through five ) . The final image in this version is of Kevin , Paul , Winnie , and presumably some of their classmates in a group photograph edited to look like it belonged in the time period .", "Initially , the first four episodes were released on 2 VHS Tapes by Anchor Bay in 1997 , with most of the music intact ( a select few songs , however , were re-recordings ) . In the coming years , fees for licensing music prevented further episodes from being released at that point on VHS . The two volumes that were released on VHS were later released on DVD in 2000 . Four episodes of the series were also included in two official `` best - of '' DVD sets ( The Best of The Wonder Years and The Christmas Wonder Years ) , without much of the original music .", "For many years , The Wonder Years remained unreleased on DVD as official season box sets , due to music licensing issues . Because of this issue , The Wonder Years routinely appeared high on the list of TV shows in - demand for a DVD release .", "In a blog update on the Netflix website on March 30 , 2011 , and a press release issued the next day , Netflix stated that they would be adding The Wonder Years to their instant streaming service . The other three 20th Century Fox series noted as part of the deal were added to the Watch Instantly service by April 2 , while The Wonder Years remained unavailable . On October 1 , 2011 , 114 full - length episodes of the series were added to Netflix streaming . The clip show from the end of Season 4 , which was released on DVD , has not been included .", "On September 26 , 2011 , it was announced that Amazon Prime 's streaming video service would be adding The Wonder Years , describing the series as `` available on digital video for the first time '' , although Netflix added the series ahead of Amazon 's release . All 115 episodes ( including the clip show ) became available to Prime members starting October 6 , 2011 .", "On both digital streaming services , portions of the soundtrack have been replaced . The show 's opening theme , Joe Cocker 's rendition of The Beatles ' `` With a Little Help From My Friends , '' has been replaced on Netflix and Amazon with the version of the song that played in the UK and other overseas airings . The majority of the show 's soundtrack remains unchanged . Songs such as `` Light My Fire '' by The Doors and `` Foxy Lady '' by Jimi Hendrix have been replaced by generic sound - alikes with different lyrics .", "On February 11 , 2014 , StarVista / Time Life announced the upcoming DVD release of the complete series in the second half of the year , noting that they were `` painstakingly securing the rights for virtually every song . '' On June 11 , packaging details for complete set were revealed . The packaging consists of a miniature school locker featuring a replica yearbook with signatures from cast members , behind - the - scenes photos and classic show memorabilia . Also included are two notebooks similar to those carried by the two lead characters , each featuring detailed episode information , production photos , all 115 episodes plus over 15 hours of bonus features on 26 DVDs . Customized Wonder Years magnets are also included . On September 30 , 2014 , the complete series was released to those that pre-ordered the set through mail order from Time Life / Star Vista . Also a box set for the first four seasons was released as well . October 10 , 2014 , though was considered the official release date .", "On October 7 , 2014 , Star Vista released Season One on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time . Season Two was released on February 3 , 2015 . Season Three was released on May 26 , 2015 . Season Four was released on January 12 , 2016 . Season Five was released on May 24 , 2016 . Season Six was released on September 27 , 2016 .", "On October 6 , 2015 , Star Vista released The Wonder Years - The Complete Series : Collectors Box set and The Wonder Years - The Complete Series DVD collections in a wide general retail release .", "On May 9 , 2016 , Fabulous Films released The Wonder Years - The Deluxe Edition on 26 DVDs in the UK . It was intended to be the first release to contain every episode in its original transmission presentation , although in the end this did not happen . The set includes over 23 hours of bonus material .", "On October 1 , 2017 , The Wonder Years was removed from Netflix after being on there for 7 years .", "DVD Name Ep # Release dates DVD Special Features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Season One 6 October 7 , 2014 N / A June 8 , 2016 Highlights from The Wonder Years cast reunion , May 28 , 2014 Featurette : With a Little Help from My Friends : The Early Days of The Wonder Years Interviews with : Creators Neal Marlens and Carol Black Fred Savage Danica McKellar Josh Saviano Season Two 17 February 3 , 2015 N / A June 8 , 2016 Interview with Fred Savage ( Part 1 ) Interview with Danica McKellar ( Part 1 ) Highlights from The Wonder Years cast reunion Interview with The Wonder Years creators Neal Marlins and Carol Black Season Three 23 May 26 , 2015 N / A June 8 , 2016 Cast Interviews Hall Pass : Roundtable with Danica McKellar , Fred Savage , and Josh Saviano A Family Affair : At Home With The Arnolds Season Four 23 January 12 , 2016 N / A June 8 , 2016 Teachers That Made A Difference Cast Interviews Season Five 24 May 24 , 2016 N / A June 8 , 2016 That 's A Wrap ! : Mark B. Perry 's Farewell Set Tour Season 5 Will You Love Me Tomorrow : The Wonder Years Love Stories Cast Interviews Season Six 22 September 27 , 2016 N / A June 8 , 2016 One - Hour ABC Broadcast Of The Series Finale At Last : The Final Episode Interview Bob Brush , Executive Produce From The Vault : Alley Mills And Bob Brush Letters The Complete Series 115 September 30 , 2014 N / A April 20 , 2016 Two notebooks , each featuring detailed episode information and production photos Replica yearbook embellished with signatures from cast members , behind - the - scenes photos and classic show memorabilia , and liner notes penned by Fred Savage , series creators Neal Marlens and Carol Black , and executive producer Bob Brush 2014 Los Angeles cast reunion , featuring all key cast together for the first time in 16 years Extensive individual interviews with all seven key cast members ( Fred Savage , Danica McKellar , Josh Saviano , Dan Lauria , Alley Mills , Olivia d'Abo and Jason Hervey ) , as well as with notable actors featured as guest stars or in recurring roles , such as David Schwimmer , Ben Stein , Bob Picardo and Seth Green In - depth interviews with narrator Daniel Stern , Neal Marlens , Carol Black , Bob Brush and other production personnel 10 brand - new featurettes : `` With A Little Help From My Friends '' : The Early Days of The Wonder Years `` The Times They Are A-Changin ' '' : The Era `` My Generation '' : The Kids Grow Up `` When A Man Loves A Woman '' : Kevin & Winnie Forever `` Bookends '' : Kevin & Paul `` A Family Affair '' : At Home With The Arnolds `` I Love You For Sentimental Reasons '' : Fan - Favorite Episodes `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' : The Wonder Years ' Love Stories `` ABC '' : Teachers That Made A Difference `` Both Sides Now '' : The Music That Made The Moments `` That 's a Wrap ! Mark B. Perry 's Farewell Set Tour Season 5 '' - Writer / Producer Mark B. Perry 's home video set tour from the end of his final season on the show , which includes new commentary from him . `` From the Vault : Alley Mills and Bob Brush Letters '' - Alley Mills reads her emotional , written conversation with Executive Producer Bob Brush about the show 's finale . The one - hour finale as it was originally aired on ABC on May 12 , 1993 , including a deleted scene not included in the half - hour broadcasts of the final two episodes ( both the one - hour finale and half - hour versions of the final two episodes will be included in the extras ) .", "DVD Name Ep # Release dates DVD Special Features", "Region 1 Region 2 Region 4", "Season One 6 October 7 , 2014 N / A June 8 , 2016 Highlights from The Wonder Years cast reunion , May 28 , 2014 Featurette : With a Little Help from My Friends : The Early Days of The Wonder Years Interviews with : Creators Neal Marlens and Carol Black Fred Savage Danica McKellar Josh Saviano", "Highlights from The Wonder Years cast reunion , May 28 , 2014 Featurette : With a Little Help from My Friends : The Early Days of The Wonder Years Interviews with : Creators Neal Marlens and Carol Black Fred Savage Danica McKellar Josh Saviano", "Highlights from The Wonder Years cast reunion , May 28 , 2014", "Featurette : With a Little Help from My Friends : The Early Days of The Wonder Years", "Interviews with : Creators Neal Marlens and Carol Black Fred Savage Danica McKellar Josh Saviano", "Creators Neal Marlens and Carol Black Fred Savage Danica McKellar Josh Saviano", "Creators Neal Marlens and Carol Black", "Season Two 17 February 3 , 2015 N / A June 8 , 2016 Interview with Fred Savage ( Part 1 ) Interview with Danica McKellar ( Part 1 ) Highlights from The Wonder Years cast reunion Interview with The Wonder Years creators Neal Marlins and Carol Black", "Interview with Fred Savage ( Part 1 ) Interview with Danica McKellar ( Part 1 ) Highlights from The Wonder Years cast reunion Interview with The Wonder Years creators Neal Marlins and Carol Black", "Interview with Fred Savage ( Part 1 )", "Interview with Danica McKellar ( Part 1 )", "Highlights from The Wonder Years cast reunion", "Interview with The Wonder Years creators Neal Marlins and Carol Black", "Season Three 23 May 26 , 2015 N / A June 8 , 2016 Cast Interviews Hall Pass : Roundtable with Danica McKellar , Fred Savage , and Josh Saviano A Family Affair : At Home With The Arnolds", "Cast Interviews Hall Pass : Roundtable with Danica McKellar , Fred Savage , and Josh Saviano A Family Affair : At Home With The Arnolds", "Hall Pass : Roundtable with Danica McKellar , Fred Savage , and Josh Saviano", "A Family Affair : At Home With The Arnolds", "Season Four 23 January 12 , 2016 N / A June 8 , 2016 Teachers That Made A Difference Cast Interviews", "Teachers That Made A Difference Cast Interviews", "Teachers That Made A Difference", "Season Five 24 May 24 , 2016 N / A June 8 , 2016 That 's A Wrap ! : Mark B. Perry 's Farewell Set Tour Season 5 Will You Love Me Tomorrow : The Wonder Years Love Stories Cast Interviews", "That 's A Wrap ! : Mark B. Perry 's Farewell Set Tour Season 5 Will You Love Me Tomorrow : The Wonder Years Love Stories Cast Interviews", "That 's A Wrap ! : Mark B. Perry 's Farewell Set Tour Season 5", "Will You Love Me Tomorrow : The Wonder Years Love Stories", "Season Six 22 September 27 , 2016 N / A June 8 , 2016 One - Hour ABC Broadcast Of The Series Finale At Last : The Final Episode Interview Bob Brush , Executive Produce From The Vault : Alley Mills And Bob Brush Letters", "One - Hour ABC Broadcast Of The Series Finale At Last : The Final Episode Interview Bob Brush , Executive Produce From The Vault : Alley Mills And Bob Brush Letters", "One - Hour ABC Broadcast Of The Series Finale", "At Last : The Final Episode", "Interview Bob Brush , Executive Produce", "From The Vault : Alley Mills And Bob Brush Letters", "The Complete Series 115 September 30 , 2014 N / A April 20 , 2016 Two notebooks , each featuring detailed episode information and production photos Replica yearbook embellished with signatures from cast members , behind - the - scenes photos and classic show memorabilia , and liner notes penned by Fred Savage , series creators Neal Marlens and Carol Black , and executive producer Bob Brush 2014 Los Angeles cast reunion , featuring all key cast together for the first time in 16 years Extensive individual interviews with all seven key cast members ( Fred Savage , Danica McKellar , Josh Saviano , Dan Lauria , Alley Mills , Olivia d'Abo and Jason Hervey ) , as well as with notable actors featured as guest stars or in recurring roles , such as David Schwimmer , Ben Stein , Bob Picardo and Seth Green In - depth interviews with narrator Daniel Stern , Neal Marlens , Carol Black , Bob Brush and other production personnel 10 brand - new featurettes : `` With A Little Help From My Friends '' : The Early Days of The Wonder Years `` The Times They Are A-Changin ' '' : The Era `` My Generation '' : The Kids Grow Up `` When A Man Loves A Woman '' : Kevin & Winnie Forever `` Bookends '' : Kevin & Paul `` A Family Affair '' : At Home With The Arnolds `` I Love You For Sentimental Reasons '' : Fan - Favorite Episodes `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' : The Wonder Years ' Love Stories `` ABC '' : Teachers That Made A Difference `` Both Sides Now '' : The Music That Made The Moments `` That 's a Wrap ! Mark B. Perry 's Farewell Set Tour Season 5 '' - Writer / Producer Mark B. Perry 's home video set tour from the end of his final season on the show , which includes new commentary from him . `` From the Vault : Alley Mills and Bob Brush Letters '' - Alley Mills reads her emotional , written conversation with Executive Producer Bob Brush about the show 's finale . The one - hour finale as it was originally aired on ABC on May 12 , 1993 , including a deleted scene not included in the half - hour broadcasts of the final two episodes ( both the one - hour finale and half - hour versions of the final two episodes will be included in the extras ) .", "Replica yearbook embellished with signatures from cast members , behind - the - scenes photos and classic show memorabilia , and liner notes penned by Fred Savage , series creators Neal Marlens and Carol Black , and executive producer Bob Brush", "2014 Los Angeles cast reunion , featuring all key cast together for the first time in 16 years", "Extensive individual interviews with all seven key cast members ( Fred Savage , Danica McKellar , Josh Saviano , Dan Lauria , Alley Mills , Olivia d'Abo and Jason Hervey ) , as well as with notable actors featured as guest stars or in recurring roles , such as David Schwimmer , Ben Stein , Bob Picardo and Seth Green", "In - depth interviews with narrator Daniel Stern , Neal Marlens , Carol Black , Bob Brush and other production personnel", "10 brand - new featurettes : `` With A Little Help From My Friends '' : The Early Days of The Wonder Years `` The Times They Are A-Changin ' '' : The Era `` My Generation '' : The Kids Grow Up `` When A Man Loves A Woman '' : Kevin & Winnie Forever `` Bookends '' : Kevin & Paul `` A Family Affair '' : At Home With The Arnolds `` I Love You For Sentimental Reasons '' : Fan - Favorite Episodes `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' : The Wonder Years ' Love Stories `` ABC '' : Teachers That Made A Difference `` Both Sides Now '' : The Music That Made The Moments", "`` That 's a Wrap ! Mark B. Perry 's Farewell Set Tour Season 5 '' - Writer / Producer Mark B. Perry 's home video set tour from the end of his final season on the show , which includes new commentary from him .", "`` From the Vault : Alley Mills and Bob Brush Letters '' - Alley Mills reads her emotional , written conversation with Executive Producer Bob Brush about the show 's finale .", "The one - hour finale as it was originally aired on ABC on May 12 , 1993 , including a deleted scene not included in the half - hour broadcasts of the final two episodes ( both the one - hour finale and half - hour versions of the final two episodes will be included in the extras ) .", "The Time Life DVD releases include approximately 96 % of the original music soundtrack ( including the opening theme song , `` With a Little Help From My Friends '' , as originally sung by Joe Cocker ) . There were altogether some 15 exceptions , in most instances featuring generic studio replacement music in place of the original song , while on a couple of occasions the original soundtrack song was replaced with another version of the same tune . None of the necessary music replacements resulted in footage from the episodes being removed .", "In the episode `` The Phone Call '' , the `` Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet '' was replaced with a song called `` Star Crossed Lovers '' , which has been used in many other TV shows and movies , including The Brady Bunch . In `` Dance With Me '' , Joe Cocker 's cover of `` The Letter '' was replaced with the original version by The Box Tops , while the Herman 's Hermits version of `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' was replaced with a rerecording by the Craggy Blue Project . The episode `` Heart of Darkness '' had two replacements : `` Riders on the Storm '' by The Doors was replaced with `` Children of the Night '' , while Richie Havens ' cover of The Beatles ' song `` Here Comes the Sun '' was replaced by `` Train to Nowhere '' . In the episode `` Whose Woods Are These ? '' , the Blood , Sweat & Tears recording entitled `` Variations on a Theme By Erik Satie ( 1st and 2nd Movements ) '' ( adapted from Satie 's `` Third Gymnopédies '' ) was replaced with `` Le Suenne Fite '' .", "The episode `` How I Am Spending My Summer Vacation '' replaced the Doors ' `` Light My Fire '' with `` Love 's on Fire '' , while the episode `` Summer Song '' replaced Blood , Sweat & Tears ' `` Spinning Wheel '' with a rerecording by former BS&T frontman David Clayton Thomas . In `` Family Car '' , Neil Young 's `` Long May You Run '' was replaced with `` Keep Your Motor Running '' . In `` Wayne on Wheels '' , `` Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet '' was again replaced by `` Star Crossed Lovers '' . In the episode `` The Treehouse '' , Doris Day 's `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' was replaced with `` Call the Whole Thing Off '' . In the episode `` Little Debbie '' , `` Tammy '' by Liberace was replaced with a song called `` Sammy '' . `` Clip Show '' contains the scene from `` Heart of Darkness '' in which `` Here Comes the Sun '' is replaced with `` Train to Nowhere '' . The episode `` Kevin Delivers '' dropped Blood , Sweat & Tears ' `` You 've Made Me So Very Happy '' with a rerecording by David Clayton Thomas . In the episode `` Alice in Autoland '' , Al Green 's `` Let 's Stay Together '' was replaced with a rerecording by him . In the final episode `` Independence Day '' , the Ennio Morricone song `` Brothers '' from the 1986 motion picture The Mission , which was played over the pivotal barn scene featuring Kevin and Winnie 's last kiss , was replaced with the generic tune `` Pastorale '' ( for this instance alone , the same replacement was used in the 1998 The Best of The Wonder Years DVD release ) .", "Also , not a music change per se , but the Daniel Stern redub of the pilot is used , with the standard opening sequence .", "Other than the above music changes , all other music is intact and over 100 episodes are completely unaffected .", "The UK DVD release from Fabulous Films was intended to have no replaced music , but reviews on online retailers and fan websites show that this is not the case .", "The official soundtrack was released in 1988 by Atlantic / WEA and contains a total of 13 tracks , featuring Joe Cocker 's cover of The Beatles ' `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' , which is the show 's theme song .", "After the series ' original run was over , Laserlight Digital released a 5 - disc compilation box set under the title Music from ' The Wonder Years in 1994 . This is the same company that later released the only two DVDs for the series , The Best of The Wonder Years and The Christmas Wonder Years . The disc included 40 oldies favorites and 5 original songs ( each is repeated twice in the set ) written exclusively for the series by W.G. Snuffy Walden .", "In 2014 , Time Life released a new soundtrack for the show which accompanies deluxe versions of their complete series DVD set . The CD is not available for purchase separately from the DVD box set , however .", "In 1990 the book The Wonder Years - Growing up in the Sixties by Edward Gross was published by Pioneer Books ( ISBN 1 - 55698 - 258 - 5 ) . It contains information about the creation and production of the show , interviews with cast and crew , and an extensive episode guide ( up to the middle of the 4th season when the book was published ) . While long out of print and hard to find , the author gave permission to a fan website to publish the book online for free in its entirety .", "Year Award Recipient Result 1991 American Cinema Editors ' Eddie Award Best Edited Episode from a Television Series Dennis C. Vejar ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Nominated 1993 Best Edited Half Hour Series for Television Dennis C. Vejar ( For episode `` The Wedding '' ) Nominated 1989 ASCAP Film and Television Music Award Top TV Series Stewart Levin Won 1988 BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award W.G. Snuffy Walden , John Lennon and Paul McCartney Won 1989 Won 1990 Won 1988 Casting Society of America 's Artios Award Best Casting for TV , Comedy Episodic Mary V. Buck and Susan Edelman Won 1989 Nominated 1990 Meg Liberman and Marc Hirschfeld Nominated 1989 Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directing -- Comedy Series Steve Miner ( For the pilot episode ) Won 1991 Peter Baldwin ( For episode `` The Ties That Bind '' ) Nominated 1989 Golden Globe Award Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Won 1990 Nominated Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Fred Savage Nominated 1991 Nominated 1988 Humanitas Prize 30 Minute Category Carol Black and Neal Marlens ( For the pilot episode ) Nominated 1989 Matthew Carlson Won 1990 Todd W. Langen Won David M. Stern ( For episode `` The Powers That Be '' ) Nominated 1991 Bob Brush Won Mark B. Perry ( For episode `` The Ties That Bind '' ) Nominated 1992 Craig Hoffman ( For episode `` Hardware Store '' ) Nominated 1993 Sy Rosen ( For episode `` The Nose '' ) Nominated 1990 Peabody Award ABC Television and Black / Marlens Company in association with New World Television Won 1988 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Comedy Series Carol Black , Neal Marlens and Jeffrey Silver Won Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Carol Black and Neal Marlens ( For the pilot episode ) Nominated 1989 Outstanding Comedy Series Carol Black , Neal Marlens , Bob Brush , Steve Miner and Jeffrey Silver Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Matthew Carlson ( For episode `` Pottery Will Get You Nowhere '' ) Nominated Todd W. Langen ( For episode `` Coda '' ) Nominated David M. Stern ( For episode `` Loosiers '' ) Nominated Michael J. Weithorn ( For episode `` Our Miss White '' ) Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Peter Baldwin ( For episode `` Our Miss White '' ) Won Michael Dinner ( For episode `` How I 'm Spending My Summer Vacation '' ) Nominated Steve Miner ( For episode `` Birthday Boy '' ) Nominated Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Robert Picardo Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Maxine Stuart Nominated Outstanding Editing for a Series - Single Camera Production Stuart Bass ( For episode `` Loosiers '' ) Nominated Outstanding Costume Design for a Series Scilla Andreen ( For episode `` Birthday Boy '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Ray West and John L. Mack ( For episode `` Birthday Boy '' ) Nominated 1990 Outstanding Comedy Series Bob Brush , Bob Stevens , Jill Gordon , Matthew Carlson , Michael Dinner , Ken Topolsky and Kerry Ehrin Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Bob Brush ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Won Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Michael Dinner ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Won Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series David Huddleston Nominated Outstanding Editing for a Series - Single Camera Production Dennis C. Vejar ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Ray West and John L. Mack ( For episode `` St. Valentine 's Day Massacre '' ) Nominated 1991 Outstanding Comedy Series Bob Brush , Jill Gordon , Ken Topolsky , David Chambers and Michael Dinner Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Peter Baldwin ( For episode `` The Ties That Bind '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Nello Torri and John L. Mack ( For episode `` Little Debbie '' ) Nominated 1992 Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Nello Torri and Craig Hunter ( For episode `` Grandpa 's Car '' ) Nominated 1993 Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Nello Torri and Craig Hunter ( For episodes `` Summer '' and `` Independence Day '' ) Nominated 1988 Television Critics Association Award Program of the Year Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Comedy Won 1989 Nominated 1990 Nominated 2006 TV Land Award Favorite Series Finale Nominated 2007 Favorite Heard - But - Not - Seen Character Daniel Stern Nominated 2008 Character You 'd Pay to Do Your Homework for You Danica McKellar Nominated 1989 Viewers for Quality Television Award Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Won 1990 Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Won 1991 Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated Best Writing in a Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Specialty Player Robert Picardo Nominated 1992 Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated 1989 Writers Guild of America Award Episodic Comedy Carol Black and Neal Marlens ( For episode `` My Father 's Office '' ) Won Carol Black and Neal Marlens ( For the pilot episode ) Nominated 1990 Matthew Carlson ( For episode `` Pottery Will Get You Nowhere '' ) Nominated Todd W. Langen ( For episode `` Coda '' ) Won 1991 Bob Brush ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Nominated David M. Stern ( For episode `` The Powers That Be '' ) Nominated Bob Stevens ( For episode `` Rock ' N ' Roll '' ) Nominated 1989 Young Artist Award Best Family Television Series Won Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Comedy Series Fred Savage Won Best Young Actor Guest - Starring in a Drama or Comedy Series Robin Thicke Nominated Best Young Actor in a Featured , Co-Starring , Supporting , Recurring Role in a Comedy , Drama Series , or Special Josh Saviano Nominated Best Young Actress in a Featured , Co-Starring , Supporting , Recurring Role in a Comedy , Drama Series , or Special Danica McKellar Won 1990 Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series Fred Savage Nominated Jason Hervey Nominated Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series Danica McKellar Nominated Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Television Series Robert Jayne Nominated Joshua John Miller Nominated 1992 Best Young Actress Co-Starring in a Television Series Danica McKellar Nominated Best Young Actor Guest - Starring or Recurring Role in a TV Series Brandon Crane Won Best Young Actress Guest - Starring or Recurring Role in a TV Series Crystal McKellar Nominated Lisa Paige Robinson Nominated 1993 Best Young Actor Co-Starring in a Television Series Josh Saviano Nominated Best Young Actress Co-Starring in a Television Series Danica McKellar Nominated Best Young Actor Recurring in a Television Series Giovanni Ribisi Nominated Best Young Actress Guest - Starring in a Television Series Wendy J. Cooke Nominated", "Year Award Recipient Result", "1991 American Cinema Editors ' Eddie Award Best Edited Episode from a Television Series Dennis C. Vejar ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Nominated", "1993 Best Edited Half Hour Series for Television Dennis C. Vejar ( For episode `` The Wedding '' ) Nominated", "1989 ASCAP Film and Television Music Award Top TV Series Stewart Levin Won", "1988 BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award W.G. Snuffy Walden , John Lennon and Paul McCartney Won", "1989 Won", "1990 Won", "1988 Casting Society of America 's Artios Award Best Casting for TV , Comedy Episodic Mary V. Buck and Susan Edelman Won", "1989 Nominated", "1990 Meg Liberman and Marc Hirschfeld Nominated", "1989 Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directing -- Comedy Series Steve Miner ( For the pilot episode ) Won", "1991 Peter Baldwin ( For episode `` The Ties That Bind '' ) Nominated", "1989 Golden Globe Award Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Won", "1990 Nominated", "Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Fred Savage Nominated", "1991 Nominated", "1988 Humanitas Prize 30 Minute Category Carol Black and Neal Marlens ( For the pilot episode ) Nominated", "1989 Matthew Carlson Won", "1990 Todd W. Langen Won", "David M. Stern ( For episode `` The Powers That Be '' ) Nominated", "1991 Bob Brush Won", "Mark B. Perry ( For episode `` The Ties That Bind '' ) Nominated", "1992 Craig Hoffman ( For episode `` Hardware Store '' ) Nominated", "1993 Sy Rosen ( For episode `` The Nose '' ) Nominated", "1990 Peabody Award ABC Television and Black / Marlens Company in association with New World Television Won", "1988 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Comedy Series Carol Black , Neal Marlens and Jeffrey Silver Won", "Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Carol Black and Neal Marlens ( For the pilot episode ) Nominated", "1989 Outstanding Comedy Series Carol Black , Neal Marlens , Bob Brush , Steve Miner and Jeffrey Silver Nominated", "Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated", "Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Matthew Carlson ( For episode `` Pottery Will Get You Nowhere '' ) Nominated", "Todd W. Langen ( For episode `` Coda '' ) Nominated", "David M. Stern ( For episode `` Loosiers '' ) Nominated", "Michael J. Weithorn ( For episode `` Our Miss White '' ) Nominated", "Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Peter Baldwin ( For episode `` Our Miss White '' ) Won", "Michael Dinner ( For episode `` How I 'm Spending My Summer Vacation '' ) Nominated", "Steve Miner ( For episode `` Birthday Boy '' ) Nominated", "Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Robert Picardo Nominated", "Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Maxine Stuart Nominated", "Outstanding Editing for a Series - Single Camera Production Stuart Bass ( For episode `` Loosiers '' ) Nominated", "Outstanding Costume Design for a Series Scilla Andreen ( For episode `` Birthday Boy '' ) Nominated", "Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Ray West and John L. Mack ( For episode `` Birthday Boy '' ) Nominated", "1990 Outstanding Comedy Series Bob Brush , Bob Stevens , Jill Gordon , Matthew Carlson , Michael Dinner , Ken Topolsky and Kerry Ehrin Nominated", "Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated", "Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Bob Brush ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Won", "Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Michael Dinner ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Won", "Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series David Huddleston Nominated", "Outstanding Editing for a Series - Single Camera Production Dennis C. Vejar ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Nominated", "Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Ray West and John L. Mack ( For episode `` St. Valentine 's Day Massacre '' ) Nominated", "1991 Outstanding Comedy Series Bob Brush , Jill Gordon , Ken Topolsky , David Chambers and Michael Dinner Nominated", "Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Peter Baldwin ( For episode `` The Ties That Bind '' ) Nominated", "Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Nello Torri and John L. Mack ( For episode `` Little Debbie '' ) Nominated", "1992 Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Nello Torri and Craig Hunter ( For episode `` Grandpa 's Car '' ) Nominated", "1993 Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Nello Torri and Craig Hunter ( For episodes `` Summer '' and `` Independence Day '' ) Nominated", "1988 Television Critics Association Award Program of the Year Nominated", "Outstanding Achievement in Comedy Won", "1989 Nominated", "1990 Nominated", "2006 TV Land Award Favorite Series Finale Nominated", "2007 Favorite Heard - But - Not - Seen Character Daniel Stern Nominated", "2008 Character You 'd Pay to Do Your Homework for You Danica McKellar Nominated", "1989 Viewers for Quality Television Award Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated", "Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Won", "1990 Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated", "Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Won", "1991 Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated", "Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated", "Best Writing in a Quality Comedy Series Nominated", "Best Specialty Player Robert Picardo Nominated", "1992 Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated", "Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated", "1989 Writers Guild of America Award Episodic Comedy Carol Black and Neal Marlens ( For episode `` My Father 's Office '' ) Won", "Carol Black and Neal Marlens ( For the pilot episode ) Nominated", "1990 Matthew Carlson ( For episode `` Pottery Will Get You Nowhere '' ) Nominated", "Todd W. Langen ( For episode `` Coda '' ) Won", "1991 Bob Brush ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Nominated", "David M. Stern ( For episode `` The Powers That Be '' ) Nominated", "Bob Stevens ( For episode `` Rock ' N ' Roll '' ) Nominated", "1989 Young Artist Award Best Family Television Series Won", "Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Comedy Series Fred Savage Won", "Best Young Actor Guest - Starring in a Drama or Comedy Series Robin Thicke Nominated", "Best Young Actor in a Featured , Co-Starring , Supporting , Recurring Role in a Comedy , Drama Series , or Special Josh Saviano Nominated", "Best Young Actress in a Featured , Co-Starring , Supporting , Recurring Role in a Comedy , Drama Series , or Special Danica McKellar Won", "1990 Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series Fred Savage Nominated", "Jason Hervey Nominated", "Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series Danica McKellar Nominated", "Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Television Series Robert Jayne Nominated", "Joshua John Miller Nominated", "1992 Best Young Actress Co-Starring in a Television Series Danica McKellar Nominated", "Best Young Actor Guest - Starring or Recurring Role in a TV Series Brandon Crane Won", "Best Young Actress Guest - Starring or Recurring Role in a TV Series Crystal McKellar Nominated", "Lisa Paige Robinson Nominated", "1993 Best Young Actor Co-Starring in a Television Series Josh Saviano Nominated", "Best Young Actress Co-Starring in a Television Series Danica McKellar Nominated", "Best Young Actor Recurring in a Television Series Giovanni Ribisi Nominated", "Best Young Actress Guest - Starring in a Television Series Wendy J. Cooke Nominated" ]
The Wonder Years - wikipedia The Wonder Years Jump to: navigation , search For other uses, see The Wonder Years (disambiguation) . The Wonder Years Created by Neal Marlens Carol Black Starring Fred Savage Dan Lauria Alley Mills Olivia d'Abo Jason Hervey Danica McKellar Josh Saviano Narrated by Daniel Stern Theme music composer Lennon-- McCartney Opening theme `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' by Joe Cocker Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 115 ( list of episodes ) Production Camera setup Single-camera Running time 22-- 24 minutes Production company(s) The Black-Marlens Company New World Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network ABC Original release January 31, 1988 ( 1988-01-31 ) -- May 12, 1993 ( 1993-05-12 ) The Wonder Years is an American television drama created by Neal Marlens and Carol Black . It ran on ABC from 1988 until 1993. The pilot aired on January 31, 1988, following ABC's coverage of Super Bowl XXII . The show earned a spot in the Nielsen Top 30 four of its six seasons. TV Guide named it one of the 20 best shows of the 1980s. After six episodes, The Wonder Years won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1988. In addition, at age 13, Fred Savage became the youngest actor ever nominated as Outstanding Lead Actor for a Comedy Series . The show was also awarded a Peabody Award in 1989 for `` pushing the boundaries of the sitcom format and using new modes of storytelling'' . In total, the series won 22 awards and was nominated for 54 more. In 1997, `` My Father's Office'' was ranked #29 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time , and in the 2009 revised list the pilot episode was ranked #43. In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked The Wonder Years #63 on its list of 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 2017, James Charisma of Paste ranked the show's opening sequence #14 on a list of The 75 Best TV Title Sequences of All Time . As of recent years the show has been consistently considered to be one of the most influential and at the time game changing TV Series for its genre category and has been seen to be more of a dramedy than a traditional sitcom since the show tends to lean more towards the dramatic side than comedy. Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Conception 1.2 Writing 1.3 Casting 1.4 Filming 1.5 Lawsuit 1.6 Cancellation 2 Plot synopsis 2.1 Final episode and epilogue 3 Cast 3.1 Syndication 4 Opening Sequence 4.1 First version (Pilot) 4.2 Second version (Seasons one through five) 4.3 Third version (Season six) 5 Home video releases 5.1 DVD music replacements 6 Soundtrack 7 Book 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External links Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) The series was conceived by writers Neal Marlens and Carol Black. They set out to create a family show that would appeal to the baby-boomer generation by setting the series in the late ' 60s, a time of radical change in America's history. They also wanted the series to tie this setting in to the life of a normal boy growing up during the period. After writing the script for the pilot episode, Marlens and Black began pitching the series to television networks. None of them were interested, except for ABC , with whom Marlens and Black reached an agreement. Marlens had originally wanted the setting to be his native Huntington, Long Island , where he grew up. Elements were also taken from Black's childhood from the White Oak section of Silver Spring , Maryland . ABC, however, insisted that the location remain nonspecific (the colloquial `` Anytown, USA'' ). Writing ( edit ) When they started writing the series, Marlens and Black took a script for a future film that they had been toying with, which featured an off-screen narrator. Black explained, `` We liked the concept that you could play with what people think and what they're saying, or how they would like to see themselves as opposed to how the audience is seeing them.'' They based the show, in part, on their own childhood growing up in the suburbs. Black recalled that `` we naturally (took) elements of our experience and (threw) them into the pot. The basic setup, the neighborhood, the era -- that's the time and place where we grew up.'' Casting ( edit ) Fred Savage in 1990 The search for the main lead of the show did not take long. Marlens and Black went to five casting directors and interviewed them for recommendations. All five of them recommended Fred Savage, who at the time was famous for his roles as the grandson in The Princess Bride and as Charlie/Marshall in Vice Versa . Marlens and Black, having never heard of Savage, decided to see the rough cut of Vice Versa . Said Marlens, `` (We saw) a marvelous actor with a natural quality -- which essentially means he has no quality at all except being a kid. It sounds funny, but it's a rare thing to find in a child actor.'' Marlens and Black took this approach when casting the other kids for the show, looking for natural ability rather than professionalism. According to Marlens, they saw 300 to 400 kids before narrowing it down to 70, `` My wife and I made the final choice ... each of whom had to be approved by the network.'' For the choice of Savage's character's main love interest, the choice came down to actress Danica McKellar and her sister, Crystal McKellar . With just days to go before shooting, the producers eventually selected Danica to play Winnie Cooper. However, Mary Buck, the head of casting, noted that, `` it was practically a tossup'' . Crystal McKellar was liked so much by the producers that they eventually created the character of Becky Slater so that they could have her on the show. Danica later reflected on the experience, `` I auditioned, like everyone else. They had read lots of girls but hadn't found their ' Winnie' yet, and I was thrilled to be chosen.'' Filming ( edit ) At the end of the first season, Marlens and Black departed from the show. Although they never gave a reason for their sudden departure, it may have been due to Black's pregnancy. She hinted at it in an interview in April 1988, saying `` We have secret plans to leave Los Angeles before our kids reach the age of cognizance.'' One challenge for the cast and crew was filming around a child actor, meaning that the show had to obey child labor laws. Savage at the time explained, `` You have to get at least three hours of school in every day. So whenever I'm on a break, I go to school. It's really intense because I have to get a lot done in short periods. And it's hard because if they need you back on the set, they pull you away every twenty minutes. If you're writing an essay and suddenly get inspired, you've got to stop and go back to work.'' Lawsuit ( edit ) As the show was in the process of wrapping its sixth and final season, a costume designer on the show named Monique Long filed a sexual harassment charge against stars Fred Savage and Jason Hervey. The suit brought a lot of unwanted publicity to the show. In the end, the case was settled out of court, with Savage stating that he was `` completely exonerated'' , adding that it was a `` terrible experience'' . Cancellation ( edit ) The Wonder Years wrapped its sixth and final season in May 1993. Its cancellation was partially blamed on conflict between producers and executives at ABC. As Kevin matured, the producers wanted the storylines to mature as well. However, the executives at ABC felt uncomfortable with more explicit content given the time slot, saying, `` We felt it was inappropriate to present Kevin's awakening because of the setting in the 1960s, the gentle tone of the series and, most importantly, the 8 p.m. time period.'' Bob Brush noted that, `` When Kevin became 16 and 17, there were really things he needed to get to that we couldn't do at 8 p.m., especially with the kind of venerable cachet that the show had obtained with its audience. We would get notes from the network saying, `` You could do this on any show besides The Wonder Years .'' Other reasons for the show's cancellation were escalating costs and declining ratings. The cast's salary increases, coupled with location shooting (which was due to the producers wanting to reflect Kevin obtaining his driver's license), led to Brush claiming that they were spending $1.2 million an episode. The final episode aired on May 12, 1993. Bob Brush noted that the finale was not what he would have wanted it to be, but because the cast and crew were unsure at the time of filming if the sixth season was going to be the last, he was forced to have the ending be open-ended, until the recording of Daniel Stern's narration. Fans were somewhat disappointed with the ending, in particular the revelation that Kevin and Winnie don't end up as a couple. Brush acknowledged this disappointment, saying, `` Some viewers (were) surprised that nothing works out the way your fondest wish would be,'' and explained, `` The message I wanted in there is that that's part of the beauty of life. It's fine to say, ' I'd like everything to be just the way it was when I was 15 and I was happy,' but it seemed more nurturing to me to say that we leave these things behind and we go on to forge new lives for ourselves.'' Plot synopsis ( edit ) Main article: List of The Wonder Years episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 6 January 31, 1988 ( 1988-01-31 ) April 19, 1988 ( 1988-04-19 ) 10 18.8 (Tied with ALF ) 17 November 30, 1988 ( 1988-11-30 ) May 16, 1989 ( 1989-05-16 ) 22 16.3 (Tied with The Hogan Family and The NBC Sunday Night Movie ) 23 October 3, 1989 ( 1989-10-03 ) May 16, 1990 ( 1990-05-16 ) 8 19.2 23 September 19, 1990 ( 1990-09-19 ) May 15, 1991 ( 1991-05-15 ) 30 14.2 5 24 October 2, 1991 ( 1991-10-02 ) May 13, 1992 ( 1992-05-13 ) N/A N/A 6 22 September 23, 1992 ( 1992-09-23 ) May 12, 1993 ( 1993-05-12 ) N/A N/A The series depicts the social and family life of a boy in a typical American suburban middle-class family from 1968 to 1973, covering the ages of 12 through 17. Each year in the series takes place exactly 20 years before airing (1988 to 1993). The show's plot centers on Kevin Arnold, son of Jack and Norma Arnold. Kevin's father holds a management job at NORCOM, a defense contractor, while his mother is a housewife. Kevin also has an older brother, Wayne, and an older sister, Karen. Two of Kevin's friends and neighbors are prominently featured throughout the series: his best friend, Paul Pfeiffer, and his crush-turned-girlfriend Gwendolyn `` Winnie'' Cooper. Storylines are told through Kevin's reflections as an adult in his mid-30s, voiced by narrator Daniel Stern . In the pilot episode, Winnie's older brother Brian, whom Kevin admires, is killed in action in Vietnam in 1968. Kevin meets Winnie in a nearby wooded area called Harpers Woods. This unsaid relationship between Winnie and Kevin remains dormant for a long while, with Winnie starting to date a popular 8th grader named Kirk McCray and Kevin briefly going steady with Becky Slater. After Kevin breaks up with Becky due to his feelings for Winnie, Becky becomes a recurring nuisance for Kevin. Winnie eventually dumps Kirk as well, and Kevin and Winnie share a second kiss at the start of the 1969 summer vacation. Around St. Valentine's Day 1970, Winnie temporarily dates Paul, who has broken up with his girlfriend Carla. Winnie and Kevin start dating each other soon after. Just before the summer break, Winnie and her family move to a house four miles away. Although Winnie attends a new school, Lincoln Junior High, she and Kevin decide to remain together and maintain a successful long distance relationship. A beautiful new student named Madeline Adams joins Kevin's school and quickly catches Kevin's eye, but it is Winnie who breaks up with Kevin after meeting Roger, a jock at her new school. Neither relationship lasts long, but Winnie and Kevin don't reunite until she is injured in a car crash. After graduating from junior high, Kevin and Winnie both go to McKinley High and Paul attends a prep school. Paul will later transfer to McKinley High and join Kevin and Winnie. Earlier seasons of the show tended to focus on plots involving events within the Arnold household and Kevin's academic struggles, whereas later seasons focused much more on plots involving dating and Kevin's friends. Kevin has several brief flings during the summer of 1971 and the 1971-- 1972 academic year. After Kevin's grandfather gets his driver's license revoked, he sells his car to Kevin for a dollar. Paul transfers to McKinley High after his first semester at prep school when his father runs into financial troubles. Wayne decides to join the army as a result of his inability to do well in school. This gets turned around when Wayne isn't able to get his physical. Winnie and Kevin are reunited when they go on a double date to a school dance and find themselves more attracted to each other than their respective partners. In late 1972, Kevin's older brother Wayne starts working at NORCOM, and dates his co-worker Bonnie, a divorcée with a son, but the relationship does not last. Kevin's father quits NORCOM, and buys a furniture manufacturing business. Final episode and epilogue ( edit ) In the series finale double episode, Winnie decides to take a job for the summer of 1973 as a lifeguard at a resort. Kevin, meanwhile, is at his job at his father's furniture factory and calls Winnie, who by all accounts is distant and seems to be enjoying her time away from Kevin. Eventually, Kevin and his father fight and Kevin announces that he is leaving, reasoning that he needs to `` find himself.'' Kevin hops in his car and heads to the resort where Winnie is working, hopeful that she can secure him a job and they can spend the rest of the summer together. Kevin eventually secures a job at the resort, and plays a round of poker with the in-house band. He wins big, and goes out to search for Winnie to tell her of his good fortune. To his surprise, he sees Winnie engaged in a passionate kiss with another lifeguard. The next day, Kevin confronts her actions, and they fight. Kevin then plays another round of poker, losing his car in a bet in the process. Desperate, Kevin confronts Winnie and her new beau at the restaurant and ends up punching him in the face. Kevin then leaves the resort on foot. On a desolate stretch of highway, Kevin decides to begin hitchhiking. He finally gets picked up by an elderly couple and much to his surprise he finds Winnie in the backseat. Winnie was fired over the fight Kevin instigated at the resort. Kevin and Winnie begin to argue and the elderly couple gets fed up and kicks them out of the car. A flash rain storm begins and Kevin and Winnie search for shelter. They find a barn and discuss how much things are changing and the prospects for the future. They make up and kiss passionately. (It is loosely implied that the two lose their virginity with each other.) The narrator's monologue states Once upon a time, there was a girl I knew who lived across the street, brown hair, brown eyes. When she smiled, I smiled, when she cried, I cried. Every single thing that ever happened to me that mattered, in some way, had to do with her. That day, Winnie and I promised each other that no matter what, that we will always be together. It was a promise full of passion, truth and wisdom. It was the kind of promise that can only come from the hearts of the very young. They soon find their way back to their home town and arrive hand-in-hand to a Fourth of July parade. During this parade, the adult Kevin ( Daniel Stern ) describes the fate of the show's main characters: Kevin makes up with his father, graduates from high school in 1974, and leaves for college, later becoming a writer. Paul studies law at Harvard. Karen, Kevin's sister, gives birth to a son in September 1973. Kevin's mother becomes a businesswoman and corporate board chairwoman. Kevin's father dies in 1975, and Wayne takes over his father's furniture business. Winnie studies art history in Paris while Kevin stays in the United States. Winnie and Kevin end up writing to each other once a week for the next eight years. When Winnie returns to the United States in 1982, Kevin meets her at the airport with his wife and eight-month-old son. The final sounds, voice-over narration, and dialogue of the episode and series is that of Kevin (voice of Daniel Stern), with children heard in the background: Growing up happens in a heartbeat. One day you're in diapers, the next day you're gone. But the memories of childhood stay with you for the long haul. I remember a place, a town, a house, like a lot of houses. A yard like a lot of other yards. On a street like a lot of other streets. And the thing is, after all these years, I still look back ... with wonder. A little boy (Stern's real life son) can be heard asking his dad to come out and play catch during a break in the final narration. Kevin's narrative responds, `` I'll be right there'' as the episode -- and series -- closes. In 2011, the finale was ranked #11 on the TV Guide Network special, TV's Most Unforgettable Finales . Cast ( edit ) Main article: List of The Wonder Years characters Paul, Kevin and Winnie Kevin Arnold ( Fred Savage ): Character born March 18, 1956, Kevin grew up in the turbulent late 1960s and early 1970s. The voice of Kevin as an adult (and the show's narrator) is supplied by Daniel Stern ( Arye Gross in the original broadcast of the pilot). John `` Jack'' Arnold ( Dan Lauria ): Character born on November 5, 1927, died in 1975. Kevin's father was a gruff, laconic man and a Korean War veteran; he grew up during the Great Depression , served in the US Marine Corps , and is seen in photographs wearing the uniform of a First Lieutenant . He works at NORCOM, a large military defense corporation, in a middle management position he loathes. Later, he starts his own business, building and selling handcrafted furniture. The series's last episode reveals that he dies in 1975 near the end of Kevin's freshman year of college -- that is, two years after the time of the show's finale -- although in a previous episode, an adult Kevin says his father would later be the grandfather of Kevin's sons. Jack represents the viewpoint of the `` Silent Generation '' that grew up during the Depression and came of age during the Second World War ; it was confused and angered by the rapid changes taking place in the 1960s. He is described as a Republican who voted for Richard Nixon twice in the presidential elections of 1968 and 1972 . Norma Arnold (née Gustavson) ( Alley Mills ): Kevin's housewife mother. Unlike her husband, Norma is friendly and upbeat. She met Jack as a college freshman. When he graduated, she moved across the country with him and did not finish college. She eventually gets her degree late in the series and begins work at a software startup called Micro Electronics. Although she came of age at the same time as her husband, she is less conservative than her husband and increasingly yearns to break out of her homemaker role, reflecting the rise of feminism in the 1960s. Karen Arnold ( Olivia d'Abo ): Kevin's older, hippie sister. Her free-spirited ways clash with her overbearing father's conservatism, and she depends upon her mother as a mediator. When Karen moves in with her boyfriend Michael ( David Schwimmer ) during her freshman year of college, she has a falling out with her father. The pair marry one year later and move to Alaska, where Michael has secured a good job. Karen ultimately accepts some of her parents' viewpoints and has a baby, while her husband learns to support his wife and child. Wayne Arnold ( Jason Hervey ): Character born circa 1954, Wayne is Kevin's older brother. Wayne enjoys physically tormenting Kevin and Paul, calling Kevin `` butthead '' or `` scrote '' . He takes over the family furniture business when his father dies. Wayne is usually portrayed as a loser in romantic relationships. For a time, he dated a girl named Dolores, but that was more casual than serious. In later seasons, Wayne matures. In the final season, he begins a serious relationship with a divorcée named Bonnie, but is left heartbroken when she reconciles with her husband. Paul Joshua Pfeiffer ( Josh Saviano ): Character born March 14, 1956, Paul is Kevin's long time best friend, a bright and excellent student, and an allergy sufferer. He is also Jewish and in one episode celebrates his Bar Mitzvah . Although Kevin and Paul are best friends in the series's early seasons, their relationship becomes somewhat strained later. Kevin begins to spend more time with Chuck and Jeff, causing tension with Paul. Paul also attends a private prep school for one season, leaving Kevin alone to start public high school. In another episode, Kevin tattles on Paul after Paul loses his virginity. In the final episode, it is revealed that Paul eventually attends Harvard . Gwendolyn `` Winnie'' Cooper ( Danica McKellar ): Winnie is Kevin's main love interest and neighbor. Her older brother's death in the Vietnam War plays a big part in the plot. In another episode, Winnie's parents separate in grief over the death of their son. In the epilogue of the final episode, it is revealed that Winnie travels overseas to study art history in Paris. Kevin and Winnie write to each other every week for eight years until she returns; in the concluding moments of the finale, Kevin says that when Winnie returned to the States, Kevin met her accompanied by his wife and first child, despite the hope among Wonder Years fans that Kevin and Winnie would themselves marry. `` Like I said,'' says Kevin at the end, `` things never turn out exactly the way you plan them.'' As suggested in an episode entitled `` The Accident'' and in the finale episode of the series, every important event in Kevin's life has somehow involved Winnie. Syndication ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Reruns of the show aired in syndication between September 1992 and September 1997. Nick at Nite then reran the show from October 13, 1997 to February 3, 2001. It also reran on The New TNN (January 22, 2001 to September 28, 2001), ABC Family (November 12, 2001 to October 2, 2004), Ion Television (April 2, 2007 to October 4, 2007), and The Hub (October 11, 2010 to August 31, 2012). In Canada, the show aired on CTS Ontario from September 2010 until September 2, 2011. In Australia, the show aired on Network Ten between 1989 and 1995, then from March 31, 2012 on ABC1 . In Spain the series initially aired Mondays 9:30pm on TVE2 (now La2 ) as part of the Monday night Comedy block which also featured Murphy Brown . The series was later promoted to main channel TVE1 where it aired Fridays 9pm. Years later, in the late 90s, commercial station Antena 3TV recovered the series and aired it first in its 2pm comedy hour, later relocating it to a 530pm slot as part of the youth macro-show La Merienda. Opening sequence ( edit ) Three different versions of the opening were made and each set to the Joe Cocker rendition of With a Little Help from My Friends . First version (pilot) ( edit ) This first version of the opening was very basic: Nothing but a black screen was shown, after the title logo, with each cast member's name appearing in the center one by one. Much like the Arye Gross narration, this version of the opening was only used once when the pilot first aired after Super Bowl XXII . Second version (seasons one through five) ( edit ) This opening now consists of home movie footage from the pilot, after the title logo is shown, ending with the `` Created by'' credit. In season five, more footage is added to show how much the cast has aged. Third version (season six) ( edit ) The opening was overhauled completely in this version. Now, it consisted of stock footage and images of various moments throughout 60's and early 70s culture (i.e. John Lennon and Yoko Ono's Bed-in, The Kent State Shootings , The Moon Landing , an anti-war protest .), and was set to a new edit of Cocker's rendition of the song (starting with the chorus, versus the opening of the song, as was the case in seasons one through five). The final image in this version is of Kevin, Paul, Winnie, and presumably some of their classmates in a group photograph edited to look like it belonged in the time period. Home video releases ( edit ) Initially, the first four episodes were released on 2 VHS Tapes by Anchor Bay in 1997, with most of the music intact (a select few songs, however, were re-recordings). In the coming years, fees for licensing music prevented further episodes from being released at that point on VHS. The two volumes that were released on VHS were later released on DVD in 2000. Four episodes of the series were also included in two official `` best-of'' DVD sets ( The Best of The Wonder Years and The Christmas Wonder Years ), without much of the original music. For many years, The Wonder Years remained unreleased on DVD as official season box sets , due to music licensing issues. Because of this issue, The Wonder Years routinely appeared high on the list of TV shows in-demand for a DVD release. In a blog update on the Netflix website on March 30, 2011, and a press release issued the next day, Netflix stated that they would be adding The Wonder Years to their instant streaming service. The other three 20th Century Fox series noted as part of the deal were added to the Watch Instantly service by April 2, while The Wonder Years remained unavailable. On October 1, 2011, 114 full-length episodes of the series were added to Netflix streaming. The clip show from the end of Season 4, which was released on DVD, has not been included. On September 26, 2011, it was announced that Amazon Prime 's streaming video service would be adding The Wonder Years , describing the series as `` available on digital video for the first time'' , although Netflix added the series ahead of Amazon's release. All 115 episodes (including the clip show) became available to Prime members starting October 6, 2011. On both digital streaming services, portions of the soundtrack have been replaced. The show's opening theme, Joe Cocker 's rendition of The Beatles ' `` With a Little Help From My Friends ,'' has been replaced on Netflix and Amazon with the version of the song that played in the UK and other overseas airings. The majority of the show's soundtrack remains unchanged. Songs such as `` Light My Fire '' by The Doors and `` Foxy Lady '' by Jimi Hendrix have been replaced by generic sound-alikes with different lyrics. On February 11, 2014, StarVista/ Time Life announced the upcoming DVD release of the complete series in the second half of the year, noting that they were `` painstakingly securing the rights for virtually every song.'' On June 11, packaging details for complete set were revealed. The packaging consists of a miniature school locker featuring a replica yearbook with signatures from cast members, behind-the-scenes photos and classic show memorabilia. Also included are two notebooks similar to those carried by the two lead characters, each featuring detailed episode information, production photos, all 115 episodes plus over 15 hours of bonus features on 26 DVDs. Customized Wonder Years magnets are also included. On September 30, 2014, the complete series was released to those that pre-ordered the set through mail order from Time Life/Star Vista. Also a box set for the first four seasons was released as well. October 10, 2014, though was considered the official release date. On October 7, 2014, Star Vista released Season One on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time. Season Two was released on February 3, 2015. Season Three was released on May 26, 2015. Season Four was released on January 12, 2016. Season Five was released on May 24, 2016. Season Six was released on September 27, 2016. On October 6, 2015, Star Vista released The Wonder Years- The Complete Series: Collectors Box set and The Wonder Years- The Complete Series DVD collections in a wide general retail release. On May 9, 2016, Fabulous Films released The Wonder Years - The Deluxe Edition on 26 DVDs in the UK. It was intended to be the first release to contain every episode in its original transmission presentation, although in the end this did not happen. The set includes over 23 hours of bonus material. On October 1, 2017, The Wonder Years was removed from Netflix after being on there for 7 years. DVD Name Ep # Release dates DVD Special Features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Season One 6 October 7, 2014 N/A June 8, 2016 Highlights from The Wonder Years cast reunion, May 28, 2014 Featurette: With a Little Help from My Friends: The Early Days of The Wonder Years Interviews with: Creators Neal Marlens and Carol Black Fred Savage Danica McKellar Josh Saviano Season Two 17 February 3, 2015 N/A June 8, 2016 Interview with Fred Savage (Part 1) Interview with Danica McKellar (Part 1) Highlights from The Wonder Years cast reunion Interview with The Wonder Years creators Neal Marlins and Carol Black Season Three 23 May 26, 2015 N/A June 8, 2016 Cast Interviews Hall Pass: Roundtable with Danica McKellar, Fred Savage, and Josh Saviano A Family Affair: At Home With The Arnolds Season Four 23 January 12, 2016 N/A June 8, 2016 Teachers That Made A Difference Cast Interviews Season Five 24 May 24, 2016 N/A June 8, 2016 That's A Wrap!: Mark B. Perry's Farewell Set Tour Season 5 Will You Love Me Tomorrow: The Wonder Years Love Stories Cast Interviews Season Six 22 September 27, 2016 N/A June 8, 2016 One-Hour ABC Broadcast Of The Series Finale At Last: The Final Episode Interview Bob Brush, Executive Produce From The Vault: Alley Mills And Bob Brush Letters The Complete Series 115 September 30, 2014 N/A April 20, 2016 Two notebooks, each featuring detailed episode information and production photos Replica yearbook embellished with signatures from cast members, behind-the-scenes photos and classic show memorabilia, and liner notes penned by Fred Savage, series creators Neal Marlens and Carol Black, and executive producer Bob Brush 2014 Los Angeles cast reunion, featuring all key cast together for the first time in 16 years Extensive individual interviews with all seven key cast members (Fred Savage, Danica McKellar, Josh Saviano, Dan Lauria, Alley Mills, Olivia d'Abo and Jason Hervey), as well as with notable actors featured as guest stars or in recurring roles, such as David Schwimmer, Ben Stein, Bob Picardo and Seth Green In-depth interviews with narrator Daniel Stern, Neal Marlens, Carol Black, Bob Brush and other production personnel 10 brand-new featurettes: `` With A Little Help From My Friends'' : The Early Days of The Wonder Years `` The Times They Are A-Changin' '' : The Era `` My Generation'' : The Kids Grow Up `` When A Man Loves A Woman'' : Kevin & Winnie Forever `` Bookends'' : Kevin & Paul `` A Family Affair'' : At Home With The Arnolds `` I Love You For Sentimental Reasons'' : Fan-Favorite Episodes `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow'' : The Wonder Years' Love Stories `` ABC'' : Teachers That Made A Difference `` Both Sides Now'' : The Music That Made The Moments `` That's a Wrap! Mark B. Perry's Farewell Set Tour Season 5'' - Writer/Producer Mark B. Perry's home video set tour from the end of his final season on the show, which includes new commentary from him. `` From the Vault: Alley Mills and Bob Brush Letters'' - Alley Mills reads her emotional, written conversation with Executive Producer Bob Brush about the show's finale. The one-hour finale as it was originally aired on ABC on May 12, 1993, including a deleted scene not included in the half-hour broadcasts of the final two episodes (both the one-hour finale and half-hour versions of the final two episodes will be included in the extras). DVD music replacements ( edit ) The Time Life DVD releases include approximately 96% of the original music soundtrack (including the opening theme song, `` With a Little Help From My Friends'' , as originally sung by Joe Cocker). There were altogether some 15 exceptions, in most instances featuring generic studio replacement music in place of the original song, while on a couple of occasions the original soundtrack song was replaced with another version of the same tune. None of the necessary music replacements resulted in footage from the episodes being removed. In the episode `` The Phone Call'' , the `` Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet '' was replaced with a song called `` Star Crossed Lovers'' , which has been used in many other TV shows and movies, including The Brady Bunch . In `` Dance With Me'' , Joe Cocker 's cover of `` The Letter '' was replaced with the original version by The Box Tops , while the Herman's Hermits version of `` There's a Kind of Hush '' was replaced with a rerecording by the Craggy Blue Project. The episode `` Heart of Darkness'' had two replacements: `` Riders on the Storm '' by The Doors was replaced with `` Children of the Night'' , while Richie Havens ' cover of The Beatles ' song `` Here Comes the Sun '' was replaced by `` Train to Nowhere'' . In the episode `` Whose Woods Are These?'' , the Blood, Sweat & Tears recording entitled `` Variations on a Theme By Erik Satie (1st and 2nd Movements)'' (adapted from Satie's `` Third Gymnopédies '' ) was replaced with `` Le Suenne Fite'' . The episode `` How I Am Spending My Summer Vacation'' replaced the Doors' `` Light My Fire '' with `` Love's on Fire'' , while the episode `` Summer Song'' replaced Blood, Sweat & Tears' `` Spinning Wheel '' with a rerecording by former BS&T frontman David Clayton Thomas . In `` Family Car'' , Neil Young 's `` Long May You Run '' was replaced with `` Keep Your Motor Running'' . In `` Wayne on Wheels'' , `` Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet '' was again replaced by `` Star Crossed Lovers'' . In the episode `` The Treehouse'' , Doris Day 's `` Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be) '' was replaced with `` Call the Whole Thing Off'' . In the episode `` Little Debbie'' , `` Tammy '' by Liberace was replaced with a song called `` Sammy'' . `` Clip Show'' contains the scene from `` Heart of Darkness'' in which `` Here Comes the Sun '' is replaced with `` Train to Nowhere'' . The episode `` Kevin Delivers'' dropped Blood, Sweat & Tears' `` You've Made Me So Very Happy '' with a rerecording by David Clayton Thomas. In the episode `` Alice in Autoland'' , Al Green 's `` Let's Stay Together '' was replaced with a rerecording by him. In the final episode `` Independence Day'' , the Ennio Morricone song `` Brothers'' from the 1986 motion picture The Mission , which was played over the pivotal barn scene featuring Kevin and Winnie's last kiss, was replaced with the generic tune `` Pastorale'' (for this instance alone, the same replacement was used in the 1998 The Best of The Wonder Years DVD release). Also, not a music change per se, but the Daniel Stern redub of the pilot is used, with the standard opening sequence. Other than the above music changes, all other music is intact and over 100 episodes are completely unaffected. The UK DVD release from Fabulous Films was intended to have no replaced music, but reviews on online retailers and fan websites show that this is not the case. Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article: The Wonder Years: Music from the Emmy Award-Winning Show & Its Era The official soundtrack was released in 1988 by Atlantic/WEA and contains a total of 13 tracks, featuring Joe Cocker 's cover of The Beatles ' `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' , which is the show's theme song. After the series' original run was over, Laserlight Digital released a 5-disc compilation box set under the title Music from ' The Wonder Years in 1994. This is the same company that later released the only two DVDs for the series, The Best of The Wonder Years and The Christmas Wonder Years . The disc included 40 oldies favorites and 5 original songs (each is repeated twice in the set) written exclusively for the series by W.G. Snuffy Walden . In 2014, Time Life released a new soundtrack for the show which accompanies deluxe versions of their complete series DVD set. The CD is not available for purchase separately from the DVD box set, however. Book ( edit ) In 1990 the book The Wonder Years - Growing up in the Sixties by Edward Gross was published by Pioneer Books ( ISBN 1-55698-258-5 ). It contains information about the creation and production of the show, interviews with cast and crew, and an extensive episode guide (up to the middle of the 4th season when the book was published). While long out of print and hard to find, the author gave permission to a fan website to publish the book online for free in its entirety. Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result 1991 American Cinema Editors' Eddie Award Best Edited Episode from a Television Series Dennis C. Vejar (For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Nominated 1993 Best Edited Half Hour Series for Television Dennis C. Vejar (For episode `` The Wedding'' ) Nominated 1989 ASCAP Film and Television Music Award Top TV Series Stewart Levin Won 1988 BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award W.G. Snuffy Walden , John Lennon and Paul McCartney Won 1989 Won 1990 Won 1988 Casting Society of America's Artios Award Best Casting for TV, Comedy Episodic Mary V. Buck and Susan Edelman Won 1989 Nominated 1990 Meg Liberman and Marc Hirschfeld Nominated 1989 Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directing -- Comedy Series Steve Miner (For the pilot episode) Won 1991 Peter Baldwin (For episode `` The Ties That Bind'' ) Nominated 1989 Golden Globe Award Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Won 1990 Nominated Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Fred Savage Nominated 1991 Nominated 1988 Humanitas Prize 30 Minute Category Carol Black and Neal Marlens (For the pilot episode) Nominated 1989 Matthew Carlson Won 1990 Todd W. Langen Won David M. Stern (For episode `` The Powers That Be'' ) Nominated 1991 Bob Brush Won Mark B. Perry (For episode `` The Ties That Bind'' ) Nominated 1992 Craig Hoffman (For episode `` Hardware Store'' ) Nominated 1993 Sy Rosen (For episode `` The Nose'' ) Nominated 1990 Peabody Award ABC Television and Black/Marlens Company in association with New World Television Won 1988 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Comedy Series Carol Black , Neal Marlens and Jeffrey Silver Won Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Carol Black and Neal Marlens (For the pilot episode) Nominated 1989 Outstanding Comedy Series Carol Black , Neal Marlens , Bob Brush , Steve Miner and Jeffrey Silver Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Matthew Carlson (For episode `` Pottery Will Get You Nowhere'' ) Nominated Todd W. Langen (For episode `` Coda'' ) Nominated David M. Stern (For episode `` Loosiers'' ) Nominated Michael J. Weithorn (For episode `` Our Miss White'' ) Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Peter Baldwin (For episode `` Our Miss White'' ) Won Michael Dinner (For episode `` How I'm Spending My Summer Vacation'' ) Nominated Steve Miner (For episode `` Birthday Boy'' ) Nominated Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Robert Picardo Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Maxine Stuart Nominated Outstanding Editing for a Series - Single Camera Production Stuart Bass (For episode `` Loosiers'' ) Nominated Outstanding Costume Design for a Series Scilla Andreen (For episode `` Birthday Boy'' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special Agamemnon Andrianos, David John West, Ray West and John L. Mack (For episode `` Birthday Boy'' ) Nominated 1990 Outstanding Comedy Series Bob Brush , Bob Stevens, Jill Gordon, Matthew Carlson , Michael Dinner , Ken Topolsky and Kerry Ehrin Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Bob Brush (For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Won Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Michael Dinner (For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Won Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series David Huddleston Nominated Outstanding Editing for a Series - Single Camera Production Dennis C. Vejar (For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special Agamemnon Andrianos, David John West, Ray West and John L. Mack (For episode `` St. Valentine's Day Massacre'' ) Nominated 1991 Outstanding Comedy Series Bob Brush , Jill Gordon, Ken Topolsky , David Chambers and Michael Dinner Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Peter Baldwin (For episode `` The Ties That Bind'' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special Agamemnon Andrianos, David John West, Nello Torri and John L. Mack (For episode `` Little Debbie'' ) Nominated 1992 Agamemnon Andrianos, David John West, Nello Torri and Craig Hunter (For episode `` Grandpa's Car'' ) Nominated 1993 Agamemnon Andrianos, David John West, Nello Torri and Craig Hunter (For episodes `` Summer'' and `` Independence Day'' ) Nominated 1988 Television Critics Association Award Program of the Year Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Comedy Won 1989 Nominated 1990 Nominated 2006 TV Land Award Favorite Series Finale Nominated 2007 Favorite Heard-But-Not-Seen Character Daniel Stern Nominated 2008 Character You'd Pay to Do Your Homework for You Danica McKellar Nominated 1989 Viewers for Quality Television Award Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Won 1990 Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Won 1991 Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated Best Writing in a Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Specialty Player Robert Picardo Nominated 1992 Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated 1989 Writers Guild of America Award Episodic Comedy Carol Black and Neal Marlens (For episode `` My Father's Office'' ) Won Carol Black and Neal Marlens (For the pilot episode) Nominated 1990 Matthew Carlson (For episode `` Pottery Will Get You Nowhere'' ) Nominated Todd W. Langen (For episode `` Coda'' ) Won 1991 Bob Brush (For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Nominated David M. Stern (For episode `` The Powers That Be'' ) Nominated Bob Stevens (For episode `` Rock ' N' Roll'' ) Nominated 1989 Young Artist Award Best Family Television Series Won Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Comedy Series Fred Savage Won Best Young Actor Guest-Starring in a Drama or Comedy Series Robin Thicke Nominated Best Young Actor in a Featured, Co-Starring, Supporting, Recurring Role in a Comedy, Drama Series, or Special Josh Saviano Nominated Best Young Actress in a Featured, Co-Starring, Supporting, Recurring Role in a Comedy, Drama Series, or Special Danica McKellar Won 1990 Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series Fred Savage Nominated Jason Hervey Nominated Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series Danica McKellar Nominated Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Television Series Robert Jayne Nominated Joshua John Miller Nominated 1992 Best Young Actress Co-Starring in a Television Series Danica McKellar Nominated Best Young Actor Guest-Starring or Recurring Role in a TV Series Brandon Crane Won Best Young Actress Guest-Starring or Recurring Role in a TV Series Crystal McKellar Nominated Lisa Paige Robinson Nominated 1993 Best Young Actor Co-Starring in a Television Series Josh Saviano Nominated Best Young Actress Co-Starring in a Television Series Danica McKellar Nominated Best Young Actor Recurring in a Television Series Giovanni Ribisi Nominated Best Young Actress Guest-Starring in a Television Series Wendy J. Cooke Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Years' Pays Its Respects to ' 60s Suburbia - Los Angeles Times'' . Articles.latimes.com. April 8, 1988 . Retrieved 2013-03-26 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. (January 30, 1988). `` TV: ' Wonder Years,' A New Series on ABC'' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010-08-11 . ^ Jump up to: Haithman, Diane (November 30, 1988). `` Success Turns Into Mixed Blessing for Creators of ' Wonder Years ' '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2010-08-24 . Jump up ^ Weinstein, Steve (October 3, 1989). `` ' The Wonder Years' Faces Growing Pains'' . LA Times . Retrieved 2010-08-24 . ^ Jump up to: `` The Museum of Broadcast Communications - Encyclopedia of Television'' . Retrieved March 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ Peabody Award Winners Archive Archived April 15, 2006, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Awards for The Wonder Years Jump up ^ `` Special Collectors' Issue'' . TV Guide (June 28-- July 4). 1997. Jump up ^ `` IMDb:'' . IMDb . Retrieved March 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ Sheffield, Rob (September 21, 2016). `` 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time'' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Charisma, James (January 4, 2017). `` The 75 Best TV Title Sequences of All Time'' . Paste (magazine) . Retrieved January 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years - Documentary'' . Retrieved March 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` just up the pike: the wonder years were set in white oak, sort of'' . Retrieved March 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ Strickland, Carol (December 1, 1996). `` Can Sitcom Make It With L.I. Setting?'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011-11-29 . Mr. Marlens wanted to set the series, based on his childhood in the suburbs, on Long Island... `` Everybody felt ' Wonder Years' was set in their home street.'' Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years'' . Retrieved March 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years'' . Retrieved March 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lindenhurst native Dan Lauria stars in ' A Christmas Story' at Madison Square Garden'' . Newsday . Retrieved March 22, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` ' Twelvesomething ' '' . philly-archives . Retrieved March 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Boy's ' Wonder Years' At Age 12, Fred Savage Is Already An Acting Pro As He Portrays A 1960s Child'' . philly-archives . Retrieved March 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NAMES IN THE NEWS : Sisters Rivals on ' Wonder Years ' '' . latimes . Retrieved March 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years - Interview with Danica McKellar (Winnie Cooper)'' . Retrieved March 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Talking with Fred Savage: My parents never push me'' . Retrieved March 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Years' Stars Accused of Sexual Harassment: Television: Fred Savage and Jason Hervey are named by former costume designer. Show's spokesmen deny charges'' . latimes . Retrieved March 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Savage's Post-`Wonder Years' / He's all grown up, a Stanford student and a bad guy on TV'' . SFGate . Retrieved March 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ TVography ~ The Wonder Years ~ Comedy Coming of Age . YouTube . August 22, 2013 . Retrieved March 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reeling in the Bittersweet ' Wonder Years' : With Rising Costs, Aging Cast, Series Comes to a Close'' . latimes . Retrieved March 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946-Present (Ninth Edition) . Ballantine Books. p. 1691-1692. ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4 . Jump up ^ Kaufman, Peter (May 9, 1993). `` Television: Closing the Album On ' The Wonder Years ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010-08-11 . Jump up ^ Weinstein, Steve (May 12, 1993). `` Reeling in the Bittersweet ' Wonder Years' : With Rising Costs, Aging Cast, Series Comes to a Close'' . the Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011-03-23 . Jump up ^ TV's Most Unforgettable Finales , TV Guide Network, May 22, 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee, Felicia R. (January 19, 2006). `` A Sitcom 70's Child Grows Up to Be an Alter Ego'' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010-08-11 . Jump up ^ Nick at Nite Log Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com search page: wonder+year+vhs'' . Retrieved 2011-06-27 . ^ Jump up to: Lieber, Scott (July 11, 2006). `` Pricey nostalgia'' . The Denver Post . Retrieved 2011-06-27 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years - Best of the Wonder Years DVD Information - TVShowsOnDVD.com'' . Retrieved 2011-06-27 . Most, if not all, of the original soundtrack has been changed to either covers or generic music. Jump up ^ Thommes, Matt (June 24, 2007). `` The Wonder Years on DVD: costly music licensing Matt Thommes'' . Matthom.com . Retrieved 2013-03-26 . Jump up ^ Atkinson, Claire (September 24, 2007). `` What to Watch? How About a ' Simpsons' Episode From 1999?'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011-06-27 . Among the 300,000 registered users of the Web site www.tvshowsondvd.com, The Wonder Years is the most in-demand unreleased show Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years on DVD, Release Info, News at TVShowsOnDVD.com (login required to see voting results)'' . Retrieved 2011-06-27 . Voting Results - Unreleased Rank: 1st / Overall Rank: 3rd Jump up ^ `` The Netflix Blog: GLEE AVAILABLE TO WATCH INSTANTLY'' . March 30, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Twentieth Century Fox and Netflix announce distribution deal which makes `` Glee'' and `` Sons of Anarchy'' available to watch instantly from Netflix starting April 1'' (Press release). April 1, 2011 . Retrieved 2011-06-27 . In addition, library series such as `` Ally McBeal'' and `` The Wonder Years'' will stream instantly for the first time from Netflix. Jump up ^ `` Netflix: Glee'' . Retrieved 2011-06-27 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix: Sons of Anarchy'' . Retrieved 2011-06-27 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix: Ally McBeal'' . Retrieved 2011-06-27 . Jump up ^ McCauley, Heather (October 3, 2011). `` The Netflix Blog: Rediscovering The Wonder Years'' . Retrieved 2011-10-10 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix: The Wonder Years'' . Retrieved 2011-10-01 . Jump up ^ `` Fox, Amazon Prime Make Streaming Deal'' . Reuters. September 26, 2011 . Retrieved 2011-10-01 . The new additions from the FOX library include 24, Arrested Development, The X-Files, Ally McBeal, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and - available on digital video for the first time - The Wonder Years. Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com: The Wonder Years Season 1, Ep. 1 `` Pilot '' `` . Retrieved 2011-10-06 . Jump up ^ Frazer, Bryant (October 5, 2011). `` Post Haste Sound Remasters The Wonder Years for Digital Video Release'' . Studio Daily . Retrieved 2011-10-08 . showed up on Netflix (streaming only) this month, sans iconic Joe Cocker theme song Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years - StarVista/Time-Life Press Release Announces ' The Complete Series' on DVD!'' . February 11, 2014. Jump up ^ The Wonder Years - A Pic of the Collectible Packaging, General Contents for ' The Complete Series ' Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years DVD news: Announcement for The Wonder Years - Season 1 - TVShowsOnDVD.com'' . Retrieved March 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ A Completely ' Wide' Wonder with ' The Complete Series' Jump up ^ http://www.wonder-years.tv/twyondvd.html Jump up ^ `` The Wonders Years: The Complete First Season (1988)'' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 11, 2012 . Jump up ^ The Wonder Years: The Complete Second Season (1988) . Amazon.com Retrieved February 11, 2012. Jump up ^ http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Wonder-Years-Complete-Series/14737#ixzz3UHp3mPt0 Jump up ^ http://www.wonder-years.tv/twyondvd.html Jump up ^ The Wonder Years (1988-93 Television Series). `` The Wonder Years OST'' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2013-03-26 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years - Growing up in the Sixties'' . Retrieved 2014-08-10 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Wonder Years Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wonder Years . The Wonder Years on IMDb The Wonder Years at TV.com http://www.wonder-years.tv Episode and Music Guide plus the official `` The Wonder Years'' book by Edward Gross Documentary The Wonder Years -- Coming of Age at the-wonder-years.com Peter's `` The Wonder Years'' fansite The Show `` The Wonder Years'' , Cast, Pictures, and Trivia Preceded by Hard Copy The Wonder Years Super Bowl lead-out program 1988 Succeeded by Brotherhood of the Rose 1989 The Wonder Years Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 `` Good-bye '' Related Characters Episodes Soundtrack Awards and nominations Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. 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what question did the federalist no. 10 address
No. 10 addresses the question of how to reconcile citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or inimical to the interests of the community as a whole . Madison saw factions as inevitable due to the nature of man -- that is , as long as men hold differing opinions , have differing amounts of wealth and own differing amount of property , they will continue to form alliances with people who are most similar to them and they will sometimes work against the public interest and infringe upon the rights of others . He thus questions how to guard against those dangers .
[ [ "how to reconcile citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or inimical to the interests of the community as a whole" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "Federalist No. 10 James Madison , author of Federalist No. 10 Author James Madison Language English Series The Federalist Publisher The Independent Journal , New York Packet , Daily Advertiser Publication date November 22 , 1787 Media type Newspaper Preceded by Federalist No. 9 Followed by Federalist No. 11", "James Madison , author of Federalist No. 10", "Author James Madison", "Language English", "Series The Federalist", "Publisher The Independent Journal , New York Packet , Daily Advertiser", "Publication date November 22 , 1787", "Media type Newspaper", "Preceded by Federalist No. 9", "Followed by Federalist No. 11", "Federalist No. 10 is an essay written by James Madison as the tenth of The Federalist Papers : a series of essays initiated by Alexander Hamilton arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution . Published on November 22 , 1787 under the name `` Publius '' , Federalist No. 10 is among the most highly regarded of all American political writings .", "No. 10 addresses the question of how to reconcile citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or inimical to the interests of the community as a whole . Madison saw factions as inevitable due to the nature of man -- that is , as long as men hold differing opinions , have differing amounts of wealth and own differing amount of property , they will continue to form alliances with people who are most similar to them and they will sometimes work against the public interest and infringe upon the rights of others . He thus questions how to guard against those dangers .", "Federalist No. 10 continues a theme begun in Federalist No. 9 and is titled `` The Utility of the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection '' . The whole series is cited by scholars and jurists as an authoritative interpretation and explication of the meaning of the Constitution . Historians such as Charles A. Beard argue that No. 10 shows an explicit rejection by the Founding Fathers of the principles of direct democracy and factionalism , and argue that Madison suggests that a representative republic is more effective against partisanship and factionalism .", "Madison saw the Constitution as forming a `` happy combination '' of a republic and a democracy and with `` the great and aggregate interests being referred to the national , the local and particular to the State legislatures '' the power would not be centralized , thus making it `` more difficult for unworthy candidates to practice the vicious arts by which elections are too often carried '' .", "Prior to the Constitution , the thirteen states were bound together by the Articles of Confederation . These were in essence a military alliance between sovereign nations adopted to better fight the Revolutionary War . Congress had no power to tax , and as a result was not able to pay debts resulting from the Revolution . Madison , George Washington , Benjamin Franklin and others feared a break - up of the union and national bankruptcy . Like Washington , Madison felt the revolution had not resolved the social problems that had triggered it , and the excesses ascribed to the King were now being repeated by the state legislatures . In this view , Shays ' Rebellion , an armed uprising in Massachusetts in 1786 , was simply one , albeit extreme , example of `` democratic excess '' in the aftermath of the War .", "A national convention was called for May 1787 , to revise the Articles of Confederation . Madison believed that the problem was not with the Articles , but rather the state legislatures , and so the solution was not to fix the articles but to restrain the excesses of the states . The principal questions before the convention became whether the states should remain sovereign , whether sovereignty should be transferred to the national government , or whether a settlement should rest somewhere in between . By mid-June it was clear that the convention was drafting a new plan of government around these issues -- a constitution . Madison 's nationalist position shifted the debate increasingly away from a position of pure state sovereignty , and toward the compromise . In debate on June 26 , he said that government ought to `` protect the minority of the opulent against the majority '' and that unchecked , democratic communities were subject to `` the turbulency and weakness of unruly passions '' .", "September 17 , 1787 marked the signing of the final document . By its own Article Seven , the constitution drafted by the convention needed ratification by at least nine of the thirteen states , through special conventions held in each state . Anti-Federalist writers began to publish essays and letters arguing against ratification , and Alexander Hamilton recruited James Madison and John Jay to write a series of pro-ratification letters in response .", "Like most of the Federalist essays and the vast majority of The Federalist Papers , No. 10 first appeared in popular newspapers . It was first printed in the Daily Advertiser under the name adopted by the Federalist writers , `` Publius '' ; in this it was remarkable among the essays of Publius , as almost all of them first appeared in one of two other papers : the Independent Journal and the New - York Packet . Federalist No. 37 , also by Madison , was the only other essay to appear first in the Advertiser .", "Considering the importance later ascribed to the essay , it was reprinted only on a limited scale . On November 23 , it appeared in the Packet and the next day in the Independent Journal . Outside New York City , it made four appearances in early 1788 : January 2 in the Pennsylvania Gazette , January 10 in the Hudson Valley Weekly , January 15 in the Lansingburgh Northern Centinel , and January 17 in the Albany Gazette . Though this number of reprintings was typical for The Federalist essays , many other essays , both Federalist and Anti-Federalist , saw much wider distribution .", "On January 1 , 1788 , the publishing company J. & A. McLean announced that they would publish the first 36 of the essays in a single volume . This volume , titled The Federalist , was released on March 2 , 1788 . George Hopkins ' 1802 edition revealed that Madison , Hamilton , and Jay were the authors of the series , with two later printings dividing the work by author . In 1818 , James Gideon published a third edition containing corrections by Madison , who by that time had completed his two terms as President of the United States .", "Henry B. Dawson 's edition of 1863 sought to collect the original newspaper articles , though he did not always find the first instance . It was much reprinted , albeit without his introduction . Paul Leicester Ford 's 1898 edition included a table of contents which summarized the essays , with the summaries again used to preface their respective essays . The first date of publication and the newspaper name were recorded for each essay . Of modern editions , Jacob E. Cooke 's 1961 edition is seen as authoritative , and is most used today .", "Federalist No. 10 continues the discussion of the question broached in Hamilton 's Federalist No. 9 . Hamilton there addressed the destructive role of a faction in breaking apart the republic . The question Madison answers , then , is how to eliminate the negative effects of faction . Madison defines a faction as `` a number of citizens , whether amounting to a minority or majority of the whole , who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion , or of interest , adverse to the rights of other citizens , or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community '' . He identifies the most serious source of faction to be the diversity of opinion in political life which leads to dispute over fundamental issues such as what regime or religion should be preferred .", "At the heart of Madison 's fears about factions was the unequal distribution of property in society . Ultimately , `` the most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property , '' Madison argues ( Dawson 1863 , p. 58 ) . Since some people owned property and others owned none , Madison felt that people would form different factions that pursued different interests . `` Those who hold and those who are without property have ever formed distinct interests in society , '' he notes ( Dawson 1863 , p. 58 ) . Providing some examples of the distinct interests , Madison identified a landed interest , a manufacturing interest , a mercantile interest , a moneyed interest , and `` many lesser interests '' ( Dawson 1863 , p. 58 ) . They all belonged to `` different classes '' that were `` actuated by different sentiments and views , '' Madison insists ( Dawson 1863 , p. 58 ) . In other words , Madison argued that the unequal distribution of property led to the creation of different classes that formed different factions and pursued different class interests .", "Moreover , Madison feared the formation of a certain kind of faction . Recognizing that the country 's wealthiest property owners formed a minority and that the country 's unpropertied classes formed a majority , Madison feared that the unpropertied classes would come together to form a majority faction that gained control of the government . Against `` the minor party , '' there could emerge `` an interested and overbearing majority , '' Madison warns ( Dawson 1863 , p. 55 - 56 ) . Specifically , Madison feared that the unpropertied classes would use their majority power to implement a variety of measures that redistributed wealth . There could be `` a rage for paper money , for an abolition of debts , for an equal division of property , or for any other improper or wicked project , '' Madison warns ( Dawson 1863 , p. 64 ) . In short , Madison feared that a majority faction of the unpropertied classes might emerge to redistribute wealth and property in a way that benefited the majority of the population at the expense of the country 's richest and wealthiest people .", "Like the anti-Federalists who opposed him , Madison was substantially influenced by the work of Montesquieu , though Madison and Montesquieu disagreed on the question addressed in this essay . He also relied heavily on the philosophers of the Scottish Enlightenment , especially David Hume , whose influence is most clear in Madison 's discussion of the types of faction and in his argument for an extended republic .", "Madison first assessed that there are two ways to limit the damage caused by faction : either remove the causes of faction or control its effects . He then describes the two methods to removing the causes of faction : first , destroying liberty , which would work because `` liberty is to faction what air is to fire '' , but it is impossible to perform because liberty is essential to political life . After all , Americans fought for it during the American Revolution . The second option , creating a society homogeneous in opinions and interests , is impracticable . The diversity of the people 's ability is what makes them succeed more or less , and inequality of property is a right that the government should protect . Madison particularly emphasizes that economic stratification prevents everyone from sharing the same opinion . Madison concludes that the damage caused by faction can be limited only by controlling its effects .", "He then argues that the only problem comes from majority factions because the principle of popular sovereignty should prevent minority factions from gaining power . Madison offers two ways to check majority factions : prevent the `` existence of the same passion or interest in a majority at the same time '' or render a majority faction unable to act . Madison concludes that a small democracy can not avoid the dangers of majority faction because small size means that undesirable passions can very easily spread to a majority of the people , which can then enact its will through the democratic government without difficulty .", "Madison states , `` The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man '' , so the cure is to control their effects . He makes an argument on how this is not possible in a pure democracy but possible in a republic . With pure democracy , he means a system in which every citizen votes directly for laws , and , with republic , he intends a society in which citizens elect a small body of representatives who then vote for laws . He indicates that the voice of the people pronounced by a body of representatives is more conformable to the interest of the community , since , again , common people 's decisions are affected by their self - interest .", "He then makes an argument in favor of a large republic against a small republic for the choice of `` fit characters '' to represent the public 's voice . In a large republic , where the number of voters and candidates is greater , the probability to elect competent representatives is broader . The voters have a wider option . In a small republic , it would also be easier for the candidates to fool the voters but more difficult in a large one . The last argument Madison makes in favor of a large republic is that as , in a small republic , there will be a lower variety of interests and parties , a majority will more frequently be found . The number of participants of that majority will be lower , and , since they live in a more limited territory , it would be easier for them to agree and work together for the accomplishment of their ideas . While in a large republic the variety of interests will be greater so to make it harder to find a majority . Even if there is a majority , it would be harder for them to work together because of the large number of people and the fact they are spread out in a wider territory .", "A republic , Madison writes , is different from a democracy because its government is placed in the hands of delegates , and , as a result of this , it can be extended over a larger area . The idea is that , in a large republic , there will be more `` fit characters '' to choose from for each delegate . Also , the fact that each representative is chosen from a larger constituency should make the `` vicious arts '' of electioneering ( a reference to rhetoric ) less effective . For instance , in a large republic , a corrupt delegate would need to bribe many more people in order to win an election than in a small republic . Also , in a republic , the delegates both filter and refine the many demands of the people so as to prevent the type of frivolous claims that impede purely democratic governments .", "Though Madison argued for a large and diverse republic , the writers of the Federalist Papers recognized the need for a balance . They wanted a republic diverse enough to prevent faction but with enough commonality to maintain cohesion among the states . In Federalist No. 2 , John Jay counted as a blessing that America possessed `` one united people -- a people descended from the same ancestors , the same language , professing the same religion '' . Madison himself addresses a limitation of his conclusion that large constituencies will provide better representatives . He notes that if constituencies are too large , the representatives will be `` too little acquainted with all their local circumstances and lesser interests '' . He says that this problem is partly solved by federalism . No matter how large the constituencies of federal representatives , local matters will be looked after by state and local officials with naturally smaller constituencies .", "The Anti-Federalists vigorously contested the notion that a republic of diverse interests could survive . The author Cato ( another pseudonym , most likely that of George Clinton ) summarized the Anti-Federalist position in the article Cato no . 3 :", "Whoever seriously considers the immense extent of territory comprehended within the limits of the United States , with the variety of its climates , productions , and commerce , the difference of extent , and number of inhabitants in all ; the dissimilitude of interest , morals , and policies , in almost every one , will receive it as an intuitive truth , that a consolidated republican form of government therein , can never form a perfect union , establish justice , insure domestic tranquility , promote the general welfare , and secure the blessings of liberty to you and your posterity , for to these objects it must be directed : this unkindred legislature therefore , composed of interests opposite and dissimilar in their nature , will in its exercise , emphatically be , like a house divided against itself .", "Generally , it was their position that republics about the size of the individual states could survive , but that a republic on the size of the Union would fail . A particular point in support of this was that most of the states were focused on one industry -- to generalize , commerce and shipping in the northern states and plantation farming in the southern . The Anti-Federalist belief that the wide disparity in the economic interests of the various states would lead to controversy was perhaps realized in the American Civil War , which some scholars attribute to this disparity . Madison himself , in a letter to Thomas Jefferson , noted that differing economic interests had created dispute , even when the Constitution was being written . At the convention , he particularly identified the distinction between the northern and southern states as a `` line of discrimination '' that formed `` the real difference of interests '' .", "The discussion of the ideal size for the republic was not limited to the options of individual states or encompassing union . In a letter to Richard Price , Benjamin Rush noted that `` Some of our enlightened men who begin to despair of a more complete union of the States in Congress have secretly proposed an Eastern , Middle , and Southern Confederacy , to be united by an alliance offensive and defensive '' .", "In making their arguments , the Anti-Federalists appealed to both historical and theoretic evidence . On the theoretical side , they leaned heavily on the work of Charles de Secondat , Baron de Montesquieu . The Anti-Federalists Brutus and Cato both quoted Montesquieu on the issue of the ideal size of a republic , citing his statement in The Spirit of the Laws that :", "It is natural to a republic to have only a small territory , otherwise it can not long subsist . In a large republic there are men of large fortunes , and consequently of less moderation ; there are trusts too great to be placed in any single subject ; he has interest of his own ; he soon begins to think that he may be happy , great and glorious , by oppressing his fellow citizens ; and that he may raise himself to grandeur on the ruins of his country . In a large republic , the public good is sacrificed to a thousand views ; it is subordinate to exceptions , and depends on accidents . In a small one , the interest of the public is easier perceived , better understood , and more within the reach of every citizen ; abuses are of less extent , and of course are less protected .", "Greece and Rome were looked to as model republics throughout this debate , and authors on both sides took Roman pseudonyms . Brutus points out that the Greek and Roman states were small , whereas the U.S. is vast . He also points out that the expansion of these republics resulted in a transition from free government to tyranny .", "In the first century of the American republic , No. 10 was not regarded as among the more important numbers of The Federalist . For instance , in Democracy in America , Alexis de Tocqueville refers specifically to more than fifty of the essays , but No. 10 is not among them . Today , however , No. 10 is regarded as a seminal work of American democracy . In `` The People 's Vote '' , a popular survey conducted by the National Archives and Records Administration , National History Day , and U.S. News and World Report , No. 10 ( along with Federalist No. 51 , also by Madison ) was chosen as the 20th most influential document in United States history . David Epstein , writing in 1984 , described it as among the most highly regarded of all American political writing .", "The historian Charles A. Beard identified Federalist No. 10 as one of the most important documents for understanding the Constitution . In his book An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States ( 1913 ) , Beard argued that Madison produced a detailed explanation of the economic factors that lay behind the creation of the Constitution . At the outset of his study , Beard makes his point when he writes that Madison provided `` a masterly statement of the theory of economic determinism in politics '' ( Beard 1913 , p. 15 ) . Later in his study , Beard repeated his point , only providing more emphasis . `` The most philosophical examination of the foundations of political science is made by Madison in the tenth number , '' Beard writes . `` Here he lays down , in no uncertain language , the principle that the first and elemental concern of every government is economic '' ( Beard 1913 , p. 156 ) .", "Douglass Adair attributes the increased interest in the tenth number to Charles A. Beard 's book An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution , published in 1913 . Adair also contends that Beard 's selective focus on the issue of class struggle , and his political progressivism , has colored modern scholarship on the essay . According to Adair , Beard reads No. 10 as evidence for his belief in `` the Constitution as an instrument of class exploitation '' . Adair 's own view is that Federalist No. 10 should be read as `` eighteenth - century political theory directed to an eighteenth - century problem ; and ... one of the great creative achievements of that intellectual movement that later ages have christened ' Jeffersonian democracy ' '' .", "Garry Wills is a noted critic of Madison 's argument in Federalist No. 10 . In his book Explaining America , he adopts the position of Robert Dahl in arguing that Madison 's framework does not necessarily enhance the protections of minorities or ensure the common good . Instead , Wills claims : `` Minorities can make use of dispersed and staggered governmental machinery to clog , delay , slow down , hamper , and obstruct the majority . But these weapons for delay are given to the minority irrespective of its factious or nonfactious character ; and they can be used against the majority irrespective of its factious or nonfactious character . What Madison prevents is not faction , but action . What he protects is not the common good but delay as such '' .", "Federalist No. 10 is the classic citation for the belief that the Founding Fathers and the constitutional framers did not intend American politics to be partisan . For instance , United States Supreme Court justice John Paul Stevens cites the paper for the statement , `` Parties ranked high on the list of evils that the Constitution was designed to check '' . Discussing a California provision that forbids candidates from running as independents within one year of holding a partisan affiliation , Justice Byron White made apparent the Court 's belief that Madison spoke for the framers of the Constitution : `` California apparently believes with the Founding Fathers that splintered parties and unrestrained factionalism may do significant damage to the fabric of government . See The Federalist , No. 10 ( Madison ) '' .", "Madison 's argument that restraining liberty to limit faction is an unacceptable solution has been used by opponents of campaign finance limits . Justice Clarence Thomas , for example , invoked Federalist No. 10 in a dissent against a ruling supporting limits on campaign contributions , writing : `` The Framers preferred a political system that harnessed such faction for good , preserving liberty while also ensuring good government . Rather than adopting the repressive ' cure ' for faction that the majority today endorses , the Framers armed individual citizens with a remedy '' ." ]
Federalist No. 10 - wikipedia Federalist No. 10 Federalist No. 10 James Madison, author of Federalist No. 10 Author James Madison Language English Series The Federalist Publisher The Independent Journal , New York Packet , Daily Advertiser Publication date November 22, 1787 Media type Newspaper Preceded by Federalist No. 9 Followed by Federalist No. 11 Federalist No. 10 is an essay written by James Madison as the tenth of The Federalist Papers : a series of essays initiated by Alexander Hamilton arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution . Published on November 22, 1787 under the name `` Publius'' , Federalist No. 10 is among the most highly regarded of all American political writings. No. 10 addresses the question of how to reconcile citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or inimical to the interests of the community as a whole. Madison saw factions as inevitable due to the nature of man -- that is, as long as men hold differing opinions, have differing amounts of wealth and own differing amount of property, they will continue to form alliances with people who are most similar to them and they will sometimes work against the public interest and infringe upon the rights of others. He thus questions how to guard against those dangers. Federalist No. 10 continues a theme begun in Federalist No. 9 and is titled `` The Utility of the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection '' . The whole series is cited by scholars and jurists as an authoritative interpretation and explication of the meaning of the Constitution. Historians such as Charles A. Beard argue that No. 10 shows an explicit rejection by the Founding Fathers of the principles of direct democracy and factionalism, and argue that Madison suggests that a representative republic is more effective against partisanship and factionalism. Madison saw the Constitution as forming a `` happy combination'' of a republic and a democracy and with `` the great and aggregate interests being referred to the national, the local and particular to the State legislatures'' the power would not be centralized, thus making it `` more difficult for unworthy candidates to practice the vicious arts by which elections are too often carried'' . Contents 1 Background 2 Publication 3 The question of faction 4 Madison's arguments 5 Contemporaneous counterarguments 6 Modern analysis and reaction 7 Application 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links Background ( edit ) Preamble to the U.S. Constitution Prior to the Constitution, the thirteen states were bound together by the Articles of Confederation . These were in essence a military alliance between sovereign nations adopted to better fight the Revolutionary War . Congress had no power to tax, and as a result was not able to pay debts resulting from the Revolution. Madison, George Washington , Benjamin Franklin and others feared a break-up of the union and national bankruptcy. Like Washington, Madison felt the revolution had not resolved the social problems that had triggered it, and the excesses ascribed to the King were now being repeated by the state legislatures. In this view, Shays' Rebellion , an armed uprising in Massachusetts in 1786, was simply one, albeit extreme, example of `` democratic excess'' in the aftermath of the War. A national convention was called for May 1787, to revise the Articles of Confederation. Madison believed that the problem was not with the Articles, but rather the state legislatures, and so the solution was not to fix the articles but to restrain the excesses of the states. The principal questions before the convention became whether the states should remain sovereign, whether sovereignty should be transferred to the national government, or whether a settlement should rest somewhere in between. By mid-June it was clear that the convention was drafting a new plan of government around these issues-- a constitution. Madison's nationalist position shifted the debate increasingly away from a position of pure state sovereignty, and toward the compromise. In debate on June 26, he said that government ought to `` protect the minority of the opulent against the majority '' and that unchecked, democratic communities were subject to `` the turbulency and weakness of unruly passions'' . Publication ( edit ) Paul Leicester Ford's summary preceding Federalist No. 10, from his 1898 edition of The Federalist September 17, 1787 marked the signing of the final document. By its own Article Seven , the constitution drafted by the convention needed ratification by at least nine of the thirteen states, through special conventions held in each state. Anti-Federalist writers began to publish essays and letters arguing against ratification, and Alexander Hamilton recruited James Madison and John Jay to write a series of pro-ratification letters in response. Like most of the Federalist essays and the vast majority of The Federalist Papers , No. 10 first appeared in popular newspapers. It was first printed in the Daily Advertiser under the name adopted by the Federalist writers, `` Publius'' ; in this it was remarkable among the essays of Publius, as almost all of them first appeared in one of two other papers: the Independent Journal and the New-York Packet . Federalist No. 37 , also by Madison, was the only other essay to appear first in the Advertiser . Considering the importance later ascribed to the essay, it was reprinted only on a limited scale. On November 23, it appeared in the Packet and the next day in the Independent Journal . Outside New York City, it made four appearances in early 1788: January 2 in the Pennsylvania Gazette , January 10 in the Hudson Valley Weekly , January 15 in the Lansingburgh Northern Centinel , and January 17 in the Albany Gazette . Though this number of reprintings was typical for The Federalist essays, many other essays, both Federalist and Anti-Federalist, saw much wider distribution. On January 1, 1788, the publishing company J. & A. McLean announced that they would publish the first 36 of the essays in a single volume. This volume, titled The Federalist , was released on March 2, 1788. George Hopkins' 1802 edition revealed that Madison, Hamilton, and Jay were the authors of the series, with two later printings dividing the work by author. In 1818, James Gideon published a third edition containing corrections by Madison, who by that time had completed his two terms as President of the United States. Henry B. Dawson's edition of 1863 sought to collect the original newspaper articles, though he did not always find the first instance . It was much reprinted, albeit without his introduction. Paul Leicester Ford's 1898 edition included a table of contents which summarized the essays, with the summaries again used to preface their respective essays. The first date of publication and the newspaper name were recorded for each essay. Of modern editions, Jacob E. Cooke's 1961 edition is seen as authoritative, and is most used today. The question of faction ( edit ) Federalist No. 10 continues the discussion of the question broached in Hamilton's Federalist No. 9 . Hamilton there addressed the destructive role of a faction in breaking apart the republic. The question Madison answers, then, is how to eliminate the negative effects of faction. Madison defines a faction as `` a number of citizens, whether amounting to a minority or majority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community'' . He identifies the most serious source of faction to be the diversity of opinion in political life which leads to dispute over fundamental issues such as what regime or religion should be preferred. At the heart of Madison's fears about factions was the unequal distribution of property in society. Ultimately, `` the most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property,'' Madison argues (Dawson 1863, p. 58). Since some people owned property and others owned none, Madison felt that people would form different factions that pursued different interests. `` Those who hold and those who are without property have ever formed distinct interests in society,'' he notes (Dawson 1863, p. 58). Providing some examples of the distinct interests, Madison identified a landed interest, a manufacturing interest, a mercantile interest, a moneyed interest, and `` many lesser interests'' (Dawson 1863, p. 58). They all belonged to `` different classes'' that were `` actuated by different sentiments and views,'' Madison insists (Dawson 1863, p. 58). In other words, Madison argued that the unequal distribution of property led to the creation of different classes that formed different factions and pursued different class interests. Moreover, Madison feared the formation of a certain kind of faction. Recognizing that the country's wealthiest property owners formed a minority and that the country's unpropertied classes formed a majority, Madison feared that the unpropertied classes would come together to form a majority faction that gained control of the government. Against `` the minor party,'' there could emerge `` an interested and overbearing majority,'' Madison warns (Dawson 1863, p. 55-56). Specifically, Madison feared that the unpropertied classes would use their majority power to implement a variety of measures that redistributed wealth. There could be `` a rage for paper money, for an abolition of debts, for an equal division of property, or for any other improper or wicked project,'' Madison warns (Dawson 1863, p. 64). In short, Madison feared that a majority faction of the unpropertied classes might emerge to redistribute wealth and property in a way that benefited the majority of the population at the expense of the country's richest and wealthiest people. Like the anti-Federalists who opposed him, Madison was substantially influenced by the work of Montesquieu, though Madison and Montesquieu disagreed on the question addressed in this essay. He also relied heavily on the philosophers of the Scottish Enlightenment , especially David Hume , whose influence is most clear in Madison's discussion of the types of faction and in his argument for an extended republic. Madison's arguments ( edit ) Madison first assessed that there are two ways to limit the damage caused by faction: either remove the causes of faction or control its effects. He then describes the two methods to removing the causes of faction: first, destroying liberty, which would work because `` liberty is to faction what air is to fire'' , but it is impossible to perform because liberty is essential to political life. After all, Americans fought for it during the American Revolution . The second option, creating a society homogeneous in opinions and interests, is impracticable. The diversity of the people's ability is what makes them succeed more or less, and inequality of property is a right that the government should protect. Madison particularly emphasizes that economic stratification prevents everyone from sharing the same opinion. Madison concludes that the damage caused by faction can be limited only by controlling its effects. He then argues that the only problem comes from majority factions because the principle of popular sovereignty should prevent minority factions from gaining power. Madison offers two ways to check majority factions: prevent the `` existence of the same passion or interest in a majority at the same time'' or render a majority faction unable to act. Madison concludes that a small democracy cannot avoid the dangers of majority faction because small size means that undesirable passions can very easily spread to a majority of the people, which can then enact its will through the democratic government without difficulty. Madison states, `` The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man'' , so the cure is to control their effects. He makes an argument on how this is not possible in a pure democracy but possible in a republic. With pure democracy, he means a system in which every citizen votes directly for laws, and, with republic, he intends a society in which citizens elect a small body of representatives who then vote for laws. He indicates that the voice of the people pronounced by a body of representatives is more conformable to the interest of the community, since, again, common people's decisions are affected by their self-interest. He then makes an argument in favor of a large republic against a small republic for the choice of `` fit characters'' to represent the public's voice. In a large republic, where the number of voters and candidates is greater, the probability to elect competent representatives is broader. The voters have a wider option. In a small republic, it would also be easier for the candidates to fool the voters but more difficult in a large one. The last argument Madison makes in favor of a large republic is that as, in a small republic, there will be a lower variety of interests and parties, a majority will more frequently be found. The number of participants of that majority will be lower, and, since they live in a more limited territory, it would be easier for them to agree and work together for the accomplishment of their ideas. While in a large republic the variety of interests will be greater so to make it harder to find a majority. Even if there is a majority, it would be harder for them to work together because of the large number of people and the fact they are spread out in a wider territory. A republic, Madison writes, is different from a democracy because its government is placed in the hands of delegates, and, as a result of this, it can be extended over a larger area. The idea is that, in a large republic, there will be more `` fit characters'' to choose from for each delegate. Also, the fact that each representative is chosen from a larger constituency should make the `` vicious arts'' of electioneering (a reference to rhetoric) less effective. For instance, in a large republic, a corrupt delegate would need to bribe many more people in order to win an election than in a small republic. Also, in a republic, the delegates both filter and refine the many demands of the people so as to prevent the type of frivolous claims that impede purely democratic governments. Though Madison argued for a large and diverse republic, the writers of the Federalist Papers recognized the need for a balance. They wanted a republic diverse enough to prevent faction but with enough commonality to maintain cohesion among the states. In Federalist No. 2 , John Jay counted as a blessing that America possessed `` one united people-- a people descended from the same ancestors, the same language, professing the same religion'' . Madison himself addresses a limitation of his conclusion that large constituencies will provide better representatives. He notes that if constituencies are too large, the representatives will be `` too little acquainted with all their local circumstances and lesser interests'' . He says that this problem is partly solved by federalism . No matter how large the constituencies of federal representatives, local matters will be looked after by state and local officials with naturally smaller constituencies. Contemporaneous counterarguments ( edit ) George Clinton, believed to be the Anti-Federalist writer Cato The Anti-Federalists vigorously contested the notion that a republic of diverse interests could survive. The author Cato (another pseudonym, most likely that of George Clinton ) summarized the Anti-Federalist position in the article Cato no. 3: Whoever seriously considers the immense extent of territory comprehended within the limits of the United States, with the variety of its climates, productions, and commerce, the difference of extent, and number of inhabitants in all; the dissimilitude of interest, morals, and policies, in almost every one, will receive it as an intuitive truth, that a consolidated republican form of government therein, can never form a perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to you and your posterity, for to these objects it must be directed: this unkindred legislature therefore, composed of interests opposite and dissimilar in their nature, will in its exercise, emphatically be, like a house divided against itself. Generally, it was their position that republics about the size of the individual states could survive, but that a republic on the size of the Union would fail. A particular point in support of this was that most of the states were focused on one industry-- to generalize, commerce and shipping in the northern states and plantation farming in the southern. The Anti-Federalist belief that the wide disparity in the economic interests of the various states would lead to controversy was perhaps realized in the American Civil War , which some scholars attribute to this disparity. Madison himself, in a letter to Thomas Jefferson , noted that differing economic interests had created dispute, even when the Constitution was being written. At the convention, he particularly identified the distinction between the northern and southern states as a `` line of discrimination'' that formed `` the real difference of interests'' . The discussion of the ideal size for the republic was not limited to the options of individual states or encompassing union. In a letter to Richard Price , Benjamin Rush noted that `` Some of our enlightened men who begin to despair of a more complete union of the States in Congress have secretly proposed an Eastern, Middle, and Southern Confederacy, to be united by an alliance offensive and defensive'' . In making their arguments, the Anti-Federalists appealed to both historical and theoretic evidence. On the theoretical side, they leaned heavily on the work of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu . The Anti-Federalists Brutus and Cato both quoted Montesquieu on the issue of the ideal size of a republic, citing his statement in The Spirit of the Laws that: It is natural to a republic to have only a small territory, otherwise it cannot long subsist. In a large republic there are men of large fortunes, and consequently of less moderation; there are trusts too great to be placed in any single subject; he has interest of his own; he soon begins to think that he may be happy, great and glorious, by oppressing his fellow citizens; and that he may raise himself to grandeur on the ruins of his country. In a large republic, the public good is sacrificed to a thousand views; it is subordinate to exceptions, and depends on accidents. In a small one, the interest of the public is easier perceived, better understood, and more within the reach of every citizen; abuses are of less extent, and of course are less protected. Greece and Rome were looked to as model republics throughout this debate, and authors on both sides took Roman pseudonyms. Brutus points out that the Greek and Roman states were small, whereas the U.S. is vast. He also points out that the expansion of these republics resulted in a transition from free government to tyranny. Modern analysis and reaction ( edit ) In the first century of the American republic, No. 10 was not regarded as among the more important numbers of The Federalist . For instance, in Democracy in America , Alexis de Tocqueville refers specifically to more than fifty of the essays, but No. 10 is not among them. Today, however, No. 10 is regarded as a seminal work of American democracy. In `` The People's Vote'' , a popular survey conducted by the National Archives and Records Administration , National History Day , and U.S. News and World Report , No. 10 (along with Federalist No. 51 , also by Madison) was chosen as the 20th most influential document in United States history. David Epstein, writing in 1984, described it as among the most highly regarded of all American political writing. The historian Charles A. Beard identified Federalist No. 10 as one of the most important documents for understanding the Constitution. In his book An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States (1913), Beard argued that Madison produced a detailed explanation of the economic factors that lay behind the creation of the Constitution. At the outset of his study, Beard makes his point when he writes that Madison provided `` a masterly statement of the theory of economic determinism in politics'' (Beard 1913, p. 15). Later in his study, Beard repeated his point, only providing more emphasis. `` The most philosophical examination of the foundations of political science is made by Madison in the tenth number,'' Beard writes. `` Here he lays down, in no uncertain language, the principle that the first and elemental concern of every government is economic'' (Beard 1913, p. 156). Douglass Adair attributes the increased interest in the tenth number to Charles A. Beard 's book An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution , published in 1913. Adair also contends that Beard's selective focus on the issue of class struggle , and his political progressivism , has colored modern scholarship on the essay. According to Adair, Beard reads No. 10 as evidence for his belief in `` the Constitution as an instrument of class exploitation'' . Adair's own view is that Federalist No. 10 should be read as `` eighteenth-century political theory directed to an eighteenth-century problem; and ... one of the great creative achievements of that intellectual movement that later ages have christened ' Jeffersonian democracy' '' . Garry Wills is a noted critic of Madison's argument in Federalist No. 10. In his book Explaining America , he adopts the position of Robert Dahl in arguing that Madison's framework does not necessarily enhance the protections of minorities or ensure the common good. Instead, Wills claims: `` Minorities can make use of dispersed and staggered governmental machinery to clog, delay, slow down, hamper, and obstruct the majority. But these weapons for delay are given to the minority irrespective of its factious or nonfactious character; and they can be used against the majority irrespective of its factious or nonfactious character. What Madison prevents is not faction, but action. What he protects is not the common good but delay as such'' . Application ( edit ) Federalist No. 10 is the classic citation for the belief that the Founding Fathers and the constitutional framers did not intend American politics to be partisan . For instance, United States Supreme Court justice John Paul Stevens cites the paper for the statement, `` Parties ranked high on the list of evils that the Constitution was designed to check'' . Discussing a California provision that forbids candidates from running as independents within one year of holding a partisan affiliation, Justice Byron White made apparent the Court's belief that Madison spoke for the framers of the Constitution: `` California apparently believes with the Founding Fathers that splintered parties and unrestrained factionalism may do significant damage to the fabric of government. See The Federalist, No. 10 (Madison)'' . Madison's argument that restraining liberty to limit faction is an unacceptable solution has been used by opponents of campaign finance limits. Justice Clarence Thomas , for example, invoked Federalist No. 10 in a dissent against a ruling supporting limits on campaign contributions, writing: `` The Framers preferred a political system that harnessed such faction for good, preserving liberty while also ensuring good government. Rather than adopting the repressive ' cure' for faction that the majority today endorses, the Framers armed individual citizens with a remedy'' . Notes ( edit ) ^ Epstein, p. 59. ^ Bernstein, pp. 11-- 12, 81-- 109. ^ Wood, Idea , p. 104. ^ Wood, Idea , p. 103. ^ Stewart, p. 182. ^ Yates. (42) ^ Ball, p. xvii. ^ For instance, the important Anti-Federalist authors `` Cato'' and `` Brutus'' debuted in New York papers on September 27 and October 18, 1787 respectively. See Furtwangler, pp. 48-- 49. ^ Dates and publication information at `` The Federalist'' , Constitution Society. Accessed January 22, 2011. ^ Kaminski and Saladino, Vol XIV, p. 175. ^ Adair, pp. 44-- 46. See also `` The Federalist Papers: Timeline'' , SparkNotes. Accessed January 22, 2011. ^ Ford, p. xl . ^ Throughout Storing, for instance, and relied upon by De Pauw, pp. 202-- 204. For Ball, p. xlvii, it is the `` authoritative edition'' and `` still stands as the most complete scholarly edition'' . ^ Federalist No. 10. p. 56 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource. ^ Federalist No. 10. p. 58 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource. ^ Federalist No. 10. p. 60 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource. ^ Cohler, pp. 148-- 161. ^ Adair, pp. 93-- 106. ^ Federalist No. 10. p. 56 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource. ^ Federalist No. 10. p. 60 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource. ^ Federalist No. 10. p. 57 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource. ^ Federalist No. 10. p. 62 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource. ^ Federalist No. 10. p. 62 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource. ^ Federalist No. 2. pp. 7 -- 8 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource. ^ Federalist No. 10. p. 62 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource. ^ See the accounts by, and conclusions of, Storing, Vol 1, pp. 102-- 104, Kaminski, p. 131, pp. 309-- 310, and Wood, Creation , p. 489. De Pauw, pp. 290-- 292, prefers Abraham Yates . ^ Cato, no. 3 . The Founders' Constitution. Volume 1, Chapter 4, Document 16. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved January 22, 2011. ^ Ransom, Roger L. `` Economics of the Civil War'' . Economic History Association. August 24, 2001. Referenced November 20, 2005. Citing Beard; Hacker; Egnal; Ransom and Sutch; Bensel; and McPherson, Ransom notes that `` regional economic specialization ... generated very strong regional divisions on economic issues ... economic changes in the Northern states were a major factor leading to the political collapse of the 1850s ... the sectional splits on these economic issues ... led to a growing crisis in economic policy'' . ^ Letter by Madison to Jefferson, October 24, 1787. `` James Madison to Thomas Jefferson'' . The Founders' Constitution. Volume 1, Chapter 17, Document 22. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved January 22, 2011. ^ Cohler, p. 151. ^ Yates is replete with examples. ^ Letter by Benjamin Rush to Richard Price , October 27, 1786. `` Benjamin Rush to Richard Price'' . The Founders' Constitution. Volume 1, Chapter 7, Document 7. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved January 22, 2011. ^ Montesquieu, Spirit Of Laws , ch. xvi. vol. I, book VIII, cited in Brutus, No. 1 . The Founders' Constitution. Volume 1, Chapter 4, Document 14. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved January 22, 2011. ^ Brutus, No. 1 . The Founders' Constitution. Volume 1, Chapter 4, Document 14. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved January 22, 2011. `` History furnishes no example of a free republic, any thing like the extent of the United States. The Grecian republics were of small extent; so also was that of the Romans. Both of these, it is true, in process of time, extended their conquests over large territories of country; and the consequence was, that their governments were changed from that of free governments to those of the most tyrannical that ever existed in the world'' . ^ Adair, p. 110. ^ `` The People's Vote'' , ourdocuments.gov, National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved January 22, 2011. ^ Epstein, p. 59. ^ Adair, pp. 120-- 124. Quotation at p. 123. ^ Adair, p. 131. ^ Wills, p. 195. ^ California Democratic Party v. Jones , 530 U.S. 567, 592 (2000) (43) ^ Storer v. Brown , 415 U.S. 724, 736 (1974) (44) ^ Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC , 528 U.S. 377, 424 (2000) (45) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manweller 2005 , p. 22. Jump up ^ Gustafson 1992 , p. 290. Adair, Douglass. `` The Tenth Federalist Revisited'' and `` ' That Politics May Be Reduced to a Science' : David Hume, James Madison and the Tenth Federalist'' . Fame and the Founding Fathers. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1998. ISBN 978-0-86597-193-6 New York: WW Norton & Co, 1974 ISBN 978-0-393-05499-6 Ball, Terence. The Federalist with Letters of `` Brutus'' . Cambridge University Press: 2003. ISBN 978-0-521-00121-2 Beard, Charles A. An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States . New York: The MacMillan Company, 1913. Bernstein, Richard B. Are We to Be a Nation? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987. ISBN 978-0-674-04476-0 Cohler, Anne. Montesquieu's Comparative Politics and the Spirit of American Constitutionalism . Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988. ISBN 978-0-521-36974-9 Dawson, Henry B., ed. The Fœderalist : A Collection of Essays, Written in Favor of the New Constitution, As Agreed Upon by the Fœderal Convention, September 17, 1787 . New York: Charles Scribner, 1863. De Pauw, Linda Grant. The Eleventh Pillar: New York State and the Federal Constitution . Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1966. ISBN 978-0-8014-0104-6 Epstein, David F. The Political Theory of The Federalist . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0-226-21300-2 Furtwangler, Albert. The Authority of Publius: A Reading of the Federalist Papers . Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0-8014-1643-9 Gustafson, Thomas (1992). Representative Words: Politics, Literature, and the American Language, 1776-1865 . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39512-0 . Kaminski, John P. George Clinton: Yeoman Politician of the New Republic . Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1993. ISBN 978-0-945612-17-9 Manweller, Mathew (2005). The People Vs. the Courts: Judicial Review and Direct Democracy in the American Legal System . Academica Press, LLC. ISBN 978-1-930901-97-1 . Morgan, Edmund S. * `` Safety in Numbers: Madison, Hume, and the Tenth ' Federalist,' '' Huntington Library Quarterly (1986) 49#2 pp. 95-- 112 in JSTOR Stewart, David O. The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution . New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7432-8692-3 Wills, Garry. Explaining America: The Federalist . New York: Penguin Books, 1982. ISBN 978-0-14-029839-0 Wood, Gordon. The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-- 1787 . Chapel Hill, NC: UNC Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-8078-4723-7 Wood, Gordon. The Idea of America: Reflections on the Birth of the United States . New York: Penguin Press, 2011. ISBN 978-1-59420-290-2 Primary sources ( edit ) Hamilton, Alexander; Madison, James; and Jay, John. The Federalist . Edited by Jacob E. Cooke. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1961. Wesleyan 1982 edition: ISBN 978-0-8195-6077-3 Hamilton, Alexander; Madison, James; and Jay, John. The Federalist . Edited by Henry B. Dawson. Morrisania, New York: Charles Scribner, 1863. Accessed January 22, 2011. Hamilton, Alexander; Madison, James; and Jay, John. The Federalist . Edited by Paul Leicester Ford. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1898. Kaminski, John P. and Saladino, Gaspare J., ed. The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution . Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1981. ISBN 978-0-87020-372-5 Storing, Herbert J.; Dry, Murray, ed. The Complete Anti-Federalist . Vols 1-- 7. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. ISBN 0-226-77566-6 Yates, Robert . Notes of the Secret Debate of the Federal Convention of 1787 . Washington, D.C.: Templeman, 1886. Accessed January 22, 2011. `` Storer v. Brown , 415 U.S. 724 (1974)'' . Findlaw . Retrieved October 1, 2005 . `` Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC , 528 U.S. 377 (2000)'' . Findlaw . Retrieved August 23, 2005 . `` California Democratic Party v. Jones , 530 U.S. 567 (2000)'' . Findlaw . Retrieved August 23, 2005 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article: Federalist No. 10 Text of The Federalist No. 10 : congress.gov Online text of Brutus, no. 1 , University of Chicago . Online text of Cato, no. 3 , same source as above The Federalist Papers Authors Alexander Hamilton (papers) James Madison (papers) John Jay (papers) Papers 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 Related United States Constitution The Independent Journal Publius Valerius Publicola Anti-Federalist Papers complete The Federalist Papers The Federalist Papers Portal:History The Federalist James Madison 4th President of the United States (1809-- 1817) 5th U.S. Secretary of State (1801-- 1809) United States House of Representatives (1789-- 1797) Congress of the Confederation (1781-- 1783) Virginia House of Delegates (1776-- 1779, 1784-- 1786) `` Father of the Constitution'' Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution 1786 Annapolis Convention 1787 Constitutional Convention Virginia Plan Constitution of the United States Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 The Federalist Papers written by Madison No. 10 No. 51 Virginia Ratifying Convention United States Bill of Rights 27th amendment Constitution drafting and ratification timeline Founding Fathers Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Tecumseh's War Battle of Tippecanoe War of 1812 origins Burning of Washington The Octagon House Treaty of Ghent Seven Buildings residence results Second Barbary War Era of Good Feelings Second Bank of the United States State of the Union Address (1810 1814 1815 1816) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other noted accomplisments Co-founder, American Whig Society Supervised the Louisiana Purchase Anti-Administration party Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Democratic-Republican Party First Party System republicanism Library of Congress Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Report of 1800 Other writings The Papers of James Madison Life Early life and career Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace Montpelier Elections U.S. House of Representatives election, 1789 1790 1792 1794 U.S. presidential election, 1808 1812 Legacy and popular culture James Madison Memorial Building James Madison University James Madison College Madison, Wisconsin Madison Square Madison River Madison Street U.S. postage stamps James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation James Madison Freedom of Information Award James Madison Award James Madison Institute A More Perfect Union (1989 film) Liberty's Kids (2002 series) Hamilton (2015 musical) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment Marbury v. Madison National Gazette Paul Jennings Madisonian Model American Philosophical Society The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Family Dolley Madison (wife) John Payne Todd (stepson) James Madison, Sr. (father) Nelly Conway Madison (mother) William Madison (brother) Ambrose Madison (paternal grandfather) James Madison (cousin) George Madison (paternal second-cousin) Thomas Madison (paternal second-cousin) John Madison (great-grandfather) ← Thomas Jefferson James Monroe → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federalist_No._10&oldid=864386491 '' Categories : 1787 in law 1787 in the United States 1787 works Federalist Papers by James Madison Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018, at 21:34 (UTC) . 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In the weeks leading up to the film , EA Capital Games announced that new characters based on the film will eventually be collectible and playable in the mobile game Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes , including a younger Han Solo and Chewbacca as they appeared in the film .
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[ "Solo : A Star Wars Story Theatrical release poster Directed by Ron Howard Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Allison Shearmur Simon Emanuel Written by Jonathan Kasdan Lawrence Kasdan Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Alden Ehrenreich Woody Harrelson Emilia Clarke Donald Glover Thandie Newton Phoebe Waller - Bridge Joonas Suotamo Paul Bettany Music by John Powell Cinematography Bradford Young Edited by Pietro Scalia Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) ( Cannes ) May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English", "Solo : A Star Wars Story", "Theatrical release poster", "Directed by Ron Howard", "Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Allison Shearmur Simon Emanuel", "Kathleen Kennedy Allison Shearmur Simon Emanuel", "Written by Jonathan Kasdan Lawrence Kasdan", "Jonathan Kasdan Lawrence Kasdan", "Based on Characters by George Lucas", "Starring Alden Ehrenreich Woody Harrelson Emilia Clarke Donald Glover Thandie Newton Phoebe Waller - Bridge Joonas Suotamo Paul Bettany", "Alden Ehrenreich Woody Harrelson Emilia Clarke Donald Glover Thandie Newton Phoebe Waller - Bridge Joonas Suotamo Paul Bettany", "Phoebe Waller - Bridge", "Music by John Powell", "Cinematography Bradford Young", "Edited by Pietro Scalia", "Production company Lucasfilm Ltd .", "Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures", "Release date May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) ( Cannes ) May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) ( United States )", "May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) ( Cannes ) May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) ( United States )", "May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) ( Cannes )", "May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) ( United States )", "Running time 135 minutes", "Country United States", "Language English", "Solo : A Star Wars Story , or simply Solo , is an upcoming American space western film centered on Han Solo , a character from the Star Wars franchise . The film is directed by Ron Howard and is produced by Lucasfilm from a screenplay by Jonathan and Lawrence Kasdan , and will be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The film will be the second Star Wars anthology film , following the 2016 film Rogue One . A stand - alone installment set prior to the events of Rogue One and the original 1977 film , it explores the adventures of a young Han Solo and Chewbacca , including meeting Lando Calrissian . The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as Solo , alongside Woody Harrelson , Emilia Clarke , Donald Glover , Thandie Newton , Phoebe Waller - Bridge , Joonas Suotamo , and Paul Bettany .", "Principal photography began in January 2017 at Pinewood Studios , under the direction of Phil Lord and Christopher Miller . The pair left the project in June 2017 after reportedly being fired over `` creative differences '' with Lucasfilm , and Howard took over directing duties . The film is scheduled to premiere on May 15 , 2018 at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival , and be released in the United States on May 25 , 2018 , in RealD 3D and IMAX 3D .", "Described as a space western , the film is centered on a young Han Solo and his adventures with his Wookiee partner Chewbacca , including their encounter with Lando Calrissian .", "Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo , a cynical smuggler . When asked how Solo differs from the Solo of latter Star Wars films , Ehrenreich stated `` I think the main thing that 's different is that the Han we meet in this film is more of an idealist . He has certain dreams that he follows , and we watch how it affects him as those dreams meet new realities -- realities that are harder and more challenging than he 'd expected . '' The original Han Solo actor , Harrison Ford , met with him giving him some insight , and words of advice . Woody Harrelson as Tobias Beckett , a criminal and Han 's mentor . Emilia Clarke as Qi'ra . Describing her character , Clarke said `` She has a couple of guises , but essentially she is just fighting to stay alive . If you 've got a really glamorous lady in a really sordid environment , you kind of know the glamor is hiding a few rough roads . '' With regard to her character 's relationship with Solo , Clarke offered that `` They grew up as comrades , essentially . They grew up as pals , as partners in crime . There is obviously the romantic side of things . But they grew up together . So they were kids together . '' Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian , a smuggler on the rise in the galaxy 's underworld . Thandie Newton as Val Phoebe Waller - Bridge as L3 - 37 , Lando 's droid companion . Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca , Han 's Wookiee sidekick and first mate . Paul Bettany as Dryden Vos , a crime lord . Michael K. Williams had originally been cast , but he was removed from the final film after being unable to return to set during the film 's reshoots . Bettany was cast in his place , with the character being reworked from a motion - capture alien ( described by Williams as half - mountain lion , half - human ) to a human .", "Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo , a cynical smuggler . When asked how Solo differs from the Solo of latter Star Wars films , Ehrenreich stated `` I think the main thing that 's different is that the Han we meet in this film is more of an idealist . He has certain dreams that he follows , and we watch how it affects him as those dreams meet new realities -- realities that are harder and more challenging than he 'd expected . '' The original Han Solo actor , Harrison Ford , met with him giving him some insight , and words of advice .", "Woody Harrelson as Tobias Beckett , a criminal and Han 's mentor .", "Emilia Clarke as Qi'ra . Describing her character , Clarke said `` She has a couple of guises , but essentially she is just fighting to stay alive . If you 've got a really glamorous lady in a really sordid environment , you kind of know the glamor is hiding a few rough roads . '' With regard to her character 's relationship with Solo , Clarke offered that `` They grew up as comrades , essentially . They grew up as pals , as partners in crime . There is obviously the romantic side of things . But they grew up together . So they were kids together . ''", "Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian , a smuggler on the rise in the galaxy 's underworld .", "Thandie Newton as Val", "Phoebe Waller - Bridge as L3 - 37 , Lando 's droid companion .", "Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca , Han 's Wookiee sidekick and first mate .", "Paul Bettany as Dryden Vos , a crime lord . Michael K. Williams had originally been cast , but he was removed from the final film after being unable to return to set during the film 's reshoots . Bettany was cast in his place , with the character being reworked from a motion - capture alien ( described by Williams as half - mountain lion , half - human ) to a human .", "Screenwriter Jonathan Kasdan and first assistant director Toby Hefferman portray Tag Greenley and Bink Otauna , respectively , two characters that first appeared in the Star Wars comics published by Dark Horse Comics . Jon Favreau will provide the voice for Rio Durant , `` a very cool and important alien character . '' Ian Kenny , Warwick Davis and Clint Howard are also cast in undisclosed roles .", "Before selling Lucasfilm to Disney , George Lucas started development on a film about a young Han Solo . Lucas hired Star Wars original trilogy veteran script writer Lawrence Kasdan to write the script . However when Kasdan left to help finish the script for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , he left his son Jonathan Kasdan who had been unofficially helping him , in charge of finishing the script for Solo until his return . In February 2013 , Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two Star Wars standalone films , each individually written by Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg . Shortly after , it was reported that Disney was working on two films featuring Han Solo and Boba Fett . Disney CFO Jay Rasulo described the standalone films as origin stories . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films would not crossover with the films of the sequel trilogy , stating , `` George ( Lucas ) was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spin - off movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the standalone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . '' In April 2015 , Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology series .", "In July 2015 , Lucasfilm announced that an Anthology film , focusing `` on how ( a ) young Han Solo became the smuggler , thief , and scoundrel whom Luke Skywalker and Obi - Wan Kenobi first encountered in the cantina at Mos Eisley '' , would be released on May 25 , 2018 . The project would be directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a script by Lawrence Kasdan and Jonathan Kasdan . Kennedy would serve as a producer on the film , with Lawrence Kasdan and Jason McGatlin executive producers ; Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel also produce . The Han Solo project was separate from a film that was originally being developed by Josh Trank , which was pushed back to an unconfirmed date . Solo 's friend , the Wookiee , Chewbacca , would also appear in the film . In May 2016 , Lawrence Kasdan stated that filming would start in January 2017 .", "In January 2016 , a shortlist of actors was revealed for the role of young Han Solo , including Miles Teller , Ansel Elgort , Dave Franco , Jack Reynor , Scott Eastwood , Logan Lerman , Emory Cohen and Blake Jenner . In March 2016 , it was reported that Alden Ehrenreich , Reynor and Taron Egerton were on a shortlist of actors considered for the young Han Solo role . In May 2016 , Ehrenreich was reported to have been cast as the young Han Solo , and was revealed in the role at Star Wars Celebration : Celebration Europe III two months later . Miller called casting the role one of `` the hardest casting challenges of all time '' adding they `` saw over 3,000 people for the part '' .", "By the following October , Tessa Thompson , Naomi Scott , Zoë Kravitz , Emilia Clarke , Kiersey Clemons , Jessica Henwick and Adria Arjona were being considered for the female lead , while Donald Glover was being considered to play a young Lando Calrissian . Glover was confirmed for Calrissian shortly after , with Clarke cast as the female lead the following month .", "In early January 2017 , Woody Harrelson was revealed to be in negotiations to portray Han Solo 's mentor , and was confirmed to be appearing in the film shortly after . Christian Bale had previously been in discussions for the role . A subsequent interview with Harrelson bolstered speculation that he may be specifically playing Star Wars Legends character Garris Shrike , but Harrelson revealed the character 's name as Beckett in March 2017 . In February 2017 , Phoebe Waller - Bridge joined the cast in an undisclosed role , said to be `` a CGI - driven performance '' similar to Alan Tudyk in Rogue One as the droid K - 2SO . Additionally , it was reported that Thandie Newton was in negotiations to star in the film . Waller - Bridge and Newton were confirmed as being cast by the end of February , alongside the announcement that Joonas Suotamo would appear as Chewbacca , reprising the role from Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Star Wars : The Last Jedi that he shared with original Chewbacca actor Peter Mayhew . Michael K. Williams entered talks to join the film in early March 2017 , and was confirmed shortly after , portraying a half - human , half - animal creature . By the end of the month , Ian Kenny had joined the cast . Warwick Davis was confirmed as part of the cast by the end of July 2017 .", "Filming began on January 30 , 2017 , at Pinewood Studios , under the working title Star Wars : Red Cup . Lucasfilm announced that principal photography started on February 20 , 2017 . Bradford Young serves as the cinematographer for the film . In May 2017 , filming moved to the Canary Islands , and Lucasfilm replaced editor Chris Dickens with Pietro Scalia . Lucasfilm also hired an acting coach for Ehrenreich , as they were unhappy with his performance up to that point .", "On June 20 , 2017 , citing `` creative differences '' , Lucasfilm and Lord and Miller jointly announced their intent to part ways , with a new director `` to be announced soon '' . It was reported that the directors were fired after Kennedy and Kasdan disagreed with their shooting style ; Lord and Miller believed they were hired to make a comedy film , while Lucasfilm was looking for the duo to add `` a comedic touch '' to the space fantasy . Lucasfilm also felt that the directors were encouraging too much improvisation from the actors , which was believed to be `` shifting the story off - course '' from the Kasdans ' script . To appease Kasdan , who was unhappy with scenes not being filmed `` word for word ... Lord and Miller would do several takes exactly as written and then shoot additional takes . '' Lord and Miller refused to compromise on the way to approach certain scenes , such as filming a scene from fewer angles than what Lucasfilm was expecting reducing the options available in editing , leading to a strained relationship with Lucasfilm . The duo were also unhappy when Kasdan was brought to the London set , feeling he became a `` shadow director '' . The decision to remove Lord and Miller from the project was made after a short hiatus in filming taken to review the footage . Additional weeks of filming had been planned .", "It was reported that Star Wars creator George Lucas 's close friend Ron Howard , who previously had turned down an offer from Lucas himself to direct Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , was a frontrunner to step in as director . Joe Johnston and Kasdan were also being considered , though Directors Guild of America rules state that a replacement for a director may not be someone already involved in the production . Two days later , it was announced that Howard would take over directing duties for the remaining three - and - a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography as well as the scheduled five weeks of reshoots . On being hired , Howard wrote , `` I 'm beyond grateful to add my voice to the Star Wars Universe ... I hope to honor the great work already done & help deliver on the promise of a Han Solo film . '' Howard was expected to arrive in London on June 26 to complete filming . During the film 's reshoots , actor Michael K. Williams was unable to return to the production , due to a schedule conflict with filming The Red Sea Diving Resort , resulting in his part being cut . Williams stated the reshoots for his character were `` to match the new direction which the producers wanted Ron to carry the film in '' , and that he would not have been available again until November 2017 , and the production did not want to wait for his availability in order to still be able to release in May 2018 .", "Lucas , a friend and mentor of Howard due to previous collaborations , made a surprise visit to the set to encourage his friend on his first day shooting . While originally meant as a short meeting , Lucas ended up spending the whole day with the crew . While Lucas did not mean to interfere , at some point he forgot and asked `` Why does n't Han just do this ? '' . Upon hearing Lucas ' suggestion , Howard decided to film it and include it in the film . On October 17 , 2017 , Howard announced that principal photography had been completed ; he also revealed the official title of the film as Solo : A Star Wars Story .", "In March 2018 , it was announced that the original directors Lord and Miller will receive executive producer credits on the film .", "In July 2017 , John Powell was announced as the main composer of the film 's score . Longtime Star Wars composer John Williams will contribute the Han Solo theme for the film .", "Solo : A Star Wars Story will have its world premiere on May 15 , 2018 at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival . The film is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 25 , 2018 , the 41st anniversary of Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope in which Harrison Ford first appeared as Han Solo . Despite the firing of Phil Lord and Christopher Miller , Lucasfilm has maintained that the film is on schedule for its intended release date .", "A `` sneak peek '' TV spot was released during Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . It became the most popular Super Bowl trailer on YouTube with 8 million views . It also had 5.9 million views on Facebook .", "The first official teaser trailer was released on February 5 , 2018 . Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the trailer as `` dull '' , and compared it negatively to the look of Rogue One , opining that the visuals `` should be the hive of scum and villainy of the Cantina of the very first movie , filled with colorful aliens and things happening all over the place . That busyness , the sense of danger and hustle , feels appropriate for Solo in a way that what 's on show in this first trailer simply does n't . '' He also noted that several plot elements presented in the trailer were reminiscent of The Han Solo Trilogy , a series of novels published in 1997 and 1998 .", "In early March 2018 , French artist Hachim Bahous asserted that Disney had plagiarized a series of album covers he designed for Sony Music 's label Legacy Recordings in France with character posters for the film . Disney stated they were investigating the alleged plagiarism and that the Solo posters had been produced by an outside vendor .", "In the weeks leading up to the film , EA Capital Games announced that new characters based on the film will eventually be collectible and playable in the mobile game Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes , including a younger Han Solo and Chewbacca as they appeared in the film ." ]
Solo: a Star Wars Story - wikipedia Solo: a Star Wars Story Jump to: navigation , search Solo: A Star Wars Story Theatrical release poster Directed by Ron Howard Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Allison Shearmur Simon Emanuel Written by Jonathan Kasdan Lawrence Kasdan Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Alden Ehrenreich Woody Harrelson Emilia Clarke Donald Glover Thandie Newton Phoebe Waller-Bridge Joonas Suotamo Paul Bettany Music by John Powell Cinematography Bradford Young Edited by Pietro Scalia Production company Lucasfilm Ltd. Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 15, 2018 ( 2018-05-15 ) ( Cannes ) May 25, 2018 ( 2018-05-25 ) (United States) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Solo: A Star Wars Story , or simply Solo , is an upcoming American space western film centered on Han Solo , a character from the Star Wars franchise. The film is directed by Ron Howard and is produced by Lucasfilm from a screenplay by Jonathan and Lawrence Kasdan , and will be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The film will be the second Star Wars anthology film, following the 2016 film Rogue One . A stand-alone installment set prior to the events of Rogue One and the original 1977 film , it explores the adventures of a young Han Solo and Chewbacca , including meeting Lando Calrissian . The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as Solo, alongside Woody Harrelson , Emilia Clarke , Donald Glover , Thandie Newton , Phoebe Waller-Bridge , Joonas Suotamo , and Paul Bettany . Principal photography began in January 2017 at Pinewood Studios , under the direction of Phil Lord and Christopher Miller . The pair left the project in June 2017 after reportedly being fired over `` creative differences'' with Lucasfilm, and Howard took over directing duties. The film is scheduled to premiere on May 15, 2018 at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival , and be released in the United States on May 25, 2018, in RealD 3D and IMAX 3D . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Described as a space western , the film is centered on a young Han Solo and his adventures with his Wookiee partner Chewbacca , including their encounter with Lando Calrissian . Cast ( edit ) Main articles: List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast members Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo , a cynical smuggler. When asked how Solo differs from the Solo of latter Star Wars films, Ehrenreich stated `` I think the main thing that's different is that the Han we meet in this film is more of an idealist. He has certain dreams that he follows, and we watch how it affects him as those dreams meet new realities -- realities that are harder and more challenging than he'd expected.'' The original Han Solo actor, Harrison Ford , met with him giving him some insight, and words of advice. Woody Harrelson as Tobias Beckett, a criminal and Han's mentor. Emilia Clarke as Qi'ra . Describing her character, Clarke said `` She has a couple of guises, but essentially she is just fighting to stay alive. If you've got a really glamorous lady in a really sordid environment, you kind of know the glamor is hiding a few rough roads.'' With regard to her character's relationship with Solo, Clarke offered that `` They grew up as comrades, essentially. They grew up as pals, as partners in crime. There is obviously the romantic side of things. But they grew up together. So they were kids together.'' Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian , a smuggler on the rise in the galaxy's underworld. Thandie Newton as Val Phoebe Waller-Bridge as L3-37, Lando's droid companion. Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca , Han's Wookiee sidekick and first mate. Paul Bettany as Dryden Vos, a crime lord. Michael K. Williams had originally been cast, but he was removed from the final film after being unable to return to set during the film's reshoots. Bettany was cast in his place, with the character being reworked from a motion-capture alien (described by Williams as half- mountain lion , half-human) to a human. Screenwriter Jonathan Kasdan and first assistant director Toby Hefferman portray Tag Greenley and Bink Otauna , respectively, two characters that first appeared in the Star Wars comics published by Dark Horse Comics . Jon Favreau will provide the voice for Rio Durant, `` a very cool and important alien character.'' Ian Kenny, Warwick Davis and Clint Howard are also cast in undisclosed roles. Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Before selling Lucasfilm to Disney, George Lucas started development on a film about a young Han Solo. Lucas hired Star Wars original trilogy veteran script writer Lawrence Kasdan to write the script. However when Kasdan left to help finish the script for Star Wars: The Force Awakens , he left his son Jonathan Kasdan who had been unofficially helping him, in charge of finishing the script for Solo until his return. In February 2013, Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two Star Wars standalone films , each individually written by Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg . Shortly after, it was reported that Disney was working on two films featuring Han Solo and Boba Fett . Disney CFO Jay Rasulo described the standalone films as origin stories . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films would not crossover with the films of the sequel trilogy, stating, `` George (Lucas) was so clear as to how that works. The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga. Right now, Episode VII falls within that canon. The spin-off movies, or we may come up with some other way to call those films, they exist within that vast universe that he created. There is no attempt being made to carry characters (from the standalone films) in and out of the saga episodes. Consequently, from the creative standpoint, it's a roadmap that George made pretty clear.'' In April 2015, Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology series. In July 2015, Lucasfilm announced that an Anthology film, focusing `` on how (a) young Han Solo became the smuggler, thief, and scoundrel whom Luke Skywalker and Obi-Wan Kenobi first encountered in the cantina at Mos Eisley'' , would be released on May 25, 2018. The project would be directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a script by Lawrence Kasdan and Jonathan Kasdan. Kennedy would serve as a producer on the film, with Lawrence Kasdan and Jason McGatlin executive producers; Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel also produce. The Han Solo project was separate from a film that was originally being developed by Josh Trank , which was pushed back to an unconfirmed date. Solo's friend, the Wookiee , Chewbacca , would also appear in the film. In May 2016, Lawrence Kasdan stated that filming would start in January 2017. Casting ( edit ) Donald Glover portrays Lando Calrissian in the film. In January 2016, a shortlist of actors was revealed for the role of young Han Solo, including Miles Teller , Ansel Elgort , Dave Franco , Jack Reynor , Scott Eastwood , Logan Lerman , Emory Cohen and Blake Jenner . In March 2016, it was reported that Alden Ehrenreich , Reynor and Taron Egerton were on a shortlist of actors considered for the young Han Solo role. In May 2016, Ehrenreich was reported to have been cast as the young Han Solo, and was revealed in the role at Star Wars Celebration: Celebration Europe III two months later. Miller called casting the role one of `` the hardest casting challenges of all time'' adding they `` saw over 3,000 people for the part'' . By the following October, Tessa Thompson , Naomi Scott , Zoë Kravitz , Emilia Clarke , Kiersey Clemons , Jessica Henwick and Adria Arjona were being considered for the female lead, while Donald Glover was being considered to play a young Lando Calrissian . Glover was confirmed for Calrissian shortly after, with Clarke cast as the female lead the following month. In early January 2017, Woody Harrelson was revealed to be in negotiations to portray Han Solo's mentor, and was confirmed to be appearing in the film shortly after. Christian Bale had previously been in discussions for the role. A subsequent interview with Harrelson bolstered speculation that he may be specifically playing Star Wars Legends character Garris Shrike , but Harrelson revealed the character's name as Beckett in March 2017. In February 2017, Phoebe Waller-Bridge joined the cast in an undisclosed role, said to be `` a CGI-driven performance'' similar to Alan Tudyk in Rogue One as the droid K-2SO . Additionally, it was reported that Thandie Newton was in negotiations to star in the film. Waller-Bridge and Newton were confirmed as being cast by the end of February, alongside the announcement that Joonas Suotamo would appear as Chewbacca , reprising the role from Star Wars: The Force Awakens and Star Wars: The Last Jedi that he shared with original Chewbacca actor Peter Mayhew . Michael K. Williams entered talks to join the film in early March 2017, and was confirmed shortly after, portraying a half-human, half-animal creature. By the end of the month, Ian Kenny had joined the cast. Warwick Davis was confirmed as part of the cast by the end of July 2017. Filming ( edit ) Filming began on January 30, 2017, at Pinewood Studios , under the working title Star Wars: Red Cup . Lucasfilm announced that principal photography started on February 20, 2017. Bradford Young serves as the cinematographer for the film. In May 2017, filming moved to the Canary Islands , and Lucasfilm replaced editor Chris Dickens with Pietro Scalia . Lucasfilm also hired an acting coach for Ehrenreich, as they were unhappy with his performance up to that point. On June 20, 2017, citing `` creative differences'' , Lucasfilm and Lord and Miller jointly announced their intent to part ways, with a new director `` to be announced soon'' . It was reported that the directors were fired after Kennedy and Kasdan disagreed with their shooting style; Lord and Miller believed they were hired to make a comedy film, while Lucasfilm was looking for the duo to add `` a comedic touch'' to the space fantasy. Lucasfilm also felt that the directors were encouraging too much improvisation from the actors, which was believed to be `` shifting the story off-course'' from the Kasdans' script. To appease Kasdan, who was unhappy with scenes not being filmed `` word for word... Lord and Miller would do several takes exactly as written and then shoot additional takes.'' Lord and Miller refused to compromise on the way to approach certain scenes, such as filming a scene from fewer angles than what Lucasfilm was expecting reducing the options available in editing, leading to a strained relationship with Lucasfilm. The duo were also unhappy when Kasdan was brought to the London set, feeling he became a `` shadow director'' . The decision to remove Lord and Miller from the project was made after a short hiatus in filming taken to review the footage. Additional weeks of filming had been planned. It was reported that Star Wars creator George Lucas 's close friend Ron Howard , who previously had turned down an offer from Lucas himself to direct Star Wars: Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , was a frontrunner to step in as director. Joe Johnston and Kasdan were also being considered, though Directors Guild of America rules state that a replacement for a director may not be someone already involved in the production. Two days later, it was announced that Howard would take over directing duties for the remaining three-and-a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography as well as the scheduled five weeks of reshoots. On being hired, Howard wrote, `` I'm beyond grateful to add my voice to the Star Wars Universe... I hope to honor the great work already done & help deliver on the promise of a Han Solo film.'' Howard was expected to arrive in London on June 26 to complete filming. During the film's reshoots, actor Michael K. Williams was unable to return to the production, due to a schedule conflict with filming The Red Sea Diving Resort , resulting in his part being cut. Williams stated the reshoots for his character were `` to match the new direction which the producers wanted Ron to carry the film in'' , and that he would not have been available again until November 2017, and the production did not want to wait for his availability in order to still be able to release in May 2018. Lucas, a friend and mentor of Howard due to previous collaborations, made a surprise visit to the set to encourage his friend on his first day shooting. While originally meant as a short meeting, Lucas ended up spending the whole day with the crew. While Lucas did not mean to interfere, at some point he forgot and asked `` Why doesn't Han just do this?'' . Upon hearing Lucas' suggestion, Howard decided to film it and include it in the film. On October 17, 2017, Howard announced that principal photography had been completed; he also revealed the official title of the film as Solo: A Star Wars Story . In March 2018, it was announced that the original directors Lord and Miller will receive executive producer credits on the film. Music ( edit ) In July 2017, John Powell was announced as the main composer of the film's score. Longtime Star Wars composer John Williams will contribute the Han Solo theme for the film. Release ( edit ) Solo: A Star Wars Story will have its world premiere on May 15, 2018 at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival . The film is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 25, 2018, the 41st anniversary of Star Wars: Episode IV -- A New Hope in which Harrison Ford first appeared as Han Solo . Despite the firing of Phil Lord and Christopher Miller, Lucasfilm has maintained that the film is on schedule for its intended release date. Marketing ( edit ) A `` sneak peek'' TV spot was released during Super Bowl LII on February 4, 2018. It became the most popular Super Bowl trailer on YouTube with 8 million views. It also had 5.9 million views on Facebook. The first official teaser trailer was released on February 5, 2018. Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the trailer as `` dull'' , and compared it negatively to the look of Rogue One , opining that the visuals `` should be the hive of scum and villainy of the Cantina of the very first movie, filled with colorful aliens and things happening all over the place. That busyness, the sense of danger and hustle, feels appropriate for Solo in a way that what's on show in this first trailer simply doesn't .'' He also noted that several plot elements presented in the trailer were reminiscent of The Han Solo Trilogy , a series of novels published in 1997 and 1998. In early March 2018, French artist Hachim Bahous asserted that Disney had plagiarized a series of album covers he designed for Sony Music 's label Legacy Recordings in France with character posters for the film. Disney stated they were investigating the alleged plagiarism and that the Solo posters had been produced by an outside vendor. In the weeks leading up to the film, EA Capital Games announced that new characters based on the film will eventually be collectible and playable in the mobile game Star Wars: Galaxy of Heroes , including a younger Han Solo and Chewbacca as they appeared in the film. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Phil Lord and Christopher Miller , the film's original directors, were fired from the film in June 2017 after over four-and-a-half months of shooting, about three-quarters through principal photography. Howard took over directing duties for the remaining three-and-a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography and five weeks of reshoots. The duo opted to receive credit as executive producers on the film. Jump up ^ Chris Dickens , the film's original editor, was replaced by Scalia in May 2017 during principal photography. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Christopher Miller and Phil Lord to helm Han Solo Anthology Film'' . StarWars.com . July 7, 2015. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015 . Retrieved July 7, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` A Message from Lucasfilm Regarding the Untitled Han Solo Film'' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm. June 20, 2017. Archived from the original on June 21, 2017 . Retrieved June 21, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Lang, Brent (June 20, 2017). `` ' Star Wars' Han Solo Spinoff: Lord & Miller Fired After Clashing With Kathleen Kennedy (EXCLUSIVE)'' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 21, 2017 . Retrieved June 21, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Masters, Kim (June 22, 2017). `` Ron Howard Steps in to Direct Han Solo Movie (Exclusive)'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 22, 2017 . Retrieved June 22, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Roettgers, Janko (March 23, 2018). `` ' Solo: A Star Wars Story' : Phil Lord and Chris Miller Reveal Their Credit'' . Variety . Retrieved March 23, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Han Solo-- Smuggler. Scoundrel. Hero. A New Star Wars Story Begins'' . Star Wars.com . February 21, 2017. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017 . Retrieved February 21, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Masters, Kim (June 26, 2017). `` ' Star Wars' Firing Reveals a Disturbance in the Franchise'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 26, 2017 . Retrieved June 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La Sélection officielle 2018'' . Festival de Cannes . Retrieved April 13, 2018 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman, Esther (November 22, 2016). `` The Han Solo movie will be more of a space Western, Kathleen Kennedy says'' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on July 1, 2017 . Retrieved February 15, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Busch, Anita (May 5, 2016). `` Alden Ehrenreich Lands The Lead In Star Wars Han Solo Film'' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7, 2016 . Retrieved May 5, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Utichi, Joe (July 17, 2016). `` Alden Ehrenreich Introduced As Han Solo Stand-Alone Pic & Episode VIII Teased At Star Wars Celebration'' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 17, 2016 . Retrieved July 17, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Trumbore, Dave (February 7, 2018). `` ' Solo: A Star Wars Story' : New Images Reveal Droids, Cleavage, and the Millennium Falcon'' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on February 7, 2018. Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2018/02/07/harrison-ford-solo-star-wars-story/ ^ Jump up to: `` Woody Harrelson Signs on For Young Han Solo Film'' . StarWars.com . January 11, 2017. Archived from the original on January 30, 2017 . Retrieved January 30, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Khosla, Proma (March 23, 2017). `` Woody Harrelson reveals his Star Wars character name'' . Mashable . Archived from the original on March 23, 2017 . Retrieved March 23, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Breznican, Anthony (February 7, 2018). `` Venture into Solo: A Star Wars Story : This week's cover'' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 7, 2018 . Retrieved February 7, 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller, Julie (August 22, 2017). `` Michael K. Williams Has a Story You Need to Read to Believe'' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 13, 2018 . Retrieved August 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WE LOVE THESE NEW SOLO: A STAR WARS STORY TEASER POSTERS'' . StarWars.com . February 5, 2018. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018 . Retrieved February 6, 2018 . Jump up ^ Keene, Allison (February 8, 2018). `` ' Solo' : Emilia Clarke Shares First Details on Qi'ra and Her History with Han'' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. ^ Jump up to: `` Donald Glover Cast As Young Lando Calrissian in Upcoming Han Solo Star Wars Stand-Alone Film'' . StarWars.com . October 21, 2016. Archived from the original on February 7, 2017 . Retrieved January 30, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Kroll, Justin (February 8, 2017). `` Star Wars: Fleabag Star Eyed for Key Role in ' Han Solo' Spinoff'' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 9, 2017 . Retrieved February 9, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Michael Kennth Williams joins young Han Solo film'' . StarWars.com . March 6, 2017. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017 . Retrieved March 6, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Blyth, Antonia (August 22, 2017). `` Michael Kenneth Williams' Role Cut From ' Star Wars' Han Solo Movie Amid Reshoots'' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 22, 2017 . Retrieved August 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael K. Williams' `` Half-Mountain Lion'' SOLO Character You Won't Get to See`` . nerdist.com . March 8, 2018. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018 . Retrieved April 18, 2018 . Jump up ^ Hall, Jacob (September 1, 2017). `` The Han Solo Spin-Off Adds Paul Bettany to Replace Michael K. Williams'' . /Film . Retrieved September 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (October 14, 2017). `` ' Star Wars' : Ron Howard Teases Fan Favorite Characters For Han Solo Spinoff'' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 18, 2017 . Retrieved October 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jon Favreau Twitter status 983034660509777920'' . Twitter.com . February 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` ' Solo: A Star Wars Story' : Jon Favreau to Voice an `` Important Alien Character '' `` . Collider.com . February 14, 2018. ^ Jump up to: Kroll, Justin (March 24, 2017). `` ' Sing Street' Star Ian Kenny Joins Han Solo Movie (EXCLUSIVE)'' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 25, 2017 . Retrieved March 26, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Parker, Ryan (July 26, 2017). `` ' Star Wars' : Warwick Davis Joins Han Solo Film'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 26, 2017 . Retrieved July 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (August 3, 2017). `` Han Solo Movie: Clint Howard to Appear in ' Star Wars' Spinoff'' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 3, 2017 . Retrieved August 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh, Louise (February 13, 2018). `` Lucas had been developing a Han Solo movie for ages'' . Digital Spy . Retrieved March 14, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Earnings Beat; ' Star Wars' Spinoffs Planned'' . cnbc.com . CNBC . February 5, 2013. Archived from the original on February 6, 2013 . Retrieved February 5, 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican, Anthony (February 6, 2013). `` ' Star Wars' spin-offs: A young Han Solo movie, and a Boba Fett film -- Exclusive'' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 8, 2013 . Retrieved February 6, 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser, Marc (September 12, 2013). `` ' Star Wars' : The ' Sky's the Limit' for Disney's Spinoff Opportunities'' . Variety . Retrieved September 13, 2013 . Jump up ^ Gallagher, Brian. `` ' Star Wars' Spin-Offs Will Not Crossover with the New Trilogy'' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on January 19, 2014 . Retrieved January 17, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One Details Revealed at Star Wars Celebration Anaheim'' . Star Wars.com. April 19, 2015. Archived from the original on April 22, 2015 . Retrieved April 20, 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican, Antonghy (April 19, 2015). `` Star Wars: Rogue One and mystery stand-alone movie take center stage'' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 20, 2015 . Retrieved April 19, 2015 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth, Kevin (December 22, 2015). `` Watch: 32-Minute Talk With J.J. Abrams And Lawrence Kasdan About ' Star Wars: The Force Awakens' And More'' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on December 24, 2015 . Retrieved January 6, 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (July 7, 2015). `` ' Star Wars' Han Solo Spinoff in the Works With ' Lego Movie' Directors (Exclusive)'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 8, 2015 . Retrieved July 7, 2015 . Jump up ^ Maglio, Tony; Snider, Jeff (March 8, 2016). `` Chewbacca to Appear in New Han Solo Movie, Confirms Disney's Bob Iger'' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on January 25, 2017 . Retrieved January 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Yee, Lawrence; Blacklow, Jeremy (November 11, 2016). `` Alden Ehrenreich Teases Han Solo Spinoff, Younger Chewbacca'' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 8, 2017 . Retrieved January 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Evry, Max (May 31, 2016). `` Lawrence Kasdan Talks Han Solo Start Date, Star Wars Saga Involvement'' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on February 8, 2017 . Retrieved January 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (January 11, 2016). `` Star Wars Han Solo Spinoff: Actor Shortlist Revealed (Exclusive)'' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 11, 2017 . Retrieved January 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (March 15, 2016). `` Disney's Young Han Solo Search Narrows to Final Shortlist of Actors After Screen-Tests'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 11, 2017 . Retrieved January 30, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Erbland, Kate (July 17, 2016). `` Star Wars Celebration: Han Solo Standalone Directors Phil Lord And Chris Miller Offer An Update (And A Brand New Star)'' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on July 14, 2017 . Retrieved January 30, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Kroll, Justin (October 5, 2016). `` Han Solo Film: Tessa Thompson and Zoe Kravitz Among Those Testing for Female Lead'' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 2, 2017 . Retrieved January 30, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Kroll, Justin (November 18, 2016). `` Emilia Clarke Joins ' Star Wars' Han Solo Spinoff'' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 29, 2017 . Retrieved January 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Joins The Han Solo Stand-Alone Film'' . StarWars.com . November 18, 2016. Archived from the original on January 29, 2017 . Retrieved January 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (January 3, 2017). `` Woody Harrelson Eyed to Play Han Solo's Mentor in Star Wars Spinoff'' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 29, 2017 . Retrieved January 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (January 2, 2018). `` Christian Bale Confirms He Was in Talks for a Role in ' Solo: A Star Wars Story ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on January 4, 2018 . Retrieved January 4, 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley, Laura (January 23, 2017). `` Everything You Need to Know About Woody Harrelson's Star Wars Role'' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 1, 2017 . Retrieved February 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman, Esther (January 23, 2017). `` Woody Harrelson is likely playing Garris Shrike in the Han Solo movie'' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on February 11, 2017 . Retrieved February 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (February 10, 2017). `` Thandie Newton in Talks for Han Solo Movie'' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 11, 2017 . Retrieved February 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Galuppo, Mia (March 3, 2017). `` Han Solo Spinoff Movie Casts Michael K. Williams'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 4, 2017 . Retrieved March 3, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: McMillian, Graeme (January 30, 2017). `` Han Solo Spinoff Director Starts Movie With Greedo Shoutout'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 30, 2017 . Retrieved January 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Raup, Jordan (September 22, 2016). `` Emmanuel Lubezki Reteams With Alfonso Cuarón ; Bradford Young to Shoot Han Solo Film'' . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on October 12, 2016 . Retrieved January 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit, Borys; Ford, Rebecca (June 20, 2017). `` ' Star Wars' : Han Solo Film Loses Directors'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21, 2017 . Retrieved June 21, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Kit, Borys (June 20, 2017). `` ' Star Wars' : Why the Han Solo Film Directors Were Fired'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21, 2017 . Retrieved June 21, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Breznican, Anthony (June 22, 2017). `` How the Han Solo film broke apart -- with Ron Howard picking up the pieces'' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 22, 2017 . Retrieved June 23, 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush, Jonathon. `` Ron Howard turned down directing ' The Phantom Menace ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Flemming Jr, Mike (June 20, 2017). `` Ron Howard Top Choice To Take Over Han Solo Film?'' . Deadline Hollywood . The Film Stage. Archived from the original on June 21, 2017 . Retrieved June 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Howard to Assume Directorial Duties on the Untitled Han Solo Film'' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . June 22, 2017. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017 . Retrieved June 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame, Russ (June 22, 2017). `` Ron Howard Comments on Taking Over The Han Solo Movie'' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 23, 2017 . Retrieved June 23, 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican, Anthony (2018-02-09). `` Ron Howard: A Star Wars Story -- Why the Oscar-winner joined Solo in its time of upheaval'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2018-02-22 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian, Maane (October 17, 2017). `` ' Star Wars' Han Solo Movie Title Announced'' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 29, 2017 . Retrieved December 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Powell to Score Untitled Han Solo Movie'' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . July 26, 2017. Archived from the original on July 27, 2017 . Retrieved July 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame, Jon (December 30, 2017). `` ' Solo' Locks in Key ' Star Wars' Veteran (EXCLUSIVE)'' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 30, 2017 . Retrieved December 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr., Mike (April 5, 2018). `` ' Solo: A Star Wars Story' Set For Surprise Cannes Premiere'' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 5, 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony; Ramos, Dino-Ray (February 4, 2018). `` ' Solo: A Star Wars Story' Teaser Surprises Super Bowl Audiences'' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 5, 2018 . Retrieved February 4, 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (February 5, 2018). `` Super Bowl Trailers: ' Avengers' Rules Social Media, ' Solo' Dominates on YouTube'' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6, 2018 . Retrieved February 6, 2018 . Jump up ^ McMillan, Graeme (February 5, 2018). `` What Does the Han Solo Movie Want to Be?'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 6, 2018 . Retrieved February 6, 2018 . Jump up ^ Parker, Ryan (March 5, 2018). `` Disney `` Looking Into'' Allegations of Design Theft Over ' Solo' Posters`` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9, 2018 . Jump up ^ CG_Carrie. `` The Road Ahead: April 5, 2018'' . Star Wars: Galaxy of Heroes Forum . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Solo: A Star Wars Story on IMDb Solo: A Star Wars Story on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Detours (unaired) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure Ewoks: The Battle for Endor Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I: The Phantom Menace Episode II: Attack of the Clones Episode III: Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Themes `` Star Wars (Main Title) 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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solo:_A_Star_Wars_Story&oldid=837208005 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English-language films American films Films directed by Ron Howard Films produced by Kathleen Kennedy Films scored by John Powell Films shot at Pinewood Studios Lucasfilm films Prequel films Star Wars spin-off films Upcoming English-language films Upcoming IMAX films Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018, at 11:46. 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1995300856160918114
who were spanish explorers who claimed land for spain
Of the history of the indigenous population of California , Sherburne F. Cook ( 1896 -- 1974 ) was the most painstakingly careful researcher . From decades of research he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods . According to Cook , the indigenous Californian population at first contact , in 1769 , was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910 . The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period , during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history ( 1821 -- 1910 ) , with the most dramatic collapse ( 200,000 to 25,000 ) occurring in the US period ( 1846 -- 1910 ) .
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[ "Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal", "Part of a series on", "European colonization of the Americas", "First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization", "First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization", "First wave of European colonization", "Hospitaller ( Maltese )", "Colonization of Canada", "Colonization of the United States", "Colonialism portal", "", "", "The Colonial expansion under the crown of Castile was initiated by the Spanish conquistadores and developed by its administrators and missionaries . The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions .", "Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus and continuing for over three centuries , the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands , half of South America , most of Central America and much of North America ( including present day Mexico , Florida and the Southwestern and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States ) . It is estimated that during the colonial period ( 1492 -- 1832 ) , a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era ( 1850 -- 1950 ) .", "In the early 19th century , the Spanish American wars of independence resulted in the emancipation of most Spanish colonies in the Americas , except for Cuba and Puerto Rico , which were finally given up in 1898 , following the Spanish -- American War , together with Guam and the Philippines in the Pacific . Spain 's loss of these last territories politically ended the Spanish rule in the Americas .", "The Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile , Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand , King of Aragon , pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created a single Spanish monarchy . Even though Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs , they remained separate kingdoms . The Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus for a voyage to reach India by sailing West . The funding came from the queen of Castile , so the profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile . In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories , authority for expeditions of discovery , conquest , and settlement resided in the monarchy .", "Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus the governorship of the new territories , and financed more of his trans - Atlantic journeys . He founded La Navidad on the island later named Hispaniola ( now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) , in what is present day Haiti on his first voyage . After its destruction by the indigenous Taino people , the town of Isabella was begun in 1493 , on his second voyage . In 1496 his brother , Bartholomew , founded Santo Domingo . By 1500 , despite a high death rate , there were between 300 and 1000 Spanish settled in the area . The local Taíno people continued to resist , refusing to plant crops and abandoning their Spanish - occupied villages . The first mainland explorations were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest . In 1500 the city of Nueva Cádiz was founded on the island of Cubagua , Venezuela , and it was followed by the founding by Alonso de Ojeda of Santa Cruz in present - day Guajira peninsula . Cumaná in Venezuela was the first permanent settlement founded by Europeans in the mainland Americas , in 1501 by Franciscan friars , but due to successful attacks by the indigenous people , it had to be refounded several times , until Diego Hernández de Serpa 's foundation in 1569 . The Spanish founded San Sebastian de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year . There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa María la Antigua del Darién .", "The Spanish conquest of Mexico is generally understood to be the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire ( 1519 -- 21 ) which was the base for later conquests of other regions . Later conquests were protracted campaigns with less spectacular results than conquest of the Aztecs . The Spanish conquest of Yucatán , the Spanish conquest of Guatemala , the war of Mexico 's west , and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations . But not until the Spanish conquest of Peru was the conquest of the Aztecs matched in scope by the victory over the Inca empire in 1532 .", "The Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire was led by Hernán Cortés . The victory over the Aztecs was relatively quick , from 1519 to 1521 , and aided by his Tlaxcala and other allies from indigenous city - states or altepetl . These polities allied against the Aztec empire , to which they paid tribute following conquest or threat of conquest , leaving the city - states ' political hierarchy and social structure in place .", "The Spanish conquest of Yucatán was a much longer campaign , from 1551 to 1697 , against the Maya peoples in the Yucatán Peninsula of present - day Mexico and northern Central America . When Hernán Cortés landed ashore at present day Veracruz and founded the Spanish city there on April 22 , 1519 , marks the beginning of 300 years of Spanish hegemony over the region . The assertion of royal control over the Kingdom of New Spain and the initial Spanish conquerors took over a decade , with importance of the region meriting the creation of the Viceroyalty of New Spain was established by Charles V in 1535 with the appointment of Don Antonio de Mendoza as the first viceroy .", "Spain colonized and exerted control of Alta California through the Spanish missions in California until the Mexican secularization act of 1833 .", "In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenous Andean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed and captured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire . It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas . In the following years Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization .", "The Spanish took advantage of a recent civil war between the factions of the two brothers Emperor Atahualpa and Huáscar , and the enmity of indigenous nations the Incas had subjugated , such as the Huancas , Chachapoyas , and Cañaris . In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region . The Viceroyalty of Perú was established in 1542 . The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572 .", "European explorers arrived in Río de la Plata in 1516 . Their first Spanish settlement in this zone was the Fort of Sancti Spiritu established in 1527 next to the Paraná River . Buenos Aires , a permanent colony , was established in 1536 and in 1537 Asunción was established in the area that is now Paraguay . Buenos Aires suffered attacks by the indigenous peoples that forced the settlers away , and in 1541 the site was abandoned . A second ( and permanent ) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay , who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción ( now the capital of Paraguay ) . He dubbed the settlement `` Santísima Trinidad '' and its port became `` Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires . '' The city came to be the head of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata and in 1776 elevated to be the capital of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata .", "Between 1537 and 1543 , six Spanish expeditions entered highland Colombia , conquered the Muisca Confederation , and set up the New Kingdom of Granada ( Spanish : Nuevo Reino de Granada ) . Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernán second in command . It was governed by the president of the Audiencia of Bogotá , and comprised an area corresponding mainly to modern - day Colombia and parts of Venezuela . The conquistadors originally organized it as a captaincy general within the Viceroyalty of Peru . The crown established the audiencia in 1549 . Ultimately , the kingdom became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada first in 1717 and permanently in 1739 . After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s , the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia .", "Spain 's administration of its colonies in the Americas was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain 1535 ( capital , México City ) , and the Viceroyalty of Peru 1542 ( capital , Lima ) . In the 18th century the additional Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717 ( capital , Bogotá ) , and Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 1776 ( capital , Buenos Aires ) were established from portions of the Viceroyalty of Peru .", "This evolved from the Council of the Indies and Viceroyalties into an Intendant system , raise more revenue and promote greater efficiency .", "Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Las Californias Nuevo Reino de León Nuevo Santander Nueva Vizcaya Santa Fe de Nuevo México Nueva Extremadura Nueva Galicia Captaincy General of the Philippines ( administered by New Spain from 1565 to 1821 , then after Mexican independence transferred to and directly administered by Madrid until 1898 ) Captaincy General of Cuba ( until 1898 ) -- Included in this captaincy general until 1819 was La Florida , Spain 's North American colonies in what is now the southeastern United States . Captaincy General of Puerto Rico ( until 1898 ) Santo Domingo ( last Spanish rule 1861 -- 1865 ) Captaincy General of Guatemala", "Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Las Californias Nuevo Reino de León Nuevo Santander Nueva Vizcaya Santa Fe de Nuevo México Nueva Extremadura Nueva Galicia", "Las Californias Nuevo Reino de León Nuevo Santander Nueva Vizcaya Santa Fe de Nuevo México Nueva Extremadura Nueva Galicia", "Nuevo Reino de León", "Santa Fe de Nuevo México", "Captaincy General of the Philippines ( administered by New Spain from 1565 to 1821 , then after Mexican independence transferred to and directly administered by Madrid until 1898 )", "Captaincy General of Cuba ( until 1898 ) -- Included in this captaincy general until 1819 was La Florida , Spain 's North American colonies in what is now the southeastern United States .", "Captaincy General of Puerto Rico ( until 1898 )", "Santo Domingo ( last Spanish rule 1861 -- 1865 )", "Captaincy General of Guatemala", "Viceroyalty of New Granada ( 1717 -- 1819 ) Captaincy General of Venezuela Viceroyalty of Perú ( 1542 -- 1824 ) Captaincy General of Chile ( 1541 -- 1818 ) Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata ( 1776 -- 1814 )", "Viceroyalty of New Granada ( 1717 -- 1819 )", "Captaincy General of Venezuela", "Viceroyalty of Perú ( 1542 -- 1824 )", "Captaincy General of Chile ( 1541 -- 1818 )", "Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata ( 1776 -- 1814 )", "During the Napoleonic Peninsular War in Europe between France and Spain , assemblies called juntas were established to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII of Spain . The Libertadores ( Spanish and Portuguese for `` Liberators '' ) were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence . They were predominantly criollos ( Americas - born people of European ancestry , mostly Spanish or Portuguese ) , bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country .", "In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanish rule occurred in the Viceroyalty of New Granada . The first two were in present - day Bolivia at Sucre ( May 25 ) , and La Paz ( July 16 ) ; and the third in present - day Ecuador at Quito ( August 10 ) . In 1810 Mexico declared independence , with the Mexican War of Independence following for over a decade . In 1821 Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from Spain and concluded the War . The Plan of Iguala was part of the peace treaty to establish a constitutional foundation for an independent Mexico .", "These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain 's other colonies in the Americas . The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts . All of the colonies , except Cuba and Puerto Rico , attained independence by the 1820s . The British Empire offered support , wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas .", "In 1898 , the United States achieved victory in the Spanish -- American War with Spain , ending the Spanish colonial era . Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States . The United States took occupation of Cuba , the Philippines , and Puerto Rico . Puerto Rico continues to be a possession of the United States , now officially continues as a self - governing unincorporated territory .", "It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824 , with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence .", "In Hispaniola , the indigenous Taíno pre-contact population before the arrival of Columbus of several hundred thousand had declined to sixty thousand by 1509 . Although population estimates vary , Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas , the `` Defender of the Indians '' estimated there were 6 million ( 6,000,000 ) Taíno and Arawak in the Caribbean at the time of Columbus 's arrival in 1492 .", "The population of the Native Amerindian population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90 % ( reduced to 1 -- 2.5 million people ) by the early 17th century . In Peru the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5 million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century . The overwhelming cause of decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases , although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline .", "Of the history of the indigenous population of California , Sherburne F. Cook ( 1896 -- 1974 ) was the most painstakingly careful researcher . From decades of research he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods . According to Cook , the indigenous Californian population at first contact , in 1769 , was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910 . The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period , during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history ( 1821 -- 1910 ) , with the most dramatic collapse ( 200,000 to 25,000 ) occurring in the US period ( 1846 -- 1910 ) ." ]
Spanish colonization of the Americas - wikipedia Spanish colonization of the Americas Jump to: navigation , search `` Conquista'' redirects here. For other uses, see Conquista (disambiguation) . Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller (Maltese) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal Flag of Spanish conquistadors with crown of Castile on a red flag, used by Hernán Cortés , Francisco Pizarro and others The Colonial expansion under the crown of Castile was initiated by the Spanish conquistadores and developed by its administrators and missionaries. The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions. Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus and continuing for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America , most of Central America and much of North America (including present day Mexico , Florida and the Southwestern and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States ). It is estimated that during the colonial period (1492-- 1832), a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era (1850-- 1950). In the early 19th century, the Spanish American wars of independence resulted in the emancipation of most Spanish colonies in the Americas, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico , which were finally given up in 1898, following the Spanish-- American War , together with Guam and the Philippines in the Pacific. Spain's loss of these last territories politically ended the Spanish rule in the Americas. Contents ( hide ) 1 Conquests 1.1 West Indies 1.2 Mexico 1.3 Peru 1.4 Río de la Plata and Paraguay 1.5 New Granada 2 Governing 2.1 Dominions 2.1.1 North 2.1.2 South 3 19th century 3.1 Demographic impact 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 6.1 Historiography 7 External links Conquests ( edit ) Iberian territory of Crown of Castile ... Overseas north territory of Crown of Castile (New Spain and Philippines) Overseas south territory of Crown of Castile (Perú , New Granada and Río de la Plata) The Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile , Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand , King of Aragon , pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created a single Spanish monarchy. Even though Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, they remained separate kingdoms. The Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus for a voyage to reach India by sailing West. The funding came from the queen of Castile, so the profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy. West Indies ( edit ) Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus the governorship of the new territories, and financed more of his trans-Atlantic journeys. He founded La Navidad on the island later named Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic), in what is present day Haiti on his first voyage. After its destruction by the indigenous Taino people, the town of Isabella was begun in 1493, on his second voyage. In 1496 his brother, Bartholomew , founded Santo Domingo . By 1500, despite a high death rate, there were between 300 and 1000 Spanish settled in the area. The local Taíno people continued to resist, refusing to plant crops and abandoning their Spanish-occupied villages. The first mainland explorations were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest. In 1500 the city of Nueva Cádiz was founded on the island of Cubagua , Venezuela , and it was followed by the founding by Alonso de Ojeda of Santa Cruz in present-day Guajira peninsula . Cumaná in Venezuela was the first permanent settlement founded by Europeans in the mainland Americas , in 1501 by Franciscan friars , but due to successful attacks by the indigenous people, it had to be refounded several times, until Diego Hernández de Serpa 's foundation in 1569. The Spanish founded San Sebastian de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa María la Antigua del Darién . Mexico ( edit ) Main article: Spanish conquest of Mexico For more details on this topic, see Spanish conquest of Yucatán and Spanish conquest of Guatemala . Spanish Conquest of Mexico, meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma II Map depicting Cortes' invasion route The Spanish conquest of Mexico is generally understood to be the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519-- 21) which was the base for later conquests of other regions. Later conquests were protracted campaigns with less spectacular results than conquest of the Aztecs. The Spanish conquest of Yucatán , the Spanish conquest of Guatemala , the war of Mexico's west, and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations. But not until the Spanish conquest of Peru was the conquest of the Aztecs matched in scope by the victory over the Inca empire in 1532. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire was led by Hernán Cortés . The victory over the Aztecs was relatively quick, from 1519 to 1521, and aided by his Tlaxcala and other allies from indigenous city-states or altepetl . These polities allied against the Aztec empire, to which they paid tribute following conquest or threat of conquest, leaving the city-states' political hierarchy and social structure in place. The Spanish conquest of Yucatán was a much longer campaign, from 1551 to 1697, against the Maya peoples in the Yucatán Peninsula of present-day Mexico and northern Central America . When Hernán Cortés landed ashore at present day Veracruz and founded the Spanish city there on April 22, 1519, marks the beginning of 300 years of Spanish hegemony over the region. The assertion of royal control over the Kingdom of New Spain and the initial Spanish conquerors took over a decade, with importance of the region meriting the creation of the Viceroyalty of New Spain was established by Charles V in 1535 with the appointment of Don Antonio de Mendoza as the first viceroy. Spain colonized and exerted control of Alta California through the Spanish missions in California until the Mexican secularization act of 1833 . Peru ( edit ) Main article: Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Vasco Núñez de Balboa claiming possession of the South Sea ( Pacific Ocean ) Map depicting the route of Pizarro from Panama to Cuzco In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenous Andean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed and captured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire . It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas . In the following years Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization . The Spanish took advantage of a recent civil war between the factions of the two brothers Emperor Atahualpa and Huáscar , and the enmity of indigenous nations the Incas had subjugated, such as the Huancas , Chachapoyas , and Cañaris . In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region. The Viceroyalty of Perú was established in 1542. The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. Río de la Plata and Paraguay ( edit ) European explorers arrived in Río de la Plata in 1516. Their first Spanish settlement in this zone was the Fort of Sancti Spiritu established in 1527 next to the Paraná River . Buenos Aires , a permanent colony, was established in 1536 and in 1537 Asunción was established in the area that is now Paraguay . Buenos Aires suffered attacks by the indigenous peoples that forced the settlers away, and in 1541 the site was abandoned. A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay , who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción (now the capital of Paraguay ). He dubbed the settlement `` Santísima Trinidad'' and its port became `` Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires.'' The city came to be the head of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata and in 1776 elevated to be the capital of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata . New Granada ( edit ) Main article: Spanish conquest of the Muisca See also: Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations Between 1537 and 1543, six Spanish expeditions entered highland Colombia, conquered the Muisca Confederation , and set up the New Kingdom of Granada ( Spanish : Nuevo Reino de Granada ). Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernán second in command. It was governed by the president of the Audiencia of Bogotá , and comprised an area corresponding mainly to modern-day Colombia and parts of Venezuela . The conquistadors originally organized it as a captaincy general within the Viceroyalty of Peru . The crown established the audiencia in 1549. Ultimately, the kingdom became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada first in 1717 and permanently in 1739. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia . Governing ( edit ) Main articles: Viceroyalty of New Spain , Viceroyalty of Peru , and Intendant § The Spanish Monarchy Argentine Cabildo council Spain's administration of its colonies in the Americas was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain 1535 (capital, México City ), and the Viceroyalty of Peru 1542 (capital, Lima ). In the 18th century the additional Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717 (capital, Bogotá ), and Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 1776 (capital, Buenos Aires) were established from portions of the Viceroyalty of Peru. This evolved from the Council of the Indies and Viceroyalties into an Intendant system, raise more revenue and promote greater efficiency. Dominions ( edit ) Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos , Valladolid , Spain ). He was one of the first Europeans to arrive to the current United States because he led the first European expedition to Florida, which he named. North ( edit ) Viceroyalty of New Spain (1535-- 1821) Las Californias Nuevo Reino de León Nuevo Santander Nueva Vizcaya Santa Fe de Nuevo México Nueva Extremadura Nueva Galicia Captaincy General of the Philippines (administered by New Spain from 1565 to 1821, then after Mexican independence transferred to and directly administered by Madrid until 1898) Captaincy General of Cuba (until 1898) -- Included in this captaincy general until 1819 was La Florida , Spain's North American colonies in what is now the southeastern United States . Captaincy General of Puerto Rico (until 1898) Santo Domingo (last Spanish rule 1861-- 1865) Captaincy General of Guatemala South ( edit ) Viceroyalty of New Granada (1717-- 1819) Captaincy General of Venezuela Viceroyalty of Perú (1542-- 1824) Captaincy General of Chile (1541-- 1818) Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (1776-- 1814) 19th century ( edit ) Main article: Spanish American wars of independence Spanish colonialization in the Americas . During the Napoleonic Peninsular War in Europe between France and Spain, assemblies called juntas were established to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII of Spain . The Libertadores (Spanish and Portuguese for `` Liberators'' ) were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence. They were predominantly criollos (Americas-born people of European ancestry, mostly Spanish or Portuguese), bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country . In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanish rule occurred in the Viceroyalty of New Granada . The first two were in present-day Bolivia at Sucre (May 25), and La Paz (July 16); and the third in present-day Ecuador at Quito (August 10). In 1810 Mexico declared independence, with the Mexican War of Independence following for over a decade. In 1821 Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from Spain and concluded the War. The Plan of Iguala was part of the peace treaty to establish a constitutional foundation for an independent Mexico. These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain's other colonies in the Americas. The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts. All of the colonies, except Cuba and Puerto Rico, attained independence by the 1820s. The British Empire offered support, wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas. In 1898, the United States achieved victory in the Spanish-- American War with Spain, ending the Spanish colonial era. Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States. The United States took occupation of Cuba , the Philippines , and Puerto Rico . Puerto Rico continues to be a possession of the United States, now officially continues as a self-governing unincorporated territory . Demographic impact ( edit ) It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence. In Hispaniola, the indigenous Taíno pre-contact population before the arrival of Columbus of several hundred thousand had declined to sixty thousand by 1509. Although population estimates vary, Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas , the `` Defender of the Indians'' estimated there were 6 million (6,000,000) Taíno and Arawak in the Caribbean at the time of Columbus's arrival in 1492. The population of the Native Amerindian population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90% (reduced to 1-- 2.5 million people) by the early 17th century. In Peru the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5 million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century. The overwhelming cause of decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases , although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline. Of the history of the indigenous population of California , Sherburne F. Cook (1896-- 1974) was the most painstakingly careful researcher. From decades of research he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910. The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period, during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history (1821-- 1910), with the most dramatic collapse (200,000 to 25,000) occurring in the US period (1846-- 1910). See also ( edit ) New Spain portal Colombia portal Argentina portal Ecuador portal Venezuela portal Atlantic World Historiography of Colonial Spanish America Black Legend Habsburg Spain Inter caetera List of largest empires New Spain Old Spanish Trail (trade route) Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Smallpox Epidemics in the New World Spanish conquest of Chiapas Spanish conquest of El Salvador Spanish conquest of Guatemala Spanish conquest of Honduras Spanish conquest of Petén Spanish conquest of the Maya Timeline of imperialism#Colonization of North America Valladolid debate Viceroyalty of Peru References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ida Altman, S.L. Cline, and Javier Pescador, The Early History of Greater Mexico, Pearson, 2003 pp. 35-- 36. Jump up ^ (1) Sucre State Government: Cumaná in History (Spanish) Jump up ^ Tibesar, A.S. (1957). `` The Franciscan Province of the Holy Cross of Espanañola , 1505-- 1559'' . The Americas . 13 (4): 377-- 389. JSTOR 979442 . doi : 10.2307/979442 . Jump up ^ Robert S. Chamberlain, The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan . Washington DC: Carnegie Institution. Jump up ^ Ida Altman, The War for Mexico's West . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2010. Jump up ^ Philip W. Powell, Soldiers, Indians, and Silver: North America's Last Frontier War . Tempe: Center for Latin America Studies, Arizona State University 1975. First published by University of California Press 1952. Jump up ^ Clements Markham, The Conquest of New Granada (1912) online Jump up ^ Avellaneda Navas, José Ignacio. The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995) ISBN 978-0-8263-1612-7 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=lvvynCzrJOwC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=emigraci%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+a+las+indias+cifras&source=bl&ots=WIWVcSlOdq&sig=4XmK7Gkv36L6qQ4jItqp7a553dI&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinzqqfsrLPAhWKAsAKHXbSBf0Q6AEINzAE#v=onepage&q=emigraci%C3%B3n%20espa%C3%B1ola%20a%20las%20indias%20cifras&f=false Jump up ^ Baumhoff, Martin A. 1963. Ecological Determinants of Aboriginal California Populations. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 49:155-- 236. Jump up ^ Powers, Stephen. 1875. `` California Indian Characteristics'' . Overland Monthly 14:297-- 309. on-line Jump up ^ Cook's judgement on the effects of U.S rule upon the native Californians is harsh: `` The first (factor) was the food supply... The second factor was disease... A third factor, which strongly intensified the effect of the other two, was the social and physical disruption visited upon the Indian. He was driven from his home by the thousands, starved, beaten, raped, and murdered with impunity. He was not only given no assistance in the struggle against foreign diseases, but was prevented from adopting even the most elementary measures to secure his food, clothing, and shelter. The utter devastation caused by the white man was literally incredible, and not until the population figures are examined does the extent of the havoc become evident.'' Cook, Sherburne F. 1976b. The Population of the California Indians, 1769-- 1970 . University of California Press, Berkeley p. 200 Further reading ( edit ) Brading, D.A. , The First America: the Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-- 1867 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press , 1993). Clark, Larry R. Spanish Attempts to Colonize Southeast North America: 1513-- 1587 (McFarland & Company, 2010) ISBN 978-0-7864-5909-4 Elliott, J.H. Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492-- 1830 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007) Hanke, Lewis . The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1965). Haring, Clarence H. The Spanish Empire in America (London: Oxford University Press, 1947) Kamen, Henry. Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492-- 1763 (HarperCollins, 2004) Merriman, Roger Bigelow. The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New (Vol. 1. London: Macmillan, 1918) Portuondo, María M. Secret Science: Spanish Cosmography and the New World (Chicago: Chicago UP, 2009). Restall, Matthew and Felipe Fernández -Armesto. The Conquistadors: A Very Short Introduction (2012) excerpt and text search Thomas, Hugh . Rivers of Gold: the rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan (2005) Weber, David J. The Spanish Frontier in North America (Yale University Press, 1992) Historiography ( edit ) Alejandro Cañeque . `` The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America'' History Compass (April 2013) 114 pp 280-- 291, DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12043 Weber, David J. `` John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect.'' Journal of the Southwest (1987): 331-- 363. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: Spanish colonization of the Americas Spanish Exploration and Conquest of North America Spain in America (Edward Gaylord Bourne, 1904) ' Spain in America' The Spanish Borderlands (Herbert E. Bolton, 1921) ' The Spanish Borderlands' Indigenous Puerto Rico DNA evidence upsets established history The short film Spanish Empire in the New World (1992) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` The Political Force of Images,'' Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520-1820 . 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what is the book the great gatsby about
The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional towns of West Egg and East Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922 . The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession with the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan . Considered to be Fitzgerald 's magnum opus , The Great Gatsby explores themes of decadence , idealism , resistance to change , social upheaval , and excess , creating a portrait of the Roaring Twenties that has been described as a cautionary tale regarding the American Dream .
[ [ "primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession with the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan" ] ]
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[ "The Great Gatsby Cover of the first edition in 1925 . Author F. Scott Fitzgerald Cover artist Francis Cugat Country United States Language English Genre Novel Published April 10 , 1925 ( Charles Scribner 's Sons ) Media type Print ( hardcover & paperback ) Preceded by The Beautiful and Damned ( 1922 ) Followed by Tender Is the Night ( 1934 )", "Cover of the first edition in 1925 .", "Author F. Scott Fitzgerald", "Cover artist Francis Cugat", "Country United States", "Language English", "Genre Novel", "Published April 10 , 1925 ( Charles Scribner 's Sons )", "Media type Print ( hardcover & paperback )", "Preceded by The Beautiful and Damned ( 1922 )", "Followed by Tender Is the Night ( 1934 )", "The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional towns of West Egg and East Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922 . The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession with the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan . Considered to be Fitzgerald 's magnum opus , The Great Gatsby explores themes of decadence , idealism , resistance to change , social upheaval , and excess , creating a portrait of the Roaring Twenties that has been described as a cautionary tale regarding the American Dream .", "Fitzgerald -- inspired by the parties he had attended while visiting Long Island 's North Shore -- began planning the novel in 1923 , desiring to produce , in his words , `` something new -- something extraordinary and beautiful and simple and intricately patterned . '' Progress was slow , with Fitzgerald completing his first draft following a move to the French Riviera in 1924 . His editor , Maxwell Perkins , felt the book was vague and persuaded the author to revise over the following winter . Fitzgerald was repeatedly ambivalent about the book 's title and he considered a variety of alternatives , including titles that referred to the Roman character Trimalchio ; the title he was last documented to have desired was Under the Red , White , and Blue .", "First published by Scribner 's in April 1925 , The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews and sold poorly ; in its first year , the book sold only 20,000 copies . Fitzgerald died in 1940 , believing himself to be a failure and his work forgotten . However , the novel experienced a revival during World War II , and became a part of American high school curricula and numerous stage and film adaptations in the following decades . Today , The Great Gatsby is widely considered to be a literary classic and a contender for the title `` Great American Novel . '' In 1998 , the Modern Library editorial board voted it the 20th century 's best American novel and second best English - language novel of the same time period .", "Set on the prosperous Long Island of 1922 , The Great Gatsby provides a critical social history of America during the Roaring Twenties within its fictional narrative . That era , known for widespread economic prosperity , the development of jazz music , flapper culture , new technologies in communication ( motion pictures , broadcast radio , recorded music ) forging a genuine mass culture , and bootlegging , along with other criminal activity , is plausibly depicted in Fitzgerald 's novel . Fitzgerald uses many of these societal developments of the 1920s to build Gatsby 's stories , from many of the simple details like automobiles to broader themes like Fitzgerald 's discreet allusions to the organized crime culture which was the source of Gatsby 's fortune . Fitzgerald depicts the garish society of the Roaring Twenties by placing the book 's plotline within the historical context of the era .", "Fitzgerald 's visits to Long Island 's North Shore and his experience attending parties at mansions inspired The Great Gatsby 's setting . Today , there are a number of theories as to which mansion was the inspiration for the book . One possibility is Land 's End , a notable Gold Coast Mansion where Fitzgerald may have attended a party . Many of the events in Fitzgerald 's early life are reflected throughout The Great Gatsby . Fitzgerald was a young man from Minnesota , and , like Nick , who went to Yale , he was educated at an Ivy League school , Princeton . Fitzgerald is also similar to Jay Gatsby in that he fell in love while stationed far from home in the military and fell into a life of decadence trying to prove himself to the girl he loved . Fitzgerald became a second lieutenant and was stationed at Camp Sheridan in Montgomery , Alabama . There he met and fell in love with a wild 17 - year - old beauty named Zelda Sayre . Zelda finally agreed to marry him , but her preference for wealth , fun , and leisure led her to delay their wedding until he could prove a success . Like Nick in The Great Gatsby , Fitzgerald found this new lifestyle seductive and exciting , and , like Gatsby , he had always idolized the very rich . In many ways , The Great Gatsby represents Fitzgerald 's attempt to confront his conflicted feelings about the Jazz Age . Like Gatsby , Fitzgerald was driven by his love for a woman who symbolized everything he wanted , even as she led him toward everything he despised .", "In her book Careless People : Murder , Mayhem and the Invention of The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) , Sarah Churchwell speculates that parts of the ending of The Great Gatsby were based on the Hall - Mills Case . Based on her forensic search for clues , she asserts that the two victims in the Hall - Mills murder case inspired the characters who were murdered in The Great Gatsby .", "In the summer of 1922 , Nick Carraway , a Yale graduate and veteran of the Great War from the Midwest -- who serves as the novel 's narrator -- takes a job in New York as a bond salesman . He rents a small house on Long Island , in the fictional village of West Egg , next door to the lavish mansion of Jay Gatsby , a mysterious multi-millionaire who holds extravagant parties but does not participate in them . Nick drives around the bay to East Egg for dinner at the home of his cousin , Daisy Fay Buchanan , and her husband , Tom , a college acquaintance of Nick 's . They introduce Nick to Jordan Baker , an attractive , cynical young golfer . She reveals to Nick that Tom has a mistress , Myrtle Wilson , who lives in the `` valley of ashes , '' an industrial dumping ground between West Egg and New York City . Not long after this revelation , Nick travels to New York City with Tom and Myrtle to an apartment that Tom uses like a hotel room for Myrtle , as well as other women whom he also sleeps with . At Tom 's New York apartment , a vulgar and bizarre party takes place . It ends with Tom physically abusing Myrtle , breaking her nose in the process , after she says Daisy 's name several times , which makes him angry .", "Nick eventually receives an invitation to one of Gatsby 's parties . Nick encounters Jordan Baker at the party and they meet Gatsby himself , an aloof and surprisingly young man who recognizes Nick because they were in the same division in the Great War . Through Jordan , Nick later learns that Gatsby knew Daisy through a purely chance meeting in 1917 when Daisy and her friends were doing volunteer service work with young officers headed to Europe . From their brief meetings and casual encounters at that time , Gatsby became ( and still is ) deeply in love with Daisy . Gatsby had hoped that his wild parties would attract an unsuspecting Daisy , who lived across the bay , to appear at his doorstep and allow him to present himself as a man of wealth and position .", "Having developed a budding friendship with Nick , Gatsby uses him to arrange a reunion between himself and Daisy . Nick invites Daisy to have tea at his house without telling her that Gatsby will also be there . After an initially awkward reunion , Gatsby and Daisy begin an affair over the summer . At a luncheon at the Buchanans ' house , Daisy speaks to Gatsby with such undisguised intimacy that Tom realizes she is in love with Gatsby . Though Tom is himself an adulterer , he is outraged by his wife 's infidelity . He forces the group to drive into New York City and confronts Gatsby in a suite at the Plaza Hotel , asserting that he and Daisy have a history that Gatsby could never understand . In addition to that , he announces to his wife that Gatsby is a criminal whose fortune comes from bootlegging alcohol and other illegal activities . Daisy decides to stay with Tom , and Tom contemptuously sends her back to East Egg with Gatsby , attempting to prove that Gatsby can not hurt her .", "On the way back , Gatsby 's car strikes and kills Tom 's mistress , Myrtle . Nick later learns from Gatsby that Daisy , not Gatsby himself , was driving the car at the time of the accident . Myrtle 's husband , George Wilson , falsely concludes that the driver of the yellow car is the secret lover he suspects his wife had . He learns that the yellow car is Gatsby 's , fatally shoots him , and then turns the gun on himself . Nick organizes an unsettlingly small funeral for Gatsby which none of Gatsby 's associates , only one of his partygoers and his estranged father Henry Gatz , attend . Later , Nick runs into Tom in New York and finds out that Tom told George that the yellow car was Gatsby 's and given him Gatsby 's address . Disillusioned with the East , Nick moves back to the Midwest .", "Nick Carraway -- a Yale University graduate from the Midwest , a World War I veteran , and , at the start of the plot , a newly arrived resident of West Egg , age 29 ( later 30 ) . He also serves as the first - person narrator of the novel . He is Gatsby 's next - door neighbor and a bond salesman . He is easy - going , occasionally sarcastic , and somewhat optimistic , although this latter quality fades as the novel progresses . He is more grounded and more practical than the other characters , and is always in awe of their lifestyles and morals . Jay Gatsby ( originally James `` Jimmy '' Gatz ) -- a young , mysterious millionaire with shady business connections ( later revealed to be a bootlegger ) , originally from North Dakota . He is obsessed with Daisy Buchanan , a beautiful debutante from Louisville , Kentucky whom he met when he was a young military officer stationed at the Army 's Camp Taylor in Louisville during World War I . According to Some Sort of Epic Grandeur , Matthew J. Bruccoli 's biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald , the character is based on the bootlegger and former World War officer , Max Gerlach . Gatsby is also said to have briefly studied at Trinity College , Oxford in England after the end of the war . Daisy Fay Buchanan -- an attractive , though shallow and self - absorbed , young debutante and socialite from Louisville , Kentucky , identified as a flapper . She is Nick 's second cousin once removed , and the wife of Tom Buchanan . Before she married Tom , Daisy had a romantic relationship with Gatsby . Her choice between Gatsby and Tom is one of the central conflicts in the novel . Daisy is believed to have been inspired by Fitzgerald 's own youthful romances with Ginevra King . Thomas `` Tom '' Buchanan -- a millionaire who lives in East Egg , and Daisy 's husband . Tom is an imposing man of muscular build with a `` husky tenor '' voice and arrogant demeanor . He was a football star at Yale University . Buchanan has parallels with William Mitchell , the Chicagoan who married Ginevra King . Buchanan and Mitchell were both Chicagoans with an interest in polo . Like Ginevra 's father , whom Fitzgerald resented , Buchanan attended Yale and is a white supremacist . Jordan Baker -- A professional golfer and Daisy Buchanan 's long - time friend with a sarcastic streak and an aloof attitude . She is Nick Carraway 's girlfriend for most of the novel , though they grow apart towards the end . She has a slightly shady reputation amongst the New York social elite , due to her habit of being evasive and untruthful with her friends and lovers . She established herself as a professional golfer in a predominantly male sport . With great success came criticism as she faced a cheating scandal , which harmed her reputation as a golfer . Fitzgerald told Maxwell Perkins that Jordan was based on the golfer Edith Cummings , a friend of Ginevra King . Her name is a play on the two popular automobile brands , the Jordan Motor Car Company and the Baker Motor Vehicle , alluding to Jordan 's `` fast '' reputation and the new freedom presented to Americans , especially women , in the 1920s . George B. Wilson -- a mechanic and owner of a garage . He is disliked by both his wife , Myrtle Wilson , and Tom Buchanan , who describes him as `` so dumb he does n't know he 's alive . '' At the end of the novel , he kills Gatsby , wrongly believing that he had been driving the car that killed Myrtle , and then kills himself . Myrtle Wilson -- George 's wife , and Tom Buchanan 's mistress . Myrtle , who possesses a fierce vitality , is desperate to find refuge from her disappointing marriage . She is accidentally killed by Gatsby 's car ( driven by Daisy , though Gatsby takes the blame for the accident ) . Meyer Wolfsheim -- a Jewish friend and mentor of Gatsby 's , described as a gambler who fixed the World Series . Wolfsheim appears only twice in the novel , the second time refusing to attend Gatsby 's funeral . He is a clear allusion to Arnold Rothstein , a New York crime kingpin who was notoriously blamed for the Black Sox Scandal that tainted the 1919 World Series .", "Nick Carraway -- a Yale University graduate from the Midwest , a World War I veteran , and , at the start of the plot , a newly arrived resident of West Egg , age 29 ( later 30 ) . He also serves as the first - person narrator of the novel . He is Gatsby 's next - door neighbor and a bond salesman . He is easy - going , occasionally sarcastic , and somewhat optimistic , although this latter quality fades as the novel progresses . He is more grounded and more practical than the other characters , and is always in awe of their lifestyles and morals .", "Jay Gatsby ( originally James `` Jimmy '' Gatz ) -- a young , mysterious millionaire with shady business connections ( later revealed to be a bootlegger ) , originally from North Dakota . He is obsessed with Daisy Buchanan , a beautiful debutante from Louisville , Kentucky whom he met when he was a young military officer stationed at the Army 's Camp Taylor in Louisville during World War I . According to Some Sort of Epic Grandeur , Matthew J. Bruccoli 's biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald , the character is based on the bootlegger and former World War officer , Max Gerlach . Gatsby is also said to have briefly studied at Trinity College , Oxford in England after the end of the war .", "Daisy Fay Buchanan -- an attractive , though shallow and self - absorbed , young debutante and socialite from Louisville , Kentucky , identified as a flapper . She is Nick 's second cousin once removed , and the wife of Tom Buchanan . Before she married Tom , Daisy had a romantic relationship with Gatsby . Her choice between Gatsby and Tom is one of the central conflicts in the novel . Daisy is believed to have been inspired by Fitzgerald 's own youthful romances with Ginevra King .", "Thomas `` Tom '' Buchanan -- a millionaire who lives in East Egg , and Daisy 's husband . Tom is an imposing man of muscular build with a `` husky tenor '' voice and arrogant demeanor . He was a football star at Yale University . Buchanan has parallels with William Mitchell , the Chicagoan who married Ginevra King . Buchanan and Mitchell were both Chicagoans with an interest in polo . Like Ginevra 's father , whom Fitzgerald resented , Buchanan attended Yale and is a white supremacist .", "Jordan Baker -- A professional golfer and Daisy Buchanan 's long - time friend with a sarcastic streak and an aloof attitude . She is Nick Carraway 's girlfriend for most of the novel , though they grow apart towards the end . She has a slightly shady reputation amongst the New York social elite , due to her habit of being evasive and untruthful with her friends and lovers . She established herself as a professional golfer in a predominantly male sport . With great success came criticism as she faced a cheating scandal , which harmed her reputation as a golfer . Fitzgerald told Maxwell Perkins that Jordan was based on the golfer Edith Cummings , a friend of Ginevra King . Her name is a play on the two popular automobile brands , the Jordan Motor Car Company and the Baker Motor Vehicle , alluding to Jordan 's `` fast '' reputation and the new freedom presented to Americans , especially women , in the 1920s .", "George B. Wilson -- a mechanic and owner of a garage . He is disliked by both his wife , Myrtle Wilson , and Tom Buchanan , who describes him as `` so dumb he does n't know he 's alive . '' At the end of the novel , he kills Gatsby , wrongly believing that he had been driving the car that killed Myrtle , and then kills himself .", "Myrtle Wilson -- George 's wife , and Tom Buchanan 's mistress . Myrtle , who possesses a fierce vitality , is desperate to find refuge from her disappointing marriage . She is accidentally killed by Gatsby 's car ( driven by Daisy , though Gatsby takes the blame for the accident ) .", "Meyer Wolfsheim -- a Jewish friend and mentor of Gatsby 's , described as a gambler who fixed the World Series . Wolfsheim appears only twice in the novel , the second time refusing to attend Gatsby 's funeral . He is a clear allusion to Arnold Rothstein , a New York crime kingpin who was notoriously blamed for the Black Sox Scandal that tainted the 1919 World Series .", "Fitzgerald began planning his third novel in June 1922 , but it was interrupted by production of his play , The Vegetable , in the summer and fall . The play failed miserably , and Fitzgerald worked that winter on magazine stories struggling to pay his debt caused by the production . The stories were , in his words , `` all trash and it nearly broke my heart , '' although included among those stories was `` Winter Dreams , '' which Fitzgerald later described as `` a sort of first draft of the Gatsby idea . ''", "After the birth of their only child , Frances Scott `` Scottie '' Fitzgerald , the Fitzgeralds moved to Great Neck , New York , on Long Island , in October 1922 . The town was used as the scene of The Great Gatsby . Fitzgerald 's neighbors in Great Neck included such prominent and newly wealthy New Yorkers as writer Ring Lardner , actor Lew Fields , and comedian Ed Wynn . These figures were all considered to be `` new money , '' unlike those who came from Manhasset Neck or Cow Neck Peninsula -- places that were home to many of New York 's wealthiest established families , and which sat across the bay from Great Neck . This real - life juxtaposition gave Fitzgerald his idea for `` West Egg '' and `` East Egg . '' In this novel , Great Neck ( King 's Point ) became the `` new money '' peninsula of West Egg and Port Washington ( Sands Point ) the old - money East Egg . Several mansions in the area served as inspiration for Gatsby 's home , such as Oheka Castle and Beacon Towers , since demolished .", "By mid-1923 , Fitzgerald had written 18,000 words for his novel , but discarded most of his new story as a false start . Some of it , however , resurfaced in the 1924 short story `` Absolution . ''", "Work on The Great Gatsby began in earnest in April 1924 . Fitzgerald wrote in his ledger , `` Out of woods at last and starting novel . '' He decided to make a departure from the writing process of his previous novels and told Perkins that the novel was to be a `` consciously artistic achievement '' and a `` purely creative work -- not trashy imaginings as in my stories but the sustained imagination of a sincere and yet radiant world . '' He added later , during editing , that he felt `` an enormous power in me now , more than I 've ever had . '' Soon after this burst of inspiration , work slowed while the Fitzgeralds made a move to the French Riviera , where a serious crisis in their relationship soon developed . By August , however , Fitzgerald was hard at work and completed what he believed to be his final manuscript in October , sending the book to his editor , Maxwell Perkins , and agent , Harold Ober , on October 30 . The Fitzgeralds then moved to Rome for the winter . Fitzgerald made revisions through the winter after Perkins informed him in a November letter that the character of Gatsby was `` somewhat vague '' and Gatsby 's wealth and business , respectively , needed `` the suggestion of an explanation '' and should be `` adumbrated . ''", "Content after a few rounds of revision , Fitzgerald returned the final batch of revised galleys in the middle of February 1925 . Fitzgerald 's revisions included an extensive rewriting of Chapter VI and VIII . Despite this , he refused an offer of $10,000 for the serial rights in order not to delay the book 's publication . He had received a $3,939 advance in 1923 and $1,981.25 upon publication .", "The cover of the first printing of The Great Gatsby is among the most celebrated pieces of art in American literature . It depicts disembodied eyes and a mouth over a blue skyline , with images of naked women reflected in the irises . A little - known artist named Francis Cugat was commissioned to illustrate the book while Fitzgerald was in the midst of writing it . The cover was completed before the novel ; Fitzgerald was so enamored with it that he told his publisher he had `` written it into '' the novel . Fitzgerald 's remarks about incorporating the painting into the novel led to the interpretation that the eyes are reminiscent of those of fictional optometrist Dr. T.J. Eckleburg ( depicted on a faded commercial billboard near George Wilson 's auto repair shop ) , which Fitzgerald described as `` blue and gigantic -- their retinas are one yard high . They look out of no face , but instead , from a pair of enormous yellow spectacles which pass over a non-existent nose . '' Although this passage has some resemblance to the painting , a closer explanation can be found in the description of Daisy Buchanan as the `` girl whose disembodied face floated along the dark cornices and blinding signs . '' Ernest Hemingway wrote in A Moveable Feast that when Fitzgerald lent him a copy of The Great Gatsby to read , he immediately disliked the cover , but `` Scott told me not to be put off by it , that it had to do with a billboard along a highway in Long Island that was important in the story . He said he had liked the jacket and now he did n't like it . ''", "Fitzgerald had difficulty choosing a title for his novel and entertained many choices before reluctantly choosing The Great Gatsby , a title inspired by Alain - Fournier 's Le Grand Meaulnes . Previously he had shifted between Gatsby , Among Ash - Heaps and Millionaires , Trimalchio , Trimalchio in West Egg , On the Road to West Egg , Under the Red , White , and Blue , The Gold - Hatted Gatsby , and The High - Bouncing Lover . The titles The Gold - Hatted Gatsby and The High - Bouncing Lover came from Fitzgerald 's epigraph for the novel , one which he wrote himself under the pen name of Thomas Parke D'Invilliers . He initially preferred titles referencing Trimalchio , the crude parvenu in Petronius 's Satyricon , and even refers to Gatsby as Trimalchio once in the novel : `` It was when curiosity about Gatsby was at its highest that the lights in his house failed to go on one Saturday night -- and , as obscurely as it had begun , his career as Trimalchio was over . '' Unlike Gatsby 's spectacular parties , Trimalchio participated in the audacious and libidinous orgies he hosted but , according to Tony Tanner 's introduction to the Penguin edition , there are subtle similarities between the two .", "In November 1924 , Fitzgerald wrote to Perkins that `` I have now decided to stick to the title I put on the book ... Trimalchio in West Egg , '' but was eventually persuaded that the reference was too obscure and that people would not be able to pronounce it . His wife , Zelda , and Perkins both expressed their preference for The Great Gatsby and the next month Fitzgerald agreed . A month before publication , after a final review of the proofs , he asked if it would be possible to re-title it Trimalchio or Gold - Hatted Gatsby but Perkins advised against it . On March 19 , 1925 , Fitzgerald expressed intense enthusiasm for the title Under the Red , White and Blue , but it was at that stage too late to change . The Great Gatsby was published on April 10 , 1925 . Fitzgerald remarked that `` the title is only fair , rather bad than good . ''", "Early drafts of the novel have been published under the title Trimalchio : An Early Version of The Great Gatsby . A notable difference between the Trimalchio draft and The Great Gatsby is a less complete failure of Gatsby 's dream in Trimalchio . Another difference is that the argument between Tom Buchanan and Gatsby is more even , although Daisy still returns to Tom .", "Sarah Churchwell sees The Great Gatsby as a `` cautionary tale of the decadent downside of the American dream . '' The story deals with the limits and realities of America 's ideals of social and class mobility , and the inevitably hopeless lower class aspirations to rise above the station ( s ) of their birth . The book in stark relief through the narrator , Nick Carraway , observes that : `` ... a sense of the fundamental decencies is parcelled out unequally at birth . '' Using elements of irony and tragic ending , it also delves into themes of excesses of the rich and recklessness of youth .", "Journalist Nick Gillespie sees The Great Gatsby as a story of the underlying permanence of class differences , even `` in the face of a modern economy based not on status and inherited position but on innovation and an ability to meet ever - changing consumer needs . '' This interpretation asserts that The Great Gatsby captures the American experience because it is a story about change and those who resist it , whether the change comes in the form of a new wave of immigrants ( Southern Europeans in the early 20th century , Latin Americans today ) , the nouveau riche , or successful minorities . Americans from the 1920s to the 21st century have plenty of experience with changing economic and social circumstances . As Gillespie states , `` While the specific terms of the equation are always changing , it 's easy to see echoes of Gatsby 's basic conflict between established sources of economic and cultural power and upstarts in virtually all aspects of American society . '' Because this concept is particularly American and can be seen throughout American history , readers are able to relate to The Great Gatsby , which has lent the novel an enduring popularity .", "Later critical writings on The Great Gatsby , following the novel 's revival , focus in particular on Fitzgerald 's disillusionment with the American Dream -- life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness -- in the context of the hedonistic Jazz Age , a name for the era which Fitzgerald said he had coined . In 1970 , Roger Pearson published `` Gatsby : False prophet of the American Dream , '' in which he states that Fitzgerald `` has come to be associated with this concept of the AMERICAN Dream more than any other writer of the twentieth century . '' Pearson goes on to suggest that Gatsby 's failure to realize the American dream demonstrates that it no longer exists except in the minds of those as materialistic as Gatsby . He concludes that the American dream pursued by Gatsby `` is , in reality , a nightmare , '' bringing nothing but discontent and disillusionment to those who chase it as they realize that it is unsustainable and ultimately unattainable .", "In addition to exploring the trials and tribulations of achieving the great American dream during the Jazz Age , The Great Gatsby explores societal gender expectations as a theme , exemplifying in Daisy Buchanan 's character the marginalization of women in the East Egg social class that Fitzgerald depicts . As an upper - class white woman living in East Egg during this time period , Daisy must adhere to certain societal expectations , including but certainly not limited to actively filling the role of dutiful wife , mother , keeper of the house , and charming socialite . As the reader finds in the novel , many of Daisy 's choices , ultimately culminating in the tragedy of the plot and misery for all those involved , can be at least partly attributed to her prescribed role as a `` beautiful little fool '' who is completely reliant on her husband for financial and societal security . For instance , one could argue that Daisy 's ultimate decision to remain with her husband despite her feelings for Gatsby can be attributed to the status , security , and comfort that her marriage to Tom Buchanan provides . Additionally , the theme of the female familial role within The Great Gatsby goes hand in hand with that of the ideal family unit associated with the great American dream -- a dream that goes unrealized for Gatsby and Daisy in Fitzgerald 's prose .", "The green light that shines at the end of the dock of Daisy 's house across the Sound from Gatsby 's house is frequently mentioned in the background of the plot . It has variously been interpreted as a symbol of Gatsby 's longing for Daisy and , more broadly , of the American dream .", "The Great Gatsby was published by Charles Scribner 's Sons on April 10 , 1925 . Fitzgerald called Perkins on the day of publication to monitor reviews : `` Any news ? '' `` Sales situation doubtful , '' read a wire from Perkins on April 20 , `` ( but ) excellent reviews . '' Fitzgerald responded on April 24 , saying the cable `` depressed '' him , closing the letter with `` Yours in great depression . '' Fitzgerald had hoped the novel would be a great commercial success , perhaps selling as many as 75,000 copies . By October , when the original sale had run its course , the book had sold fewer than 20,000 copies . Despite this , Scribner 's continually kept the book in print ; they carried the original edition on their trade list until 1946 , by which time Gatsby was in print in three other forms and the original edition was no longer needed . Fitzgerald received letters of praise from contemporaries T.S. Eliot , Edith Wharton , and Willa Cather regarding the novel ; however , this was private opinion , and Fitzgerald feverishly demanded the public recognition of reviewers and readers .", "The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews from literary critics of the day . Generally the most effusive of the positive reviews was Edwin Clark of The New York Times , who felt the novel was `` A curious book , a mystical , glamourous ( sic ) story of today . '' Similarly , Lillian C. Ford of the Los Angeles Times wrote , `` ( the novel ) leaves the reader in a mood of chastened wonder , '' calling the book `` a revelation of life '' and `` a work of art . '' The New York Post called the book `` fascinating ... His style fairly scintillates , and with a genuine brilliance ; he writes surely and soundly . '' The New York Herald Tribune less impressed , referring to The Great Gatsby as `` purely ephemeral phenomenon , but it contains some of the nicest little touches of contemporary observation you could imagine - so light , so delicate , so sharp ... a literary lemon meringue . '' In The Chicago Daily Tribune , H.L. Mencken called the book `` in form no more than a glorified anecdote , and not too probable at that , '' while praising the book 's `` careful and brilliant finish . ''", "Several writers felt that the novel left much to be desired following Fitzgerald 's previous works and promptly criticized him . Harvey Eagleton of The Dallas Morning News believed the novel signaled the end of Fitzgerald 's success : `` One finishes Great Gatsby with a feeling of regret , not for the fate of the people in the book , but for Mr. Fitzgerald . '' John McClure of The Times - Picayune said that the book was unconvincing , writing , `` Even in conception and construction , The Great Gatsby seems a little raw . '' Ralph Coghlan of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch felt the book lacked what made Fitzgerald 's earlier novels endearing and called the book `` a minor performance ... At the moment , its author seems a bit bored and tired and cynical . '' Ruth Snyder of New York Evening World called the book 's style `` painfully forced , '' noting that the editors of the paper were `` quite convinced after reading The Great Gatsby that Mr. Fitzgerald is not one of the great American writers of to - day . '' The reviews struck Fitzgerald as completely missing the point : `` All the reviews , even the most enthusiastic , not one had the slightest idea what the book was about . ''", "Fitzgerald 's goal was to produce a literary work which would truly prove himself as a writer , and Gatsby did not have the commercial success of his two previous novels , This Side of Paradise and The Beautiful and Damned . Although the novel went through two initial printings , some of these copies remained unsold years later . Fitzgerald himself blamed poor sales on the fact that women tended to be the main audience for novels during this time , and Gatsby did not contain an admirable female character . According to his own ledger , now made available online by University of South Carolina 's Thomas Cooper library , he earned only $2,000 from the book . Although 1926 brought Owen Davis ' stage adaption and the Paramount - issued silent film version , both of which brought in money for the author , Fitzgerald still felt the novel fell short of the recognition he hoped for and , most importantly , would not propel him to becoming a serious novelist in the public eye . For several years afterward , the general public believed The Great Gatsby to be nothing more than a nostalgic period piece .", "In 1940 , Fitzgerald suffered a third and final heart attack , and died believing his work forgotten . His obituary in The New York Times mentioned Gatsby as Fitzgerald `` at his best . '' A strong appreciation for the book had developed in underground circles ; future writers Edward Newhouse and Budd Schulberg were deeply affected by it and John O'Hara showed the book 's influence . The republication of Gatsby in Edmund Wilson 's edition of The Last Tycoon in 1941 produced an outburst of comment , with the general consensus expressing the sentiment that the book was an enduring work of fiction .", "In 1942 , a group of publishing executives created the Council on Books in Wartime . The Council 's purpose was to distribute paperback books to soldiers fighting in the Second World War . The Great Gatsby was one of these books . The books proved to be `` as popular as pin - up girls '' among the soldiers , according to the Saturday Evening Post 's contemporary report . 155,000 copies of Gatsby were distributed to soldiers overseas .", "By 1944 , full - length articles on Fitzgerald 's works were being published , and the following year , `` the opinion that Gatsby was merely a period piece had almost entirely disappeared . '' This revival was paved by interest shown by literary critic Edmund Wilson , who was Fitzgerald 's friend . In 1951 , Arthur Mizener published The Far Side of Paradise , a biography of Fitzgerald . He emphasized The Great Gatsby 's positive reception by literary critics , which may have influenced public opinion and renewed interest in it .", "By 1960 , the book was steadily selling 50,000 copies per year , and renewed interest led The New York Times editorialist Arthur Mizener to proclaim the novel `` a classic of twentieth - century American fiction . '' The Great Gatsby has sold over 25 million copies worldwide as of 2013 , annually sells an additional 500,000 copies , and is Scribner 's most popular title ; in 2013 , the e-book alone sold 185,000 copies .", "Scribner 's copyright is scheduled to expire in 2020 , according to Maureen Corrigan 's book about the making of the novel , So We Read On .", "In 2009 , BalletMet premiered a version at the Capitol Theatre in Columbus , Ohio . It was choreographed by Jimmy Orrante . In 2010 , The Washington Ballet premiered a version at the Kennedy Center . It was received an encore run the following year , due to popular demand . In 2013 , the Northern Ballet premiered a version of The Great Gatsby at Leeds Grand Theatre in the UK , with choreography and direction by David Nixon , a musical score by Richard Rodney Bennett , and set designs by Jerome Kaplan . Nixon also created the scenario and costume designs .", "In 2009 , BalletMet premiered a version at the Capitol Theatre in Columbus , Ohio . It was choreographed by Jimmy Orrante .", "In 2010 , The Washington Ballet premiered a version at the Kennedy Center . It was received an encore run the following year , due to popular demand .", "In 2013 , the Northern Ballet premiered a version of The Great Gatsby at Leeds Grand Theatre in the UK , with choreography and direction by David Nixon , a musical score by Richard Rodney Bennett , and set designs by Jerome Kaplan . Nixon also created the scenario and costume designs .", "In 2010 , Oberon Media released a casual hidden object game called Classic Adventures : The Great Gatsby . The game was released for iPad in 2012 . In 2011 , as a tribute to old NES games , developer Charlie Hoey and editor Pete Smith created an 8 - bit - style online game of The Great Gatsby . Ian Crouch of The New Yorker compared it to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1989 ) for the NES .", "In 2010 , Oberon Media released a casual hidden object game called Classic Adventures : The Great Gatsby . The game was released for iPad in 2012 .", "In 2011 , as a tribute to old NES games , developer Charlie Hoey and editor Pete Smith created an 8 - bit - style online game of The Great Gatsby . Ian Crouch of The New Yorker compared it to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1989 ) for the NES .", "The Great Gatsby has resulted in a number of film and television adaptations :", "The Great Gatsby ( 1926 ) , by Herbert Brenon -- a silent movie of a stage adaptation , starring Warner Baxter , Lois Wilson , and William Powell . It is a famous example of a lost film . Reviews suggest that it may have been the most faithful adaptation of the novel , but a trailer of the film at the National Archives is all that is known to exist . The Great Gatsby ( 1949 ) , by Elliott Nugent -- starring Alan Ladd , Betty Field , and Macdonald Carey . The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) , by Jack Clayton -- starring Robert Redford , Mia Farrow , and Sam Waterston , with a script by Francis Ford Coppola . The Great Gatsby ( 2000 ) , by Robert Markowitz -- a made - for - TV movie starring Toby Stephens , Mira Sorvino , and Paul Rudd . The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) , by Baz Luhrmann -- starring Leonardo DiCaprio , Carey Mulligan , and Tobey Maguire .", "The Great Gatsby ( 1926 ) , by Herbert Brenon -- a silent movie of a stage adaptation , starring Warner Baxter , Lois Wilson , and William Powell . It is a famous example of a lost film . Reviews suggest that it may have been the most faithful adaptation of the novel , but a trailer of the film at the National Archives is all that is known to exist .", "The Great Gatsby ( 1949 ) , by Elliott Nugent -- starring Alan Ladd , Betty Field , and Macdonald Carey .", "The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) , by Jack Clayton -- starring Robert Redford , Mia Farrow , and Sam Waterston , with a script by Francis Ford Coppola .", "The Great Gatsby ( 2000 ) , by Robert Markowitz -- a made - for - TV movie starring Toby Stephens , Mira Sorvino , and Paul Rudd .", "The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) , by Baz Luhrmann -- starring Leonardo DiCaprio , Carey Mulligan , and Tobey Maguire .", "The Double Bind ( 2007 ) by Chris Bohjalian imagines the later years of Daisy and Tom Buchanan 's marriage , as a social worker in 2007 investigates the possibility that a deceased elderly homeless person is Daisy 's son . Great ( 2014 ) by Sara Benincasa is a modern - day young adult fiction retelling of The Great Gatsby with a female Gatsby ( Jacinta Trimalchio ) .", "The Double Bind ( 2007 ) by Chris Bohjalian imagines the later years of Daisy and Tom Buchanan 's marriage , as a social worker in 2007 investigates the possibility that a deceased elderly homeless person is Daisy 's son .", "Great ( 2014 ) by Sara Benincasa is a modern - day young adult fiction retelling of The Great Gatsby with a female Gatsby ( Jacinta Trimalchio ) .", "The New York Metropolitan Opera commissioned John Harbison to compose an operatic treatment of the novel to commemorate the 25th anniversary of James Levine 's debut . The work , called The Great Gatsby , premiered on December 20 , 1999 .", "On January 1 , 1950 , an hour - long adaptation was broadcast on CBS 's Family Hour of Stars starring Kirk Douglas as Gatsby . The BBC World Service commissioned an abridged 10 - part reading of the story , read from the view of Nick Carraway by Trevor White , and broadcast it in October 2008 . In May 2012 , BBC Radio 4 broadcast The Great Gatsby , a Classic Serial dramatization by Robert Forrest .", "On January 1 , 1950 , an hour - long adaptation was broadcast on CBS 's Family Hour of Stars starring Kirk Douglas as Gatsby .", "The BBC World Service commissioned an abridged 10 - part reading of the story , read from the view of Nick Carraway by Trevor White , and broadcast it in October 2008 .", "In May 2012 , BBC Radio 4 broadcast The Great Gatsby , a Classic Serial dramatization by Robert Forrest .", "The 1926 stage adaptation of Owen Davis , subsequently developed , became the 1926 film version . The play , directed by George Cukor , opened on Broadway on February 2 , 1926 and ran for 112 performances . A successful tour later in the year included performances in Chicago , 1 August 20 through 2 October . In July 2006 , Simon Levy 's stage adaptation , the only one authorized and granted exclusive rights by the Fitzgerald Estate , had its world premiere at The Guthrie Theater to commemorate the opening of its new theatre , directed by David Esbjornson . It was subsequently produced by Seattle Repertory Theatre . In 2012 , a revised / reworked version was produced at Arizona Theatre Company and Grand Theatre in London , Ontario , Canada . Gatz , an award - winning Off - Broadway production by Elevator Repair Service , placed first in the list of best in 2010 NYC theatre from The New York Times 's Ben Brantley .", "The 1926 stage adaptation of Owen Davis , subsequently developed , became the 1926 film version . The play , directed by George Cukor , opened on Broadway on February 2 , 1926 and ran for 112 performances . A successful tour later in the year included performances in Chicago , 1 August 20 through 2 October .", "In July 2006 , Simon Levy 's stage adaptation , the only one authorized and granted exclusive rights by the Fitzgerald Estate , had its world premiere at The Guthrie Theater to commemorate the opening of its new theatre , directed by David Esbjornson . It was subsequently produced by Seattle Repertory Theatre . In 2012 , a revised / reworked version was produced at Arizona Theatre Company and Grand Theatre in London , Ontario , Canada .", "Gatz , an award - winning Off - Broadway production by Elevator Repair Service , placed first in the list of best in 2010 NYC theatre from The New York Times 's Ben Brantley ." ]
The Great Gatsby - Wikipedia The Great Gatsby This article is about the novel. For the film, TV and opera adaptations, see The Great Gatsby (disambiguation) . Not to be confused with Gadsby (novel) . The Great Gatsby Cover of the first edition in 1925. Author F. Scott Fitzgerald Cover artist Francis Cugat Country United States Language English Genre Novel Published April 10, 1925 ( Charles Scribner's Sons ) Media type Print ( hardcover & paperback ) Preceded by The Beautiful and Damned (1922) Followed by Tender Is the Night (1934) The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional towns of West Egg and East Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922. The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession with the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan. Considered to be Fitzgerald's magnum opus , The Great Gatsby explores themes of decadence , idealism , resistance to change, social upheaval, and excess, creating a portrait of the Roaring Twenties that has been described as a cautionary tale regarding the American Dream . Fitzgerald-- inspired by the parties he had attended while visiting Long Island's North Shore -- began planning the novel in 1923, desiring to produce, in his words, `` something new -- something extraordinary and beautiful and simple and intricately patterned.'' Progress was slow, with Fitzgerald completing his first draft following a move to the French Riviera in 1924. His editor, Maxwell Perkins , felt the book was vague and persuaded the author to revise over the following winter. Fitzgerald was repeatedly ambivalent about the book's title and he considered a variety of alternatives, including titles that referred to the Roman character Trimalchio ; the title he was last documented to have desired was Under the Red, White, and Blue. First published by Scribner's in April 1925, The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews and sold poorly; in its first year, the book sold only 20,000 copies. Fitzgerald died in 1940, believing himself to be a failure and his work forgotten. However, the novel experienced a revival during World War II , and became a part of American high school curricula and numerous stage and film adaptations in the following decades. Today, The Great Gatsby is widely considered to be a literary classic and a contender for the title `` Great American Novel .'' In 1998, the Modern Library editorial board voted it the 20th century's best American novel and second best English-language novel of the same time period. Contents 1 Historical context 2 Plot summary 3 Major characters 4 Writing and production 5 Cover art 6 Title 7 Themes 8 Symbolism 9 Reception 10 Legacy and modern analysis 11 Adaptations 11.1 Ballet 11.2 Computer games 11.3 Film and television 11.4 Literature 11.5 Opera 11.6 Radio 11.7 Theater 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 14.1 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links Historical context ( edit ) Set on the prosperous Long Island of 1922, The Great Gatsby provides a critical social history of America during the Roaring Twenties within its fictional narrative. That era, known for widespread economic prosperity, the development of jazz music, flapper culture, new technologies in communication (motion pictures, broadcast radio, recorded music) forging a genuine mass culture, and bootlegging , along with other criminal activity, is plausibly depicted in Fitzgerald's novel. Fitzgerald uses many of these societal developments of the 1920s to build Gatsby's stories, from many of the simple details like automobiles to broader themes like Fitzgerald's discreet allusions to the organized crime culture which was the source of Gatsby's fortune. Fitzgerald depicts the garish society of the Roaring Twenties by placing the book's plotline within the historical context of the era. Fitzgerald's visits to Long Island's North Shore and his experience attending parties at mansions inspired The Great Gatsby 's setting. Today, there are a number of theories as to which mansion was the inspiration for the book. One possibility is Land's End, a notable Gold Coast Mansion where Fitzgerald may have attended a party. Many of the events in Fitzgerald's early life are reflected throughout The Great Gatsby . Fitzgerald was a young man from Minnesota, and, like Nick, who went to Yale , he was educated at an Ivy League school, Princeton . Fitzgerald is also similar to Jay Gatsby in that he fell in love while stationed far from home in the military and fell into a life of decadence trying to prove himself to the girl he loved. Fitzgerald became a second lieutenant and was stationed at Camp Sheridan in Montgomery, Alabama. There he met and fell in love with a wild 17-year-old beauty named Zelda Sayre . Zelda finally agreed to marry him, but her preference for wealth, fun, and leisure led her to delay their wedding until he could prove a success. Like Nick in The Great Gatsby , Fitzgerald found this new lifestyle seductive and exciting, and, like Gatsby, he had always idolized the very rich. In many ways, The Great Gatsby represents Fitzgerald's attempt to confront his conflicted feelings about the Jazz Age . Like Gatsby, Fitzgerald was driven by his love for a woman who symbolized everything he wanted, even as she led him toward everything he despised. In her book Careless People: Murder, Mayhem and the Invention of The Great Gatsby (2013), Sarah Churchwell speculates that parts of the ending of The Great Gatsby were based on the Hall-Mills Case . Based on her forensic search for clues, she asserts that the two victims in the Hall-Mills murder case inspired the characters who were murdered in The Great Gatsby . Plot summary ( edit ) In the summer of 1922, Nick Carraway, a Yale graduate and veteran of the Great War from the Midwest -- who serves as the novel's narrator-- takes a job in New York as a bond salesman. He rents a small house on Long Island , in the fictional village of West Egg, next door to the lavish mansion of Jay Gatsby , a mysterious multi-millionaire who holds extravagant parties but does not participate in them. Nick drives around the bay to East Egg for dinner at the home of his cousin, Daisy Fay Buchanan, and her husband, Tom, a college acquaintance of Nick's . They introduce Nick to Jordan Baker, an attractive, cynical young golfer. She reveals to Nick that Tom has a mistress , Myrtle Wilson, who lives in the `` valley of ashes ,'' an industrial dumping ground between West Egg and New York City. Not long after this revelation, Nick travels to New York City with Tom and Myrtle to an apartment that Tom uses like a hotel room for Myrtle, as well as other women whom he also sleeps with. At Tom's New York apartment, a vulgar and bizarre party takes place. It ends with Tom physically abusing Myrtle, breaking her nose in the process, after she says Daisy's name several times, which makes him angry. The Plaza Hotel in the early 1920s Nick eventually receives an invitation to one of Gatsby's parties. Nick encounters Jordan Baker at the party and they meet Gatsby himself, an aloof and surprisingly young man who recognizes Nick because they were in the same division in the Great War. Through Jordan, Nick later learns that Gatsby knew Daisy through a purely chance meeting in 1917 when Daisy and her friends were doing volunteer service work with young officers headed to Europe. From their brief meetings and casual encounters at that time, Gatsby became (and still is) deeply in love with Daisy. Gatsby had hoped that his wild parties would attract an unsuspecting Daisy, who lived across the bay, to appear at his doorstep and allow him to present himself as a man of wealth and position. Having developed a budding friendship with Nick, Gatsby uses him to arrange a reunion between himself and Daisy. Nick invites Daisy to have tea at his house without telling her that Gatsby will also be there. After an initially awkward reunion, Gatsby and Daisy begin an affair over the summer. At a luncheon at the Buchanans' house, Daisy speaks to Gatsby with such undisguised intimacy that Tom realizes she is in love with Gatsby. Though Tom is himself an adulterer, he is outraged by his wife's infidelity. He forces the group to drive into New York City and confronts Gatsby in a suite at the Plaza Hotel , asserting that he and Daisy have a history that Gatsby could never understand. In addition to that, he announces to his wife that Gatsby is a criminal whose fortune comes from bootlegging alcohol and other illegal activities. Daisy decides to stay with Tom, and Tom contemptuously sends her back to East Egg with Gatsby, attempting to prove that Gatsby cannot hurt her. On the way back, Gatsby's car strikes and kills Tom's mistress, Myrtle. Nick later learns from Gatsby that Daisy, not Gatsby himself, was driving the car at the time of the accident. Myrtle's husband, George Wilson, falsely concludes that the driver of the yellow car is the secret lover he suspects his wife had. He learns that the yellow car is Gatsby's , fatally shoots him, and then turns the gun on himself. Nick organizes an unsettlingly small funeral for Gatsby which none of Gatsby's associates, only one of his partygoers and his estranged father Henry Gatz, attend. Later, Nick runs into Tom in New York and finds out that Tom told George that the yellow car was Gatsby's and given him Gatsby's address. Disillusioned with the East, Nick moves back to the Midwest. Major characters ( edit ) Nick Carraway -- a Yale University graduate from the Midwest, a World War I veteran, and, at the start of the plot, a newly arrived resident of West Egg, age 29 (later 30). He also serves as the first-person narrator of the novel. He is Gatsby's next-door neighbor and a bond salesman. He is easy-going, occasionally sarcastic, and somewhat optimistic, although this latter quality fades as the novel progresses. He is more grounded and more practical than the other characters, and is always in awe of their lifestyles and morals. Jay Gatsby (originally James `` Jimmy'' Gatz )-- a young, mysterious millionaire with shady business connections (later revealed to be a bootlegger ), originally from North Dakota . He is obsessed with Daisy Buchanan, a beautiful debutante from Louisville, Kentucky whom he met when he was a young military officer stationed at the Army's Camp Taylor in Louisville during World War I . According to Some Sort of Epic Grandeur , Matthew J. Bruccoli's biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald, the character is based on the bootlegger and former World War officer, Max Gerlach. Gatsby is also said to have briefly studied at Trinity College, Oxford in England after the end of the war. Daisy Fay Buchanan -- an attractive, though shallow and self-absorbed, young debutante and socialite from Louisville, Kentucky , identified as a flapper . She is Nick's second cousin once removed, and the wife of Tom Buchanan. Before she married Tom, Daisy had a romantic relationship with Gatsby. Her choice between Gatsby and Tom is one of the central conflicts in the novel. Daisy is believed to have been inspired by Fitzgerald's own youthful romances with Ginevra King . Thomas `` Tom'' Buchanan -- a millionaire who lives in East Egg, and Daisy's husband. Tom is an imposing man of muscular build with a `` husky tenor'' voice and arrogant demeanor. He was a football star at Yale University . Buchanan has parallels with William Mitchell, the Chicagoan who married Ginevra King. Buchanan and Mitchell were both Chicagoans with an interest in polo . Like Ginevra's father, whom Fitzgerald resented, Buchanan attended Yale and is a white supremacist . Jordan Baker -- A professional golfer and Daisy Buchanan's long-time friend with a sarcastic streak and an aloof attitude. She is Nick Carraway's girlfriend for most of the novel, though they grow apart towards the end. She has a slightly shady reputation amongst the New York social elite, due to her habit of being evasive and untruthful with her friends and lovers. She established herself as a professional golfer in a predominantly male sport. With great success came criticism as she faced a cheating scandal, which harmed her reputation as a golfer. Fitzgerald told Maxwell Perkins that Jordan was based on the golfer Edith Cummings , a friend of Ginevra King. Her name is a play on the two popular automobile brands, the Jordan Motor Car Company and the Baker Motor Vehicle , alluding to Jordan's `` fast'' reputation and the new freedom presented to Americans, especially women, in the 1920s. George B. Wilson -- a mechanic and owner of a garage. He is disliked by both his wife, Myrtle Wilson, and Tom Buchanan, who describes him as `` so dumb he doesn't know he's alive.'' At the end of the novel, he kills Gatsby, wrongly believing that he had been driving the car that killed Myrtle, and then kills himself . Myrtle Wilson -- George's wife, and Tom Buchanan's mistress. Myrtle, who possesses a fierce vitality, is desperate to find refuge from her disappointing marriage. She is accidentally killed by Gatsby's car (driven by Daisy, though Gatsby takes the blame for the accident). Meyer Wolfsheim -- a Jewish friend and mentor of Gatsby's , described as a gambler who fixed the World Series . Wolfsheim appears only twice in the novel, the second time refusing to attend Gatsby's funeral. He is a clear allusion to Arnold Rothstein , a New York crime kingpin who was notoriously blamed for the Black Sox Scandal that tainted the 1919 World Series . Writing and production ( edit ) The now-demolished Beacon Towers served as an inspiration for Gatsby's home Oheka Castle was another North Shore inspiration for the novel's setting Fitzgerald began planning his third novel in June 1922, but it was interrupted by production of his play, The Vegetable , in the summer and fall. The play failed miserably, and Fitzgerald worked that winter on magazine stories struggling to pay his debt caused by the production. The stories were, in his words, `` all trash and it nearly broke my heart,'' although included among those stories was `` Winter Dreams ,'' which Fitzgerald later described as `` a sort of first draft of the Gatsby idea.'' After the birth of their only child, Frances Scott `` Scottie'' Fitzgerald , the Fitzgeralds moved to Great Neck, New York , on Long Island , in October 1922. The town was used as the scene of The Great Gatsby . Fitzgerald's neighbors in Great Neck included such prominent and newly wealthy New Yorkers as writer Ring Lardner , actor Lew Fields , and comedian Ed Wynn . These figures were all considered to be `` new money ,'' unlike those who came from Manhasset Neck or Cow Neck Peninsula -- places that were home to many of New York's wealthiest established families, and which sat across the bay from Great Neck. This real-life juxtaposition gave Fitzgerald his idea for `` West Egg'' and `` East Egg.'' In this novel, Great Neck (King's Point) became the `` new money'' peninsula of West Egg and Port Washington (Sands Point) the old-money East Egg. Several mansions in the area served as inspiration for Gatsby's home, such as Oheka Castle and Beacon Towers , since demolished. By mid-1923, Fitzgerald had written 18,000 words for his novel, but discarded most of his new story as a false start. Some of it, however, resurfaced in the 1924 short story `` Absolution.'' Work on The Great Gatsby began in earnest in April 1924. Fitzgerald wrote in his ledger, `` Out of woods at last and starting novel.'' He decided to make a departure from the writing process of his previous novels and told Perkins that the novel was to be a `` consciously artistic achievement'' and a `` purely creative work-- not trashy imaginings as in my stories but the sustained imagination of a sincere and yet radiant world.'' He added later, during editing, that he felt `` an enormous power in me now, more than I've ever had.'' Soon after this burst of inspiration, work slowed while the Fitzgeralds made a move to the French Riviera , where a serious crisis in their relationship soon developed. By August, however, Fitzgerald was hard at work and completed what he believed to be his final manuscript in October, sending the book to his editor, Maxwell Perkins , and agent, Harold Ober , on October 30. The Fitzgeralds then moved to Rome for the winter. Fitzgerald made revisions through the winter after Perkins informed him in a November letter that the character of Gatsby was `` somewhat vague'' and Gatsby's wealth and business, respectively, needed `` the suggestion of an explanation'' and should be `` adumbrated .'' Content after a few rounds of revision, Fitzgerald returned the final batch of revised galleys in the middle of February 1925. Fitzgerald's revisions included an extensive rewriting of Chapter VI and VIII. Despite this, he refused an offer of $10,000 for the serial rights in order not to delay the book's publication. He had received a $3,939 advance in 1923 and $1,981.25 upon publication. Cover art ( edit ) The cover of the first printing of The Great Gatsby is among the most celebrated pieces of art in American literature. It depicts disembodied eyes and a mouth over a blue skyline, with images of naked women reflected in the irises. A little-known artist named Francis Cugat was commissioned to illustrate the book while Fitzgerald was in the midst of writing it. The cover was completed before the novel; Fitzgerald was so enamored with it that he told his publisher he had `` written it into'' the novel. Fitzgerald's remarks about incorporating the painting into the novel led to the interpretation that the eyes are reminiscent of those of fictional optometrist Dr. T.J. Eckleburg (depicted on a faded commercial billboard near George Wilson's auto repair shop), which Fitzgerald described as `` blue and gigantic-- their retinas are one yard high. They look out of no face, but instead, from a pair of enormous yellow spectacles which pass over a non-existent nose.'' Although this passage has some resemblance to the painting, a closer explanation can be found in the description of Daisy Buchanan as the `` girl whose disembodied face floated along the dark cornices and blinding signs.'' Ernest Hemingway wrote in A Moveable Feast that when Fitzgerald lent him a copy of The Great Gatsby to read, he immediately disliked the cover, but `` Scott told me not to be put off by it, that it had to do with a billboard along a highway in Long Island that was important in the story. He said he had liked the jacket and now he didn't like it.'' Title ( edit ) Fitzgerald had difficulty choosing a title for his novel and entertained many choices before reluctantly choosing The Great Gatsby , a title inspired by Alain-Fournier 's Le Grand Meaulnes . Previously he had shifted between Gatsby , Among Ash-Heaps and Millionaires , Trimalchio , Trimalchio in West Egg , On the Road to West Egg , Under the Red, White, and Blue , The Gold-Hatted Gatsby , and The High-Bouncing Lover . The titles The Gold-Hatted Gatsby and The High-Bouncing Lover came from Fitzgerald's epigraph for the novel, one which he wrote himself under the pen name of Thomas Parke D'Invilliers . He initially preferred titles referencing Trimalchio , the crude parvenu in Petronius 's Satyricon , and even refers to Gatsby as Trimalchio once in the novel: `` It was when curiosity about Gatsby was at its highest that the lights in his house failed to go on one Saturday night-- and, as obscurely as it had begun, his career as Trimalchio was over.'' Unlike Gatsby's spectacular parties, Trimalchio participated in the audacious and libidinous orgies he hosted but, according to Tony Tanner's introduction to the Penguin edition, there are subtle similarities between the two. In November 1924, Fitzgerald wrote to Perkins that `` I have now decided to stick to the title I put on the book ... Trimalchio in West Egg ,'' but was eventually persuaded that the reference was too obscure and that people would not be able to pronounce it. His wife, Zelda , and Perkins both expressed their preference for The Great Gatsby and the next month Fitzgerald agreed. A month before publication, after a final review of the proofs, he asked if it would be possible to re-title it Trimalchio or Gold-Hatted Gatsby but Perkins advised against it. On March 19, 1925, Fitzgerald expressed intense enthusiasm for the title Under the Red, White and Blue , but it was at that stage too late to change. The Great Gatsby was published on April 10, 1925. Fitzgerald remarked that `` the title is only fair, rather bad than good.'' Early drafts of the novel have been published under the title Trimalchio: An Early Version of The Great Gatsby . A notable difference between the Trimalchio draft and The Great Gatsby is a less complete failure of Gatsby's dream in Trimalchio . Another difference is that the argument between Tom Buchanan and Gatsby is more even, although Daisy still returns to Tom. Themes ( edit ) Sarah Churchwell sees The Great Gatsby as a `` cautionary tale of the decadent downside of the American dream.'' The story deals with the limits and realities of America's ideals of social and class mobility, and the inevitably hopeless lower class aspirations to rise above the station(s) of their birth. The book in stark relief through the narrator, Nick Carraway, observes that: `` ... a sense of the fundamental decencies is parcelled out unequally at birth.'' Using elements of irony and tragic ending, it also delves into themes of excesses of the rich and recklessness of youth. Journalist Nick Gillespie sees The Great Gatsby as a story of the underlying permanence of class differences, even `` in the face of a modern economy based not on status and inherited position but on innovation and an ability to meet ever-changing consumer needs.'' This interpretation asserts that The Great Gatsby captures the American experience because it is a story about change and those who resist it, whether the change comes in the form of a new wave of immigrants (Southern Europeans in the early 20th century, Latin Americans today), the nouveau riche , or successful minorities. Americans from the 1920s to the 21st century have plenty of experience with changing economic and social circumstances. As Gillespie states, `` While the specific terms of the equation are always changing, it's easy to see echoes of Gatsby 's basic conflict between established sources of economic and cultural power and upstarts in virtually all aspects of American society.'' Because this concept is particularly American and can be seen throughout American history, readers are able to relate to The Great Gatsby , which has lent the novel an enduring popularity. Later critical writings on The Great Gatsby , following the novel's revival, focus in particular on Fitzgerald's disillusionment with the American Dream-- life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness-- in the context of the hedonistic Jazz Age, a name for the era which Fitzgerald said he had coined. In 1970, Roger Pearson published `` Gatsby: False prophet of the American Dream,'' in which he states that Fitzgerald `` has come to be associated with this concept of the AMERICAN Dream more than any other writer of the twentieth century.'' Pearson goes on to suggest that Gatsby's failure to realize the American dream demonstrates that it no longer exists except in the minds of those as materialistic as Gatsby. He concludes that the American dream pursued by Gatsby `` is, in reality, a nightmare,'' bringing nothing but discontent and disillusionment to those who chase it as they realize that it is unsustainable and ultimately unattainable. In addition to exploring the trials and tribulations of achieving the great American dream during the Jazz Age, The Great Gatsby explores societal gender expectations as a theme, exemplifying in Daisy Buchanan's character the marginalization of women in the East Egg social class that Fitzgerald depicts. As an upper-class white woman living in East Egg during this time period, Daisy must adhere to certain societal expectations, including but certainly not limited to actively filling the role of dutiful wife, mother, keeper of the house, and charming socialite. As the reader finds in the novel, many of Daisy's choices, ultimately culminating in the tragedy of the plot and misery for all those involved, can be at least partly attributed to her prescribed role as a `` beautiful little fool'' who is completely reliant on her husband for financial and societal security. For instance, one could argue that Daisy's ultimate decision to remain with her husband despite her feelings for Gatsby can be attributed to the status, security, and comfort that her marriage to Tom Buchanan provides. Additionally, the theme of the female familial role within The Great Gatsby goes hand in hand with that of the ideal family unit associated with the great American dream-- a dream that goes unrealized for Gatsby and Daisy in Fitzgerald's prose. Symbolism ( edit ) The green light that shines at the end of the dock of Daisy's house across the Sound from Gatsby's house is frequently mentioned in the background of the plot. It has variously been interpreted as a symbol of Gatsby's longing for Daisy and, more broadly, of the American dream. Reception ( edit ) The Great Gatsby was published by Charles Scribner's Sons on April 10, 1925. Fitzgerald called Perkins on the day of publication to monitor reviews: `` Any news?'' `` Sales situation doubtful,'' read a wire from Perkins on April 20, `` (but) excellent reviews.'' Fitzgerald responded on April 24, saying the cable `` depressed'' him, closing the letter with `` Yours in great depression.'' Fitzgerald had hoped the novel would be a great commercial success, perhaps selling as many as 75,000 copies. By October, when the original sale had run its course, the book had sold fewer than 20,000 copies. Despite this, Scribner's continually kept the book in print; they carried the original edition on their trade list until 1946, by which time Gatsby was in print in three other forms and the original edition was no longer needed. Fitzgerald received letters of praise from contemporaries T.S. Eliot , Edith Wharton , and Willa Cather regarding the novel; however, this was private opinion, and Fitzgerald feverishly demanded the public recognition of reviewers and readers. The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews from literary critics of the day. Generally the most effusive of the positive reviews was Edwin Clark of The New York Times , who felt the novel was `` A curious book, a mystical, glamourous ( sic ) story of today.'' Similarly, Lillian C. Ford of the Los Angeles Times wrote, `` (the novel) leaves the reader in a mood of chastened wonder,'' calling the book `` a revelation of life'' and `` a work of art.'' The New York Post called the book `` fascinating ... His style fairly scintillates, and with a genuine brilliance; he writes surely and soundly.'' The New York Herald Tribune less impressed, referring to The Great Gatsby as `` purely ephemeral phenomenon, but it contains some of the nicest little touches of contemporary observation you could imagine-so light, so delicate, so sharp ... a literary lemon meringue.'' In The Chicago Daily Tribune , H.L. Mencken called the book `` in form no more than a glorified anecdote, and not too probable at that,'' while praising the book's `` careful and brilliant finish.'' Several writers felt that the novel left much to be desired following Fitzgerald's previous works and promptly criticized him. Harvey Eagleton of The Dallas Morning News believed the novel signaled the end of Fitzgerald's success: `` One finishes Great Gatsby with a feeling of regret, not for the fate of the people in the book, but for Mr. Fitzgerald.'' John McClure of The Times-Picayune said that the book was unconvincing, writing, `` Even in conception and construction, The Great Gatsby seems a little raw.'' Ralph Coghlan of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch felt the book lacked what made Fitzgerald's earlier novels endearing and called the book `` a minor performance ... At the moment, its author seems a bit bored and tired and cynical.'' Ruth Snyder of New York Evening World called the book's style `` painfully forced,'' noting that the editors of the paper were `` quite convinced after reading The Great Gatsby that Mr. Fitzgerald is not one of the great American writers of to-day.'' The reviews struck Fitzgerald as completely missing the point: `` All the reviews, even the most enthusiastic, not one had the slightest idea what the book was about.'' Fitzgerald's goal was to produce a literary work which would truly prove himself as a writer, and Gatsby did not have the commercial success of his two previous novels, This Side of Paradise and The Beautiful and Damned . Although the novel went through two initial printings, some of these copies remained unsold years later. Fitzgerald himself blamed poor sales on the fact that women tended to be the main audience for novels during this time, and Gatsby did not contain an admirable female character. According to his own ledger, now made available online by University of South Carolina 's Thomas Cooper library, he earned only $2,000 from the book. Although 1926 brought Owen Davis' stage adaption and the Paramount -issued silent film version , both of which brought in money for the author, Fitzgerald still felt the novel fell short of the recognition he hoped for and, most importantly, would not propel him to becoming a serious novelist in the public eye. For several years afterward, the general public believed The Great Gatsby to be nothing more than a nostalgic period piece. Legacy and modern analysis ( edit ) In 1940, Fitzgerald suffered a third and final heart attack, and died believing his work forgotten. His obituary in The New York Times mentioned Gatsby as Fitzgerald `` at his best.'' A strong appreciation for the book had developed in underground circles; future writers Edward Newhouse and Budd Schulberg were deeply affected by it and John O'Hara showed the book's influence. The republication of Gatsby in Edmund Wilson 's edition of The Last Tycoon in 1941 produced an outburst of comment, with the general consensus expressing the sentiment that the book was an enduring work of fiction. In 1942, a group of publishing executives created the Council on Books in Wartime . The Council's purpose was to distribute paperback books to soldiers fighting in the Second World War . The Great Gatsby was one of these books. The books proved to be `` as popular as pin-up girls '' among the soldiers, according to the Saturday Evening Post 's contemporary report. 155,000 copies of Gatsby were distributed to soldiers overseas. By 1944, full-length articles on Fitzgerald's works were being published, and the following year, `` the opinion that Gatsby was merely a period piece had almost entirely disappeared.'' This revival was paved by interest shown by literary critic Edmund Wilson, who was Fitzgerald's friend. In 1951, Arthur Mizener published The Far Side of Paradise , a biography of Fitzgerald. He emphasized The Great Gatsby 's positive reception by literary critics, which may have influenced public opinion and renewed interest in it. By 1960, the book was steadily selling 50,000 copies per year, and renewed interest led The New York Times editorialist Arthur Mizener to proclaim the novel `` a classic of twentieth-century American fiction.'' The Great Gatsby has sold over 25 million copies worldwide as of 2013, annually sells an additional 500,000 copies, and is Scribner's most popular title; in 2013, the e-book alone sold 185,000 copies. Scribner's copyright is scheduled to expire in 2020, according to Maureen Corrigan 's book about the making of the novel, So We Read On . Adaptations ( edit ) Ballet ( edit ) In 2009, BalletMet premiered a version at the Capitol Theatre in Columbus, Ohio . It was choreographed by Jimmy Orrante. In 2010, The Washington Ballet premiered a version at the Kennedy Center . It was received an encore run the following year, due to popular demand. In 2013, the Northern Ballet premiered a version of The Great Gatsby at Leeds Grand Theatre in the UK, with choreography and direction by David Nixon , a musical score by Richard Rodney Bennett , and set designs by Jerome Kaplan. Nixon also created the scenario and costume designs. Computer games ( edit ) In 2010, Oberon Media released a casual hidden object game called Classic Adventures: The Great Gatsby . The game was released for iPad in 2012. In 2011, as a tribute to old NES games, developer Charlie Hoey and editor Pete Smith created an 8-bit-style online game of The Great Gatsby . Ian Crouch of The New Yorker compared it to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1989) for the NES. Film and television ( edit ) The Great Gatsby has resulted in a number of film and television adaptations: The Great Gatsby (1926), by Herbert Brenon -- a silent movie of a stage adaptation, starring Warner Baxter , Lois Wilson , and William Powell . It is a famous example of a lost film . Reviews suggest that it may have been the most faithful adaptation of the novel, but a trailer of the film at the National Archives is all that is known to exist. The Great Gatsby (1949), by Elliott Nugent -- starring Alan Ladd , Betty Field , and Macdonald Carey . The Great Gatsby (1974), by Jack Clayton -- starring Robert Redford , Mia Farrow , and Sam Waterston , with a script by Francis Ford Coppola . The Great Gatsby (2000), by Robert Markowitz -- a made-for-TV movie starring Toby Stephens , Mira Sorvino , and Paul Rudd . The Great Gatsby (2013), by Baz Luhrmann -- starring Leonardo DiCaprio , Carey Mulligan , and Tobey Maguire . Literature ( edit ) The Double Bind (2007) by Chris Bohjalian imagines the later years of Daisy and Tom Buchanan's marriage, as a social worker in 2007 investigates the possibility that a deceased elderly homeless person is Daisy's son. Great (2014) by Sara Benincasa is a modern-day young adult fiction retelling of The Great Gatsby with a female Gatsby (Jacinta Trimalchio ). Opera ( edit ) The New York Metropolitan Opera commissioned John Harbison to compose an operatic treatment of the novel to commemorate the 25th anniversary of James Levine 's debut. The work, called The Great Gatsby , premiered on December 20, 1999. Radio ( edit ) On January 1, 1950, an hour-long adaptation was broadcast on CBS's Family Hour of Stars starring Kirk Douglas as Gatsby. The BBC World Service commissioned an abridged 10-part reading of the story, read from the view of Nick Carraway by Trevor White , and broadcast it in October 2008. In May 2012, BBC Radio 4 broadcast The Great Gatsby , a Classic Serial dramatization by Robert Forrest . Theater ( edit ) The 1926 stage adaptation of Owen Davis , subsequently developed, became the 1926 film version . The play, directed by George Cukor , opened on Broadway on February 2, 1926 and ran for 112 performances. A successful tour later in the year included performances in Chicago , 1 August 20 through 2 October. In July 2006, Simon Levy 's stage adaptation, the only one authorized and granted exclusive rights by the Fitzgerald Estate, had its world premiere at The Guthrie Theater to commemorate the opening of its new theatre, directed by David Esbjornson . It was subsequently produced by Seattle Repertory Theatre . In 2012, a revised/reworked version was produced at Arizona Theatre Company and Grand Theatre in London, Ontario, Canada. Gatz , an award-winning Off-Broadway production by Elevator Repair Service , placed first in the list of best in 2010 NYC theatre from The New York Times 's Ben Brantley . See also ( edit ) Novels portal 1920s portal Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The spelling `` Wolfshiem'' appears throughout Fitzgerald's original manuscript, while `` Wolfsheim'' was introduced by an editor ( Edmund Wilson ) in the second edition and appears in later Scribner's editions. Jump up ^ The original edition used the anatomically incorrect word `` retinas,'' while some later editions have used the word `` irises.'' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Karolides, Nicholas J.; Bald, Margaret; Sova, Dawn B. (2011). 120 Banned Books: Censorship Histories of World Literature (Second ed.). Checkmark Books. p. 499. ISBN 978-0-8160-8232-2 . Rather than a celebration of such decadence, the novel functions as a cautionary tale in which an unhappy fate is inevitable for the poor and striving individual, and the rich are allowed to continue without penalty their careless treatment of others' lives. Jump up ^ Hoover, Bob (10 May 2013). `` ' The Great Gatsby' still challenges myth of American Dream'' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Something Extraordinary'' . Letters of Note . Images by Gareth M. lettersofnote.com. 25 March 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Novels'' . Modern Library . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Bruccoli 2000 , pp. 53-- 54 Jump up ^ Gross, Dalton (1998). Understanding the Great Gatsby: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 167. Jump up ^ Kellogg, Carolyn. `` Last gasp of the Gatsby house'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to: SparkNotes Editors. `` The Great Gatsby: Context'' . SparkNotes . Retrieved 2013-11-25 . CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Powers, Thomas (July 4, 2013). `` The Road to West Egg'' . London Review of Books . 13 . pp. 9-- 11. Jump up ^ Sarah Churchwell (June 17, 2014). `` Murder, Mayhem, and the Invention of The Great Gatsby'' . The Leonard Lopate Show . Jump up ^ David Holowka (December 17, 2009). `` The Iron Triangle, part 1 / Wilson's Garage'' . ArchiTakes. Jump up ^ Conor, Liz (22 June 2004). The Spectacular Modern Woman: Feminine Visibility in the 1920s . Indiana University Press. p. 301 . ISBN 978-0-253-21670-0 . Jump up ^ Borrelli, Christopher. `` Revisiting Ginevra King, the Lake Forest woman who inspired ' Gatsby ' '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2018-10-21 . ^ Jump up to: Bruccoli 2000 , pp. 9-- 11 Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1991). Bruccoli, Matthew J. , ed. The Great Gatsby . The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780521402309 . This name combines two automobile makes: the sporty Jordan and the conservative Baker electric. Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott (2006). Bloom, Harold , ed. The Great Gatsby . New York: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 95. ISBN 9781438114545 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1997). Tredell, Nicolas, ed. F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby . Columbia Critical Guides. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780231115353 . ISSN 1559-3002 . Jump up ^ F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby . Cambridge University Press. 1991. p. liv. Jump up ^ F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby . Cambridge University Press. 1991. p. 148. Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Mizener, Arthur (24 April 1960). `` Gatsby, 35 Years Later'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . He had begun to plan the novel in June, 1923, saying to Maxwell Perkins, ' I want to write something new -- something extraordinary and beautiful and simple and intricately patterned.' But that summer and fall was devoted to the production of his play, ' The Vegetable.' Jump up ^ Curnutt, Kirk (2004). A Historical Guide to F. Scott Fitzgerald . Oxford University Press. p. 58. ISBN 0195153030 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . The failure of The Vegetable in the fall of 1923 caused Fitzgerald, who was by then in considerable debt, to shut himself in a stuffy room over a garage in Great Neck, New York , and write himself out of the red by turning out ten short stories for the magazine market. ^ Jump up to: Mizener, Arthur (24 April 1960). `` Gatsby, 35 Years Later'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1963). Turnbull, Andrew, ed. The Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald . Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 189. 3. ' Winter Dreams' (a sort of first draft of the Gatsby idea from Metropolitan 1923) Jump up ^ Murphy, Mary Jo (30 September 2010). `` Eyeing the Unreal Estate of Gatsby Esq'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , pp. 38-- 39 Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Randall, Mónica (2003). The Mansions of Long Island's Gold Coast . Rizzoli. pp. 275-- 277. ISBN 978-0-8478-2649-0 . Jump up ^ West, James L.W. , III (2000). Trimalchio: An Early Version of The Great Gatsby . The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Cover Design by Dennis M. Arnold. Cambridge University Press. p. xi. ISBN 0-521-89047-0 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . He produces 18,000 words; most of this material is later discarded, but he salvages the short story `` Absolution,'' published in June 1924. Jump up ^ Haglund, David (7 May 2013). `` The Forgotten Childhood of Jay Gatsby'' . Slate . Jump up ^ Eble, Kenneth (Winter 1974). `` The Great Gatsby'' . College Literature. 1 (1): 37. ISSN 0093-3139 . JSTOR 25111007 . consciously artistic achievement Jump up ^ Flanagan, Thomas (21 December 2000). `` Fitzgerald's ' Radiant World ' '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . He may have been remembering Fitzgerald's words in that April letter: So in my new novel I'm thrown directly on purely creative work-- not trashy imaginings as in my stories but the sustained imagination of a sincere yet radiant world. Jump up ^ Leader, Zachary (21 September 2000). `` Daisy packs her bags'' . London Review of Books . 22 (18): 13-- 15. ISSN 0260-9592 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Tate, Mary Jo (2007). Critical Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work . Infobase Publishing. p. 326. ISBN 9781438108452 . They lived in ROME from October 1924 to February 1925... Jump up ^ Perkins, Maxwell Evarts (2004). Bruccoli, Matthew Joseph ; Baughman, Judith S., eds. The Sons of Maxwell Perkins: Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Thomas Wolfe, and Their Editor . Univ. of South Carolina Press. pp. 27-- 30. ISBN 9781570035487 . Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , pp. 54-- 56 Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott. `` F. Scott Fitzgerald's ledger'' . Irvin Department of Rare Books and Special Collections . University of South Carolina . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman, Esther. `` The Finances of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Handwritten by Fitzgerald'' . The Atlantic Wire . The Atlantic Media Company . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Scribner, Charles, III (Winter 1992). `` Celestial Eyes: From Metamorphosis to Masterpiece'' (PDF) . Princeton University Library Chronicle. 53 (2): 140-- 155 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . (originally published as a brochure on 24 October 1991 to celebrate the Cambridge Edition of The Great Gatsby ) Jump up ^ Scribner, Charles, III (Winter 1992). `` Celestial Eyes: From Metamorphosis to Masterpiece'' (PDF) . Princeton University Library Chronicle. 53 (2): 140-- 155 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . We are left then with the enticing possibility that Fitzgerald's arresting image was originally prompted by Cugat's fantastic apparitions over the valley of ashes ; in other words, that the author derived his inventive metamorphosis from a recurrent theme of Cugat's trial jackets, one which the artist himself was to reinterpret and transform through subsequent drafts. (originally published as a brochure on 24 October 1991 to celebrate the Cambridge Edition of The Great Gatsby ) Jump up ^ Hemingway, Ernest (1964). A Moveable Feast . New York: Scribner . p. 176. ISBN 978-0-684-82499-4 . ^ Jump up to: Anderson, Kurt (25 November 2010). `` American Icons: The Great Gatsby'' . Studio 360 . 14:26. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . (Donald Skemer (introduced 12:59) speaking) He went through many many titles, uh, including Under the Red, White, and Blue and Trimalchio and Gold-hatted Gatsby ... (James West (introduced at 12:11) speaking) The High Bouncing Lover . And, uh, he in the end didn't think that The Great Gatsby was a very good title, was dissatisfied with it. Jump up ^ `` The girl at the Grand Palais'' . The Economist. 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Vanderbilt, Arthur T. (1999). The Making of a Bestseller: From Author to Reader . McFarland. p. 96. ISBN 0786406631 . A week later, in his next letter, he was floundering: ' I have not decided to stick to the title I put on the book, Trimalchio in West Egg . The only other titles that seem to fit it are Trimalchio and On the Road to West Egg . I had two others, Gold-hatted Gatsby and The High-bouncing Lover , but they seemed too slight.' Jump up ^ Wulick, Dr. Anna. `` Understanding The Great Gatsby First Line and Epigraph'' . Retrieved 2016-12-15 . Jump up ^ F. Scott Fitzgerald, Chapter 7 opening sentence, The Great Gatsby Jump up ^ Tanner's introduction to the Penguin edition (2000), p. vii-- viii. Jump up ^ Hill, W. Speed; Burns, Edward M.; Shillingsburg, Peter L. (2002). Text: An Interdisciplinary Annual of Textual Studies . 14 . University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472112724 ... , because in early November he wrote Perkins that `` I have now decided to stick to the title I put on the book. Trimalchio in West Egg. Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, Francis Scott ; Perkins, Maxwell (1971). Kuehl, John; Bryer, Jackson R., eds. Dear Scott/Dear Max: the Fitzgerald-Perkins correspondence . Macmillan Publishing Company. p. 87. When Ring Lardner came in the other day I told him about your novel and he instantly balked at the title. ' No one could pronounce it,' he said; so probably your change is wise on other than typographical counts. Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002 , pp. 206-- 07 Jump up ^ Tate, Mary Jo (2007). Critical Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work . Infobase Publishing. p. 87. ISBN 9781438108452 . He settled on The Great Gatsby in December 1924, but in January and March 1925 he continued to express his concern to Perkins about the title, cabling from CAPRI on March 19: ' CRAZY ABOUT TITLE UNDER THE RED WHITE AND BLUE STOP WHART ( sic ) WOULD DELAY BE ' Jump up ^ Lipton, Gabrielle. `` Where Is Jay Gatsby's Mansion?'' . slate.com . The Slate Group, a Division of the Washington Post Company . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . However, nearing the time of publication, Fitzgerald, who despised the title The Great Gatsby and toiled for months to think of something else, wrote to Perkins that he had finally found one: Under the Red, White, and Blue . Unfortunately, it was too late to change. Jump up ^ Churchwell, Sarah (3 May 2013). `` What makes The Great Gatsby great?'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . At the last minute, he had asked his editor if they could change the new novel's title to Under the Red, White and Blue , but it was too late. Jump up ^ Lazo, Caroline Evensen (2003). F. Scott Fitzgerald: Voice of the Jazz Age . Twenty-First Century Books. p. 75. ISBN 0822500744 . When the book was published on April 10, 1924, the critics raved. Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002 , pp. 215-- 17 Jump up ^ West, James L.W. , III (2000). Trimalchio: An Early Version of The Great Gatsby . The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Cover Design by Dennis M. Arnold. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-89047-0 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ West, James L.W. , III (10 April 2013). `` What Baz Luhrmann Asked Me About The Great Gatsby '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Luhrmann was also interested in Trimalchio , the early version of The Great Gatsby that I published in 2000 as a volume in the Cambridge Edition. Jump up ^ Alter, Alexandra (19 April 2013). `` A Darker, More Ruthless Gatsby'' . The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Gatsby comes across as more confident and aggressive in ' Trimalchio' during a confrontation with romantic rival Tom Buchanan at the Plaza Hotel, challenging Tom's assertion that Gatsby and Daisy's affair is ' a harmless little flirtation.' Jump up ^ Churchwell, Sarah (2013-05-03). `` What makes The Great Gatsby great?'' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018-10-21 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby . New York: Scribner, 2004. Print. Jump up ^ Churchwell, Sarah (3 May 2013). `` What makes The Great Gatsby great?'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Symkus, Ed (4 May 2013). `` ' Gatsby' : What's so great?'' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Gillespie, Nick (2 May 2013). `` The Great Gatsby's Creative Destruction'' . Reason . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Pearson, Roger L. `` Gatsby: False Prophet of the American Dream'' . The English Journal 59.5 (1970): n. pag. JSTOR. Web. 12 Apr. 2015. Jump up ^ Leland, Person S. `` ' Herstory' and Daisy Buchanan'' . American Literature , Vol. 50, No. 2, (May, 1978), pp. 250-- 257. Web. Jump up ^ Rimer, Sara (February 17, 2008). `` Gatsby's Green Light Beckons a New Set of Strivers'' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 8, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: O'Meara , Lauraleigh (2002). Lost City: Fitzgerald's New York (1st paperback ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-86701-6 . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark, Edwin (19 April 1925). `` Scott Fitzgerald Looks Into Middle Age'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Ford, Lillian C. (10 May 1925). `` The Seamy Side of Society'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Books On Our Table'' . The New York Post . 5 May 1925. Jump up ^ `` Turns with a Bookworm'' . New York Herald Tribune . 12 April 1925. Jump up ^ Mencken, H.L. (3 May 1925). `` Scott Fitzgerald and His Work'' . The Chicago Daily Tribune . Jump up ^ Eagleton, Harvey (10 May 1925). `` Profits of the New Age III. F. Scott Fitzgerald'' . The Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ McClure, John (31 May 1925). `` Literature-And Less'' . The Times-Picayune . Jump up ^ Coghlan, Ralph (25 April 1925). `` F. Scott Fitzgerald'' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Jump up ^ Snyder, Ruth (15 April 1925). `` A Minute or Two with Books-F. Scott Fitzgerald Ventures'' . New York Evening World . Jump up ^ Mizener 1951 , p. 167 ^ Jump up to: Bruccoli 2000 , p. 175 Jump up ^ Howell, Peter (5 May 2013). `` Five things you didn't know about The Great Gatsby'' . The Star . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Donahue, Deirdre (7 May 2013). `` The Great Gatsby by the numbers'' . USA Today . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Fitzgerald, Author, Dies at 44'' . New York Times . 23 December 1940 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Mizener, Arthur (24 April 1960). `` Gatsby, 35 Years Later'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Writers like John O'Hara were showing its influence and younger men like Edward Newhouse and Budd Schulberg, who would presently be deeply affected by it, were discovering it. Jump up ^ Wittels, David (23 June 1945). `` What the G.I. Reads'' . The Saturday Evening Post . Jump up ^ Cole, John Y., ed. (1984). Books in Action: the Armed Services Editions . Washington: Library of Congress. p. 28. ISBN 0844404667 . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . One hundred fifty-five thousand ASE copies of The Great Gatsby were distributed-as against the twenty-five thousand copies of the novel printed by Scribners between 1925 and 1942. Jump up ^ Verghis, Sharon (4 May 2013). `` Careless people of F Scott Fitzgerald's Great Gatsby have a modern equivalent'' . The Australian . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Mizener, Arthur (1951). The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald . Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 1199457485 . Jump up ^ Mizener 1951 , p. 183 Jump up ^ Corrigan, Maureen (2014). So We Read On: How the Great Gatsby Came to Be and Why It Endures . New York: Little, Brown. p. 265. ISBN 9780316230070 . Jump up ^ Grossberg, Michael (20 April 2009). `` Literary classic ' Great Gatsby' to come to life on BalletMet stage'' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Washington Ballet: The Great Gatsby'' . Kennedy Center . Retrieved 2014-04-01 . Jump up ^ Aguirre, Abby (2011-11-04). `` Gatsby En Pointe'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014-04-01 . Jump up ^ Norman, Neil (2013-05-17). `` Dance Review: The Great Gatsby'' . The Sunday Express . Retrieved 2014-09-19 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Gatsby's Ballet Makeover'' . Vogue. 2013-03-07 . Retrieved 2014-09-19 . Jump up ^ Carter, Vanessa (15 July 2010). `` Classic Adventures: The Great Gatsby'' . gamezebo.com . Archived from the original on 2 October 2012 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . The game loosely follows the narrative of the F. Scott Fitzgerald classic,... Jump up ^ Paskin, Willa (15 July 2010). `` The Great Gatsby, Now a Video Game -- Vulture'' . Nymag.com . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures: The Great Gatsby for iPhone/iPad Reviews'' . Metacritic. 2012-12-08 . Retrieved 2013-11-25 . Jump up ^ Bell, Melissa (15 February 2011). `` Great Gatsby ' Nintendo' game released online'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 15 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Crouch, Ian (16 February 2011). `` Nintendo Lit: Gatsby and Tom Sawyer'' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Dixon, Wheeler Winston (2003). `` The Three Film Versions of The Great Gatsby: A Vision Deferred'' . Literature/Film Quarterly . Salisbury, Maryland. 31 (4). Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg, Carole (18 March 2007). `` The Double Bind By Chris Bohjalian'' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Wakeman, Jessica (8 April 2014). `` FRISKY Q&A : GREAT AUTHOR SARA BENINCASA TALKS YOUNG ADULT FICTION, ZELDA FITZGERALD & WOMEN IN COMEDY'' . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Stevens, David (29 December 1999). `` Harbison Mixes Up A Great ' Gatsby ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Family Hour Of Stars'' . radioechoes.com . Archived from the original on April 9, 2016 . Retrieved July 21, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC World Service programmes -- The Great Gatsby'' . Bbc.co.uk. 2007-12-10 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 -- Classic Serial, The Great Gatsby, Episode 1'' . Bbc.co.uk. 2012-05-12 . Retrieved 2013-11-25 . Jump up ^ Playbill, reproduction of original program, Ambassador Theatre 1926. http://www.playbill.com/production/the-great-gatsby-ambassador-theatre-vault-0000001115 Jump up ^ The Great Gatsby -- A Reader's Guide -- The Play (1926) . ^ Jump up to: Levy, Simon . `` The Great Gatsby Play Official Website'' . Thegreatgatsbyplay.com . Retrieved 2013-11-25 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Theatre Company'' . Arizonatheatre.org. Archived from the original on 2013-11-06 . Retrieved 2013-11-25 . Jump up ^ Brantley, Ben (2010-12-16). `` Hath Not a Year Highlights? Even This One?'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014-04-01 . Bibliography ( edit ) Batchelor, Bob (2013). Gatsby: The Cultural History of the Great American Novel . Lanham, Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0810891951 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Churchwell, Sarah (2013). Careless People: Murder, Mayhem, and the Invention of The Great Gatsby . Little, Brown Book Group Ltd. ISBN 1844087670 . Bruccoli, Matthew Joseph , ed. (2000). F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby: A Literary Reference . New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-0996-0 . Bruccoli, Matthew Joseph (2002). Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia, SC : University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1-57003-455-9 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Mizener, Arthur (1951). The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 1199457485 . Drudzina, Douglas (2006). Teaching F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby from Multiple Critical Perspectives . Prestwick House, Inc. ISBN 978-1-58049-174-7 . Further reading ( edit ) McCullen, Bonnie Shannon (2007). `` This Tremendous Detail: The Oxford Stone in the House of Gatsby'' . In Assadi, Jamal; Freedman, William. A Distant Drummer: Foreign Perspectives on F. Scott Fitzgerald . New York: Peter Lang. pp. 11-- 20. ISBN 978-0820488516 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Great Gatsby Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Great Gatsby . Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article: The Great Gatsby (in the public domain in South Korea ) The Great Gatsby overview Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby (plain text ed.). Project Gutenberg Australia . `` In Gatsby's Tracks -- Locating the Valley of Ashes'' . litkicks.com . The Great Gatsby Play -- Authorized and Granted Exclusive Rights by the Fitzgerald Estate Conversations from Penn State : Writers of the Lost Generation with Linda Patterson Miller discussing F. Scott Fitzgerald and his relationships with other writers of the `` Lost Generation'' Oloizia, Jeff; Dhanraj, Emanuel (9 April 2013). `` A Book by Its Covers'' (interactive photo gallery). T: The New York Times Style Magazine . An Index to The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Characters Jay Gatsby Nick Carraway Daisy Buchanan Films The Great Gatsby (1926) The Great Gatsby (1949) The Great Gatsby (1974) The Great Gatsby (2000) The Great Gatsby (2013) Other The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film The Great Gatsby (opera) Francis Cugat Works by F. Scott Fitzgerald Novels This Side of Paradise (1920) The Beautiful and Damned (1922) The Great Gatsby (1925) Tender Is the Night (1934) The Last Tycoon ( unfinished ) (1941) Short story collections Flappers and Philosophers (1920) `` The Offshore Pirate '' `` The Ice Palace '' `` Head and Shoulders '' `` The Cut-Glass Bowl '' `` Bernice Bobs Her Hair '' `` Benediction '' Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) `` May Day '' The Diamond as Big as the Ritz `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button '' All the Sad Young Men (1926) `` The Rich Boy '' `` Winter Dreams '' `` The Baby Party '' `` Absolution '' `` The Adjuster '' Taps at Reveille (1935) `` The Freshest Boy '' `` First Blood '' `` Crazy Sunday '' `` Babylon Revisited '' Posthumous works Babylon Revisited and Other Stories (1960) The Basil and Josephine Stories (1962) The Pat Hobby Stories (1973) The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald (1989) Plays The Vegetable, or From President to Postman (1923) Essay collections The Crack-Up (1945) Bibliography of F. Scott Fitzgerald BNF : cb119466792 (data) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Gatsby&oldid=866118906 '' Categories : The Great Gatsby 1925 American novels Charles Scribner's Sons books 1922 in fiction Modernist novels Adultery in novels American novels adapted into films Metafictional novels Murder-- suicide in fiction Novels by F. Scott Fitzgerald Novels set in the Roaring Twenties Novels set in New York City Long Island in fiction Novels adapted into television programs Trying to prevent adulthood in popular culture Novels adapted into operas Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list CS1: Julian-- Gregorian uncertainty Good articles Use American English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with Bibliowiki links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018, at 10:59 (UTC) . 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when did world war i start and end
Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days )
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[ -1 ]
[ "World War I Clockwise from the top : The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme , Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line , HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles , a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme , Albatros D. III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11 Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days ) Location Europe , Africa , the Middle East , the Pacific Islands , China , Indian Ocean , and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied victory ( Exception : Russian defeat ) Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... ) Belligerents Allied Powers France British Empire Russia ( until 1917 ) Serbia Montenegro Belgium Japan Italy ( 1915 -- 18 ) Portugal ( 1916 -- 18 ) Romania ( 1916 -- 18 ) Hejaz ( 1916 -- 18 ) United States ( 1917 -- 18 ) Greece ( 1917 -- 18 ) Siam ( 1917 -- 18 ) ... and others Central Powers German Empire Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria ( 1915 -- 18 ) ... and co-belligerents Commanders and leaders Allied leaders Georges Clemenceau Raymond Poincaré H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Vittorio Orlando Victor Emmanuel III Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I ... and others Central Powers leaders Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I † Karl I Mehmed V † Three Pashas Ferdinand I ... and others Strength 12,000,000 8,841,541 8,660,000 5,615,140 4,743,826 1,234,000 800,000 707,343 380,000 250,000 50,000 Total : 42,959,850 13,250,000 7,800,000 2,998,321 1,200,000 Total : 25,248,321 Casualties and losses Military dead : 5,525,000 Military wounded : 12,831,500 Military missing : 4,121,000 Total : 22,477,500 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details . Military dead : 4,386,000 Military wounded : 8,388,000 Military missing : 3,629,000 Total : 16,403,000 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details . ( show ) Theatres of World War I European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean", "World War I Clockwise from the top : The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme , Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line , HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles , a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme , Albatros D. III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11 Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days ) Location Europe , Africa , the Middle East , the Pacific Islands , China , Indian Ocean , and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied victory ( Exception : Russian defeat ) Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... ) Belligerents Allied Powers France British Empire Russia ( until 1917 ) Serbia Montenegro Belgium Japan Italy ( 1915 -- 18 ) Portugal ( 1916 -- 18 ) Romania ( 1916 -- 18 ) Hejaz ( 1916 -- 18 ) United States ( 1917 -- 18 ) Greece ( 1917 -- 18 ) Siam ( 1917 -- 18 ) ... and others Central Powers German Empire Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria ( 1915 -- 18 ) ... and co-belligerents Commanders and leaders Allied leaders Georges Clemenceau Raymond Poincaré H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Vittorio Orlando Victor Emmanuel III Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I ... and others Central Powers leaders Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I † Karl I Mehmed V † Three Pashas Ferdinand I ... and others Strength 12,000,000 8,841,541 8,660,000 5,615,140 4,743,826 1,234,000 800,000 707,343 380,000 250,000 50,000 Total : 42,959,850 13,250,000 7,800,000 2,998,321 1,200,000 Total : 25,248,321 Casualties and losses Military dead : 5,525,000 Military wounded : 12,831,500 Military missing : 4,121,000 Total : 22,477,500 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details . Military dead : 4,386,000 Military wounded : 8,388,000 Military missing : 3,629,000 Total : 16,403,000 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details .", "World War I Clockwise from the top : The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme , Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line , HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles , a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme , Albatros D. III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11 Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days ) Location Europe , Africa , the Middle East , the Pacific Islands , China , Indian Ocean , and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied victory ( Exception : Russian defeat ) Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... ) Belligerents Allied Powers France British Empire Russia ( until 1917 ) Serbia Montenegro Belgium Japan Italy ( 1915 -- 18 ) Portugal ( 1916 -- 18 ) Romania ( 1916 -- 18 ) Hejaz ( 1916 -- 18 ) United States ( 1917 -- 18 ) Greece ( 1917 -- 18 ) Siam ( 1917 -- 18 ) ... and others Central Powers German Empire Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria ( 1915 -- 18 ) ... and co-belligerents Commanders and leaders Allied leaders Georges Clemenceau Raymond Poincaré H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Vittorio Orlando Victor Emmanuel III Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I ... and others Central Powers leaders Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I † Karl I Mehmed V † Three Pashas Ferdinand I ... and others Strength 12,000,000 8,841,541 8,660,000 5,615,140 4,743,826 1,234,000 800,000 707,343 380,000 250,000 50,000 Total : 42,959,850 13,250,000 7,800,000 2,998,321 1,200,000 Total : 25,248,321 Casualties and losses Military dead : 5,525,000 Military wounded : 12,831,500 Military missing : 4,121,000 Total : 22,477,500 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details . Military dead : 4,386,000 Military wounded : 8,388,000 Military missing : 3,629,000 Total : 16,403,000 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details .", "World War I", "Clockwise from the top : The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme , Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line , HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles , a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme , Albatros D. III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11", "Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days ) Location Europe , Africa , the Middle East , the Pacific Islands , China , Indian Ocean , and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied victory ( Exception : Russian defeat ) Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... )", "Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days ) Location Europe , Africa , the Middle East , the Pacific Islands , China , Indian Ocean , and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied victory ( Exception : Russian defeat ) Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... )", "Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days )", "Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days )", "Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months )", "Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days )", "Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days )", "Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week )", "Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days )", "United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days )", "United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days )", "United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day )", "Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days )", "Location Europe , Africa , the Middle East , the Pacific Islands , China , Indian Ocean , and off the coast of South and North America", "Result Allied victory ( Exception : Russian defeat ) Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... )", "Allied victory ( Exception : Russian defeat )", "Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... )", "Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front", "Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires", "Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union", "Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East", "Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers", "Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... )", "Belligerents", "Allied Powers France British Empire Russia ( until 1917 ) Serbia Montenegro Belgium Japan Italy ( 1915 -- 18 ) Portugal ( 1916 -- 18 ) Romania ( 1916 -- 18 ) Hejaz ( 1916 -- 18 ) United States ( 1917 -- 18 ) Greece ( 1917 -- 18 ) Siam ( 1917 -- 18 ) ... and others Central Powers German Empire Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria ( 1915 -- 18 ) ... and co-belligerents", "France British Empire Russia ( until 1917 ) Serbia Montenegro Belgium Japan Italy ( 1915 -- 18 ) Portugal ( 1916 -- 18 ) Romania ( 1916 -- 18 ) Hejaz ( 1916 -- 18 ) United States ( 1917 -- 18 ) Greece ( 1917 -- 18 ) Siam ( 1917 -- 18 ) ... and others", "Russia ( until 1917 )", "Italy ( 1915 -- 18 )", "Portugal ( 1916 -- 18 )", "Romania ( 1916 -- 18 )", "Hejaz ( 1916 -- 18 )", "United States ( 1917 -- 18 )", "Greece ( 1917 -- 18 )", "Siam ( 1917 -- 18 )", "... and others", "German Empire Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria ( 1915 -- 18 ) ... and co-belligerents", "Austria - Hungary", "Bulgaria ( 1915 -- 18 )", "... and co-belligerents", "Commanders and leaders", "Allied leaders Georges Clemenceau Raymond Poincaré H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Vittorio Orlando Victor Emmanuel III Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I ... and others Central Powers leaders Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I † Karl I Mehmed V † Three Pashas Ferdinand I ... and others", "Georges Clemenceau Raymond Poincaré H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Vittorio Orlando Victor Emmanuel III Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I ... and others", "David Lloyd George", "Victor Emmanuel III", "... and others", "Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I † Karl I Mehmed V † Three Pashas Ferdinand I ... and others", "Franz Joseph I †", "Mehmed V †", "... and others", "Strength", "12,000,000 8,841,541 8,660,000 5,615,140 4,743,826 1,234,000 800,000 707,343 380,000 250,000 50,000 Total : 42,959,850 13,250,000 7,800,000 2,998,321 1,200,000 Total : 25,248,321", "12,000,000 8,841,541 8,660,000 5,615,140 4,743,826 1,234,000 800,000 707,343 380,000 250,000 50,000", "13,250,000 7,800,000 2,998,321 1,200,000", "Casualties and losses", "Military dead : 5,525,000 Military wounded : 12,831,500 Military missing : 4,121,000 Total : 22,477,500 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details . Military dead : 4,386,000 Military wounded : 8,388,000 Military missing : 3,629,000 Total : 16,403,000 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details .", "Military dead : 5,525,000 Military wounded : 12,831,500 Military missing : 4,121,000 Total : 22,477,500 KIA , WIA or MIA", "Military dead : 5,525,000", "Military wounded : 12,831,500", "Military missing : 4,121,000", "Total : 22,477,500 KIA , WIA or MIA", "Military dead : 4,386,000 Military wounded : 8,388,000 Military missing : 3,629,000 Total : 16,403,000 KIA , WIA or MIA", "Military dead : 4,386,000", "Military wounded : 8,388,000", "Military missing : 3,629,000", "Total : 16,403,000 KIA , WIA or MIA", "( show ) Theatres of World War I European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean", "( show ) Theatres of World War I European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean", "( show ) Theatres of World War I", "", "European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean", "European", "Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans", "Middle Eastern", "Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia", "Sinai and Palestine", "African", "South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa", "South - West Africa", "Asian and Pacific theatre", "Asian and Pacific theatre", "Naval theaters", "U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean", "Events leading to World War I Triple Alliance 1882 Franco - Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo - German naval arms race 1898 -- 1912 Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902 - 1903 Entente Cordiale 1904 Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905 First Moroccan Crisis 1905 -- 1906 Anglo - Russian Entente 1907 Bosnian crisis 1908 -- 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 Italo - Turkish War 1911 -- 1912 Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914", "Events leading to World War I", "Triple Alliance 1882 Franco - Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo - German naval arms race 1898 -- 1912 Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902 - 1903 Entente Cordiale 1904 Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905 First Moroccan Crisis 1905 -- 1906 Anglo - Russian Entente 1907 Bosnian crisis 1908 -- 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 Italo - Turkish War 1911 -- 1912 Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914", "Triple Alliance 1882 Franco - Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo - German naval arms race 1898 -- 1912 Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902 - 1903 Entente Cordiale 1904 Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905 First Moroccan Crisis 1905 -- 1906 Anglo - Russian Entente 1907 Bosnian crisis 1908 -- 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 Italo - Turkish War 1911 -- 1912 Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914", "Triple Alliance 1882", "Franco - Russian Alliance 1894", "Anglo - German naval arms race 1898 -- 1912", "Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902 - 1903", "Entente Cordiale 1904", "Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905", "First Moroccan Crisis 1905 -- 1906", "Anglo - Russian Entente 1907", "Bosnian crisis 1908 -- 1909", "Agadir Crisis 1911", "Italo - Turkish War 1911 -- 1912", "Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913", "Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914", "July Crisis 1914", "", "", "World War I ( WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War , the Great War , or the War to End All Wars , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . More than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history . Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war ( including the victims of a number of genocides ) , a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication , and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare . It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history , and paved the way for major political changes , including revolutions in many of the nations involved . Unresolved rivalries still extant at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War only twenty - one years later .", "The war drew in all the world 's economic great powers , assembled in two opposing alliances : the Allies ( based on the Triple Entente of the Russian Empire , the French Third Republic , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ) versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria - Hungary . Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance alongside Germany and Austria - Hungary , it did not join the Central Powers , as Austria - Hungary had taken the offensive against the terms of the alliance . These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war : Italy , Japan and the United States joined the Allies , while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers .", "The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , heir to the throne of Austria - Hungary , by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 . This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria - Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia , and entangled international alliances formed over the previous decades were invoked . Within weeks , the major powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world .", "On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July the Austro - Hungarians declared war on Serbia . Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise , and when this was refused , declared war on Russia on 1 August . Being outnumbered on the Eastern Front , Russia urged its Triple Entente ally France to open up a second front in the west . Over forty years earlier in 1870 , the Franco - Prussian War had ended the Second French Empire and France had ceded the provinces of Alsace - Lorraine to a unified Germany . Bitterness over that defeat and the determination to retake Alsace - Lorraine made the acceptance of Russia 's plea for help an easy choice , so France began full mobilisation on 1 August and , on 3 August , Germany declared war on France . The border between France and Germany was heavily fortified on both sides so , according to the Schlieffen Plan , Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France from the north , leading the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany on 4 August due to their violation of Belgian neutrality . After the German march on Paris was halted in the Battle of the Marne , what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition , with a trench line that changed little until 1917 . On the Eastern Front , the Russian army led a successful campaign against the Austro - Hungarians , but the Germans stopped its invasion of East Prussia in the battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes . In November 1914 , the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers , opening fronts in the Caucasus , Mesopotamia and the Sinai . In 1915 , Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers ; Romania joined the Allies in 1916 , as did the United States in 1917 .", "The Russian government collapsed in March 1917 , and a revolution in November followed by a further military defeat brought the Russians to terms with the Central Powers via the Treaty of Brest Litovsk , which granted the Germans a significant victory . After a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918 , the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives . On 4 November 1918 , the Austro - Hungarian empire agreed to an armistice , and Germany , which had its own trouble with revolutionaries , agreed to an armistice on 11 November 1918 , ending the war in victory for the Allies .", "By the end of the war or soon after , the German Empire , Russian Empire , Austro - Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ceased to exist . National borders were redrawn , with several independent nations restored or created , and Germany 's colonies were parceled out among the victors . During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , the Big Four ( Britain , France , the United States and Italy ) imposed their terms in a series of treaties . The League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict . This effort failed , and economic depression , renewed nationalism , weakened successor states , and feelings of humiliation ( particularly in Germany ) eventually contributed to the start of World War II .", "From the time of its start until the approach of World War II , the First World War was called simply the World War or the Great War and thereafter the First World War or World War I . At the time , it was also sometimes called `` the war to end war '' or `` the war to end all wars '' due to its then - unparalleled scale and devastation .", "In Canada , Maclean 's magazine in October 1914 wrote , `` Some wars name themselves . This is the Great War . '' During the interwar period ( 1918 -- 1939 ) , the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English - speaking countries .", "The term `` First World War '' was first used in September 1914 by the German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel , who claimed that `` there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared ' European War ' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word , '' citing a wire service report in The Indianapolis Star on 20 September 1914 . After the onset of the Second World War in 1939 , the terms World War I or the First World War became standard , with British and Canadian historians favouring the First World War , and Americans World War I .", "During the 19th century , the major European powers went to great lengths to maintain a balance of power throughout Europe , resulting in the existence of a complex network of political and military alliances throughout the continent by 1900 . These began in 1815 , with the Holy Alliance between Prussia , Russia , and Austria . When Germany was united in 1871 , Prussia became part of the new German nation . Soon after , in October 1873 , German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors ( German : Dreikaiserbund ) between the monarchs of Austria - Hungary , Russia and Germany . This agreement failed because Austria - Hungary and Russia could not agree over Balkan policy , leaving Germany and Austria - Hungary in an alliance formed in 1879 , called the Dual Alliance . This was seen as a method of countering Russian influence in the Balkans as the Ottoman Empire continued to weaken . This alliance expanded in 1882 to include Italy , in what became the Triple Alliance .", "Bismarck had especially worked to hold Russia at Germany 's side in an effort to avoid a two - front war with France and Russia . When Wilhelm II ascended to the throne as German Emperor ( Kaiser ) , Bismarck was compelled to retire and his system of alliances was gradually de-emphasised . For example , the Kaiser refused , in 1890 , to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia . Two years later , the Franco - Russian Alliance was signed to counteract the force of the Triple Alliance . In 1904 , Britain signed a series of agreements with France , the Entente Cordiale , and in 1907 , Britain and Russia signed the Anglo - Russian Convention . While these agreements did not formally ally Britain with France or Russia , they made British entry into any future conflict involving France or Russia a possibility , and the system of interlocking bilateral agreements became known as the Triple Entente .", "German industrial and economic power had grown greatly after unification and the foundation of the Empire in 1871 following the Franco - Prussian War . From the mid-1890s on , the government of Wilhelm II used this base to devote significant economic resources for building up the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial German Navy ) , established by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , in rivalry with the British Royal Navy for world naval supremacy . As a result , each nation strove to out - build the other in capital ships . With the launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906 , the British Empire expanded on its significant advantage over its German rival . The arms race between Britain and Germany eventually extended to the rest of Europe , with all the major powers devoting their industrial base to producing the equipment and weapons necessary for a pan-European conflict . Between 1908 and 1913 , the military spending of the European powers increased by 50 % .", "Austria - Hungary precipitated the Bosnian crisis of 1908 -- 1909 by officially annexing the former Ottoman territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina , which it had occupied since 1878 . This angered the Kingdom of Serbia and its patron , the Pan-Slavic and Orthodox Russian Empire . Russian political manoeuvring in the region destabilised peace accords that were already fracturing in the Balkans , which came to be known as the `` powder keg of Europe . '' In 1912 and 1913 , the First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan League and the fracturing Ottoman Empire . The resulting Treaty of London further shrank the Ottoman Empire , creating an independent Albanian state while enlarging the territorial holdings of Bulgaria , Serbia , Montenegro , and Greece . When Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913 , it lost most of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece , and Southern Dobruja to Romania in the 33 - day Second Balkan War , further destabilising the region . The Great Powers were able to keep these Balkan conflicts contained , but the next one would spread throughout Europe and beyond .", "On 28 June 1914 , Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited the Bosnian capital , Sarajevo . A group of six assassins ( Cvjetko Popović , Gavrilo Princip , Muhamed Mehmedbašić , Nedeljko Čabrinović , Trifko Grabež , Vaso Čubrilović ) from the Yugoslavist group Mlada Bosna , supplied by the Serbian Black Hand , had gathered on the street where the Archduke 's motorcade would pass , with the intention of assassinating him . Čabrinović threw a grenade at the car , but missed . Some nearby were injured by the blast , but Ferdinand 's convoy carried on . The other assassins failed to act as the cars drove past them .", "About an hour later , when Ferdinand was returning from a visit at the Sarajevo Hospital with those wounded in the assassination attempt , the convoy took a wrong turn into a street where , by coincidence , Princip stood . With a pistol , Princip shot and killed Ferdinand and his wife Sophie . The reaction among the people in Austria was mild , almost indifferent . As historian Zbyněk Zeman later wrote , `` the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever . On Sunday and Monday ( 28 and 29 June ) , the crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine , as if nothing had happened . '' . Nevertheless , the political impact of the murder of the heir to the throne was significant and has been described as a `` 9 / 11 effect , a terrorist event charged with historic meaning , transforming the political chemistry in Vienna . And although they were not personally close , the Emperor Franz Joseph was profoundly shocked and upset .", "The Austro - Hungarian authorities encouraged the subsequent anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , in which Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks killed two Bosnian Serbs and damaged numerous Serb - owned buildings . Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were also organized outside Sarajevo , in other cities in Austro - Hungarian - controlled Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia . Austro - Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned and extradited approximately 5,500 prominent Serbs , 700 to 2,200 of whom died in prison . A further 460 Serbs were sentenced to death . A predominantly Bosniak special militia known as the Schutzkorps was established and carried out the persecution of Serbs .", "The assassination led to a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria - Hungary , Germany , Russia , France and Britain , called the July Crisis . Believing correctly that Serbian officials ( especially the officers of the Black Hand ) were involved in the plot to murder the Archduke , and wanting to finally end Serbian interference in Bosnia , Austria - Hungary delivered to Serbia on 23 July the July Ultimatum , a series of ten demands that were made intentionally unacceptable , in an effort to provoke a war with Serbia . The next day , after the Council of Ministers of Russia was held under the chairmanship of the Tsar at Krasnoe Selo , Russia ordered general mobilization for Odessa , Kiev , Kazan and Moscow military districts , and fleets of the Baltic and the Black Sea . They also asked other regions to accelerate preparations for general mobilization . Serbia decreed general mobilization on the 25th . The Serbs drafted their reply to the ultimatum in such a way as to give the impression of making significant concessions but , as Christopher Clark states , `` this was a highly perfumed rejection on most points '' . This included article six , which demanded that Austrian delegates be allowed in Serbia for the purpose of participation in the investigation into the assassination . Following this , Austria broke off diplomatic relations with Serbia and , the next day ordered a partial mobilization . Finally , on 28 July 1914 , Austria - Hungary declared war on Serbia .", "On 25 July , Russia , in support of its Serb protégé , unilaterally declared -- outside of the conciliation procedure provided by the Franco - Russian military agreements -- partial mobilization against Austria - Hungary . On the 30th , Russia ordered general mobilization against Germany . German Chancellor Bethmann - Hollweg waited until the 31st for an appropriate response , when Germany declared a `` state of danger of war '' . Kaiser Wilhelm II asked his cousin , Tsar Nicolas II , to suspend the Russian general mobilization . When he refused , Germany issued an ultimatum demanding its mobilization be stopped , and a commitment not to support Serbia . Another was sent to France , asking her not to support Russia if it were to come to the defence of Serbia . On 1 August , after the Russian response , Germany mobilized and declared war on Russia . This also led to the general mobilization in Austria - Hungary on 4 August .", "The German government issued demands to France that it remain neutral as they had to decide which deployment plan to implement , it being difficult if not impossible to change the deployment whilst it was underway . The modified German Schlieffen Plan , Aufmarsch II West , would deploy 80 % of the army in the west , and Aufmarsch I Ost and Aufmarsch II Ost would deploy 60 % in the west and 40 % in the east as this was the maximum that the East Prussian railway infrastructure could carry . The French did not respond , but sent a mixed message by ordering their troops to withdraw 10 km ( 6 mi ) from the border to avoid any incidents , and at the same time ordered the mobilisation of her reserves . Germany responded by mobilising its own reserves and implementing Aufmarsch II West . On 1 August Wilhelm ordered General Moltke to `` march the whole of the ... army to the East '' after he had been wrongly informed that the British would remain neutral as long as France was not attacked . The General convinced the Kaiser that improvising the redeployment of a million men was unthinkable and that making it possible for the French to attack the Germans `` in the rear '' might prove disastrous . Yet Wilhelm insisted that the German army should not march into Luxembourg until he received a telegram sent by his cousin George V , who made it clear that there had been a misunderstanding . Eventually the Kaiser told Molkte , `` Now you can do what you want . '' Germany attacked Luxembourg on 2 August , and on 3 August declared war on France . On 4 August , after Belgium refused to permit German troops to cross its borders into France , Germany declared war on Belgium as well . Britain declared war on Germany at 19 : 00 UTC on 4 August 1914 ( effective from 11 pm ) , following an `` unsatisfactory reply '' to the British ultimatum that Belgium must be kept neutral .", "The strategy of the Central Powers suffered from miscommunication . Germany had promised to support Austria - Hungary 's invasion of Serbia , but interpretations of what this meant differed . Previously tested deployment plans had been replaced early in 1914 , but those had never been tested in exercises . Austro - Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank against Russia . Germany , however , envisioned Austria - Hungary directing most of its troops against Russia , while Germany dealt with France . This confusion forced the Austro - Hungarian Army to divide its forces between the Russian and Serbian fronts .", "Austria invaded and fought the Serbian army at the Battle of Cer and Battle of Kolubara beginning on 12 August . Over the next two weeks , Austrian attacks were thrown back with heavy losses , which marked the first major Allied victories of the war and dashed Austro - Hungarian hopes of a swift victory . As a result , Austria had to keep sizable forces on the Serbian front , weakening its efforts against Russia . Serbia 's defeat of the Austro - Hungarian invasion of 1914 counts among the major upset victories of the twentieth century .", "At the outbreak of World War I , 80 % of the German army was deployed as seven field armies in the west according to the plan Aufmarsch II West . However , they were then assigned to execute the retired deployment plan Aufmarsch I West , also known as the Schlieffen Plan . This would march German armies through northern Belgium and into France , in an attempt to encircle the French army and then breach the ' second defensive area ' of the fortresses of Verdun and Paris and the Marne river .", "Aufmarsch I West was one of four deployment plans available to the German General Staff in 1914 . Each plan favoured certain operations , but did not specify exactly how those operations were to be carried out , leaving the commanding officers to carry those out at their own initiative and with minimal oversight . Aufmarsch I West , designed for a one - front war with France , had been retired once it became clear it was irrelevant to the wars Germany could expect to face ; both Russia and Britain were expected to help France , and there was no possibility of Italian nor Austro - Hungarian troops being available for operations against France . But despite its unsuitability , and the availability of more sensible and decisive options , it retained a certain allure due to its offensive nature and the pessimism of pre-war thinking , which expected offensive operations to be short - lived , costly in casualties , and unlikely to be decisive . Accordingly , the Aufmarsch II West deployment was changed for the offensive of 1914 , despite its unrealistic goals and the insufficient forces Germany had available for decisive success . Moltke took Schlieffen 's plan and modified the deployment of forces on the western front by reducing the right wing , the one to advance through Belgium , from 85 % to 70 % . In the end , the Schlieffen plan was so radically modified by Moltke , that it could be more properly called the Moltke Plan .", "The plan called for the right flank of the German advance to bypass the French armies concentrated on the Franco - German border , defeat the French forces closer to Luxembourg and Belgium and move south to Paris . Initially the Germans were successful , particularly in the Battle of the Frontiers ( 14 -- 24 August ) . By 12 September , the French , with assistance from the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) , halted the German advance east of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne ( 5 -- 12 September ) and pushed the German forces back some 50 km ( 31 mi ) . The French offensive into southern Alsace , launched on 20 August with the Battle of Mulhouse , had limited success .", "In the east , Russia invaded with two armies . In response , Germany rapidly moved the 8th Field Army from its previous role as reserve for the invasion of France to East Prussia by rail across the German Empire . This army , led by general Paul von Hindenburg , defeated Russia in a series of battles collectively known as the First Battle of Tannenberg ( 17 August -- 2 September ) . While the Russian invasion failed , it caused the diversion of German troops to the east , allowing the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne . This meant Germany failed to achieve its objective of avoiding a long , two - front war . However , the German army had fought its way into a good defensive position inside France and effectively halved France 's supply of coal . It had also killed or permanently crippled 230,000 more French and British troops than it itself had lost . Despite this , communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of a more decisive outcome .", "New Zealand occupied German Samoa ( later Western Samoa ) on 30 August 1914 . On 11 September , the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force landed on the island of Neu Pommern ( later New Britain ) , which formed part of German New Guinea . On 28 October , the German cruiser SMS Emden sank the Russian cruiser Zhemchug in the Battle of Penang . Japan seized Germany 's Micronesian colonies and , after the Siege of Tsingtao , the German coaling port of Qingdao on the Chinese Shandong peninsula . As Vienna refused to withdraw the Austro - Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth from Tsingtao , Japan declared war not only on Germany , but also on Austria - Hungary ; the ship participated in the defense of Tsingtao where it was sunk in November 1914 . Within a few months , the Allied forces had seized all the German territories in the Pacific ; only isolated commerce raiders and a few holdouts in New Guinea remained .", "Some of the first clashes of the war involved British , French , and German colonial forces in Africa . On 6 -- 7 August , French and British troops invaded the German protectorate of Togoland and Kamerun . On 10 August , German forces in South - West Africa attacked South Africa ; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the rest of the war . The German colonial forces in German East Africa , led by Colonel Paul von Lettow - Vorbeck , fought a guerrilla warfare campaign during World War I and only surrendered two weeks after the armistice took effect in Europe .", "Germany attempted to use Indian nationalism and pan-Islamism to its advantage , instigating uprisings in India , and sending a mission that urged Afghanistan to join the war on the side of Central powers . However , contrary to British fears of a revolt in India , the outbreak of the war saw an unprecedented outpouring of loyalty and goodwill towards Britain . Indian political leaders from the Indian National Congress and other groups were eager to support the British war effort , since they believed that strong support for the war effort would further the cause of Indian Home Rule . The Indian Army in fact outnumbered the British Army at the beginning of the war ; about 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe , Africa , and the Middle East , while the central government and the princely states sent large supplies of food , money , and ammunition . In all , 140,000 men served on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 in the Middle East . Casualties of Indian soldiers totalled 47,746 killed and 65,126 wounded during World War I . The suffering engendered by the war , as well as the failure of the British government to grant self - government to India after the end of hostilities , bred disillusionment and fuelled the campaign for full independence that would be led by Mohandas K. Gandhi and others .", "Military tactics developed before World War I failed to keep pace with advances in technology and had become obsolete . These advances had allowed the creation of strong defensive systems , which out - of - date military tactics could not break through for most of the war . Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances , while artillery , vastly more lethal than in the 1870s , coupled with machine guns , made crossing open ground extremely difficult . Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties . In time , however , technology began to produce new offensive weapons , such as gas warfare and the tank .", "Just after the First Battle of the Marne ( 5 -- 12 September 1914 ) , Entente and German forces repeatedly attempted manoeuvring to the north in an effort to outflank each other : this series of manoeuvres became known as the `` Race to the Sea '' . When these outflanking efforts failed , the opposing forces soon found themselves facing an uninterrupted line of entrenched positions from Lorraine to Belgium 's coast . Britain and France sought to take the offensive , while Germany defended the occupied territories . Consequently , German trenches were much better constructed than those of their enemy ; Anglo - French trenches were only intended to be `` temporary '' before their forces broke through the German defences .", "Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances . On 22 April 1915 , at the Second Battle of Ypres , the Germans ( violating the Hague Convention ) used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front . Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides , and though it never proved a decisive , battle - winning weapon , poison gas became one of the most - feared and best - remembered horrors of the war . Tanks were developed by Britain and France , and were first used in combat by the British during the Battle of Flers -- Courcelette ( part of the Battle of the Somme ) on 15 September 1916 , with only partial success . However , their effectiveness would grow as the war progressed ; the Allies built tanks in large numbers , whilst the Germans employed only a few of their own design , supplemented by captured Allied tanks .", "Neither side proved able to deliver a decisive blow for the next two years . Throughout 1915 -- 17 , the British Empire and France suffered more casualties than Germany , because of both the strategic and tactical stances chosen by the sides . Strategically , while the Germans only mounted one major offensive , the Allies made several attempts to break through the German lines .", "In February 1916 the Germans attacked the French defensive positions at Verdun . Lasting until December 1916 , the battle saw initial German gains , before French counter-attacks returned matters to near their starting point . Casualties were greater for the French , but the Germans bled heavily as well , with anywhere from 700,000 to 975,000 casualties suffered between the two combatants . Verdun became a symbol of French determination and self - sacrifice .", "The Battle of the Somme was an Anglo - French offensive of July to November 1916 . The opening of this offensive ( 1 July 1916 ) saw the British Army endure the bloodiest day in its history , suffering 57,470 casualties , including 19,240 dead , on the first day alone . The entire Somme offensive cost the British Army some 420,000 casualties . The French suffered another estimated 200,000 casualties and the Germans an estimated 500,000 .", "Protracted action at Verdun throughout 1916 , combined with the bloodletting at the Somme , brought the exhausted French army to the brink of collapse . Futile attempts using frontal assault came at a high price for both the British and the French and led to the widespread French Army Mutinies , after the failure of the costly Nivelle Offensive of April -- May 1917 . The concurrent British Battle of Arras was more limited in scope , and more successful , although ultimately of little strategic value . A smaller part of the Arras offensive , the capture of Vimy Ridge by the Canadian Corps , became highly significant to that country : the idea that Canada 's national identity was born out of the battle is an opinion widely held in military and general histories of Canada .", "The last large - scale offensive of this period was a British attack ( with French support ) at Passchendaele ( July -- November 1917 ) . This offensive opened with great promise for the Allies , before bogging down in the October mud . Casualties , though disputed , were roughly equal , at some 200,000 -- 400,000 per side .", "These years of trench warfare in the West saw no major exchanges of territory and , as a result , are often thought of as static and unchanging . However , throughout this period , British , French , and German tactics constantly evolved to meet new battlefield challenges .", "At the start of the war , the German Empire had cruisers scattered across the globe , some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied merchant shipping . The British Royal Navy systematically hunted them down , though not without some embarrassment from its inability to protect Allied shipping . For example , the German detached light cruiser SMS Emden , part of the East - Asia squadron stationed at Qingdao , seized or destroyed 15 merchantmen , as well as sinking a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer . However , most of the German East - Asia squadron -- consisting of the armoured cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , light cruisers Nürnberg and Leipzig and two transport ships -- did not have orders to raid shipping and was instead underway to Germany when it met British warships . The German flotilla and Dresden sank two armoured cruisers at the Battle of Coronel , but was virtually destroyed at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914 , with only Dresden and a few auxiliaries escaping , but after the Battle of Más a Tierra these too had been destroyed or interned .", "Soon after the outbreak of hostilities , Britain began a naval blockade of Germany . The strategy proved effective , cutting off vital military and civilian supplies , although this blockade violated accepted international law codified by several international agreements of the past two centuries . Britain mined international waters to prevent any ships from entering entire sections of ocean , causing danger to even neutral ships . Since there was limited response to this tactic of the British , Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare .", "The Battle of Jutland ( German : Skagerrakschlacht , or `` Battle of the Skagerrak '' ) developed into the largest naval battle of the war . It was the only full - scale clash of battleships during the war , and one of the largest in history . The Kaiserliche Marine 's High Seas Fleet , commanded by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer , fought the Royal Navy 's Grand Fleet , led by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe . The engagement was a stand off , as the Germans were outmanoeuvred by the larger British fleet , but managed to escape and inflicted more damage to the British fleet than they received . Strategically , however , the British asserted their control of the sea , and the bulk of the German surface fleet remained confined to port for the duration of the war .", "German U-boats attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain . The nature of submarine warfare meant that attacks often came without warning , giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival . The United States launched a protest , and Germany changed its rules of engagement . After the sinking of the passenger ship RMS Lusitania in 1915 , Germany promised not to target passenger liners , while Britain armed its merchant ships , placing them beyond the protection of the `` cruiser rules '' , which demanded warning and movement of crews to `` a place of safety '' ( a standard that lifeboats did not meet ) . Finally , in early 1917 , Germany adopted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare , realising that the Americans would eventually enter the war . Germany sought to strangle Allied sea lanes before the United States could transport a large army overseas , but after initial successes eventually failed to do so .", "The U-boat threat lessened in 1917 , when merchant ships began travelling in convoys , escorted by destroyers . This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets , which significantly lessened losses ; after the hydrophone and depth charges were introduced , accompanying destroyers could attack a submerged submarine with some hope of success . Convoys slowed the flow of supplies , since ships had to wait as convoys were assembled . The solution to the delays was an extensive program of building new freighters . Troopships were too fast for the submarines and did not travel the North Atlantic in convoys . The U-boats had sunk more than 5,000 Allied ships , at a cost of 199 submarines . World War I also saw the first use of aircraft carriers in combat , with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a successful raid against the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in July 1918 , as well as blimps for antisubmarine patrol .", "Faced with Russia , Austria - Hungary could spare only one - third of its army to attack Serbia . After suffering heavy losses , the Austrians briefly occupied the Serbian capital , Belgrade . A Serbian counter-attack in the Battle of Kolubara succeeded in driving them from the country by the end of 1914 . For the first ten months of 1915 , Austria - Hungary used most of its military reserves to fight Italy . German and Austro - Hungarian diplomats , however , scored a coup by persuading Bulgaria to join the attack on Serbia . The Austro - Hungarian provinces of Slovenia , Croatia and Bosnia provided troops for Austria - Hungary , in the fight with Serbia , Russia and Italy . Montenegro allied itself with Serbia .", "Bulgaria declared war on Serbia , 12 October and joined in the attack by the Austro - Hungarian army under Mackensen 's army of 250,000 that was already underway . Serbia was conquered in a little more than a month , as the Central Powers , now including Bulgaria , sent in 600,000 troops total . The Serbian army , fighting on two fronts and facing certain defeat , retreated into northern Albania . The Serbs suffered defeat in the Battle of Kosovo . Montenegro covered the Serbian retreat towards the Adriatic coast in the Battle of Mojkovac in 6 -- 7 January 1916 , but ultimately the Austrians also conquered Montenegro . The surviving Serbian soldiers were evacuated by ship to Greece . After conquest , Serbia was divided between Austro - Hungary and Bulgaria .", "In late 1915 , a Franco - British force landed at Salonica in Greece , to offer assistance and to pressure its government to declare war against the Central Powers . However , the pro-German King Constantine I dismissed the pro-Allied government of Eleftherios Venizelos before the Allied expeditionary force arrived . The friction between the King of Greece and the Allies continued to accumulate with the National Schism , which effectively divided Greece between regions still loyal to the king and the new provisional government of Venizelos in Salonica . After intense negotiations and an armed confrontation in Athens between Allied and royalist forces ( an incident known as Noemvriana ) , the King of Greece resigned and his second son Alexander took his place ; Greece then officially joined the war on the side of the Allies .", "In the beginning , the Macedonian Front was mostly static . French and Serbian forces retook limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing Bitola on 19 November 1916 following the costly Monastir Offensive , which brought stabilization of the front .", "Serbian and French troops finally made a breakthrough in September 1918 , after most of the German and Austro - Hungarian troops had been withdrawn . The Bulgarians suffered their only defeat of the war at the Battle of Dobro Pole . Bulgaria capitulated two weeks later , on 29 September 1918 . The German high command responded by despatching troops to hold the line , but these forces were far too weak to reestablish a front .", "The disappearance of the Macedonian Front meant that the road to Budapest and Vienna was now opened to Allied forces . Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly against the Central Powers and , a day after the Bulgarian collapse , insisted on an immediate peace settlement .", "The Ottomans threatened Russia 's Caucasian territories and Britain 's communications with India via the Suez Canal . As the conflict progressed , the Ottoman Empire took advantage of the European powers ' preoccupation with the war and conducted large - scale ethnic cleansing of the indigenous Armenian , Greek , and Assyrian Christian populations , known as the Armenian Genocide , Greek Genocide , and Assyrian Genocide .", "The British and French opened overseas fronts with the Gallipoli ( 1915 ) and Mesopotamian campaigns ( 1914 ) . In Gallipoli , the Ottoman Empire successfully repelled the British , French , and Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZACs ) . In Mesopotamia , by contrast , after the defeat of the British defenders in the Siege of Kut by the Ottomans ( 1915 -- 16 ) , British Imperial forces reorganised and captured Baghdad in March 1917 . The British were aided in Mesopotamia by local Arab and Assyrian tribesmen , while the Ottomans employed local Kurdish and Turcoman tribes .", "Further to the west , the Suez Canal was defended from Ottoman attacks in 1915 and 1916 ; in August , a German and Ottoman force was defeated at the Battle of Romani by the ANZAC Mounted Division and the 52nd ( Lowland ) Infantry Division . Following this victory , an Egyptian Expeditionary Force advanced across the Sinai Peninsula , pushing Ottoman forces back in the Battle of Magdhaba in December and the Battle of Rafa on the border between the Egyptian Sinai and Ottoman Palestine in January 1917 .", "Russian armies generally saw success in the Caucasus . Enver Pasha , supreme commander of the Ottoman armed forces , was ambitious and dreamed of re-conquering central Asia and areas that had been lost to Russia previously . He was , however , a poor commander . He launched an offensive against the Russians in the Caucasus in December 1914 with 100,000 troops , insisting on a frontal attack against mountainous Russian positions in winter . He lost 86 % of his force at the Battle of Sarikamish .", "The Ottoman Empire , with German support , invaded Persia ( modern Iran ) in December 1914 in an effort to cut off British and Russian access to petroleum reservoirs around Baku near the Caspian Sea . Persia , ostensibly neutral , had long been under the spheres of British and Russian influence . The Ottomans and Germans were aided by Kurdish and Azeri forces , together with a large number of major Iranian tribes , such as the Qashqai , Tangistanis , Luristanis , and Khamseh , while the Russians and British had the support of Armenian and Assyrian forces . The Persian Campaign was to last until 1918 and end in failure for the Ottomans and their allies . However the Russian withdrawal from the war in 1917 led to Armenian and Assyrian forces , who had hitherto inflicted a series of defeats upon the forces of the Ottomans and their allies , being cut off from supply lines , outnumbered , outgunned and isolated , forcing them to fight and flee towards British lines in northern Mesopotamia .", "General Yudenich , the Russian commander from 1915 to 1916 , drove the Turks out of most of the southern Caucasus with a string of victories . In 1917 , Russian Grand Duke Nicholas assumed command of the Caucasus front . Nicholas planned a railway from Russian Georgia to the conquered territories , so that fresh supplies could be brought up for a new offensive in 1917 . However , in March 1917 ( February in the pre-revolutionary Russian calendar ) , the Czar abdicated in the course of the February Revolution and the Russian Caucasus Army began to fall apart .", "The Arab Revolt , instigated by the Arab bureau of the British Foreign Office , started June 1916 with the Battle of Mecca , led by Sherif Hussein of Mecca , and ended with the Ottoman surrender of Damascus . Fakhri Pasha , the Ottoman commander of Medina , resisted for more than two and half years during the Siege of Medina before surrendering .", "The Senussi tribe , along the border of Italian Libya and British Egypt , incited and armed by the Turks , waged a small - scale guerrilla war against Allied troops . The British were forced to dispatch 12,000 troops to oppose them in the Senussi Campaign . Their rebellion was finally crushed in mid-1916 .", "Total Allied casualties on the Ottoman fronts amounted 650,000 men . Total Ottoman casualties were 725,000 ( 325,000 dead and 400,000 wounded ) .", "Italy had been allied with the German and Austro - Hungarian Empires since 1882 as part of the Triple Alliance . However , the nation had its own designs on Austrian territory in Trentino , the Austrian Littoral , Fiume ( Rijeka ) and Dalmatia . Rome had a secret 1902 pact with France , effectively nullifying its part in the Triple Alliance . At the start of hostilities , Italy refused to commit troops , arguing that the Triple Alliance was defensive and that Austria - Hungary was an aggressor . The Austro - Hungarian government began negotiations to secure Italian neutrality , offering the French colony of Tunisia in return . The Allies made a counter-offer in which Italy would receive the Southern Tyrol , Austrian Littoral and territory on the Dalmatian coast after the defeat of Austria - Hungary . This was formalised by the Treaty of London . Further encouraged by the Allied invasion of Turkey in April 1915 , Italy joined the Triple Entente and declared war on Austria - Hungary on 23 May . Fifteen months later , Italy declared war on Germany .", "The Italians had numerical superiority but this advantage was lost , not only because of the difficult terrain in which the fighting took place , but also because of the strategies and tactics employed . Field Marshal Luigi Cadorna , a staunch proponent of the frontal assault , had dreams of breaking into the Slovenian plateau , taking Ljubljana and threatening Vienna .", "On the Trentino front , the Austro - Hungarians took advantage of the mountainous terrain , which favoured the defender . After an initial strategic retreat , the front remained largely unchanged , while Austrian Kaiserschützen and Standschützen engaged Italian Alpini in bitter hand - to - hand combat throughout the summer . The Austro - Hungarians counterattacked in the Altopiano of Asiago , towards Verona and Padua , in the spring of 1916 ( Strafexpedition ) , but made little progress .", "Beginning in 1915 , the Italians under Cadorna mounted eleven offensives on the Isonzo front along the Isonzo ( Soča ) River , northeast of Trieste . All eleven offensives were repelled by the Austro - Hungarians , who held the higher ground . In the summer of 1916 , after the Battle of Doberdò , the Italians captured the town of Gorizia . After this minor victory , the front remained static for over a year , despite several Italian offensives , centred on the Banjšice and Karst Plateau east of Gorizia .", "The Central Powers launched a crushing offensive on 26 October 1917 , spearheaded by the Germans . They achieved a victory at Caporetto ( Kobarid ) . The Italian Army was routed and retreated more than 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) to reorganise , stabilising the front at the Piave River . Since the Italian Army had suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Caporetto , the Italian Government called to arms the so - called ' 99 Boys ( Ragazzi del ' 99 ) : that is , all males born 1899 and prior , and so were 18 years old or older . In 1918 , the Austro - Hungarians failed to break through in a series of battles on the Piave and were finally decisively defeated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto in October of that year . On 1 November , the Italian Navy destroyed much of the Austro - Hungarian fleet stationed in Pula , preventing it from being handed over to the new State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . On 3 November , the Italians invaded Trieste from the sea . On the same day , the Armistice of Villa Giusti was signed . By mid-November 1918 , the Italian military occupied the entire former Austrian Littoral and had seized control of the portion of Dalmatia that had been guaranteed to Italy by the London Pact . By the end of hostilities in November 1918 , Admiral Enrico Millo declared himself Italy 's Governor of Dalmatia . Austria - Hungary surrendered on 11 November 1918 .", "Romania had been allied with the Central Powers since 1882 . When the war began , however , it declared its neutrality , arguing that because Austria - Hungary had itself declared war on Serbia , Romania was under no obligation to join the war . When the Entente Powers promised Romania Transylvania and Banat , large territories of eastern Hungary , in exchange for Romania 's declaring war on the Central Powers , the Romanian government renounced its neutrality . On 27 August 1916 , the Romanian Army launched an attack against Austria - Hungary , with limited Russian support . The Romanian offensive was initially successful , against the Austro - Hungarian troops in Transylvania , but a counterattack by the forces of the Central Powers drove them back . As a result of the Battle of Bucharest , the Central Powers occupied Bucharest on 6 December 1916 . Fighting in Moldova continued in 1917 , resulting in a costly stalemate for the Central Powers . Russian withdrawal from the war in late 1917 as a result of the October Revolution meant that Romania was forced to sign an armistice with the Central Powers on 9 December 1917 .", "In January 1918 , Romanian forces established control over Bessarabia as the Russian Army abandoned the province . Although a treaty was signed by the Romanian and the Bolshevik Russian governments following talks between 5 and 9 March 1918 on the withdrawal of Romanian forces from Bessarabia within two months , on 27 March 1918 Romania attached Bessarabia to its territory , formally based on a resolution passed by the local assembly of that territory on its unification with Romania .", "Romania officially made peace with the Central Powers by signing the Treaty of Bucharest on 7 May 1918 . Under that treaty , Romania was obliged to end the war with the Central Powers and make small territorial concessions to Austria - Hungary , ceding control of some passes in the Carpathian Mountains , and to grant oil concessions to Germany . In exchange , the Central Powers recognised the sovereignty of Romania over Bessarabia . The treaty was renounced in October 1918 by the Alexandru Marghiloman government , and Romania nominally re-entered the war on 10 November 1918 . The next day , the Treaty of Bucharest was nullified by the terms of the Armistice of Compiègne . Total Romanian deaths from 1914 to 1918 , military and civilian , within contemporary borders , were estimated at 748,000 .", "While the Western Front had reached stalemate , the war continued in East Europe . Initial Russian plans called for simultaneous invasions of Austrian Galicia and East Prussia . Although Russia 's initial advance into Galicia was largely successful , it was driven back from East Prussia by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at the Battle of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes in August and September 1914 . Russia 's less developed industrial base and ineffective military leadership were instrumental in the events that unfolded . By the spring of 1915 , the Russians had retreated to Galicia , and , in May , the Central Powers achieved a remarkable breakthrough on Poland 's southern frontiers . On 5 August , they captured Warsaw and forced the Russians to withdraw from Poland .", "Count Ottokar von Czernin Richard von Kühlmann Vasil Radoslavov", "Count Ottokar von Czernin", "Richard von Kühlmann", "Despite Russia 's success with the June 1916 Brusilov Offensive in eastern Galicia , dissatisfaction with the Russian government 's conduct of the war grew . The offensive 's success was undermined by the reluctance of other generals to commit their forces to support the victory . Allied and Russian forces were revived only temporarily by Romania 's entry into the war on 27 August . German forces came to the aid of embattled Austro - Hungarian units in Transylvania while a German - Bulgarian force attacked from the south , and Bucharest was retaken by the Central Powers on 6 December . Meanwhile , unrest grew in Russia , as the Tsar remained at the front . Empress Alexandra 's increasingly incompetent rule drew protests and resulted in the murder of her favourite , Rasputin , at the end of 1916 .", "In March 1917 , demonstrations in Petrograd culminated in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the appointment of a weak Provisional Government , which shared power with the Petrograd Soviet socialists . This arrangement led to confusion and chaos both at the front and at home . The army became increasingly ineffective .", "Following the Tsar 's abdication , Vladimir Lenin was ushered by train from Switzerland into Russia 16 April 1917 . He was financed by Jacob Schiff . Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in the popularity of the Bolshevik Party , led by Lenin , which demanded an immediate end to the war . The Revolution of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany . At first , the Bolsheviks refused the German terms , but when German troops began marching across Ukraine unopposed , the new government acceded to the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk on 3 March 1918 . The treaty ceded vast territories , including Finland , the Baltic provinces , parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers . Despite this enormous apparent German success , the manpower required for German occupation of former Russian territory may have contributed to the failure of the Spring Offensive and secured relatively little food or other materiel for the Central Powers war effort .", "With the adoption of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , the Entente no longer existed . The Allied powers led a small - scale invasion of Russia , partly to stop Germany from exploiting Russian resources , and to a lesser extent , to support the `` Whites '' ( as opposed to the `` Reds '' ) in the Russian Civil War . Allied troops landed in Arkhangelsk and in Vladivostok as part of the North Russia Intervention .", "The Czechoslovak Legion fought with the Entente ; their goal was to win support for the independence of Czechoslovakia . The Legion in Russia was established in September 1914 , in December 1917 in France ( including volunteers from America ) and in April 1918 in Italy . Czechoslovak Legion troops defeated the Austro - Hungarian army at the Ukrainian village of Zborov , in July 1917 . After this success , the number of Czechoslovak legionaries increased , as well as Czechoslovak military power . In the Battle of Bakhmach , the Legion defeated the Germans and forced them to make a truce .", "In Russia , they were heavily involved in the Russian Civil War , siding with the Whites against the Bolsheviks , at times controlling most of the Trans - Siberian railway and conquering all the major cities of Siberia . The presence of the Czechoslovak Legion near Yekaterinburg appears to have been one of the motivations for the Bolshevik execution of the Tsar and his family in July 1918 . Legionaries arrived less than a week afterwards and captured the city . Because Russia 's European ports were not safe , the corps was evacuated by a long detour via the port of Vladivostok . The last transport was the American ship Heffron in September 1920 .", "In December 1916 , after ten brutal months of the Battle of Verdun and a successful offensive against Romania , the Germans attempted to negotiate a peace with the Allies . Soon after , the U.S. President , Woodrow Wilson , attempted to intervene as a peacemaker , asking in a note for both sides to state their demands . Lloyd George 's War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions amongst the Allies . After initial outrage and much deliberation , they took Wilson 's note as a separate effort , signalling that the United States was on the verge of entering the war against Germany following the `` submarine outrages '' . While the Allies debated a response to Wilson 's offer , the Germans chose to rebuff it in favour of `` a direct exchange of views '' . Learning of the German response , the Allied governments were free to make clear demands in their response of 14 January . They sought restoration of damages , the evacuation of occupied territories , reparations for France , Russia and Romania , and a recognition of the principle of nationalities . This included the liberation of Italians , Slavs , Romanians , Czecho - Slovaks , and the creation of a `` free and united Poland '' . On the question of security , the Allies sought guarantees that would prevent or limit future wars , complete with sanctions , as a condition of any peace settlement . The negotiations failed and the Entente powers rejected the German offer , because Germany did not state any specific proposals . The Entente powers stated to Wilson that they would not start peace negotiations until the Central powers evacuated all occupied Allied territories and provided indemnities for all damage which had been done .", "Events of 1917 proved decisive in ending the war , although their effects were not fully felt until 1918 .", "The British naval blockade began to have a serious impact on Germany . In response , in February 1917 , the German General Staff convinced Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann - Hollweg to declare unrestricted submarine warfare , with the goal of starving Britain out of the war . German planners estimated that unrestricted submarine warfare would cost Britain a monthly shipping loss of 600,000 tons . The General Staff acknowledged that the policy would almost certainly bring the United States into the conflict , but calculated that British shipping losses would be so high that they would be forced to sue for peace after 5 to 6 months , before American intervention could make an impact . In reality , tonnage sunk rose above 500,000 tons per month from February to July . It peaked at 860,000 tons in April . After July , the newly re-introduced convoy system became effective in reducing the U-boat threat . Britain was safe from starvation , while German industrial output fell and the United States joined the war far earlier than Germany had anticipated .", "On 3 May 1917 , during the Nivelle Offensive , the French 2nd Colonial Division , veterans of the Battle of Verdun , refused orders , arriving drunk and without their weapons . Their officers lacked the means to punish an entire division , and harsh measures were not immediately implemented . The French Army Mutinies eventually spread to a further 54 French divisions and saw 20,000 men desert . However , appeals to patriotism and duty , as well as mass arrests and trials , encouraged the soldiers to return to defend their trenches , although the French soldiers refused to participate in further offensive action . Robert Nivelle was removed from command by 15 May , replaced by General Philippe Pétain , who suspended bloody large - scale attacks .", "The victory of the Central Powers at the Battle of Caporetto led the Allies to convene the Rapallo Conference at which they formed the Supreme War Council to coordinate planning . Previously , British and French armies had operated under separate commands .", "In December , the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia , thus freeing large numbers of German troops for use in the west . With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in , the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front . The Central Powers knew that they could not win a protracted war , but they held high hopes for success based on a final quick offensive . Furthermore , both sides became increasingly fearful of social unrest and revolution in Europe . Thus , both sides urgently sought a decisive victory .", "In 1917 , Emperor Charles I of Austria secretly attempted separate peace negotiations with Clemenceau , through his wife 's brother Sixtus in Belgium as an intermediary , without the knowledge of Germany . Italy opposed the proposals . When the negotiations failed , his attempt was revealed to Germany , resulting in a diplomatic catastrophe .", "In March and April 1917 , at the First and Second Battles of Gaza , German and Ottoman forces stopped the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force , which had begun in August 1916 at the Battle of Romani . At the end of October , the Sinai and Palestine Campaign resumed , when General Edmund Allenby 's XXth Corps , XXI Corps and Desert Mounted Corps won the Battle of Beersheba . Two Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the Battle of Mughar Ridge and , early in December , Jerusalem was captured following another Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Jerusalem ( 1917 ) . About this time , Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein was relieved of his duties as the Eighth Army 's commander , replaced by Djevad Pasha , and a few months later the commander of the Ottoman Army in Palestine , Erich von Falkenhayn , was replaced by Otto Liman von Sanders .", "In early 1918 , the front line was extended and the Jordan Valley was occupied , following the First Transjordan and the Second Transjordan attack by British Empire forces in March and April 1918 . In March , most of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force 's British infantry and Yeomanry cavalry were sent to the Western Front as a consequence of the Spring Offensive . They were replaced by Indian Army units . During several months of reorganisation and training of the summer , a number of attacks were carried out on sections of the Ottoman front line . These pushed the front line north to more advantageous positions for the Entente in preparation for an attack and to acclimatise the newly arrived Indian Army infantry . It was not until the middle of September that the integrated force was ready for large - scale operations .", "The reorganised Egyptian Expeditionary Force , with an additional mounted division , broke Ottoman forces at the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918 . In two days the British and Indian infantry , supported by a creeping barrage , broke the Ottoman front line and captured the headquarters of the Eighth Army ( Ottoman Empire ) at Tulkarm , the continuous trench lines at Tabsor , Arara and the Seventh Army ( Ottoman Empire ) headquarters at Nablus . The Desert Mounted Corps rode through the break in the front line created by the infantry and , during virtually continuous operations by Australian Light Horse , British mounted Yeomanry , Indian Lancers and New Zealand Mounted Rifle brigades in the Jezreel Valley , they captured Nazareth , Afulah and Beisan , Jenin , along with Haifa on the Mediterranean coast and Daraa east of the Jordan River on the Hejaz railway . Samakh and Tiberias on the Sea of Galilee , were captured on the way northwards to Damascus . Meanwhile , Chaytor 's Force of Australian light horse , New Zealand mounted rifles , Indian , British West Indies and Jewish infantry captured the crossings of the Jordan River , Es Salt , Amman and at Ziza most of the Fourth Army ( Ottoman Empire ) . The Armistice of Mudros , signed at the end of October , ended hostilities with the Ottoman Empire when fighting was continuing north of Aleppo .", "On or shortly before 15 August 1917 Pope Benedict XV made a peace proposal suggesting :", "No annexations No indemnities , except to compensate for severe war damage in Belgium and parts of France and of Serbia . A solution to the problems of Alsace - Lorraine and Trentino and Trieste Restoration of the Kingdom of Poland Germany to pull out of Belgium and France Germany 's overseas colonies to be returned to Germany General disarmament A Supreme Court of arbitration to settle future disputes between nations The freedom of the seas Abolish all retaliatory economic conflicts No point in ordering reparations , because so much damage had been caused to all belligerents", "No indemnities , except to compensate for severe war damage in Belgium and parts of France and of Serbia .", "A solution to the problems of Alsace - Lorraine and Trentino and Trieste", "Restoration of the Kingdom of Poland", "Germany to pull out of Belgium and France", "Germany 's overseas colonies to be returned to Germany", "A Supreme Court of arbitration to settle future disputes between nations", "The freedom of the seas", "Abolish all retaliatory economic conflicts", "No point in ordering reparations , because so much damage had been caused to all belligerents", "At the outbreak of the war , the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention , avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace . When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 Americans among the dead , President Woodrow Wilson insisted that `` America is too proud to fight '' but demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships . Germany complied . Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement . However , he also repeatedly warned that the United States would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare , in violation of international law . Former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced German acts as `` piracy '' . Wilson was narrowly reelected in 1916 as his supporters emphasized `` he kept us out of war '' .", "In January 1917 , Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare , realizing it would mean American entry . The German Foreign Minister , in the Zimmermann Telegram , invited Mexico to join the war as Germany 's ally against the United States . In return , the Germans would finance Mexico 's war and help it recover the territories of Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona . The United Kingdom intercepted the message and presented it to the U.S. embassy in the U.K. From there it made its way to President Wilson who released the Zimmermann note to the public , and Americans saw it as casus belli . Wilson called on antiwar elements to end all wars , by winning this one and eliminating militarism from the globe . He argued that the war was so important that the U.S. had to have a voice in the peace conference . After the sinking of seven U.S. merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmermann telegram , Wilson called for war on Germany , which the U.S. Congress declared on 6 April 1917 .", "The United States was never formally a member of the Allies but became a self - styled `` Associated Power '' . The United States had a small army , but , after the passage of the Selective Service Act , it drafted 2.8 million men , and , by summer 1918 , was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day . In 1917 , the U.S. Congress granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans to allow them to be drafted to participate in World War I , as part of the Jones -- Shafroth Act . If Germany believed it would be many more months before American soldiers would arrive and that their arrival could be stopped by U-boats , it had miscalculated .", "The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet , destroyers to Queenstown , Ireland , and submarines to help guard convoys . Several regiments of U.S. Marines were also dispatched to France . The British and French wanted American units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies . General John J. Pershing , American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) commander , refused to break up American units to be used as filler material . As an exception , he did allow African - American combat regiments to be used in French divisions . The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division , and earned a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Château - Thierry , Belleau Wood , and Sechault . AEF doctrine called for the use of frontal assaults , which had long since been discarded by British Empire and French commanders due to the large loss of life that resulted .", "Ludendorff drew up plans ( codenamed Operation Michael ) for the 1918 offensive on the Western Front . The Spring Offensive sought to divide the British and French forces with a series of feints and advances . The German leadership hoped to end the war before significant U.S. forces arrived . The operation commenced on 21 March 1918 , with an attack on British forces near Saint - Quentin . German forces achieved an unprecedented advance of 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) .", "British and French trenches were penetrated using novel infiltration tactics , also named Hutier tactics , after General Oskar von Hutier , by specially trained units called stormtroopers . Previously , attacks had been characterised by long artillery bombardments and massed assaults . However , in the Spring Offensive of 1918 , Ludendorff used artillery only briefly and infiltrated small groups of infantry at weak points . They attacked command and logistics areas and bypassed points of serious resistance . More heavily armed infantry then destroyed these isolated positions . This German success relied greatly on the element of surprise .", "The front moved to within 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) of Paris . Three heavy Krupp railway guns fired 183 shells on the capital , causing many Parisians to flee . The initial offensive was so successful that Kaiser Wilhelm II declared 24 March a national holiday . Many Germans thought victory was near . After heavy fighting , however , the offensive was halted . Lacking tanks or motorised artillery , the Germans were unable to consolidate their gains . The problems of re-supply were also exacerbated by increasing distances that now stretched over terrain that was shell - torn and often impassable to traffic .", "General Foch pressed to use the arriving American troops as individual replacements , whereas Pershing sought to field American units as an independent force . These units were assigned to the depleted French and British Empire commands on 28 March . A Supreme War Council of Allied forces was created at the Doullens Conference on 5 November 1917 . General Foch was appointed as supreme commander of the Allied forces . Haig , Petain , and Pershing retained tactical control of their respective armies ; Foch assumed a coordinating rather than a directing role , and the British , French , and U.S. commands operated largely independently .", "Following Operation Michael , Germany launched Operation Georgette against the northern English Channel ports . The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany . The German Army to the south then conducted Operations Blücher and Yorck , pushing broadly towards Paris . Germany launched Operation Marne ( Second Battle of the Marne ) 15 July , in an attempt to encircle Reims . The resulting counterattack , which started the Hundred Days Offensive , marked the first successful Allied offensive of the war .", "By 20 July , the Germans had retreated across the Marne to their starting lines , having achieved little , and the German Army never regained the initiative . German casualties between March and April 1918 were 270,000 , including many highly trained storm troopers .", "Meanwhile , Germany was falling apart at home . Anti-war marches became frequent and morale in the army fell . Industrial output was half the 1913 levels .", "In the late spring of 1918 , three new states were formed in the South Caucasus : the First Republic of Armenia , the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , and the Democratic Republic of Georgia , which declared their independence from the Russian Empire . Two other minor entities were established , the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and South West Caucasian Republic ( the former was liquidated by Azerbaijan in the autumn of 1918 and the latter by a joint Armenian - British task force in early 1919 ) . With the withdrawal of the Russian armies from the Caucasus front in the winter of 1917 -- 18 , the three major republics braced for an imminent Ottoman advance , which commenced in the early months of 1918 . Solidarity was briefly maintained when the Transcaucasian Federative Republic was created in the spring of 1918 , but this collapsed in May , when the Georgians asked for and received protection from Germany and the Azerbaijanis concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that was more akin to a military alliance . Armenia was left to fend for itself and struggled for five months against the threat of a full - fledged occupation by the Ottoman Turks before defeating them at the Battle of Sardarabad .", "The Allied counteroffensive , known as the Hundred Days Offensive , began on 8 August 1918 , with the Battle of Amiens . The battle involved over 400 tanks and 120,000 British , Dominion , and French troops , and by the end of its first day a gap 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) long had been created in the German lines . The defenders displayed a marked collapse in morale , causing Ludendorff to refer to this day as the `` Black Day of the German army '' . After an advance as far as 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) , German resistance stiffened , and the battle was concluded on 12 August .", "Rather than continuing the Amiens battle past the point of initial success , as had been done so many times in the past , the Allies shifted their attention elsewhere . Allied leaders had now realised that to continue an attack after resistance had hardened was a waste of lives , and it was better to turn a line than to try to roll over it . They began to undertake attacks in quick order to take advantage of successful advances on the flanks , then broke them off when each attack lost its initial impetus .", "British and Dominion forces launched the next phase of the campaign with the Battle of Albert on 21 August . The assault was widened by French and then further British forces in the following days . During the last week of August the Allied pressure along a 110 - kilometre ( 68 mi ) front against the enemy was heavy and unrelenting . From German accounts , `` Each day was spent in bloody fighting against an ever and again on - storming enemy , and nights passed without sleep in retirements to new lines . ''", "Faced with these advances , on 2 September the German Supreme Army Command issued orders to withdraw to the Hindenburg Line in the south . This ceded without a fight the salient seized the previous April . According to Ludendorff `` We had to admit the necessity ... to withdraw the entire front from the Scarpe to the Vesle .", "September saw the Allies advance to the Hindenburg Line in the north and centre . The Germans continued to fight strong rear - guard actions and launched numerous counterattacks on lost positions , but only a few succeeded , and those only temporarily . Contested towns , villages , heights , and trenches in the screening positions and outposts of the Hindenburg Line continued to fall to the Allies , with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September . On 24 September an assault by both the British and French came within 3 kilometres ( 2 mi ) of St. Quentin . The Germans had now retreated to positions along or behind the Hindenburg Line .", "In nearly four weeks of fighting beginning on 8 August , over 100,000 German prisoners were taken . As of `` The Black Day of the German Army '' , the German High Command realised that the war was lost and made attempts to reach a satisfactory end . The day after that battle , Ludendorff said : `` We can not win the war any more , but we must not lose it either . '' On 11 August he offered his resignation to the Kaiser , who refused it , replying , `` I see that we must strike a balance . We have nearly reached the limit of our powers of resistance . The war must be ended . '' On 13 August , at Spa , Hindenburg , Ludendorff , the Chancellor , and Foreign Minister Hintz agreed that the war could not be ended militarily and , on the following day , the German Crown Council decided that victory in the field was now most improbable . Austria and Hungary warned that they could only continue the war until December , and Ludendorff recommended immediate peace negotiations . Prince Rupprecht warned Prince Max of Baden : `` Our military situation has deteriorated so rapidly that I no longer believe we can hold out over the winter ; it is even possible that a catastrophe will come earlier . '' On 10 September Hindenburg urged peace moves to Emperor Charles of Austria , and Germany appealed to the Netherlands for mediation . On 14 September Austria sent a note to all belligerents and neutrals suggesting a meeting for peace talks on neutral soil , and on 15 September Germany made a peace offer to Belgium . Both peace offers were rejected , and on 24 September Supreme Army Command informed the leaders in Berlin that armistice talks were inevitable .", "The final assault on the Hindenburg Line began with the Meuse - Argonne Offensive , launched by French and American troops on 26 September . The following week , cooperating French and American units broke through in Champagne at the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge , forcing the Germans off the commanding heights , and closing towards the Belgian frontier . On 8 October the line was pierced again by British and Dominion troops at the Battle of Cambrai . The German army had to shorten its front and use the Dutch frontier as an anchor to fight rear - guard actions as it fell back towards Germany .", "When Bulgaria signed a separate armistice on 29 September , Ludendorff , having been under great stress for months , suffered something similar to a breakdown . It was evident that Germany could no longer mount a successful defence .", "News of Germany 's impending military defeat spread throughout the German armed forces . The threat of mutiny was rife . Admiral Reinhard Scheer and Ludendorff decided to launch a last attempt to restore the `` valour '' of the German Navy . Knowing the government of Prince Maximilian of Baden would veto any such action , Ludendorff decided not to inform him . Nonetheless , word of the impending assault reached sailors at Kiel . Many , refusing to be part of a naval offensive , which they believed to be suicidal , rebelled and were arrested . Ludendorff took the blame ; the Kaiser dismissed him on 26 October . The collapse of the Balkans meant that Germany was about to lose its main supplies of oil and food . Its reserves had been used up , even as U.S. troops kept arriving at the rate of 10,000 per day . The Americans supplied more than 80 % of Allied oil during the war , and there was no shortage .", "With the military faltering and with widespread loss of confidence in the Kaiser , Germany moved towards surrender . Prince Maximilian of Baden took charge of a new government as Chancellor of Germany to negotiate with the Allies . Negotiations with President Wilson began immediately , in the hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French . Wilson demanded a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary control over the German military . There was no resistance when the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann on 9 November declared Germany to be a republic . The Kaiser , kings and other hereditary rulers all were removed from power and Wilhelm fled to exile in the Netherlands . Imperial Germany was dead ; a new Germany had been born as the Weimar Republic .", "The collapse of the Central Powers came swiftly . Bulgaria was the first to sign an armistice , on 29 September 1918 at Saloniki . On 30 October , the Ottoman Empire capitulated , signing the Armistice of Mudros .", "On 24 October , the Italians began a push that rapidly recovered territory lost after the Battle of Caporetto . This culminated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto , which marked the end of the Austro - Hungarian Army as an effective fighting force . The offensive also triggered the disintegration of the Austro - Hungarian Empire . During the last week of October , declarations of independence were made in Budapest , Prague , and Zagreb . On 29 October , the imperial authorities asked Italy for an armistice , but the Italians continued advancing , reaching Trento , Udine , and Trieste . On 3 November , Austria - Hungary sent a flag of truce to ask for an armistice ( Armistice of Villa Giusti ) . The terms , arranged by telegraph with the Allied Authorities in Paris , were communicated to the Austrian commander and accepted . The Armistice with Austria was signed in the Villa Giusti , near Padua , on 3 November . Austria and Hungary signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the Habsburg Monarchy . In the following days the Italian Army occupied Innsbruck and all Tyrol with 20 - 22000 soldiers .", "On 11 November , at 5 : 00 am , an armistice with Germany was signed in a railroad carriage at Compiègne . At 11 am on 11 November 1918 -- `` the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month '' -- a ceasefire came into effect . During the six hours between the signing of the armistice and its taking effect , opposing armies on the Western Front began to withdraw from their positions , but fighting continued along many areas of the front , as commanders wanted to capture territory before the war ended .", "The occupation of the Rhineland took place following the Armistice . The occupying armies consisted of American , Belgian , British and French forces .", "In November 1918 , the Allies had ample supplies of men and materiel to invade Germany . Yet at the time of the armistice , no Allied force had crossed the German frontier ; the Western Front was still some 720 kilometres ( 450 mi ) from Berlin ; and the Kaiser 's armies had retreated from the battlefield in good order . These factors enabled Hindenburg and other senior German leaders to spread the story that their armies had not really been defeated . This resulted in the stab - in - the - back legend , which attributed Germany 's defeat not to its inability to continue fighting ( even though up to a million soldiers were suffering from the 1918 flu pandemic and unfit to fight ) , but to the public 's failure to respond to its `` patriotic calling '' and the supposed intentional sabotage of the war effort , particularly by Jews , Socialists , and Bolsheviks .", "The Allies had much more potential wealth they could spend on the war . One estimate ( using 1913 U.S. dollars ) is that the Allies spent $58 billion on the war and the Central Powers only $25 billion . Among the Allies , the UK spent $21 billion and the U.S. $17 billion ; among the Central Powers Germany spent $20 billion .", "In the aftermath of the war , four empires disappeared : the German , Austro - Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian . Numerous nations regained their former independence , and new ones were created . Four dynasties , together with their ancillary aristocracies , all fell as a result of the war : the Romanovs , the Hohenzollerns , the Habsburgs , and the Ottomans . Belgium and Serbia were badly damaged , as was France , with 1.4 million soldiers dead , not counting other casualties . Germany and Russia were similarly affected .", "A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months , until the signing of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany on 28 June 1919 . The United States Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it , and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the Knox -- Porter Resolution was signed on 2 July 1921 by President Warren G. Harding . For the United Kingdom and the British Empire , the state of war ceased under the provisions of the Termination of the Present War ( Definition ) Act 1918 with respect to :", "Germany on 10 January 1920 . Austria on 16 July 1920 . Bulgaria on 9 August 1920 . Hungary on 26 July 1921 . Turkey on 6 August 1924 .", "Germany on 10 January 1920 . Austria on 16 July 1920 . Bulgaria on 9 August 1920 . Hungary on 26 July 1921 . Turkey on 6 August 1924 .", "Germany on 10 January 1920 . Austria on 16 July 1920 . Bulgaria on 9 August 1920 . Hungary on 26 July 1921 . Turkey on 6 August 1924 .", "Germany on 10 January 1920 .", "Austria on 16 July 1920 .", "Bulgaria on 9 August 1920 .", "Hungary on 26 July 1921 .", "Turkey on 6 August 1924 .", "After the Treaty of Versailles , treaties with Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria , and the Ottoman Empire were signed . However , the negotiation of the latter treaty with the Ottoman Empire was followed by strife , and a final peace treaty between the Allied Powers and the country that would shortly become the Republic of Turkey was not signed until 24 July 1923 , at Lausanne .", "Some war memorials date the end of the war as being when the Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919 , which was when many of the troops serving abroad finally returned to their home countries ; by contrast , most commemorations of the war 's end concentrate on the armistice of 11 November 1918 . Legally , the formal peace treaties were not complete until the last , the Treaty of Lausanne , was signed . Under its terms , the Allied forces left Constantinople on 23 August 1923 .", "After the war , the Paris Peace Conference imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers officially ending the war . The 1919 Treaty of Versailles dealt with Germany and , building on Wilson 's 14th point , brought into being the League of Nations on 28 June 1919 .", "The Central Powers had to acknowledge responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by '' their aggression . In the Treaty of Versailles , this statement was Article 231 . This article became known as the War Guilt clause as the majority of Germans felt humiliated and resentful . Overall the Germans felt they had been unjustly dealt with by what they called the `` diktat of Versailles '' . Schulze said the Treaty placed Germany `` under legal sanctions , deprived of military power , economically ruined , and politically humiliated . '' Belgian historian Laurence Van Ypersele emphasizes the central role played by memory of the war and the Versailles Treaty in German politics in the 1920s and 1930s :", "Active denial of war guilt in Germany and German resentment at both reparations and continued Allied occupation of the Rhineland made widespread revision of the meaning and memory of the war problematic . The legend of the `` stab in the back '' and the wish to revise the `` Versailles diktat '' , and the belief in an international threat aimed at the elimination of the German nation persisted at the heart of German politics . Even a man of peace such as ( Gustav ) Stresemann publicly rejected German guilt . As for the Nazis , they waved the banners of domestic treason and international conspiracy in an attempt to galvanize the German nation into a spirit of revenge . Like a Fascist Italy , Nazi Germany sought to redirect the memory of the war to the benefit of its own policies .", "Meanwhile , new nations liberated from German rule viewed the treaty as recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by much larger aggressive neighbors . The Peace Conference required all the defeated powers to pay reparations for all the damage done to civilians . However , owing to economic difficulties and Germany being the only defeated power with an intact economy , the burden fell largely on Germany .", "Austria - Hungary was partitioned into several successor states , including Austria , Hungary , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia , largely but not entirely along ethnic lines . Transylvania was shifted from Hungary to Greater Romania . The details were contained in the Treaty of Saint - Germain and the Treaty of Trianon . As a result of the Treaty of Trianon , 3.3 million Hungarians came under foreign rule . Although the Hungarians made up 54 % of the population of the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary , only 32 % of its territory was left to Hungary . Between 1920 and 1924 , 354,000 Hungarians fled former Hungarian territories attached to Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia .", "The Russian Empire , which had withdrawn from the war in 1917 after the October Revolution , lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent nations of Estonia , Finland , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland were carved from it . Romania took control of Bessarabia in April 1918 .", "The Ottoman Empire disintegrated , with much of its Levant territory awarded to various Allied powers as protectorates . The Turkish core in Anatolia was reorganised as the Republic of Turkey . The Ottoman Empire was to be partitioned by the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920 . This treaty was never ratified by the Sultan and was rejected by the Turkish National Movement , leading to the victorious Turkish War of Independence and the much less stringent 1923 Treaty of Lausanne .", "Poland reemerged as an independent country , after more than a century . The Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty , as a `` minor Entente nation '' and the country with the most casualties per capita , became the backbone of a new multinational state , the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , later renamed Yugoslavia . Czechoslovakia , combining the Kingdom of Bohemia with parts of the Kingdom of Hungary , became a new nation . Russia became the Soviet Union and lost Finland , Estonia , Lithuania , and Latvia , which became independent countries . The Ottoman Empire was soon replaced by Turkey and several other countries in the Middle East .", "In the British Empire , the war unleashed new forms of nationalism . In Australia and New Zealand the Battle of Gallipoli became known as those nations ' `` Baptism of Fire '' . It was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought , and it was one of the first times that Australian troops fought as Australians , not just subjects of the British Crown . Anzac Day , commemorating the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps , celebrates this defining moment .", "After the Battle of Vimy Ridge , where the Canadian divisions fought together for the first time as a single corps , Canadians began to refer to theirs as a nation `` forged from fire '' . Having succeeded on the same battleground where the `` mother countries '' had previously faltered , they were for the first time respected internationally for their own accomplishments . Canada entered the war as a Dominion of the British Empire and remained so , although it emerged with a greater measure of independence . When Britain declared war in 1914 , the dominions were automatically at war ; at the conclusion , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa were individual signatories of the Treaty of Versailles .", "The establishment of the modern state of Israel and the roots of the continuing Israeli -- Palestinian conflict are partially found in the unstable power dynamics of the Middle East that resulted from World War I. Before the end of the war , the Ottoman Empire had maintained a modest level of peace and stability throughout the Middle East . With the fall of the Ottoman government , power vacuums developed and conflicting claims to land and nationhood began to emerge . The political boundaries drawn by the victors of World War I were quickly imposed , sometimes after only cursory consultation with the local population . These continue to be problematic in the 21st - century struggles for national identity . While the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I was pivotal in contributing to the modern political situation of the Middle East , including the Arab - Israeli conflict , the end of Ottoman rule also spawned lesser known disputes over water and other natural resources .", "The war had profound consequences on the health of soldiers . Of the 60 million European military personnel who were mobilized from 1914 to 1918 , 8 million were killed , 7 million were permanently disabled , and 15 million were seriously injured . Germany lost 15.1 % of its active male population , Austria - Hungary lost 17.1 % , and France lost 10.5 % . In Germany , civilian deaths were 474,000 higher than in peacetime , due in large part to food shortages and malnutrition that weakened resistance to disease . By the end of the war , starvation caused by famine had killed approximately 100,000 people in Lebanon . Between 5 and 10 million people died in the Russian famine of 1921 . By 1922 , there were between 4.5 million and 7 million homeless children in Russia as a result of nearly a decade of devastation from World War I , the Russian Civil War , and the subsequent famine of 1920 -- 1922 . Numerous anti-Soviet Russians fled the country after the Revolution ; by the 1930s , the northern Chinese city of Harbin had 100,000 Russians . Thousands more emigrated to France , England , and the United States .", "In Australia , the effects of the war on the economy were no less severe . The Australian prime minister , Billy Hughes , wrote to the British prime minister , Lloyd George , `` You have assured us that you can not get better terms . I much regret it , and hope even now that some way may be found of securing agreement for demanding reparation commensurate with the tremendous sacrifices made by the British Empire and her Allies . '' Australia received ₤ 5,571,720 war reparations , but the direct cost of the war to Australia had been ₤ 376,993,052 , and , by the mid-1930s , repatriation pensions , war gratuities , interest and sinking fund charges were ₤ 831,280,947 . Of about 416,000 Australians who served , about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded .", "Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions . In 1914 alone , louse - borne epidemic typhus killed 200,000 in Serbia . From 1918 to 1922 , Russia had about 25 million infections and 3 million deaths from epidemic typhus . In 1923 , 13 million Russians contracted malaria , a sharp increase from the pre-war years . In addition , a major influenza epidemic spread around the world . Overall , the 1918 flu pandemic killed at least 50 million people .", "Lobbying by Chaim Weizmann and fear that American Jews would encourage the United States to support Germany culminated in the British government 's Balfour Declaration of 1917 , endorsing creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine . A total of more than 1,172,000 Jewish soldiers served in the Allied and Central Power forces in World War I , including 275,000 in Austria - Hungary and 450,000 in Tsarist Russia .", "The social disruption and widespread violence of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War sparked more than 2,000 pogroms in the former Russian Empire , mostly in Ukraine . An estimated 60,000 -- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities .", "In the aftermath of World War I , Greece fought against Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal , a war which eventually resulted in a massive population exchange between the two countries under the Treaty of Lausanne . According to various sources , several hundred thousand Greeks died during this period , which was tied in with the Greek Genocide .", "World War I began as a clash of 20th - century technology and 19th - century tactics , with the inevitably large ensuing casualties . By the end of 1917 , however , the major armies , now numbering millions of men , had modernised and were making use of telephone , wireless communication , armoured cars , tanks , and aircraft . Infantry formations were reorganised , so that 100 - man companies were no longer the main unit of manoeuvre ; instead , squads of 10 or so men , under the command of a junior NCO , were favoured .", "Artillery also underwent a revolution . In 1914 , cannons were positioned in the front line and fired directly at their targets . By 1917 , indirect fire with guns ( as well as mortars and even machine guns ) was commonplace , using new techniques for spotting and ranging , notably aircraft and the often overlooked field telephone . Counter-battery missions became commonplace , also , and sound detection was used to locate enemy batteries .", "Germany was far ahead of the Allies in utilising heavy indirect fire . The German Army employed 150 mm ( 6 in ) and 210 mm ( 8 in ) howitzers in 1914 , when typical French and British guns were only 75 mm ( 3 in ) and 105 mm ( 4 in ) . The British had a 6 - inch ( 152 mm ) howitzer , but it was so heavy it had to be hauled to the field in pieces and assembled . The Germans also fielded Austrian 305 mm ( 12 in ) and 420 mm ( 17 in ) guns and , even at the beginning of the war , had inventories of various calibers of Minenwerfer , which were ideally suited for trench warfare .", "In 1917 , on 27 June the Germans used their biggest gun of the world Batterie Pommern , nicknamed `` Lange Max '' . This gun from Krupp was able to shoot 750 kg shells from Koekelare to Dunkirk which is ± 50 km away .", "Much of the combat involved trench warfare , in which hundreds often died for each metre gained . Many of the deadliest battles in history occurred during World War I. Such battles include Ypres , the Marne , Cambrai , the Somme , Verdun , and Gallipoli . The Germans employed the Haber process of nitrogen fixation to provide their forces with a constant supply of gunpowder despite the British naval blockade . Artillery was responsible for the largest number of casualties and consumed vast quantities of explosives . The large number of head wounds caused by exploding shells and fragmentation forced the combatant nations to develop the modern steel helmet , led by the French , who introduced the Adrian helmet in 1915 . It was quickly followed by the Brodie helmet , worn by British Imperial and US troops , and in 1916 by the distinctive German Stahlhelm , a design , with improvements , still in use today .", "Gas ! GAS ! Quick , boys ! -- An ecstasy of fumbling , Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time ; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling , And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime ... Dim , through the misty panes and thick green light , As under a green sea , I saw him drowning .", "The widespread use of chemical warfare was a distinguishing feature of the conflict . Gases used included chlorine , mustard gas and phosgene . Few war casualties were caused by gas , as effective countermeasures to gas attacks were quickly created , such as gas masks . The use of chemical warfare and small - scale strategic bombing were both outlawed by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 , and both proved to be of limited effectiveness , though they captured the public imagination .", "The most powerful land - based weapons were railway guns , weighing dozens of tons apiece . The German ones were nicknamed Big Berthas , even though the namesake was not a railway gun . Germany developed the Paris Gun , able to bombard Paris from over 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) , though shells were relatively light at 94 kilograms ( 210 lb ) .", "Trenches , machine guns , air reconnaissance , barbed wire , and modern artillery with fragmentation shells helped bring the battle lines of World War I to a stalemate . The British and the French sought a solution with the creation of the tank and mechanised warfare . The British first tanks were used during the Battle of the Somme on 15 September 1916 . Mechanical reliability was an issue , but the experiment proved its worth . Within a year , the British were fielding tanks by the hundreds , and they showed their potential during the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 , by breaking the Hindenburg Line , while combined arms teams captured 8,000 enemy soldiers and 100 guns . Meanwhile , the French introduced the first tanks with a rotating turret , the Renault FT , which became a decisive tool of the victory . The conflict also saw the introduction of light automatic weapons and submachine guns , such as the Lewis Gun , the Browning automatic rifle , and the Bergmann MP18 .", "Another new weapon , the flamethrower , was first used by the German army and later adopted by other forces . Although not of high tactical value , the flamethrower was a powerful , demoralising weapon that caused terror on the battlefield .", "Trench railways evolved to supply the enormous quantities of food , water , and ammunition required to support large numbers of soldiers in areas where conventional transportation systems had been destroyed . Internal combustion engines and improved traction systems for automobiles and trucks / lorries eventually rendered trench railways obsolete .", "Germany deployed U-boats ( submarines ) after the war began . Alternating between restricted and unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic , the Kaiserliche Marine employed them to deprive the British Isles of vital supplies . The deaths of British merchant sailors and the seeming invulnerability of U-boats led to the development of depth charges ( 1916 ) , hydrophones ( passive sonar , 1917 ) , blimps , hunter - killer submarines ( HMS R - 1 , 1917 ) , forward - throwing anti-submarine weapons , and dipping hydrophones ( the latter two both abandoned in 1918 ) . To extend their operations , the Germans proposed supply submarines ( 1916 ) . Most of these would be forgotten in the interwar period until World War II revived the need .", "Fixed - wing aircraft were first used militarily by the Italians in Libya on 23 October 1911 during the Italo - Turkish War for reconnaissance , soon followed by the dropping of grenades and aerial photography the next year . By 1914 , their military utility was obvious . They were initially used for reconnaissance and ground attack . To shoot down enemy planes , anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft were developed . Strategic bombers were created , principally by the Germans and British , though the former used Zeppelins as well . Towards the end of the conflict , aircraft carriers were used for the first time , with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a raid to destroy the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in 1918 .", "Manned observation balloons , floating high above the trenches , were used as stationary reconnaissance platforms , reporting enemy movements and directing artillery . Balloons commonly had a crew of two , equipped with parachutes , so that if there was an enemy air attack the crew could parachute to safety . At the time , parachutes were too heavy to be used by pilots of aircraft ( with their marginal power output ) , and smaller versions were not developed until the end of the war ; they were also opposed by the British leadership , who feared they might promote cowardice .", "Recognised for their value as observation platforms , balloons were important targets for enemy aircraft . To defend them against air attack , they were heavily protected by antiaircraft guns and patrolled by friendly aircraft ; to attack them , unusual weapons such as air - to - air rockets were tried . Thus , the reconnaissance value of blimps and balloons contributed to the development of air - to - air combat between all types of aircraft , and to the trench stalemate , because it was impossible to move large numbers of troops undetected . The Germans conducted air raids on England during 1915 and 1916 with airships , hoping to damage British morale and cause aircraft to be diverted from the front lines , and indeed the resulting panic led to the diversion of several squadrons of fighters from France .", "On 19 August 1915 , the German submarine U-27 was sunk by the British Q - ship HMS Baralong . All German survivors were summarily executed by Baralong 's crew on the orders of Lieutenant Godfrey Herbert , the captain of the ship . The shooting was reported to the media by American citizens who were on board the Nicosia , a British freighter loaded with war supplies , which was stopped by U-27 just minutes before the incident .", "On 24 September , Baralong destroyed U-41 , which was in the process of sinking the cargo ship Urbino . According to Karl Goetz , the submarine 's commander , Baralong continued to fly the U.S. flag after firing on U-41 and then rammed the lifeboat -- carrying the German survivors -- sinking it .", "The Canadian hospital ship HMHS Llandovery Castle was torpedoed by the German submarine SM U-86 on 27 June 1918 in violation of international law . Only 24 of the 258 medical personnel , patients , and crew survived . Survivors reported that the U-boat surfaced and ran down the lifeboats , machine - gunning survivors in the water . The U-boat captain , Helmut Patzig , was charged with war crimes in Germany following the war , but escaped prosecution by going to the Free City of Danzig , beyond the jurisdiction of German courts .", "The first successful use of poison gas as a weapon of warfare occurred during the Second Battle of Ypres ( 22 April -- 25 May 1915 ) . Gas was soon used by all major belligerents throughout the war . It is estimated that the use of chemical weapons employed by both sides throughout the war had inflicted 1.3 million casualties . For example , the British had over 180,000 chemical weapons casualties during the war , and up to one - third of American casualties were caused by them . The Russian Army reportedly suffered roughly 500,000 chemical weapon casualties in World War I . The use of chemical weapons in warfare was in direct violation of the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare , which prohibited their use .", "The effect of poison gas was not limited to combatants . Civilians were at risk from the gases as winds blew the poison gases through their towns , and rarely received warnings or alerts of potential danger . In addition to absent warning systems , civilians often did not have access to effective gas masks . An estimated 100,000 -- 260,000 civilian casualties were caused by chemical weapons during the conflict and tens of thousands more ( along with military personnel ) died from scarring of the lungs , skin damage , and cerebral damage in the years after the conflict ended . Many commanders on both sides knew such weapons would cause major harm to civilians but nonetheless continued to use them . British Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig wrote in his diary , `` My officers and I were aware that such weapons would cause harm to women and children living in nearby towns , as strong winds were common in the battlefront . However , because the weapon was to be directed against the enemy , none of us were overly concerned at all . ''", "The ethnic cleansing of the Ottoman Empire 's Armenian population , including mass deportations and executions , during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is considered genocide . The Ottomans carried out organized and systematic massacres of the Armenian population at the beginning of the war and portrayed deliberately provoked acts of Armenian resistance as rebellions to justify further extermination . In early 1915 , a number of Armenians volunteered to join the Russian forces and the Ottoman government used this as a pretext to issue the Tehcir Law ( Law on Deportation ) , which authorized the deportation of Armenians from the Empire 's eastern provinces to Syria between 1915 and 1918 . The Armenians were intentionally marched to death and a number were attacked by Ottoman brigands . While an exact number of deaths is unknown , the International Association of Genocide Scholars estimates 1.5 million . The government of Turkey has consistently denied the genocide , arguing that those who died were victims of inter-ethnic fighting , famine , or disease during World War I ; these claims are rejected by most historians . Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period , including Assyrians and Greeks , and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination .", "Many pogroms accompanied the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War . 60,000 -- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities throughout the former Russian Empire ( mostly within the Pale of Settlement in present - day Ukraine ) .", "The German invaders treated any resistance -- such as sabotaging rail lines -- as illegal and immoral , and shot the offenders and burned buildings in retaliation . In addition , they tended to suspect that most civilians were potential francs - tireurs ( guerrillas ) and , accordingly , took and sometimes killed hostages from among the civilian population . The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914 , usually in near - random large - scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers . The German Army destroyed 15,000 -- 20,000 buildings -- most famously the university library at Louvain -- and generated a wave of refugees of over a million people . Over half the German regiments in Belgium were involved in major incidents . Thousands of workers were shipped to Germany to work in factories . British propaganda dramatizing the Rape of Belgium attracted much attention in the United States , while Berlin said it was both lawful and necessary because of the threat of franc - tireurs like those in France in 1870 . The British and French magnified the reports and disseminated them at home and in the United States , where they played a major role in dissolving support for Germany .", "The British soldiers of the war were initially volunteers but increasingly were conscripted into service . Surviving veterans , returning home , often found that they could only discuss their experiences amongst themselves . Grouping together , they formed `` veterans ' associations '' or `` Legions '' . A small number of personal accounts of American veterans have been collected by the Library of Congress Veterans History Project .", "About eight million men surrendered and were held in POW camps during the war . All nations pledged to follow the Hague Conventions on fair treatment of prisoners of war , and the survival rate for POWs was generally much higher than that of their peers at the front . Individual surrenders were uncommon ; large units usually surrendered en masse . At the siege of Maubeuge about 40,000 French soldiers surrendered , at the battle of Galicia Russians took about 100,000 to 120,000 Austrian captives , at the Brusilov Offensive about 325,000 to 417,000 Germans and Austrians surrendered to Russians , and at the Battle of Tannenberg 92,000 Russians surrendered . When the besieged garrison of Kaunas surrendered in 1915 , some 20,000 Russians became prisoners , at the battle near Przasnysz ( February -- March 1915 ) 14,000 Germans surrendered to Russians , and at the First Battle of the Marne about 12,000 Germans surrendered to the Allies. 25 -- 31 % of Russian losses ( as a proportion of those captured , wounded , or killed ) were to prisoner status ; for Austria - Hungary 32 % , for Italy 26 % , for France 12 % , for Germany 9 % ; for Britain 7 % . Prisoners from the Allied armies totalled about 1.4 million ( not including Russia , which lost 2.5 -- 3.5 million men as prisoners ) . From the Central Powers about 3.3 million men became prisoners ; most of them surrendered to Russians . Germany held 2.5 million prisoners ; Russia held 2.2 -- 2.9 million ; while Britain and France held about 720,000 . Most were captured just before the Armistice . The United States held 48,000 . The most dangerous moment was the act of surrender , when helpless soldiers were sometimes gunned down . Once prisoners reached a camp , conditions were , in general , satisfactory ( and much better than in World War II ) , thanks in part to the efforts of the International Red Cross and inspections by neutral nations . However , conditions were terrible in Russia : starvation was common for prisoners and civilians alike ; about 15 -- 20 % of the prisoners in Russia died and in Central Powers imprisonment -- 8 % of Russians . In Germany , food was scarce , but only 5 % died .", "The Ottoman Empire often treated POWs poorly . Some 11,800 British Empire soldiers , most of them Indians , became prisoners after the Siege of Kut in Mesopotamia in April 1916 ; 4,250 died in captivity . Although many were in a poor condition when captured , Ottoman officers forced them to march 1,100 kilometres ( 684 mi ) to Anatolia . A survivor said : `` We were driven along like beasts ; to drop out was to die . '' The survivors were then forced to build a railway through the Taurus Mountains .", "In Russia , when the prisoners from the Czech Legion of the Austro - Hungarian army were released in 1917 , they re-armed themselves and briefly became a military and diplomatic force during the Russian Civil War .", "While the Allied prisoners of the Central Powers were quickly sent home at the end of active hostilities , the same treatment was not granted to Central Power prisoners of the Allies and Russia , many of whom served as forced labor , e.g. , in France until 1920 . They were released only after many approaches by the Red Cross to the Allied Supreme Council . German prisoners were still being held in Russia as late as 1924 .", "Military and civilian observers from every major power closely followed the course of the war . Many were able to report on events from a perspective somewhat akin to modern `` embedded '' positions within the opposing land and naval forces .", "In the Balkans , Yugoslav nationalists such as the leader , Ante Trumbić , strongly supported the war , desiring the freedom of Yugoslavs from Austria - Hungary and other foreign powers and the creation of an independent Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav Committee was formed in Paris on 30 April 1915 but shortly moved its office to London ; Trumbić led the Committee . In April 1918 , the Rome Congress of Oppressed Nationalities met , including Czechoslovak , Italian , Polish , Transylvanian , and Yugoslav representatives who urged the Allies to support national self - determination for the peoples residing within Austria - Hungary .", "In the Middle East , Arab nationalism soared in Ottoman territories in response to the rise of Turkish nationalism during the war , with Arab nationalist leaders advocating the creation of a pan-Arab state . In 1916 , the Arab Revolt began in Ottoman - controlled territories of the Middle East in an effort to achieve independence .", "In East Africa , Iyasu V of Ethiopia was supporting the Dervish state who were at war with the British in the Somaliland Campaign . Von Syburg , the German envoy in Addis Ababa , said , `` now the time has come for Ethiopia to regain the coast of the Red Sea driving the Italians home , to restore the Empire to its ancient size . '' The Ethiopian Empire was on the verge of entering World War I on the side of the Central Powers before Iyasu 's overthrow due to Allied pressure on the Ethiopian aristocracy .", "A number of socialist parties initially supported the war when it began in August 1914 . But European socialists split on national lines , with the concept of class conflict held by radical socialists such as Marxists and syndicalists being overborne by their patriotic support for war . Once the war began , Austrian , British , French , German , and Russian socialists followed the rising nationalist current by supporting their countries ' intervention in the war .", "Italian nationalism was stirred by the outbreak of the war and was initially strongly supported by a variety of political factions . One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was Gabriele d'Annunzio , who promoted Italian irredentism and helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war . The Italian Liberal Party , under the leadership of Paolo Boselli , promoted intervention in the war on the side of the Allies and utilised the Dante Alighieri Society to promote Italian nationalism . Italian socialists were divided on whether to support the war or oppose it ; some were militant supporters of the war , including Benito Mussolini and Leonida Bissolati . However , the Italian Socialist Party decided to oppose the war after anti-militarist protestors were killed , resulting in a general strike called Red Week . The Italian Socialist Party purged itself of pro-war nationalist members , including Mussolini . Mussolini , a syndicalist who supported the war on grounds of irredentist claims on Italian - populated regions of Austria - Hungary , formed the pro-interventionist Il Popolo d'Italia and the Fasci Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista ( `` Revolutionary Fasci for International Action '' ) in October 1914 that later developed into the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919 , the origin of fascism . Mussolini 's nationalism enabled him to raise funds from Ansaldo ( an armaments firm ) and other companies to create Il Popolo d'Italia to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war .", "Once war was declared , many socialists and trade unions backed their governments . Among the exceptions were the Bolsheviks , the Socialist Party of America , and the Italian Socialist Party , and individuals such as Karl Liebknecht , Rosa Luxemburg , and their followers in Germany .", "Benedict XV , elected to the papacy less than three months into World War I , made the war and its consequences the main focus of his early pontificate . In stark contrast to his predecessor , five days after his election he spoke of his determination to do what he could to bring peace . His first encyclical , Ad beatissimi Apostolorum , given 1 November 1914 , was concerned with this subject . Benedict XV found his abilities and unique position as a religious emissary of peace ignored by the belligerent powers . The 1915 Treaty of London between Italy and the Triple Entente included secret provisions whereby the Allies agreed with Italy to ignore papal peace moves towards the Central Powers . Consequently , the publication of Benedict 's proposed seven - point Peace Note of August 1917 was roundly ignored by all parties except Austria - Hungary .", "In Britain , in 1914 , the Public Schools Officers ' Training Corps annual camp was held at Tidworth Pennings , near Salisbury Plain . Head of the British Army , Lord Kitchener , was to review the cadets , but the imminence of the war prevented him . General Horace Smith - Dorrien was sent instead . He surprised the two - or - three thousand cadets by declaring ( in the words of Donald Christopher Smith , a Bermudian cadet who was present ) ,", "that war should be avoided at almost any cost , that war would solve nothing , that the whole of Europe and more besides would be reduced to ruin , and that the loss of life would be so large that whole populations would be decimated . In our ignorance I , and many of us , felt almost ashamed of a British General who uttered such depressing and unpatriotic sentiments , but during the next four years , those of us who survived the holocaust -- probably not more than one - quarter of us -- learned how right the General 's prognosis was and how courageous he had been to utter it .", "Voicing these sentiments did not hinder Smith - Dorrien 's career , or prevent him from doing his duty in World War I to the best of his abilities .", "Many countries jailed those who spoke out against the conflict . These included Eugene Debs in the United States and Bertrand Russell in Britain . In the US , the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 made it a federal crime to oppose military recruitment or make any statements deemed `` disloyal '' . Publications at all critical of the government were removed from circulation by postal censors , and many served long prison sentences for statements of fact deemed unpatriotic .", "A number of nationalists opposed intervention , particularly within states that the nationalists were hostile to . Although the vast majority of Irish people consented to participate in the war in 1914 and 1915 , a minority of advanced Irish nationalists staunchly opposed taking part . The war began amid the Home Rule crisis in Ireland that had resurfaced in 1912 and , by July 1914 , there was a serious possibility of an outbreak of civil war in Ireland . Irish nationalists and Marxists attempted to pursue Irish independence , culminating in the Easter Rising of 1916 , with Germany sending 20,000 rifles to Ireland to stir unrest in Britain . The UK government placed Ireland under martial law in response to the Easter Rising ; although , once the immediate threat of revolution had dissipated , the authorities did try to make concessions to nationalist feeling . However , opposition to involvement in the war increased in Ireland , resulting in the Conscription Crisis of 1918 .", "Other opposition came from conscientious objectors -- some socialist , some religious -- who refused to fight . In Britain , 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status . Some of them , most notably prominent peace activist Stephen Henry Hobhouse , refused both military and alternative service . Many suffered years of prison , including solitary confinement and bread and water diets . Even after the war , in Britain many job advertisements were marked `` No conscientious objectors need apply '' .", "The Central Asian Revolt started in the summer of 1916 , when the Russian Empire government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service .", "In 1917 , a series of French Army Mutinies led to dozens of soldiers being executed and many more imprisoned .", "In Milan , in May 1917 , Bolshevik revolutionaries organised and engaged in rioting calling for an end to the war , and managed to close down factories and stop public transportation . The Italian army was forced to enter Milan with tanks and machine guns to face Bolsheviks and anarchists , who fought violently until 23 May when the army gained control of the city . Almost 50 people ( including three Italian soldiers ) were killed and over 800 people arrested .", "In September 1917 , Russian soldiers in France began questioning why they were fighting for the French at all and mutinied . In Russia , opposition to the war led to soldiers also establishing their own revolutionary committees , which helped foment the October Revolution of 1917 , with the call going up for `` bread , land , and peace '' . The Bolsheviks agreed to a peace treaty with Germany , the peace of Brest - Litovsk , despite its harsh conditions .", "In northern Germany , the end of October 1918 saw the beginning of the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 . Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last , large - scale operation in a war which they saw as good as lost ; this initiated the uprising . The sailors ' revolt which then ensued in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven and Kiel spread across the whole country within days and led to the proclamation of a republic on 9 November 1918 and shortly thereafter to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II .", "Conscription was common in most European countries . However it was controversial in English speaking countries . It was especially unpopular among minority ethnic groups -- especially the Irish Catholics in Ireland and Australia , and the French Catholics in Canada .", "In Canada the issue produced a major political crisis that permanently alienated the Francophiles . It opened a political gap between French Canadians , who believed their true loyalty was to Canada and not to the British Empire , and members of the Anglophone majority , who saw the war as a duty to their British heritage .", "In Australia , a sustained pro-conscription campaign by Billy Hughes , the Prime Minister , caused a split in the Australian Labor Party , so Hughes formed the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917 to pursue the matter . Farmers , the labour movement , the Catholic Church , and the Irish Catholics successfully opposed Hughes ' push , which was rejected in two plebiscites .", "In Britain , conscription resulted in the calling up of nearly every physically fit man in Britain -- six of ten million eligible . Of these , about 750,000 lost their lives . Most deaths were to young unmarried men ; however , 160,000 wives lost husbands and 300,000 children lost fathers . In the United States , conscription began in 1917 and was generally well received , with a few pockets of opposition in isolated rural areas .", "The non-military diplomatic and propaganda interactions among the nations were designed to build support for the cause , or to undermine support for the enemy . For the most part , wartime diplomacy focused on five issues : propaganda campaigns ; defining and redefining the war goals , which became harsher as the war went on ; luring neutral nations ( Italy , Ottoman Empire , Bulgaria , Romania ) into the coalition by offering slices of enemy territory ; and encouragement by the Allies of nationalistic minority movements inside the Central Powers , especially among Czechs , Poles , and Arabs . In addition , there were multiple peace proposals coming from neutrals , or one side or the other ; none of them progressed very far .", "... `` Strange , friend , '' I said , `` Here is no cause to mourn . '' `` None , '' said the other , `` Save the undone years '' ...", "The War was an unprecedented triumph for natural science . ( Francis ) Bacon had promised that knowledge would be power , and power it was : power to destroy the bodies and souls of men more rapidly than had ever been done by human agency before . This triumph paved the way to other triumphs : improvements in transport , in sanitation , in surgery , medicine , and psychiatry , in commerce and industry , and , above all , in preparations for the next war .", "The first tentative efforts to comprehend the meaning and consequences of modern warfare began during the initial phases of the war , and this process continued throughout and after the end of hostilities , and is still underway , more than a century later .", "Historian Heather Jones argues that the historiography has been reinvigorated by the cultural turn in recent years . Scholars have raised entirely new questions regarding military occupation , radicalization of politics , race , and the male body . Furthermore , new research has revised our understanding of five major topics that historians have long debated . These are : Why did the war begin ? Why did the Allies win ? Were the generals to blame for the high casualty rates ? How did the soldiers endure the horrors of trench warfare ? To what extent did the civilian homefront accept and endorse the war effort ?", "Memorials were erected in thousands of villages and towns . Close to battlefields , those buried in improvised burial grounds were gradually moved to formal graveyards under the care of organisations such as the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , the American Battle Monuments Commission , the German War Graves Commission , and Le Souvenir français . Many of these graveyards also have central monuments to the missing or unidentified dead , such as the Menin Gate memorial and the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme .", "In 1915 John McCrae , a Canadian army doctor , wrote the poem In Flanders Fields as a salute to those who perished in the Great War . Published in Punch on 8 December 1915 , it is still recited today , especially on Remembrance Day and Memorial Day .", "National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City , Missouri , is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War I . The Liberty Memorial was dedicated on 1 November 1921 , when the supreme Allied commanders spoke to a crowd of more than 100,000 people .", "The UK Government has budgeted substantial resources to the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to 2018 . The lead body is the Imperial War Museum . On 3 August 2014 , French President Francois Hollande and German President Joachim Gauck together marked the centenary of Germany 's declaration of war on France by laying the first stone of a memorial in Vieil Armand , known in German as Hartmannswillerkopf , for French and German soldiers killed in the war .", "The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Britain and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Britain and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "World War I had a lasting impact on social memory . It was seen by many in Britain as signalling the end of an era of stability stretching back to the Victorian period , and across Europe many regarded it as a watershed . Historian Samuel Hynes explained :", "A generation of innocent young men , their heads full of high abstractions like Honour , Glory and England , went off to war to make the world safe for democracy . They were slaughtered in stupid battles planned by stupid generals . Those who survived were shocked , disillusioned and embittered by their war experiences , and saw that their real enemies were not the Germans , but the old men at home who had lied to them . They rejected the values of the society that had sent them to war , and in doing so separated their own generation from the past and from their cultural inheritance .", "This has become the most common perception of World War I , perpetuated by the art , cinema , poems , and stories published subsequently . Films such as All Quiet on the Western Front , Paths of Glory and King & Country have perpetuated the idea , while war - time films including Camrades , Poppies of Flanders , and Shoulder Arms indicate that the most contemporary views of the war were overall far more positive . Likewise , the art of Paul Nash , John Nash , Christopher Nevinson , and Henry Tonks in Britain painted a negative view of the conflict in keeping with the growing perception , while popular war - time artists such as Muirhead Bone painted more serene and pleasant interpretations subsequently rejected as inaccurate . Several historians like John Terraine , Niall Ferguson and Gary Sheffield have challenged these interpretations as partial and polemical views :", "These beliefs did not become widely shared because they offered the only accurate interpretation of wartime events . In every respect , the war was much more complicated than they suggest . In recent years , historians have argued persuasively against almost every popular cliché of World War I. It has been pointed out that , although the losses were devastating , their greatest impact was socially and geographically limited . The many emotions other than horror experienced by soldiers in and out of the front line , including comradeship , boredom , and even enjoyment , have been recognised . The war is not now seen as a ' fight about nothing ' , but as a war of ideals , a struggle between aggressive militarism and more or less liberal democracy . It has been acknowledged that British generals were often capable men facing difficult challenges , and that it was under their command that the British army played a major part in the defeat of the Germans in 1918 : a great forgotten victory .", "Though these views have been discounted as `` myths '' , they are common . They have dynamically changed according to contemporary influences , reflecting in the 1950s perceptions of the war as `` aimless '' following the contrasting Second World War and emphasising conflict within the ranks during times of class conflict in the 1960s . The majority of additions to the contrary are often rejected .", "The social trauma caused by unprecedented rates of casualties manifested itself in different ways , which have been the subject of subsequent historical debate .", "The optimism of la belle époque was destroyed , and those who had fought in the war were referred to as the Lost Generation . For years afterwards , people mourned the dead , the missing , and the many disabled . Many soldiers returned with severe trauma , suffering from shell shock ( also called neurasthenia , a condition related to posttraumatic stress disorder ) . Many more returned home with few after - effects ; however , their silence about the war contributed to the conflict 's growing mythological status . Though many participants did not share in the experiences of combat or spend any significant time at the front , or had positive memories of their service , the images of suffering and trauma became the widely shared perception . Such historians as Dan Todman , Paul Fussell , and Samuel Heyns have all published works since the 1990s arguing that these common perceptions of the war are factually incorrect .", "The rise of Nazism and Fascism included a revival of the nationalist spirit and a rejection of many post-war changes . Similarly , the popularity of the stab - in - the - back legend ( German : Dolchstoßlegende ) was a testament to the psychological state of defeated Germany and was a rejection of responsibility for the conflict . This conspiracy theory of betrayal became common , and the German populace came to see themselves as victims . The widespread acceptance of the `` stab - in - the - back '' theory delegitimized the Weimar government and destabilized the system , opening it to extremes of right and left .", "Communist and fascist movements around Europe drew strength from this theory and enjoyed a new level of popularity . These feelings were most pronounced in areas directly or harshly affected by the war . Adolf Hitler was able to gain popularity by utilising German discontent with the still controversial Treaty of Versailles . World War II was in part a continuation of the power struggle never fully resolved by World War I. Furthermore , it was common for Germans in the 1930s to justify acts of aggression due to perceived injustices imposed by the victors of World War I. American historian William Rubinstein wrote that :", "The ' Age of Totalitarianism ' included nearly all of the infamous examples of genocide in modern history , headed by the Jewish Holocaust , but also comprising the mass murders and purges of the Communist world , other mass killings carried out by Nazi Germany and its allies , and also the Armenian Genocide of 1915 . All these slaughters , it is argued here , had a common origin , the collapse of the elite structure and normal modes of government of much of central , eastern and southern Europe as a result of World War I , without which surely neither Communism nor Fascism would have existed except in the minds of unknown agitators and crackpots .", "One of the most dramatic effects of the war was the expansion of governmental powers and responsibilities in Britain , France , the United States , and the Dominions of the British Empire . To harness all the power of their societies , governments created new ministries and powers . New taxes were levied and laws enacted , all designed to bolster the war effort ; many have lasted to this day . Similarly , the war strained the abilities of some formerly large and bureaucratised governments , such as in Austria - Hungary and Germany .", "Gross domestic product ( GDP ) increased for three Allies ( Britain , Italy , and the United States ) , but decreased in France and Russia , in neutral Netherlands , and in the three main Central Powers . The shrinkage in GDP in Austria , Russia , France , and the Ottoman Empire ranged between 30 % and 40 % . In Austria , for example , most pigs were slaughtered , so at war 's end there was no meat .", "In all nations , the government 's share of GDP increased , surpassing 50 % in both Germany and France and nearly reaching that level in Britain . To pay for purchases in the United States , Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began borrowing heavily on Wall Street . President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916 , but allowed a great increase in U.S. government lending to the Allies . After 1919 , the U.S. demanded repayment of these loans . The repayments were , in part , funded by German reparations which , in turn , were supported by American loans to Germany . This circular system collapsed in 1931 and the loans were never repaid . Britain still owed the United States $4.4 billion of World War I debt in 1934 , and this money was never repaid .", "Macro - and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war . Families were altered by the departure of many men . With the death or absence of the primary wage earner , women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers . At the same time , industry needed to replace the lost labourers sent to war . This aided the struggle for voting rights for women .", "World War I further compounded the gender imbalance , adding to the phenomenon of surplus women . The deaths of nearly one million men during the war in Britain increased the gender gap by almost a million : from 670,000 to 1,700,000 . The number of unmarried women seeking economic means grew dramatically . In addition , demobilisation and economic decline following the war caused high unemployment . The war increased female employment ; however , the return of demobilised men displaced many from the workforce , as did the closure of many of the wartime factories .", "In Britain , rationing was finally imposed in early 1918 , limited to meat , sugar , and fats ( butter and margarine ) , but not bread . The new system worked smoothly . From 1914 to 1918 , trade union membership doubled , from a little over four million to a little over eight million .", "Britain turned to her colonies for help in obtaining essential war materials whose supply from traditional sources had become difficult . Geologists such as Albert Ernest Kitson were called on to find new resources of precious minerals in the African colonies . Kitson discovered important new deposits of manganese , used in munitions production , in the Gold Coast .", "Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles ( the so - called `` war guilt '' clause ) stated Germany accepted responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies . '' It was worded as such to lay a legal basis for reparations , and a similar clause was inserted in the treaties with Austria and Hungary . However neither of them interpreted it as an admission of war guilt . '' In 1921 , the total reparation sum was placed at 132 billion gold marks . However , `` Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay '' this sum . The total sum was divided into three categories , with the third being `` deliberately designed to be chimerical '' and its `` primary function was to mislead public opinion ... into believing the `` total sum was being maintained . '' Thus , 50 billion gold marks ( 12.5 billion dollars ) `` represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay '' and `` therefore ... represented the total German reparations '' figure that had to be paid .", "This figure could be paid in cash or in kind ( coal , timber , chemical dyes , etc . ) . In addition , some of the territory lost -- via the treaty of Versailles -- was credited towards the reparation figure as were other acts such as helping to restore the Library of Louvain . By 1929 , the Great Depression arrived , causing political chaos throughout the world . In 1932 the payment of reparations was suspended by the international community , by which point Germany had only paid the equivalent of 20.598 billion gold marks in reparations . With the rise of Adolf Hitler , all bonds and loans that had been issued and taken out during the 1920s and early 1930s were cancelled . David Andelman notes `` refusing to pay does n't make an agreement null and void . The bonds , the agreement , still exist . '' Thus , following the Second World War , at the London Conference in 1953 , Germany agreed to resume payment on the money borrowed . On 3 October 2010 , Germany made the final payment on these bonds .", "The war contributed to the evolution of the wristwatch from women 's jewelry to a practical everyday item , replacing the pocketwatch which requires a free hand to operate . Military funding of advancements in radio contributed to the postwar popularity of the medium ." ]
World war I - wikipedia World war I This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Picuslor ( talk contribs ) at 18:10, 27 August 2017 ( → ‎ Armistices and capitulations ) . The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 18:10, 27 August 2017 by Picuslor ( talk contribs ) ( → ‎ Armistices and capitulations ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to: navigation , search `` World War One'' , `` Great War'' , and `` WW1'' redirect here. For other uses, see World War One (disambiguation) , Great War (disambiguation) , and WW1 (album) . World War I Clockwise from the top : The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme , Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line , HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles , a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme, Albatros D.III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11 Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914-07-28 -- 1918-11-11 ) (4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks) Peace treaties (show) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 (4 years and 11 months) Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye Signed 10 September 1919 (5 years, 1 month, 1 week and 6 days) Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine Signed 27 November 1919 (4 years, 1 month, 1 week and 6 days) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 (5 years, 10 months and 1 week) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 (6 years, 1 week and 6 days) United States-- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 (3 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 3 days) United States-- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 (4 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 5 days) United States-- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 (3 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 1 day) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 (8 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 4 days) Location Europe, Africa, the Middle East, the Pacific Islands , China, Indian Ocean, and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied victory (Exception: Russian defeat) Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro-Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more... ) Belligerents Allied Powers France British Empire Russia (until 1917) Serbia Montenegro Belgium Japan Italy (1915-- 18) Portugal (1916-- 18) Romania (1916-- 18) Hejaz (1916-- 18) United States (1917-- 18) Greece (1917-- 18) Siam (1917-- 18) ... and others Central Powers German Empire Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria (1915-- 18) ... and co-belligerents Commanders and leaders Allied leaders Georges Clemenceau Raymond Poincaré H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Vittorio Orlando Victor Emmanuel III Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I ... and others Central Powers leaders Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I † Karl I Mehmed V † Three Pashas Ferdinand I ... and others Strength 12,000,000 8,841,541 8,660,000 5,615,140 4,743,826 1,234,000 800,000 707,343 380,000 250,000 50,000 Total: 42,959,850 13,250,000 7,800,000 2,998,321 1,200,000 Total: 25,248,321 Casualties and losses Military dead: 5,525,000 Military wounded: 12,831,500 Military missing: 4,121,000 Total: 22,477,500 KIA, WIA or MIA ... further details . Military dead: 4,386,000 Military wounded: 8,388,000 Military missing: 3,629,000 Total: 16,403,000 KIA, WIA or MIA ... further details . ( show ) Theatres of World War I European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South-West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Events leading to World War I Triple Alliance 1882 Franco-Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo-German naval arms race 1898-- 1912 Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902-1903 Entente Cordiale 1904 Russo-Japanese War 1904-- 1905 First Moroccan Crisis 1905-- 1906 Anglo-Russian Entente 1907 Bosnian crisis 1908-- 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 Italo-Turkish War 1911-- 1912 Balkan Wars 1912-- 1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914 World War I ( WWI or WW1 ), also known as the First World War , the Great War , or the War to End All Wars , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides ), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication , and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare . It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history , and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries still extant at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War only twenty-one years later. The war drew in all the world's economic great powers , assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the Russian Empire , the French Third Republic , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ) versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary . Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance alongside Germany and Austria-Hungary, it did not join the Central Powers, as Austria-Hungary had taken the offensive against the terms of the alliance. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war: Italy, Japan and the United States joined the Allies, while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers. The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia , and entangled international alliances formed over the previous decades were invoked. Within weeks, the major powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia. Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Being outnumbered on the Eastern Front , Russia urged its Triple Entente ally France to open up a second front in the west. Over forty years earlier in 1870, the Franco-Prussian War had ended the Second French Empire and France had ceded the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to a unified Germany. Bitterness over that defeat and the determination to retake Alsace-Lorraine made the acceptance of Russia's plea for help an easy choice, so France began full mobilisation on 1 August and, on 3 August, Germany declared war on France. The border between France and Germany was heavily fortified on both sides so, according to the Schlieffen Plan , Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France from the north, leading the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany on 4 August due to their violation of Belgian neutrality. After the German march on Paris was halted in the Battle of the Marne , what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition , with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front , the Russian army led a successful campaign against the Austro-Hungarians, but the Germans stopped its invasion of East Prussia in the battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes. In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus , Mesopotamia and the Sinai . In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers; Romania joined the Allies in 1916, as did the United States in 1917. The Russian government collapsed in March 1917 , and a revolution in November followed by a further military defeat brought the Russians to terms with the Central Powers via the Treaty of Brest Litovsk , which granted the Germans a significant victory. After a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives . On 4 November 1918 , the Austro-Hungarian empire agreed to an armistice, and Germany, which had its own trouble with revolutionaries , agreed to an armistice on 11 November 1918, ending the war in victory for the Allies. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ceased to exist. National borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germany's colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , the Big Four (Britain, France, the United States and Italy) imposed their terms in a series of treaties. The League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation (particularly in Germany) eventually contributed to the start of World War II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Background 2.1 Political and military alliances 2.2 Arms race 2.3 Conflicts in the Balkans 3 Prelude 3.1 Sarajevo assassination 3.2 July Crisis 4 Progress of the war 4.1 Opening hostilities 4.1.1 Confusion among the Central Powers 4.1.2 Serbian campaign 4.1.3 German forces in Belgium and France 4.1.4 Asia and the Pacific 4.1.5 African campaigns 4.1.6 Indian support for the Allies 4.2 Western Front 4.2.1 Trench warfare begins 4.2.2 Continuation of trench warfare 4.3 Naval war 4.4 Southern theatres 4.4.1 War in the Balkans 4.4.2 Ottoman Empire 4.4.3 Italian participation 4.4.4 Romanian participation 4.5 Eastern Front 4.5.1 Initial actions 4.5.2 Russian Revolution 4.5.3 Czechoslovak Legion 4.6 Central Powers peace overtures 4.7 1917-- 1918 4.7.1 Developments in 1917 4.7.2 Ottoman Empire conflict, 1917-- 1918 4.7.3 15 August 1917: peace offer by the Pope 4.7.4 Entry of the United States 4.7.5 German Spring Offensive of 1918 4.7.6 New states under war zone 4.8 Allied victory: summer 1918 onwards 4.8.1 Hundred Days Offensive 4.8.2 Armistices and capitulations 5 Aftermath 5.1 Formal end of the war 5.2 Peace treaties and national boundaries 5.3 National identities 5.4 Health effects 6 Technology 6.1 Ground warfare 6.2 Naval 6.3 Aviation 7 War crimes 7.1 Baralong incidents 7.2 Torpedoing of HMHS Llandovery Castle 7.3 Chemical weapons in warfare 7.4 Genocide and ethnic cleansing 7.4.1 Russian Empire 7.5 Rape of Belgium 8 Soldiers' experiences 8.1 Prisoners of war 8.2 Military attachés and war correspondents 9 Support and opposition to the war 9.1 Support 9.2 Opposition 9.2.1 Conscription 9.2.2 Conscription in Canada 9.2.3 Conscription in Australia 9.2.4 Conscription in Britain 9.3 Diplomacy 10 Legacy and memory 10.1 Historiography 10.2 Memorials 10.3 Cultural memory 10.4 Social trauma 10.5 Discontent in Germany 10.6 Economic effects 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 Bibliography 14.1 Primary sources 14.2 Historiography and memory 15 External links 15.1 Animated maps 15.2 Library guides Names From the time of its start until the approach of World War II , the First World War was called simply the World War or the Great War and thereafter the First World War or World War I. At the time, it was also sometimes called `` the war to end war '' or `` the war to end all wars'' due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Maclean's magazine in October 1914 wrote, `` Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War.'' During the interwar period (1918-- 1939), the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. The term `` First World War'' was first used in September 1914 by the German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel , who claimed that `` there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared ' European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word,'' citing a wire service report in The Indianapolis Star on 20 September 1914. After the onset of the Second World War in 1939, the terms World War I or the First World War became standard, with British and Canadian historians favouring the First World War , and Americans World War I . Background Main article: Causes of World War I Rival military coalitions in 1914; Triple Entente in green; Triple Alliance in brown. Only the Triple Alliance was a formal `` alliance'' ; the others listed were informal patterns of support. Political and military alliances During the 19th century, the major European powers went to great lengths to maintain a balance of power throughout Europe, resulting in the existence of a complex network of political and military alliances throughout the continent by 1900. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia , Russia, and Austria. When Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors (German: Dreikaiserbund ) between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany. This agreement failed because Austria-Hungary and Russia could not agree over Balkan policy, leaving Germany and Austria-Hungary in an alliance formed in 1879, called the Dual Alliance . This was seen as a method of countering Russian influence in the Balkans as the Ottoman Empire continued to weaken . This alliance expanded in 1882 to include Italy, in what became the Triple Alliance . Bismarck had especially worked to hold Russia at Germany's side in an effort to avoid a two-front war with France and Russia. When Wilhelm II ascended to the throne as German Emperor ( Kaiser ), Bismarck was compelled to retire and his system of alliances was gradually de-emphasised. For example, the Kaiser refused, in 1890, to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia. Two years later, the Franco-Russian Alliance was signed to counteract the force of the Triple Alliance. In 1904, Britain signed a series of agreements with France, the Entente Cordiale , and in 1907, Britain and Russia signed the Anglo-Russian Convention . While these agreements did not formally ally Britain with France or Russia, they made British entry into any future conflict involving France or Russia a possibility, and the system of interlocking bilateral agreements became known as the Triple Entente . SMS Rheinland , a Nassau -class battleship, Germany's first response to Dreadnought . Arms race German industrial and economic power had grown greatly after unification and the foundation of the Empire in 1871 following the Franco-Prussian War . From the mid-1890s on, the government of Wilhelm II used this base to devote significant economic resources for building up the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial German Navy ), established by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , in rivalry with the British Royal Navy for world naval supremacy. As a result, each nation strove to out-build the other in capital ships . With the launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906, the British Empire expanded on its significant advantage over its German rival. The arms race between Britain and Germany eventually extended to the rest of Europe, with all the major powers devoting their industrial base to producing the equipment and weapons necessary for a pan-European conflict. Between 1908 and 1913, the military spending of the European powers increased by 50%. Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the Austrian annexation in 1908 Conflicts in the Balkans Austria-Hungary precipitated the Bosnian crisis of 1908-- 1909 by officially annexing the former Ottoman territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which it had occupied since 1878 . This angered the Kingdom of Serbia and its patron, the Pan-Slavic and Orthodox Russian Empire . Russian political manoeuvring in the region destabilised peace accords that were already fracturing in the Balkans, which came to be known as the `` powder keg of Europe .'' In 1912 and 1913, the First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan League and the fracturing Ottoman Empire. The resulting Treaty of London further shrank the Ottoman Empire, creating an independent Albanian state while enlarging the territorial holdings of Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece. When Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913, it lost most of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece, and Southern Dobruja to Romania in the 33-day Second Balkan War , further destabilising the region. The Great Powers were able to keep these Balkan conflicts contained, but the next one would spread throughout Europe and beyond. Prelude Sarajevo assassination Main article: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria This picture is usually associated with the arrest of Gavrilo Princip , although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander. On 28 June 1914, Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo . A group of six assassins ( Cvjetko Popović , Gavrilo Princip , Muhamed Mehmedbašić , Nedeljko Čabrinović , Trifko Grabež , Vaso Čubrilović ) from the Yugoslavist group Mlada Bosna , supplied by the Serbian Black Hand , had gathered on the street where the Archduke's motorcade would pass, with the intention of assassinating him. Čabrinović threw a grenade at the car, but missed. Some nearby were injured by the blast, but Ferdinand's convoy carried on. The other assassins failed to act as the cars drove past them. About an hour later, when Ferdinand was returning from a visit at the Sarajevo Hospital with those wounded in the assassination attempt, the convoy took a wrong turn into a street where, by coincidence, Princip stood. With a pistol, Princip shot and killed Ferdinand and his wife Sophie . The reaction among the people in Austria was mild, almost indifferent. As historian Zbyněk Zeman later wrote, `` the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever. On Sunday and Monday (28 and 29 June), the crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine, as if nothing had happened.'' . Nevertheless, the political impact of the murder of the heir to the throne was significant and has been described as a `` 9/11 effect, a terrorist event charged with historic meaning, transforming the political chemistry in Vienna. And although they were not personally close, the Emperor Franz Joseph was profoundly shocked and upset. The Austro-Hungarian authorities encouraged the subsequent anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , in which Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks killed two Bosnian Serbs and damaged numerous Serb-owned buildings. Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were also organized outside Sarajevo, in other cities in Austro-Hungarian-controlled Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia. Austro-Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned and extradited approximately 5,500 prominent Serbs, 700 to 2,200 of whom died in prison. A further 460 Serbs were sentenced to death. A predominantly Bosniak special militia known as the Schutzkorps was established and carried out the persecution of Serbs. July crisis Main article: July Crisis Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , 29 June 1914 Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910. Bosnia-Herzegovina was annexed in 1908. The assassination led to a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France and Britain, called the July Crisis . Believing correctly that Serbian officials (especially the officers of the Black Hand) were involved in the plot to murder the Archduke, and wanting to finally end Serbian interference in Bosnia, Austria-Hungary delivered to Serbia on 23 July the July Ultimatum , a series of ten demands that were made intentionally unacceptable, in an effort to provoke a war with Serbia. The next day, after the Council of Ministers of Russia was held under the chairmanship of the Tsar at Krasnoe Selo, Russia ordered general mobilization for Odessa, Kiev, Kazan and Moscow military districts, and fleets of the Baltic and the Black Sea. They also asked other regions to accelerate preparations for general mobilization. Serbia decreed general mobilization on the 25th. The Serbs drafted their reply to the ultimatum in such a way as to give the impression of making significant concessions but, as Christopher Clark states, `` this was a highly perfumed rejection on most points'' . This included article six, which demanded that Austrian delegates be allowed in Serbia for the purpose of participation in the investigation into the assassination. Following this, Austria broke off diplomatic relations with Serbia and, the next day ordered a partial mobilization. Finally, on 28 July 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. On 25 July, Russia, in support of its Serb protégé , unilaterally declared-- outside of the conciliation procedure provided by the Franco-Russian military agreements-- partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary. On the 30th, Russia ordered general mobilization against Germany. German Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg waited until the 31st for an appropriate response, when Germany declared a `` state of danger of war'' . Kaiser Wilhelm II asked his cousin, Tsar Nicolas II, to suspend the Russian general mobilization. When he refused, Germany issued an ultimatum demanding its mobilization be stopped, and a commitment not to support Serbia. Another was sent to France, asking her not to support Russia if it were to come to the defence of Serbia. On 1 August, after the Russian response, Germany mobilized and declared war on Russia. This also led to the general mobilization in Austria-Hungary on 4 August. The German government issued demands to France that it remain neutral as they had to decide which deployment plan to implement, it being difficult if not impossible to change the deployment whilst it was underway. The modified German Schlieffen Plan , Aufmarsch II West , would deploy 80% of the army in the west, and Aufmarsch I Ost and Aufmarsch II Ost would deploy 60% in the west and 40% in the east as this was the maximum that the East Prussian railway infrastructure could carry. The French did not respond, but sent a mixed message by ordering their troops to withdraw 10 km (6 mi) from the border to avoid any incidents, and at the same time ordered the mobilisation of her reserves. Germany responded by mobilising its own reserves and implementing Aufmarsch II West. On 1 August Wilhelm ordered General Moltke to `` march the whole of the ... army to the East'' after he had been wrongly informed that the British would remain neutral as long as France was not attacked. The General convinced the Kaiser that improvising the redeployment of a million men was unthinkable and that making it possible for the French to attack the Germans `` in the rear'' might prove disastrous. Yet Wilhelm insisted that the German army should not march into Luxembourg until he received a telegram sent by his cousin George V, who made it clear that there had been a misunderstanding. Eventually the Kaiser told Molkte, `` Now you can do what you want.'' Germany attacked Luxembourg on 2 August, and on 3 August declared war on France. On 4 August, after Belgium refused to permit German troops to cross its borders into France, Germany declared war on Belgium as well. Britain declared war on Germany at 19:00 UTC on 4 August 1914 (effective from 11 pm), following an `` unsatisfactory reply'' to the British ultimatum that Belgium must be kept neutral . Progress of the war Further information: Diplomatic history of World War I Opening hostilities Confusion among the Central Powers The strategy of the Central Powers suffered from miscommunication. Germany had promised to support Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia, but interpretations of what this meant differed. Previously tested deployment plans had been replaced early in 1914, but those had never been tested in exercises. Austro-Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank against Russia. Germany, however, envisioned Austria-Hungary directing most of its troops against Russia, while Germany dealt with France. This confusion forced the Austro-Hungarian Army to divide its forces between the Russian and Serbian fronts. Serbian campaign Serbian Army Blériot XI `` Oluj'' , 1915 Main article: Serbian Campaign of World War I Austria invaded and fought the Serbian army at the Battle of Cer and Battle of Kolubara beginning on 12 August. Over the next two weeks, Austrian attacks were thrown back with heavy losses, which marked the first major Allied victories of the war and dashed Austro-Hungarian hopes of a swift victory. As a result, Austria had to keep sizable forces on the Serbian front, weakening its efforts against Russia. Serbia's defeat of the Austro-Hungarian invasion of 1914 counts among the major upset victories of the twentieth century. German forces in Belgium and France Main article: Western Front (World War I) German soldiers in a railway goods wagon on the way to the front in 1914. Early in the war, all sides expected the conflict to be a short one. At the outbreak of World War I, 80% of the German army was deployed as seven field armies in the west according to the plan Aufmarsch II West . However, they were then assigned to execute the retired deployment plan Aufmarsch I West , also known as the Schlieffen Plan. This would march German armies through northern Belgium and into France, in an attempt to encircle the French army and then breach the ' second defensive area' of the fortresses of Verdun and Paris and the Marne river. Aufmarsch I West was one of four deployment plans available to the German General Staff in 1914. Each plan favoured certain operations, but did not specify exactly how those operations were to be carried out, leaving the commanding officers to carry those out at their own initiative and with minimal oversight. Aufmarsch I West , designed for a one-front war with France, had been retired once it became clear it was irrelevant to the wars Germany could expect to face; both Russia and Britain were expected to help France, and there was no possibility of Italian nor Austro-Hungarian troops being available for operations against France. But despite its unsuitability, and the availability of more sensible and decisive options, it retained a certain allure due to its offensive nature and the pessimism of pre-war thinking, which expected offensive operations to be short-lived, costly in casualties, and unlikely to be decisive. Accordingly, the Aufmarsch II West deployment was changed for the offensive of 1914, despite its unrealistic goals and the insufficient forces Germany had available for decisive success. Moltke took Schlieffen's plan and modified the deployment of forces on the western front by reducing the right wing, the one to advance through Belgium, from 85% to 70%. In the end, the Schlieffen plan was so radically modified by Moltke, that it could be more properly called the Moltke Plan. The plan called for the right flank of the German advance to bypass the French armies concentrated on the Franco-German border, defeat the French forces closer to Luxembourg and Belgium and move south to Paris. Initially the Germans were successful, particularly in the Battle of the Frontiers (14-- 24 August). By 12 September, the French, with assistance from the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), halted the German advance east of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne (5-- 12 September) and pushed the German forces back some 50 km (31 mi). The French offensive into southern Alsace, launched on 20 August with the Battle of Mulhouse , had limited success. In the east, Russia invaded with two armies. In response, Germany rapidly moved the 8th Field Army from its previous role as reserve for the invasion of France to East Prussia by rail across the German Empire. This army, led by general Paul von Hindenburg , defeated Russia in a series of battles collectively known as the First Battle of Tannenberg (17 August -- 2 September). While the Russian invasion failed, it caused the diversion of German troops to the east, allowing the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne. This meant Germany failed to achieve its objective of avoiding a long, two-front war. However, the German army had fought its way into a good defensive position inside France and effectively halved France's supply of coal. It had also killed or permanently crippled 230,000 more French and British troops than it itself had lost. Despite this, communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of a more decisive outcome. Asia and the Pacific Main article: Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I Military recruitment in Melbourne , Australia , 1914 New Zealand occupied German Samoa (later Western Samoa) on 30 August 1914. On 11 September, the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force landed on the island of Neu Pommern (later New Britain), which formed part of German New Guinea . On 28 October, the German cruiser SMS Emden sank the Russian cruiser Zhemchug in the Battle of Penang . Japan seized Germany's Micronesian colonies and, after the Siege of Tsingtao , the German coaling port of Qingdao on the Chinese Shandong peninsula. As Vienna refused to withdraw the Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth from Tsingtao, Japan declared war not only on Germany, but also on Austria-Hungary; the ship participated in the defense of Tsingtao where it was sunk in November 1914. Within a few months, the Allied forces had seized all the German territories in the Pacific; only isolated commerce raiders and a few holdouts in New Guinea remained. African campaigns Main article: African theatre of World War I Military recruitment near Tiberias , Ottoman Empire , 1914 Some of the first clashes of the war involved British, French, and German colonial forces in Africa. On 6-- 7 August, French and British troops invaded the German protectorate of Togoland and Kamerun . On 10 August, German forces in South-West Africa attacked South Africa; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the rest of the war. The German colonial forces in German East Africa , led by Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck , fought a guerrilla warfare campaign during World War I and only surrendered two weeks after the armistice took effect in Europe. Indian support for the Allies Further information: Hindu-- German Conspiracy , Niedermayer-- Hentig Expedition , and Third Anglo-Afghan War Germany attempted to use Indian nationalism and pan-Islamism to its advantage, instigating uprisings in India , and sending a mission that urged Afghanistan to join the war on the side of Central powers. However, contrary to British fears of a revolt in India, the outbreak of the war saw an unprecedented outpouring of loyalty and goodwill towards Britain. Indian political leaders from the Indian National Congress and other groups were eager to support the British war effort, since they believed that strong support for the war effort would further the cause of Indian Home Rule . The Indian Army in fact outnumbered the British Army at the beginning of the war; about 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while the central government and the princely states sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. In all, 140,000 men served on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 in the Middle East. Casualties of Indian soldiers totalled 47,746 killed and 65,126 wounded during World War I. The suffering engendered by the war, as well as the failure of the British government to grant self-government to India after the end of hostilities, bred disillusionment and fuelled the campaign for full independence that would be led by Mohandas K. Gandhi and others. Western front Main article: Western Front (World War I) Trench warfare begins Royal Irish Rifles in a communications trench, first day on the Somme , 1916 Military tactics developed before World War I failed to keep pace with advances in technology and had become obsolete. These advances had allowed the creation of strong defensive systems, which out-of-date military tactics could not break through for most of the war. Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances, while artillery , vastly more lethal than in the 1870s, coupled with machine guns , made crossing open ground extremely difficult. Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties. In time, however, technology began to produce new offensive weapons, such as gas warfare and the tank . Just after the First Battle of the Marne (5-- 12 September 1914), Entente and German forces repeatedly attempted manoeuvring to the north in an effort to outflank each other: this series of manoeuvres became known as the `` Race to the Sea '' . When these outflanking efforts failed, the opposing forces soon found themselves facing an uninterrupted line of entrenched positions from Lorraine to Belgium's coast. Britain and France sought to take the offensive, while Germany defended the occupied territories. Consequently, German trenches were much better constructed than those of their enemy; Anglo-French trenches were only intended to be `` temporary'' before their forces broke through the German defences. Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances. On 22 April 1915, at the Second Battle of Ypres , the Germans (violating the Hague Convention ) used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front. Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides, and though it never proved a decisive, battle-winning weapon, poison gas became one of the most-feared and best-remembered horrors of the war. Tanks were developed by Britain and France, and were first used in combat by the British during the Battle of Flers-- Courcelette (part of the Battle of the Somme) on 15 September 1916, with only partial success. However, their effectiveness would grow as the war progressed; the Allies built tanks in large numbers, whilst the Germans employed only a few of their own design, supplemented by captured Allied tanks. Continuation of trench warfare French 87th regiment near Verdun, 1916 King George V ( front left ) and a group of officials inspect a British munitions factory in 1917 Canadian troops advancing with a British Mark II tank at the Battle of Vimy Ridge , 1917 Neither side proved able to deliver a decisive blow for the next two years. Throughout 1915-- 17, the British Empire and France suffered more casualties than Germany, because of both the strategic and tactical stances chosen by the sides. Strategically, while the Germans only mounted one major offensive, the Allies made several attempts to break through the German lines. In February 1916 the Germans attacked the French defensive positions at Verdun . Lasting until December 1916, the battle saw initial German gains, before French counter-attacks returned matters to near their starting point. Casualties were greater for the French, but the Germans bled heavily as well, with anywhere from 700,000 to 975,000 casualties suffered between the two combatants. Verdun became a symbol of French determination and self-sacrifice. The Battle of the Somme was an Anglo-French offensive of July to November 1916. The opening of this offensive (1 July 1916) saw the British Army endure the bloodiest day in its history, suffering 57,470 casualties, including 19,240 dead, on the first day alone. The entire Somme offensive cost the British Army some 420,000 casualties. The French suffered another estimated 200,000 casualties and the Germans an estimated 500,000. Protracted action at Verdun throughout 1916, combined with the bloodletting at the Somme, brought the exhausted French army to the brink of collapse. Futile attempts using frontal assault came at a high price for both the British and the French and led to the widespread French Army Mutinies , after the failure of the costly Nivelle Offensive of April-- May 1917. The concurrent British Battle of Arras was more limited in scope, and more successful, although ultimately of little strategic value. A smaller part of the Arras offensive, the capture of Vimy Ridge by the Canadian Corps , became highly significant to that country: the idea that Canada's national identity was born out of the battle is an opinion widely held in military and general histories of Canada. The last large-scale offensive of this period was a British attack (with French support) at Passchendaele (July-- November 1917). This offensive opened with great promise for the Allies, before bogging down in the October mud. Casualties, though disputed, were roughly equal, at some 200,000-- 400,000 per side. These years of trench warfare in the West saw no major exchanges of territory and, as a result, are often thought of as static and unchanging. However, throughout this period, British, French, and German tactics constantly evolved to meet new battlefield challenges. Naval war Main article: Naval warfare of World War I Battleships of the Hochseeflotte , 1917 At the start of the war, the German Empire had cruisers scattered across the globe, some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied merchant shipping . The British Royal Navy systematically hunted them down, though not without some embarrassment from its inability to protect Allied shipping. For example, the German detached light cruiser SMS Emden , part of the East-Asia squadron stationed at Qingdao, seized or destroyed 15 merchantmen, as well as sinking a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer. However, most of the German East-Asia squadron -- consisting of the armoured cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , light cruisers Nürnberg and Leipzig and two transport ships-- did not have orders to raid shipping and was instead underway to Germany when it met British warships. The German flotilla and Dresden sank two armoured cruisers at the Battle of Coronel , but was virtually destroyed at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914, with only Dresden and a few auxiliaries escaping, but after the Battle of Más a Tierra these too had been destroyed or interned. Soon after the outbreak of hostilities, Britain began a naval blockade of Germany . The strategy proved effective, cutting off vital military and civilian supplies, although this blockade violated accepted international law codified by several international agreements of the past two centuries. Britain mined international waters to prevent any ships from entering entire sections of ocean, causing danger to even neutral ships. Since there was limited response to this tactic of the British, Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare. The Battle of Jutland (German: Skagerrakschlacht , or `` Battle of the Skagerrak '' ) developed into the largest naval battle of the war. It was the only full-scale clash of battleships during the war, and one of the largest in history. The Kaiserliche Marine's High Seas Fleet, commanded by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer , fought the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet , led by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe . The engagement was a stand off, as the Germans were outmanoeuvred by the larger British fleet, but managed to escape and inflicted more damage to the British fleet than they received. Strategically, however, the British asserted their control of the sea, and the bulk of the German surface fleet remained confined to port for the duration of the war. U-155 exhibited near Tower Bridge in London, after the 1918 Armistice. German U-boats attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain. The nature of submarine warfare meant that attacks often came without warning, giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival. The United States launched a protest, and Germany changed its rules of engagement. After the sinking of the passenger ship RMS Lusitania in 1915, Germany promised not to target passenger liners, while Britain armed its merchant ships, placing them beyond the protection of the `` cruiser rules '' , which demanded warning and movement of crews to `` a place of safety'' (a standard that lifeboats did not meet). Finally, in early 1917, Germany adopted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare , realising that the Americans would eventually enter the war. Germany sought to strangle Allied sea lanes before the United States could transport a large army overseas, but after initial successes eventually failed to do so. The U-boat threat lessened in 1917, when merchant ships began travelling in convoys , escorted by destroyers . This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets, which significantly lessened losses; after the hydrophone and depth charges were introduced, accompanying destroyers could attack a submerged submarine with some hope of success. Convoys slowed the flow of supplies, since ships had to wait as convoys were assembled. The solution to the delays was an extensive program of building new freighters. Troopships were too fast for the submarines and did not travel the North Atlantic in convoys. The U-boats had sunk more than 5,000 Allied ships, at a cost of 199 submarines. World War I also saw the first use of aircraft carriers in combat, with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a successful raid against the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in July 1918, as well as blimps for antisubmarine patrol. Southern theatres War in the Balkans Main articles: Balkans Campaign (World War I) , Bulgaria during World War I , Serbian Campaign (World War I) , and Macedonian Front Austro-Hungarian troops executing captured Serbians, 1917. Serbia lost about 850,000 people during the war, a quarter of its pre-war population. Bulgarian soldiers in a trench, preparing to fire against an incoming airplane. Refugee transport from Serbia in Leibnitz , Styria , 1914 Faced with Russia, Austria-Hungary could spare only one-third of its army to attack Serbia. After suffering heavy losses, the Austrians briefly occupied the Serbian capital, Belgrade . A Serbian counter-attack in the Battle of Kolubara succeeded in driving them from the country by the end of 1914. For the first ten months of 1915, Austria-Hungary used most of its military reserves to fight Italy. German and Austro-Hungarian diplomats, however, scored a coup by persuading Bulgaria to join the attack on Serbia. The Austro-Hungarian provinces of Slovenia , Croatia and Bosnia provided troops for Austria-Hungary, in the fight with Serbia, Russia and Italy. Montenegro allied itself with Serbia. Bulgaria declared war on Serbia, 12 October and joined in the attack by the Austro-Hungarian army under Mackensen's army of 250,000 that was already underway. Serbia was conquered in a little more than a month, as the Central Powers, now including Bulgaria, sent in 600,000 troops total. The Serbian army, fighting on two fronts and facing certain defeat, retreated into northern Albania . The Serbs suffered defeat in the Battle of Kosovo . Montenegro covered the Serbian retreat towards the Adriatic coast in the Battle of Mojkovac in 6-- 7 January 1916, but ultimately the Austrians also conquered Montenegro. The surviving Serbian soldiers were evacuated by ship to Greece. After conquest, Serbia was divided between Austro-Hungary and Bulgaria. In late 1915, a Franco-British force landed at Salonica in Greece, to offer assistance and to pressure its government to declare war against the Central Powers. However, the pro-German King Constantine I dismissed the pro-Allied government of Eleftherios Venizelos before the Allied expeditionary force arrived. The friction between the King of Greece and the Allies continued to accumulate with the National Schism , which effectively divided Greece between regions still loyal to the king and the new provisional government of Venizelos in Salonica. After intense negotiations and an armed confrontation in Athens between Allied and royalist forces (an incident known as Noemvriana ), the King of Greece resigned and his second son Alexander took his place; Greece then officially joined the war on the side of the Allies. In the beginning, the Macedonian Front was mostly static. French and Serbian forces retook limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing Bitola on 19 November 1916 following the costly Monastir Offensive , which brought stabilization of the front. Serbian and French troops finally made a breakthrough in September 1918 , after most of the German and Austro-Hungarian troops had been withdrawn. The Bulgarians suffered their only defeat of the war at the Battle of Dobro Pole . Bulgaria capitulated two weeks later, on 29 September 1918. The German high command responded by despatching troops to hold the line, but these forces were far too weak to reestablish a front. The disappearance of the Macedonian Front meant that the road to Budapest and Vienna was now opened to Allied forces. Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly against the Central Powers and, a day after the Bulgarian collapse, insisted on an immediate peace settlement. Ottoman Empire Main article: History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I See also: Middle Eastern theatre of World War I Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench during the Gallipoli Campaign Mehmed V greeting Wilhelm II on his arrival at Constantinople Kaiser Wilhelm II inspecting Turkish troops of the 15th Corps in East Galicia, Poland. Prince Leopold of Bavaria, the Supreme Commander of the German Army on the Eastern Front, is second from the left. Russian forest trench at the Battle of Sarikamish , 1914-- 1915 The Ottomans threatened Russia's Caucasian territories and Britain's communications with India via the Suez Canal . As the conflict progressed, the Ottoman Empire took advantage of the European powers' preoccupation with the war and conducted large-scale ethnic cleansing of the indigenous Armenian , Greek , and Assyrian Christian populations, known as the Armenian Genocide , Greek Genocide , and Assyrian Genocide . The British and French opened overseas fronts with the Gallipoli (1915) and Mesopotamian campaigns (1914). In Gallipoli, the Ottoman Empire successfully repelled the British, French, and Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs). In Mesopotamia , by contrast, after the defeat of the British defenders in the Siege of Kut by the Ottomans (1915-- 16), British Imperial forces reorganised and captured Baghdad in March 1917. The British were aided in Mesopotamia by local Arab and Assyrian tribesmen, while the Ottomans employed local Kurdish and Turcoman tribes. Further to the west, the Suez Canal was defended from Ottoman attacks in 1915 and 1916; in August, a German and Ottoman force was defeated at the Battle of Romani by the ANZAC Mounted Division and the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division . Following this victory, an Egyptian Expeditionary Force advanced across the Sinai Peninsula , pushing Ottoman forces back in the Battle of Magdhaba in December and the Battle of Rafa on the border between the Egyptian Sinai and Ottoman Palestine in January 1917. Russian armies generally saw success in the Caucasus. Enver Pasha , supreme commander of the Ottoman armed forces, was ambitious and dreamed of re-conquering central Asia and areas that had been lost to Russia previously. He was, however, a poor commander. He launched an offensive against the Russians in the Caucasus in December 1914 with 100,000 troops, insisting on a frontal attack against mountainous Russian positions in winter. He lost 86% of his force at the Battle of Sarikamish . The Ottoman Empire, with German support, invaded Persia (modern Iran ) in December 1914 in an effort to cut off British and Russian access to petroleum reservoirs around Baku near the Caspian Sea . Persia, ostensibly neutral, had long been under the spheres of British and Russian influence. The Ottomans and Germans were aided by Kurdish and Azeri forces, together with a large number of major Iranian tribes, such as the Qashqai , Tangistanis , Luristanis , and Khamseh , while the Russians and British had the support of Armenian and Assyrian forces. The Persian Campaign was to last until 1918 and end in failure for the Ottomans and their allies. However the Russian withdrawal from the war in 1917 led to Armenian and Assyrian forces, who had hitherto inflicted a series of defeats upon the forces of the Ottomans and their allies, being cut off from supply lines, outnumbered, outgunned and isolated, forcing them to fight and flee towards British lines in northern Mesopotamia. General Yudenich , the Russian commander from 1915 to 1916, drove the Turks out of most of the southern Caucasus with a string of victories. In 1917, Russian Grand Duke Nicholas assumed command of the Caucasus front. Nicholas planned a railway from Russian Georgia to the conquered territories, so that fresh supplies could be brought up for a new offensive in 1917. However, in March 1917 (February in the pre-revolutionary Russian calendar), the Czar abdicated in the course of the February Revolution and the Russian Caucasus Army began to fall apart. The Arab Revolt , instigated by the Arab bureau of the British Foreign Office , started June 1916 with the Battle of Mecca , led by Sherif Hussein of Mecca , and ended with the Ottoman surrender of Damascus. Fakhri Pasha , the Ottoman commander of Medina , resisted for more than two and half years during the Siege of Medina before surrendering. The Senussi tribe, along the border of Italian Libya and British Egypt, incited and armed by the Turks, waged a small-scale guerrilla war against Allied troops. The British were forced to dispatch 12,000 troops to oppose them in the Senussi Campaign . Their rebellion was finally crushed in mid-1916. Total Allied casualties on the Ottoman fronts amounted 650,000 men. Total Ottoman casualties were 725,000 (325,000 dead and 400,000 wounded). Italian participation Main articles: Italian Front (World War I) and Albania during World War I Further information: Battles of the Isonzo A pro-war demonstration in Bologna , 1914. Italy had been allied with the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires since 1882 as part of the Triple Alliance. However, the nation had its own designs on Austrian territory in Trentino , the Austrian Littoral , Fiume (Rijeka) and Dalmatia . Rome had a secret 1902 pact with France, effectively nullifying its part in the Triple Alliance. At the start of hostilities, Italy refused to commit troops, arguing that the Triple Alliance was defensive and that Austria-Hungary was an aggressor. The Austro-Hungarian government began negotiations to secure Italian neutrality, offering the French colony of Tunisia in return. The Allies made a counter-offer in which Italy would receive the Southern Tyrol , Austrian Littoral and territory on the Dalmatian coast after the defeat of Austria-Hungary. This was formalised by the Treaty of London . Further encouraged by the Allied invasion of Turkey in April 1915, Italy joined the Triple Entente and declared war on Austria-Hungary on 23 May. Fifteen months later, Italy declared war on Germany. Austro-Hungarian troops, Tyrol. The Italians had numerical superiority but this advantage was lost, not only because of the difficult terrain in which the fighting took place, but also because of the strategies and tactics employed. Field Marshal Luigi Cadorna , a staunch proponent of the frontal assault, had dreams of breaking into the Slovenian plateau, taking Ljubljana and threatening Vienna. On the Trentino front, the Austro-Hungarians took advantage of the mountainous terrain, which favoured the defender. After an initial strategic retreat, the front remained largely unchanged, while Austrian Kaiserschützen and Standschützen engaged Italian Alpini in bitter hand-to-hand combat throughout the summer. The Austro-Hungarians counterattacked in the Altopiano of Asiago , towards Verona and Padua, in the spring of 1916 ( Strafexpedition ), but made little progress. Beginning in 1915, the Italians under Cadorna mounted eleven offensives on the Isonzo front along the Isonzo (Soča ) River, northeast of Trieste . All eleven offensives were repelled by the Austro-Hungarians, who held the higher ground. In the summer of 1916, after the Battle of Doberdò , the Italians captured the town of Gorizia . After this minor victory, the front remained static for over a year, despite several Italian offensives, centred on the Banjšice and Karst Plateau east of Gorizia. Depiction of the Battle of Doberdò , fought in August 1916 between the Italian and the Austro-Hungarian armies The Central Powers launched a crushing offensive on 26 October 1917, spearheaded by the Germans. They achieved a victory at Caporetto ( Kobarid ). The Italian Army was routed and retreated more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) to reorganise, stabilising the front at the Piave River . Since the Italian Army had suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Caporetto, the Italian Government called to arms the so-called ' 99 Boys ( Ragazzi del ' 99 ): that is, all males born 1899 and prior, and so were 18 years old or older. In 1918, the Austro-Hungarians failed to break through in a series of battles on the Piave and were finally decisively defeated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto in October of that year. On 1 November, the Italian Navy destroyed much of the Austro-Hungarian fleet stationed in Pula , preventing it from being handed over to the new State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs . On 3 November, the Italians invaded Trieste from the sea. On the same day, the Armistice of Villa Giusti was signed. By mid-November 1918, the Italian military occupied the entire former Austrian Littoral and had seized control of the portion of Dalmatia that had been guaranteed to Italy by the London Pact. By the end of hostilities in November 1918, Admiral Enrico Millo declared himself Italy's Governor of Dalmatia. Austria-Hungary surrendered on 11 November 1918. Romanian participation Main article: Romania during World War I Marshal Joffre inspecting Romanian troops, 1916 Romanian troops during the Battle of Mărăşeşti , 1917 Romania had been allied with the Central Powers since 1882. When the war began, however, it declared its neutrality, arguing that because Austria-Hungary had itself declared war on Serbia, Romania was under no obligation to join the war. When the Entente Powers promised Romania Transylvania and Banat , large territories of eastern Hungary, in exchange for Romania's declaring war on the Central Powers, the Romanian government renounced its neutrality. On 27 August 1916, the Romanian Army launched an attack against Austria-Hungary, with limited Russian support. The Romanian offensive was initially successful, against the Austro-Hungarian troops in Transylvania, but a counterattack by the forces of the Central Powers drove them back. As a result of the Battle of Bucharest , the Central Powers occupied Bucharest on 6 December 1916. Fighting in Moldova continued in 1917 , resulting in a costly stalemate for the Central Powers. Russian withdrawal from the war in late 1917 as a result of the October Revolution meant that Romania was forced to sign an armistice with the Central Powers on 9 December 1917. In January 1918, Romanian forces established control over Bessarabia as the Russian Army abandoned the province. Although a treaty was signed by the Romanian and the Bolshevik Russian governments following talks between 5 and 9 March 1918 on the withdrawal of Romanian forces from Bessarabia within two months, on 27 March 1918 Romania attached Bessarabia to its territory, formally based on a resolution passed by the local assembly of that territory on its unification with Romania. Romania officially made peace with the Central Powers by signing the Treaty of Bucharest on 7 May 1918. Under that treaty, Romania was obliged to end the war with the Central Powers and make small territorial concessions to Austria-Hungary, ceding control of some passes in the Carpathian Mountains , and to grant oil concessions to Germany. In exchange, the Central Powers recognised the sovereignty of Romania over Bessarabia. The treaty was renounced in October 1918 by the Alexandru Marghiloman government, and Romania nominally re-entered the war on 10 November 1918. The next day, the Treaty of Bucharest was nullified by the terms of the Armistice of Compiègne . Total Romanian deaths from 1914 to 1918, military and civilian, within contemporary borders, were estimated at 748,000. Eastern front Main article: Eastern Front (World War I) Heir presumptive Karl visiting the fortress of Przemyśl after the first siege. The Russian Siege of Przemyśl was the longest siege of the war. Initial actions While the Western Front had reached stalemate, the war continued in East Europe. Initial Russian plans called for simultaneous invasions of Austrian Galicia and East Prussia. Although Russia's initial advance into Galicia was largely successful, it was driven back from East Prussia by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at the Battle of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes in August and September 1914. Russia's less developed industrial base and ineffective military leadership were instrumental in the events that unfolded. By the spring of 1915, the Russians had retreated to Galicia, and, in May, the Central Powers achieved a remarkable breakthrough on Poland's southern frontiers. On 5 August, they captured Warsaw and forced the Russians to withdraw from Poland. Russian Revolution Main article: Russian Revolution Allied troops parade through Vladivostok in armed support of the anti-communist White Army , September 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk , 1918. Count Ottokar von Czernin Richard von Kühlmann Vasil Radoslavov Despite Russia's success with the June 1916 Brusilov Offensive in eastern Galicia, dissatisfaction with the Russian government's conduct of the war grew. The offensive's success was undermined by the reluctance of other generals to commit their forces to support the victory. Allied and Russian forces were revived only temporarily by Romania's entry into the war on 27 August. German forces came to the aid of embattled Austro-Hungarian units in Transylvania while a German-Bulgarian force attacked from the south, and Bucharest was retaken by the Central Powers on 6 December. Meanwhile, unrest grew in Russia, as the Tsar remained at the front. Empress Alexandra's increasingly incompetent rule drew protests and resulted in the murder of her favourite, Rasputin , at the end of 1916. In March 1917, demonstrations in Petrograd culminated in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the appointment of a weak Provisional Government , which shared power with the Petrograd Soviet socialists. This arrangement led to confusion and chaos both at the front and at home. The army became increasingly ineffective. Following the Tsar's abdication, Vladimir Lenin was ushered by train from Switzerland into Russia 16 April 1917. He was financed by Jacob Schiff . Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in the popularity of the Bolshevik Party, led by Lenin, which demanded an immediate end to the war. The Revolution of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany. At first, the Bolsheviks refused the German terms, but when German troops began marching across Ukraine unopposed, the new government acceded to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918. The treaty ceded vast territories, including Finland, the Baltic provinces , parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers. Despite this enormous apparent German success, the manpower required for German occupation of former Russian territory may have contributed to the failure of the Spring Offensive and secured relatively little food or other materiel for the Central Powers war effort. With the adoption of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Entente no longer existed. The Allied powers led a small-scale invasion of Russia, partly to stop Germany from exploiting Russian resources, and to a lesser extent, to support the `` Whites'' (as opposed to the `` Reds'' ) in the Russian Civil War . Allied troops landed in Arkhangelsk and in Vladivostok as part of the North Russia Intervention . Czechoslovak Legion Czechoslovak Legion , Vladivostok, 1918. Main article: Czechoslovak Legion The Czechoslovak Legion fought with the Entente; their goal was to win support for the independence of Czechoslovakia . The Legion in Russia was established in September 1914, in December 1917 in France (including volunteers from America) and in April 1918 in Italy . Czechoslovak Legion troops defeated the Austro-Hungarian army at the Ukrainian village of Zborov , in July 1917. After this success, the number of Czechoslovak legionaries increased, as well as Czechoslovak military power. In the Battle of Bakhmach , the Legion defeated the Germans and forced them to make a truce. In Russia, they were heavily involved in the Russian Civil War, siding with the Whites against the Bolsheviks , at times controlling most of the Trans-Siberian railway and conquering all the major cities of Siberia . The presence of the Czechoslovak Legion near Yekaterinburg appears to have been one of the motivations for the Bolshevik execution of the Tsar and his family in July 1918. Legionaries arrived less than a week afterwards and captured the city. Because Russia's European ports were not safe, the corps was evacuated by a long detour via the port of Vladivostok. The last transport was the American ship Heffron in September 1920. Central Powers peace overtures `` They shall not pass '' , a phrase typically associated with the defense of Verdun. In December 1916, after ten brutal months of the Battle of Verdun and a successful offensive against Romania , the Germans attempted to negotiate a peace with the Allies. Soon after, the U.S. President, Woodrow Wilson, attempted to intervene as a peacemaker, asking in a note for both sides to state their demands. Lloyd George's War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions amongst the Allies. After initial outrage and much deliberation, they took Wilson's note as a separate effort, signalling that the United States was on the verge of entering the war against Germany following the `` submarine outrages'' . While the Allies debated a response to Wilson's offer, the Germans chose to rebuff it in favour of `` a direct exchange of views'' . Learning of the German response, the Allied governments were free to make clear demands in their response of 14 January. They sought restoration of damages, the evacuation of occupied territories, reparations for France, Russia and Romania, and a recognition of the principle of nationalities. This included the liberation of Italians, Slavs, Romanians, Czecho-Slovaks, and the creation of a `` free and united Poland'' . On the question of security, the Allies sought guarantees that would prevent or limit future wars, complete with sanctions, as a condition of any peace settlement. The negotiations failed and the Entente powers rejected the German offer, because Germany did not state any specific proposals. The Entente powers stated to Wilson that they would not start peace negotiations until the Central powers evacuated all occupied Allied territories and provided indemnities for all damage which had been done. 1917-- 1918 Developments in 1917 French Army lookout at his observation post, Haut-Rhin , France, 1917. German film crew recording the action. Events of 1917 proved decisive in ending the war, although their effects were not fully felt until 1918. The British naval blockade began to have a serious impact on Germany. In response, in February 1917, the German General Staff convinced Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg to declare unrestricted submarine warfare, with the goal of starving Britain out of the war. German planners estimated that unrestricted submarine warfare would cost Britain a monthly shipping loss of 600,000 tons. The General Staff acknowledged that the policy would almost certainly bring the United States into the conflict, but calculated that British shipping losses would be so high that they would be forced to sue for peace after 5 to 6 months, before American intervention could make an impact. In reality, tonnage sunk rose above 500,000 tons per month from February to July. It peaked at 860,000 tons in April. After July, the newly re-introduced convoy system became effective in reducing the U-boat threat. Britain was safe from starvation, while German industrial output fell and the United States joined the war far earlier than Germany had anticipated. On 3 May 1917, during the Nivelle Offensive, the French 2nd Colonial Division, veterans of the Battle of Verdun, refused orders, arriving drunk and without their weapons. Their officers lacked the means to punish an entire division, and harsh measures were not immediately implemented. The French Army Mutinies eventually spread to a further 54 French divisions and saw 20,000 men desert. However, appeals to patriotism and duty, as well as mass arrests and trials, encouraged the soldiers to return to defend their trenches, although the French soldiers refused to participate in further offensive action. Robert Nivelle was removed from command by 15 May, replaced by General Philippe Pétain , who suspended bloody large-scale attacks. The victory of the Central Powers at the Battle of Caporetto led the Allies to convene the Rapallo Conference at which they formed the Supreme War Council to coordinate planning. Previously, British and French armies had operated under separate commands. In December, the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia, thus freeing large numbers of German troops for use in the west. With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in, the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front. The Central Powers knew that they could not win a protracted war, but they held high hopes for success based on a final quick offensive. Furthermore, both sides became increasingly fearful of social unrest and revolution in Europe. Thus, both sides urgently sought a decisive victory. In 1917, Emperor Charles I of Austria secretly attempted separate peace negotiations with Clemenceau, through his wife's brother Sixtus in Belgium as an intermediary, without the knowledge of Germany. Italy opposed the proposals. When the negotiations failed, his attempt was revealed to Germany, resulting in a diplomatic catastrophe. Ottoman Empire conflict, 1917-- 1918 Main article: Sinai and Palestine Campaign 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09 and Ottoman artillerymen at Hareira in 1917 before the Southern Palestine offensive. Ottoman troops during Mesopotamian campaign . British artillery battery on Mount Scopus in the Battle of Jerusalem , 1917. British troops on the march during Mesopotamian campaign , 1917 In March and April 1917, at the First and Second Battles of Gaza , German and Ottoman forces stopped the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, which had begun in August 1916 at the Battle of Romani. At the end of October, the Sinai and Palestine Campaign resumed, when General Edmund Allenby 's XXth Corps , XXI Corps and Desert Mounted Corps won the Battle of Beersheba . Two Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the Battle of Mughar Ridge and, early in December, Jerusalem was captured following another Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Jerusalem (1917) . About this time, Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein was relieved of his duties as the Eighth Army's commander, replaced by Djevad Pasha , and a few months later the commander of the Ottoman Army in Palestine, Erich von Falkenhayn , was replaced by Otto Liman von Sanders . In early 1918, the front line was extended and the Jordan Valley was occupied, following the First Transjordan and the Second Transjordan attack by British Empire forces in March and April 1918. In March, most of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force's British infantry and Yeomanry cavalry were sent to the Western Front as a consequence of the Spring Offensive. They were replaced by Indian Army units. During several months of reorganisation and training of the summer, a number of attacks were carried out on sections of the Ottoman front line. These pushed the front line north to more advantageous positions for the Entente in preparation for an attack and to acclimatise the newly arrived Indian Army infantry. It was not until the middle of September that the integrated force was ready for large-scale operations. The reorganised Egyptian Expeditionary Force, with an additional mounted division, broke Ottoman forces at the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918. In two days the British and Indian infantry, supported by a creeping barrage, broke the Ottoman front line and captured the headquarters of the Eighth Army (Ottoman Empire) at Tulkarm , the continuous trench lines at Tabsor , Arara and the Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire) headquarters at Nablus . The Desert Mounted Corps rode through the break in the front line created by the infantry and, during virtually continuous operations by Australian Light Horse , British mounted Yeomanry, Indian Lancers and New Zealand Mounted Rifle brigades in the Jezreel Valley , they captured Nazareth , Afulah and Beisan , Jenin , along with Haifa on the Mediterranean coast and Daraa east of the Jordan River on the Hejaz railway. Samakh and Tiberias on the Sea of Galilee , were captured on the way northwards to Damascus . Meanwhile, Chaytor's Force of Australian light horse, New Zealand mounted rifles, Indian, British West Indies and Jewish infantry captured the crossings of the Jordan River , Es Salt , Amman and at Ziza most of the Fourth Army (Ottoman Empire) . The Armistice of Mudros , signed at the end of October, ended hostilities with the Ottoman Empire when fighting was continuing north of Aleppo . 15 August 1917: peace offer by the Pope See also: Pope Benedict XV § Peace efforts On or shortly before 15 August 1917 Pope Benedict XV made a peace proposal suggesting: No annexations No indemnities, except to compensate for severe war damage in Belgium and parts of France and of Serbia. A solution to the problems of Alsace-Lorraine and Trentino and Trieste Restoration of the Kingdom of Poland Germany to pull out of Belgium and France Germany's overseas colonies to be returned to Germany General disarmament A Supreme Court of arbitration to settle future disputes between nations The freedom of the seas Abolish all retaliatory economic conflicts No point in ordering reparations, because so much damage had been caused to all belligerents Entry of the United States Main article: American entry into World War I President Wilson before Congress, announcing the break in official relations with Germany on 3 February 1917 At the outbreak of the war, the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention , avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace. When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 Americans among the dead, President Woodrow Wilson insisted that `` America is too proud to fight'' but demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied. Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement. However, he also repeatedly warned that the United States would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare, in violation of international law. Former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced German acts as `` piracy'' . Wilson was narrowly reelected in 1916 as his supporters emphasized `` he kept us out of war'' . In January 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare, realizing it would mean American entry. The German Foreign Minister, in the Zimmermann Telegram , invited Mexico to join the war as Germany's ally against the United States. In return, the Germans would finance Mexico's war and help it recover the territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The United Kingdom intercepted the message and presented it to the U.S. embassy in the U.K. From there it made its way to President Wilson who released the Zimmermann note to the public, and Americans saw it as casus belli . Wilson called on antiwar elements to end all wars, by winning this one and eliminating militarism from the globe. He argued that the war was so important that the U.S. had to have a voice in the peace conference. After the sinking of seven U.S. merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmermann telegram, Wilson called for war on Germany, which the U.S. Congress declared on 6 April 1917 . The United States was never formally a member of the Allies but became a self-styled `` Associated Power'' . The United States had a small army, but, after the passage of the Selective Service Act , it drafted 2.8 million men, and, by summer 1918, was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day. In 1917, the U.S. Congress granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans to allow them to be drafted to participate in World War I, as part of the Jones-- Shafroth Act . If Germany believed it would be many more months before American soldiers would arrive and that their arrival could be stopped by U-boats, it had miscalculated. The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet, destroyers to Queenstown , Ireland , and submarines to help guard convoys. Several regiments of U.S. Marines were also dispatched to France. The British and French wanted American units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies. General John J. Pershing , American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) commander, refused to break up American units to be used as filler material. As an exception, he did allow African-American combat regiments to be used in French divisions. The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division, and earned a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Château -Thierry , Belleau Wood , and Sechault. AEF doctrine called for the use of frontal assaults, which had long since been discarded by British Empire and French commanders due to the large loss of life that resulted. German spring offensive of 1918 Main article: Spring Offensive British 55th Division soldiers, blinded by tear gas during the Battle of Estaires , 10 April 1918 French soldiers under General Gouraud , with machine guns amongst the ruins of a cathedral near the Marne , 1918. Ludendorff drew up plans ( codenamed Operation Michael ) for the 1918 offensive on the Western Front. The Spring Offensive sought to divide the British and French forces with a series of feints and advances. The German leadership hoped to end the war before significant U.S. forces arrived. The operation commenced on 21 March 1918, with an attack on British forces near Saint-Quentin . German forces achieved an unprecedented advance of 60 kilometres (37 mi). British and French trenches were penetrated using novel infiltration tactics , also named Hutier tactics, after General Oskar von Hutier , by specially trained units called stormtroopers . Previously, attacks had been characterised by long artillery bombardments and massed assaults. However, in the Spring Offensive of 1918, Ludendorff used artillery only briefly and infiltrated small groups of infantry at weak points. They attacked command and logistics areas and bypassed points of serious resistance. More heavily armed infantry then destroyed these isolated positions. This German success relied greatly on the element of surprise. The front moved to within 120 kilometres (75 mi) of Paris. Three heavy Krupp railway guns fired 183 shells on the capital, causing many Parisians to flee. The initial offensive was so successful that Kaiser Wilhelm II declared 24 March a national holiday . Many Germans thought victory was near. After heavy fighting, however, the offensive was halted. Lacking tanks or motorised artillery , the Germans were unable to consolidate their gains. The problems of re-supply were also exacerbated by increasing distances that now stretched over terrain that was shell-torn and often impassable to traffic. General Foch pressed to use the arriving American troops as individual replacements, whereas Pershing sought to field American units as an independent force. These units were assigned to the depleted French and British Empire commands on 28 March. A Supreme War Council of Allied forces was created at the Doullens Conference on 5 November 1917. General Foch was appointed as supreme commander of the Allied forces. Haig, Petain, and Pershing retained tactical control of their respective armies; Foch assumed a coordinating rather than a directing role, and the British, French, and U.S. commands operated largely independently. Following Operation Michael, Germany launched Operation Georgette against the northern English Channel ports. The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany. The German Army to the south then conducted Operations Blücher and Yorck , pushing broadly towards Paris. Germany launched Operation Marne ( Second Battle of the Marne ) 15 July, in an attempt to encircle Reims . The resulting counterattack, which started the Hundred Days Offensive , marked the first successful Allied offensive of the war. By 20 July, the Germans had retreated across the Marne to their starting lines, having achieved little, and the German Army never regained the initiative. German casualties between March and April 1918 were 270,000, including many highly trained storm troopers. Meanwhile, Germany was falling apart at home. Anti-war marches became frequent and morale in the army fell. Industrial output was half the 1913 levels. New States under war zone In the late spring of 1918, three new states were formed in the South Caucasus : the First Republic of Armenia , the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , and the Democratic Republic of Georgia , which declared their independence from the Russian Empire. Two other minor entities were established, the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and South West Caucasian Republic (the former was liquidated by Azerbaijan in the autumn of 1918 and the latter by a joint Armenian-British task force in early 1919). With the withdrawal of the Russian armies from the Caucasus front in the winter of 1917-- 18, the three major republics braced for an imminent Ottoman advance, which commenced in the early months of 1918. Solidarity was briefly maintained when the Transcaucasian Federative Republic was created in the spring of 1918, but this collapsed in May, when the Georgians asked for and received protection from Germany and the Azerbaijanis concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that was more akin to a military alliance. Armenia was left to fend for itself and struggled for five months against the threat of a full-fledged occupation by the Ottoman Turks before defeating them at the Battle of Sardarabad . Allied victory: summer 1918 onwards Between April and November 1918, the Allies increased their front-line rifle strength while German strength fell by half. Hundred days offensive Main articles: Hundred Days Offensive and Weimar Republic Aerial view of ruins of Vaux-devant-Damloup , France, 1918 The Allied counteroffensive, known as the Hundred Days Offensive, began on 8 August 1918, with the Battle of Amiens . The battle involved over 400 tanks and 120,000 British, Dominion , and French troops, and by the end of its first day a gap 24 kilometres (15 mi) long had been created in the German lines. The defenders displayed a marked collapse in morale, causing Ludendorff to refer to this day as the `` Black Day of the German army'' . After an advance as far as 23 kilometres (14 mi), German resistance stiffened, and the battle was concluded on 12 August. Rather than continuing the Amiens battle past the point of initial success, as had been done so many times in the past, the Allies shifted their attention elsewhere. Allied leaders had now realised that to continue an attack after resistance had hardened was a waste of lives, and it was better to turn a line than to try to roll over it. They began to undertake attacks in quick order to take advantage of successful advances on the flanks, then broke them off when each attack lost its initial impetus. Canadian Scottish , advancing during the Battle of the Canal du Nord , 1918 British and Dominion forces launched the next phase of the campaign with the Battle of Albert on 21 August. The assault was widened by French and then further British forces in the following days. During the last week of August the Allied pressure along a 110-kilometre (68 mi) front against the enemy was heavy and unrelenting. From German accounts, `` Each day was spent in bloody fighting against an ever and again on-storming enemy, and nights passed without sleep in retirements to new lines.'' Faced with these advances, on 2 September the German Supreme Army Command issued orders to withdraw to the Hindenburg Line in the south. This ceded without a fight the salient seized the previous April. According to Ludendorff `` We had to admit the necessity ... to withdraw the entire front from the Scarpe to the Vesle. September saw the Allies advance to the Hindenburg Line in the north and centre. The Germans continued to fight strong rear-guard actions and launched numerous counterattacks on lost positions, but only a few succeeded, and those only temporarily. Contested towns, villages, heights, and trenches in the screening positions and outposts of the Hindenburg Line continued to fall to the Allies, with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September. On 24 September an assault by both the British and French came within 3 kilometres (2 mi) of St. Quentin. The Germans had now retreated to positions along or behind the Hindenburg Line. An American major, piloting an observation balloon near the front, 1918 In nearly four weeks of fighting beginning on 8 August, over 100,000 German prisoners were taken. As of `` The Black Day of the German Army'' , the German High Command realised that the war was lost and made attempts to reach a satisfactory end. The day after that battle, Ludendorff said: `` We cannot win the war any more, but we must not lose it either.'' On 11 August he offered his resignation to the Kaiser, who refused it, replying, `` I see that we must strike a balance. We have nearly reached the limit of our powers of resistance. The war must be ended.'' On 13 August, at Spa , Hindenburg, Ludendorff, the Chancellor, and Foreign Minister Hintz agreed that the war could not be ended militarily and, on the following day, the German Crown Council decided that victory in the field was now most improbable. Austria and Hungary warned that they could only continue the war until December, and Ludendorff recommended immediate peace negotiations. Prince Rupprecht warned Prince Max of Baden: `` Our military situation has deteriorated so rapidly that I no longer believe we can hold out over the winter; it is even possible that a catastrophe will come earlier.'' On 10 September Hindenburg urged peace moves to Emperor Charles of Austria, and Germany appealed to the Netherlands for mediation. On 14 September Austria sent a note to all belligerents and neutrals suggesting a meeting for peace talks on neutral soil, and on 15 September Germany made a peace offer to Belgium. Both peace offers were rejected, and on 24 September Supreme Army Command informed the leaders in Berlin that armistice talks were inevitable. The final assault on the Hindenburg Line began with the Meuse-Argonne Offensive , launched by French and American troops on 26 September. The following week, cooperating French and American units broke through in Champagne at the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge , forcing the Germans off the commanding heights, and closing towards the Belgian frontier. On 8 October the line was pierced again by British and Dominion troops at the Battle of Cambrai . The German army had to shorten its front and use the Dutch frontier as an anchor to fight rear-guard actions as it fell back towards Germany. When Bulgaria signed a separate armistice on 29 September, Ludendorff, having been under great stress for months, suffered something similar to a breakdown. It was evident that Germany could no longer mount a successful defence. Men of U.S. 64th Regiment, 7th Infantry Division , celebrate the news of the Armistice, 11 November 1918. News of Germany's impending military defeat spread throughout the German armed forces. The threat of mutiny was rife. Admiral Reinhard Scheer and Ludendorff decided to launch a last attempt to restore the `` valour'' of the German Navy. Knowing the government of Prince Maximilian of Baden would veto any such action, Ludendorff decided not to inform him. Nonetheless, word of the impending assault reached sailors at Kiel . Many, refusing to be part of a naval offensive, which they believed to be suicidal, rebelled and were arrested. Ludendorff took the blame; the Kaiser dismissed him on 26 October. The collapse of the Balkans meant that Germany was about to lose its main supplies of oil and food. Its reserves had been used up, even as U.S. troops kept arriving at the rate of 10,000 per day. The Americans supplied more than 80% of Allied oil during the war, and there was no shortage. With the military faltering and with widespread loss of confidence in the Kaiser, Germany moved towards surrender. Prince Maximilian of Baden took charge of a new government as Chancellor of Germany to negotiate with the Allies. Negotiations with President Wilson began immediately, in the hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French. Wilson demanded a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary control over the German military. There was no resistance when the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann on 9 November declared Germany to be a republic. The Kaiser, kings and other hereditary rulers all were removed from power and Wilhelm fled to exile in the Netherlands . Imperial Germany was dead; a new Germany had been born as the Weimar Republic . Armistices and capitulations Main article: Armistice of 11 November 1918 The New York Times of 11 November 1918 Ferdinand Foch , second from right, pictured outside the carriage in Compiègne after agreeing to the armistice that ended the war there. The carriage was later chosen by Nazi Germany as the symbolic setting of Pétain 's June 1940 armistice. The collapse of the Central Powers came swiftly. Bulgaria was the first to sign an armistice, on 29 September 1918 at Saloniki . On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated, signing the Armistice of Mudros. On 24 October, the Italians began a push that rapidly recovered territory lost after the Battle of Caporetto. This culminated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, which marked the end of the Austro-Hungarian Army as an effective fighting force. The offensive also triggered the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. During the last week of October, declarations of independence were made in Budapest, Prague, and Zagreb. On 29 October, the imperial authorities asked Italy for an armistice, but the Italians continued advancing, reaching Trento, Udine, and Trieste. On 3 November, Austria-Hungary sent a flag of truce to ask for an armistice ( Armistice of Villa Giusti ). The terms, arranged by telegraph with the Allied Authorities in Paris, were communicated to the Austrian commander and accepted. The Armistice with Austria was signed in the Villa Giusti, near Padua , on 3 November. Austria and Hungary signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the Habsburg Monarchy . In the following days the Italian Army occupied Innsbruck and all Tyrol with 20-22000 soldiers. On 11 November, at 5:00 am, an armistice with Germany was signed in a railroad carriage at Compiègne . At 11 am on 11 November 1918-- `` the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month'' -- a ceasefire came into effect. During the six hours between the signing of the armistice and its taking effect, opposing armies on the Western Front began to withdraw from their positions, but fighting continued along many areas of the front, as commanders wanted to capture territory before the war ended. The occupation of the Rhineland took place following the Armistice. The occupying armies consisted of American, Belgian, British and French forces. In November 1918, the Allies had ample supplies of men and materiel to invade Germany. Yet at the time of the armistice, no Allied force had crossed the German frontier; the Western Front was still some 720 kilometres (450 mi) from Berlin; and the Kaiser's armies had retreated from the battlefield in good order. These factors enabled Hindenburg and other senior German leaders to spread the story that their armies had not really been defeated. This resulted in the stab-in-the-back legend , which attributed Germany's defeat not to its inability to continue fighting (even though up to a million soldiers were suffering from the 1918 flu pandemic and unfit to fight), but to the public's failure to respond to its `` patriotic calling'' and the supposed intentional sabotage of the war effort, particularly by Jews, Socialists, and Bolsheviks. The Allies had much more potential wealth they could spend on the war. One estimate (using 1913 U.S. dollars) is that the Allies spent $58 billion on the war and the Central Powers only $25 billion. Among the Allies, the UK spent $21 billion and the U.S. $17 billion; among the Central Powers Germany spent $20 billion. Aftermath Main article: Aftermath of World War I The French military cemetery at the Douaumont ossuary , which contains the remains of more than 130,000 unknown soldiers In the aftermath of the war, four empires disappeared: the German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian. Numerous nations regained their former independence, and new ones were created. Four dynasties, together with their ancillary aristocracies, all fell as a result of the war: the Romanovs , the Hohenzollerns , the Habsburgs , and the Ottomans . Belgium and Serbia were badly damaged, as was France, with 1.4 million soldiers dead, not counting other casualties. Germany and Russia were similarly affected. Formal end of the war A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months, until the signing of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany on 28 June 1919. The United States Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it, and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the Knox-- Porter Resolution was signed on 2 July 1921 by President Warren G. Harding . For the United Kingdom and the British Empire, the state of war ceased under the provisions of the Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act 1918 with respect to: Germany on 10 January 1920. Austria on 16 July 1920. Bulgaria on 9 August 1920. Hungary on 26 July 1921. Turkey on 6 August 1924. After the Treaty of Versailles, treaties with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire were signed. However, the negotiation of the latter treaty with the Ottoman Empire was followed by strife, and a final peace treaty between the Allied Powers and the country that would shortly become the Republic of Turkey was not signed until 24 July 1923, at Lausanne . Some war memorials date the end of the war as being when the Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919, which was when many of the troops serving abroad finally returned to their home countries; by contrast, most commemorations of the war's end concentrate on the armistice of 11 November 1918. Legally, the formal peace treaties were not complete until the last, the Treaty of Lausanne, was signed. Under its terms, the Allied forces left Constantinople on 23 August 1923. Peace treaties and national boundaries Greek prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sèvres The signing of peace in the Hall of Mirrors , Versailles, 28 June 1919 After the war, the Paris Peace Conference imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers officially ending the war. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles dealt with Germany and, building on Wilson's 14th point , brought into being the League of Nations on 28 June 1919. The Central Powers had to acknowledge responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by'' their aggression. In the Treaty of Versailles, this statement was Article 231 . This article became known as the War Guilt clause as the majority of Germans felt humiliated and resentful. Overall the Germans felt they had been unjustly dealt with by what they called the `` diktat of Versailles'' . Schulze said the Treaty placed Germany `` under legal sanctions, deprived of military power, economically ruined, and politically humiliated.'' Belgian historian Laurence Van Ypersele emphasizes the central role played by memory of the war and the Versailles Treaty in German politics in the 1920s and 1930s: Active denial of war guilt in Germany and German resentment at both reparations and continued Allied occupation of the Rhineland made widespread revision of the meaning and memory of the war problematic. The legend of the `` stab in the back '' and the wish to revise the `` Versailles diktat'' , and the belief in an international threat aimed at the elimination of the German nation persisted at the heart of German politics. Even a man of peace such as ( Gustav ) Stresemann publicly rejected German guilt. As for the Nazis, they waved the banners of domestic treason and international conspiracy in an attempt to galvanize the German nation into a spirit of revenge. Like a Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany sought to redirect the memory of the war to the benefit of its own policies. Meanwhile, new nations liberated from German rule viewed the treaty as recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by much larger aggressive neighbors. The Peace Conference required all the defeated powers to pay reparations for all the damage done to civilians. However, owing to economic difficulties and Germany being the only defeated power with an intact economy, the burden fell largely on Germany. Austria-Hungary was partitioned into several successor states, including Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia , largely but not entirely along ethnic lines. Transylvania was shifted from Hungary to Greater Romania . The details were contained in the Treaty of Saint-Germain and the Treaty of Trianon. As a result of the Treaty of Trianon , 3.3 million Hungarians came under foreign rule. Although the Hungarians made up 54% of the population of the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary , only 32% of its territory was left to Hungary. Between 1920 and 1924, 354,000 Hungarians fled former Hungarian territories attached to Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. The Russian Empire, which had withdrawn from the war in 1917 after the October Revolution, lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent nations of Estonia , Finland , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland were carved from it. Romania took control of Bessarabia in April 1918. The Ottoman Empire disintegrated, with much of its Levant territory awarded to various Allied powers as protectorates. The Turkish core in Anatolia was reorganised as the Republic of Turkey. The Ottoman Empire was to be partitioned by the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920. This treaty was never ratified by the Sultan and was rejected by the Turkish National Movement , leading to the victorious Turkish War of Independence and the much less stringent 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. National identities Further information: Sykes-- Picot Agreement Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I (as of 1923) Poland reemerged as an independent country, after more than a century. The Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty, as a `` minor Entente nation'' and the country with the most casualties per capita, became the backbone of a new multinational state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , later renamed Yugoslavia. Czechoslovakia, combining the Kingdom of Bohemia with parts of the Kingdom of Hungary , became a new nation. Russia became the Soviet Union and lost Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia, which became independent countries. The Ottoman Empire was soon replaced by Turkey and several other countries in the Middle East. In the British Empire, the war unleashed new forms of nationalism. In Australia and New Zealand the Battle of Gallipoli became known as those nations' `` Baptism of Fire'' . It was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought, and it was one of the first times that Australian troops fought as Australians, not just subjects of the British Crown . Anzac Day , commemorating the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps , celebrates this defining moment. After the Battle of Vimy Ridge , where the Canadian divisions fought together for the first time as a single corps, Canadians began to refer to theirs as a nation `` forged from fire'' . Having succeeded on the same battleground where the `` mother countries'' had previously faltered, they were for the first time respected internationally for their own accomplishments. Canada entered the war as a Dominion of the British Empire and remained so, although it emerged with a greater measure of independence. When Britain declared war in 1914, the dominions were automatically at war; at the conclusion, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa were individual signatories of the Treaty of Versailles . The establishment of the modern state of Israel and the roots of the continuing Israeli-- Palestinian conflict are partially found in the unstable power dynamics of the Middle East that resulted from World War I. Before the end of the war, the Ottoman Empire had maintained a modest level of peace and stability throughout the Middle East. With the fall of the Ottoman government, power vacuums developed and conflicting claims to land and nationhood began to emerge. The political boundaries drawn by the victors of World War I were quickly imposed, sometimes after only cursory consultation with the local population. These continue to be problematic in the 21st-century struggles for national identity . While the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I was pivotal in contributing to the modern political situation of the Middle East, including the Arab-Israeli conflict , the end of Ottoman rule also spawned lesser known disputes over water and other natural resources. Health effects Transporting Ottoman wounded at Sirkeci Emergency military hospital during the Spanish flu pandemic, which killed about 675,000 people in the United States alone. Camp Funston, Kansas, 1918. The war had profound consequences on the health of soldiers. Of the 60 million European military personnel who were mobilized from 1914 to 1918, 8 million were killed , 7 million were permanently disabled, and 15 million were seriously injured. Germany lost 15.1% of its active male population, Austria-Hungary lost 17.1%, and France lost 10.5%. In Germany, civilian deaths were 474,000 higher than in peacetime, due in large part to food shortages and malnutrition that weakened resistance to disease. By the end of the war, starvation caused by famine had killed approximately 100,000 people in Lebanon. Between 5 and 10 million people died in the Russian famine of 1921 . By 1922, there were between 4.5 million and 7 million homeless children in Russia as a result of nearly a decade of devastation from World War I, the Russian Civil War, and the subsequent famine of 1920-- 1922. Numerous anti-Soviet Russians fled the country after the Revolution; by the 1930s, the northern Chinese city of Harbin had 100,000 Russians. Thousands more emigrated to France, England, and the United States. In Australia, the effects of the war on the economy were no less severe. The Australian prime minister, Billy Hughes , wrote to the British prime minister, Lloyd George , `` You have assured us that you cannot get better terms. I much regret it, and hope even now that some way may be found of securing agreement for demanding reparation commensurate with the tremendous sacrifices made by the British Empire and her Allies.'' Australia received ₤ 5,571,720 war reparations, but the direct cost of the war to Australia had been ₤ 376,993,052, and, by the mid-1930s, repatriation pensions, war gratuities, interest and sinking fund charges were ₤ 831,280,947. Of about 416,000 Australians who served, about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded. Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions. In 1914 alone, louse-borne epidemic typhus killed 200,000 in Serbia. From 1918 to 1922, Russia had about 25 million infections and 3 million deaths from epidemic typhus. In 1923, 13 million Russians contracted malaria, a sharp increase from the pre-war years. In addition, a major influenza epidemic spread around the world. Overall, the 1918 flu pandemic killed at least 50 million people. Lobbying by Chaim Weizmann and fear that American Jews would encourage the United States to support Germany culminated in the British government's Balfour Declaration of 1917, endorsing creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. A total of more than 1,172,000 Jewish soldiers served in the Allied and Central Power forces in World War I, including 275,000 in Austria-Hungary and 450,000 in Tsarist Russia. The social disruption and widespread violence of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War sparked more than 2,000 pogroms in the former Russian Empire, mostly in Ukraine . An estimated 60,000-- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities. In the aftermath of World War I, Greece fought against Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal , a war which eventually resulted in a massive population exchange between the two countries under the Treaty of Lausanne . According to various sources, several hundred thousand Greeks died during this period, which was tied in with the Greek Genocide . Technology See also: Technology during World War I and Weapons of World War I Ground warfare See also: Tanks in World War I Tanks on parade in London at the end of World War I A Russian armoured car, 1919 World War I began as a clash of 20th-century technology and 19th-century tactics , with the inevitably large ensuing casualties. By the end of 1917, however, the major armies, now numbering millions of men, had modernised and were making use of telephone, wireless communication , armoured cars , tanks , and aircraft. Infantry formations were reorganised, so that 100-man companies were no longer the main unit of manoeuvre; instead, squads of 10 or so men, under the command of a junior NCO, were favoured. Artillery also underwent a revolution. In 1914, cannons were positioned in the front line and fired directly at their targets. By 1917, indirect fire with guns (as well as mortars and even machine guns) was commonplace, using new techniques for spotting and ranging, notably aircraft and the often overlooked field telephone . Counter-battery missions became commonplace, also, and sound detection was used to locate enemy batteries. Germany was far ahead of the Allies in utilising heavy indirect fire. The German Army employed 150 mm (6 in) and 210 mm (8 in) howitzers in 1914, when typical French and British guns were only 75 mm (3 in) and 105 mm (4 in). The British had a 6-inch (152 mm) howitzer, but it was so heavy it had to be hauled to the field in pieces and assembled. The Germans also fielded Austrian 305 mm (12 in) and 420 mm (17 in) guns and, even at the beginning of the war, had inventories of various calibers of Minenwerfer , which were ideally suited for trench warfare. 38-cm `` Lange Max `` of Koekelare (Leugenboom), biggest gun of the world in 1917. In 1917, on 27 June the Germans used their biggest gun of the world Batterie Pommern , nicknamed `` Lange Max '' . This gun from Krupp was able to shoot 750 kg shells from Koekelare to Dunkirk which is ± 50 km away. Much of the combat involved trench warfare , in which hundreds often died for each metre gained. Many of the deadliest battles in history occurred during World War I. Such battles include Ypres , the Marne , Cambrai , the Somme , Verdun , and Gallipoli . The Germans employed the Haber process of nitrogen fixation to provide their forces with a constant supply of gunpowder despite the British naval blockade. Artillery was responsible for the largest number of casualties and consumed vast quantities of explosives. The large number of head wounds caused by exploding shells and fragmentation forced the combatant nations to develop the modern steel helmet , led by the French, who introduced the Adrian helmet in 1915. It was quickly followed by the Brodie helmet , worn by British Imperial and US troops, and in 1916 by the distinctive German Stahlhelm , a design, with improvements, still in use today. Gas! GAS! Quick, boys! -- An ecstasy of fumbling, Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling, And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime ... Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light, As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. -- Wilfred Owen , Dulce et Decorum est , 1917 A Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns, c. 1917-- 1918 The widespread use of chemical warfare was a distinguishing feature of the conflict. Gases used included chlorine , mustard gas and phosgene . Few war casualties were caused by gas, as effective countermeasures to gas attacks were quickly created, such as gas masks . The use of chemical warfare and small-scale strategic bombing were both outlawed by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 , and both proved to be of limited effectiveness, though they captured the public imagination. The most powerful land-based weapons were railway guns , weighing dozens of tons apiece. The German ones were nicknamed Big Berthas , even though the namesake was not a railway gun. Germany developed the Paris Gun , able to bombard Paris from over 100 kilometres (62 mi), though shells were relatively light at 94 kilograms (210 lb). British Vickers machine gun , 1917 Trenches, machine guns, air reconnaissance, barbed wire, and modern artillery with fragmentation shells helped bring the battle lines of World War I to a stalemate. The British and the French sought a solution with the creation of the tank and mechanised warfare . The British first tanks were used during the Battle of the Somme on 15 September 1916. Mechanical reliability was an issue, but the experiment proved its worth. Within a year, the British were fielding tanks by the hundreds, and they showed their potential during the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917, by breaking the Hindenburg Line, while combined arms teams captured 8,000 enemy soldiers and 100 guns. Meanwhile, the French introduced the first tanks with a rotating turret, the Renault FT , which became a decisive tool of the victory. The conflict also saw the introduction of light automatic weapons and submachine guns , such as the Lewis Gun , the Browning automatic rifle , and the Bergmann MP18 . Another new weapon, the flamethrower , was first used by the German army and later adopted by other forces. Although not of high tactical value, the flamethrower was a powerful, demoralising weapon that caused terror on the battlefield. Trench railways evolved to supply the enormous quantities of food, water, and ammunition required to support large numbers of soldiers in areas where conventional transportation systems had been destroyed. Internal combustion engines and improved traction systems for automobiles and trucks/lorries eventually rendered trench railways obsolete. Naval The Moltke -class Ottoman battlecruiser Yavûz Sultân Selîm Germany deployed U-boats ( submarines ) after the war began. Alternating between restricted and unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic, the Kaiserliche Marine employed them to deprive the British Isles of vital supplies. The deaths of British merchant sailors and the seeming invulnerability of U-boats led to the development of depth charges (1916), hydrophones (passive sonar , 1917), blimps , hunter-killer submarines ( HMS R-1 , 1917), forward-throwing anti-submarine weapons , and dipping hydrophones (the latter two both abandoned in 1918). To extend their operations, the Germans proposed supply submarines (1916). Most of these would be forgotten in the interwar period until World War II revived the need. Aviation Main article: Aviation in World War I RAF Sopwith Camel . In April 1917, the average life expectancy of a British pilot on the Western Front was 93 flying hours. Fixed-wing aircraft were first used militarily by the Italians in Libya on 23 October 1911 during the Italo-Turkish War for reconnaissance, soon followed by the dropping of grenades and aerial photography the next year. By 1914, their military utility was obvious. They were initially used for reconnaissance and ground attack . To shoot down enemy planes, anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft were developed. Strategic bombers were created, principally by the Germans and British, though the former used Zeppelins as well. Towards the end of the conflict, aircraft carriers were used for the first time, with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a raid to destroy the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in 1918. Manned observation balloons , floating high above the trenches, were used as stationary reconnaissance platforms, reporting enemy movements and directing artillery. Balloons commonly had a crew of two, equipped with parachutes , so that if there was an enemy air attack the crew could parachute to safety. At the time, parachutes were too heavy to be used by pilots of aircraft (with their marginal power output), and smaller versions were not developed until the end of the war; they were also opposed by the British leadership, who feared they might promote cowardice. Recognised for their value as observation platforms, balloons were important targets for enemy aircraft. To defend them against air attack, they were heavily protected by antiaircraft guns and patrolled by friendly aircraft; to attack them, unusual weapons such as air-to-air rockets were tried. Thus, the reconnaissance value of blimps and balloons contributed to the development of air-to-air combat between all types of aircraft, and to the trench stalemate, because it was impossible to move large numbers of troops undetected. The Germans conducted air raids on England during 1915 and 1916 with airships, hoping to damage British morale and cause aircraft to be diverted from the front lines, and indeed the resulting panic led to the diversion of several squadrons of fighters from France. War crimes Baralong incidents Main article: Baralong incidents HMS Baralong . On 19 August 1915, the German submarine U-27 was sunk by the British Q-ship HMS Baralong . All German survivors were summarily executed by Baralong 's crew on the orders of Lieutenant Godfrey Herbert , the captain of the ship. The shooting was reported to the media by American citizens who were on board the Nicosia , a British freighter loaded with war supplies, which was stopped by U-27 just minutes before the incident. On 24 September, Baralong destroyed U-41 , which was in the process of sinking the cargo ship Urbino . According to Karl Goetz, the submarine's commander, Baralong continued to fly the U.S. flag after firing on U-41 and then rammed the lifeboat -- carrying the German survivors -- sinking it. Torpedoing of HMHS Llandovery Castle The Canadian hospital ship HMHS Llandovery Castle was torpedoed by the German submarine SM U-86 on 27 June 1918 in violation of international law. Only 24 of the 258 medical personnel, patients, and crew survived. Survivors reported that the U-boat surfaced and ran down the lifeboats, machine-gunning survivors in the water. The U-boat captain, Helmut Patzig , was charged with war crimes in Germany following the war, but escaped prosecution by going to the Free City of Danzig , beyond the jurisdiction of German courts. Chemical weapons in warfare Main article: Chemical weapons in World War I French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders The first successful use of poison gas as a weapon of warfare occurred during the Second Battle of Ypres (22 April -- 25 May 1915). Gas was soon used by all major belligerents throughout the war. It is estimated that the use of chemical weapons employed by both sides throughout the war had inflicted 1.3 million casualties. For example, the British had over 180,000 chemical weapons casualties during the war, and up to one-third of American casualties were caused by them. The Russian Army reportedly suffered roughly 500,000 chemical weapon casualties in World War I. The use of chemical weapons in warfare was in direct violation of the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare , which prohibited their use. The effect of poison gas was not limited to combatants. Civilians were at risk from the gases as winds blew the poison gases through their towns, and rarely received warnings or alerts of potential danger. In addition to absent warning systems, civilians often did not have access to effective gas masks. An estimated 100,000-- 260,000 civilian casualties were caused by chemical weapons during the conflict and tens of thousands more (along with military personnel) died from scarring of the lungs, skin damage, and cerebral damage in the years after the conflict ended. Many commanders on both sides knew such weapons would cause major harm to civilians but nonetheless continued to use them. British Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig wrote in his diary, `` My officers and I were aware that such weapons would cause harm to women and children living in nearby towns, as strong winds were common in the battlefront. However, because the weapon was to be directed against the enemy, none of us were overly concerned at all.'' Genocide and ethnic cleansing See also: Armenian Genocide , Assyrian genocide , Greek genocide , and Genocide denial Armenians killed during the Armenian Genocide. Image taken from Ambassador Morgenthau's Story , written by Henry Morgenthau, Sr. and published in 1918. Austro-Hungarian soldiers executing men and women in Serbia, 1916 The ethnic cleansing of the Ottoman Empire's Armenian population, including mass deportations and executions, during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is considered genocide . The Ottomans carried out organized and systematic massacres of the Armenian population at the beginning of the war and portrayed deliberately provoked acts of Armenian resistance as rebellions to justify further extermination. In early 1915, a number of Armenians volunteered to join the Russian forces and the Ottoman government used this as a pretext to issue the Tehcir Law (Law on Deportation), which authorized the deportation of Armenians from the Empire's eastern provinces to Syria between 1915 and 1918. The Armenians were intentionally marched to death and a number were attacked by Ottoman brigands. While an exact number of deaths is unknown, the International Association of Genocide Scholars estimates 1.5 million. The government of Turkey has consistently denied the genocide , arguing that those who died were victims of inter-ethnic fighting, famine, or disease during World War I; these claims are rejected by most historians. Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and Greeks , and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination. Russian Empire Main article: Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire See also: Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia, 1914-- 1915 ; Volhynia ; and Volga Germans Many pogroms accompanied the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War . 60,000-- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities throughout the former Russian Empire (mostly within the Pale of Settlement in present-day Ukraine ). Rape of Belgium Main article: Rape of Belgium The German invaders treated any resistance-- such as sabotaging rail lines-- as illegal and immoral, and shot the offenders and burned buildings in retaliation. In addition, they tended to suspect that most civilians were potential francs-tireurs ( guerrillas ) and, accordingly, took and sometimes killed hostages from among the civilian population. The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914, usually in near-random large-scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers. The German Army destroyed 15,000-- 20,000 buildings-- most famously the university library at Louvain -- and generated a wave of refugees of over a million people. Over half the German regiments in Belgium were involved in major incidents. Thousands of workers were shipped to Germany to work in factories. British propaganda dramatizing the Rape of Belgium attracted much attention in the United States, while Berlin said it was both lawful and necessary because of the threat of franc-tireurs like those in France in 1870. The British and French magnified the reports and disseminated them at home and in the United States, where they played a major role in dissolving support for Germany. Soldiers' experiences Main articles: List of last surviving World War I veterans by country , World War I casualties , Commonwealth War Graves Commission , and American Battle Monuments Commission The First Contingent of the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps to the 1 Lincolns , training in Bermuda for the Western Front, winter 1914-- 1915. The two BVRC contingents suffered 75% casualties. The British soldiers of the war were initially volunteers but increasingly were conscripted into service. Surviving veterans, returning home, often found that they could only discuss their experiences amongst themselves. Grouping together, they formed `` veterans' associations'' or `` Legions'' . A small number of personal accounts of American veterans have been collected by the Library of Congress Veterans History Project . Prisoners of war Main article: World War I prisoners of war in Germany German prisoners in a French prison camp during the later part of the war About eight million men surrendered and were held in POW camps during the war. All nations pledged to follow the Hague Conventions on fair treatment of prisoners of war , and the survival rate for POWs was generally much higher than that of their peers at the front. Individual surrenders were uncommon; large units usually surrendered en masse . At the siege of Maubeuge about 40,000 French soldiers surrendered, at the battle of Galicia Russians took about 100,000 to 120,000 Austrian captives, at the Brusilov Offensive about 325,000 to 417,000 Germans and Austrians surrendered to Russians, and at the Battle of Tannenberg 92,000 Russians surrendered. When the besieged garrison of Kaunas surrendered in 1915, some 20,000 Russians became prisoners, at the battle near Przasnysz (February-- March 1915) 14,000 Germans surrendered to Russians, and at the First Battle of the Marne about 12,000 Germans surrendered to the Allies. 25-- 31% of Russian losses (as a proportion of those captured, wounded, or killed) were to prisoner status; for Austria-Hungary 32%, for Italy 26%, for France 12%, for Germany 9%; for Britain 7%. Prisoners from the Allied armies totalled about 1.4 million (not including Russia, which lost 2.5-- 3.5 million men as prisoners). From the Central Powers about 3.3 million men became prisoners; most of them surrendered to Russians. Germany held 2.5 million prisoners; Russia held 2.2-- 2.9 million; while Britain and France held about 720,000. Most were captured just before the Armistice. The United States held 48,000. The most dangerous moment was the act of surrender, when helpless soldiers were sometimes gunned down. Once prisoners reached a camp, conditions were, in general, satisfactory (and much better than in World War II), thanks in part to the efforts of the International Red Cross and inspections by neutral nations. However, conditions were terrible in Russia: starvation was common for prisoners and civilians alike; about 15-- 20% of the prisoners in Russia died and in Central Powers imprisonment-- 8% of Russians. In Germany, food was scarce, but only 5% died. British prisoners guarded by Ottoman forces after the First Battle of Gaza in 1917. The Ottoman Empire often treated POWs poorly. Some 11,800 British Empire soldiers, most of them Indians, became prisoners after the Siege of Kut in Mesopotamia in April 1916; 4,250 died in captivity. Although many were in a poor condition when captured, Ottoman officers forced them to march 1,100 kilometres (684 mi) to Anatolia . A survivor said: `` We were driven along like beasts; to drop out was to die.'' The survivors were then forced to build a railway through the Taurus Mountains . In Russia, when the prisoners from the Czech Legion of the Austro-Hungarian army were released in 1917, they re-armed themselves and briefly became a military and diplomatic force during the Russian Civil War. While the Allied prisoners of the Central Powers were quickly sent home at the end of active hostilities, the same treatment was not granted to Central Power prisoners of the Allies and Russia, many of whom served as forced labor , e.g., in France until 1920. They were released only after many approaches by the Red Cross to the Allied Supreme Council . German prisoners were still being held in Russia as late as 1924. Military attachés and war correspondents Main article: Military attachés and war correspondents in the First World War Military and civilian observers from every major power closely followed the course of the war. Many were able to report on events from a perspective somewhat akin to modern `` embedded '' positions within the opposing land and naval forces. Support and opposition to the war Support Poster urging women to join the British war effort, published by the Young Women's Christian Association In the Balkans, Yugoslav nationalists such as the leader, Ante Trumbić , strongly supported the war, desiring the freedom of Yugoslavs from Austria-Hungary and other foreign powers and the creation of an independent Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav Committee was formed in Paris on 30 April 1915 but shortly moved its office to London; Trumbić led the Committee. In April 1918, the Rome Congress of Oppressed Nationalities met, including Czechoslovak , Italian , Polish , Transylvanian , and Yugoslav representatives who urged the Allies to support national self-determination for the peoples residing within Austria-Hungary . In the Middle East, Arab nationalism soared in Ottoman territories in response to the rise of Turkish nationalism during the war, with Arab nationalist leaders advocating the creation of a pan-Arab state. In 1916, the Arab Revolt began in Ottoman-controlled territories of the Middle East in an effort to achieve independence. In East Africa, Iyasu V of Ethiopia was supporting the Dervish state who were at war with the British in the Somaliland Campaign . Von Syburg, the German envoy in Addis Ababa , said, `` now the time has come for Ethiopia to regain the coast of the Red Sea driving the Italians home, to restore the Empire to its ancient size.'' The Ethiopian Empire was on the verge of entering World War I on the side of the Central Powers before Iyasu's overthrow due to Allied pressure on the Ethiopian aristocracy. A number of socialist parties initially supported the war when it began in August 1914. But European socialists split on national lines, with the concept of class conflict held by radical socialists such as Marxists and syndicalists being overborne by their patriotic support for war. Once the war began, Austrian, British, French, German, and Russian socialists followed the rising nationalist current by supporting their countries' intervention in the war. Italian nationalism was stirred by the outbreak of the war and was initially strongly supported by a variety of political factions. One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was Gabriele d'Annunzio , who promoted Italian irredentism and helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war. The Italian Liberal Party , under the leadership of Paolo Boselli , promoted intervention in the war on the side of the Allies and utilised the Dante Alighieri Society to promote Italian nationalism. Italian socialists were divided on whether to support the war or oppose it; some were militant supporters of the war, including Benito Mussolini and Leonida Bissolati . However, the Italian Socialist Party decided to oppose the war after anti-militarist protestors were killed, resulting in a general strike called Red Week . The Italian Socialist Party purged itself of pro-war nationalist members, including Mussolini. Mussolini, a syndicalist who supported the war on grounds of irredentist claims on Italian-populated regions of Austria-Hungary, formed the pro-interventionist Il Popolo d'Italia and the Fasci Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista (`` Revolutionary Fasci for International Action'' ) in October 1914 that later developed into the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919, the origin of fascism. Mussolini's nationalism enabled him to raise funds from Ansaldo (an armaments firm) and other companies to create Il Popolo d'Italia to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war. Opposition Main articles: Opposition to World War I and French Army Mutinies Sackville Street (now O'Connell Street ) after the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin The Deserter , 1916. Anti-war cartoon depicting Jesus facing a firing squad with soldiers from five European countries. Once war was declared, many socialists and trade unions backed their governments. Among the exceptions were the Bolsheviks , the Socialist Party of America , and the Italian Socialist Party , and individuals such as Karl Liebknecht , Rosa Luxemburg , and their followers in Germany. Benedict XV , elected to the papacy less than three months into World War I, made the war and its consequences the main focus of his early pontificate. In stark contrast to his predecessor , five days after his election he spoke of his determination to do what he could to bring peace. His first encyclical, Ad beatissimi Apostolorum , given 1 November 1914, was concerned with this subject. Benedict XV found his abilities and unique position as a religious emissary of peace ignored by the belligerent powers. The 1915 Treaty of London between Italy and the Triple Entente included secret provisions whereby the Allies agreed with Italy to ignore papal peace moves towards the Central Powers. Consequently, the publication of Benedict's proposed seven-point Peace Note of August 1917 was roundly ignored by all parties except Austria-Hungary. In Britain , in 1914, the Public Schools Officers' Training Corps annual camp was held at Tidworth Pennings, near Salisbury Plain . Head of the British Army , Lord Kitchener , was to review the cadets , but the imminence of the war prevented him. General Horace Smith-Dorrien was sent instead. He surprised the two-or-three thousand cadets by declaring (in the words of Donald Christopher Smith, a Bermudian cadet who was present), that war should be avoided at almost any cost, that war would solve nothing, that the whole of Europe and more besides would be reduced to ruin, and that the loss of life would be so large that whole populations would be decimated. In our ignorance I, and many of us, felt almost ashamed of a British General who uttered such depressing and unpatriotic sentiments, but during the next four years, those of us who survived the holocaust-- probably not more than one-quarter of us-- learned how right the General's prognosis was and how courageous he had been to utter it. Voicing these sentiments did not hinder Smith-Dorrien's career, or prevent him from doing his duty in World War I to the best of his abilities. Possible execution at Verdun at the time of the mutinies in 1917. The original French text accompanying this photograph notes however that the uniforms are those of 1914/15 and that the execution may be that of a spy at the beginning of the war. Many countries jailed those who spoke out against the conflict. These included Eugene Debs in the United States and Bertrand Russell in Britain. In the US, the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 made it a federal crime to oppose military recruitment or make any statements deemed `` disloyal'' . Publications at all critical of the government were removed from circulation by postal censors, and many served long prison sentences for statements of fact deemed unpatriotic. A number of nationalists opposed intervention, particularly within states that the nationalists were hostile to. Although the vast majority of Irish people consented to participate in the war in 1914 and 1915, a minority of advanced Irish nationalists staunchly opposed taking part. The war began amid the Home Rule crisis in Ireland that had resurfaced in 1912 and, by July 1914, there was a serious possibility of an outbreak of civil war in Ireland. Irish nationalists and Marxists attempted to pursue Irish independence, culminating in the Easter Rising of 1916, with Germany sending 20,000 rifles to Ireland to stir unrest in Britain. The UK government placed Ireland under martial law in response to the Easter Rising; although, once the immediate threat of revolution had dissipated, the authorities did try to make concessions to nationalist feeling. However, opposition to involvement in the war increased in Ireland, resulting in the Conscription Crisis of 1918 . Other opposition came from conscientious objectors -- some socialist, some religious-- who refused to fight. In Britain, 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status. Some of them, most notably prominent peace activist Stephen Henry Hobhouse , refused both military and alternative service . Many suffered years of prison, including solitary confinement and bread and water diets. Even after the war, in Britain many job advertisements were marked `` No conscientious objectors need apply'' . The Central Asian Revolt started in the summer of 1916, when the Russian Empire government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service. In 1917, a series of French Army Mutinies led to dozens of soldiers being executed and many more imprisoned. German Revolution , Kiel, 1918 In Milan , in May 1917, Bolshevik revolutionaries organised and engaged in rioting calling for an end to the war, and managed to close down factories and stop public transportation. The Italian army was forced to enter Milan with tanks and machine guns to face Bolsheviks and anarchists , who fought violently until 23 May when the army gained control of the city. Almost 50 people (including three Italian soldiers) were killed and over 800 people arrested. In September 1917, Russian soldiers in France began questioning why they were fighting for the French at all and mutinied. In Russia, opposition to the war led to soldiers also establishing their own revolutionary committees, which helped foment the October Revolution of 1917, with the call going up for `` bread, land, and peace'' . The Bolsheviks agreed to a peace treaty with Germany, the peace of Brest-Litovsk , despite its harsh conditions. In northern Germany , the end of October 1918 saw the beginning of the German Revolution of 1918-- 1919 . Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last, large-scale operation in a war which they saw as good as lost; this initiated the uprising. The sailors' revolt which then ensued in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven and Kiel spread across the whole country within days and led to the proclamation of a republic on 9 November 1918 and shortly thereafter to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II . Conscription Young men registering for conscription, New York City , 5 June 1917 Conscription was common in most European countries. However it was controversial in English speaking countries. It was especially unpopular among minority ethnic groups-- especially the Irish Catholics in Ireland and Australia, and the French Catholics in Canada. Conscription in Canada Main article: Conscription Crisis of 1917 In Canada the issue produced a major political crisis that permanently alienated the Francophiles. It opened a political gap between French Canadians , who believed their true loyalty was to Canada and not to the British Empire, and members of the Anglophone majority, who saw the war as a duty to their British heritage. Conscription in Australia Main article: Conscription in Australia In Australia, a sustained pro-conscription campaign by Billy Hughes , the Prime Minister, caused a split in the Australian Labor Party , so Hughes formed the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917 to pursue the matter. Farmers, the labour movement , the Catholic Church, and the Irish Catholics successfully opposed Hughes' push, which was rejected in two plebiscites . Conscription in Britain Main article: Conscription in the United Kingdom In Britain, conscription resulted in the calling up of nearly every physically fit man in Britain-- six of ten million eligible. Of these, about 750,000 lost their lives. Most deaths were to young unmarried men; however, 160,000 wives lost husbands and 300,000 children lost fathers. In the United States, conscription began in 1917 and was generally well received, with a few pockets of opposition in isolated rural areas. Diplomacy Main article: Diplomatic history of World War I The non-military diplomatic and propaganda interactions among the nations were designed to build support for the cause, or to undermine support for the enemy. For the most part, wartime diplomacy focused on five issues: propaganda campaigns; defining and redefining the war goals, which became harsher as the war went on; luring neutral nations (Italy, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Romania) into the coalition by offering slices of enemy territory; and encouragement by the Allies of nationalistic minority movements inside the Central Powers, especially among Czechs, Poles, and Arabs. In addition, there were multiple peace proposals coming from neutrals, or one side or the other; none of them progressed very far. Legacy and memory ... `` Strange, friend,'' I said, `` Here is no cause to mourn.'' `` None,'' said the other, `` Save the undone years'' ... -- Wilfred Owen , Strange Meeting , 1918 The War was an unprecedented triumph for natural science. ( Francis ) Bacon had promised that knowledge would be power, and power it was: power to destroy the bodies and souls of men more rapidly than had ever been done by human agency before. This triumph paved the way to other triumphs: improvements in transport, in sanitation, in surgery, medicine, and psychiatry, in commerce and industry, and, above all, in preparations for the next war. -- R.G. Collingwood , writing in 1939. The first tentative efforts to comprehend the meaning and consequences of modern warfare began during the initial phases of the war, and this process continued throughout and after the end of hostilities, and is still underway, more than a century later. Historiography Historian Heather Jones argues that the historiography has been reinvigorated by the cultural turn in recent years. Scholars have raised entirely new questions regarding military occupation, radicalization of politics, race, and the male body. Furthermore, new research has revised our understanding of five major topics that historians have long debated. These are: Why did the war begin? Why did the Allies win? Were the generals to blame for the high casualty rates? How did the soldiers endure the horrors of trench warfare? To what extent did the civilian homefront accept and endorse the war effort? Memorials A typical village war memorial to soldiers killed in World War I Main article: World War I memorials Memorials were erected in thousands of villages and towns. Close to battlefields, those buried in improvised burial grounds were gradually moved to formal graveyards under the care of organisations such as the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , the American Battle Monuments Commission , the German War Graves Commission , and Le Souvenir français . Many of these graveyards also have central monuments to the missing or unidentified dead, such as the Menin Gate memorial and the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme . In 1915 John McCrae , a Canadian army doctor, wrote the poem In Flanders Fields as a salute to those who perished in the Great War. Published in Punch on 8 December 1915, it is still recited today, especially on Remembrance Day and Memorial Day . National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri , is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War I. The Liberty Memorial was dedicated on 1 November 1921, when the supreme Allied commanders spoke to a crowd of more than 100,000 people. The UK Government has budgeted substantial resources to the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to 2018 . The lead body is the Imperial War Museum . On 3 August 2014, French President Francois Hollande and German President Joachim Gauck together marked the centenary of Germany's declaration of war on France by laying the first stone of a memorial in Vieil Armand, known in German as Hartmannswillerkopf , for French and German soldiers killed in the war. Cultural memory The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Britain and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate. (June 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information: World War I in popular culture Left: John McCrae , author of In Flanders Fields . Right: Siegfried Sassoon World War I had a lasting impact on social memory. It was seen by many in Britain as signalling the end of an era of stability stretching back to the Victorian period , and across Europe many regarded it as a watershed. Historian Samuel Hynes explained: A generation of innocent young men, their heads full of high abstractions like Honour, Glory and England, went off to war to make the world safe for democracy. They were slaughtered in stupid battles planned by stupid generals. Those who survived were shocked, disillusioned and embittered by their war experiences, and saw that their real enemies were not the Germans, but the old men at home who had lied to them. They rejected the values of the society that had sent them to war, and in doing so separated their own generation from the past and from their cultural inheritance. This has become the most common perception of World War I, perpetuated by the art, cinema, poems, and stories published subsequently. Films such as All Quiet on the Western Front , Paths of Glory and King & Country have perpetuated the idea, while war-time films including Camrades , Poppies of Flanders , and Shoulder Arms indicate that the most contemporary views of the war were overall far more positive. Likewise, the art of Paul Nash , John Nash , Christopher Nevinson , and Henry Tonks in Britain painted a negative view of the conflict in keeping with the growing perception, while popular war-time artists such as Muirhead Bone painted more serene and pleasant interpretations subsequently rejected as inaccurate. Several historians like John Terraine, Niall Ferguson and Gary Sheffield have challenged these interpretations as partial and polemical views: These beliefs did not become widely shared because they offered the only accurate interpretation of wartime events. In every respect, the war was much more complicated than they suggest. In recent years, historians have argued persuasively against almost every popular cliché of World War I. It has been pointed out that, although the losses were devastating, their greatest impact was socially and geographically limited. The many emotions other than horror experienced by soldiers in and out of the front line, including comradeship, boredom, and even enjoyment, have been recognised. The war is not now seen as a ' fight about nothing' , but as a war of ideals, a struggle between aggressive militarism and more or less liberal democracy. It has been acknowledged that British generals were often capable men facing difficult challenges, and that it was under their command that the British army played a major part in the defeat of the Germans in 1918: a great forgotten victory. Though these views have been discounted as `` myths'' , they are common. They have dynamically changed according to contemporary influences, reflecting in the 1950s perceptions of the war as `` aimless'' following the contrasting Second World War and emphasising conflict within the ranks during times of class conflict in the 1960s. The majority of additions to the contrary are often rejected. Social trauma A 1919 book for veterans, from the US War Department The social trauma caused by unprecedented rates of casualties manifested itself in different ways, which have been the subject of subsequent historical debate. The optimism of la belle époque was destroyed, and those who had fought in the war were referred to as the Lost Generation . For years afterwards, people mourned the dead, the missing, and the many disabled. Many soldiers returned with severe trauma, suffering from shell shock (also called neurasthenia, a condition related to posttraumatic stress disorder ). Many more returned home with few after-effects; however, their silence about the war contributed to the conflict's growing mythological status. Though many participants did not share in the experiences of combat or spend any significant time at the front, or had positive memories of their service, the images of suffering and trauma became the widely shared perception. Such historians as Dan Todman, Paul Fussell , and Samuel Heyns have all published works since the 1990s arguing that these common perceptions of the war are factually incorrect. Discontent in Germany The rise of Nazism and Fascism included a revival of the nationalist spirit and a rejection of many post-war changes. Similarly, the popularity of the stab-in-the-back legend (German: Dolchstoßlegende ) was a testament to the psychological state of defeated Germany and was a rejection of responsibility for the conflict. This conspiracy theory of betrayal became common, and the German populace came to see themselves as victims. The widespread acceptance of the `` stab-in-the-back'' theory delegitimized the Weimar government and destabilized the system, opening it to extremes of right and left. Communist and fascist movements around Europe drew strength from this theory and enjoyed a new level of popularity. These feelings were most pronounced in areas directly or harshly affected by the war. Adolf Hitler was able to gain popularity by utilising German discontent with the still controversial Treaty of Versailles . World War II was in part a continuation of the power struggle never fully resolved by World War I. Furthermore, it was common for Germans in the 1930s to justify acts of aggression due to perceived injustices imposed by the victors of World War I. American historian William Rubinstein wrote that: The ' Age of Totalitarianism' included nearly all of the infamous examples of genocide in modern history, headed by the Jewish Holocaust, but also comprising the mass murders and purges of the Communist world, other mass killings carried out by Nazi Germany and its allies, and also the Armenian Genocide of 1915. All these slaughters, it is argued here, had a common origin, the collapse of the elite structure and normal modes of government of much of central, eastern and southern Europe as a result of World War I, without which surely neither Communism nor Fascism would have existed except in the minds of unknown agitators and crackpots. Economic effects See also: Economic history of World War I Poster showing women workers, 1915 One of the most dramatic effects of the war was the expansion of governmental powers and responsibilities in Britain, France, the United States, and the Dominions of the British Empire. To harness all the power of their societies, governments created new ministries and powers. New taxes were levied and laws enacted, all designed to bolster the war effort ; many have lasted to this day. Similarly, the war strained the abilities of some formerly large and bureaucratised governments, such as in Austria-Hungary and Germany. Gross domestic product (GDP) increased for three Allies (Britain, Italy, and the United States), but decreased in France and Russia, in neutral Netherlands, and in the three main Central Powers. The shrinkage in GDP in Austria, Russia, France, and the Ottoman Empire ranged between 30% and 40%. In Austria, for example, most pigs were slaughtered, so at war's end there was no meat. In all nations, the government's share of GDP increased, surpassing 50% in both Germany and France and nearly reaching that level in Britain. To pay for purchases in the United States, Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began borrowing heavily on Wall Street . President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916, but allowed a great increase in U.S. government lending to the Allies. After 1919, the U.S. demanded repayment of these loans. The repayments were, in part, funded by German reparations which, in turn, were supported by American loans to Germany. This circular system collapsed in 1931 and the loans were never repaid. Britain still owed the United States $4.4 billion of World War I debt in 1934, and this money was never repaid. Macro- and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war. Families were altered by the departure of many men. With the death or absence of the primary wage earner, women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers. At the same time, industry needed to replace the lost labourers sent to war. This aided the struggle for voting rights for women . World War I further compounded the gender imbalance, adding to the phenomenon of surplus women . The deaths of nearly one million men during the war in Britain increased the gender gap by almost a million: from 670,000 to 1,700,000. The number of unmarried women seeking economic means grew dramatically. In addition, demobilisation and economic decline following the war caused high unemployment. The war increased female employment; however, the return of demobilised men displaced many from the workforce, as did the closure of many of the wartime factories. In Britain, rationing was finally imposed in early 1918, limited to meat, sugar, and fats (butter and margarine), but not bread. The new system worked smoothly. From 1914 to 1918, trade union membership doubled, from a little over four million to a little over eight million. Britain turned to her colonies for help in obtaining essential war materials whose supply from traditional sources had become difficult. Geologists such as Albert Ernest Kitson were called on to find new resources of precious minerals in the African colonies. Kitson discovered important new deposits of manganese , used in munitions production, in the Gold Coast . Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (the so-called `` war guilt'' clause) stated Germany accepted responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.'' It was worded as such to lay a legal basis for reparations , and a similar clause was inserted in the treaties with Austria and Hungary. However neither of them interpreted it as an admission of war guilt.'' In 1921, the total reparation sum was placed at 132 billion gold marks. However, `` Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay'' this sum. The total sum was divided into three categories, with the third being `` deliberately designed to be chimerical'' and its `` primary function was to mislead public opinion ... into believing the `` total sum was being maintained.'' Thus, 50 billion gold marks (12.5 billion dollars) `` represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay'' and `` therefore ... represented the total German reparations'' figure that had to be paid. This figure could be paid in cash or in kind (coal, timber, chemical dyes, etc.). In addition, some of the territory lost-- via the treaty of Versailles-- was credited towards the reparation figure as were other acts such as helping to restore the Library of Louvain. By 1929, the Great Depression arrived, causing political chaos throughout the world. In 1932 the payment of reparations was suspended by the international community, by which point Germany had only paid the equivalent of 20.598 billion gold marks in reparations. With the rise of Adolf Hitler , all bonds and loans that had been issued and taken out during the 1920s and early 1930s were cancelled. David Andelman notes `` refusing to pay doesn't make an agreement null and void. The bonds, the agreement, still exist.'' Thus, following the Second World War , at the London Conference in 1953, Germany agreed to resume payment on the money borrowed. On 3 October 2010, Germany made the final payment on these bonds. The war contributed to the evolution of the wristwatch from women's jewelry to a practical everyday item, replacing the pocketwatch which requires a free hand to operate. Military funding of advancements in radio contributed to the postwar popularity of the medium. See also Outline of World War I Death rates in the 20th century Diplomatic history of World War I European Civil War List of people associated with World War I Lists of wars List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll Lists of World War I topics Timeline of World War I World War I casualties World War I medal abbreviations Footnotes Jump up ^ The United States did not ratify any of the treaties agreed to at the Paris Peace Conference . Jump up ^ Bulgaria joined the Central Powers on 14 October 1915. Jump up ^ The Ottoman Empire agreed to a secret alliance with Germany on 2 August 1914. It joined the war on the side of the Central Powers on 29 October 1914. Jump up ^ The United States declared war on Austria-Hungary on 7 December 1917. Jump up ^ Austria was considered one of the successor states to Austria-Hungary. Jump up ^ The United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. Jump up ^ Hungary was considered one of the successor states to Austria-Hungary. Jump up ^ Although the Treaty of Sèvres was intended to end the war between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire, the Allies and the Republic of Turkey , the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne. Jump up ^ The World War I officially ended when Germany paid off the final amount of reparations imposed on it by the Allies. References Jump up ^ `` British Army statistics of the Great War'' . 1914-1918.net . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Figures are for the British Empire Jump up ^ Figures are for Metropolitan France and its colonies ^ Jump up to: Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 273 Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 8. Jump up ^ Bade & Brown 2003 , pp. 167-- 168. Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 307. Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , pp. 10-- 11. ^ Jump up to: Willmott 2003 , p. 15 ^ Jump up to: Taylor 1998 , pp. 80-- 93 Jump up ^ Djokić 2003 , p. 24. Jump up ^ Evans 2004 , p. 12. Jump up ^ Martel 2003 , p. xii ff. Jump up ^ `` Were they always called World War I and World War II?'' . Ask History . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Braybon 2004 , p. 8. Jump up ^ `` The war to end all wars'' . BBC. 10 November 1998 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` great, adj., adv., and n.'' . Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Shapiro & Epstein 2006 , p. 329. Jump up ^ Margery Fee and Janice McAlpine, Guide to Canadian English Usage (Oxford UP, 1997) p 210. Jump up ^ Clark 2014 , pp. 121-- 152. Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 52. ^ Jump up to: Willmott 2003 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Prior 1999 , p. 18. Jump up ^ Fromkin 2004 , p. 94. Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , pp. 48-- 49. Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , pp. 2-- 23. Jump up ^ Finestone, Jeffrey; Massie, Robert K. (1981). The last courts of Europe . Dent. p. 247. Jump up ^ Smith 2010 . Jump up ^ `` European powers maintain focus despite killings in Sarajevo -- History.com This Day in History'' . History.com. 30 June 1914 . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 26. Jump up ^ Clark, Christopher (25 June 2014). Month of Madness . BBC Radio 4. Jump up ^ Djordjević , Dimitrije; Spence, Richard B. (1992). Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honor of Dimitrije Djordjević . East European Monographs. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-88033-217-0 . Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. Jump up ^ Reports Service: Southeast Europe series . American Universities Field Staff. 1964. p. 44 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 ... the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo ... Jump up ^ Kröll , Herbert (28 February 2008). Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics . Studienverlag. p. 55. ISBN 978-3-7065-4526-6 . Retrieved 1 September 2013 ... arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. Jump up ^ Tomasevich 2001 , p. 485. Jump up ^ Schindler, John R. (2007). Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida , and the Rise of Global Jihad . Zenith Imprint. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-61673-964-5 . Jump up ^ Velikonja 2003 , p. 141. Jump up ^ Stevenson 1996 , p. 12. Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 27. Jump up ^ Clark 2013 , p. 466. Jump up ^ The Telegraph, First World War centenary: how the events of 1 August 1914 unfolded , http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-one/11002644/First-World-War-centenary-how-events-unfolded-on-August-1-1914.html Jump up ^ McMeekin, Sean, July 1914: Countdown to War, Basic Books, 2014, 480 p., ISBN 978-0465060740 , pp. 342,349 Jump up ^ Crowe 2001 , p. 4-- 5. Jump up ^ Dell, Pamela (2013). A World War I Timeline (Smithsonian War Timelines Series) . Capstone. pp. 10-- 12. 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Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers, To raise an army: The draft comes to modern America (1987). Jump up ^ David Stevenson, The First World War and International Politics (1988). Jump up ^ Z.A.B. Zeman, Diplomatic History of the First World War (1971) Jump up ^ See * Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918 , edited by James Brown Scott. (1921) 515pp online free Jump up ^ R.G. Collingwood An Autobiography , 1939, page 90. Jump up ^ Heather Jones, `` As the centenary approaches: the regeneration of First World War historiography.'' Historical Journal (2013) 56#3 pp: 857-- 878, esp. p. 858 Jump up ^ `` John McCrae'' . Historica. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Jump up ^ David, Evans. `` John McCrae'' . Canadian Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Monumental Undertaking'' . kclibrary.org . Jump up ^ `` Commemoration website'' . 1914.org . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Kitchen, Martin, The Ending of World War One, and the Legacy of Peace , BBC Jump up ^ `` World War II'' , Britannica Online Encyclopedia , Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. , archived from the original on 24 June 2008 , retrieved 12 November 2009 Jump up ^ Baker, Kevin (June 2006), `` Stabbed in the Back! The past and future of a right-wing myth'' , Harper's Magazine , archived from the original on 15 July 2006 Jump up ^ Chickering 2004 . Jump up ^ Rubinstein, W.D. (2004), Genocide: a history , Pearson Education, p. 7, ISBN 0-582-50601-8 Jump up ^ 10 in this context -- see Long and short scales Jump up ^ `` What's a little debt between friends? Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine .'' . BBC News. 10 May 2006. Jump up ^ Noakes, Lucy (2006). Women in the British Army: War and the Gentle Sex, 1907-- 1948 . Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 0-415-39056-7 . Jump up ^ Green 1938 , pp. CXXVI. Jump up ^ Anton Kaes et al., eds. (1994). The Weimar Republic Sourcebook . U of California Press. p. 8. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Marls, The Myths of Reparations, pp. 231-- 2 ^ Jump up to: Marks, p. 237 Jump up ^ Marks, pp. 223-- 234 Jump up ^ World War One: A Short History By Norman Stone Jump up ^ Marks, p. 233 Jump up ^ Hall, Allan (28 September 2010). `` First World War officially ends'' . The Telegraph . Berlin . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . The final payment of £ 59.5 million, writes off the crippling debt that was the price for one world war and laid the foundations for another. Jump up ^ Suddath, Claire (4 October 2010). `` Why Did World War I Just End?'' . Time . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . World War I ended over the weekend. Germany made its final reparations-related payment for the Great War on Oct. 3, nearly 92 years after the country's defeat by the Allies. Jump up ^ `` World War I to finally end for Germany this weekend'' . CNN . 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Germany and the Allies can call it even on World War I this weekend. Jump up ^ MacMillan, Margaret (25 December 2010). `` Ending the War to End All Wars'' . The New York Times . New York . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . NOT many people noticed at the time, but World War I ended this year. ^ Jump up to: `` From Wristwatches To Radio, How World War I Ushered In The Modern World'' . npr.org . Bibliography For a comprehensive bibliography see List of books about World War I American Battle Monuments Commission (1938), American Armies and Battlefields in Europe: A History, Guide, and Reference Book , US Government Printing Office, OCLC 59803706 Army Art of World War I , United States Army Center of Military History : Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History, 1993, OCLC 28608539 Ayers, Leonard Porter (1919). The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary . Government Printing Office. Bade, Klaus J; Brown, Allison (tr.) (2003), Migration in European History , The making of Europe, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-18939-4 , OCLC 52695573 (translated from the German) Balakian, Peter (2003), The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response , New York: HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0-06-019840-4 , OCLC 56822108 Ball, Alan M (1996), And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918-- 1930 , Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-20694-6 , reviewed in Hegarty, Thomas J (March-- June 1998). `` And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918-- 1930'' . Canadian Slavonic Papers . (via Highbeam.com) Bass, Gary Jonathan (2002), Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals , Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, pp. 424pp, ISBN 0-691-09278-8 , OCLC 248021790 Blair, Dale (2005), No Quarter: Unlawful Killing and Surrender in the Australian War Experience, 1915-- 1918 , Charnwood, Australia: Ginninderra Press, ISBN 1-74027-291-9 , OCLC 62514621 Brands, Henry William (1997), T.R. : The Last Romantic , New York: Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-06958-4 , OCLC 36954615 Braybon, Gail (2004). Evidence, History, and the Great War: Historians and the Impact of 1914-- 18 . Berghahn Books. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-57181-801-0 . Brown, Judith M. (1994), Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy , Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-873113-2 Chickering, Rodger (2004), Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914-- 1918 , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-83908-4 , OCLC 55523473 Clark, Charles Upson (1927), Bessarabia, Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea , New York: Dodd, Mead, OCLC 150789848 Clark, Christopher (2013). The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 . HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-219922-5 . Clark, Christopher (2014), The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 , New York: Harper Books, ISBN 978-0-06-114666-4 Cockfield, Jamie H (1997), With snow on their boots : The tragic odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France during World War I , Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-312-22082-0 Conlon, Joseph M, The historical impact of epidemic typhus (PDF) , Montana State University, archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2010 , retrieved 21 April 2009 Cook, Tim (2006), `` The politics of surrender: Canadian soldiers and the killing of prisoners in the First World War'' , The Journal of Military History , 70 (3): 637-- 665, doi : 10.1353/jmh.2006.0158 Cross, Wilbur L (1991), Zeppelins of World War I , New York: Paragon Press, ISBN 978-1-55778-382-0 , OCLC 22860189 Crowe, David (2001). The Essentials of European History: 1914 to 1935, World War I and Europe in crisis . Research and Education Association. ISBN 978-0-87891-710-5 . DiNardo, Richard (2015). Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915 . Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. ISBN 978-1-4408-0092-4 . Djokić , Dejan (2003), Yugoslavism : histories of a failed idea, 1918-- 1992 , London: Hurst, OCLC 51093251 Doughty, Robert A. (2005), Pyrrhic victory: French strategy and operations in the Great War , Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01880-8 Duffy, Michael, Somme , First World War.com, ISBN 0-297-84689-2 , retrieved 25 February 2007 Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. (1993), The Harper's Encyclopedia of Military History, 4th Edition , Harper Collins Publishers, ISBN 978-0-06-270056-8 Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed. 1922) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30-31-32 that cover events since 1911 with thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony. partly online and list of article titles ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY online free . scans of each page of vol 30-31-32 Evans, David (2004), The First World War , Teach yourself, London: Hodder Arnold, ISBN 0-340-88489-4 , OCLC 224332259 Evans, Leslie (27 May 2005), Future of Iraq, Israel-Palestine Conflict, and Central Asia Weighed at International Conference , UCLA International Institute, archived from the original on 24 May 2008 , retrieved 30 December 2008 Falls, Cyril Bentham (1960), The First World War , London: Longmans, ISBN 1-84342-272-7 , OCLC 460327352 Farwell, Byron (1989), The Great War in Africa, 1914-- 1918 , W.W. Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-30564-7 Ferguson, Niall (1999), The Pity of War , New York: Basic Books, pp. 563pp, ISBN 0-465-05711-X , OCLC 41124439 Ferguson, Niall (2006), The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West , New York: Penguin Press, ISBN 1-59420-100-5 Fortescue, Granville Roland (28 October 1915), `` London in Gloom over Gallipoli; Captain Fortescue in Book and Ashmead-Bartlett in Lecture Declare Campaign Lost'' , New York Times Fromkin, David (1989). A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East . New York: Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 0-8050-0857-8 . Fromkin, David (2004), Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914? , New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 0-375-41156-9 , OCLC 53937943 Gelvin, James L (2005), The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-85289-7 , OCLC 59879560 Grant, R.G. (2005), Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat , DK Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7566-5578-5 Gray, Randal; Argyle, Christopher (1990), Chronicle of the First World War , New York: Facts on File, ISBN 978-0-8160-2595-4 , OCLC 19398100 Gilbert, Martin (1994), First World War , Stoddart Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7737-2848-6 Gilbert, Martin (2004), The First World War: A Complete History , Clearwater, Florida: Owl Books, p. 306, ISBN 0-8050-7617-4 , OCLC 34792651 Goodspeed, Donald James (1985), The German Wars 1914-- 1945 , New York: Random House; Bonanza, ISBN 978-0-517-46790-9 Gray, Randal (1991), Kaiserschlacht 1918: the final German offensive , Osprey, ISBN 978-1-85532-157-1 Green, John Frederick Norman (1938), `` Obituary: Albert Ernest Kitson '' , Geological Society Quarterly Journal , Geological Society, 94 Halpern, Paul G (1995), A Naval History of World War I , New York: Routledge, ISBN 1-85728-498-4 , OCLC 60281302 Harris, J.P. (2008), Douglas Haig and the First World War (2009 ed.), Cambridge: CUP, ISBN 978-0-521-89802-7 Hartcup, Guy (1988), The War of Invention; Scientific Developments, 1914-- 18 , Brassey's Defence Publishers, ISBN 0-08-033591-8 Havighurst, Alfred F (1985), Britain in transition: the twentieth century (4 ed.), University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-31971-1 Heller, Charles E (1984), Chemical warfare in World War I : the American experience, 1917-- 1918 , Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute, OCLC 123244486 , archived from the original on 4 July 2007 Heyman, Neil M (1997), World War I , Guides to historic events of the twentieth century, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-29880-7 , OCLC 36292837 Hickey, Michael (2003), The Mediterranean Front 1914-- 1923 , The First World War, 4 , New York: Routledge, pp. 60-- 65, ISBN 0-415-96844-5 , OCLC 52375688 Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984), Young, Peter, ed., `` The Campaign in Armenia'' , Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I , New York: Marshall Cavendish, ii , ISBN 0-86307-181-3 Hirschfeld, Gerhard et al. eds. Brill's Encyclopedia of the First World War (2012), 1105pp Holmes, T.M. (April 2014). `` Absolute Numbers: The Schlieffen Plan as a Critique of German Strategy in 1914'' . War in History . London: Edward Arnold. XXI (2): 194, 211. ISSN 1477-0385 . Hooker, Richard (1996), The Ottomans , Washington State University, archived from the original on 8 October 1999 Hooker, Richard (1996), The Ottomans , Washington State University, archived from the original on 8 October 1999 Horne, John; Kramer, Alan (2001), German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial , Yale University Press, OCLC 47181922 Hovannisian, Richard G. (1967), Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918 , Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-00574-0 Hull, Isabel Virginia (2006), Absolute destruction: military culture and the practices of war in Imperial Germany , Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-0-8014-7293-0 Humphries, Mark Osborne (2007), `` '' Old Wine in New Bottles`` : A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras'' , in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike, Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment , Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, pp. 65-- 85, ISBN 0-88920-508-6 Inglis, David (1995), Vimy Ridge: 1917-- 1992, A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years (PDF) , Burnaby: Simon Fraser University Isaac, Jad; Hosh, Leonardo (7-- 9 May 1992), Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East , University of Waterloo, archived from the original on 28 September 2006 Jenkins, Burris A (2009), Facing the Hindenburg Line , BiblioBazaar, ISBN 978-1-110-81238-7 Johnson, James Edgar (2001), Full Circle: The Story of Air Fighting , London: Cassell, ISBN 0-304-35860-6 , OCLC 45991828 Jones, Howard (2001), Crucible of Power: A History of US Foreign Relations Since 1897 , Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Books, ISBN 0-8420-2918-4 , OCLC 46640675 Kaplan, Robert D (February 1993), `` Syria: Identity Crisis'' , The Atlantic , retrieved 30 December 2008 Karp, Walter (1979), The Politics of War (1st ed.), ISBN 0-06-012265-X , OCLC 4593327 , Wilson's maneuvering US into war Keegan, John (1998), The First World War , Hutchinson, ISBN 0-09-180178-8 , general military history Keene, Jennifer D (2006), World War I , Daily Life Through History Series, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, p. 5, ISBN 0-313-33181-2 , OCLC 70883191 Kernek, Sterling (December 1970), `` The British Government's Reactions to President Wilson's ' Peace' Note of December 1916'' , The Historical Journal , 13 (4): 721-- 766, JSTOR 2637713 , doi : 10.1017/S0018246X00009481 Kitchen, Martin (2000) (1980), Europe Between the Wars , New York: Longman, ISBN 0-582-41869-0 , OCLC 247285240 Knobler, Stacey L, ed. (2005), The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary , Washington DC: National Academies Press, ISBN 0-309-09504-2 , OCLC 57422232 Kurlander, Eric (2006), Steffen Bruendel. Volksgemeinschaft oder Volksstaat: Die `` Ideen von 1914'' und die Neuordnung Deutschlands im Ersten Weltkrieg (Book review) , H-net , retrieved 17 November 2009 Lehmann, Hartmut; van der Veer, Peter, eds. (1999), Nation and religion: perspectives on Europe and Asia , Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-01232-6 , OCLC 39727826 Love, Dave (May 1996), `` The Second Battle of Ypres, April 1915'' , Sabretasche , 26 (4) Lyons, Michael J (1999), World War I: A Short History (2nd ed.), Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-020551-6 Ludendorff, Erich (1919), My War Memories, 1914-- 1918 , OCLC 60104290 also published by Harper as `` Ludendorff's Own Story, August 1914 -- November 1918: The Great War from the Siege of Liège to the Signing of the Armistice as Viewed from the Grand Headquarters of the German Army'' OCLC 561160 (original title Meine Kriegserinnerungen, 1914-- 1918 ) Magliveras, Konstantinos D (1999), Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations: The Law and Practice behind Member States' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership , Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, ISBN 90-411-1239-1 Martel, Gordon (2003), The Origins of the First World War , Pearson Longman, Harlow Mawdsley, Evan (2008), The Russian Civil War (Edinburgh ed.), Birlinn location, ISBN 1-84341-041-9 McLellan, Edwin N, The United States Marine Corps in the World War Meyer, Gerald J (2006), A World Undone: The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918 , Random House, ISBN 978-0-553-80354-9 Millett, Allan Reed; Murray, Williamson (1988), Military Effectiveness , Boston: Allen Unwin, ISBN 0-04-445053-2 , OCLC 220072268 Moon, John Ellis van Courtland (July 1996), `` United States Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II: A Captive of Coalition Policy?'' , The Journal of Military History , Society for Military History, 60 (3): 495-- 511, JSTOR 2944522 , doi : 10.2307/2944522 Morton, Desmond (1992), Silent Battle: Canadian Prisoners of War in Germany, 1914-- 1919 , Toronto: Lester Publishing, ISBN 1-895555-17-5 , OCLC 29565680 Mosier, John (2001), `` Germany and the Development of Combined Arms Tactics'' , Myth of the Great War: How the Germans Won the Battles and How the Americans Saved the Allies , New York: Harper Collins, ISBN 0-06-019676-9 Muller, Jerry Z (March-- April 2008), `` Us and Them -- The Enduring Power of Ethnic Nationalism'' , Foreign Affairs , Council on Foreign Relations , retrieved 30 December 2008 Neiberg, Michael S (2005), Fighting the Great War: A Global History , Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01696-3 , OCLC 56592292 Nicholson, Gerald WL (1962), Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914-- 1919: Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War (1st ed.), Ottawa: Queens Printer and Controller of Stationary, OCLC 2317262 , archived from the original on 16 May 2007 Northedge, FS (1986), The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920-- 1946 , New York: Holmes & Meier, ISBN 0-7185-1316-9 Page, Thomas Nelson, Italy and the World War , Brigham Young University, Chapter XI cites `` Cf. articles signed XXX in La Revue de Deux Mondes , 1 and 15 March 1920'' Painter, David S. (2012), `` Oil and the American Century'' (PDF) , The Journal of American History , 99 (1): 24-- 39, doi : 10.1093/jahist/jas073 Phillimore, George Grenville; Bellot, Hugh HL (1919), `` Treatment of Prisoners of War'' , Transactions of the Grotius Society , 5 : 47-- 64, OCLC 43267276 Pitt, Barrie (2003), 1918: The Last Act , Barnsley: Pen and Sword, ISBN 0-85052-974-3 , OCLC 56468232 Price, Alfred (1980), Aircraft versus Submarine: the Evolution of the Anti-submarine Aircraft, 1912 to 1980 , London: Jane's Publishing, ISBN 0-7106-0008-9 , OCLC 10324173 Deals with technical developments, including the first dipping hydrophones Prior, Robin (1999), The First World War , London: Cassell, ISBN 0-304-35256-X Raudzens, George (October 1990), `` War-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History'' , The Journal of Military History , Society for Military History, 54 (4): 403-- 434, JSTOR 1986064 , doi : 10.2307/1986064 Repington, Charles à Court (1920), The First World War, 1914-- 1918 , 2 , London: Constable, ISBN 1-113-19764-1 Rickard, J (5 March 2001), `` Erich von Ludendorff ( sic ), 1865-- 1937, German General'' , Military History Encyclopedia on the Web , HistoryOfWar.org , retrieved 6 February 2008 Rickard, J (27 August 2007), The Ludendorff Offensives, 21 March-18 July 1918 Roden, Mike, `` The Lost Generation -- myth and reality'' , Aftermath -- when the boys came home , retrieved 6 November 2009 Saadi, Abdul-Ilah (12 February 2009), Dreaming of Greater Syria , Al Jazeera , retrieved 14 August 2014 Sachar, Howard Morley (1970), The emergence of the Middle East, 1914-- 1924 , Allen Lane, ISBN 0-7139-0158-6 , OCLC 153103197 Salibi, Kamal Suleiman (1993), `` How it all began -- A concise history of Lebanon'' , A House of Many Mansions -- the history of Lebanon reconsidered , I.B. Tauris, ISBN 1-85043-091-8 , OCLC 224705916 Schindler, J (2003), `` Steamrollered in Galicia: The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive, 1916'' , War in History , 10 (1): 27-- 59, doi : 10.1191/0968344503wh260oa Shanafelt, Gary W (1985), The secret enemy: Austria-Hungary and the German alliance, 1914-- 1918 , East European Monographs, ISBN 978-0-88033-080-0 Shapiro, Fred R; Epstein, Joseph (2006), The Yale Book of Quotations , Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-10798-6 Smith, David James (2010). One Morning In Sarajevo . Hachette UK. ISBN 978-0-297-85608-5 . He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip. But there is no photograph of Gavro's arrest -- this photograph shows the arrest of Behr. Souter, Gavin (2000), Lion & Kangaroo: the initiation of Australia , Melbourne: Text Publishing, OCLC 222801639 Sisemore, James D (2003), The Russo-Japanese War, Lessons Not Learned , US Army Command and General Staff College Smele, Jonathan, `` War and Revolution in Russia 1914-- 1921'' , World Wars in-depth , BBC, archived from the original on 10 November 2011 , retrieved 12 November 2009 Speed, Richard B, III (1990), Prisoners, Diplomats and the Great War: A Study in the Diplomacy of Captivity , New York: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-26729-4 , OCLC 20694547 Stevenson, David (1996), Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904-- 1914 , New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-820208-3 , OCLC 33079190 Stevenson, David (2004), Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy , New York: Basic Books, pp. 560pp, ISBN 0-465-08184-3 , OCLC 54001282 Strachan, Hew (2003), The First World War: Volume I: To Arms , New York: Viking, ISBN 0-670-03295-6 , OCLC 53075929 Taylor, Alan John Percivale (1963), The First World War: An Illustrated History , Hamish Hamilton, ISBN 0-399-50260-2 , OCLC 2054370 Taylor, Alan John Percivale (1998), The First World War and its aftermath, 1914-- 1919 , Century of Conflict, 1848-- 1948, London: Folio Society, OCLC 49988231 Taylor, John M (Summer 2007), `` Audacious Cruise of the Emden'' , The Quarterly Journal of Military History , 19 (4): 38-- 47, ISSN 0899-3718 , doi :10.1353/jmh.2007.0331 (inactive 2017-01-15) Terraine, John (1963), Ordeal of Victory , Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, pp. 508pp, ISBN 0-09-068120-7 , OCLC 1345833 Todman, Dan (2005). The Great War: Myth and Memory . A & C Black. ISBN 978-0-8264-6728-7 . Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941 - 1945 . Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7924-1 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Tschanz, David W, Typhus fever on the Eastern front in World War I , Montana State University, archived from the original on 11 June 2010 , retrieved 12 November 2009 Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim (1966), The Zimmermann Telegram (2nd ed.), New York: Macmillan, ISBN 0-02-620320-0 , OCLC 233392415 Tucker, Spencer C; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005), Encyclopedia of World War I , Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, ISBN 1-85109-420-2 , OCLC 61247250 Tucker, Spencer C; Wood, Laura Matysek; Murphy, Justin D (1999), The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia , Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-8153-3351-7 Velikonja, Mitja (2003). Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina . Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-226-3 . von der Porten, Edward P (1969), German Navy in World War II , New York: T.Y. Crowell, ISBN 0-213-17961-X , OCLC 164543865 Westwell, Ian (2004), World War I Day by Day , St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing, pp. 192pp, ISBN 0-7603-1937-5 , OCLC 57533366 Wilgus, William John (1931), Transporting the A.E.F. in Western Europe, 1917-- 1919 , New York: Columbia University Press, OCLC 1161730 Willmott, H.P. (2003), World War I , New York: Dorling Kindersley, ISBN 0-7894-9627-5 , OCLC 52541937 Winegard, Timothy, `` Here at Vimy: A Retrospective -- The 90th Anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge'' , Canadian Military Journal , 8 (2) Winter, Denis (1983), The First of the Few: Fighter Pilots of the First World War , Penguin, ISBN 978-0-14-005256-5 Wohl, Robert (1979), The Generation of 1914 (3 ed.), Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-34466-2 Zieger, Robert H (2001), America's Great War: World War I and the American experience , Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 50, ISBN 0-8476-9645-6 `` History in brief (Israel)'' , The Economist , 28 July 2005 , retrieved 30 December 2008 Israeli Foreign Ministry, Ottoman Rule , Jewish Virtual Library , retrieved 30 December 2008 De Groot, Gerard J (2001). The First World War . Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 0-333-74534-5 . Turner, Leonard Charles Frederick (1976). Origins of the First World War . London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-393-09947-4 . Henig, Ruth B. (Ruth Beatrice) (1994). The origins of the First World War . London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10233-2 . Stevenson, David (1988). The First World War and international politics . Oxford: University Press. ISBN 0-19-873049-7 . Primary sources Collins, Ross F. ed. World War I: Primary Documents on Events from 1914 to 1919 (Greenwood Press, 2008) online Historiography and memory Baker, Kevin (June 2006), `` Stabbed in the Back! The past and future of a right-wing myth'' , Harper's Magazine Deak, John. `` The Great War and the Forgotten Realm: The Habsburg Monarchy and the First World War'' Journal of Modern History (2014) 86#2 pp: 336-- 380. Iriye, Akira. `` The Historiographic Impact of the Great War.'' Diplomatic History (July 2014) doi : 10.1093/dh/dhu035 Jones, Heather. `` As the centenary approaches: the regeneration of First World War historiography.'' Historical Journal (2013) 56#3 pp: 857-- 878. Jones, Heather. `` Goodbye to all that?: Memory and meaning in the commemoration of the first world war.'' Juncture (2014) 20#4 pp: 287-- 291. Kitchen, James E., Alisa Miller and Laura Rowe, eds. Other Combatants, Other Fronts: Competing Histories of the First World War (2011) excerpt Kramer, Alan. `` Recent Historiography of the First World War -- Part I'' , Journal of Modern European History (Feb. 2014) 12#1 pp 5-- 27; `` Recent Historiography of the First World War (Part II)'' , (May 2014) 12#2 pp 155-- 174 Mulligan, William. `` The Trial Continues: New Directions in the Study of the Origins of the First World War.'' English Historical Review (2014) 129#538 pp: 639-- 666. Reynolds, David. The Long Shadow: The Legacies of the Great War in the Twentieth Century (2014) Excerpt and text search Sanborn, Joshua. `` Russian Historiography on the Origins of the First World War Since the Fischer Controversy.'' Journal of Contemporary History (2013) 48#2 pp: 350-- 362. Sharp, Heather. `` Representing Australia's Involvement in the First World War: Discrepancies between Public Discourses and School History Textbooks from 1916 to 1936.'' Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society (2014) 6#1 pp: 1-- 23. Trout, Stephen. `` On the Battlefield of Memory: The First World War and American Remembrance, 1919-- 1941 (2013) Turan, Ömer . `` Turkish Historiography of the First World War.'' Middle East Critique (2014) 23#2 pp: 241-- 257. Winter, Jay, ed. The Cambridge History of the First World War (2 vol. Cambridge University Press, 2014) External links Listen to this article (3 parts) (info) Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 This audio file was created from a revision of the `` World War I '' article dated 2006-06-24 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ( Audio help ) More spoken articles 1914-- 1918-online International Encyclopedia of the First World War The Heritage of the Great War / First World War. 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who plays mia tanner in wisdom of the crowd
Malachi Weir as Mike Leigh Ion Overman as Elena Ruiz Abigail Cowen as Mia Tanner
[ [ "Abigail Cowen" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "Wisdom of the Crowd Genre Drama Based on The Israeli series of the same name by Shira Hadad & Dror Mishani Developed by Ted Humphrey Starring Jeremy Piven Monica Potter Richard T. Jones Natalia Tena Blake Lee Composer ( s ) Paul Haslinger Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 12 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ted Humphrey Avi Nir Alon Shtruzman Peter Traugott Rachel Kaplan Dror Mishani Shira Hadad Adam Davidson Camera setup Single - camera Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Algorithm Entertainment Keshet International Universal Television CBS Television Studios Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Original release October 1 , 2017 -- present Website www.cbs.com/shows/wisdom-of-the-crowd/", "Wisdom of the Crowd", "Genre Drama", "Based on The Israeli series of the same name by Shira Hadad & Dror Mishani", "Developed by Ted Humphrey", "Starring Jeremy Piven Monica Potter Richard T. Jones Natalia Tena Blake Lee", "Jeremy Piven Monica Potter Richard T. Jones Natalia Tena Blake Lee", "Richard T. Jones", "Composer ( s ) Paul Haslinger", "Country of origin United States", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of seasons", "No. of episodes 12 ( list of episodes )", "Production", "Executive producer ( s ) Ted Humphrey Avi Nir Alon Shtruzman Peter Traugott Rachel Kaplan Dror Mishani Shira Hadad Adam Davidson", "Ted Humphrey Avi Nir Alon Shtruzman Peter Traugott Rachel Kaplan Dror Mishani Shira Hadad Adam Davidson", "Camera setup Single - camera", "Running time 44 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Algorithm Entertainment Keshet International Universal Television CBS Television Studios", "Algorithm Entertainment Keshet International Universal Television CBS Television Studios", "CBS Television Studios", "Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution", "Release", "Original network CBS", "Original release October 1 , 2017 -- present", "Website www.cbs.com/shows/wisdom-of-the-crowd/", "Wisdom of the Crowd is an American drama television series based on the Israeli series of the same name by Shira Hadad & Dror Mishani . The series premiered on CBS October 1 , 2017 . On November 27 , 2017 , CBS decided not to order a full season following weak ratings and allegations of sexual harassment involving Jeremy Piven .", "Jeremy Piven as Jeffrey Tanner Richard T. Jones as Detective Tommy Cavanaugh Natalia Tena as Sara Morton Blake Lee as Josh Novak Monica Potter as Alex Hale Jake Matthews as Tariq Bakari", "Jeremy Piven as Jeffrey Tanner", "Richard T. Jones as Detective Tommy Cavanaugh", "Natalia Tena as Sara Morton", "Blake Lee as Josh Novak", "Monica Potter as Alex Hale", "Jake Matthews as Tariq Bakari", "Malachi Weir as Mike Leigh Ion Overman as Elena Ruiz Abigail Cowen as Mia Tanner", "Malachi Weir as Mike Leigh", "Ion Overman as Elena Ruiz", "Abigail Cowen as Mia Tanner", "No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Adam Davidson Ted Humphrey October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 8.83 Jeffrey Tanner ( Jeremy Piven ) is obsessed with finding who murdered his daughter and has developed an online , crowd sourcing app called Sophe to help him . His team is a unique collection of talented individuals with many different skills . `` In The Wild '' Adam Davidson Ted Humphrey October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 7.84 A 13 - year - old boy goes missing , so Tanner uses Sophe to help find him . `` Machine Learning '' Jon Amiel Matthew Lau & Aiyana White October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 8.04 `` User Bias '' Charles Beeson Kim Shumway & Patrick Moss October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 7.70 5 `` Clear History '' Deran Sarafian David Appelbaum & Erica Saleh October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 6.76 6 `` Trojan Horse '' Stephen Kay Andrew Dettmann & Joshua Hale Fialkov November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 7.87 7 `` Trade Secrets '' Adam Davidson Matthew Lau November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 6.56 8 `` Denial of Service '' Eagle Egilsson Kim Shumway November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 6.03 9 `` Proof of Concept '' Roxann Dawson Aiyana White November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 6.72 10 `` Live Stream '' Milan Cheylov David Appelbaum December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 6.11 11 `` Alpha Test '' Adam Davidson Erica Saleh December 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) 6.65 12 `` Root Directory '' Liz Friedlander Joshua Hale Fialkov January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) TBD 13 `` The Tipping Point '' Eric Laneuville Teleplay by : Andrew Dettmann & Patrick Moss Story by : Andrew Dettmann January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) TBD", "No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions )", "`` Pilot '' Adam Davidson Ted Humphrey October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 8.83", "Jeffrey Tanner ( Jeremy Piven ) is obsessed with finding who murdered his daughter and has developed an online , crowd sourcing app called Sophe to help him . His team is a unique collection of talented individuals with many different skills .", "`` In The Wild '' Adam Davidson Ted Humphrey October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 7.84", "A 13 - year - old boy goes missing , so Tanner uses Sophe to help find him .", "`` Machine Learning '' Jon Amiel Matthew Lau & Aiyana White October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 8.04", "`` User Bias '' Charles Beeson Kim Shumway & Patrick Moss October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 7.70", "5 `` Clear History '' Deran Sarafian David Appelbaum & Erica Saleh October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 6.76", "6 `` Trojan Horse '' Stephen Kay Andrew Dettmann & Joshua Hale Fialkov November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 7.87", "7 `` Trade Secrets '' Adam Davidson Matthew Lau November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 6.56", "8 `` Denial of Service '' Eagle Egilsson Kim Shumway November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 6.03", "9 `` Proof of Concept '' Roxann Dawson Aiyana White November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 6.72", "10 `` Live Stream '' Milan Cheylov David Appelbaum December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 6.11", "11 `` Alpha Test '' Adam Davidson Erica Saleh December 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) 6.65", "12 `` Root Directory '' Liz Friedlander Joshua Hale Fialkov January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) TBD", "13 `` The Tipping Point '' Eric Laneuville Teleplay by : Andrew Dettmann & Patrick Moss Story by : Andrew Dettmann January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) TBD", "The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes an approval rating of 28 % based on 18 reviews , with an average rating of 4.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Wisdom of the Crowd wastes a talented cast on a formulaic procedural crime drama that wavers between modest returns and unintentional laughs . '' Metacritic , which uses a normalized rating , assigned a weighted average score of 35 out of 100 , based on 17 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' ." ]
Wisdom of the Crowd - wikipedia Wisdom of the Crowd Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the TV series. For the collective opinion itself, see Wisdom of the crowd . Wisdom of the Crowd Genre Drama Based on The Israeli series of the same name by Shira Hadad & Dror Mishani Developed by Ted Humphrey Starring Jeremy Piven Monica Potter Richard T. Jones Natalia Tena Blake Lee Composer(s) Paul Haslinger Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 12 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) Ted Humphrey Avi Nir Alon Shtruzman Peter Traugott Rachel Kaplan Dror Mishani Shira Hadad Adam Davidson Camera setup Single-camera Running time 44 minutes Production company(s) Algorithm Entertainment Keshet International Universal Television CBS Television Studios Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Original release October 1, 2017 -- present Website www.cbs.com/shows/wisdom-of-the-crowd/ Wisdom of the Crowd is an American drama television series based on the Israeli series of the same name by Shira Hadad & Dror Mishani . The series premiered on CBS October 1, 2017. On November 27, 2017, CBS decided not to order a full season following weak ratings and allegations of sexual harassment involving Jeremy Piven . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reception 4 References 5 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Jeremy Piven as Jeffrey Tanner Richard T. Jones as Detective Tommy Cavanaugh Natalia Tena as Sara Morton Blake Lee as Josh Novak Monica Potter as Alex Hale Jake Matthews as Tariq Bakari Recurring ( edit ) Malachi Weir as Mike Leigh Ion Overman as Elena Ruiz Abigail Cowen as Mia Tanner Episodes ( edit ) No. Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers (millions) `` Pilot'' Adam Davidson Ted Humphrey October 1, 2017 ( 2017-10-01 ) 8.83 Jeffrey Tanner ( Jeremy Piven ) is obsessed with finding who murdered his daughter and has developed an online, crowd sourcing app called Sophe to help him. His team is a unique collection of talented individuals with many different skills. `` In The Wild'' Adam Davidson Ted Humphrey October 8, 2017 ( 2017-10-08 ) 7.84 A 13-year-old boy goes missing, so Tanner uses Sophe to help find him. `` Machine Learning'' Jon Amiel Matthew Lau & Aiyana White October 15, 2017 ( 2017-10-15 ) 8.04 `` User Bias'' Charles Beeson Kim Shumway & Patrick Moss October 22, 2017 ( 2017-10-22 ) 7.70 5 `` Clear History'' Deran Sarafian David Appelbaum & Erica Saleh October 29, 2017 ( 2017-10-29 ) 6.76 6 `` Trojan Horse'' Stephen Kay Andrew Dettmann & Joshua Hale Fialkov November 5, 2017 ( 2017-11-05 ) 7.87 7 `` Trade Secrets'' Adam Davidson Matthew Lau November 12, 2017 ( 2017-11-12 ) 6.56 8 `` Denial of Service'' Eagle Egilsson Kim Shumway November 19, 2017 ( 2017-11-19 ) 6.03 9 `` Proof of Concept'' Roxann Dawson Aiyana White November 26, 2017 ( 2017-11-26 ) 6.72 10 `` Live Stream'' Milan Cheylov David Appelbaum December 10, 2017 ( 2017-12-10 ) 6.11 11 `` Alpha Test'' Adam Davidson Erica Saleh December 17, 2017 ( 2017-12-17 ) 6.65 12 `` Root Directory'' Liz Friedlander Joshua Hale Fialkov January 7, 2018 ( 2018-01-07 ) TBD 13 `` The Tipping Point'' Eric Laneuville Teleplay by: Andrew Dettmann & Patrick Moss Story by: Andrew Dettmann January 14, 2018 ( 2018-01-14 ) TBD Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes an approval rating of 28% based on 18 reviews, with an average rating of 4.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, `` Wisdom of the Crowd wastes a talented cast on a formulaic procedural crime drama that wavers between modest returns and unintentional laughs.'' Metacritic , which uses a normalized rating, assigned a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews'' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wisdom of the Crowd - NBCUniversal Media Village'' . www.nbcumv.com. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 12, 2017). `` CBS Orders Boreanaz' Seal Team, Moore's S.W.A.T., Cumming's Instinct, Piven's Wisdom, Plus 2 Comedies'' . TVLine . Retrieved May 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 1, 2017). `` CBS Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Young Sheldon' , ' 9 JKL' & Returning Series'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz, Ryan (November 27, 2017). `` Wisdom of the Crowd Cancelled Amid Jeremy Piven Sexual Assault Scandal'' . TVLine . Retrieved November 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 27, 2017). `` Jeremy Piven To Topline ' Wisdom Of The Crowd' CBS Drama Pilot'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (March 8, 2017). `` Richard T. Jones Cast In ' Wisdom Of The Crowd' CBS Drama Pilot'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 8, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Pedersen, Erik (March 15, 2017). `` ' Wisdom of ohe Crowd' : Natalia Tena & Jake Matthews Join CBS Drama Pilot'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (March 8, 2017). `` Blake Lee Joins ' Wisdom Of The Crowd' CBS Drama Pilot; Lucas Hazlett In ' Real Life ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (March 16, 2017). `` Monica Potter To Co-Star In ' Wisdom Of The Crowd' CBS Drama Pilot'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 3, 2017). `` ' NCIS: LA' and ' 60 Minutes' adjust up, ' Wisdom of the Crowd' and ' Ten Days in the Valley' down: Sunday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 10, 2017). `` NFL adjusts up, all others unchanged: Sunday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 17, 2017). `` ' Madam Secretary' and ' Wisdom of the Crowd' adjust down, ' 60 Minutes, ' AFV' and NFL up: Sunday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 24, 2017). `` ' NCIS: LA' and ' Shark Tank' adjust up, ' Madam Secretary' adjusts down: Sunday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 31, 2017). `` ' Wisdom of the Crowd,' ' 60 Minutes' adjust down, final World Series & NFL numbers: Sunday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 7, 2017). `` ' Family Guy,' ' 60 Minutes' adjust up, ' Bob's Burgers' and ' Madam Secretary' adjust down: Sunday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 14, 2017). `` ' Wisdom of the Crowd' adjusts down: Sunday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 21, 2017). `` ' Sunday Night Football' adjusts up, ' 60 Minutes' and ' Madam Secretary' adjust down: Sunday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 29, 2017). `` ' NCIS: LA,' ' 60 Minutes' and ' Sunday Night Football' adjust up: Sunday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 12, 2017). `` ' Bob's Burgers,' ' The Simpsons' and ' 60 Minutes' adjust down: Sunday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 19, 2017). `` ' Wisdom of the Crowd' and ' 60 Minutes' adjust down, NFL up: Sunday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` (#WOC113) `` The Tipping Point '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wisdom of the Crowd: Season 1 (2017)'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 31, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wisdom of the Crowd - Season 1 Reviews'' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 31, 2017 . 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About Wikipedia
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who said these lines to whom mangal bhawan amangal hari
The English commentary by Morari Bapu , Mangal Ramayan , is an English composition of one of his orrated Ram Katha commentaries . The book contains all the translations of prayers , Doha , Chaupais , and Chandan sung by Bapu , as well as an in - depth disccusion behind the meanings of the poetry .
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[ "Ramcharitmanas Sri Sita Rama , Lakshmana and Hanuman Information Religion Hinduism Author Tulsidas Language Awadhi dialect of Hindi Verses 10,902", "Ramcharitmanas", "Sri Sita Rama , Lakshmana and Hanuman", "Information", "Religion Hinduism", "Author Tulsidas", "Language Awadhi dialect of Hindi", "Verses 10,902", "Ramcharitmanas ( Devanāgarī : श्रीरामचरितमानस , IAST : ŚrīRāmacaritamānasa ) , is an epic poem in the language Awadhi , composed by the 16th - century Indian bhakti poet Goswami Tulsidas ( c. 1532 -- 1623 ) . Ramcharitmanas literally means `` Lake of the deeds of Rama '' . Ramcharitmanas is considered as one of the greatest works of Hindi literature , Indian literature as well as of the world literature . The work has variously been acclaimed as `` the living sum of Indian culture '' , `` the tallest tree in the magic garden of medieval Indian poetry '' , `` the greatest book of all devotional literature '' and `` the best and most trustworthy guide to the popular living faith of the Indian people '' .", "Part of a series on Hindu scriptures and texts Shruti Smriti Vedas ( show ) Rigveda Samaveda Yajurveda Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishads Upanishads ( show ) Rig vedic Aitareya Kaushitaki Sama vedic Chandogya Kena Yajur vedic Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Shvetashvatara Maitri Atharva vedic Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Other scriptures ( show ) Bhagavad Gita Agamas Related Hindu texts Vedangas ( show ) Shiksha Chandas Vyakarana Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha Puranas ( show ) Brahma puranas Brahma Brahmānda Brahmavaivarta Markandeya Bhavishya Vaishnava puranas Vishnu Bhagavata Naradiya Garuda Padma Vamana Kurma Matsya Shaiva puranas Shiva Linga Skanda Vayu Agni Itihasa ( show ) Ramayana Mahabharata Shastras and sutras ( show ) Dharma Shastra Artha Śastra Kamasutra Brahma Sutras Samkhya Sutras Mimamsa Sutras Nyāya Sūtras Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Yoga Sutras Pramana Sutras Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita Natya Shastra Panchatantra Divya Prabandha Tirumurai Ramcharitmanas Yoga Vasistha Swara yoga Shiva Samhita Gheranda Samhita Panchadasi Vedantasara Stotra Timeline ( show ) Chronology of Hindu texts", "Part of a series on", "Hindu scriptures and texts", "Shruti Smriti", "Shruti Smriti", "Vedas ( show ) Rigveda Samaveda Yajurveda Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishads", "Rigveda Samaveda Yajurveda Atharvaveda", "Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishads", "Upanishads ( show ) Rig vedic Aitareya Kaushitaki Sama vedic Chandogya Kena Yajur vedic Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Shvetashvatara Maitri Atharva vedic Mundaka Mandukya Prashna", "Aitareya Kaushitaki", "Chandogya Kena", "Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Shvetashvatara Maitri", "Mundaka Mandukya Prashna", "Other scriptures ( show ) Bhagavad Gita Agamas", "Bhagavad Gita Agamas", "Related Hindu texts", "Vedangas ( show ) Shiksha Chandas Vyakarana Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha", "Shiksha Chandas Vyakarana Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha", "Puranas ( show ) Brahma puranas Brahma Brahmānda Brahmavaivarta Markandeya Bhavishya Vaishnava puranas Vishnu Bhagavata Naradiya Garuda Padma Vamana Kurma Matsya Shaiva puranas Shiva Linga Skanda Vayu Agni", "Brahma Brahmānda Brahmavaivarta Markandeya Bhavishya", "Vishnu Bhagavata Naradiya Garuda Padma Vamana Kurma Matsya", "Shiva Linga Skanda Vayu Agni", "Itihasa ( show ) Ramayana Mahabharata", "Ramayana Mahabharata", "Shastras and sutras ( show ) Dharma Shastra Artha Śastra Kamasutra Brahma Sutras Samkhya Sutras Mimamsa Sutras Nyāya Sūtras Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Yoga Sutras Pramana Sutras Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita Natya Shastra Panchatantra Divya Prabandha Tirumurai Ramcharitmanas Yoga Vasistha Swara yoga Shiva Samhita Gheranda Samhita Panchadasi Vedantasara Stotra", "Dharma Shastra Artha Śastra Kamasutra Brahma Sutras Samkhya Sutras Mimamsa Sutras Nyāya Sūtras Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Yoga Sutras Pramana Sutras Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita Natya Shastra Panchatantra Divya Prabandha Tirumurai Ramcharitmanas Yoga Vasistha Swara yoga Shiva Samhita Gheranda Samhita Panchadasi Vedantasara Stotra", "Timeline ( show ) Chronology of Hindu texts", "Chronology of Hindu texts", "Chronology of Hindu texts", "", "", "Tulsidas ( the Sanskrit name of Tulsidas can be transliterated in two ways . Using the IAST transliteration scheme , the name is written as Tulasīdāsa , as pronounced in Sanskrit . Using the Hunterian transliteration scheme , it is written as Tulsidas or Tulsīdās , as pronounced in Hindi ) . Tulsidas was a great scholar of Sanskrit . However , he wanted the story of Rama to be accessible to the general masses and not just the Sanskrit - speaking elite . In order to make the story of Rama as accessible to the layman as to the scholar , Tulsidas chose to write in Awadhi , a local dialect of Hindi which was in vogue as the language of general parlance in large parts of north India during the composition of the work . Tradition has it that Tulsidas had to face a lot of criticism from the sanskrit scholars of Varanasi for being a bhasha ( vernacular ) poet . However , Tulsidas remained steadfast in his resolve for simplifying the knowledge contained in the Vedas , the Upanishads and the Puranas to the common people . Subsequently , his work was accepted by all .", "Ramcharitmanas , made available the story of Rama to the common man to sing , meditate and perform on . The writing of Ramcharitmanas also heralded many a cultural tradition , most significantly that of the tradition of Ramlila , the dramatic enactment of the text . Ramcharitmanas is considered by many as a work belonging to the Saguna school of the Bhakti movement in Hindi literature .", "Tulsidas began writing the Ramcharitmanas in Ayodhya in Vikram Samvat 1631 ( 1574 CE ) . The exact date is stated within the poem as being the ninth day of the month of Chaitra , which is the birthday of Rama , Rama Navami . Ramcharitmanas was composed at Ayodhya , Varanasi & Chitrakoot . India was under the reign of Mughal emperor Akbar ( 1556 - 1605 CE ) during this period . This also makes Tulsidas a contemporary of William Shakespeare .", "The Ramcharitmanas is written in vernacular Awadhi language , The core of the work is considered by some to be a poetic retelling of the events of the Sanskrit epic Ramayana by Valmiki . The Valmiki Ramayana is centered on the narrative of Rama , the scion of the family tree of king Raghu of the Sun Dynasty . Rama was the crown prince of Ayodhya and is considered in Hindu tradition as the seventh Avatar of Vishnu . However , the Ramacharitmanas is by no means a word - to - word copy of the Valmiki Ramayana nor an abridged re-telling of the latter . Ramcaritmanas has elements from many other Ramayanas written earlier in Sanskrit and other Indian dialects as well as stories from Puranas . Tulsidas himself never writes Ramcharitmanas as being a retelling of Valmiki Ramayana . He calls the epic Ramcharitmanas as the story of Rama , that was stored in the mind ( Mānasa ) of Shiva before he narrated the same to His wife Parvati . Tulsidas claims to have received the story through his guru , Narharidas. Tulsidas was a naive ( Acheta ) child and the story was stored in his mind ( Mānasa ) for long before he wrote it down as Ramcharitmanas . Some understand this passage of the Ramcharitmanas to mean that Tulsidas at first could not grasp the story fully as he was a naïve young boy . His guru graciously repeated it again and again so that he could understand and remember it . Then he narrated the story and named it Ramcharitmanas as Shiva himself called it . The epic poem is , therefore , also referred to as Tulsikrit Ramayana ( literally , The Ramayana composed by Tulsidas ) .", "The Ramcharitmanas is a masterpiece of vernacular literature . Some believe it to represent a challenge to the dominance of high - class Brahmanical Sanskrit , echoing the revolt of Buddha against Brahmanical elitism . However , this interpretation appears faulty as Tulsidas himself was a brahmin and often talks very highly of the Brahmins in Ramcharitmanas and other books written by him . It was the attempt of Tulsidas to reconcile the different stories of Rama and to bring the story within the reach of the common man .", "Ramcharitmanas consists of seven Kāndas ( literally `` books '' or `` episodes '' , cognate with cantos ) . Tulsidas compared the seven Kāndas of the epic to seven steps leading into the holy waters of Lake Manasarovar `` which purifies the body and the soul at once '' .", "The first two parts , Bāl Kāṇḍ ( Childhood Episode ) and Ayodhyā Kāṇḍ ( Ayodhya Episode ) , make up more than half of the work . The other parts are Araṇya Kāṇḍ ( Forest Episode ) , Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ ( Kishkindha Episode ) , Sundar Kāṇḍ ( Pleasant Episode ) , Laṅkā Kāṇḍ ( Lanka Episode ) , and Uttar Kāṇḍ ( Later Episode ) . The work is primarily composed in the Chaupai metre ( four - line quatrains ) , separated by the Doha metre ( two - line couplets ) , with occasional Soratha and various Chhand metres .", "Every chapter of the Ramcharitmanas begins with an invocation or Mangalācharaņ . It is customary of the Indian tradition of writing that the author begins a new book with invocation to the Gods to ensure that the sankalpa is finished unhindered . The first three or four verses of each Kānd are typically in the form of invocations .", "Bāl Kāṇḍ begins with a hymn honouring the goddess Saraswati and the god Ganesha , the deities related to knowledge , wisdom , speech and auspiciousness .", "Ayodhyā Kāṇḍ begins with the famous verse dedicated to the god Shiva : May He in whose lap shines forth the Daughter of the mountain king , who carries the celestial stream on His head , on whose brow rests the crescent moon , whose throat holds poison and whose breast is support of a huge serpent , and who is adorned by the ashes on His body , may that chief of gods , the Lord of all , the Destroyer of the universe , the omnipresent Śhiva , the moon - like Śańkara , ever protect me . ''", "Araṇya Kāṇḍ 's first verse again extols Shiva : I reverence Bhagavan Śańkara , the progeny of Brahmā , the very root of the tree of piety , the beloved , devotee of King Śri Rama , the full moon that brings joy to the ocean of wisdom , the sun that opens the lotus of dispassion , the wind that disperses the clouds of ignorance , who dispels the thick darkness of sin and eradicates the threefold agony and who wipes off all calumny and obloquy .", "Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ commences with the following verse : Lovely as a jasmine and a blue lotus , of surpassing strength , repositories of wisdom , endowed with natural grace , excellent bowmen , hymned by the Vedas , and lovers of the cow and Brāhmaņas , who appeared in the form of mortal men through their own Māyā ( deluding potency ) as the two noble scions of Raghu , the armours of true dharma , friendly to all and journeying in quest for Sita , may they both grant us Devotion .", "Sundar Kāṇḍ begins with a hymn in the praise of Rama : I adore the Lord of the universe bearing the name of Rama , the chief of the Raghu 's line and the crest - jewel of kings , the mine of compassion , the dispeller of all sins , appearing in human form through His Māyā ( deluding potency ) , the greatest of all gods , knowable through Vedānta ( the Upanishads ) , constantly worshipped by Brahmā ( the Creator ) , Śhambhu ( Śivā ) , and Śeşa ( the serpent - god ) , the one who bestows of supreme peace in the form of final beatitude , placid , eternal , beyond the ordinary means of cognition , sinless and all - pervading .", "Laṅkā Kāṇḍ begins with this hymn : I adore Śri Rama , the supreme Deity , the object of worship even by Śivā ( the destroyer of Kāma , the God of Love ) , the Dispeller of the fear of rebirth , the lion to quell the mad elephant in the form of Death , the Master of Yogīs , attainable through immediate knowledge , the storehouse of good qualities , unconquerable , attributeless , immutable , beyond the realm of Māyā , the Lord of celestials , intent on killing the evil - doers , the only protector of the Brāhmaņas , beautiful as a cloud laden with moisture , who has lotus like eyes and appeared in the form of an earthly king .", "Uttar Kāṇḍ begins with the following hymn : I unceasingly extol Śri Ramā , the praiseworthy lord of Jānakī ( Sītā , Janakā 's daughter and the wife of Rama ) , the chief of Raghu 's line , possessed of a form greenish blue , the color of the neck of a peacock and adorned with an insignia of Brahmā pada , the lotus - foot , which testifies to His being the greatest of all gods - rich in splendour , clad in yellow robes , lotus - eyed , ever - propitious , holding a bow and arrow in His hands , riding an aerial car named Puşpakā , accompanied by a host of monkeys and waited upon by His own brother Lakşmaņa .", "Tulsidas ends every chapter in a similar manner describing the ending in the Sanskrit language .", "Every Kānd is formally concluded by Goswami Tulsidas . The following is an example of the ending of Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ :", "Translation : `` Thus ends the fourth descent into the Mānasa lake of Sri Rama 's exploits , that eradicates all the impurities of the kali age . '' All the other Kāndas are concluded in the same way where the word caturthah is substituted , according to the Kānd being concluded .", "Ramcharitmanas is structured around three separate conversations . The conversations happen between Shiva and Parvati , Sages Bharadwaj and Yajnavalkya and finally Kakbhushundi and the king of birds , Garuda . Some scholars are of the opinion that there is also an underlying personal conversation between Tulsidas and Lord Rama all through the text of Ramcharitmanas .", "The Child Episode", "Tulsidas begins the story with an invocation to various deities , his guru , and saints who have preceded him and those who will succeed him in the future . Homage is paid to Valmiki for bringing the Ramayana to the devotees of Rama . Next are introduced and praised the various characters of the epic beginning with the birthplace of Rama , the holy city of Ayodhya . Praises are bestowed on Dasharatha , the king of Ayodhya and Rama 's father , and his queens Kausalya , Kaikeyi and Sumitra . Tulsidas then praises King Janaka , the father - in - law of Rama ) , and his family . He goes on to praise the brothers of Rama - Bharata , Lakshman & Shatrughna and sings the glories of Hanuman , the constant companion to Rama , Sugriva , the monkey king and Jambavan , the leader of bears . Next , the characters of Sita and Rama are introduced .", "The story of Ramcharitmanas is then underway . It begins with the meeting of two sages - Bharadwaj and Yajnavalkya . Bharadwaj asks Yajnavalkya to narrate in detail the story of Rama . Yajnavalkya begins with how Shiva came about retelling the story of Rama to his wife Parvati . ( The great story of Sati 's self - immolation , the destruction of her father Daksha 's sacrifice , the rebirth of Sati as Parvati and her marriage to Shiva ) . Shiva explains five different reasons as to why Rama incarnated on earth in different ages Kalpa ( aeon ) . Each of these stories is discussed in detail , with the primary message being that Rama incarnated on earth to protect the righteous who follow the path of Dharma . The story then moves to the birth of Ravana and his brothers . Post this point , the narration is done at different times by Shiva , Yajnavalkya , Kakbhushundi and Tulsidas .", "The story now moves to the abode of Brahma where Brahma and the other Hindu Devas are found mulling on the ways to rid the earth of Ravana and his excesses . Unable to find a solution , they pray to Shiva and ask him for his guidance on where to find the supreme God who will come to their rescue . Shiva tells them that they do n't need to go anywhere to find the Supreme God for He resides in the hearts of his devotees . All the Devas then Pray to the supreme Brahman to rid the earth of the demons wreaking havoc on men as well as Devas . Brahman shows compassion to all and announces in an Akashvani that He will be born in the Sun Dynasty to save the Devas and His devotees from the demons .", "The story then moves to Ayodhya . One fine day , Dasharatha , the king of Ayodhya , realizes that he has become old and still issueless ... He conveys his distress to sage Vasistha , the family guru , and seeks the way forward . Vasistha comforts Dasharatha and tells him that he will have four sons . Vasistha requests Shringi Rishi to perform the Putrakām yajna ( vedic yajna for the birth of sons ) . Tulsidas states that the birth of Rama and his brothers took place on the ninth day of the Chaitra month . It was the fortnight of the moon , known as the shukla period .", "The story then moves on and Rama and His brothers are now grown - up boys . The sage Vishvamitra arrives at Dashratha 's royal court where the King receives his eminent guest with great honour . Sage Vishvamitra lived in the forest and was performing great sacrifices . However , the demons Maricha and Subahu would always desecrate the ceremonial offerings . He knew that Rama had taken birth on earth to protect his devotees and so he decided to visit Dashratha to ask him a favour . The sage asks the king to let his sons accompany him to the forest . Reluctantly the king agrees . Rama knew before hand the intention of Vishvamitra in asking him to come along with him. He asures the sage that he would obey his commands . Lakshman kills Subahu and Rama kills Maricha , the dreaded demons .", "The story then moves to the deliverance of Ahalya . Rama , Lakshman and Vishvamitra venture on a journey and reach the beautiful kingdom of the Videhas , Mithila . The king of Mithila , Janaka , welcomes the great sage and asks him who are the two boys accompanying him ... Janaka is overcome by great emotion as he is able to sense the true nature of their mission ... The brothers then set out to discover the beautiful city and visit Janaka 's garden . This is an important section of the manās as it portrays the first meeting of Rama and Sita ...", "In the meanwhile , King Janaka arranges a swayamvara ceremony for his daughter Sita . A swayamvara ceremony is a Vedic ritual in which a prospective bride selects her groom from among a group of suitors who attend the ceremony . Sita falls in love with Rama at first sight in Janaka 's garden and prays to Gauri that she may get Rama as her husband . King Janaka sends a messenger to invite Rama , Laksman and Sage Vishvamitra to attend the swayamvara . Janaka puts a condition to identify the right groom for Sita . The great bow of Shiva by the name of Pinaka was kept in the arena . Any suitor who would be able to string Pinaka would be married to Sita . Many princes try but fail to even nudge the mammoth bow . This causes great distress to Janaka who wonders aloud if the earth has become devoid of brave men . This statement of Janaka angers Lakshman who retorts that no one talks in this vein , when a gathering like this , has the presence of scions of the Sun Dynasty . Rama gently nudges him to keep calm as Vishwamitra asks him to break the bow and make Janaka happy once again ... Rama steps in and effortlessly lifts and strings the divine bow . In a swift move , he breaks the bow . The breaking of Pinaka causes a great noise that disturbs the great sage Parashurama in his meditation and he storms into the swayamvara arena in great anger vowing to kill whoever had dared to break the bow of lord Shiva . Lakshman enters into an argument with Parashurama paying scant respect to the sage who was known for his bursts of anger and was known to slay whoever dared to oppose him . Ultimately , Rama brings him around . Parashurama comes to know the real nature of lord Rama as the ultimate Brahman , pays his respects and leaves for the forests for meditation. Sita places the wreath of victory around the neck of Rama in accordance with the rules of the swayamvara and is thus wedded to him .", "However , Sita being his beloved daughter , Janaka desires to conduct a grand marriage of Sita and Rama in accordance with both Vedic and laukik ( traditional ) customs . Janaka dispatches messengers to Ayodhya to inform Dashratha and his family about the marriage of Rama and Sita and invites them for the formal consummation of marriage ceremony . Dashratha starts with a great marriage procession , consisting of Rama 's family , friends and well wishers in addition to Shiva , Vishnu , Brahma and all Devas who take up human form and depart for Mithila .", "After a grand wedding , the kind of which had never been witnessed in the universe , Rama and Sita return to Ayodhya where there was a great celebration and much rejoicing .", "The Ayodhya Episode", "Ayodhya was described as being like a heaven on earth ever since Rama and Sita came back from Mithila . As King Dasaratha was getting old , he wanted to install his son Rama as Prince regent ... He took a decision to start the ceremonies for his crowning , the next day itself . The Devas however became very concerned at the prospect of Rama remaining in Ayodhya , and not pursuing the wicked Ravana , and vanquishing him ... something had to happen if Rama were to embark on his mission to rid the world of Ravana . They approached Goddess Saraswati for help .", "King Dashratha has three wives . Queen Kaushalya is the principle queen and the mother of Rama . Queen Kaikeyi is the mother of Bharata and Queen Sumitra is the mother of Lakshman and Shatrughna . Saraswati decides to influence the mind of one of Queen Kaikeyi 's maid servants named Manthara . Manthara 's mind harbors evil intentions and she begins to talk to Queen Kaikeyi in harsh and conceited tones . She finds faults with Kaikeyi for being supportive of the king 's plan of installing Rama , as Prince Regent when her own mind tells her that Bharata would clearly be a greater king . At that time Bharata is in Kaikeya country visiting his uncle and so he is unaware of what is happening in Ayodhya . Slowly Queen Kaikeyi 's mind is poisoned . Manthara reminds Queen Kaikeyi of the two boons that the King had promised her . Kaikeyi enters the private room in the royal palace , where the King gives audience to his queens , and awaits Dashratha . Dashratha is greatly alarmed and concerned that Kaikeyi is sitting in the sulking chamber , while the entire population of Ayodhya is greatly happy and eagerly anticipating the coronation of Rama . Queen Kaikeyi speaks harshly to Dashratha , which surprises the king . She reminds him of the two boons he promised her and to his bewilderment , asks him to install her son Bharata as Prince Regent and send Rama into forest for 14 years . Queen Kaikeyi is unmoved by Dashratha 's lamentations and finally the king emotionally breaks down . The king 's assistant Sumantra sends for Rama with a request to meet his father .", "Queen Kaikeyi speaks to Rama and explains to him the boons that she had asked of His father . Rama is actually the Supreme Personality of Godhead incarnated on earth , yet He accepts His step mother 's request and decides to leave the kingdom as it serves his purpose as well ... The people of Ayodhya remonstrate against Queen Kaikeyi who firmly believes that she is doing the right thing . Rama attempts to dissuade Lakshman and Sita from joining him but is unable to do so . The scene becomes very emotional as Rama , Sita and Lakshman greet their mothers before finally going to Dashratha to take leave of him . Dashratha attempts , in vain , to try to talk Sita out of joining Rama in the forest .", "The residents of Ayodhya ca n't spare the thought of being away from Rama and decide to join him in the forest . Rama , Sita , Lakshman and Sumantra go incognito and in the dead of the night leave the city and move into the forest . They leave for a place called Sringaverapur after which they meet Guha , the Nishad king . They arrive at Prayag , the holy city where the Rivers Ganges , Yamuna and Saraswati meet . Rama meets with the Sage Bharadwaj at his ashram . Rama is overwhelmed with the reception and love shown by the people inhabiting the banks of the Yamuna . Rama then meets Sage Valmiki , the author of the Ramayan at Chitrakoot dham . Valmiki recognises the true opulence of Rama and sings His praises . At this point Tulsidas takes great care to describe the beauty of the land of Chitrakoot with some inspiring poetry .", "Rama asks Sumantra to return to Ayodhya which saddens Sumantra . He not only wants to stay with Rama , he is also afraid of going back only to face the anger and wrath of the citizens of Ayodhya . Rama persuades him to go back . On returning to Ayodhya , Sumantra meets Dashratha , who asks him the whereabouts of Rama . The pain of separation from Rama is too much for Dashratha who passes away crying Rama 's name .", "Sage Vashishtha knows that Rama will not return to the kingdom and so immediately sends an envoy to call Bharata and Shatrughna back to Ayodhya . Bharata learns of all that has happened and chastises his mother , Queen Kaikeyi . He is greatly pained and blames himself for Rama leaving Ayodhya . He accuses her of bringing ruin to the family . Shatrughna comes across Manthara and beats her in rage . They approach Queen Kaushalya and see her in a sorry state . Bharata begs for her forgiveness and loudly laments while the Queen attempts to pacify him . She asks him to carry out his duty and rule Ayodhya , but Bharata can not bear the thought of sitting on the throne with his father dead and his brothers in exile in the forest . The cremation of King Dashratha takes place . Bharata and Shatrughna decide to go into the forest and ask Rama to return to Ayodhya and take the throne . Many citizens as well as the royal family , who have been grieving ever since Rama had left them , decide to join the brothers .", "The Nishads see the approaching royal party and become suspicious . Guha approaches Bharata to understand his motive for bringing such a large party to the forest . He assumes that Bharata has some sinister motive . Bharata shows his love for Rama and Guha is moved to tears by his love for his brother . The royal procession then moves forward to Chitrakoot . Lakshman sees the huge army of people with Bharata and immediately begins to chastise Bharata . Rama counters this by praising the greatness of Bharata , leaving Lakshman feeling sorry for his harsh words . Bharata finally arrives at Chitrakoot where the brothers are all reunited once again . They collectively mourn the passing of their father and perform his Shraddha ( obsequies ) along with Sage Vashistha leading the ceremony .", "Despite all of Bharata 's convincing , Rama is true to the word given to his father and step mother Kaikeyi , and vows that he will fulfill her wish . Bharata says that he simply can not sit on the throne while Rama wanders in the forest . He asks Rama for his sandals , which he would place at the throne and would only act as Rama 's representative and not as a full - fledged king . With much sorrow and hurt , Bharata leaves Rama and returns to Ayodhya . He decides that he would not live in the kingdom while Rama is in exile and so lives like a hermit in a nearby town called Nandigram .", "The Forest Episode", "Rama , Sita and Lakshman wander in the forest and come across the hermitage of a sage called Atri . Atri sees them approaching and is overcome with great joy . Sita is embraced by Atri 's wife , Anasuya . Anusuya talks to Sita at length about the duties of a devoted wife .", "Rama , Sita and Lakshman venture further into the forest and encounter Viradha . Viradha attempts to capture Sita . Rama kills him by burying him in a ditch . They then visit the ashram of Sage Sarabhanga . Rama asks him of where he should go for shelter in the forest . He is advised to visit the sage Sutiksna . As Rama approaches Sutiksna , the latter comes out of his meditation . He tells Rama that he had been awaiting his arrival , and had even turned down the offer of entering the heavenly planets .", "Continuing on their journey through the forest , they meet with Sage Agastya where Rama pays his respect to the sage . Agastya gifts divine weapons to Rama and advises him to venture further into the forest and into the region of Dandaka . Rama meets with the eagle , Jatayu . Rama , Sita and Lakshman take up abode at Panchavati and build a beautiful ashram , as per the advice of Agastya . Laksman becomes nostalgic of the past and begins to talk harshly about Kaikeyi . Rama pacifies him and explains that it is sinful to speak of his mother in such a way .", "The story takes a new turn , as Rama , Sita and Lakshman are approached by the sister of the demon - king Ravana , called Surpanakha . She immediately takes a liking to Rama and falls in love with him . She disguises herself and talks to Rama in sweet tones . Rama rejects her advances explaining that he is already married and advises her to approach Laksman as he is unmarried . However , Laksman also rejects her advances . Surpanakha takes it as a great insult to be spurned like this , and attempts to hurt Sita . Laksman takes hold of his sword and lops off Surpanakha 's ear lobes and nose . Feeling humiliated , Surpanakha leaves the forest and goes to the abode of her brothers Khara , Dusana and Trisira . They are angry at the treatment meted out to their sister and leave with the intention of killing Rama . All three brothers are vanquished by Rama .", "Surpanakha is greatly upset and visits Ravana at his residence in Lanka . She explains all that has happened , after which Ravana calls for his old friend Maricha . Ravana hatches a plot and asks Maricha to disguise himself as a golden deer , so that Ravana may then kidnap Sita . Maricha has already felt the power of Rama ( as mentioned in Bālakāṇḍa ) and is apprehensive , however , he thinks that he is going to die either way since Ravana will kill him in rage for refusing him . Ravana and Marich immediately leave for Rama 's forest abode . Maricha takes his position and instantly Sita is attracted by his deer form . Rama knows that Ravana 's intentions and orders Sita to place her shadow ( Maya Sita ) in her place , while she would hide in the fire . She asks Rama time and time again to hunt for the deer and bring it to her . Rama runs after the deer and is soon quite a far distance away from the ashram . Rama releases an arrow and hits the deer . Impersonating Rama 's voice , Marich shouts out to Laksman to help him . Maya Sita ( hereafter called simply Sita ) hears the cry and orders Laksman to go help his brother . Ravana , while posing as a begging minstrel , uses this opportunity to forcibly kidnap Sita from the ashram . Jatayu , the eagle , sees Ravana 's sinful act and attempts to fight with him , but Ravana has too much power and cuts off Jatayu 's wings and leaves him for dead . Rama and Lakshman return to find the ashram empty . They anxiously set out to find Sita and find the severely wounded eagle . Jatayu dies in Rama 's lap and receives liberation . As they continue to look for Sita they come across the hermitage of Shabari . Tulsidas says that Shabari washes the feet of Ram with tears from her eyes and feeds him half eaten wild berries to ensure he gets only sweet ones . She is given liberation by Rama .", "The brothers then head towards the Pampasarovar lake .", "The Kiśkindhā Region Episode", "High up in the Rishyamuk mountains , Sugriva sees Rama and Laksman at the foothills . He consults Hanuman as to whether he thinks they have been sent by his brother Bali . Hanuman disguises himself as a Brahmin and approaches the brothers . Hanuman recognises the true nature of Rama as God - incarnation and surrenders himself to his Holy feet . He tells the brothers that his king , Sugriva , wishes to extend his friendship to Them and will help Them to find Sita . Rama asks Sugriva why he resides in the mountains instead of Kishkindha , where Sugriva tells of his feud with his brother Bali . Rama sympathises with Sugriva and decides to help Sugriva in return for the latter 's help in finding Sita . Ram kills Bali and installs Sugriva as king of Kishkindha and Angada , Bali 's son , as prince regent . Sugriva becomes too attached to his new regal lifestyle and forgets about his agreement with Rama , which fills Rama with great anger . Rama asks Laksman to bring Sugriva to him . Laksman enters the royal court and threatens to burn the entire city to ashes . Sugriva is gravely worried and asks Hanuman to pacify him . Laksman escorts Sugriva to Rama and upon seeing Him , Sugriva falls as His feet and begs forgiveness .", "Sugriva immediately orders the gathering of the region 's bear and monkey community . Armies of bears and monkeys are dispatched north , south east and west to search for Sita . Rama knew that only Hanuman was really capable of finding Sita . He asks Hanuman to narrate the agony of separation from her and then hands over his ring . Hanuman is joined by Angad , Nala , Kesari and Jambavan as well as many others as they head to the south . As the army approach the coast , Jambavan and Angad see a cave by the shore of the ocean . The cave is occupied by Sampati ( who is actually Jatayu 's older brother ) . There is a conversation during which Angad explains that Jatayu died serving Rama and thereafter Sampati narrates his biography . He tells the monkeys that he is sure that Sita is captive in Ashok Vatika in Lanka . The island is 400 miles away and requires someone who is able to jump the distance . Jambavan deduces that Hanuman is the only one capable of the task .", "The Pleasant Episode", "Hanuman takes Jambavan 's suggestion and immediately takes off for Lanka . He climbs onto the mountain and using it as a pivot , launches himself into the air . He meets Surasa , the mother of serpents and passes her test . The ocean demoness tries to capture Hanuman , thinking of him as a bird . He quickly kills her and then lands on the shore of the ocean in Lanka . He sees beautiful lush gardens , groves , lakes and reservoirs . Hanuman takes a minute form and , remembering Rama , enters Lanka . He is accosted by the demon Lankini whom he hits with his fist and causes her to fall to the ground .", "Hanuman flies through the various palaces and gardens for his search of Sita , and amongst all the demonic activities going on in Lanka , Hanuman sees a palace where Sri Hari 's name is being chanted . He is drawn towards the palace and decides to visit the inhabitant . The palace belongs to Ravana 's brother , Vibhishan . Hanuman narrates Rama katha ( story ) and then introduces himself . Hanuman proceeds to Ashok Vatika where he finally sees Sita . He positions himself on a branch of a tree , under which Sita was sitting , and contemplates his next move . He sees Ravana walk towards Sita and beg her to glance at least once toward him . She simply looks at a blade of grass to insult him . Ravana threatens to behead Sita but is calmed down by his wife , Mandodari . Hanuman has to use all his powers of calm not to react to Ravana 's threats . When all is quiet again , Hanuman begins to sing the glory of Rama in sweet tones . He then approaches Sita and explains who he is . He presents the ring lord Rama had given him and Sita is overjoyed . She blesses Hanuman with many kind words and boons .", "Hanuman tells Sita that he is hungry and asks for her permission to eat fruits from the grove . He not only eats but manages to destroy large parts of it . He easily kills one of Ravana 's sons , prince Aksaya . Indrajit arrives in the grove and Hanuman allows himself to be captured . He is brought in front of the king of Lanka , Ravana . Ravana orders his death , however , Vibhishan reminds him that Hanuman is an envoy and can not be killed according to religious principle . Ravana decides to humiliate Hanuman by setting his tail on fire . Large amounts of clothes are tied to his tail and soaked in oil . Hanuman chants the name of Rama and his tail begins to get longer , and more cloth and oil is used . He changes from his small form into a gigantic form and decides to torch alight the whole of Lanka .", "He returns to the ocean to extinguish his tail and then goes to Sita to reassure her that the next time she sees him , it will be with Rama . He bids farewell to Sita and leaps back towards Angad and Jambavan . The monkey army then ventures back to where Sugriva , Rama and Lakshman are waiting . On arrival Hanuman explains all that happened and immediately an army is prepared to go south towards Lanka .", "Meanwhile , in Lanka , both Mandodari and Vibhishan ask Ravana to hand Sita back to Rama . Ravana takes great exception to this suggestion and begins to insult Vibhishan particularly . He tells him he has no need for a weakling like him and that he is no longer needed . Vibhishan decides to join Rama at Kishkindha . Vibhishan falls at Ram 's feet and asks him for protection . The army deliberate over how to cross the ocean to Lanka . The deity of the seas tells Rama of the boon obtained by the monkey brothers Nila and Nala , and that they have the power to build a bridge to link the seashore to Lanka .", "The Lanka Episode", "Jambavan asks the monkeys Nala and Nila to begin work on building the bridge across the sea . The Mānas states that entire mountain ranges were used by Nala and Nila to complete their objective . Rama remembers Lord Shiva and decides to install a shrine for Rameswaram . Upon completion , the army of Rama begins to cross the bridge and arrives at Lanka , taking camp on Mount Suvela . Ravana hears of the advances of Rama 's army and feels greatly agitated . Mandodari asks Ravana to return Sita to Rama as she fears for her husband 's life . Ravana is dismissive of Rama 's power and pacifies his wife . Next , Ravana 's son Prahasta attempts to reinforce his mothers sentiments , but all to no avail .", "Rama fires a warning shot from his retreat in Suvela . The arrow strikes Ravana 's crown and royal umbrella . Mandodari once again attempts to convince Ravana of handing Sita back to Rama . Meanwhile , Rama asks Jambavan what should be done . Jambavan suggests that they send Angada , as messenger , to give Ravana a chance to return Sita . On reaching Ravana 's court , Angada explains he is the ambassador of Rama , and tells Ravana that he still has time to save himself from destruction . Ravana insults Angada and his refusal to comply makes war inevitable .", "The war begins with great ferocity as Ravana loses half of his army on the first day . Indrajit , Ravan 's son , is required to enter the battle far earlier than he expected . He severely wounds Lakshman with his special weapon , the Saang . Hanumanji is ordered to fetch the doctor of Lanka called Sushena . Sushena tells Rama that there exists a herb called Sanjivani which can only be found in the Himalayan mountains . It is the only hope to save Lakshman . Hanuman immediately reassures Rama that he shall find this herb . As Hanuman is about to leave , Ravana orders the demon Kalanemi to impede him . However , Hanuman kills Kalanemi with ease . Hanuman reaches the mountain and ca n't find the herb . In his frustration he decides to take the entire mountain to Lanka .", "Hanuman makes good speed towards Lanka when suddenly he is shot by an arrow as he approaches Nandigram . Hanuman is mistaken to be a demon by Bharat . Hanuman falls to the ground together with the great hill . Hanuman regains consciousness and recognizes that Bharata is Rama 's brother . He continues on to Lanka where he delivers the Sanjivani herb and Sushena treats Lakshman . Rama embraces Hanuman with great pride and affection . Ravan takes the news of Lakshman 's recovery very badly and decides to awaken his brother Kumbhakarna . Kumbhakarna kills indiscriminantly and wreaks much havoc . Rama releases an arrow which kills him instantly . The death of his brother scares Ravan greatly . Indrajit hastily tries to arrange a ceremony to receive great boons and powers but is interrupted by Hanuman and Angada . Lakshman takes up arms against Indrajit and kills him . Rama throws numerous arrows at Ravana but is unable to kill him . He asks Vibhishan on how to kill his brother after which Rama finally kills Ravana . The war is over .", "Ravana 's funeral takes place and Vibhishan is crowned the king of Lanka . Hanuman carries the happy news to Sita in Ashok vatika . Finally Rama and Sita are reunited . Rama and the army prepare to depart Lanka and return towards Ayodhya . Rama , Sita , Lakshman and the senior monkeys travel back in Ravana 's flying vehicle , Pushpak Vimaan .", "It is now the day before Rama is to return to Ayodhya after serving his exile . Bharata is anxious that his brother still has n't arrived . The Mānas mentions that Bharata had passed his days shedding tears for fourteen years in Nandigram . Hanuman meets Bharata telling him of the arrival of Rama , Sita and Laksman . Bharata rushes to Ayodhya to tell the citizens of the great news . As the Pushpak Vimaan landed in Ayodhya the citizens shouted chants of ' Glory be to Ramchandra ' . Rama , Sita and Laksman collectively touch the feet of the sage Vashishta on arriving in Ayodhya and thereafter greet all that have gathered in the assembly . Lastly Rama meets Bharata with great affection and love . Rama 's coronation takes place and he is finally crowned king of Ayodhya . Shiva arrives to glorify the festivities further and asks Rama of the boon that he may have firm and undeviating devotion of Rama 's feet .", "In conclusion to the tale , Rama has twin sons named Lava and Kusha . The other brothers each have two sons as well . It is mentioned that great sages like Nārad and Sanaka visit Ayodhya to meet with Rama and to see his great city .", "In the subsequent passages of Uttar Kānd the biography of Saint Kakbhushundi is given , followed by a description of what is to be expected in the current age of Kaliyuga . Shiva ends his narration of the Rama Katha to Parvati as does Kakbhushundi to Garuda . It is not mentioned whether Yajnavalkya finishes his recitation to Bharadwaj . Finally , Goswami Tulsidas concludes his retelling of the Shri Ramcharitmanas . The Rudrastakam in Sanskrit is a part of this Kanda .", "During the Bālakāṇḍa , it is mentioned that Shiva is retelling the story of Rama ( Rama Katha ) to his spouse Parvati . During this retelling , Shiva explains as many as five reasons why Rama incarnated on earth .", "The brothers Jay and Vijay are the two favoured gate keepers of Hari . Due to a curse , by the Brahmin Sanaka and his three brothers , Jay and Vijay were born in the species of the demons . One took the birth of Hiranyakashipu and the other was born as Hiranyaksha . The Supreme incarnated Himself as Varaha in order to kill Hiranyaksha , while incarnating as Narasimha to kill Hiranyakashipu . Even though these brothers are killed by Hari Himself , they do not attain liberation as the Brahman 's had cursed them to three births and so were reborn as the powerful demons Ravana and Kumbhakarna . Hari took a human incarnation , as Rama , to kill Ravana and Kumbhakarna .", "Nārad Muni was wandering in Himalayan mountains and begins to think about Vishnu . He instantly falls into a deep meditative trance . Seeing the sage 's state , Indra becomes apprehensive as he sees Nārad 's trance as a threat to his own position as the chief of demigods in heaven . Indra asks Kamadeva to disturb Nārad 's trance . He creates an illusion of fragrant flowers , delightful breezes and such . Heavenly damsels are called but all this has no effect on the sage . Kamadeva accepts defeat and falls at Nārad 's feet , addressing him with deep humility . He recalls all that happened to Shiva and becomes puffed up with pride of his defeating of Kamadeva . Shiva admonishes him not to repeat the story to Hari .", "Nārad visits Vishnu at his abode , and unable to control his pride , re-tells his episode with Kamadeva , ignoring all that Shiva had advised . Vishnu further fans Nārad 's pride by telling him that his steadfast vow of celibacy is so strong that he can never be smitten . Nārad then departs Vishnu 's abode . Hari tells Laksmi that he has a plan and sets his illusory powers ( maya ) into operation . As Nārad departs Vaikuntha , Vishnu creates a beautiful illusory city with illusionary inhabitants . The city is ruled by King Sheelanidhi , who has a beautiful daughter called Vishvamohini . Nārad is intrigued with the city and decides to visit the king . Nārad sees the king 's daughter and falls in love with her . The king explains that he wishes to marry his daughter to a suitable man . Nārad devises a plot to get the princess to choose him .", "Nārad approaches Hari and asks him for the gift of great beauty . Vishnu says that he will do only that which is beneficial to Nārad . The sage is glad at heart and thinks that with Vishnu 's favour , the princess will surely choose him . In reality the Hari had made Nārad look hideous . The entire royal court is aware of Nārad 's appearance , but says nothing . The princess filled with rage as soon as she sees Nārad 's ugly form and completely ignores him . He sees a reflection of his face in water and is consumed with rage . He instantly goes back to Vaikuntha and begins to speak to Hari in ugly tones . He curses Hari , `` You made me look like a monkey ; therefore You shall have monkeys for Your mates . And as You have grievously wronged me , so shall You suffer the pangs of separation from Your wife '' . Hari accepts Nārad 's curse and instantly withdraws his illusionary spell .", "Nārad realises that there is no city and there is no Visvamohini , and is dismayed at what he has done . He begs Vishnu to invalidate his curse . Hari explains that it was His will and advises Nārad to chant his name to absolve himself of any sin . Nārad returns to his abode chanting the praises of Ram .", "Svayambhuva Manu had Shatarupa as his wife . Manu ruled the earth for many years and carried out the Lord 's commandments . He longed to devotion to Hari and decides to give up rulership to his son so that he can retire to the forest with Satarupa and meditate upon the Lord . Manu and Satarupa settle at the banks of the Sarayu river and devoutly repeat the twelve - syllable Mantra , calling out to who is the source of many Brahmas , Vishnus and Shivas emanate . Some commentators indicate that the twelve - syllable mantra is the Vishnu mantra ( Oṃ Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya ) . Rambhadracharya comments that the twelve - letter mantra is the coupled mantra for Sita and Rama .", "Manu and Shatarupa first sacrifice food and then water and are finally willing to sacrifice air . Brahma , Hari and Shiva call on Manu but Manu and Satarupa are resolute and do not swerve on their sacrifices . A great voice from the heavens tells Manu , in sweet tones , to ask for a boon . Rama and Sita approach Manu in a beautiful form , which leaves Manu overcome with emotion . Manu explains now that he and Satarupa have seen the Lord 's lotus feet , all their desires have been met . Manu has one longing but does n't know how to ask the Lord . Finally he asks , `` O gracious Lord , I tell You my sincere wish : I would have a son like You . I have nothing to conceal from You . ''", "The Lord announces that it shall be , however , where would he find a son like Himself ? The Lord tells Manu that He Himself would be a son to him . The Lord then asks Satarupa of her wish . She says that she greatly likes the boon received by her husband and wants the same . Bowing at the Lord 's feet , Manu then asks one more favour . He asks that he be dependent on which is granted . The Lord then commands the couple to dwell in Indra 's capital in heaven .", "The Lord explains that after some time Manu would be born as the king of Ayodhya , Dashrath and Satarupa as Kausalya . He would then manifest Himself in the royal household as their son . He reassured the couple that their desire would be accomplished .", "Prior to the birth of Rama , Muni Bharadwaja is told the story of King Pratapbhanu by Yajnavalkya . There is a kingdom called Kaikay where Satyaketu is king . He has two sons , Pratapbhanu and Arimardana and rules his kingdom with his prime minister Dharamaruchi . Satyaketu abdicates and hands the reign to Pratapbhanu , who becomes conqueror of the world .", "Once Pratapbhanu goes into the forest to hunt and sees a wild boar . The boar is actually the demon Kalaketu in disguise who runs away from the king . Pratapbhanu gives chase deeper into the forest . Pratapbhanu chases for many miles and becomes thirsty . He approaches a fake saints ashram , where the resident fake saint wants to hurt and insult Pratapbhanu due to a previous incident . Pratapbhanu does n't recognise the saint , who begins to sweet talk the king and says that by pure love , he wishes to impart boons onto the king . The king asks to be invicible and never ageing , which the fake saint grants , but with the condition that he needs to win favour of all Brahmans . The fake saint advises that the king arrange the cooking of holy food ( prasadam ) to feed the bramanas , who would surely be in his favour for such an act of kindness . The fake saint 's real intention is to trap the king and repay him for his old grievances .", "The fake saint asks the king to go rest , and that he would arrange the feast for the bramanas using his mystic powers . Pratapbhanu waits for three days for the fake saint . Kalaketu , now disguised as a priest , approaches the King in his court and says that he has been sent to cook the holy food . The entire brahmana community is invited . A heavenly voice from above warns the brahmanas that the food is unpure and they should run away immediately . They curse the king that he , his kingdom and entire family are wiped from the face of earth . They also curse that he be born a demon in his next life . The heavenly voice says that the brahmana 's curse is ill thought , as Pratapbhanu is not to blame . Since their curse can not be taken back , the voice says that it is the Brahmana community that will bare the brunt of the evil of his next life .", "Pratapbhanu is distraught and quickly goes to his kitchen to find Kalaketu . The king is pained and cries as he realises Kalaketu has vanished . The brahmanas feel sorry for Pratapbhanu and tell him that his evil next life will be ended by Supreme Vishnu himself . As per the curse , Pratapbhanu , Arimardam and Dharmaruchi are all killed as other neighbouring kings invade Kaikay .", "Pratapbhanu is reborn as Ravan , Arimardam is reborn as Kumbhkarna and Dharmaruchi as Vibhishan . All three take great penances and are approached by Brahma and Shiva and are asked for any boon . Ravan asks that no one should be able to kill me except the tribes of man and monkeys . Kumbhkarna asks for uninterrupted sleep for periods of six months . Vibhishan asks for unshakeable love for the feet of Vishnu .", "The story of how Shiva came about retelling Ramkatha to his consort Parvati is retold in great detail within the Bālakāṇḍa . This part of the story is narrated by Sant Yajnavalkya to Bharadvaj Muni .", "In the age of Treta , Shiva , accompanied by His consort Bhavani Sati , went to visit Rishi Agastya . The Rishi being pleased with Shiva 's visit , began to narrate the eternal story of Ram . Shiva listens with great pleasure and then they return towards Their abode . Around these exact days Ram had descended on earth and was wondering the Dandaka forest with Sita and Lakshman . Shiva ponders how he can catch sight of Ram . He finally sees Ram , who is frantically searching for Sita , and instantly joins his palms and prays `` Glory to the Redeemer of the universe , who is Truth , Consciousness and Bliss '' . Sati can not recognise Ram and wonders why her Supreme Shiva is praising a mortal . Shiva is the knower of all truth and instantly reads Sati 's thoughts . He advises her to not harbour such doubts and accept that she had seen Ram , whom Agastya had praised earlier . He finally says that if she is still not convinced then she should seek to verify this truth herself . Shiva observes as Sati takes the guise of Sita . Ram and Lakshman instantly see through Sati 's disguised and asks about Shiva 's whereabouts . Sati feels very uncomfortable and heads towards Shiva , thinking of how she is going to explain her folly of questioning His word .", "Shiva asks her to tell the truth of how she tested Ram . Sati is unable to tell the truth and says that she did not test Ram , but praised his as You had . Sati forgets that Shiva knows all that has happened and is disappointed that she was disguised as his Sita . He decides that Sati is too chaste to abandon and it is a sin to continue to be her Husband and so from then he has no connection with Sati in her current body . Sati concludes that Shiva has come to know everything and feels very foolish for having tried deceiving Him . Shiva sits under a banyan tree and enters into a long trance . Sati feel extremely sorry but accepts that providence is repaying her for her sins . Many years pass and Shiva finally ends his trance whilst praising Ram . Sati bows down at Shiva 's feet , after which he seats Sati opposite him and he begins to tell stories of Vishnu 's exploits .", "While Shiva is narrating the stories of Vishnu , the air is filled with celestial beings . Sati asks Shiva what the occasion is . Shiva explains that Her father Daksha has organised a great sacrifice where many demigods were invited . All except Brahma , Vishnu and Shiva were invited as Daksha had developed a hatred towards the Gods . Sati thinks of Her father and asks if She may visit him at this time . Shiva says that they have no formal invite and that all of Sati 's sisters are invited but because of his animosity towards Shiva , Her father has not invited us . Shiva tries to reason with Sati , that no good can come of Her attending , but Tulsidas explains that a daughters ties to her father are very strong .", "When she reaches her father 's abode , no one welcomes Her apart from Her mother . Daksha does not even acknowledge Her and actually burns with anger that She has turned up uninvited . Sati looks around and sees no oblations set apart for Shiva and the lack of respect of her father causes Her mind to rage with great anger . She faces Her father 's court and announces that Shiva is the father of the universe and the beneficent of all . It is the same Shiva that Her father vilifies . She burns Her body with the fires of Yoga. Her guards are beaten and thrashed. When Shiva came to know this , he sends Virabhadra , who wreaks havoc of the sacrifice and Daksha is slain . As Sati is about to die , She asks Lord Hari of the boon that she be devoted to Shiva 's feet in successive births . She is reborn as Parvati , the daughter of Himachal and Mena .", "Years after the birth of Parvati , Nārad Muni visits her parents Himachal and Mena . Himachal asks Nārad what the future holds for his daughter . Nārad says that Parvati will be adorned with good traits and win unfailing love of her husband . She will remain ever united with him and bring great glory upon her parents . The only drawback is that her husband will be an ascetic with matted hair who is naked and of hideous accoutrements . Himachal and Mena become disconsolate while Parvati is greatly pleased , as she senses from Nārad 's words that her boon from Vishnu is coming true . Nārad explains to Himachal that the only person who shows the virtues as described by him is Shiva . Parvati 's parents are immediately uplifted and as Nārad leaves , he asks Parvati to fix Her thoughts on Hari and practice austerity . The young Parvati enters the forest and performs great penances in order to obtain Shiva . Her body thins greatly due to her self - mortification after which Brahma declares that she should cease her severe penances as Shiva would soon be hers . History had produced many great sages , but none had performed such penances as this . Brahma instructs that her father would soon come for her and that she should return home with him .", "Ever since Sati had quit her body , Shiva had begun chanting Ram 's name and entered into a great trance . Through his mystic power , Ram asks Shiva to marry Parvati . Shiva says that this is not a justifiable request but the word of a master can not be set aside and must be obeyed . Shiva remains in his great trance . Around that time the demon Tāraka was causing distress and was in full flourish . Brahma declares that the son of Shiva will kill Tāraka , but for this to happen His wedding with Parvati needs to be arranged and for that to happen , Shiva 's trance has to be broken . It is decided that the God of Love should be sent to awaken Shiva . He fires five arrows of flowers at Shiva 's breast , the trance is broken and Shiva awakens . Shiva is enraged and , through his third eye , reduces Love to ashes . Love 's consort Rati faints as soon as she hears of her husband 's demise . Seeing the helpless woman , Shiva foretells that her husband will now be called bodiless and shall dominate all without a body form . When Krishna descends on earth , her husband would be born as His son Pradyumna . Thereafter Brahma and other gods approach Shiva and declare that they wish to witness His wedding with their own eyes . Remembering Vishnu 's early request , Shiva gladly agrees and Brahma proceeds to arrange the marriage .", "Shiva has no real family and so his attendants begin to adorn Him for His wedding to Parvati . His hair is formed into a crown with serpents forming a crest . Serpents form His earrings , bracelets and adorn his neck and He is smeared in ashes and has lion 's skin wrapped around His loins . He heads the wedding procession and Vishnu and Brahma , as well as a host of spirits , gandharavs and danavs follow behind . After the wedding , Parvati and Shiva return to Kailash where Parvati asks questions around Rama 's divinity . Here Shiva begins his narration of Ram Leela .", "On the ninth day of the Chaitra month , the Manas describes that the Sun is at its meridian and the climate is neither cold nor hot . There is a cool , soft and fragrant breeze . The woods are full of blossom and the rivers or in full flow . Brahma deduces that the time for Ram 's birth is approaching and the heavenly beings all crowd over the skies to glimpse sight of the auspicious moment . The sky resounds of music and song as the heavenly beings offer their praises to the Supreme Personality of Godhead .", "Here begins one of the most famous chhands from the Manas , the Ram Janam Stuti . The stuti begins with the appearance of Ram . Mother Kaushalya 's is filled with joy as she marvels over Ram 's dark complexion and his four armed form . He is adorned with jewels and a garland of Sylvan flowers and is described as being an ocean of beauty . Kaushalya joins her palms and prays . `` O Infinite , How can I praise You ! The Vedas and Puranas reveal you to be the repository of all virtues . You are the Lord of Laksmi and the lover of all of Your devotees and have appeared for my good . Every pore of Your body contains multitudes of universes and the thought that You stayed in my womb is truly staggering . '' Ram smiles and exhorts Kaushalya by telling her the charming account of her previous birth so that she can accept Him as her own child . Kaushalya asks Ram to give up His current superhuman form and to start to indulge in childish sports that are dear to a mother 's heart . Ram , described as the Lord of immortals , immediately becomes an infant and begins to cry .", "Tulsidas concludes that whoever sings this Stuti attains the abode of Lord Vishnu and never falls into the well of mundane existence . The Stuti has therefore been immortalised and it is a popular prayer sung on the occasion of Ram 's birthday .", "Ahalya , the wife of Rishi Gautam , was a beautiful woman . Indra , king of the gods , was tempted and decided to seduce her with trickery . Early morning Rishi Gautam when the dawn had arrived go down to the nearby Ganges for his usual morning bath . While the Rishi was bathing at the river , Indra assumed Gautam 's form and visited Ahalya , fooling her into thinking he was her husband . When Gautam returned , he encountered Indra , emerging from his hut in his ( Gautam 's ) form . Spiritually powerful , Gautam employed his divine vision to see the whole episode . Enraged , he cursed Indra with impotence . Losing his potency , Indra lost heaven to demons and sat prayerfully in a lotus flower for thousands of years in order to repent . Rishi Gautam , in a blind rage , also cursed his wife , Ahalya , to turn into a boulder . Innocent of any intentional wrongdoing , Ahalya begged for forgiveness . Gautam relented somewhat and said that when Ram is incarnated , he will bless her and break her curse .", "Ram , while going to Mithila for Sita Svayamvar along with Sage Vishwamitra and Laksman , stopped at the , then - uninhabited , hermitage of Rishi Gautam . Vishwamitra narrated Ahalya 's story to Ram , and asked him to free her . Ram touched the boulder with his foot and Ahalya was immediately released from the curse . She fell to Ram 's feet and washed his feet with her tears . She felt that her curse had become her fortune as she got the opportunity to seek Ram 's refuge in person . She then returned to her husband 's place .", "Many scholars have commented on the sudden ending to the Manas . Valmiki 's Uttar Kānd goes into great detail about Sita going into the forest , as a result of disapproving gossip of the citizens of Ayodhya , during the rule of Ram over Ayodhya . Sitaji asks mother Earth to receive her and Ram leaves His human form and returns to His celestial abode . Tulsidas decides not to mention these at all . The Katha Kar Morari Bapu has mentioned in many of his retellings of Ram Katha , that Tulsidasji did n't want to end the Manas in heartache for Sita . Tulsidas refers to Sita as his mother ( as well as the mother of the entire universe ) many times in the poem and so , on an emotional level , this becomes very understandable . She has endured enough pain throughout the Manas and so ends his retelling at a relatively happy moment . It is said that there are some Vaishnav devotees who will only recite the Bālakāṇḍa of the Manas , as this is seen as the happiest period of Ram and Sita 's lila on earth . However , Ramchritmans at few places do make reference of Sita 's abandonment , birth of lav - kush and Ram 's demise to his abode . These stories thus can be said to have mentioned in brief .", "An unpublished English poetic translation of Ramcharitmanas is provided by ( Late ) Binda Prasad Khattri of New Market , Banda , Uttar Pradesh . Apparently , the translation can be sung essentially in the same way and with the same rhythm as the original Hindi work .", "Frederick Growse translated the Ramcharitmanas into English under the title The Ramayan of Tulsidas during the nineteenth century . His translation remains in print .", "The English commentary by Morari Bapu , Mangal Ramayan , is an English composition of one of his orrated Ram Katha commentaries . The book contains all the translations of prayers , Doha , Chaupais , and Chandan sung by Bapu , as well as an in - depth disccusion behind the meanings of the poetry ." ]
Ramcharitmanas - Wikipedia Ramcharitmanas Jump to: navigation , search Ramcharitmanas Sri Sita Rama , Lakshmana and Hanuman Information Religion Hinduism Author Tulsidas Language Awadhi dialect of Hindi Verses 10,902 A Ramlila actor playing Ravana in traditional attire. Ramcharitmanas ( Devanāgarī : श्रीरामचरितमानस , IAST : ŚrīRāmacaritamānasa ), is an epic poem in the language Awadhi , composed by the 16th-century Indian bhakti poet Goswami Tulsidas (c.1532-- 1623). Ramcharitmanas literally means `` Lake of the deeds of Rama '' . Ramcharitmanas is considered as one of the greatest works of Hindi literature , Indian literature as well as of the world literature . The work has variously been acclaimed as `` the living sum of Indian culture'' , `` the tallest tree in the magic garden of medieval Indian poetry'' , `` the greatest book of all devotional literature'' and `` the best and most trustworthy guide to the popular living faith of the Indian people'' . 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Using the IAST transliteration scheme, the name is written as Tulasīdāsa , as pronounced in Sanskrit. Using the Hunterian transliteration scheme, it is written as Tulsidas or Tulsīdās , as pronounced in Hindi). Tulsidas was a great scholar of Sanskrit . However, he wanted the story of Rama to be accessible to the general masses and not just the Sanskrit -speaking elite. In order to make the story of Rama as accessible to the layman as to the scholar, Tulsidas chose to write in Awadhi , a local dialect of Hindi which was in vogue as the language of general parlance in large parts of north India during the composition of the work. Tradition has it that Tulsidas had to face a lot of criticism from the sanskrit scholars of Varanasi for being a bhasha(vernacular) poet. However, Tulsidas remained steadfast in his resolve for simplifying the knowledge contained in the Vedas , the Upanishads and the Puranas to the common people. Subsequently, his work was accepted by all. Ramcharitmanas , made available the story of Rama to the common man to sing, meditate and perform on. The writing of Ramcharitmanas also heralded many a cultural tradition, most significantly that of the tradition of Ramlila , the dramatic enactment of the text. Ramcharitmanas is considered by many as a work belonging to the Saguna school of the Bhakti movement in Hindi literature . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Structure 2.1 Invocations at beginning of each episode 2.2 Kānd endings 3 Narrative 3.1 Bāl Kāṇḍ 3.2 Ayodha Kāṇḍ 3.3 Araṇya Kāṇḍ 3.4 Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ 3.5 Sundar Kāṇḍ 3.6 Laṅkā Kāṇḍ 3.7 Uttar Kānd 4 Stories behind the incarnation of Rama 4.1 Jay and Vijay 4.2 The curse of Nārad Muni 4.3 Svayambhuva Manu and Shatarupa 4.4 Tale of King Pratapbhanu 5 The immolation of Sati and the incarnation of Parvati 5.1 Sati's doubts 5.2 Daksha's sacrifice 5.3 Parvati and Nārad 's prophecy 5.4 The wedding of Shiva and Parvati 6 The divinity of Ram in the Manas 6.1 Ram's divine birth 6.2 Deliverance of Ahalya 7 The abrupt ending 8 English translation 9 See also 10 Notes and references 11 External links Background ( edit ) Picture of author, Tulsidas published in the Ramcharitmanas , 1949. Tulsidas began writing the Ramcharitmanas in Ayodhya in Vikram Samvat 1631 (1574 CE). The exact date is stated within the poem as being the ninth day of the month of Chaitra , which is the birthday of Rama, Rama Navami . Ramcharitmanas was composed at Ayodhya , Varanasi & Chitrakoot . India was under the reign of Mughal emperor Akbar (1556-1605 CE) during this period. This also makes Tulsidas a contemporary of William Shakespeare . The Ramcharitmanas is written in vernacular Awadhi language, The core of the work is considered by some to be a poetic retelling of the events of the Sanskrit epic Ramayana by Valmiki . The Valmiki Ramayana is centered on the narrative of Rama , the scion of the family tree of king Raghu of the Sun Dynasty . Rama was the crown prince of Ayodhya and is considered in Hindu tradition as the seventh Avatar of Vishnu . However, the Ramacharitmanas is by no means a word-to-word copy of the Valmiki Ramayana nor an abridged re-telling of the latter. Ramcaritmanas has elements from many other Ramayanas written earlier in Sanskrit and other Indian dialects as well as stories from Puranas . Tulsidas himself never writes Ramcharitmanas as being a retelling of Valmiki Ramayana . He calls the epic Ramcharitmanas as the story of Rama , that was stored in the mind (Mānasa ) of Shiva before he narrated the same to His wife Parvati . Tulsidas claims to have received the story through his guru, Narharidas. Tulsidas was a naive (Acheta) child and the story was stored in his mind (Mānasa ) for long before he wrote it down as Ramcharitmanas . Some understand this passage of the Ramcharitmanas to mean that Tulsidas at first could not grasp the story fully as he was a naïve young boy. His guru graciously repeated it again and again so that he could understand and remember it. Then he narrated the story and named it Ramcharitmanas as Shiva himself called it. The epic poem is, therefore, also referred to as Tulsikrit Ramayana (literally, The Ramayana composed by Tulsidas ). The Ramcharitmanas is a masterpiece of vernacular literature. Some believe it to represent a challenge to the dominance of high-class Brahmanical Sanskrit, echoing the revolt of Buddha against Brahmanical elitism . However, this interpretation appears faulty as Tulsidas himself was a brahmin and often talks very highly of the Brahmins in Ramcharitmanas and other books written by him. It was the attempt of Tulsidas to reconcile the different stories of Rama and to bring the story within the reach of the common man. Structure ( edit ) Scene Ramayana , Gupta art Ramcharitmanas consists of seven Kāndas (literally `` books'' or `` episodes'' , cognate with cantos ). Tulsidas compared the seven Kāndas of the epic to seven steps leading into the holy waters of Lake Manasarovar `` which purifies the body and the soul at once'' . The first two parts, Bāl Kāṇḍ (Childhood Episode) and Ayodhyā Kāṇḍ (Ayodhya Episode), make up more than half of the work. The other parts are Araṇya Kāṇḍ (Forest Episode), Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ (Kishkindha Episode), Sundar Kāṇḍ (Pleasant Episode), Laṅkā Kāṇḍ (Lanka Episode), and Uttar Kāṇḍ (Later Episode). The work is primarily composed in the Chaupai metre (four-line quatrains), separated by the Doha metre (two-line couplets), with occasional Soratha and various Chhand metres. Invocations at beginning of each Episode ( edit ) Every chapter of the Ramcharitmanas begins with an invocation or Mangalācharaņ . It is customary of the Indian tradition of writing that the author begins a new book with invocation to the Gods to ensure that the sankalpa is finished unhindered. The first three or four verses of each Kānd are typically in the form of invocations. Bāl Kāṇḍ begins with a hymn honouring the goddess Saraswati and the god Ganesha , the deities related to knowledge, wisdom, speech and auspiciousness. Ayodhyā Kāṇḍ begins with the famous verse dedicated to the god Shiva: May He in whose lap shines forth the Daughter of the mountain king, who carries the celestial stream on His head, on whose brow rests the crescent moon, whose throat holds poison and whose breast is support of a huge serpent, and who is adorned by the ashes on His body, may that chief of gods, the Lord of all, the Destroyer of the universe, the omnipresent Śhiva , the moon-like Śańkara , ever protect me.'' Araṇya Kāṇḍ 's first verse again extols Shiva: I reverence Bhagavan Śańkara , the progeny of Brahmā , the very root of the tree of piety, the beloved, devotee of King Śri Rama, the full moon that brings joy to the ocean of wisdom, the sun that opens the lotus of dispassion, the wind that disperses the clouds of ignorance, who dispels the thick darkness of sin and eradicates the threefold agony and who wipes off all calumny and obloquy. Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ commences with the following verse: Lovely as a jasmine and a blue lotus, of surpassing strength, repositories of wisdom, endowed with natural grace, excellent bowmen, hymned by the Vedas , and lovers of the cow and Brāhmaņas , who appeared in the form of mortal men through their own Māyā (deluding potency) as the two noble scions of Raghu, the armours of true dharma , friendly to all and journeying in quest for Sita, may they both grant us Devotion. Sundar Kāṇḍ begins with a hymn in the praise of Rama: I adore the Lord of the universe bearing the name of Rama, the chief of the Raghu's line and the crest-jewel of kings, the mine of compassion, the dispeller of all sins, appearing in human form through His Māyā (deluding potency), the greatest of all gods, knowable through Vedānta (the Upanishads ), constantly worshipped by Brahmā (the Creator), Śhambhu (Śivā ), and Śeşa (the serpent-god), the one who bestows of supreme peace in the form of final beatitude, placid, eternal, beyond the ordinary means of cognition, sinless and all-pervading. Laṅkā Kāṇḍ begins with this hymn: I adore Śri Rama, the supreme Deity, the object of worship even by Śivā (the destroyer of Kāma , the God of Love), the Dispeller of the fear of rebirth, the lion to quell the mad elephant in the form of Death, the Master of Yogīs , attainable through immediate knowledge, the storehouse of good qualities, unconquerable, attributeless, immutable, beyond the realm of Māyā , the Lord of celestials, intent on killing the evil-doers, the only protector of the Brāhmaņas , beautiful as a cloud laden with moisture, who has lotus like eyes and appeared in the form of an earthly king. Uttar Kāṇḍ begins with the following hymn: I unceasingly extol Śri Ramā , the praiseworthy lord of Jānakī (Sītā , Janakā 's daughter and the wife of Rama), the chief of Raghu's line, possessed of a form greenish blue, the color of the neck of a peacock and adorned with an insignia of Brahmā pada, the lotus-foot, which testifies to His being the greatest of all gods-rich in splendour, clad in yellow robes, lotus-eyed, ever-propitious, holding a bow and arrow in His hands, riding an aerial car named Puşpakā , accompanied by a host of monkeys and waited upon by His own brother Lakşmaņa . Kāṇḍ endings ( edit ) Tulsidas ends every chapter in a similar manner describing the ending in the Sanskrit language. Every Kānd is formally concluded by Goswami Tulsidas. The following is an example of the ending of Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ : `` Iti Srimad ramacharitamanase sakala kali kalusavi dhvamsane caturthah sopanah samaptah. '' Translation: `` Thus ends the fourth descent into the Mānasa lake of Sri Rama's exploits, that eradicates all the impurities of the kali age.'' All the other Kāndas are concluded in the same way where the word caturthah is substituted, according to the Kānd being concluded. Narrative ( edit ) Ramcharitmanas is structured around three separate conversations. The conversations happen between Shiva and Parvati , Sages Bharadwaj and Yajnavalkya and finally Kakbhushundi and the king of birds, Garuda . Some scholars are of the opinion that there is also an underlying personal conversation between Tulsidas and Lord Rama all through the text of Ramcharitmanas . Bāl Kāṇḍ ( edit ) The Child Episode Tulsidas begins the story with an invocation to various deities, his guru , and saints who have preceded him and those who will succeed him in the future. Homage is paid to Valmiki for bringing the Ramayana to the devotees of Rama . Next are introduced and praised the various characters of the epic beginning with the birthplace of Rama , the holy city of Ayodhya . Praises are bestowed on Dasharatha , the king of Ayodhya and Rama 's father, and his queens Kausalya , Kaikeyi and Sumitra . Tulsidas then praises King Janaka , the father-in- law of Rama ), and his family. He goes on to praise the brothers of Rama - Bharata , Lakshman & Shatrughna and sings the glories of Hanuman , the constant companion to Rama , Sugriva , the monkey king and Jambavan , the leader of bears. Next, the characters of Sita and Rama are introduced. The birth of the four sons of Dasharatha . The story of Ramcharitmanas is then underway. It begins with the meeting of two sages - Bharadwaj and Yajnavalkya . Bharadwaj asks Yajnavalkya to narrate in detail the story of Rama . Yajnavalkya begins with how Shiva came about retelling the story of Rama to his wife Parvati . (The great story of Sati 's self-immolation, the destruction of her father Daksha 's sacrifice, the rebirth of Sati as Parvati and her marriage to Shiva ). Shiva explains five different reasons as to why Rama incarnated on earth in different ages Kalpa (aeon) . Each of these stories is discussed in detail, with the primary message being that Rama incarnated on earth to protect the righteous who follow the path of Dharma . The story then moves to the birth of Ravana and his brothers. Post this point, the narration is done at different times by Shiva , Yajnavalkya , Kakbhushundi and Tulsidas . The story now moves to the abode of Brahma where Brahma and the other Hindu Devas are found mulling on the ways to rid the earth of Ravana and his excesses. Unable to find a solution, they pray to Shiva and ask him for his guidance on where to find the supreme God who will come to their rescue. Shiva tells them that they don't need to go anywhere to find the Supreme God for He resides in the hearts of his devotees. All the Devas then Pray to the supreme Brahman to rid the earth of the demons wreaking havoc on men as well as Devas . Brahman shows compassion to all and announces in an Akashvani that He will be born in the Sun Dynasty to save the Devas and His devotees from the demons. The story then moves to Ayodhya . One fine day, Dasharatha , the king of Ayodhya , realizes that he has become old and still issueless...He conveys his distress to sage Vasistha , the family guru , and seeks the way forward. Vasistha comforts Dasharatha and tells him that he will have four sons. Vasistha requests Shringi Rishi to perform the Putrakām yajna (vedic yajna for the birth of sons). Tulsidas states that the birth of Rama and his brothers took place on the ninth day of the Chaitra month. It was the fortnight of the moon, known as the shukla period. The story then moves on and Rama and His brothers are now grown-up boys. The sage Vishvamitra arrives at Dashratha's royal court where the King receives his eminent guest with great honour. Sage Vishvamitra lived in the forest and was performing great sacrifices. However, the demons Maricha and Subahu would always desecrate the ceremonial offerings. He knew that Rama had taken birth on earth to protect his devotees and so he decided to visit Dashratha to ask him a favour. The sage asks the king to let his sons accompany him to the forest. Reluctantly the king agrees. Rama knew before hand the intention of Vishvamitra in asking him to come along with him.He asures the sage that he would obey his commands. Lakshman kills Subahu and Rama kills Maricha , the dreaded demons. Vishvamitra looks as Ram breaks the bow, to win the hand of Sita in marriage. The story then moves to the deliverance of Ahalya . Rama, Lakshman and Vishvamitra venture on a journey and reach the beautiful kingdom of the Videhas , Mithila . The king of Mithila, Janaka , welcomes the great sage and asks him who are the two boys accompanying him... Janaka is overcome by great emotion as he is able to sense the true nature of their mission... The brothers then set out to discover the beautiful city and visit Janaka 's garden. This is an important section of the manās as it portrays the first meeting of Rama and Sita ... In the meanwhile, King Janaka arranges a swayamvara ceremony for his daughter Sita . A swayamvara ceremony is a Vedic ritual in which a prospective bride selects her groom from among a group of suitors who attend the ceremony. Sita falls in love with Rama at first sight in Janaka 's garden and prays to Gauri that she may get Rama as her husband. King Janaka sends a messenger to invite Rama, Laksman and Sage Vishvamitra to attend the swayamvara . Janaka puts a condition to identify the right groom for Sita. The great bow of Shiva by the name of Pinaka was kept in the arena. Any suitor who would be able to string Pinaka would be married to Sita. Many princes try but fail to even nudge the mammoth bow. This causes great distress to Janaka who wonders aloud if the earth has become devoid of brave men. This statement of Janaka angers Lakshman who retorts that no one talks in this vein, when a gathering like this, has the presence of scions of the Sun Dynasty. Rama gently nudges him to keep calm as Vishwamitra asks him to break the bow and make Janaka happy once again... Rama steps in and effortlessly lifts and strings the divine bow. In a swift move, he breaks the bow. The breaking of Pinaka causes a great noise that disturbs the great sage Parashurama in his meditation and he storms into the swayamvara arena in great anger vowing to kill whoever had dared to break the bow of lord Shiva. Lakshman enters into an argument with Parashurama paying scant respect to the sage who was known for his bursts of anger and was known to slay whoever dared to oppose him. Ultimately, Rama brings him around . Parashurama comes to know the real nature of lord Rama as the ultimate Brahman , pays his respects and leaves for the forests for meditation.Sita places the wreath of victory around the neck of Rama in accordance with the rules of the swayamvara and is thus wedded to him. However, Sita being his beloved daughter, Janaka desires to conduct a grand marriage of Sita and Rama in accordance with both Vedic and laukik (traditional) customs. Janaka dispatches messengers to Ayodhya to inform Dashratha and his family about the marriage of Rama and Sita and invites them for the formal consummation of marriage ceremony. Dashratha starts with a great marriage procession, consisting of Rama's family, friends and well wishers in addition to Shiva, Vishnu , Brahma and all Devas who take up human form and depart for Mithila . After a grand wedding, the kind of which had never been witnessed in the universe, Rama and Sita return to Ayodhya where there was a great celebration and much rejoicing. Ayodha Kāṇḍ ( edit ) The Ayodhya Episode Ayodhya was described as being like a heaven on earth ever since Rama and Sita came back from Mithila. As King Dasaratha was getting old, he wanted to install his son Rama as Prince regent... He took a decision to start the ceremonies for his crowning, the next day itself. The Devas however became very concerned at the prospect of Rama remaining in Ayodhya, and not pursuing the wicked Ravana, and vanquishing him...something had to happen if Rama were to embark on his mission to rid the world of Ravana . They approached Goddess Saraswati for help. King Dashratha has three wives. Queen Kaushalya is the principle queen and the mother of Rama. Queen Kaikeyi is the mother of Bharata and Queen Sumitra is the mother of Lakshman and Shatrughna . Saraswati decides to influence the mind of one of Queen Kaikeyi 's maid servants named Manthara . Manthara 's mind harbors evil intentions and she begins to talk to Queen Kaikeyi in harsh and conceited tones. She finds faults with Kaikeyi for being supportive of the king's plan of installing Rama, as Prince Regent when her own mind tells her that Bharata would clearly be a greater king. At that time Bharata is in Kaikeya country visiting his uncle and so he is unaware of what is happening in Ayodhya . Slowly Queen Kaikeyi 's mind is poisoned. Manthara reminds Queen Kaikeyi of the two boons that the King had promised her. Kaikeyi enters the private room in the royal palace, where the King gives audience to his queens, and awaits Dashratha. Dashratha is greatly alarmed and concerned that Kaikeyi is sitting in the sulking chamber, while the entire population of Ayodhya is greatly happy and eagerly anticipating the coronation of Rama. Queen Kaikeyi speaks harshly to Dashratha, which surprises the king. She reminds him of the two boons he promised her and to his bewilderment, asks him to install her son Bharata as Prince Regent and send Rama into forest for 14 years. Queen Kaikeyi is unmoved by Dashratha's lamentations and finally the king emotionally breaks down. The king's assistant Sumantra sends for Rama with a request to meet his father. Queen Kaikeyi speaks to Rama and explains to him the boons that she had asked of His father. Rama is actually the Supreme Personality of Godhead incarnated on earth, yet He accepts His step mother's request and decides to leave the kingdom as it serves his purpose as well...The people of Ayodhya remonstrate against Queen Kaikeyi who firmly believes that she is doing the right thing. Rama attempts to dissuade Lakshman and Sita from joining him but is unable to do so. The scene becomes very emotional as Rama, Sita and Lakshman greet their mothers before finally going to Dashratha to take leave of him. Dashratha attempts, in vain, to try to talk Sita out of joining Rama in the forest. Rama, Sita and Lakshman meeting Sage Bharadwaj at his ashram in Prayag. The residents of Ayodhya can't spare the thought of being away from Rama and decide to join him in the forest. Rama, Sita, Lakshman and Sumantra go incognito and in the dead of the night leave the city and move into the forest . They leave for a place called Sringaverapur after which they meet Guha, the Nishad king. They arrive at Prayag , the holy city where the Rivers Ganges , Yamuna and Saraswati meet. Rama meets with the Sage Bharadwaj at his ashram. Rama is overwhelmed with the reception and love shown by the people inhabiting the banks of the Yamuna . Rama then meets Sage Valmiki , the author of the Ramayan at Chitrakoot dham. Valmiki recognises the true opulence of Rama and sings His praises. At this point Tulsidas takes great care to describe the beauty of the land of Chitrakoot with some inspiring poetry. Rama asks Sumantra to return to Ayodhya which saddens Sumantra. He not only wants to stay with Rama, he is also afraid of going back only to face the anger and wrath of the citizens of Ayodhya. Rama persuades him to go back. On returning to Ayodhya , Sumantra meets Dashratha, who asks him the whereabouts of Rama. The pain of separation from Rama is too much for Dashratha who passes away crying Rama's name. Sage Vashishtha knows that Rama will not return to the kingdom and so immediately sends an envoy to call Bharata and Shatrughna back to Ayodhya. Bharata learns of all that has happened and chastises his mother, Queen Kaikeyi . He is greatly pained and blames himself for Rama leaving Ayodhya. He accuses her of bringing ruin to the family. Shatrughna comes across Manthara and beats her in rage. They approach Queen Kaushalya and see her in a sorry state. Bharata begs for her forgiveness and loudly laments while the Queen attempts to pacify him. She asks him to carry out his duty and rule Ayodhya , but Bharata cannot bear the thought of sitting on the throne with his father dead and his brothers in exile in the forest. The cremation of King Dashratha takes place. Bharata and Shatrughna decide to go into the forest and ask Rama to return to Ayodhya and take the throne. Many citizens as well as the royal family, who have been grieving ever since Rama had left them, decide to join the brothers. Bharata asks for Rama's paduka (footwear). The Nishads see the approaching royal party and become suspicious. Guha approaches Bharata to understand his motive for bringing such a large party to the forest. He assumes that Bharata has some sinister motive. Bharata shows his love for Rama and Guha is moved to tears by his love for his brother. The royal procession then moves forward to Chitrakoot . Lakshman sees the huge army of people with Bharata and immediately begins to chastise Bharata . Rama counters this by praising the greatness of Bharata , leaving Lakshman feeling sorry for his harsh words. Bharata finally arrives at Chitrakoot where the brothers are all reunited once again. They collectively mourn the passing of their father and perform his Shraddha (obsequies) along with Sage Vashistha leading the ceremony. Despite all of Bharata 's convincing, Rama is true to the word given to his father and step mother Kaikeyi , and vows that he will fulfill her wish. Bharata says that he simply cannot sit on the throne while Rama wanders in the forest. He asks Rama for his sandals, which he would place at the throne and would only act as Rama's representative and not as a full-fledged king. With much sorrow and hurt, Bharata leaves Rama and returns to Ayodhya . He decides that he would not live in the kingdom while Rama is in exile and so lives like a hermit in a nearby town called Nandigram. Araṇya Kāṇḍ ( edit ) Main article: Araṇya -Kāṇḍa (The forest episode) The Forest Episode Ravana fights Jatayu as he carries off the kidnapped Sita. Rama, Sita and Lakshman wander in the forest and come across the hermitage of a sage called Atri . Atri sees them approaching and is overcome with great joy. Sita is embraced by Atri 's wife, Anasuya . Anusuya talks to Sita at length about the duties of a devoted wife. Rama, Sita and Lakshman venture further into the forest and encounter Viradha. Viradha attempts to capture Sita. Rama kills him by burying him in a ditch. They then visit the ashram of Sage Sarabhanga. Rama asks him of where he should go for shelter in the forest. He is advised to visit the sage Sutiksna. As Rama approaches Sutiksna, the latter comes out of his meditation. He tells Rama that he had been awaiting his arrival, and had even turned down the offer of entering the heavenly planets. Continuing on their journey through the forest, they meet with Sage Agastya where Rama pays his respect to the sage. Agastya gifts divine weapons to Rama and advises him to venture further into the forest and into the region of Dandaka. Rama meets with the eagle, Jatayu . Rama, Sita and Lakshman take up abode at Panchavati and build a beautiful ashram, as per the advice of Agastya . Laksman becomes nostalgic of the past and begins to talk harshly about Kaikeyi . Rama pacifies him and explains that it is sinful to speak of his mother in such a way. The story takes a new turn, as Rama, Sita and Lakshman are approached by the sister of the demon-king Ravana , called Surpanakha . She immediately takes a liking to Rama and falls in love with him. She disguises herself and talks to Rama in sweet tones. Rama rejects her advances explaining that he is already married and advises her to approach Laksman as he is unmarried. However, Laksman also rejects her advances. Surpanakha takes it as a great insult to be spurned like this, and attempts to hurt Sita. Laksman takes hold of his sword and lops off Surpanakha 's ear lobes and nose. Feeling humiliated, Surpanakha leaves the forest and goes to the abode of her brothers Khara, Dusana and Trisira. They are angry at the treatment meted out to their sister and leave with the intention of killing Rama. All three brothers are vanquished by Rama. Surpanakha is greatly upset and visits Ravana at his residence in Lanka. She explains all that has happened, after which Ravana calls for his old friend Maricha. Ravana hatches a plot and asks Maricha to disguise himself as a golden deer, so that Ravana may then kidnap Sita. Maricha has already felt the power of Rama (as mentioned in Bālakāṇḍa ) and is apprehensive, however, he thinks that he is going to die either way since Ravana will kill him in rage for refusing him. Ravana and Marich immediately leave for Rama's forest abode. Maricha takes his position and instantly Sita is attracted by his deer form. Rama knows that Ravana 's intentions and orders Sita to place her shadow ( Maya Sita ) in her place, while she would hide in the fire. She asks Rama time and time again to hunt for the deer and bring it to her. Rama runs after the deer and is soon quite a far distance away from the ashram. Rama releases an arrow and hits the deer. Impersonating Rama's voice, Marich shouts out to Laksman to help him. Maya Sita (hereafter called simply Sita) hears the cry and orders Laksman to go help his brother. Ravana , while posing as a begging minstrel, uses this opportunity to forcibly kidnap Sita from the ashram. Jatayu , the eagle, sees Ravana 's sinful act and attempts to fight with him, but Ravana has too much power and cuts off Jatayu 's wings and leaves him for dead. Rama and Lakshman return to find the ashram empty. They anxiously set out to find Sita and find the severely wounded eagle. Jatayu dies in Rama's lap and receives liberation. As they continue to look for Sita they come across the hermitage of Shabari . Tulsidas says that Shabari washes the feet of Ram with tears from her eyes and feeds him half eaten wild berries to ensure he gets only sweet ones. She is given liberation by Rama. The brothers then head towards the Pampasarovar lake. Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ ( edit ) The Kiśkindhā Region Episode Laksman meets with Tara, Sugriva, and Hanuman in the Palace of Kishkandha High up in the Rishyamuk mountains, Sugriva sees Rama and Laksman at the foothills. He consults Hanuman as to whether he thinks they have been sent by his brother Bali . Hanuman disguises himself as a Brahmin and approaches the brothers. Hanuman recognises the true nature of Rama as God-incarnation and surrenders himself to his Holy feet. He tells the brothers that his king, Sugriva , wishes to extend his friendship to Them and will help Them to find Sita. Rama asks Sugriva why he resides in the mountains instead of Kishkindha, where Sugriva tells of his feud with his brother Bali. Rama sympathises with Sugriva and decides to help Sugriva in return for the latter's help in finding Sita. Ram kills Bali and installs Sugriva as king of Kishkindha and Angada , Bali's son, as prince regent. Sugriva becomes too attached to his new regal lifestyle and forgets about his agreement with Rama, which fills Rama with great anger. Rama asks Laksman to bring Sugriva to him. Laksman enters the royal court and threatens to burn the entire city to ashes. Sugriva is gravely worried and asks Hanuman to pacify him. Laksman escorts Sugriva to Rama and upon seeing Him, Sugriva falls as His feet and begs forgiveness. Sugriva immediately orders the gathering of the region's bear and monkey community. Armies of bears and monkeys are dispatched north, south east and west to search for Sita. Rama knew that only Hanuman was really capable of finding Sita. He asks Hanuman to narrate the agony of separation from her and then hands over his ring. Hanuman is joined by Angad , Nala , Kesari and Jambavan as well as many others as they head to the south. As the army approach the coast, Jambavan and Angad see a cave by the shore of the ocean. The cave is occupied by Sampati (who is actually Jatayu 's older brother). There is a conversation during which Angad explains that Jatayu died serving Rama and thereafter Sampati narrates his biography. He tells the monkeys that he is sure that Sita is captive in Ashok Vatika in Lanka. The island is 400 miles away and requires someone who is able to jump the distance. Jambavan deduces that Hanuman is the only one capable of the task. Sundar Kāṇḍ ( edit ) The Pleasant Episode Rama and the monkey chiefs. Hanuman takes Jambavan 's suggestion and immediately takes off for Lanka. He climbs onto the mountain and using it as a pivot, launches himself into the air. He meets Surasa , the mother of serpents and passes her test. The ocean demoness tries to capture Hanuman , thinking of him as a bird. He quickly kills her and then lands on the shore of the ocean in Lanka. He sees beautiful lush gardens, groves, lakes and reservoirs. Hanuman takes a minute form and, remembering Rama, enters Lanka. He is accosted by the demon Lankini whom he hits with his fist and causes her to fall to the ground. Hanuman flies through the various palaces and gardens for his search of Sita, and amongst all the demonic activities going on in Lanka, Hanuman sees a palace where Sri Hari's name is being chanted. He is drawn towards the palace and decides to visit the inhabitant. The palace belongs to Ravana 's brother, Vibhishan . Hanuman narrates Rama katha (story) and then introduces himself. Hanuman proceeds to Ashok Vatika where he finally sees Sita. He positions himself on a branch of a tree, under which Sita was sitting, and contemplates his next move. He sees Ravana walk towards Sita and beg her to glance at least once toward him. She simply looks at a blade of grass to insult him. Ravana threatens to behead Sita but is calmed down by his wife, Mandodari . Hanuman has to use all his powers of calm not to react to Ravana 's threats. When all is quiet again, Hanuman begins to sing the glory of Rama in sweet tones. He then approaches Sita and explains who he is. He presents the ring lord Rama had given him and Sita is overjoyed. She blesses Hanuman with many kind words and boons. Hanuman tells Sita that he is hungry and asks for her permission to eat fruits from the grove. He not only eats but manages to destroy large parts of it. He easily kills one of Ravana 's sons, prince Aksaya. Indrajit arrives in the grove and Hanuman allows himself to be captured. He is brought in front of the king of Lanka, Ravana . Ravana orders his death, however, Vibhishan reminds him that Hanuman is an envoy and cannot be killed according to religious principle. Ravana decides to humiliate Hanuman by setting his tail on fire. Large amounts of clothes are tied to his tail and soaked in oil. Hanuman chants the name of Rama and his tail begins to get longer, and more cloth and oil is used. He changes from his small form into a gigantic form and decides to torch alight the whole of Lanka. He returns to the ocean to extinguish his tail and then goes to Sita to reassure her that the next time she sees him, it will be with Rama. He bids farewell to Sita and leaps back towards Angad and Jambavan . The monkey army then ventures back to where Sugriva , Rama and Lakshman are waiting. On arrival Hanuman explains all that happened and immediately an army is prepared to go south towards Lanka. Meanwhile, in Lanka, both Mandodari and Vibhishan ask Ravana to hand Sita back to Rama. Ravana takes great exception to this suggestion and begins to insult Vibhishan particularly. He tells him he has no need for a weakling like him and that he is no longer needed. Vibhishan decides to join Rama at Kishkindha. Vibhishan falls at Ram's feet and asks him for protection. The army deliberate over how to cross the ocean to Lanka. The deity of the seas tells Rama of the boon obtained by the monkey brothers Nila and Nala , and that they have the power to build a bridge to link the seashore to Lanka. Lanka Kāṇḍ ( edit ) The Lanka Episode Building Rama Setu Bridge to Lanka . Jambavan asks the monkeys Nala and Nila to begin work on building the bridge across the sea. The Mānas states that entire mountain ranges were used by Nala and Nila to complete their objective. Rama remembers Lord Shiva and decides to install a shrine for Rameswaram . Upon completion, the army of Rama begins to cross the bridge and arrives at Lanka, taking camp on Mount Suvela. Ravana hears of the advances of Rama's army and feels greatly agitated. Mandodari asks Ravana to return Sita to Rama as she fears for her husband's life. Ravana is dismissive of Rama's power and pacifies his wife. Next, Ravana 's son Prahasta attempts to reinforce his mothers sentiments, but all to no avail. Rama fires a warning shot from his retreat in Suvela. The arrow strikes Ravana 's crown and royal umbrella. Mandodari once again attempts to convince Ravana of handing Sita back to Rama. Meanwhile, Rama asks Jambavan what should be done. Jambavan suggests that they send Angada , as messenger, to give Ravana a chance to return Sita. On reaching Ravana 's court, Angada explains he is the ambassador of Rama, and tells Ravana that he still has time to save himself from destruction. Ravana insults Angada and his refusal to comply makes war inevitable. The war begins with great ferocity as Ravana loses half of his army on the first day. Indrajit, Ravan 's son, is required to enter the battle far earlier than he expected. He severely wounds Lakshman with his special weapon, the Saang. Hanumanji is ordered to fetch the doctor of Lanka called Sushena. Sushena tells Rama that there exists a herb called Sanjivani which can only be found in the Himalayan mountains. It is the only hope to save Lakshman. Hanuman immediately reassures Rama that he shall find this herb. As Hanuman is about to leave, Ravana orders the demon Kalanemi to impede him. However, Hanuman kills Kalanemi with ease. Hanuman reaches the mountain and can't find the herb. In his frustration he decides to take the entire mountain to Lanka. Hanuman searching for the Sanjivani herb. Hanuman makes good speed towards Lanka when suddenly he is shot by an arrow as he approaches Nandigram. Hanuman is mistaken to be a demon by Bharat. Hanuman falls to the ground together with the great hill. Hanuman regains consciousness and recognizes that Bharata is Rama's brother. He continues on to Lanka where he delivers the Sanjivani herb and Sushena treats Lakshman. Rama embraces Hanuman with great pride and affection. Ravan takes the news of Lakshman's recovery very badly and decides to awaken his brother Kumbhakarna . Kumbhakarna kills indiscriminantly and wreaks much havoc. Rama releases an arrow which kills him instantly. The death of his brother scares Ravan greatly. Indrajit hastily tries to arrange a ceremony to receive great boons and powers but is interrupted by Hanuman and Angada . Lakshman takes up arms against Indrajit and kills him. Rama throws numerous arrows at Ravana but is unable to kill him. He asks Vibhishan on how to kill his brother after which Rama finally kills Ravana . The war is over. Ravana 's funeral takes place and Vibhishan is crowned the king of Lanka. Hanuman carries the happy news to Sita in Ashok vatika. Finally Rama and Sita are reunited. Rama and the army prepare to depart Lanka and return towards Ayodhya . Rama, Sita, Lakshman and the senior monkeys travel back in Ravana 's flying vehicle, Pushpak Vimaan. Uttar Kāṇḍ ( edit ) The Epilogue The Family of Rama It is now the day before Rama is to return to Ayodhya after serving his exile. Bharata is anxious that his brother still hasn't arrived. The Mānas mentions that Bharata had passed his days shedding tears for fourteen years in Nandigram. Hanuman meets Bharata telling him of the arrival of Rama, Sita and Laksman . Bharata rushes to Ayodhya to tell the citizens of the great news. As the Pushpak Vimaan landed in Ayodhya the citizens shouted chants of ' Glory be to Ramchandra' . Rama, Sita and Laksman collectively touch the feet of the sage Vashishta on arriving in Ayodhya and thereafter greet all that have gathered in the assembly. Lastly Rama meets Bharata with great affection and love. Rama's coronation takes place and he is finally crowned king of Ayodhya . Shiva arrives to glorify the festivities further and asks Rama of the boon that he may have firm and undeviating devotion of Rama's feet. In conclusion to the tale, Rama has twin sons named Lava and Kusha . The other brothers each have two sons as well. It is mentioned that great sages like Nārad and Sanaka visit Ayodhya to meet with Rama and to see his great city. In the subsequent passages of Uttar Kānd the biography of Saint Kakbhushundi is given, followed by a description of what is to be expected in the current age of Kaliyuga. Shiva ends his narration of the Rama Katha to Parvati as does Kakbhushundi to Garuda . It is not mentioned whether Yajnavalkya finishes his recitation to Bharadwaj . Finally, Goswami Tulsidas concludes his retelling of the Shri Ramcharitmanas . The Rudrastakam in Sanskrit is a part of this Kanda. Stories behind the incarnation of Rama ( edit ) During the Bālakāṇḍa , it is mentioned that Shiva is retelling the story of Rama (Rama Katha) to his spouse Parvati . During this retelling, Shiva explains as many as five reasons why Rama incarnated on earth. Jay and Vijay ( edit ) The brothers Jay and Vijay are the two favoured gate keepers of Hari . Due to a curse, by the Brahmin Sanaka and his three brothers, Jay and Vijay were born in the species of the demons. One took the birth of Hiranyakashipu and the other was born as Hiranyaksha . The Supreme incarnated Himself as Varaha in order to kill Hiranyaksha, while incarnating as Narasimha to kill Hiranyakashipu. Even though these brothers are killed by Hari Himself, they do not attain liberation as the Brahman's had cursed them to three births and so were reborn as the powerful demons Ravana and Kumbhakarna. Hari took a human incarnation, as Rama, to kill Ravana and Kumbhakarna. The curse of Nārad Muni ( edit ) Nārad Muni was wandering in Himalayan mountains and begins to think about Vishnu . He instantly falls into a deep meditative trance. Seeing the sage's state, Indra becomes apprehensive as he sees Nārad 's trance as a threat to his own position as the chief of demigods in heaven. Indra asks Kamadeva to disturb Nārad 's trance. He creates an illusion of fragrant flowers, delightful breezes and such. Heavenly damsels are called but all this has no effect on the sage. Kamadeva accepts defeat and falls at Nārad 's feet, addressing him with deep humility. He recalls all that happened to Shiva and becomes puffed up with pride of his defeating of Kamadeva. Shiva admonishes him not to repeat the story to Hari . Nārad visits Vishnu at his abode, and unable to control his pride, re-tells his episode with Kamadeva, ignoring all that Shiva had advised. Vishnu further fans Nārad 's pride by telling him that his steadfast vow of celibacy is so strong that he can never be smitten. Nārad then departs Vishnu's abode. Hari tells Laksmi that he has a plan and sets his illusory powers ( maya ) into operation. As Nārad departs Vaikuntha , Vishnu creates a beautiful illusory city with illusionary inhabitants. The city is ruled by King Sheelanidhi, who has a beautiful daughter called Vishvamohini. Nārad is intrigued with the city and decides to visit the king. Nārad sees the king's daughter and falls in love with her. The king explains that he wishes to marry his daughter to a suitable man. Nārad devises a plot to get the princess to choose him. Nārad approaches Hari and asks him for the gift of great beauty. Vishnu says that he will do only that which is beneficial to Nārad . The sage is glad at heart and thinks that with Vishnu's favour, the princess will surely choose him. In reality the Hari had made Nārad look hideous. The entire royal court is aware of Nārad 's appearance, but says nothing. The princess filled with rage as soon as she sees Nārad 's ugly form and completely ignores him. He sees a reflection of his face in water and is consumed with rage. He instantly goes back to Vaikuntha and begins to speak to Hari in ugly tones. He curses Hari, `` You made me look like a monkey; therefore You shall have monkeys for Your mates. And as You have grievously wronged me, so shall You suffer the pangs of separation from Your wife'' . Hari accepts Nārad 's curse and instantly withdraws his illusionary spell. Nārad realises that there is no city and there is no Visvamohini, and is dismayed at what he has done. He begs Vishnu to invalidate his curse. Hari explains that it was His will and advises Nārad to chant his name to absolve himself of any sin. Nārad returns to his abode chanting the praises of Ram. Svayambhuva Manu and Shatarupa ( edit ) Svayambhuva Manu had Shatarupa as his wife. Manu ruled the earth for many years and carried out the Lord's commandments. He longed to devotion to Hari and decides to give up rulership to his son so that he can retire to the forest with Satarupa and meditate upon the Lord. Manu and Satarupa settle at the banks of the Sarayu river and devoutly repeat the twelve-syllable Mantra, calling out to who is the source of many Brahmas, Vishnus and Shivas emanate. Some commentators indicate that the twelve-syllable mantra is the Vishnu mantra ( Oṃ Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya ). Rambhadracharya comments that the twelve-letter mantra is the coupled mantra for Sita and Rama. Manu and Shatarupa first sacrifice food and then water and are finally willing to sacrifice air. Brahma, Hari and Shiva call on Manu but Manu and Satarupa are resolute and do not swerve on their sacrifices. A great voice from the heavens tells Manu, in sweet tones, to ask for a boon. Rama and Sita approach Manu in a beautiful form, which leaves Manu overcome with emotion. Manu explains now that he and Satarupa have seen the Lord's lotus feet, all their desires have been met. Manu has one longing but doesn't know how to ask the Lord. Finally he asks, `` O gracious Lord, I tell You my sincere wish: I would have a son like You. I have nothing to conceal from You.'' The Lord announces that it shall be, however, where would he find a son like Himself? The Lord tells Manu that He Himself would be a son to him. The Lord then asks Satarupa of her wish. She says that she greatly likes the boon received by her husband and wants the same. Bowing at the Lord's feet, Manu then asks one more favour. He asks that he be dependent on which is granted. The Lord then commands the couple to dwell in Indra's capital in heaven. The Lord explains that after some time Manu would be born as the king of Ayodhya, Dashrath and Satarupa as Kausalya. He would then manifest Himself in the royal household as their son. He reassured the couple that their desire would be accomplished. Tale of king Pratapbhanu ( edit ) Prior to the birth of Rama, Muni Bharadwaja is told the story of King Pratapbhanu by Yajnavalkya . There is a kingdom called Kaikay where Satyaketu is king. He has two sons, Pratapbhanu and Arimardana and rules his kingdom with his prime minister Dharamaruchi. Satyaketu abdicates and hands the reign to Pratapbhanu, who becomes conqueror of the world. Once Pratapbhanu goes into the forest to hunt and sees a wild boar. The boar is actually the demon Kalaketu in disguise who runs away from the king. Pratapbhanu gives chase deeper into the forest. Pratapbhanu chases for many miles and becomes thirsty. He approaches a fake saints ashram, where the resident fake saint wants to hurt and insult Pratapbhanu due to a previous incident. Pratapbhanu doesn't recognise the saint, who begins to sweet talk the king and says that by pure love, he wishes to impart boons onto the king. The king asks to be invicible and never ageing, which the fake saint grants, but with the condition that he needs to win favour of all Brahmans. The fake saint advises that the king arrange the cooking of holy food ( prasadam ) to feed the bramanas, who would surely be in his favour for such an act of kindness. The fake saint's real intention is to trap the king and repay him for his old grievances. The fake saint asks the king to go rest, and that he would arrange the feast for the bramanas using his mystic powers. Pratapbhanu waits for three days for the fake saint. Kalaketu, now disguised as a priest, approaches the King in his court and says that he has been sent to cook the holy food. The entire brahmana community is invited. A heavenly voice from above warns the brahmanas that the food is unpure and they should run away immediately. They curse the king that he, his kingdom and entire family are wiped from the face of earth. They also curse that he be born a demon in his next life. The heavenly voice says that the brahmana's curse is ill thought, as Pratapbhanu is not to blame. Since their curse cannot be taken back, the voice says that it is the Brahmana community that will bare the brunt of the evil of his next life. Pratapbhanu is distraught and quickly goes to his kitchen to find Kalaketu. The king is pained and cries as he realises Kalaketu has vanished. The brahmanas feel sorry for Pratapbhanu and tell him that his evil next life will be ended by Supreme Vishnu himself. As per the curse, Pratapbhanu, Arimardam and Dharmaruchi are all killed as other neighbouring kings invade Kaikay. Pratapbhanu is reborn as Ravan, Arimardam is reborn as Kumbhkarna and Dharmaruchi as Vibhishan. All three take great penances and are approached by Brahma and Shiva and are asked for any boon. Ravan asks that no one should be able to kill me except the tribes of man and monkeys. Kumbhkarna asks for uninterrupted sleep for periods of six months. Vibhishan asks for unshakeable love for the feet of Vishnu. The immolation of Sati and the incarnation of Parvati ( edit ) The story of how Shiva came about retelling Ramkatha to his consort Parvati is retold in great detail within the Bālakāṇḍa . This part of the story is narrated by Sant Yajnavalkya to Bharadvaj Muni. Sati's doubts ( edit ) In the age of Treta, Shiva, accompanied by His consort Bhavani Sati, went to visit Rishi Agastya. The Rishi being pleased with Shiva's visit, began to narrate the eternal story of Ram. Shiva listens with great pleasure and then they return towards Their abode. Around these exact days Ram had descended on earth and was wondering the Dandaka forest with Sita and Lakshman. Shiva ponders how he can catch sight of Ram. He finally sees Ram, who is frantically searching for Sita, and instantly joins his palms and prays `` Glory to the Redeemer of the universe, who is Truth, Consciousness and Bliss'' . Sati cannot recognise Ram and wonders why her Supreme Shiva is praising a mortal. Shiva is the knower of all truth and instantly reads Sati's thoughts. He advises her to not harbour such doubts and accept that she had seen Ram, whom Agastya had praised earlier. He finally says that if she is still not convinced then she should seek to verify this truth herself. Shiva observes as Sati takes the guise of Sita. Ram and Lakshman instantly see through Sati's disguised and asks about Shiva's whereabouts. Sati feels very uncomfortable and heads towards Shiva, thinking of how she is going to explain her folly of questioning His word. Shiva asks her to tell the truth of how she tested Ram. Sati is unable to tell the truth and says that she did not test Ram, but praised his as You had. Sati forgets that Shiva knows all that has happened and is disappointed that she was disguised as his Sita. He decides that Sati is too chaste to abandon and it is a sin to continue to be her Husband and so from then he has no connection with Sati in her current body. Sati concludes that Shiva has come to know everything and feels very foolish for having tried deceiving Him. Shiva sits under a banyan tree and enters into a long trance. Sati feel extremely sorry but accepts that providence is repaying her for her sins. Many years pass and Shiva finally ends his trance whilst praising Ram. Sati bows down at Shiva's feet, after which he seats Sati opposite him and he begins to tell stories of Vishnu's exploits. Daksha's sacrifice ( edit ) While Shiva is narrating the stories of Vishnu, the air is filled with celestial beings. Sati asks Shiva what the occasion is. Shiva explains that Her father Daksha has organised a great sacrifice where many demigods were invited. All except Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva were invited as Daksha had developed a hatred towards the Gods. Sati thinks of Her father and asks if She may visit him at this time. Shiva says that they have no formal invite and that all of Sati's sisters are invited but because of his animosity towards Shiva, Her father has not invited us. Shiva tries to reason with Sati, that no good can come of Her attending, but Tulsidas explains that a daughters ties to her father are very strong. When she reaches her father's abode, no one welcomes Her apart from Her mother. Daksha does not even acknowledge Her and actually burns with anger that She has turned up uninvited. Sati looks around and sees no oblations set apart for Shiva and the lack of respect of her father causes Her mind to rage with great anger. She faces Her father's court and announces that Shiva is the father of the universe and the beneficent of all. It is the same Shiva that Her father vilifies. She burns Her body with the fires of Yoga.Her guards are beaten and thrashed.When Shiva came to know this, he sends Virabhadra, who wreaks havoc of the sacrifice and Daksha is slain. As Sati is about to die, She asks Lord Hari of the boon that she be devoted to Shiva's feet in successive births. She is reborn as Parvati , the daughter of Himachal and Mena. Parvati and Nārad 's prophecy ( edit ) Years after the birth of Parvati, Nārad Muni visits her parents Himachal and Mena. Himachal asks Nārad what the future holds for his daughter. Nārad says that Parvati will be adorned with good traits and win unfailing love of her husband. She will remain ever united with him and bring great glory upon her parents. The only drawback is that her husband will be an ascetic with matted hair who is naked and of hideous accoutrements. Himachal and Mena become disconsolate while Parvati is greatly pleased, as she senses from Nārad 's words that her boon from Vishnu is coming true. Nārad explains to Himachal that the only person who shows the virtues as described by him is Shiva. Parvati's parents are immediately uplifted and as Nārad leaves, he asks Parvati to fix Her thoughts on Hari and practice austerity. The young Parvati enters the forest and performs great penances in order to obtain Shiva. Her body thins greatly due to her self-mortification after which Brahma declares that she should cease her severe penances as Shiva would soon be hers. History had produced many great sages, but none had performed such penances as this. Brahma instructs that her father would soon come for her and that she should return home with him. Ever since Sati had quit her body, Shiva had begun chanting Ram's name and entered into a great trance. Through his mystic power, Ram asks Shiva to marry Parvati. Shiva says that this is not a justifiable request but the word of a master cannot be set aside and must be obeyed. Shiva remains in his great trance. Around that time the demon Tāraka was causing distress and was in full flourish. Brahma declares that the son of Shiva will kill Tāraka , but for this to happen His wedding with Parvati needs to be arranged and for that to happen, Shiva's trance has to be broken. It is decided that the God of Love should be sent to awaken Shiva. He fires five arrows of flowers at Shiva's breast, the trance is broken and Shiva awakens. Shiva is enraged and, through his third eye, reduces Love to ashes. Love's consort Rati faints as soon as she hears of her husband's demise. Seeing the helpless woman, Shiva foretells that her husband will now be called bodiless and shall dominate all without a body form. When Krishna descends on earth, her husband would be born as His son Pradyumna . Thereafter Brahma and other gods approach Shiva and declare that they wish to witness His wedding with their own eyes. Remembering Vishnu's early request, Shiva gladly agrees and Brahma proceeds to arrange the marriage. The wedding of Shiva and Parvati ( edit ) Shiva has no real family and so his attendants begin to adorn Him for His wedding to Parvati. His hair is formed into a crown with serpents forming a crest. Serpents form His earrings, bracelets and adorn his neck and He is smeared in ashes and has lion's skin wrapped around His loins. He heads the wedding procession and Vishnu and Brahma, as well as a host of spirits, gandharavs and danavs follow behind. After the wedding, Parvati and Shiva return to Kailash where Parvati asks questions around Rama's divinity. Here Shiva begins his narration of Ram Leela. The divinity of Ram in the Manas ( edit ) Ram's divine birth ( edit ) On the ninth day of the Chaitra month, the Manas describes that the Sun is at its meridian and the climate is neither cold nor hot. There is a cool, soft and fragrant breeze. The woods are full of blossom and the rivers or in full flow. Brahma deduces that the time for Ram's birth is approaching and the heavenly beings all crowd over the skies to glimpse sight of the auspicious moment. The sky resounds of music and song as the heavenly beings offer their praises to the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Here begins one of the most famous chhands from the Manas, the Ram Janam Stuti. The stuti begins with the appearance of Ram. Mother Kaushalya's is filled with joy as she marvels over Ram's dark complexion and his four armed form. He is adorned with jewels and a garland of Sylvan flowers and is described as being an ocean of beauty. Kaushalya joins her palms and prays. `` O Infinite, How can I praise You! The Vedas and Puranas reveal you to be the repository of all virtues. You are the Lord of Laksmi and the lover of all of Your devotees and have appeared for my good. Every pore of Your body contains multitudes of universes and the thought that You stayed in my womb is truly staggering.'' Ram smiles and exhorts Kaushalya by telling her the charming account of her previous birth so that she can accept Him as her own child. Kaushalya asks Ram to give up His current superhuman form and to start to indulge in childish sports that are dear to a mother's heart. Ram, described as the Lord of immortals, immediately becomes an infant and begins to cry. Tulsidas concludes that whoever sings this Stuti attains the abode of Lord Vishnu and never falls into the well of mundane existence. The Stuti has therefore been immortalised and it is a popular prayer sung on the occasion of Ram's birthday. Deliverance of Ahalya ( edit ) Ahalya , the wife of Rishi Gautam, was a beautiful woman. Indra , king of the gods, was tempted and decided to seduce her with trickery. Early morning Rishi Gautam when the dawn had arrived go down to the nearby Ganges for his usual morning bath. While the Rishi was bathing at the river, Indra assumed Gautam's form and visited Ahalya, fooling her into thinking he was her husband. When Gautam returned, he encountered Indra, emerging from his hut in his (Gautam's ) form. Spiritually powerful, Gautam employed his divine vision to see the whole episode. Enraged, he cursed Indra with impotence . Losing his potency, Indra lost heaven to demons and sat prayerfully in a lotus flower for thousands of years in order to repent. Rishi Gautam, in a blind rage, also cursed his wife, Ahalya, to turn into a boulder. Innocent of any intentional wrongdoing, Ahalya begged for forgiveness. Gautam relented somewhat and said that when Ram is incarnated, he will bless her and break her curse. Ram, while going to Mithila for Sita Svayamvar along with Sage Vishwamitra and Laksman, stopped at the, then-uninhabited, hermitage of Rishi Gautam. Vishwamitra narrated Ahalya's story to Ram, and asked him to free her. Ram touched the boulder with his foot and Ahalya was immediately released from the curse. She fell to Ram's feet and washed his feet with her tears. She felt that her curse had become her fortune as she got the opportunity to seek Ram's refuge in person. She then returned to her husband's place. The abrupt ending ( edit ) Many scholars have commented on the sudden ending to the Manas. Valmiki's Uttar Kānd goes into great detail about Sita going into the forest, as a result of disapproving gossip of the citizens of Ayodhya, during the rule of Ram over Ayodhya. Sitaji asks mother Earth to receive her and Ram leaves His human form and returns to His celestial abode. Tulsidas decides not to mention these at all. The Katha Kar Morari Bapu has mentioned in many of his retellings of Ram Katha, that Tulsidasji didn't want to end the Manas in heartache for Sita. Tulsidas refers to Sita as his mother (as well as the mother of the entire universe) many times in the poem and so, on an emotional level, this becomes very understandable. She has endured enough pain throughout the Manas and so ends his retelling at a relatively happy moment. It is said that there are some Vaishnav devotees who will only recite the Bālakāṇḍa of the Manas, as this is seen as the happiest period of Ram and Sita's lila on earth. However, Ramchritmans at few places do make reference of Sita's abandonment, birth of lav-kush and Ram's demise to his abode. These stories thus can be said to have mentioned in brief. English translation ( edit ) An unpublished English poetic translation of Ramcharitmanas is provided by (Late) Binda Prasad Khattri of New Market, Banda, Uttar Pradesh. Apparently, the translation can be sung essentially in the same way and with the same rhythm as the original Hindi work. Frederick Growse translated the Ramcharitmanas into English under the title The Ramayan of Tulsidas during the nineteenth century. His translation remains in print. The English commentary by Morari Bapu , Mangal Ramayan , is an English composition of one of his orrated Ram Katha commentaries. The book contains all the translations of prayers, Doha, Chaupais, and Chandan sung by Bapu, as well as an in-depth disccusion behind the meanings of the poetry. See also ( edit ) Tulsi Manas Mandir India portal Varanasi portal Religion portal Notes and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Tulsidas, Kabir , Mirabai , and Surdas are considered the greatest devotional poets of Bhakti kāl Jump up ^ In verse 1.33.2 of Bālkānd , the first chapter of Rāmcaritmanas , Tulsidas mentions 1631, Tuesday, as the date according to Vikram Samvat calendar, which is 1574 in Gregorian calendar or Common Era . Jump up ^ Pronounced as tool-see-DAHSS Jump up ^ Tulsidas was a contemporary of Akbar , Maharana Pratap , and William Shakespeare References Jump up ^ K.B. Jindal (1955), A history of Hindi literature , Kitab Mahal, ... The book is popularly known as the Ramayana , but the poet himself called it the Ramcharitmanas or the ' Lake of the Deeds of Rama' ... the seven cantos of the book are like the seven steps to the lake ... Jump up ^ Lutgendorf 1991, p. 1. ^ Jump up to: Subramanian 2008 , p. 19 Jump up ^ McLean 1998 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Puri & Das 2003 , p. 230 Jump up ^ Lele 1981 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Lorenzen 1995 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Lutgendorf 2006 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Sadarangani 2004 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Kumar 2001 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Tulsidas 1574 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Saraswati 2001 , p. 485 ^ Jump up to: O.P. Ralhan (1997), The Great Gurus of the Sikhs, Volume 1 , Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd, ISBN 978-81-7488-479-4 , ... It was on a Tuesday, the ninth day of Chaitra in the Samvat year 1631, that Tulsidas started writing the Ramcharitmanas in the city of Ayodhya on the banks of the sacred Saryu . The place and date are significant, Ayodhya being the birthplace and the day being the birthday of Sri Rama ... Jump up ^ Rambhadracharya, Swami (2008). Ramcharitmanas Bhavarthbodhini Hindi Tika. Page No. xxxi Jump up ^ Duiker 2012 , p. 3.1 Jump up ^ Pant 2012 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Singh 1990 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Mathew 2012 , p. H-39 Jump up ^ Ghosh 2002 , p. 104 Jump up ^ Lochtefeld 2002 , p. 713 Jump up ^ Coogan 2003 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Richman 2001 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Agarwal 2005 , p. 114 Jump up ^ MacFie 2004 , p. 115 Jump up ^ Bakker 2009 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Rajagopal 2001 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Lallan Prasad Vyas (1992), Ramayana, its universal appeal and global role , Har-Anand Publications, ... Its original name is Ram Charit Manas, but people call it Tulsi Krit Ramayan. (This has been the custom to name the Ramayan after its author). Tulsi Krit Ramayan was written in the 16th Century AD. This is the most popular and a work by a world renowned ... Jump up ^ Miller 2008 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Lamb 2002 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Ascher & Heffron 2010 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Mehta 1992 , p. 243 Jump up ^ Sanujit Ghose (2004), Legend of Ram: Antiquity to Janmabhumi Debate , Bibliophile South Asia, ISBN 978-81-85002-33-0 , ... Lake of the Deeds of Ram. He says that the seven cantos or sections of the work are like the beautiful flights of steps to the holy water of a lake, which purifies the body and the soul at once ... Jump up ^ Olive Classe (2000), Encyclopedia of literary translation into English: M-Z, Volume 2 , Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-1-884964-36-7 , ... Rāmcāritmānas , composed in the Avadhi dialect of Hindi, is an epic of some 13,000 lines divided into seven kandas or ' books.' The word mānas (which Hindi speakers often use as an abbreviation of the longer title) alludes to a sacred lake in the Himalayas, and so the title may be rendered ' the divine lake of Ram's deeds' ... Jump up ^ Impact of Ramayan - http://www.bhuvaneshwarmandir.com/resources/impact.htm ^ Jump up to: Shri Ramacharitamanasa, A Romanized Edition (1968 ed.). Gorakhpur: Gita Press. Jump up ^ Gita press ShriRamcharitmanas - End of each Kānd of Gitapress version Jump up ^ Morari Bapu 2000, pp. 58, 59, 134. https://openlibrary.org/b/OL2164668M/Mangal_Ramayan Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference Raychaudhuri_1972 was invoked but never defined (see the help page ). Jump up ^ Bālakāṇḍa section of Gitapress version Jump up ^ Ayodhya Kānd section of Gitapress version Jump up ^ Aranya Kānd section of Gitapress version Jump up ^ Kishkinha Kānd section of Gitapress version Jump up ^ Sunder Kānd section of Gitapress version Jump up ^ Lanka Kānd section of Gitapress version Jump up ^ Uttar Kānd section of Gitapress version Jump up ^ Jay and Vijay, the gatekeepers - http://www.srirangjimandir.org/glossary.html Jump up ^ Morari Bapu 2000, pp. 159-- 161 Jump up ^ Nārad Muni's curse - http://www.boloji.com/hinduism/109.htm Jump up ^ Śrīrāmacaritamānasa (Gita Press) 2004, pp. 107-- 108: संभु बिरंचि बिष्नु भगवाना । उपजहिं जासु अंस ते नाना ॥ ... and from a particle of whose emanate a number of Śambhus , Virañcis and Viṣṇus . Jump up ^ Śrīrāmacaritamānasa (Gita Press) 2004, p. 105: They further devoutly repeated the twelve-letter formula (ॐ नमो भगवते वासुदेवाय ). Jump up ^ Rambhadracharya 2008, p. 127: मनु शतरूपा श्रेष्ठ बारह अक्षरों वाले श्रीसीताराम के युगलमंत्र का प्रेमपूर्वक जाप करने लगे । Jump up ^ Śrīrāmacaritamānasa (Gita Press) 2004, pp. 107-- 108: भृकुटि बिलास सृष्टि लय होई । राम बाम दिसि सीता सोई ॥ ... Sītā , who stood to the left of Śrī Rāma , was the same was the same ... the mere play of whose eyebrows brings the cosmos into existence. Jump up ^ Morari Bapu 2000, pp. 173-- 180 Jump up ^ Pratapbhanu's tale - (Reason v) http://charm.cs.uiuc.edu/~bhatele/ramayan.htm Jump up ^ Ram Janam Stuti from the Manas - http://www.iiramii.net/stuti_ram_janam_stuti.html Jump up ^ Morari Bapu 2000, p. 635 Jump up ^ J.M. Macfie, The Ramayan of Tulsidas Or the Bible of Northern India , Kessinger Publishing, 2004, ISBN 978-1-4179-1498-2 , ... The splendid English translation by FC Growse has also been used (the sixth edition, 1914, published by Ram Narayan, Allahabad). Another admirer of the poet whose studies in the Indian Antiquary, 1893, and in the Indian Gazetteer are of much value, is Sir George Grierson, who speaks of the Ramcharitmanas as worthy of the greatest poet of any age ... Online sources `` 1318_Sri Ramchritmanas_Roman'' (PDF) . Gorakhpur, India: Gita Press . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Bibliography Ascher, William; Heffron, John M. (15 November 2010). Cultural Change and Persistence: New Perspectives on Development . Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-11733-4 . Agarwal, Mirgandra (1 January 2005). Philosophy of Inspiration . Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84557-280-8 . Bakker, Freek L. (2009). The Challenge of the Silver Screen: An Analysis of the Cinematic Portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad . BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-16861-9 . Bulcke, Camille; Prasāda , Dineśvara (2010). Rāmakathā and Other Essays . Vani Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5000-107-3 . Callewaert, Winand M. (1 January 2000). Banaras: Vision of a Living Ancient Tradition . Hemkunt Press. ISBN 978-81-7010-302-8 . Coogan, Michael D. (2003). The Illustrated Guide to World Religions . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-521997-5 . Duiker, William J. Cengage Advantage Books: World History, Complete, 7th ed . Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-133-71009-7 . Ghosh, Amitav (2002). The Imam and the Indian: Prose Pieces . Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-7530-047-7 . Gupta, Kulwant Rai; Gupta, Amita (1 January 2006). Concise Encyclopaedia Of India : . Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 978-81-269-0637-6 . Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism . Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5 . Kumar, A. (1 January 2001). Social Transformation In Modern India . Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-227-0 . Lamb, Ramdas (29 August 2002). Rapt in the Name: The Ramnamis, Ramnam, and Untouchable Religion in Central India . SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5385-8 . Lele, Jayant (1981). Tradition and Modernity in Bhakti Movements . Brill Archive. ISBN 978-90-04-06370-9 . Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z . The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4 . Lorenzen, David N. (1995). Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action . SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2025-6 . Lutgendorf, Philip (13 December 2006). Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-988582-4 . MacFie, J.M. (1 May 2004). The Ramayan Of Tulsidas Or The Bible Of Northern India . Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4179-1498-2 . Mathew, Kirpal Singh, Annie. Frank Middle School Social Sciences Class VII . Frank Brothers. ISBN 978-81-8409-102-1 . Mathur, Suresh Narain; Chaturvedi, B.K. (2005). The Diamond Book of Hindu Gods and Goddesses . Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. ISBN 978-81-288-0802-9 . McLean, Malcolm (1998). Devoted to the Goddess: The Life and Work of Ramprasad . SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3689-9 . Mehta, Jarava Lal (January 1992). J.L. Mehta on Heidegger, Hermeneutics, and Indian Tradition . BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-09488-8 . Melton, J. Gordon (13 September 2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations . ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-205-0 . Miller, Kevin Christopher (2008). A Community of Sentiment: Indo-Fijian Music and Identity Discourse in Fiji and Its Diaspora . ProQuest. ISBN 978-0-549-72404-9 . Pant, Ashok (August 2012). The Truth of Babri Mosque . iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4759-4289-7 . Pillai, Poornima; Bharti, Jyotsna (2005). Gateway to Indian Classical Literature . Asiapac Books Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-981-229-427-2 . Pinch, William R. (17 March 2006). Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85168-8 . Puri, B.N.; Das, M.N. (1 December 2003). A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India . Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-207-2508-9 . Quinn, Edward (1 January 2009). Critical Companion to George Orwell . Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0873-5 . Rajagopal, Arvind (25 January 2001). Politics After Television: Hindu Nationalism and the Reshaping of the Public in India . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64839-4 . Richman, Paula (1 January 2001). Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition . University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22074-4 . Sadarangani, Neeti M. (2004). Bhakti Poetry in Medieval India: Its Inception, Cultural Encounter and Impact . Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-436-6 . Saraswati, Prakashanand (1 January 2001). The True History and the Religion of India: A Concise Encyclopedia of Authentic Hinduism . Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-1789-0 . Singh, Khushwant (1 January 1990). India An Introduction . HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-93-5029-243-3 . Tulasīdāsa ; Subramanian, V.K. (2008). Hymns of Tulsidas . Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-496-7 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article: Shri Rāmcharitmānas Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ramcharitmanas Ramcharitmanas Bhavarth Bodhini Tika by Swami Rambhadracharya Avadhi and Romanised text with translation by Gita Press, Gorakhpur ( hide ) Ramayana by Valmiki Ikshvaku dynasty Dasharatha Kausalya Sumitra Kaikeyi Shanta Rama Bharata Lakshmana Shatrughna Sita Urmila Mandavi Shrutakirti Lava Kusha (genealogy) Vanara Hanuman Sugriva Vali Tara Rumā Angada Nala Nila Kesari Anjana Makardhwaja Rakshasa Ravana Vibhishana Kumbhakarna Indrajit Akshayakumara Atikaya Kabandha Khara Dushan Mandodari Maricha Mayasura Narantaka-Devantaka Prahasta Sarama Subahu Sulochana Sumali Surpanakha Tataka Trijata Trishira Viradha Sages Agastya Ahalya Arundhati Bharadwaja Kambhoja Parashurama Vasistha Vishvamitra Rishyasringa Other characters and concepts Lakshmana rekha Jambavan Janaka Kushadhwaja Jatayu Manthara Ashwapati Maya Sita Sampati Shabari Shravan Vedavati Places Ayodhya Mithila Dandakaranya Kishkindha Lanka Seven Books (Kandas) Bala Ayodhya Aranya Kishkindha Sundara Yuddha Uttara Versions, adaptations & inspired works Adbhuta Ramayana Adhyathmaramayanam Adhyatma Ramayana Ananda Ramayana Bhaṭṭikāvya Hikayat Seri Rama Kakawin Ramayana Kamba Ramayanam Krittivasi Ramayan Maharadia Lawana' ' Phra Lak Phra Ram Ramlila Ramayan (TV series) Raghunatha Ramayana Ramakien Ramcharitmanas Reamker Saptakanda Ramayana Sri Ramayana Darshanam Vilanka Ramayana Yama Zatdaw Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramcharitmanas&oldid=811987522 '' Categories : Epic poems Hindi-language literature Hindu texts Indian poems Works based on the Ramayana 16th-century Indian books 16th-century poems Hidden categories: Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Use dmy dates from March 2016 Use Indian English from March 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing Hindi-language text Articles prone to spam from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans भोजपुरी فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский தமிழ் Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017, at 06:31. 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when do you use chi square test as a statistical test
A chi - squared test , also written as χ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ chi ^ ( 2 ) ) test , is any statistical hypothesis test wherein the sampling distribution of the test statistic is a chi - squared distribution when the null hypothesis is true . Without other qualification , ' chi - squared test ' often is used as short for Pearson 's chi - squared test . The chi - squared test is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories .
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[ "This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "A chi - squared test , also written as χ 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\ chi ^ ( 2 ) ) test , is any statistical hypothesis test wherein the sampling distribution of the test statistic is a chi - squared distribution when the null hypothesis is true . Without other qualification , ' chi - squared test ' often is used as short for Pearson 's chi - squared test . The chi - squared test is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories .", "In the standard applications of the test , the observations are classified into mutually exclusive classes , and there is some theory , or say null hypothesis , which gives the probability that any observation falls into the corresponding class . The purpose of the test is to evaluate how likely it is between the observations and the null hypothesis .", "Chi - squared tests are often constructed from a sum of squared errors , or through the sample variance . Test statistics that follow a chi - squared distribution arise from an assumption of independent normally distributed data , which is valid in many cases due to the central limit theorem . A chi - squared test can be used to attempt rejection of the null hypothesis that the data are independent .", "Also considered a chi - squared test is a test in which this is asymptotically true , meaning that the sampling distribution ( if the null hypothesis is true ) can be made to approximate a chi - squared distribution as closely as desired by making the sample size large enough .", "In the 19th century , statistical analytic methods were mainly applied in biological data analysis and it was customary for researchers to assume that observations followed a normal distribution , such as Sir George Airy and Professor Merriman , whose works were criticized by Karl Pearson in his 1900 paper .", "Until the end of 19th century , Pearson noticed the existence of significant skewness within some biological observations . In order to model the observations regardless of being normal or skewed , Pearson , in a series of articles published from 1893 to 1916 , devised the Pearson distribution , a family of continuous probability distributions , which includes the normal distribution and many skewed distributions , and proposed a method of statistical analysis consisting of using the Pearson distribution to model the observation and performing the test of goodness of fit to determine how well the model and the observation really fit .", "In 1900 , Pearson published the remarkable paper on χ 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\ chi ^ ( 2 ) ) test which is considered to be one of the foundations of modern statistics . In this paper , Pearson investigated the test of goodness of fit .", "Suppose that n ( \\ displaystyle n ) observations in a random sample from a population are classified into k ( \\ displaystyle k ) mutually exclusive classes with respective observed numbers x i ( \\ displaystyle x_ ( i ) ) ( i = 1 , 2 , ... , k ( \\ displaystyle i = 1 , 2 , ... , k ) ) , and a null hypothesis gives the probability p i ( \\ displaystyle p_ ( i ) ) that an observation falls into the i ( \\ displaystyle i ) th class . So we have the expected numbers m i = n p i ( \\ displaystyle m_ ( i ) = np_ ( i ) ) for all i ( \\ displaystyle i ) , where", "∑ i = 1 k p i = 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) ( p_ ( i ) ) = 1 ) and ∑ i = 1 k m i = n ∑ i = 1 k p i = n ( \\ displaystyle \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) ( m_ ( i ) ) = n \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) ( p_ ( i ) ) = n ) .", "∑ i = 1 k p i = 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) ( p_ ( i ) ) = 1 ) and ∑ i = 1 k m i = n ∑ i = 1 k p i = n ( \\ displaystyle \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) ( m_ ( i ) ) = n \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) ( p_ ( i ) ) = n ) .", "Pearson proposed that , under the circumstance of the null hypothesis being correct , as n → ∞ ( \\ displaystyle n \\ rightarrow \\ infty ) the limiting distribution of the quantity given below is the χ 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\ chi ^ ( 2 ) ) distribution .", "X 2 = ∑ i = 1 k ( x i − m i ) 2 m i = ∑ i = 1 k x i 2 m i − n ( \\ displaystyle X ^ ( 2 ) = \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) ( \\ frac ( ( x_ ( i ) - m_ ( i ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( m_ ( i ) ) ) = \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) ( \\ frac ( x_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( m_ ( i ) ) ) - n )", "X 2 = ∑ i = 1 k ( x i − m i ) 2 m i = ∑ i = 1 k x i 2 m i − n ( \\ displaystyle X ^ ( 2 ) = \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) ( \\ frac ( ( x_ ( i ) - m_ ( i ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( m_ ( i ) ) ) = \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) ( \\ frac ( x_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( m_ ( i ) ) ) - n )", "Pearson dealt first with the case in which the expected numbers m i ( \\ displaystyle m_ ( i ) ) were large enough known numbers in all cells assuming every x i ( \\ displaystyle x_ ( i ) ) may be taken as normally distributed , and reached the result that , in the limit as n ( \\ displaystyle n ) becoming large , X 2 ( \\ displaystyle X ^ ( 2 ) ) followed the χ 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\ chi ^ ( 2 ) ) distribution with ( k − 1 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( k - 1 ) ) degrees of freedom .", "However , Pearson next considered the case in which the expected numbers depended on the parameters that had to be estimated from the sample , and suggested that , with the notation of m i ( \\ displaystyle m_ ( i ) ) being the true expected numbers and m i ′ ( \\ displaystyle m'_ ( i ) ) being the estimated expected numbers , the difference", "X 2 − X ′ 2 = ∑ i = 1 k x i 2 m i − ∑ i = 1 k x i 2 m i ′ ( \\ displaystyle X ^ ( 2 ) - X ' ^ ( 2 ) = \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) ( \\ frac ( x_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( m_ ( i ) ) ) - \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) ( \\ frac ( x_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( m'_ ( i ) ) ) )", "X 2 − X ′ 2 = ∑ i = 1 k x i 2 m i − ∑ i = 1 k x i 2 m i ′ ( \\ displaystyle X ^ ( 2 ) - X ' ^ ( 2 ) = \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) ( \\ frac ( x_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( m_ ( i ) ) ) - \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) ( \\ frac ( x_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( m'_ ( i ) ) ) )", "will usually be positive and small enough to be omitted . In a conclusion , Pearson argued that if we regarded X ′ 2 ( \\ displaystyle X ' ^ ( 2 ) ) as also distributed as χ 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\ chi ^ ( 2 ) ) distribution with ( k − 1 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( k - 1 ) ) degrees of freedom , the error in this approximation would not affect practical decisions . This conclusion caused some controversy in practical applications and was not settled for 20 years until Fisher 's 1922 and 1924 paper .", "One test statistic that follows a chi - squared distribution exactly is the test that the variance of a normally distributed population has a given value based on a sample variance . Such tests are uncommon in practice because the true variance of the population is usually unknown . However , there are several statistical tests where the chi - squared distribution is approximately valid :", "For an exact test used in place of the chi - squared test , see Fisher 's exact test .", "Using the chi - squared distribution to interpret Pearson 's chi - squared statistic requires one to assume that the discrete probability of observed binomial frequencies in the table can be approximated by the continuous chi - squared distribution . This assumption is not quite correct and introduces some error .", "To reduce the error in approximation , Frank Yates suggested a correction for continuity that adjusts the formula for Pearson 's chi - squared test by subtracting 0.5 from the difference between each observed value and its expected value in a 2 × 2 contingency table . This reduces the chi - squared value obtained and thus increases its p - value .", "Cochran -- Mantel -- Haenszel chi - squared test . McNemar 's test , used in certain 2 × 2 tables with pairing Tukey 's test of additivity The portmanteau test in time - series analysis , testing for the presence of autocorrelation Likelihood - ratio tests in general statistical modelling , for testing whether there is evidence of the need to move from a simple model to a more complicated one ( where the simple model is nested within the complicated one ) .", "Cochran -- Mantel -- Haenszel chi - squared test .", "McNemar 's test , used in certain 2 × 2 tables with pairing", "Tukey 's test of additivity", "The portmanteau test in time - series analysis , testing for the presence of autocorrelation", "Likelihood - ratio tests in general statistical modelling , for testing whether there is evidence of the need to move from a simple model to a more complicated one ( where the simple model is nested within the complicated one ) .", "If a sample of size n is taken from a population having a normal distribution , then there is a result ( see distribution of the sample variance ) which allows a test to be made of whether the variance of the population has a pre-determined value . For example , a manufacturing process might have been in stable condition for a long period , allowing a value for the variance to be determined essentially without error . Suppose that a variant of the process is being tested , giving rise to a small sample of n product items whose variation is to be tested . The test statistic T in this instance could be set to be the sum of squares about the sample mean , divided by the nominal value for the variance ( i.e. the value to be tested as holding ) . Then T has a chi - squared distribution with n − 1 degrees of freedom . For example , if the sample size is 21 , the acceptance region for T with a significance level of 5 % is between 9.59 and 34.17 .", "Suppose there is a city of 1 million residents with four neighborhoods : A , B , C , and D. A random sample of 650 residents of the city is taken and their occupation is recorded as `` white collar '' , `` blue collar '' , or `` no collar '' . The null hypothesis is that each person 's neighborhood of residence is independent of the person 's occupational classification . The data are tabulated as :", "A total White collar 90 60 104 95 349 Blue collar 30 50 51 20 151 No collar 30 40 45 35 150 Total 150 150 200 150 650", "A total", "White collar 90 60 104 95 349", "Blue collar 30 50 51 20 151", "No collar 30 40 45 35 150", "Total 150 150 200 150 650", "Let us take the sample living in neighborhood A , 150 , to estimate what proportion of the whole 1 million people live in neighborhood A. Similarly we take 349 / 650 to estimate what proportion of the 1 million people are white - collar workers . By the assumption of independence under the hypothesis we should `` expect '' the number of white - collar workers in neighborhood A to be", "150 × 349 650 ≈ 80.54 . ( \\ displaystyle 150 \\ times ( \\ frac ( 349 ) ( 650 ) ) \\ approx 80.54 . )", "150 × 349 650 ≈ 80.54 . ( \\ displaystyle 150 \\ times ( \\ frac ( 349 ) ( 650 ) ) \\ approx 80.54 . )", "Then in that `` cell '' of the table , we have", "( observed − expected ) 2 expected = ( 90 − 80.54 ) 2 80.54 ≈ 1.11 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( ( ( \\ text ( observed ) ) - ( \\ text ( expected ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ text ( expected ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( ( 90 - 80.54 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 80.54 ) ) \\ approx 1.11 . )", "( observed − expected ) 2 expected = ( 90 − 80.54 ) 2 80.54 ≈ 1.11 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( ( ( \\ text ( observed ) ) - ( \\ text ( expected ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ text ( expected ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( ( 90 - 80.54 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 80.54 ) ) \\ approx 1.11 . )", "The sum of these quantities over all of the cells is the test statistic . Under the null hypothesis , it has approximately a chi - squared distribution whose number of degrees of freedom are", "( number of rows − 1 ) ( number of columns − 1 ) = ( 3 − 1 ) ( 4 − 1 ) = 6 . ( \\ displaystyle ( ( \\ text ( number of rows ) ) - 1 ) ( ( \\ text ( number of columns ) ) - 1 ) = ( 3 - 1 ) ( 4 - 1 ) = 6. \\ , )", "( number of rows − 1 ) ( number of columns − 1 ) = ( 3 − 1 ) ( 4 − 1 ) = 6 . ( \\ displaystyle ( ( \\ text ( number of rows ) ) - 1 ) ( ( \\ text ( number of columns ) ) - 1 ) = ( 3 - 1 ) ( 4 - 1 ) = 6. \\ , )", "If the test statistic is improbably large according to that chi - squared distribution , then one rejects the null hypothesis of independence .", "A related issue is a test of homogeneity . Suppose that instead of giving every resident of each of the four neighborhoods an equal chance of inclusion in the sample , we decide in advance how many residents of each neighborhood to include . Then each resident has the same chance of being chosen as do all residents of the same neighborhood , but residents of different neighborhoods would have different probabilities of being chosen if the four sample sizes are not proportional to the populations of the four neighborhoods . In such a case , we would be testing `` homogeneity '' rather than `` independence '' . The question is whether the proportions of blue - collar , white - collar , and no - collar workers in the four neighborhoods are the same . However , the test is done in the same way .", "In cryptanalysis , chi - squared test is used to compare the distribution of plaintext and ( possibly ) decrypted ciphertext . The lowest value of the test means that the decryption was successful with high probability . This method can be generalized for solving modern cryptographic problems ." ]
Chi-squared test - wikipedia Chi-squared test Jump to: navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chi-squared distribution , showing χ 2 (\displaystyle \chi ^(2)) on the x-axis and P-value on the y-axis. A chi-squared test , also written as χ 2 (\displaystyle \chi ^(2)) test , is any statistical hypothesis test wherein the sampling distribution of the test statistic is a chi-squared distribution when the null hypothesis is true. Without other qualification, ' chi-squared test' often is used as short for Pearson's chi-squared test . The chi-squared test is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories. In the standard applications of the test, the observations are classified into mutually exclusive classes, and there is some theory, or say null hypothesis, which gives the probability that any observation falls into the corresponding class. The purpose of the test is to evaluate how likely it is between the observations and the null hypothesis. Chi-squared tests are often constructed from a sum of squared errors , or through the sample variance . Test statistics that follow a chi-squared distribution arise from an assumption of independent normally distributed data, which is valid in many cases due to the central limit theorem . A chi-squared test can be used to attempt rejection of the null hypothesis that the data are independent. Also considered a chi-squared test is a test in which this is asymptotically true, meaning that the sampling distribution (if the null hypothesis is true) can be made to approximate a chi-squared distribution as closely as desired by making the sample size large enough. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pearson's chi-squared test 1.2 Other examples of chi-squared tests 1.2.1 Fisher's exact test 1.2.2 Yates's correction for continuity 1.2.3 Other chi-squared tests 2 Chi-squared test for variance in a normal population 3 Example chi-squared test for categorical data 4 Applications 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) In the 19th century, statistical analytic methods were mainly applied in biological data analysis and it was customary for researchers to assume that observations followed a normal distribution , such as Sir George Airy and Professor Merriman , whose works were criticized by Karl Pearson in his 1900 paper. Until the end of 19th century, Pearson noticed the existence of significant skewness within some biological observations. In order to model the observations regardless of being normal or skewed, Pearson, in a series of articles published from 1893 to 1916, devised the Pearson distribution , a family of continuous probability distributions, which includes the normal distribution and many skewed distributions, and proposed a method of statistical analysis consisting of using the Pearson distribution to model the observation and performing the test of goodness of fit to determine how well the model and the observation really fit. Pearson's chi-squared test ( edit ) See also: Pearson's chi-squared test In 1900, Pearson published the remarkable paper on χ 2 (\displaystyle \chi ^(2)) test which is considered to be one of the foundations of modern statistics. In this paper, Pearson investigated the test of goodness of fit. Suppose that n (\displaystyle n) observations in a random sample from a population are classified into k (\displaystyle k) mutually exclusive classes with respective observed numbers x i (\displaystyle x_(i)) ( i = 1 , 2 , ... , k (\displaystyle i=1,2,...,k) ), and a null hypothesis gives the probability p i (\displaystyle p_(i)) that an observation falls into the i (\displaystyle i) th class. So we have the expected numbers m i = n p i (\displaystyle m_(i)=np_(i)) for all i (\displaystyle i) , where ∑ i = 1 k p i = 1 (\displaystyle \sum _(i=1)^(k)(p_(i))=1) and ∑ i = 1 k m i = n ∑ i = 1 k p i = n (\displaystyle \sum _(i=1)^(k)(m_(i))=n\sum _(i=1)^(k)(p_(i))=n) . Pearson proposed that, under the circumstance of the null hypothesis being correct, as n → ∞ (\displaystyle n\rightarrow \infty ) the limiting distribution of the quantity given below is the χ 2 (\displaystyle \chi ^(2)) distribution. X 2 = ∑ i = 1 k ( x i − m i ) 2 m i = ∑ i = 1 k x i 2 m i − n (\displaystyle X^(2)=\sum _(i=1)^(k)(\frac ((x_(i)-m_(i))^(2))(m_(i)))=\sum _(i=1)^(k)(\frac (x_(i)^(2))(m_(i)))-n) Pearson dealt first with the case in which the expected numbers m i (\displaystyle m_(i)) were large enough known numbers in all cells assuming every x i (\displaystyle x_(i)) may be taken as normally distributed, and reached the result that, in the limit as n (\displaystyle n) becoming large, X 2 (\displaystyle X^(2)) followed the χ 2 (\displaystyle \chi ^(2)) distribution with ( k − 1 ) (\displaystyle (k-1)) degrees of freedom. However, Pearson next considered the case in which the expected numbers depended on the parameters that had to be estimated from the sample, and suggested that, with the notation of m i (\displaystyle m_(i)) being the true expected numbers and m i ′ (\displaystyle m'_ (i)) being the estimated expected numbers, the difference X 2 − X ′ 2 = ∑ i = 1 k x i 2 m i − ∑ i = 1 k x i 2 m i ′ (\displaystyle X^(2)-X' ^(2)=\sum _(i=1)^(k)(\frac (x_(i)^(2))(m_(i)))-\sum _(i=1)^(k)(\frac (x_(i)^(2))(m'_ (i)))) will usually be positive and small enough to be omitted. In a conclusion, Pearson argued that if we regarded X ′ 2 (\displaystyle X' ^(2)) as also distributed as χ 2 (\displaystyle \chi ^(2)) distribution with ( k − 1 ) (\displaystyle (k-1)) degrees of freedom, the error in this approximation would not affect practical decisions. This conclusion caused some controversy in practical applications and was not settled for 20 years until Fisher's 1922 and 1924 paper. Other examples of chi-squared tests ( edit ) One test statistic that follows a chi-squared distribution exactly is the test that the variance of a normally distributed population has a given value based on a sample variance . Such tests are uncommon in practice because the true variance of the population is usually unknown. However, there are several statistical tests where the chi-squared distribution is approximately valid: Fisher's exact test ( edit ) For an exact test used in place of the chi-squared test, see Fisher's exact test . Yates's correction for continuity ( edit ) Main article: Yates's correction for continuity Using the chi-squared distribution to interpret Pearson's chi-squared statistic requires one to assume that the discrete probability of observed binomial frequencies in the table can be approximated by the continuous chi-squared distribution . This assumption is not quite correct and introduces some error. To reduce the error in approximation, Frank Yates suggested a correction for continuity that adjusts the formula for Pearson's chi-squared test by subtracting 0.5 from the difference between each observed value and its expected value in a 2 × 2 contingency table. This reduces the chi-squared value obtained and thus increases its p-value . Other chi-squared tests ( edit ) Cochran-- Mantel-- Haenszel chi-squared test . McNemar's test , used in certain 2 × 2 tables with pairing Tukey's test of additivity The portmanteau test in time-series analysis , testing for the presence of autocorrelation Likelihood-ratio tests in general statistical modelling , for testing whether there is evidence of the need to move from a simple model to a more complicated one (where the simple model is nested within the complicated one). Chi-squared test for variance in a normal population ( edit ) If a sample of size n is taken from a population having a normal distribution , then there is a result (see distribution of the sample variance ) which allows a test to be made of whether the variance of the population has a pre-determined value. For example, a manufacturing process might have been in stable condition for a long period, allowing a value for the variance to be determined essentially without error. Suppose that a variant of the process is being tested, giving rise to a small sample of n product items whose variation is to be tested. The test statistic T in this instance could be set to be the sum of squares about the sample mean, divided by the nominal value for the variance (i.e. the value to be tested as holding). Then T has a chi-squared distribution with n − 1 degrees of freedom . For example, if the sample size is 21, the acceptance region for T with a significance level of 5% is between 9.59 and 34.17. Example chi-squared test for categorical data ( edit ) Suppose there is a city of 1 million residents with four neighborhoods: A , B , C , and D. A random sample of 650 residents of the city is taken and their occupation is recorded as `` white collar'' , `` blue collar'' , or `` no collar'' . The null hypothesis is that each person's neighborhood of residence is independent of the person's occupational classification. The data are tabulated as: A total White collar 90 60 104 95 349 Blue collar 30 50 51 20 151 No collar 30 40 45 35 150 Total 150 150 200 150 650 Let us take the sample living in neighborhood A , 150, to estimate what proportion of the whole 1 million people live in neighborhood A. Similarly we take 349/650 to estimate what proportion of the 1 million people are white-collar workers. By the assumption of independence under the hypothesis we should `` expect'' the number of white-collar workers in neighborhood A to be 150 × 349 650 ≈ 80.54. (\displaystyle 150\times (\frac (349)(650))\approx 80.54.) Then in that `` cell'' of the table, we have ( observed − expected ) 2 expected = ( 90 − 80.54 ) 2 80.54 ≈ 1.11. (\displaystyle (\frac (((\text(observed))-(\text(expected)))^(2))(\text(expected)))=(\frac ((90-80.54)^(2))(80.54))\approx 1.11.) The sum of these quantities over all of the cells is the test statistic. Under the null hypothesis, it has approximately a chi-squared distribution whose number of degrees of freedom are ( number of rows − 1 ) ( number of columns − 1 ) = ( 3 − 1 ) ( 4 − 1 ) = 6. (\displaystyle ((\text(number of rows))-1)((\text(number of columns))-1)=(3-1)(4-1)=6.\,) If the test statistic is improbably large according to that chi-squared distribution, then one rejects the null hypothesis of independence . A related issue is a test of homogeneity . Suppose that instead of giving every resident of each of the four neighborhoods an equal chance of inclusion in the sample, we decide in advance how many residents of each neighborhood to include. Then each resident has the same chance of being chosen as do all residents of the same neighborhood, but residents of different neighborhoods would have different probabilities of being chosen if the four sample sizes are not proportional to the populations of the four neighborhoods. In such a case, we would be testing `` homogeneity'' rather than `` independence'' . The question is whether the proportions of blue-collar, white-collar, and no-collar workers in the four neighborhoods are the same. However, the test is done in the same way. Applications ( edit ) In cryptanalysis , chi-squared test is used to compare the distribution of plaintext and (possibly) decrypted ciphertext . The lowest value of the test means that the decryption was successful with high probability. This method can be generalized for solving modern cryptographic problems. See also ( edit ) Statistics portal Contingency table Chi-square test nomogram G -test Minimum chi-square estimation Nonparametric statistics The Wald test can be evaluated against a chi-square distribution. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Pearson, Karl (1900). `` On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling'' (PDF) . Philosophical Magazine . Series 5. 50 : 157-- 175. doi : 10.1080/14786440009463897 . Jump up ^ Pearson, Karl (1893). `` Contributions to the mathematical theory of evolution (abstract)'' . Proceedings of the Royal Society . 54 : 329-- 333. doi : 10.1098/rspl.1893.0079 . JSTOR 115538 . Jump up ^ Pearson, Karl (1895). `` Contributions to the mathematical theory of evolution, II: Skew variation in homogeneous material'' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 186 : 343-- 414. Bibcode : 1895RSPTA.186..343P . doi : 10.1098/rsta.1895.0010 . JSTOR 90649 . Jump up ^ Pearson, Karl (1901). `` Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution, X: Supplement to a memoir on skew variation'' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 197 : 443-- 459. Bibcode : 1901RSPTA.197..443P . doi : 10.1098/rsta.1901.0023 . JSTOR 90841 . Jump up ^ Pearson, Karl (1916). `` Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution, XIX: Second supplement to a memoir on skew variation'' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 216 : 429-- 457. Bibcode : 1916RSPTA.216..429P . doi : 10.1098/rsta.1916.0009 . JSTOR 91092 . Jump up ^ Cochran, William G. (1952). `` The Chi-square Test of Goodness of Fit'' . The Annals of Mathematical Statistics . 23 : 315-- 345. JSTOR 2236678 . Jump up ^ Fisher, Ronald A. (1922). `` On the Interpretation of chi-squared from Contingency Tables, and the Calculation of P'' . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society . 85 : 87-- 94. JSTOR 2340521 . Jump up ^ Fisher, Ronald A. (1924). `` The Conditions Under Which chi-squared Measures the Discrepancey Between Observation and Hypothesis'' . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society . 87 : 442-- 450. JSTOR 2341149 . Jump up ^ Yates, F (1934). `` Contingency table involving small numbers and the χ test'' . Supplement to the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 1 (2): 217-- 235. JSTOR 2983604 Jump up ^ `` Chi-squared Statistic'' . Practical Cryptography . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Using Chi Squared to Crack Codes'' . IB Maths Resources . British International School Phuket. Jump up ^ Ryabko, B.Ya.; Stognienko, V.S.; Shokin, Yu.I. (2004). `` A new test for randomness and its application to some cryptographic problems'' (PDF) . Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference. 123 : 365-- 376 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Weisstein, Eric W. `` Chi-Squared Test'' . MathWorld . Corder, G.W. & Foreman, D.I. (2014). Nonparametric Statistics: A Step-by-Step Approach . Wiley, New York. ISBN 978-1118840313 Greenwood, P.E. , Nikulin, M.S. (1996) A guide to chi-squared testing . Wiley, New York. ISBN 0-471-55779-X Nikulin, M.S. (1973). `` Chi-squared test for normality'' . In: Proceedings of the International Vilnius Conference on Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics , v.2, pp. 119-- 122. Bagdonavicius, V., Nikulin, M.S. (2011) `` Chi-squared goodness-of-fit test for right censored data'' . The International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics , p. 30-50. 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what is the main difference between male and female
Sex differences in humans have been studied in a variety of fields . In humans , biological sex is determined by five factors present at birth : the presence or absence of a Y chromosome , the type of gonads , the sex hormones , the internal reproductive anatomy ( such as the uterus ) , and the external genitalia . Genetic sex is determined solely by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome . A child 's presumed sex is determined at birth by observation of the external genitalia .
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[ "This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 )", "This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 )", "This article is one of a series on : Sex differences in humans Physiology Medicine Sexual differentiation Autism Narcissism Schizophrenia Stroke care Neuroscience Memory Eyewitness memory Cognition Intelligence Emotional intelligence Psychology Gender psychology Sociology Crime Education Leadership Social capital Suicide", "This article is one of a series on :", "Sex differences in humans", "Physiology", "Medicine", "Sexual differentiation Autism Narcissism Schizophrenia Stroke care", "Sexual differentiation Autism Narcissism Schizophrenia Stroke care", "Neuroscience", "Memory Eyewitness memory Cognition Intelligence Emotional intelligence Psychology Gender psychology", "Memory Eyewitness memory Cognition Intelligence Emotional intelligence Psychology Gender psychology", "Sociology", "Crime Education Leadership Social capital Suicide", "Crime Education Leadership Social capital Suicide", "", "", "Sex differences in humans have been studied in a variety of fields . In humans , biological sex is determined by five factors present at birth : the presence or absence of a Y chromosome , the type of gonads , the sex hormones , the internal reproductive anatomy ( such as the uterus ) , and the external genitalia . Genetic sex is determined solely by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome . A child 's presumed sex is determined at birth by observation of the external genitalia .", "Sex differences generally refer to traits that are sexually dimorphic . A subset of such differences is hypothesized to be a product of the evolutionary process of sexual selection .", "Sex differences in medicine include sex - specific diseases , which are diseases that occur only in people of one sex ; and sex - related diseases , which are diseases that are more usual to one sex , or which manifest differently in each sex . For example , certain autoimmune diseases may occur predominantly in one sex , for unknown reasons . 90 % of primary biliary cirrhosis cases are women , whereas primary sclerosing cholangitis is more common in men . Gender - based medicine , also called `` gender medicine '' , is the field of medicine that studies the biological and physiological differences between the human sexes and how that affects differences in disease . Traditionally , medical research has mostly been conducted using the male body as the basis for clinical studies . Similar findings are also reported in the sport medicine literature where males typically account for > 60 % of the individuals studied . The findings of these studies have often been applied across the sexes and healthcare providers have assumed a uniform approach in treating both male and female patients . More recently , medical research has started to understand the importance of taking the sex into account as the symptoms and responses to medical treatment may be very different between sexes .", "Neither concept should be confused with sexually transmitted diseases , which are diseases that have a significant probability of transmission through sexual contact .", "Sex - related illnesses have various causes :", "Sex - linked genetic illnesses Parts of the reproductive system that are specific to one sex Social causes that relate to the gender role expected of that sex in a particular society . Different levels of prevention , reporting , diagnosis or treatment in each gender .", "Sex - linked genetic illnesses", "Parts of the reproductive system that are specific to one sex", "Social causes that relate to the gender role expected of that sex in a particular society .", "Different levels of prevention , reporting , diagnosis or treatment in each gender .", "Research has found that female doctors may be providing better care than male doctors in the U.S. and also in Canada .", "Sex differences in human physiology are distinctions of physiological characteristics associated with either male or female humans . These can be of several types , including direct and indirect . Direct being the direct result of differences prescribed by the Y - chromosome , and indirect being a characteristic influenced indirectly ( e.g. , hormonally ) by the Y - chromosome . Sexual dimorphism is a term for the phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species .", "Direct sex differences follow a bimodal distribution . Through the process of meiosis and fertilization ( with rare exceptions ) , each individual is created with zero or one Y - chromosome . The complementary result for the X-chromosome follows , either a double or a single X . Therefore , direct sex differences are usually binary in expression ( although the deviations in complex biological processes produce a menagerie of exceptions ) . These include , most conspicuously , male ( vs female ) gonads .", "Indirect sex differences are general differences as quantified by empirical data and statistical analysis . Most differing characteristics will conform to a bell - curve ( i.e. , normal ) distribution which can be broadly described by the mean ( peak distribution ) and standard deviation ( indicator of size of range ) . Often only the mean or mean difference between sexes is given . This may or may not preclude overlap in distributions . For example , most males are taller and stronger than females , but an individual female could be taller and stronger than an individual male . The extents of these differences vary across societies .", "The most obvious differences between males and females include all the features related to reproductive role , notably the endocrine ( hormonal ) systems and their physiological and behavioral effects , including gonadal differentiation , internal and external genital and breast differentiation , and differentiation of muscle mass , height , and hair distribution . There are also differences in the structure of specific areas of the brain . For example , on average , the SDN ( INAH3 in humans ) has been repeatedly found to be considerably larger in males than in females .", "Research on biological sex differences in human psychology investigates cognitive and behavioral differences between men and women . This research employs experimental tests of cognition , which take a variety of forms . Tests focus on possible differences in areas such as IQ , spatial reasoning , aggression , emotion , and brain structure and function .", "Chromosomal make up is important in human psychology . Women have two X chromosomes while males have an X and Y chromosomal structure . The X chromosome is much more active than Y and it affects behavior . Genetic researchers theorize that the X chromosome may contain a gene responsible for sociability .", "Most IQ tests are constructed so that there are no overall score differences between females and males . Areas where differences have been found include verbal and mathematical ability . IQ tests that measure fluid g and have not been constructed to eliminate sex differences also tend to show that sex differences are either non-existent or negligible . 2008 research found that , for grades 2 to 11 , there were no significant gender differences in math skills among the general population . Differences in variability of IQ scores have been observed in studies , with more men falling at the extremes of the spectrum .", "Because social and environmental factors affect brain activity and behavior , where differences are found , it can be difficult for researchers to assess whether or not the differences are innate . Studies on this topic explore the possibility of social influences on how both sexes perform in cognitive and behavioral tests . Stereotypes about differences between men and women have been shown to affect a person 's behavior ( this is called stereotype threat ) .", "In his book titled Gender , Nature , and Nurture , psychologist Richard Lippa found that there were large differences in women 's and men 's preferences for realistic occupations ( for example , mechanic or carpenters ) and moderate differences in their preferences for social and artistic occupations . His results also found that women tend to be more people - oriented and men more thing - oriented .", "Hartung & Widiger ( 1998 ) found that many kinds of mental illnesses and behavioral problems show gender differences in prevalence and incidence . `` Of the 80 disorders diagnosed in adulthood for which sex ratios are provided , 35 are said to be more common in men than in women ( 17 of which are substance related or a paraphilia ) , 31 are said to be more common in women than men , and 14 are said to be equally common in both sexes . ''", "Differences in male and female jealousy can also be observed . While female jealousy is more likely to be inspired by emotional infidelity , male jealousy is most likely to be brought on by sexual infidelity . A clear majority of approximately 62 % to 86 % of women reported that they would be more bothered by emotional infidelity and 47 % to 60 % of men reported that they would be more bothered by sexual infidelity .", "In 2005 , Janet Shibley Hyde from the University of Wisconsin - Madison introduced the gender similarities hypothesis , which suggests that males and females are similar on most , but not all , psychological variables . The research focused on cognitive variables ( for example , reading comprehension , mathematics ) , communication ( for example , talkativeness , facial expressions ) , social and personality ( for example , aggression , sexuality ) , psychological well - being , and motor behaviors . Using results from a review of 46 meta - analyses , she found that 78 % of gender differences were small or close to zero . A few exceptions were some motor behaviors ( such as throwing distance ) and some aspects of sexuality ( such as attitudes about casual sex ) , which show the largest gender differences . She concludes her article by stating : `` It is time to consider the costs of overinflated claims of gender differences . Arguably , they cause harm in numerous realms , including women 's opportunities in the workplace , couple conflict and communication , and analyses of self - esteem problems among adolescents . ''", "Hyde also stated elsewhere that `` variations within genders are greater than variations between genders . ''", "In 2012 Irina Trofimova reported `` middle age -- middle sex '' phenomenon and suggested that the significant female advantage in verbal fluency and male advantage in physical power fade after age 25 in an asymmetric manner . She pointed out to several other studies on humans and other primates showing a levelling of sex differences in sociability and physical strength . Males and females might indeed have different timings of maturation of physical and verbal systems : according to McGuinness and Pribram ( 1978 ) during the first two years of life talking and walking rarely occur simultaneously , which suggests that these two abilities compete for the same set of neural connections , or that one type of neural organization inhibits the other . This coincides with the higher mobility of boys , accompanied by their lower rates of speech development in childhood , in comparison to girls . These different timings in maturation appear as sex differences in early age , and likely level off in later adulthood ( Barbu , Cabanes , & Le Maner - Idrissi , 2011 ) . This middle age -- middle sex phenomenon might explain why meta - analytic reports and several experimental studies of verbal abilities and dominance using adult participants reported no sex differences .", "Statistics have been consistent in reporting that men commit more criminal acts than women . Self - reported delinquent acts are also higher for men than women across many different actions . Many professionals have offered explanations for this sex difference . Some differing explanations include men 's evolutionary tendency toward risk and violent behavior , sex differences in activity , social support , and gender inequality .", "Despite the difficulty of interpreting them , crime statistics may provide a way to investigate such a relationship from a gender differences perspective . An observable difference in crime rates between men and women might be due to social and cultural factors , crimes going unreported , or to biological factors ( for example , testosterone or sociobiological theories ) . Taking the nature of the crime itself into consideration may also be a factor . Crime can be measured by such data as arrest records , imprisonment rates , and surveys . However , not all crimes are reported or investigated . Moreover , some studies show that men can have an overwhelming bias against reporting themselves to be the victims of a crime ( particularly when victimized by a woman ) , and some studies have argued that men reporting intimate partner violence find disadvantageous biases in law enforcement . Burton et al. ( 1998 ) found that low levels of self control are associated with criminal activity .", "Sometimes and in some places , there are sex differences in educational achievement . This may be caused by sex discrimination in law or culture , or may reflect natural differences in the interests of the sexes .", "Research has been undertaken to examine whether or not there are sex differences in leadership . Until recently , leadership positions have predominantly been held by men . Women were rarely seen in senior leadership positions leading to a lack of data on how they behave in such positions . The two main lines of research contradict one another , the first being that there are significant sex differences in leadership and the second being that gender does not have an effect on leadership .", "Women and men have been surveyed by Gallup each year concerning workplace topics , and when questioned about preferences of a female boss or a male boss , women chose a preference for a male boss 39 % of the time , compared to 26 % of men displaying preference for a male boss . Only 27 % of females would prefer a boss of the same gender . This preference , among both sexes , for male leadership in the workplace has continued unabated for sixty years , according to the survey results .", "Sex differences in religion can be classified as either `` internal '' or `` external . '' Internal religious issues are studied from the perspective of a given religion , and might include religious beliefs and practices about the roles and rights of men and women in government , education and worship ; beliefs about the sex or gender of deities and religious figures ; and beliefs about the origin and meaning of human gender . External religious issues can be broadly defined as an examination of a given religion from an outsider 's perspective , including possible clashes between religious leaders and laity ; and the influence of , and differences between , religious perspectives on social issues . For example , various religious perspectives have either endorsed or condemned alternative family structures , homosexual relationships , and abortion . External religious issues can also be examined from the `` lens of gender '' perspective embraced by some in feminism or critical theory and its offshoots .", "Sex differences in social capital are differences between men and women in their ability to coordinate actions and achieve their aims through trust , norms and networks . Social capital is often seen as the missing link in development ; as social networks facilitate access to resources and protect the commons , while cooperation makes markets work more efficiently . Social capital has been thought of as women 's capital as whereas there are gendered barriers to accessing economic capital , women 's role in family , and community ensures that they have strong networks . There is potential that the concept can help to bring women 's unpaid ' community and household labor ' , vital to survival and development , to the attention of economists . However , research analyzing social capital from a gendered perspective is rare , and the notable exceptions are very critical .", "Sex differences in suicide have been shown to be significant ; there are highly asymmetric rates of attempted and completed suicide between males and females . The gap , also called the gender paradox of suicidal behavior , can vary significantly between different countries . Statistics indicate that males die much more often by means of suicide than do females , however reported suicide attempts are 3 times more common among females than males . This paradox is partially explained by the methodology , with females more often choosing medication - induced overdosage , and males more often turning to weapons such as firearms or knives .", "Sex differences in financial decision making are relevant and significant . Numerous studies have found that women tend to be financially more risk - averse than men and hold safer portfolios . A May 3 , 2015 article in the Wall Street Journal by Georgette Jasen reported that `` when it comes to investing , men sometimes have their way of doing things , and women have different ways . '' Scholarly research has documented systematic differences in financial decisions such as buying investments versus insurance , donating to ingroups versus outgroups ( such as terrorism victims in Iraq versus USA ) , spending in stores , and the endowment effect - or asking price for goods people have . The majority of these studies are based on the theory of agency - communion developed by David Bakan in 1966 ; according to this theory , due to factors such as socialization , males are typically more agentic ( focus on self , upside potential , aggressiveness ) and females typically more communal ( focus on others , downside potential , and nurturing ) . This framework robustly explains many financial decision making outcomes ." ]
Sex differences in humans - wikipedia Sex differences in humans This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . (June 2014) This article is one of a series on: Sex differences in humans Physiology Medicine Sexual differentiation Autism Narcissism Schizophrenia Stroke care Neuroscience Memory Eyewitness memory Cognition Intelligence Emotional intelligence Psychology Gender psychology Sociology Crime Education Leadership Social capital Suicide Sex differences in humans have been studied in a variety of fields. In humans, biological sex is determined by five factors present at birth: the presence or absence of a Y chromosome , the type of gonads , the sex hormones , the internal reproductive anatomy (such as the uterus ), and the external genitalia . Genetic sex is determined solely by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome. A child's presumed sex is determined at birth by observation of the external genitalia. Sex differences generally refer to traits that are sexually dimorphic . A subset of such differences is hypothesized to be a product of the evolutionary process of sexual selection . Contents 1 Medicine 2 Physiology 3 Psychology 4 Sociology 4.1 Crime 4.2 Education 4.3 Leadership 4.4 Religion 4.5 Social capital 4.6 Suicide 4.7 Financial risk-taking 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Medicine ( edit ) Main article: Sex differences in medicine Sex differences in medicine include sex-specific diseases, which are diseases that occur only in people of one sex ; and sex-related diseases, which are diseases that are more usual to one sex, or which manifest differently in each sex. For example, certain autoimmune diseases may occur predominantly in one sex, for unknown reasons. 90% of primary biliary cirrhosis cases are women, whereas primary sclerosing cholangitis is more common in men. Gender-based medicine, also called `` gender medicine'' , is the field of medicine that studies the biological and physiological differences between the human sexes and how that affects differences in disease. Traditionally, medical research has mostly been conducted using the male body as the basis for clinical studies. Similar findings are also reported in the sport medicine literature where males typically account for > 60% of the individuals studied. The findings of these studies have often been applied across the sexes and healthcare providers have assumed a uniform approach in treating both male and female patients. More recently, medical research has started to understand the importance of taking the sex into account as the symptoms and responses to medical treatment may be very different between sexes. Neither concept should be confused with sexually transmitted diseases , which are diseases that have a significant probability of transmission through sexual contact. Sex-related illnesses have various causes: Sex-linked genetic illnesses Parts of the reproductive system that are specific to one sex Social causes that relate to the gender role expected of that sex in a particular society. Different levels of prevention, reporting, diagnosis or treatment in each gender. Research has found that female doctors may be providing better care than male doctors in the U.S. and also in Canada. Physiology ( edit ) Main article: Sex differences in human physiology Sex differences in human physiology are distinctions of physiological characteristics associated with either male or female humans. These can be of several types, including direct and indirect. Direct being the direct result of differences prescribed by the Y-chromosome, and indirect being a characteristic influenced indirectly (e.g., hormonally) by the Y-chromosome. Sexual dimorphism is a term for the phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species. Direct sex differences follow a bimodal distribution . Through the process of meiosis and fertilization (with rare exceptions), each individual is created with zero or one Y-chromosome. The complementary result for the X-chromosome follows, either a double or a single X. Therefore, direct sex differences are usually binary in expression (although the deviations in complex biological processes produce a menagerie of exceptions). These include, most conspicuously, male (vs female) gonads . Indirect sex differences are general differences as quantified by empirical data and statistical analysis. Most differing characteristics will conform to a bell-curve (i.e., normal) distribution which can be broadly described by the mean (peak distribution) and standard deviation (indicator of size of range). Often only the mean or mean difference between sexes is given. This may or may not preclude overlap in distributions. For example, most males are taller and stronger than females , but an individual female could be taller and stronger than an individual male. The extents of these differences vary across societies. The most obvious differences between males and females include all the features related to reproductive role, notably the endocrine (hormonal) systems and their physiological and behavioral effects, including gonadal differentiation, internal and external genital and breast differentiation, and differentiation of muscle mass, height, and hair distribution. There are also differences in the structure of specific areas of the brain . For example, on average, the SDN ( INAH3 in humans) has been repeatedly found to be considerably larger in males than in females. Psychology ( edit ) Main article: Sex differences in human psychology Research on biological sex differences in human psychology investigates cognitive and behavioral differences between men and women . This research employs experimental tests of cognition , which take a variety of forms. Tests focus on possible differences in areas such as IQ , spatial reasoning, aggression , emotion , and brain structure and function. Chromosomal make up is important in human psychology. Women have two X chromosomes while males have an X and Y chromosomal structure. The X chromosome is much more active than Y and it affects behavior. Genetic researchers theorize that the X chromosome may contain a gene responsible for sociability. Most IQ tests are constructed so that there are no overall score differences between females and males. Areas where differences have been found include verbal and mathematical ability. IQ tests that measure fluid g and have not been constructed to eliminate sex differences also tend to show that sex differences are either non-existent or negligible. 2008 research found that, for grades 2 to 11, there were no significant gender differences in math skills among the general population. Differences in variability of IQ scores have been observed in studies, with more men falling at the extremes of the spectrum. Because social and environmental factors affect brain activity and behavior, where differences are found, it can be difficult for researchers to assess whether or not the differences are innate . Studies on this topic explore the possibility of social influences on how both sexes perform in cognitive and behavioral tests. Stereotypes about differences between men and women have been shown to affect a person's behavior (this is called stereotype threat ). In his book titled Gender, Nature, and Nurture , psychologist Richard Lippa found that there were large differences in women's and men's preferences for realistic occupations (for example, mechanic or carpenters) and moderate differences in their preferences for social and artistic occupations. His results also found that women tend to be more people-oriented and men more thing-oriented. Hartung & Widiger (1998) found that many kinds of mental illnesses and behavioral problems show gender differences in prevalence and incidence. `` Of the 80 disorders diagnosed in adulthood for which sex ratios are provided, 35 are said to be more common in men than in women (17 of which are substance related or a paraphilia ), 31 are said to be more common in women than men, and 14 are said to be equally common in both sexes.'' Differences in male and female jealousy can also be observed. While female jealousy is more likely to be inspired by emotional infidelity, male jealousy is most likely to be brought on by sexual infidelity. A clear majority of approximately 62% to 86% of women reported that they would be more bothered by emotional infidelity and 47% to 60% of men reported that they would be more bothered by sexual infidelity. In 2005, Janet Shibley Hyde from the University of Wisconsin-Madison introduced the gender similarities hypothesis, which suggests that males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables. The research focused on cognitive variables (for example, reading comprehension, mathematics), communication (for example, talkativeness, facial expressions), social and personality (for example, aggression, sexuality), psychological well-being, and motor behaviors. Using results from a review of 46 meta-analyses, she found that 78% of gender differences were small or close to zero. A few exceptions were some motor behaviors (such as throwing distance) and some aspects of sexuality (such as attitudes about casual sex), which show the largest gender differences. She concludes her article by stating: `` It is time to consider the costs of overinflated claims of gender differences. Arguably, they cause harm in numerous realms, including women's opportunities in the workplace, couple conflict and communication, and analyses of self-esteem problems among adolescents.'' Hyde also stated elsewhere that `` variations within genders are greater than variations between genders.'' In 2012 Irina Trofimova reported `` middle age -- middle sex'' phenomenon and suggested that the significant female advantage in verbal fluency and male advantage in physical power fade after age 25 in an asymmetric manner. She pointed out to several other studies on humans and other primates showing a levelling of sex differences in sociability and physical strength. Males and females might indeed have different timings of maturation of physical and verbal systems: according to McGuinness and Pribram (1978) during the first two years of life talking and walking rarely occur simultaneously, which suggests that these two abilities compete for the same set of neural connections, or that one type of neural organization inhibits the other. This coincides with the higher mobility of boys, accompanied by their lower rates of speech development in childhood, in comparison to girls. These different timings in maturation appear as sex differences in early age, and likely level off in later adulthood (Barbu, Cabanes, & Le Maner-Idrissi, 2011). This middle age -- middle sex phenomenon might explain why meta-analytic reports and several experimental studies of verbal abilities and dominance using adult participants reported no sex differences. Sociology ( edit ) Crime ( edit ) Main article: Sex differences in crime Statistics have been consistent in reporting that men commit more criminal acts than women. Self-reported delinquent acts are also higher for men than women across many different actions. Many professionals have offered explanations for this sex difference. Some differing explanations include men's evolutionary tendency toward risk and violent behavior, sex differences in activity, social support , and gender inequality . Despite the difficulty of interpreting them, crime statistics may provide a way to investigate such a relationship from a gender differences perspective. An observable difference in crime rates between men and women might be due to social and cultural factors, crimes going unreported, or to biological factors (for example, testosterone or sociobiological theories). Taking the nature of the crime itself into consideration may also be a factor. Crime can be measured by such data as arrest records, imprisonment rates, and surveys. However, not all crimes are reported or investigated. Moreover, some studies show that men can have an overwhelming bias against reporting themselves to be the victims of a crime (particularly when victimized by a woman), and some studies have argued that men reporting intimate partner violence find disadvantageous biases in law enforcement. Burton et al. (1998) found that low levels of self control are associated with criminal activity. Education ( edit ) Main article: Sex differences in education A world map showing countries by gender education disparity, 2010. Sometimes and in some places, there are sex differences in educational achievement. This may be caused by sex discrimination in law or culture, or may reflect natural differences in the interests of the sexes. Leadership ( edit ) Main article: Sex differences in leadership Research has been undertaken to examine whether or not there are sex differences in leadership. Until recently, leadership positions have predominantly been held by men. Women were rarely seen in senior leadership positions leading to a lack of data on how they behave in such positions. The two main lines of research contradict one another, the first being that there are significant sex differences in leadership and the second being that gender does not have an effect on leadership. Women and men have been surveyed by Gallup each year concerning workplace topics, and when questioned about preferences of a female boss or a male boss, women chose a preference for a male boss 39% of the time, compared to 26% of men displaying preference for a male boss. Only 27% of females would prefer a boss of the same gender. This preference, among both sexes, for male leadership in the workplace has continued unabated for sixty years, according to the survey results. Religion ( edit ) Main article: Sex differences in religion Sex differences in religion can be classified as either `` internal'' or `` external.'' Internal religious issues are studied from the perspective of a given religion, and might include religious beliefs and practices about the roles and rights of men and women in government, education and worship; beliefs about the sex or gender of deities and religious figures; and beliefs about the origin and meaning of human gender. External religious issues can be broadly defined as an examination of a given religion from an outsider's perspective, including possible clashes between religious leaders and laity; and the influence of, and differences between, religious perspectives on social issues. For example, various religious perspectives have either endorsed or condemned alternative family structures, homosexual relationships, and abortion. External religious issues can also be examined from the `` lens of gender'' perspective embraced by some in feminism or critical theory and its offshoots. Social capital ( edit ) Main article: Sex differences in social capital Sex differences in social capital are differences between men and women in their ability to coordinate actions and achieve their aims through trust, norms and networks. Social capital is often seen as the missing link in development; as social networks facilitate access to resources and protect the commons, while cooperation makes markets work more efficiently. Social capital has been thought of as women's capital as whereas there are gendered barriers to accessing economic capital, women's role in family, and community ensures that they have strong networks. There is potential that the concept can help to bring women's unpaid ' community and household labor' , vital to survival and development, to the attention of economists. However, research analyzing social capital from a gendered perspective is rare, and the notable exceptions are very critical. Suicide ( edit ) Main article: Sex differences in suicide Sex differences in suicide have been shown to be significant; there are highly asymmetric rates of attempted and completed suicide between males and females. The gap, also called the gender paradox of suicidal behavior, can vary significantly between different countries. Statistics indicate that males die much more often by means of suicide than do females , however reported suicide attempts are 3 times more common among females than males. This paradox is partially explained by the methodology, with females more often choosing medication-induced overdosage, and males more often turning to weapons such as firearms or knives. Financial risk-taking ( edit ) Sex differences in financial decision making are relevant and significant. Numerous studies have found that women tend to be financially more risk-averse than men and hold safer portfolios . A May 3, 2015 article in the Wall Street Journal by Georgette Jasen reported that `` when it comes to investing, men sometimes have their way of doing things, and women have different ways.'' Scholarly research has documented systematic differences in financial decisions such as buying investments versus insurance, donating to ingroups versus outgroups (such as terrorism victims in Iraq versus USA), spending in stores, and the endowment effect-or asking price for goods people have. The majority of these studies are based on the theory of agency-communion developed by David Bakan in 1966; according to this theory, due to factors such as socialization, males are typically more agentic (focus on self, upside potential, aggressiveness) and females typically more communal (focus on others, downside potential, and nurturing). This framework robustly explains many financial decision making outcomes. See also ( edit ) Heteronormativity Gender essentialism Neuroscience of sex differences Sexual differentiation in humans References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knox, David; Schacht, Caroline. Choices in Relationships: An Introduction to Marriage and the Family . 11 ed. Cengage Learning; 2011-10-10 (cited 17 June 2013). ISBN 9781111833220 . p. 64-- 66. Jump up ^ Mealey, L. (2000). Sex differences. NY: Academic Press. Jump up ^ Geary, D.C. (2009) Male, Female: The Evolution of Human Sex Differences. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Jump up ^ Costello, Joseph T.; Bieuzen, Francois; Bleakley, Chris M. (2014-01-01). `` Where are all the female participants in Sports and Exercise Medicine research?'' . European Journal of Sport Science . 14 (8): 847-- 851. doi : 10.1080/17461391.2014.911354 . ISSN 1536-7290 . PMID 24766579 . Jump up ^ Cuozzo, Karen; Bratman, Steven (reviewer) (September 2005). `` Women, Men, and Medicine: We're Not Equal'' . EBSCO Publishing. Archived from the original on July 10, 2006. Jump up ^ Tsugawa, Yusuke; Jena, Anupam B.; Figueroa, Jose F.; Orav, E. John; Blumenthal, Daniel M.; Jha, Ashish K. (2017-02-01). `` Comparison of Hospital Mortality and Readmission Rates for Medicare Patients Treated by Male vs Female Physicians'' . JAMA Internal Medicine . 177 (2): 206. doi : 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7875 . ISSN 2168-6106 . PMC 5558155 . PMID 27992617 . Jump up ^ Wallis, Christopher JD; Ravi, Bheeshma; Coburn, Natalie; Nam, Robert K.; Detsky, Allan S.; Satkunasivam, Raj (2017-10-10). `` Comparison of postoperative outcomes among patients treated by male and female surgeons: a population based matched cohort study'' . BMJ. 359 : j4366. doi : 10.1136/bmj.j4366 . ISSN 0959-8138 . PMID 29018008 . Jump up ^ Gustafsson A & Lindenfors P (2004). `` Human size evolution: no allometric relationship between male and female stature'' . Journal of Human Evolution. 47 (4): 253-- 266. doi : 10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.07.004 . PMID 15454336 . Jump up ^ Birke, Lydia. The Gender and Science Reader ed. Muriel Lederman and Ingrid Bartsch. New York, Routledge, 2001. 306-322 Jump up ^ Savic, Ivanka; Garcia-Falgueras, Alicia; Swaab, Dick F. (2010-01-01). `` Sexual differentiation of the human brain in relation to gender identity and sexual orientation'' . Progress in Brain Research . Progress in Brain Research. 186 : 41-- 62. doi : 10.1016/B978-0-444-53630-3.00004-X . ISBN 9780444536303 . ISSN 1875-7855 . PMID 21094885 . Jump up ^ Tanoyouye, Elyse (June 28, 1996). `` Heredity Theory Says Intelligence in Males is ' Like Mother, Like Son ' '' . Wall Street Journal : B1. Jump up ^ Langreth, Robert (1997). `` Hey guys, for your next party, try borrowing women's genes'' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Neisser, U.; Boodoo, G.; Bouchard, T.J. , J.; Boykin, A.W. ; Brody, N.; Ceci, S.J. ; Halpern, D.F. ; Loehlin, J.C. ; Perloff, R.; Sternberg, R.J. ; Urbina, S. (1996). `` Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns'' . American Psychologist. 51 (2): 77-- 101. doi : 10.1037/0003-066X.51.2.77 . ^ Jump up to: Nisbett, R.E. ; Aronson, J.; Blair, C.; Dickens, W.; Flynn, J.; Halpern, D.F. ; Turkheimer, E. (2012). `` Intelligence: New findings and theoretical developments'' . American Psychologist. 67 (2): 130-- 159. doi : 10.1037/a0026699 . PMID 22233090 . 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W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-06838-2 . Jump up ^ Ann M. Gallagher, James C. Kaufman , Gender differences in mathematics: an integrative psychological approach , Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-521-82605-5 , ISBN 978-0-521-82605-1 Jump up ^ Lippa, Richard A. (2005). Gender, nature, and nurture (2. ed.). Mahwah, NJ (u.a.): Erlbaum. pp. 12-- 44. ISBN 0-8058-5344-8 . Jump up ^ Hartung, CM; Widiger, TA (May 1998). `` Gender differences in the diagnosis of mental disorders: conclusions and controversies of the DSM-IV'' . Psychological Bulletin . 123 (3): 260-- 78. doi : 10.1037/0033-2909.123.3.260 . PMID 9602559 . Jump up ^ Pietrzak, Laird, Stevens, Thompson, Robert, James, David, Nicholas (March 2002). `` Sex differences in human jealousy: A coordinated study of forced-choice, continuous rating-scale, and physiological responses on the same subjects'' . Evolution and Human Behavior . 23 (2): 83-- 94. doi : 10.1016/s1090-5138(01)00078-2 . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hyde, Janet Shibley (September 2005). `` The Gender Similarities Hypothesis'' . American Psychologist. 60 (6): 581-- 592. doi : 10.1037/0003-066X.60.6.581 . PMID 16173891 . Jump up ^ Tugend, Alina. `` Engendering Sons'' . California (Winter 2014): 50. Jump up ^ Trofimova, Irina (2012). `` A study of the dynamics of sex differences in adulthood'' . International Journal of Psychology . 47 : 47, 1-- 7. Jump up ^ Eamonn Carrabine, Paul Iganski, Maggy Lee (2004). Criminology: A Sociological Introduction . Psychology Press . p. 88. ISBN 0415281679 . Retrieved August 7, 2016 . Statistics repeatedly show that many more men than women commit crimes. Indeed, as Richard Collier notes, ' most crimes would remain unimaginable without the presence of men (Collier, 1998; see also Jefferson, 2002). CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Jeffery T. Walker, Sean Maddan (2013). Understanding Statistics for the Social Sciences, Criminal Justice, and Criminology . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . p. 99. ISBN 1449634036 . Retrieved August 7, 2016 . (...) it is well supported in research that more men than women commit crimes. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Rowe, David; Vazsonyi, Alexander; Flannery, Daniel (1995). `` Sex Differences in Crime: Do Means and Within-Sex Variation Have Similar Causes?'' (PDF) . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 32 : 84-- 100. doi : 10.1177/0022427895032001004 . Jump up ^ `` (M)en who are involved in disputes with their partners, whether as alleged victims or as alleged offenders or both, are disadvantaged and treated less favorably than women by the law-enforcement system at almost every step.'' Brown, G. (2004). Gender as a factor in the response of the law-enforcement system to violence against partners. Sexuality and Culture, 8, (3-4), 3-139. Jump up ^ Felson, R.B. ; Pare, P. (2005). `` The reporting of domestic violence and sexual assault by nonstrangers to the police'' . Journal of Marriage and Family . 67 (3): 597-- 610. doi : 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00156.x . Jump up ^ Felson, R.B. (2008). The legal consequences of intimate partner violence for men and women. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 639-646. Jump up ^ Burton, Velmer; Cullen, Francis; Evans, David; Alarid, Leanne Fiftal; Dunaway, R. Gregory (1998). `` Gender, Self-Control, and Crime'' . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 35 (2): 123-- 147. doi : 10.1177/0022427898035002001 . Jump up ^ Pearson, Jennifer. `` Gender, Education and.'' Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. Ritzer, George (ed). Blackwell Publishing, 2007. Blackwell Reference Online. 31 March 2008 < http://www.blackwellreference.com/subscriber/tocnode?id=g9781405124331_chunk_g978140512433113_ss1-16 > Jump up ^ as cited in Andersen, J.A. ; Hansson, P.H. (2011). `` At the end of the road? On differences between women and men in leadership behavior'' . Leadership and Organization Development Journal . 32 (5): 428-- 441. doi : 10.1108/01437731111146550 . Jump up ^ Women Prefer Male Bosses Even More Than Men Do Bloomberg, October 16, 2014 Jump up ^ Juschka, Darlene. `` Gender.'' In ed. J. Hinnels. The Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2010:245-258. Jump up ^ ' Unborn Child Protection Bill' , State Parliament of New South Wales , 2006. Jump up ^ Laurie, Nina; Andolina, Robert; and Radcliffe, Sarah (2005) ' Ethnodevelopment: Social Movements, Creating Experts and Professionalising Indigenous Knowledge in Ecuador' Antipode 37(3): 470-496 Jump up ^ Putnam, Robert. (1993) Making Democracy Work. Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton University Press. Jump up ^ Moser, Caroline (1993) Gender Planning and Development: Theory, Practice and Training London and New York: Routledge Jump up ^ MacLean, Kate (2010-06-25). `` Molyneux, Maxine (2002) Gender and the Silences of Social Capital: Lessons from Latin America Development and Change 33 (2):167-188'' . Development and Change . Onlinelibrary.wiley.com. 41 (3): 495. doi : 10.1111/j.1467-7660.2010.01649.x . Retrieved 2014-01-15 . Jump up ^ MacLean, Kate (2010-06-25). `` Maclean, Kate (2010) ' Capitalising on Women's Social Capital? Women-targeted Microfinance in Bolivia' Development and Change 41 (3) pp 495-515'' . Development and Change . Onlinelibrary.wiley.com. 41 (3): 495. doi : 10.1111/j.1467-7660.2010.01649.x . Retrieved 2014-01-15 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine'' (PDF) . 8 October 2011. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Udry, J. Richard (November 1994). `` The Nature of Gender'' (PDF) . Demography. 31 (4): 561-- 573. doi : 10.2307/2061790 . JSTOR 2061790 . PMID 7890091 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-03. Jump up ^ Canetto, Silvia (1998). `` The Gender Paradox in Suicide'' . Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior . 28 (1): 1-- 23. doi : 10.1111/j.1943-278X.1998.tb00622.x (inactive 2018-05-29). PMID 9560163 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide Statistics at Suicide.org'' . Suicide prevention, awareness, and support . Suicide.org. 2005. Missing or empty url= ( help ) Jump up ^ Moscicki, Eve K. (6 September 1993). `` Gender Differences in Completed and Attempted Suicide'' . National Institute of Mental Health . Jump up ^ Bajtelsmit, Vickie L; Bernasek, Alexandra (1996). `` Why Do Women Invest Differently Than Men?'' . Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning . 7 : 1-- 10. Jump up ^ Adhikari, Binay K; O'Leary , Virginia E (2011). `` Gender Differences in Risk Aversion: A Developing Nation's Case'' (PDF) . Journal of Personal Finance . 10 (2): 122-- 147. Jump up ^ Georgette Jasen, May 3, 2015, WSJ online. https://www.wsj.com/articles/male-investors-vs-female-investors-how-do-they-compare-1430709406 Jump up ^ Kurt, Didem; Inman, J. Jeffrey; Argo, Jennifer J. (2011). `` The influence of friends on consumer spending: The role of agency-communion orientation and self-monitoring'' . Journal of Marketing Research . 48 (4): 741-- 754. doi : 10.1509/jmkr.48.4.741 . Jump up ^ Dommer, Sara Loughran; Swaminathan, Vanitha (2013). `` Explaining the endowment effect through ownership: The role of identity, gender, and self-threat'' . Journal of Consumer Research . 39 (5): 1034-- 1050. doi : 10.1086/666737 . Jump up ^ Bakan, David. `` The duality of human existence: An essay on psychology and religion.'' (1966). External links ( edit ) Media related to Biology of gender at Wikimedia Commons Sex differences in humans Physiology Medicine Sexual differentiation Autism Narcissism Schizophrenia Stroke care Neuroscience Memory Eyewitness memory Cognition Intelligence Emotional intelligence Psychology Gender psychology Sociology Crime Education Leadership Social capital Suicide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex_differences_in_humans&oldid=865870235 '' Categories : Biology of gender Difference Sexual dimorphism Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018 Pages using web citations with no URL Articles needing additional medical references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles requiring reliable medical sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2018 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018, at 18:28 (UTC) . 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what is the us air force academy prep school
Many Prep School graduates have gone on to distinguish themselves in military and academic areas at the Academy . Nine Prep School graduates have held the Cadet Wing 's top leadership position as cadet wing commander , and Prep School graduates have earned prestigious awards , including the Rhodes Scholarship , Fulbright Scholarship , Order of the Daedalians Scholarship , and the Guggenheim Fellowship . A number of Prep School graduates have gone on to become general officers , Air Force Cross and Silver Star recipients , and astronauts . Other honors earned by Prep School graduates include a White House fellowship , becoming a Thunderbirds pilot and a winner of the coveted Jabara Award .
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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "U.S. Air Force Academy Prep School Type Federal military academy prep school Established 1961 Commander Colonel Jacqueline Breeden Administrative staff 60 faculty Undergraduates 240 cadet candidates Location Colorado Springs , CO , USA Campus USAF Academy grounds Athletics 7 varsity teams Colors Midnight blue █ , and white █ Nickname Huskies Website USAFAPS Web site", "Type Federal military academy prep school", "Established 1961", "Commander Colonel Jacqueline Breeden", "Administrative staff 60 faculty", "Undergraduates 240 cadet candidates", "Location Colorado Springs , CO , USA", "Campus USAF Academy grounds", "Athletics 7 varsity teams", "Colors Midnight blue █ , and white █", "Nickname Huskies", "Website USAFAPS Web site", "The U.S. Air Force Academy Preparatory School -- usually referred to as `` the Prep School '' or `` The P School '' -- was established in May 1961 . The school 's founder and first commander was Colonel Lee Charles Black . It is located on the campus of the United States Air Force Academy near the Community Center . The Prep School 's mission is to prepare , motivate , and evaluate for admission to and success at the Air Force Academy . Students at the prep school are referred to as `` cadet candidates '' or more informally as `` preppies . ''", "The prep school has a staff of 57 people and offers a 10 - month program of intense academic preparation , military training , and athletic conditioning , designed to develop in cadet candidates the skills and character necessary to be successful at the Academy . The academic curriculum is focused on mathematics , English , and sciences .", "Prospective cadet candidates must :", "Be at least 17 and not have passed their 22nd birthday by July 1 of the year they enter the Prep School . Be eligible to be a U.S. citizen . Be unmarried and have no dependents . Meet the medical standards for a commission in the United States Air Force .", "Be at least 17 and not have passed their 22nd birthday by July 1 of the year they enter the Prep School .", "Be eligible to be a U.S. citizen .", "Be unmarried and have no dependents .", "Meet the medical standards for a commission in the United States Air Force .", "Like admission to the Academy , admission to the Prep School is competitive , with selections made by the Academy director of admissions . If a civilian or Airman , either Active Duty or Reserve , applies for but does not receive a direct appointment to the Air Force Academy , they will automatically be considered for the Prep School . Air Force enlisted personnel may apply directly to the Prep School via Air Force Form 1786 , submitted through the unit commander and MPF . AFI 36 - 2021 should be consulted for details . Enlisted members from the Army , Navy and Marine Corps are not eligible for nomination but can be considered as civilians .", "Approximately 240 cadet candidates enter the Prep School each summer . Civilian selectees are placed on active duty in the Air Force Reserves while attending the Prep School . Successful completion of the Prep School program improves one 's chance for an appointment to the Academy but does not guarantee it . If not selected , prior enlisted are assigned to other duties , usually their previous AFSC , while previous civilian cadet candidates are discharged from the Reserves with no further obligation to the Air Force .", "Between 75 and 80 percent of all entering students earn an appointment to the Academy . To qualify for an appointment , students must successfully complete the Prep School programs in academics and military training , pass the Cadet Physical Fitness Test , exhibit strong ethical character , receive a recommendation from a Congressman or the Prep School commander , and be approved by the Academy board .", "Like the main Academy , the Prep School is set up as a military unit . Services , engineering , communications , and security are provided by the 10th Air Base Wing .", "All cadet candidates are in the Group with their own cadet candidate group commander . They are then divided into three squadrons , Alpha , Bravo and Charlie , each having their own Air Officer Commanding ( AOC ) and an Academy Military Training ( AMT ) enlisted member . AOCs are generally Majors and are in charge of cadet candidates ' training and discipline . The AMT is a noncommissioned officer who supports the AOC and cadet candidates as well as mentoring over the 10 - month program . Each squadron also has a cadet candidate squadron commander . Squadrons are further subdivided into three flights consisting of approximately 25 cadet candidates , each with their own cadet candidate commander .", "The academic program is 10 months long and is divided into quarters . It is highly structured , with all cadet candidates taking the same classes for the first three quarters . Each quarter , cadet candidates take classes in math ( ranging from advanced algebra to calculus , and including applications in science and engineering ) , chemistry , physics , and English , as well as a one - time course in basic study skills and advanced reading skills . As at the Academy , professors are a mix of civilians and Air Force officers .", "During the last quarter , qualified students can take Calculus 141 at the Academy instead of taking the Prep School trigonometry and calculus courses . Students will receive Academy credit for the class if they pass the placement exam .", "Upon arriving at the Prep School , cadet candidates go through an 18 - day course in Basic Military Training ( BMT ) . Training focuses on teaching basic military history , drill and ceremonies , military customs and courtesies , proper uniform wear , and physical fitness .", "Throughout the year , military training time is reserved every weekday afternoon following academics , usually lasting about an hour . It is used at the discretion of the Prep School commander , the squadron commanders , or the cadet candidate flight commanders . Activities range from guest speakers , drill or parade practice , to room inspections .", "At the end of the school year , cadet candidates go through a three - day high intensity field training exercise ( FTX ) . FTX focuses on teamwork and on utilizing knowledge and leadership experience gained over the previous 10 months .", "Just like cadets at the Academy , all Prep School cadet candidates are required to participate in athletics . The Prep School has a number of varsity sports , including football , volleyball , men 's and women 's soccer , men 's and women 's basketball , and track & field . Teams compete against a number of different colleges throughout the state and region . There are also a variety of intramural sports available . Not all athletic time must be spent on organized sports ; it may also include weight lifting , running , or another physical activity of the cadet candidates ' choosing . The football team usually plays community colleges from the Kansas Jayhawk Community College Conference ( KJCCC ) .", "Many Prep School graduates have gone on to distinguish themselves in military and academic areas at the Academy . Nine Prep School graduates have held the Cadet Wing 's top leadership position as cadet wing commander , and Prep School graduates have earned prestigious awards , including the Rhodes Scholarship , Fulbright Scholarship , Order of the Daedalians Scholarship , and the Guggenheim Fellowship . A number of Prep School graduates have gone on to become general officers , Air Force Cross and Silver Star recipients , and astronauts . Other honors earned by Prep School graduates include a White House fellowship , becoming a Thunderbirds pilot and a winner of the coveted Jabara Award ." ]
United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School - wikipedia United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) U.S. Air Force Academy Prep School Type Federal military academy prep school Established 1961 Commander Colonel Jacqueline Breeden Administrative staff 60 faculty Undergraduates 240 cadet candidates Location Colorado Springs , CO , USA Campus USAF Academy grounds Athletics 7 varsity teams Colors Midnight blue █ , and white █ Nickname Huskies Website USAFAPS Web site The U.S. Air Force Academy Preparatory School -- usually referred to as `` the Prep School'' or `` The P School'' -- was established in May 1961. The school's founder and first commander was Colonel Lee Charles Black. It is located on the campus of the United States Air Force Academy near the Community Center. The Prep School's mission is to prepare, motivate, and evaluate for admission to and success at the Air Force Academy . Students at the prep school are referred to as `` cadet candidates'' or more informally as `` preppies.'' The prep school has a staff of 57 people and offers a 10-month program of intense academic preparation, military training, and athletic conditioning, designed to develop in cadet candidates the skills and character necessary to be successful at the Academy. The academic curriculum is focused on mathematics, English, and sciences. Contents ( hide ) 1 Eligibility requirements 2 Admission and transition to USAFA 3 Organization 4 Academics 5 Military training 6 Athletics 7 Graduates 8 References 9 External links Eligibility requirements ( edit ) Prospective cadet candidates must: Be at least 17 and not have passed their 22nd birthday by July 1 of the year they enter the Prep School. Be eligible to be a U.S. citizen. Be unmarried and have no dependents. Meet the medical standards for a commission in the United States Air Force. Admission and transition to usafa ( edit ) Like admission to the Academy, admission to the Prep School is competitive, with selections made by the Academy director of admissions. If a civilian or Airman, either Active Duty or Reserve, applies for but does not receive a direct appointment to the Air Force Academy, they will automatically be considered for the Prep School. Air Force enlisted personnel may apply directly to the Prep School via Air Force Form 1786, submitted through the unit commander and MPF. AFI 36-2021 should be consulted for details. Enlisted members from the Army, Navy and Marine Corps are not eligible for nomination but can be considered as civilians. Approximately 240 cadet candidates enter the Prep School each summer. Civilian selectees are placed on active duty in the Air Force Reserves while attending the Prep School. Successful completion of the Prep School program improves one's chance for an appointment to the Academy but does not guarantee it. If not selected, prior enlisted are assigned to other duties, usually their previous AFSC, while previous civilian cadet candidates are discharged from the Reserves with no further obligation to the Air Force. Between 75 and 80 percent of all entering students earn an appointment to the Academy. To qualify for an appointment, students must successfully complete the Prep School programs in academics and military training, pass the Cadet Physical Fitness Test, exhibit strong ethical character, receive a recommendation from a Congressman or the Prep School commander, and be approved by the Academy board. Organization ( edit ) Like the main Academy, the Prep School is set up as a military unit. Services, engineering, communications, and security are provided by the 10th Air Base Wing . All cadet candidates are in the Group with their own cadet candidate group commander. They are then divided into three squadrons, Alpha, Bravo and Charlie, each having their own Air Officer Commanding (AOC) and an Academy Military Training (AMT) enlisted member. AOCs are generally Majors and are in charge of cadet candidates' training and discipline. The AMT is a noncommissioned officer who supports the AOC and cadet candidates as well as mentoring over the 10-month program. Each squadron also has a cadet candidate squadron commander. Squadrons are further subdivided into three flights consisting of approximately 25 cadet candidates, each with their own cadet candidate commander. Academics ( edit ) The academic program is 10 months long and is divided into quarters. It is highly structured, with all cadet candidates taking the same classes for the first three quarters. Each quarter, cadet candidates take classes in math (ranging from advanced algebra to calculus, and including applications in science and engineering), chemistry, physics, and English, as well as a one-time course in basic study skills and advanced reading skills. As at the Academy, professors are a mix of civilians and Air Force officers. During the last quarter, qualified students can take Calculus 141 at the Academy instead of taking the Prep School trigonometry and calculus courses. Students will receive Academy credit for the class if they pass the placement exam. Military training ( edit ) Upon arriving at the Prep School, cadet candidates go through an 18-day course in Basic Military Training (BMT). Training focuses on teaching basic military history, drill and ceremonies, military customs and courtesies, proper uniform wear, and physical fitness. Throughout the year, military training time is reserved every weekday afternoon following academics, usually lasting about an hour. It is used at the discretion of the Prep School commander, the squadron commanders, or the cadet candidate flight commanders. Activities range from guest speakers, drill or parade practice, to room inspections. At the end of the school year, cadet candidates go through a three-day high intensity field training exercise (FTX). FTX focuses on teamwork and on utilizing knowledge and leadership experience gained over the previous 10 months. Athletics ( edit ) Just like cadets at the Academy, all Prep School cadet candidates are required to participate in athletics. The Prep School has a number of varsity sports, including football, volleyball, men's and women's soccer, men's and women's basketball, and track & field. Teams compete against a number of different colleges throughout the state and region. There are also a variety of intramural sports available. Not all athletic time must be spent on organized sports; it may also include weight lifting, running, or another physical activity of the cadet candidates' choosing. The football team usually plays community colleges from the Kansas Jayhawk Community College Conference (KJCCC). Graduates ( edit ) Many Prep School graduates have gone on to distinguish themselves in military and academic areas at the Academy. Nine Prep School graduates have held the Cadet Wing's top leadership position as cadet wing commander, and Prep School graduates have earned prestigious awards, including the Rhodes Scholarship , Fulbright Scholarship , Order of the Daedalians Scholarship, and the Guggenheim Fellowship . A number of Prep School graduates have gone on to become general officers, Air Force Cross and Silver Star recipients, and astronauts. Other honors earned by Prep School graduates include a White House fellowship, becoming a Thunderbirds pilot and a winner of the coveted Jabara Award . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Preparatory School Website, ,'' August 2010 ^ Jump up to: USAFA Admissions and Facts ^ Jump up to: `` Military Training ,'' August 2010 Jump up ^ `` Prep School Academic page ,'' August 2010 Jump up ^ `` Prep School Athletics Page ,'' August 2010 Jump up ^ `` Prep School Alumni page ,'' August 2010 External links ( edit ) USAF Air Force Academy Preparatory School website Articles and topics related to United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School United States Air Force Academy Located in : Air Force Academy, Colorado Academics FalconLaunch FalconSAT Robert F. McDermott Prep School Aircraft Diamond T-52A Cirrus T-53A Blanik TG-10 Ximango TG-14 Schempp-Hirth TG-15 de Havilland UV-18B Twin Otter Athletics Air Force Falcons Baseball Men's basketball Women's basketball Boxing Commander-in-Chief's Trophy Football Ice hockey Rugby Campus Cadet Area Carlton House Cemetery Chapel Clune Arena Eisenhower Golf course Falcon Baseball Field Falcon Stadium Fieldhouse Ice Arena Jacks Valley Soccer stadium History Academy history Air Training Officers Lowry Air Force Base Military training Freefall Parachuting SERE People Alumni Air Officer Commanding Commandants Superintendents Lance P. 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which of the following is the best scientific definition of work
where F and T are the resultant force and torque applied at the reference point d of the moving frame M in the rigid body .
[ [] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "Work A baseball pitcher does positive work on the ball by applying a force to it over the distance it moves while in his grip . Common symbols SI unit joule ( J ) In SI base units 1 kg ⋅ m ⋅ s Derivations from other quantities W = F ⋅ s W = τ θ", "Work", "A baseball pitcher does positive work on the ball by applying a force to it over the distance it moves while in his grip .", "Common symbols", "SI unit joule ( J )", "In SI base units 1 kg ⋅ m ⋅ s", "Derivations from other quantities W = F ⋅ s W = τ θ", "W = F ⋅ s", "Part of a series of articles about Classical mechanics F → = m a → ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \\ vec ( a ) ) ) Second law of motion History Timeline Branches ( show ) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical Fundamentals ( hide ) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations ( show ) Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics Core topics ( show ) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration Rotation ( show ) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity Scientists ( show ) Galileo Huygens Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy", "Part of a series of articles about", "Classical mechanics", "F → = m a → ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \\ vec ( a ) ) ) Second law of motion", "History Timeline", "History Timeline", "Branches ( show ) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical", "Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical", "Fundamentals ( hide ) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work", "Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work", "Energy kinetic potential", "kinetic potential", "Frame of reference", "Inertial frame of reference", "Inertia / Moment of inertia", "Formulations ( show ) Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics", "Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics", "Newton 's laws of motion", "Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics", "Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics", "Hamilton -- Jacobi equation", "Appell 's equation of motion", "Udwadia -- Kalaba equation", "Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics", "Core topics ( show ) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration", "Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator", "Damping ( ratio )", "Equations of motion", "Euler 's laws of motion", "Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion", "Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame", "Mechanics of planar particle motion", "Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration", "Motion ( linear )", "Newton 's law of universal gravitation", "Newton 's laws of motion", "Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations", "dynamics Euler 's equations", "Euler 's equations", "Simple harmonic motion", "Rotation ( show ) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity", "Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed", "Rotating reference frame", "Centrifugal force reactive", "reactive", "Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity", "Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity", "Scientists ( show ) Galileo Huygens Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy", "Galileo Huygens Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy", "", "", "In physics , a force is said to do work if , when acting , there is a displacement of the point of application in the direction of the force . For example , when a ball is held above the ground and then dropped , the work done on the ball as it falls is equal to the weight of the ball ( a force ) multiplied by the distance to the ground ( a displacement ) .", "Work transfers energy from one place to another or one form to another .", "The term work was introduced in 1826 by the French mathematician Gaspard - Gustave Coriolis as `` weight lifted through a height '' , which is based on the use of early steam engines to lift buckets of water out of flooded ore mines . The SI unit of work is the joule ( J ) .", "The SI unit of work is the joule ( J ) , which is defined as the work expended by a force of one newton through a displacement of one metre .", "The dimensionally equivalent newton - metre ( N ⋅ m ) is sometimes used as the measuring unit for work , but this can be confused with the unit newton - metre , which is the measurement unit of torque . Usage of N ⋅ m is discouraged by the SI authority , since it can lead to confusion as to whether the quantity expressed in newton metres is a torque measurement , or a measurement of work .", "Non-SI units of work include the erg , the foot - pound , the foot - poundal , the kilowatt hour , the litre - atmosphere , and the horsepower - hour . Due to work having the same physical dimension as heat , occasionally measurement units typically reserved for heat or energy content , such as therm , BTU and Calorie , are utilized as a measuring unit .", "The work W ( \\ displaystyle W ) done by a constant force of magnitude F ( \\ displaystyle F ) on a point that moves a displacement s ( \\ displaystyle s ) in a straight line in the direction of the force is the product", "W = F s ( \\ displaystyle W = Fs ) .", "W = F s ( \\ displaystyle W = Fs ) .", "For example , if a force of 10 newtons ( F ( \\ displaystyle F ) = 10 N ) acts along a point that travels 2 meters ( s ( \\ displaystyle s ) = 2 m ) , then it does the work W ( \\ displaystyle W ) = ( 10 N ) ( 2 m ) = 20 N m = 20 J . This is approximately the work done lifting a 1 kg weight from ground level to over a person 's head against the force of gravity . Notice that the work is doubled either by lifting twice the weight the same distance or by lifting the same weight twice the distance .", "Work is closely related to energy . The work - energy principle states that an increase in the kinetic energy of a rigid body is caused by an equal amount of positive work done on the body by the resultant force acting on that body . Conversely , a decrease in kinetic energy is caused by an equal amount of negative work done by the resultant force .", "From Newton 's second law , it can be shown that work on a free ( no fields ) , rigid ( no internal degrees of freedom ) body , is equal to the change in kinetic energy K E ( \\ displaystyle K_ ( E ) ) of the velocity and rotation of that body ,", "W = Δ K E . ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ Delta K_ ( E ) . )", "W = Δ K E . ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ Delta K_ ( E ) . )", "The work of forces generated by a potential function is known as potential energy and the forces are said to be conservative . Therefore , work on an object that is merely displaced in a conservative force field , without change in velocity or rotation , is equal to minus the change of potential energy P E ( \\ displaystyle P_ ( E ) ) of the object ,", "W = − Δ P E . ( \\ displaystyle W = - \\ Delta P_ ( E ) . )", "W = − Δ P E . ( \\ displaystyle W = - \\ Delta P_ ( E ) . )", "These formulas show that work is the energy associated with the action of a force , so work subsequently possesses the physical dimensions , and units , of energy . The work / energy principles discussed here are identical to Electric work / energy principles .", "Constraint forces determine the movement of components in a system , constraining the object within a boundary ( in the case of a slope plus gravity , the object is stuck to the slope , when attached to a taut string it can not move in an outwards direction to make the string any ' tauter ' ) . Constraint forces ensure the velocity in the direction of the constraint is zero , which means the constraint forces do not perform work on the system .", "If the system does n't change in time , they eliminate all movement in the direction of the constraint , thus constraint forces do not perform work on the system , as the velocity of that object is constrained to be 0 parallel to this force , due to this force . This only applies for a single particle system . For example , in an Atwood machine , the rope does work on each body , but keeping always the net virtual work null . There are , however , cases where this is not true .", "For example , the centripetal force exerted inwards by a string on a ball in uniform circular motion sideways constrains the ball to circular motion restricting its movement away from the center of the circle . This force does zero work because it is perpendicular to the velocity of the ball .", "Another example is a book on a table . If external forces are applied to the book so that it slides on the table , then the force exerted by the table constrains the book from moving downwards . The force exerted by the table supports the book and is perpendicular to its movement which means that this constraint force does not perform work .", "The magnetic force on a charged particle is F = qv × B , where q is the charge , v is the velocity of the particle , and B is the magnetic field . The result of a cross product is always perpendicular to both of the original vectors , so F ⊥ v . The dot product of two perpendicular vectors is always zero , so the work W = F ⋅ v = 0 , and the magnetic force does not do work . It can change the direction of motion but never change the speed .", "For moving objects , the quantity of work / time ( power ) is calculated . Thus , at any instant , the rate of the work done by a force ( measured in joules / second , or watts ) is the scalar product of the force ( a vector ) , and the velocity vector of the point of application . This scalar product of force and velocity is classified as instantaneous power . Just as velocities may be integrated over time to obtain a total distance , by the fundamental theorem of calculus , the total work along a path is similarly the time - integral of instantaneous power applied along the trajectory of the point of application .", "Work is the result of a force on a point that moves through a displacement . As the point moves , it follows a curve X , with a velocity v , at each instant . The small amount of work δW that occurs over an instant of time dt is calculated as", "δ W = F ⋅ d s = F ⋅ v d t ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta W = \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot d \\ mathbf ( s ) = \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) dt )", "δ W = F ⋅ d s = F ⋅ v d t ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta W = \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot d \\ mathbf ( s ) = \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) dt )", "where the F ⋅ v is the power over the instant dt . The sum of these small amounts of work over the trajectory of the point yields the work ,", "W = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ v d t = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ d s d t d t = ∫ C F ⋅ d s , ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) dt = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot ( \\ tfrac ( d \\ mathbf ( s ) ) ( dt ) ) dt = \\ int _ ( C ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot d \\ mathbf ( s ) , )", "W = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ v d t = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ d s d t d t = ∫ C F ⋅ d s , ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) dt = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot ( \\ tfrac ( d \\ mathbf ( s ) ) ( dt ) ) dt = \\ int _ ( C ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot d \\ mathbf ( s ) , )", "where C is the trajectory from x ( t ) to x ( t ) . This integral is computed along the trajectory of the particle , and is therefore said to be path dependent .", "If the force is always directed along this line , and the magnitude of the force is F , then this integral simplifies to", "W = ∫ C F d s ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( C ) F \\ , ds )", "W = ∫ C F d s ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( C ) F \\ , ds )", "where s is displacement along the line . If F is constant , in addition to being directed along the line , then the integral simplifies further to", "W = ∫ C F d s = F ∫ C d s = F s ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( C ) F \\ , ds = F \\ int _ ( C ) ds = Fs )", "W = ∫ C F d s = F ∫ C d s = F s ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( C ) F \\ , ds = F \\ int _ ( C ) ds = Fs )", "where s is the displacement of the point along the line .", "This calculation can be generalized for a constant force that is not directed along the line , followed by the particle . In this case the dot product F ⋅ ds = F cos θ ds , where θ is the angle between the force vector and the direction of movement , that is", "W = ∫ C F ⋅ d s = F s cos ⁡ θ . ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( C ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot d \\ mathbf ( s ) = Fs \\ cos \\ theta . )", "W = ∫ C F ⋅ d s = F s cos ⁡ θ . ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( C ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot d \\ mathbf ( s ) = Fs \\ cos \\ theta . )", "In the notable case of a force applied to a body always at an angle of 90 ° from the velocity vector ( as when a body moves in a circle under a central force ) , no work is done at all , since the cosine of 90 degrees is zero . Thus , no work can be performed by gravity on a planet with a circular orbit ( this is ideal , as all orbits are slightly elliptical ) . Also , no work is done on a body moving circularly at a constant speed while constrained by mechanical force , such as moving at constant speed in a frictionless ideal centrifuge .", "Calculating the work as `` force times straight path segment '' would only apply in the most simple of circumstances , as noted above . If force is changing , or if the body is moving along a curved path , possibly rotating and not necessarily rigid , then only the path of the application point of the force is relevant for the work done , and only the component of the force parallel to the application point velocity is doing work ( positive work when in the same direction , and negative when in the opposite direction of the velocity ) . This component of force can be described by the scalar quantity called scalar tangential component ( F cos ⁡ θ ( \\ displaystyle \\ scriptstyle F \\ cos \\ theta ) , where θ ( \\ displaystyle \\ scriptstyle \\ theta ) is the angle between the force and the velocity ) . And then the most general definition of work can be formulated as follows :", "Work of a force is the line integral of its scalar tangential component along the path of its application point . If the force varies ( e.g. compressing a spring ) we need to use calculus to find the work done . If the force is given by F ( x ) ( a function of x ) then the work done by the force along the x-axis from a to b is :", "Work of a force is the line integral of its scalar tangential component along the path of its application point .", "If the force varies ( e.g. compressing a spring ) we need to use calculus to find the work done . If the force is given by F ( x ) ( a function of x ) then the work done by the force along the x-axis from a to b is :", "W = ∫ a b F ( s ) ⋅ d s ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int \\ limits _ ( a ) ^ ( b ) \\ mathbf ( F ( s ) ) \\ cdot d \\ mathbf ( s ) )", "A force couple results from equal and opposite forces , acting on two different points of a rigid body . The sum ( resultant ) of these forces may cancel , but their effect on the body is the couple or torque T . The work of the torque is calculated as", "d W = T ⋅ ω → d t , ( \\ displaystyle dW = \\ mathbf ( T ) \\ cdot ( \\ vec ( \\ omega ) ) dt , )", "d W = T ⋅ ω → d t , ( \\ displaystyle dW = \\ mathbf ( T ) \\ cdot ( \\ vec ( \\ omega ) ) dt , )", "where the T ⋅ ω is the power over the instant δt . The sum of these small amounts of work over the trajectory of the rigid body yields the work ,", "W = ∫ t 1 t 2 T ⋅ ω → d t . ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( T ) \\ cdot ( \\ vec ( \\ omega ) ) dt . )", "W = ∫ t 1 t 2 T ⋅ ω → d t . ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( T ) \\ cdot ( \\ vec ( \\ omega ) ) dt . )", "This integral is computed along the trajectory of the rigid body with an angular velocity ω that varies with time , and is therefore said to be path dependent .", "If the angular velocity vector maintains a constant direction , then it takes the form ,", "ω → = φ ̇ S , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ vec ( \\ omega ) ) = ( \\ dot ( \\ phi ) ) \\ mathbf ( S ) , )", "ω → = φ ̇ S , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ vec ( \\ omega ) ) = ( \\ dot ( \\ phi ) ) \\ mathbf ( S ) , )", "where φ is the angle of rotation about the constant unit vector S. In this case , the work of the torque becomes ,", "W = ∫ t 1 t 2 T ⋅ ω → d t = ∫ t 1 t 2 T ⋅ S d φ d t d t = ∫ C T ⋅ S d φ , ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( T ) \\ cdot ( \\ vec ( \\ omega ) ) dt = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( T ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( S ) ( \\ frac ( d \\ phi ) ( dt ) ) dt = \\ int _ ( C ) \\ mathbf ( T ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( S ) d \\ phi , )", "W = ∫ t 1 t 2 T ⋅ ω → d t = ∫ t 1 t 2 T ⋅ S d φ d t d t = ∫ C T ⋅ S d φ , ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( T ) \\ cdot ( \\ vec ( \\ omega ) ) dt = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( T ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( S ) ( \\ frac ( d \\ phi ) ( dt ) ) dt = \\ int _ ( C ) \\ mathbf ( T ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( S ) d \\ phi , )", "where C is the trajectory from φ ( t ) to φ ( t ) . This integral depends on the rotational trajectory φ ( t ) , and is therefore path - dependent .", "If the torque T is aligned with the angular velocity vector so that ,", "T = τ S , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( T ) = \\ tau \\ mathbf ( S ) , )", "T = τ S , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( T ) = \\ tau \\ mathbf ( S ) , )", "and both the torque and angular velocity are constant , then the work takes the form ,", "W = ∫ t 1 t 2 τ φ ̇ d t = τ ( φ 2 − φ 1 ) . ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ tau ( \\ dot ( \\ phi ) ) dt = \\ tau ( \\ phi _ ( 2 ) - \\ phi _ ( 1 ) ) . )", "W = ∫ t 1 t 2 τ φ ̇ d t = τ ( φ 2 − φ 1 ) . ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ tau ( \\ dot ( \\ phi ) ) dt = \\ tau ( \\ phi _ ( 2 ) - \\ phi _ ( 1 ) ) . )", "This result can be understood more simply by considering the torque as arising from a force of constant magnitude F , being applied perpendicularly to a lever arm at a distance r , as shown in the figure . This force will act through the distance along the circular arc s = rφ , so the work done is", "W = F s = F r φ . ( \\ displaystyle W = Fs = Fr \\ phi . )", "W = F s = F r φ . ( \\ displaystyle W = Fs = Fr \\ phi . )", "Introduce the torque τ = Fr , to obtain", "W = F r φ = τ φ , ( \\ displaystyle W = Fr \\ phi = \\ tau \\ phi , )", "W = F r φ = τ φ , ( \\ displaystyle W = Fr \\ phi = \\ tau \\ phi , )", "as presented above .", "Notice that only the component of torque in the direction of the angular velocity vector contributes to the work .", "The scalar product of a force F and the velocity v of its point of application defines the power input to a system at an instant of time . Integration of this power over the trajectory of the point of application , C = x ( t ) , defines the work input to the system by the force .", "Therefore , the work done by a force F on an object that travels along a curve C is given by the line integral :", "W = ∫ C F ⋅ d x = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ v d t , ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( C ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot d \\ mathbf ( x ) = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) dt , )", "W = ∫ C F ⋅ d x = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ v d t , ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( C ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot d \\ mathbf ( x ) = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) dt , )", "where dx ( t ) defines the trajectory C and v is the velocity along this trajectory . In general this integral requires the path along which the velocity is defined , so the evaluation of work is said to be path dependent .", "The time derivative of the integral for work yields the instantaneous power ,", "d W d t = P ( t ) = F ⋅ v . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dW ) ( dt ) ) = P ( t ) = \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) . )", "d W d t = P ( t ) = F ⋅ v . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dW ) ( dt ) ) = P ( t ) = \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) . )", "If the work for an applied force is independent of the path , then the work done by the force is , by the gradient theorem , the potential function evaluated at the start and end of the trajectory of the point of application . Such a force is said to be conservative . This means that there is a potential function U ( x ) , that can be evaluated at the two points x ( t ) and x ( t ) to obtain the work over any trajectory between these two points . It is tradition to define this function with a negative sign so that positive work is a reduction in the potential , that is", "W = ∫ C F ⋅ d x = ∫ x ( t 1 ) x ( t 2 ) F ⋅ d x = U ( x ( t 1 ) ) − U ( x ( t 2 ) ) . ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( C ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathrm ( d ) \\ mathbf ( x ) = \\ int _ ( \\ mathbf ( x ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ) ^ ( \\ mathbf ( x ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathrm ( d ) \\ mathbf ( x ) = U ( \\ mathbf ( x ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ) - U ( \\ mathbf ( x ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ) . )", "W = ∫ C F ⋅ d x = ∫ x ( t 1 ) x ( t 2 ) F ⋅ d x = U ( x ( t 1 ) ) − U ( x ( t 2 ) ) . ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( C ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathrm ( d ) \\ mathbf ( x ) = \\ int _ ( \\ mathbf ( x ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ) ^ ( \\ mathbf ( x ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathrm ( d ) \\ mathbf ( x ) = U ( \\ mathbf ( x ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ) - U ( \\ mathbf ( x ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ) . )", "The function U ( x ) is called the potential energy associated with the applied force . Examples of forces that have potential energies are gravity and spring forces .", "In this case , the gradient of work yields", "∇ W = − ∇ U = − ( ∂ U ∂ x , ∂ U ∂ y , ∂ U ∂ z ) = F , ( \\ displaystyle \\ nabla W = - \\ nabla U = - \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial U ) ( \\ partial x ) ) , ( \\ frac ( \\ partial U ) ( \\ partial y ) ) , ( \\ frac ( \\ partial U ) ( \\ partial z ) ) \\ right ) = \\ mathbf ( F ) , )", "∇ W = − ∇ U = − ( ∂ U ∂ x , ∂ U ∂ y , ∂ U ∂ z ) = F , ( \\ displaystyle \\ nabla W = - \\ nabla U = - \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial U ) ( \\ partial x ) ) , ( \\ frac ( \\ partial U ) ( \\ partial y ) ) , ( \\ frac ( \\ partial U ) ( \\ partial z ) ) \\ right ) = \\ mathbf ( F ) , )", "and the force F is said to be `` derivable from a potential . ''", "Because the potential U defines a force F at every point x in space , the set of forces is called a force field . The power applied to a body by a force field is obtained from the gradient of the work , or potential , in the direction of the velocity V of the body , that is", "P ( t ) = − ∇ U ⋅ v = F ⋅ v . ( \\ displaystyle P ( t ) = - \\ nabla U \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) = \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) . )", "P ( t ) = − ∇ U ⋅ v = F ⋅ v . ( \\ displaystyle P ( t ) = - \\ nabla U \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) = \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) . )", "In the absence of other forces , gravity results in a constant downward acceleration of every freely moving object . Near Earth 's surface the acceleration due to gravity is g = 9.8 m ⋅ s and the gravitational force on an object of mass m is F = mg . It is convenient to imagine this gravitational force concentrated at the center of mass of the object .", "If an object is displaced upwards or downwards a vertical distance y − y , the work W done on the object by its weight mg is :", "W = F g ( y 2 − y 1 ) = F g Δ y = − m g Δ y ( \\ displaystyle W = F_ ( g ) ( y_ ( 2 ) - y_ ( 1 ) ) = F_ ( g ) \\ Delta y = - mg \\ Delta y )", "W = F g ( y 2 − y 1 ) = F g Δ y = − m g Δ y ( \\ displaystyle W = F_ ( g ) ( y_ ( 2 ) - y_ ( 1 ) ) = F_ ( g ) \\ Delta y = - mg \\ Delta y )", "where F is weight ( pounds in imperial units , and newtons in SI units ) , and Δy is the change in height y . Notice that the work done by gravity depends only on the vertical movement of the object . The presence of friction does not affect the work done on the object by its weight .", "The force of gravity exerted by a mass M on another mass m is given by", "F = − G M m r 3 r , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) = - ( \\ frac ( GMm ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \\ mathbf ( r ) , )", "F = − G M m r 3 r , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) = - ( \\ frac ( GMm ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \\ mathbf ( r ) , )", "where r is the position vector from M to m .", "Let the mass m move at the velocity v then the work of gravity on this mass as it moves from position r ( t ) to r ( t ) is given by", "W = − ∫ r ( t 1 ) r ( t 2 ) G M m r 3 r ⋅ d r = − ∫ t 1 t 2 G M m r 3 r ⋅ v d t . ( \\ displaystyle W = - \\ int _ ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ) ^ ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \\ frac ( GMm ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \\ mathbf ( r ) \\ cdot d \\ mathbf ( r ) = - \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ frac ( GMm ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \\ mathbf ( r ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) dt . )", "W = − ∫ r ( t 1 ) r ( t 2 ) G M m r 3 r ⋅ d r = − ∫ t 1 t 2 G M m r 3 r ⋅ v d t . ( \\ displaystyle W = - \\ int _ ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ) ^ ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \\ frac ( GMm ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \\ mathbf ( r ) \\ cdot d \\ mathbf ( r ) = - \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ frac ( GMm ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \\ mathbf ( r ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) dt . )", "Notice that the position and velocity of the mass m are given by", "r = r e r , v = r ̇ e r + r θ ̇ e t , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( r ) = r \\ mathbf ( e ) _ ( r ) , \\ qquad \\ mathbf ( v ) = ( \\ dot ( r ) ) \\ mathbf ( e ) _ ( r ) + r ( \\ dot ( \\ theta ) ) \\ mathbf ( e ) _ ( t ) , )", "r = r e r , v = r ̇ e r + r θ ̇ e t , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( r ) = r \\ mathbf ( e ) _ ( r ) , \\ qquad \\ mathbf ( v ) = ( \\ dot ( r ) ) \\ mathbf ( e ) _ ( r ) + r ( \\ dot ( \\ theta ) ) \\ mathbf ( e ) _ ( t ) , )", "where e and e are the radial and tangential unit vectors directed relative to the vector from M to m . Use this to simplify the formula for work of gravity to ,", "W = − ∫ t 1 t 2 G m M r 3 ( r e r ) ⋅ ( r ̇ e r + r θ ̇ e t ) d t = − ∫ t 1 t 2 G m M r 3 r r ̇ d t = G M m r ( t 2 ) − G M m r ( t 1 ) . ( \\ displaystyle W = - \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ frac ( GmM ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ( r \\ mathbf ( e ) _ ( r ) ) \\ cdot ( ( \\ dot ( r ) ) \\ mathbf ( e ) _ ( r ) + r ( \\ dot ( \\ theta ) ) \\ mathbf ( e ) _ ( t ) ) dt = - \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ frac ( GmM ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) r ( \\ dot ( r ) ) dt = ( \\ frac ( GMm ) ( r ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) - ( \\ frac ( GMm ) ( r ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ) ) . )", "W = − ∫ t 1 t 2 G m M r 3 ( r e r ) ⋅ ( r ̇ e r + r θ ̇ e t ) d t = − ∫ t 1 t 2 G m M r 3 r r ̇ d t = G M m r ( t 2 ) − G M m r ( t 1 ) . ( \\ displaystyle W = - \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ frac ( GmM ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ( r \\ mathbf ( e ) _ ( r ) ) \\ cdot ( ( \\ dot ( r ) ) \\ mathbf ( e ) _ ( r ) + r ( \\ dot ( \\ theta ) ) \\ mathbf ( e ) _ ( t ) ) dt = - \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ frac ( GmM ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) r ( \\ dot ( r ) ) dt = ( \\ frac ( GMm ) ( r ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) - ( \\ frac ( GMm ) ( r ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ) ) . )", "This calculation uses the fact that", "d d t r − 1 = − r − 2 r ̇ = − r ̇ r 2 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) r ^ ( - 1 ) = - r ^ ( - 2 ) ( \\ dot ( r ) ) = - ( \\ frac ( \\ dot ( r ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . )", "d d t r − 1 = − r − 2 r ̇ = − r ̇ r 2 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) r ^ ( - 1 ) = - r ^ ( - 2 ) ( \\ dot ( r ) ) = - ( \\ frac ( \\ dot ( r ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . )", "U = − G M m r , ( \\ displaystyle U = - ( \\ frac ( GMm ) ( r ) ) , )", "U = − G M m r , ( \\ displaystyle U = - ( \\ frac ( GMm ) ( r ) ) , )", "is the gravitational potential function , also known as gravitational potential energy . The negative sign follows the convention that work is gained from a loss of potential energy .", "Consider a spring that exerts a horizontal force F = ( − kx , 0 , 0 ) that is proportional to its deflection in the x direction independent of how a body moves . The work of this spring on a body moving along the space with the curve X ( t ) = ( x ( t ) , y ( t ) , z ( t ) ) , is calculated using its velocity , v = ( v , v , v ) , to obtain", "W = ∫ 0 t F ⋅ v d t = − ∫ 0 t k x v x d t = − 1 2 k x 2 . ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( t ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) dt = - \\ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( t ) kxv_ ( x ) dt = - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) kx ^ ( 2 ) . )", "W = ∫ 0 t F ⋅ v d t = − ∫ 0 t k x v x d t = − 1 2 k x 2 . ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( t ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) dt = - \\ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( t ) kxv_ ( x ) dt = - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) kx ^ ( 2 ) . )", "For convenience , consider contact with the spring occurs at t = 0 , then the integral of the product of the distance x and the x-velocity , xv , is ( 1 / 2 ) x . The velocity is not a factor here . The work is the product of the distance times the spring force , which is also dependent on distance ; hence the x result .", "W = ∫ a b P d V ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( a ) ^ ( b ) ( P ) dV )", "W = ∫ a b P d V ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( a ) ^ ( b ) ( P ) dV )", "Where P is pressure , V is volume , and a and b are initial and final volumes .", "The principle of work and kinetic energy ( also known as the work -- energy principle ) states that the work done by all forces acting on a particle ( the work of the resultant force ) equals the change in the kinetic energy of the particle . That is , the work W done by the resultant force on a particle equals the change in the particle 's kinetic energy E k ( \\ displaystyle E_ ( k ) ) ,", "W = Δ E k = 1 2 m v 2 2 − 1 2 m v 1 2 ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ Delta E_ ( k ) = ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) mv_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) - ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) mv_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ,", "W = Δ E k = 1 2 m v 2 2 − 1 2 m v 1 2 ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ Delta E_ ( k ) = ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) mv_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) - ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) mv_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ,", "where v 1 ( \\ displaystyle v_ ( 1 ) ) and v 2 ( \\ displaystyle v_ ( 2 ) ) are the speeds of the particle before and after the work is done , and m is its mass .", "The derivation of the work -- energy principle begins with Newton 's second law of motion and the resultant force on a particle . Computation of the scalar product of the forces with the velocity of the particle evaluates the instantaneous power added to the system .", "Constraints define the direction of movement of the particle by ensuring there is no component of velocity in the direction of the constraint force . This also means the constraint forces do not add to the instantaneous power . The time integral of this scalar equation yields work from the instantaneous power , and kinetic energy from the scalar product of velocity and acceleration . The fact the work -- energy principle eliminates the constraint forces underlies Lagrangian mechanics .", "This section focuses on the work -- energy principle as it applies to particle dynamics . In more general systems work can change the potential energy of a mechanical device , the thermal energy in a thermal system , or the electrical energy in an electrical device . Work transfers energy from one place to another or one form to another .", "In the case the resultant force F is constant in both magnitude and direction , and parallel to the velocity of the particle , the particle is moving with constant acceleration a along a straight line . The relation between the net force and the acceleration is given by the equation F = ma ( Newton 's second law ) , and the particle displacement s can be expressed by the equation", "s = v 2 2 − v 1 2 2 a ( \\ displaystyle s = ( \\ frac ( v_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) - v_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2a ) ) )", "s = v 2 2 − v 1 2 2 a ( \\ displaystyle s = ( \\ frac ( v_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) - v_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2a ) ) )", "which follows from v 2 2 = v 1 2 + 2 a s ( \\ displaystyle v_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) = v_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + 2as ) ( see Equations of motion ) .", "The work of the net force is calculated as the product of its magnitude and the particle displacement . Substituting the above equations , one obtains :", "W = F s = m a s = m a ( v 2 2 − v 1 2 2 a ) = m v 2 2 2 − m v 1 2 2 = Δ E k ( \\ displaystyle W = Fs = mas = ma \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( v_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) - v_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2a ) ) \\ right ) = ( \\ frac ( mv_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) - ( \\ frac ( mv_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) = \\ Delta ( E_ ( k ) ) )", "W = F s = m a s = m a ( v 2 2 − v 1 2 2 a ) = m v 2 2 2 − m v 1 2 2 = Δ E k ( \\ displaystyle W = Fs = mas = ma \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( v_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) - v_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2a ) ) \\ right ) = ( \\ frac ( mv_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) - ( \\ frac ( mv_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) = \\ Delta ( E_ ( k ) ) )", "Other derivation :", "W = F s = m a s = m ( v 2 2 − v 1 2 2 s ) s ( \\ displaystyle W = Fs = mas = m \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( v_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) - v_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2s ) ) \\ right ) s )", "W = F s = m a s = m ( v 2 2 − v 1 2 2 s ) s ( \\ displaystyle W = Fs = mas = m \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( v_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) - v_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2s ) ) \\ right ) s )", "W = m ( 0 2 2 − v 1 2 2 s ) s ( \\ displaystyle W = m \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 0_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) - v_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2s ) ) \\ right ) s )", "W = m ( 0 2 2 − v 1 2 2 s ) s ( \\ displaystyle W = m \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 0_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) - v_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2s ) ) \\ right ) s )", "W = − 1 2 m v 2 ( \\ displaystyle W = - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) mv ^ ( 2 ) )", "W = − 1 2 m v 2 ( \\ displaystyle W = - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) mv ^ ( 2 ) )", "Vertical displacement derivation", "W = F × S = mg × h", "In the general case of rectilinear motion , when the net force F is not constant in magnitude , but is constant in direction , and parallel to the velocity of the particle , the work must be integrated along the path of the particle :", "W = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ v d t = ∫ t 1 t 2 F v d t = ∫ t 1 t 2 m a v d t = m ∫ t 1 t 2 v d v d t d t = m ∫ v 1 v 2 v d v = 1 2 m ( v 2 2 − v 1 2 ) . ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) dt = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) F \\ , vdt = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ma \\ , vdt = m \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) v \\ , ( dv \\ over dt ) \\ , dt = m \\ int _ ( v_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( v_ ( 2 ) ) v \\ , dv = ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) m ( v_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) - v_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) . )", "W = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ v d t = ∫ t 1 t 2 F v d t = ∫ t 1 t 2 m a v d t = m ∫ t 1 t 2 v d v d t d t = m ∫ v 1 v 2 v d v = 1 2 m ( v 2 2 − v 1 2 ) . ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) dt = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) F \\ , vdt = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ma \\ , vdt = m \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) v \\ , ( dv \\ over dt ) \\ , dt = m \\ int _ ( v_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( v_ ( 2 ) ) v \\ , dv = ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) m ( v_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) - v_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) . )", "For any net force acting on a particle moving along any curvilinear path , it can be demonstrated that its work equals the change in the kinetic energy of the particle by a simple derivation analogous to the equation above . Some authors call this result work -- energy principle , but it is more widely known as the work -- energy theorem :", "W = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ v d t = m ∫ t 1 t 2 a ⋅ v d t = m 2 ∫ t 1 t 2 d v 2 d t d t = m 2 ∫ v 1 2 v 2 2 d v 2 = m v 2 2 2 − m v 1 2 2 = Δ E k ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) dt = m \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) dt = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ frac ( dv ^ ( 2 ) ) ( dt ) ) \\ , dt = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) \\ int _ ( v_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( v_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) dv ^ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( mv_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) - ( \\ frac ( mv_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) = \\ Delta ( E_ ( k ) ) )", "W = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ v d t = m ∫ t 1 t 2 a ⋅ v d t = m 2 ∫ t 1 t 2 d v 2 d t d t = m 2 ∫ v 1 2 v 2 2 d v 2 = m v 2 2 2 − m v 1 2 2 = Δ E k ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) dt = m \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) dt = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ frac ( dv ^ ( 2 ) ) ( dt ) ) \\ , dt = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) \\ int _ ( v_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( v_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) dv ^ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( mv_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) - ( \\ frac ( mv_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) = \\ Delta ( E_ ( k ) ) )", "The identity a ⋅ v = 1 2 d v 2 d t ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \\ frac ( dv ^ ( 2 ) ) ( dt ) ) ) requires some algebra . From the identity v 2 = v ⋅ v ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle v ^ ( 2 ) = \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) ) and definition a = d v d t ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle \\ mathbf ( a ) = ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( v ) ) ( dt ) ) ) it follows", "d v 2 d t = d ( v ⋅ v ) d t = d v d t ⋅ v + v ⋅ d v d t = 2 d v d t ⋅ v = 2 a ⋅ v ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dv ^ ( 2 ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( \\ frac ( d ( \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( v ) ) ( dt ) ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) + \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ cdot ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( v ) ) ( dt ) ) = 2 ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( v ) ) ( dt ) ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) = 2 \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) ) .", "d v 2 d t = d ( v ⋅ v ) d t = d v d t ⋅ v + v ⋅ d v d t = 2 d v d t ⋅ v = 2 a ⋅ v ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dv ^ ( 2 ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( \\ frac ( d ( \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( v ) ) ( dt ) ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) + \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ cdot ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( v ) ) ( dt ) ) = 2 ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( v ) ) ( dt ) ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) = 2 \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( v ) ) .", "The remaining part of the above derivation is just simple calculus , same as in the preceding rectilinear case .", "In particle dynamics , a formula equating work applied to a system to its change in kinetic energy is obtained as a first integral of Newton 's second law of motion . It is useful to notice that the resultant force used in Newton 's laws can be separated into forces that are applied to the particle and forces imposed by constraints on the movement of the particle . Remarkably , the work of a constraint force is zero , therefore only the work of the applied forces need be considered in the work -- energy principle .", "To see this , consider a particle P that follows the trajectory X ( t ) with a force F acting on it . Isolate the particle from its environment to expose constraint forces R , then Newton 's Law takes the form", "F + R = m X ̈ , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) + \\ mathbf ( R ) = m ( \\ ddot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) , )", "F + R = m X ̈ , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) + \\ mathbf ( R ) = m ( \\ ddot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) , )", "where m is the mass of the particle .", "Note that n dots above a vector indicates its nth time derivative . The scalar product of each side of Newton 's law with the velocity vector yields", "F ⋅ X ̇ = m X ̈ ⋅ X ̇ , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) = m ( \\ ddot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) , )", "F ⋅ X ̇ = m X ̈ ⋅ X ̇ , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) = m ( \\ ddot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) , )", "because the constraint forces are perpendicular to the particle velocity . Integrate this equation along its trajectory from the point X ( t ) to the point X ( t ) to obtain", "∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ X ̇ d t = m ∫ t 1 t 2 X ̈ ⋅ X ̇ d t . ( \\ displaystyle \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) dt = m \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ ddot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) dt . )", "∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ X ̇ d t = m ∫ t 1 t 2 X ̈ ⋅ X ̇ d t . ( \\ displaystyle \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) dt = m \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ ddot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) dt . )", "The left side of this equation is the work of the applied force as it acts on the particle along the trajectory from time t to time t . This can also be written as", "W = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ X ̇ d t = ∫ X ( t 1 ) X ( t 2 ) F ⋅ d X . ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) dt = \\ int _ ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ) ^ ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot d \\ mathbf ( X ) . )", "W = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ X ̇ d t = ∫ X ( t 1 ) X ( t 2 ) F ⋅ d X . ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) dt = \\ int _ ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ) ^ ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot d \\ mathbf ( X ) . )", "This integral is computed along the trajectory X ( t ) of the particle and is therefore path dependent .", "The right side of the first integral of Newton 's equations can be simplified using the following identity", "1 2 d d t ( X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ ) = X ̈ ⋅ X ̇ , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \\ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) ( ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) ) = ( \\ ddot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) , )", "1 2 d d t ( X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ ) = X ̈ ⋅ X ̇ , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \\ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) ( ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) ) = ( \\ ddot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) , )", "( see product rule for derivation ) . Now it is integrated explicitly to obtain the change in kinetic energy ,", "Δ K = m ∫ t 1 t 2 X ̈ ⋅ X ̇ d t = m 2 ∫ t 1 t 2 d d t ( X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ ) d t = m 2 X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ ( t 2 ) − m 2 X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ ( t 1 ) = 1 2 m Δ v 2 , ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta K = m \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ ddot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) dt = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) ( ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) ) dt = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) - ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) m \\ Delta \\ mathbf ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) , )", "Δ K = m ∫ t 1 t 2 X ̈ ⋅ X ̇ d t = m 2 ∫ t 1 t 2 d d t ( X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ ) d t = m 2 X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ ( t 2 ) − m 2 X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ ( t 1 ) = 1 2 m Δ v 2 , ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta K = m \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ ddot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) dt = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) ( ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) ) dt = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) - ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) m \\ Delta \\ mathbf ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) , )", "where the kinetic energy of the particle is defined by the scalar quantity ,", "K = m 2 X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ = 1 2 m v 2 ( \\ displaystyle K = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) m ( \\ mathbf ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ) )", "K = m 2 X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ = 1 2 m v 2 ( \\ displaystyle K = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) m ( \\ mathbf ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ) )", "It is useful to resolve the velocity and acceleration vectors into tangential and normal components along the trajectory X ( t ) , such that", "X ̇ = v T , and X ̈ = v ̇ T + v 2 κ N . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) = v \\ mathbf ( T ) , \\ quad ( \\ mbox ( and ) ) \\ quad ( \\ ddot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) = ( \\ dot ( v ) ) \\ mathbf ( T ) + v ^ ( 2 ) \\ kappa \\ mathbf ( N ) . )", "X ̇ = v T , and X ̈ = v ̇ T + v 2 κ N . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) = v \\ mathbf ( T ) , \\ quad ( \\ mbox ( and ) ) \\ quad ( \\ ddot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) = ( \\ dot ( v ) ) \\ mathbf ( T ) + v ^ ( 2 ) \\ kappa \\ mathbf ( N ) . )", "v = X ̇ = X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ . ( \\ displaystyle v = ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) ) ) . )", "v = X ̇ = X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ . ( \\ displaystyle v = ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) ) ) . )", "Then , the scalar product of velocity with acceleration in Newton 's second law takes the form", "Δ K = m ∫ t 1 t 2 v ̇ v d t = m 2 ∫ t 1 t 2 d d t v 2 d t = m 2 v 2 ( t 2 ) − m 2 v 2 ( t 1 ) , ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta K = m \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ dot ( v ) ) vdt = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) dt = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) - ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) , ) .", "Δ K = m ∫ t 1 t 2 v ̇ v d t = m 2 ∫ t 1 t 2 d d t v 2 d t = m 2 v 2 ( t 2 ) − m 2 v 2 ( t 1 ) , ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta K = m \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ dot ( v ) ) vdt = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) dt = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) - ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) , ) .", "where the kinetic energy of the particle is defined by the scalar quantity ,", "K = m 2 v 2 = m 2 X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ . ( \\ displaystyle K = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) . )", "K = m 2 v 2 = m 2 X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ . ( \\ displaystyle K = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) . )", "The result is the work -- energy principle for particle dynamics ,", "W = Δ K . ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ Delta K. \\ ! )", "W = Δ K . ( \\ displaystyle W = \\ Delta K. \\ ! )", "This derivation can be generalized to arbitrary rigid body systems .", "Consider the case of a vehicle moving along a straight horizontal trajectory under the action of a driving force and gravity that sum to F. The constraint forces between the vehicle and the road define R , and we have", "F + R = m X ̈ . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) + \\ mathbf ( R ) = m ( \\ ddot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) . )", "F + R = m X ̈ . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) + \\ mathbf ( R ) = m ( \\ ddot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) . )", "For convenience let the trajectory be along the X-axis , so X = ( d , 0 ) and the velocity is V = ( v , 0 ) , then R ⋅ V = 0 , and F ⋅ V = F v , where F is the component of F along the X-axis , so", "F x v = m v ̇ v . ( \\ displaystyle F_ ( x ) v = m ( \\ dot ( v ) ) v . )", "F x v = m v ̇ v . ( \\ displaystyle F_ ( x ) v = m ( \\ dot ( v ) ) v . )", "Integration of both sides yields", "∫ t 1 t 2 F x v d t = m 2 v 2 ( t 2 ) − m 2 v 2 ( t 1 ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) F_ ( x ) vdt = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) - ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) . )", "∫ t 1 t 2 F x v d t = m 2 v 2 ( t 2 ) − m 2 v 2 ( t 1 ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) F_ ( x ) vdt = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) - ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) . )", "If F is constant along the trajectory , then the integral of velocity is distance , so", "F x ( d ( t 2 ) − d ( t 1 ) ) = m 2 v 2 ( t 2 ) − m 2 v 2 ( t 1 ) . ( \\ displaystyle F_ ( x ) ( d ( t_ ( 2 ) ) - d ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) - ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) . )", "F x ( d ( t 2 ) − d ( t 1 ) ) = m 2 v 2 ( t 2 ) − m 2 v 2 ( t 1 ) . ( \\ displaystyle F_ ( x ) ( d ( t_ ( 2 ) ) - d ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) - ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) . )", "As an example consider a car skidding to a stop , where k is the coefficient of friction and W is the weight of the car . Then the force along the trajectory is F = − kW . The velocity v of the car can be determined from the length s of the skid using the work -- energy principle ,", "k W s = W 2 g v 2 , or v = 2 k s g . ( \\ displaystyle kWs = ( \\ frac ( W ) ( 2g ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) , \\ quad ( \\ mbox ( or ) ) \\ quad v = ( \\ sqrt ( 2ksg ) ) . )", "k W s = W 2 g v 2 , or v = 2 k s g . ( \\ displaystyle kWs = ( \\ frac ( W ) ( 2g ) ) v ^ ( 2 ) , \\ quad ( \\ mbox ( or ) ) \\ quad v = ( \\ sqrt ( 2ksg ) ) . )", "Notice that this formula uses the fact that the mass of the vehicle is m = W / g .", "Consider the case of a vehicle that starts at rest and coasts down a mountain road , the work - energy principle helps compute the minimum distance that the vehicle travels to reach a velocity V , of say 60 mph ( 88 fps ) . Rolling resistance and air drag will slow the vehicle down so the actual distance will be greater than if these forces are neglected .", "Let the trajectory of the vehicle following the road be X ( t ) which is a curve in three - dimensional space . The force acting on the vehicle that pushes it down the road is the constant force of gravity F = ( 0 , 0 , W ) , while the force of the road on the vehicle is the constraint force R. Newton 's second law yields ,", "F + R = m X ̈ . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) + \\ mathbf ( R ) = m ( \\ ddot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) . )", "F + R = m X ̈ . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) + \\ mathbf ( R ) = m ( \\ ddot ( \\ mathbf ( X ) ) ) . )", "The scalar product of this equation with the velocity , V = ( v , v , v ) , yields", "W v z = m V ̇ V , ( \\ displaystyle Wv_ ( z ) = m ( \\ dot ( V ) ) V , )", "W v z = m V ̇ V , ( \\ displaystyle Wv_ ( z ) = m ( \\ dot ( V ) ) V , )", "where V is the magnitude of V . The constraint forces between the vehicle and the road cancel from this equation because R ⋅ V = 0 , which means they do no work . Integrate both sides to obtain", "∫ t 1 t 2 W v z d t = m 2 V 2 ( t 2 ) − m 2 V 2 ( t 1 ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) Wv_ ( z ) dt = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) V ^ ( 2 ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) - ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) V ^ ( 2 ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) . )", "∫ t 1 t 2 W v z d t = m 2 V 2 ( t 2 ) − m 2 V 2 ( t 1 ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) Wv_ ( z ) dt = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) V ^ ( 2 ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) - ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) V ^ ( 2 ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) . )", "The weight force W is constant along the trajectory and the integral of the vertical velocity is the vertical distance , therefore ,", "W Δ z = m 2 V 2 . ( \\ displaystyle W \\ Delta z = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) V ^ ( 2 ) . )", "W Δ z = m 2 V 2 . ( \\ displaystyle W \\ Delta z = ( \\ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) V ^ ( 2 ) . )", "Recall that V ( t ) = 0 . Notice that this result does not depend on the shape of the road followed by the vehicle .", "In order to determine the distance along the road assume the downgrade is 6 % , which is a steep road . This means the altitude decreases 6 feet for every 100 feet traveled -- for angles this small the sin and tan functions are approximately equal . Therefore , the distance s in feet down a 6 % grade to reach the velocity V is at least", "s = Δ z 0.06 = 8.3 V 2 g , or s = 8.3 88 2 32.2 ≈ 2000 ft . ( \\ displaystyle s = ( \\ frac ( \\ Delta z ) ( 0.06 ) ) = 8.3 ( \\ frac ( V ^ ( 2 ) ) ( g ) ) , \\ quad ( \\ mbox ( or ) ) \\ quad s = 8.3 ( \\ frac ( 88 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 32.2 ) ) \\ approx 2000 ( \\ mbox ( ft ) ) . )", "s = Δ z 0.06 = 8.3 V 2 g , or s = 8.3 88 2 32.2 ≈ 2000 ft . ( \\ displaystyle s = ( \\ frac ( \\ Delta z ) ( 0.06 ) ) = 8.3 ( \\ frac ( V ^ ( 2 ) ) ( g ) ) , \\ quad ( \\ mbox ( or ) ) \\ quad s = 8.3 ( \\ frac ( 88 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 32.2 ) ) \\ approx 2000 ( \\ mbox ( ft ) ) . )", "This formula uses the fact that the weight of the vehicle is W = mg .", "The work of forces acting at various points on a single rigid body can be calculated from the work of a resultant force and torque . To see this , let the forces F , F ... F act on the points X , X ... X in a rigid body .", "The trajectories of X , i = 1 , ... , n are defined by the movement of the rigid body . This movement is given by the set of rotations ( A ( t ) ) and the trajectory d ( t ) of a reference point in the body . Let the coordinates x i = 1 , ... , n define these points in the moving rigid body 's reference frame M , so that the trajectories traced in the fixed frame F are given by", "X i ( t ) = ( A ( t ) ) x i + d ( t ) i = 1 , ... , n . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( X ) _ ( i ) ( t ) = ( A ( t ) ) \\ mathbf ( x ) _ ( i ) + \\ mathbf ( d ) ( t ) \\ quad i = 1 , \\ ldots , n . )", "X i ( t ) = ( A ( t ) ) x i + d ( t ) i = 1 , ... , n . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( X ) _ ( i ) ( t ) = ( A ( t ) ) \\ mathbf ( x ) _ ( i ) + \\ mathbf ( d ) ( t ) \\ quad i = 1 , \\ ldots , n . )", "The velocity of the points X along their trajectories are", "V i = ω → × ( X i − d ) + d ̇ , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( V ) _ ( i ) = ( \\ vec ( \\ omega ) ) \\ times ( \\ mathbf ( X ) _ ( i ) - \\ mathbf ( d ) ) + ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( d ) ) ) , )", "V i = ω → × ( X i − d ) + d ̇ , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( V ) _ ( i ) = ( \\ vec ( \\ omega ) ) \\ times ( \\ mathbf ( X ) _ ( i ) - \\ mathbf ( d ) ) + ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( d ) ) ) , )", "where ω is the angular velocity vector obtained from the skew symmetric matrix", "( Ω ) = A ̇ A T , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ Omega ) = ( \\ dot ( A ) ) A ^ ( \\ mathrm ( T ) ) , )", "( Ω ) = A ̇ A T , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ Omega ) = ( \\ dot ( A ) ) A ^ ( \\ mathrm ( T ) ) , )", "known as the angular velocity matrix .", "The small amount of work by the forces over the small displacements δr can be determined by approximating the displacement by δr = vδt so", "δ W = F 1 ⋅ V 1 δ t + F 2 ⋅ V 2 δ t + ... + F n ⋅ V n δ t ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta W = \\ mathbf ( F ) _ ( 1 ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( V ) _ ( 1 ) \\ delta t+ \\ mathbf ( F ) _ ( 2 ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( V ) _ ( 2 ) \\ delta t+ \\ ldots + \\ mathbf ( F ) _ ( n ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( V ) _ ( n ) \\ delta t )", "δ W = F 1 ⋅ V 1 δ t + F 2 ⋅ V 2 δ t + ... + F n ⋅ V n δ t ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta W = \\ mathbf ( F ) _ ( 1 ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( V ) _ ( 1 ) \\ delta t+ \\ mathbf ( F ) _ ( 2 ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( V ) _ ( 2 ) \\ delta t+ \\ ldots + \\ mathbf ( F ) _ ( n ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( V ) _ ( n ) \\ delta t )", "δ W = ∑ i = 1 n F i ⋅ ( ω → × ( X i − d ) + d ̇ ) δ t . ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta W = \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \\ mathbf ( F ) _ ( i ) \\ cdot ( ( \\ vec ( \\ omega ) ) \\ times ( \\ mathbf ( X ) _ ( i ) - \\ mathbf ( d ) ) + ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( d ) ) ) ) \\ delta t . )", "δ W = ∑ i = 1 n F i ⋅ ( ω → × ( X i − d ) + d ̇ ) δ t . ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta W = \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \\ mathbf ( F ) _ ( i ) \\ cdot ( ( \\ vec ( \\ omega ) ) \\ times ( \\ mathbf ( X ) _ ( i ) - \\ mathbf ( d ) ) + ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( d ) ) ) ) \\ delta t . )", "This formula can be rewritten to obtain", "δ W = ( ∑ i = 1 n F i ) ⋅ d ̇ δ t + ( ∑ i = 1 n ( X i − d ) × F i ) ⋅ ω → δ t = ( F ⋅ d ̇ + T ⋅ ω → ) δ t , ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta W = \\ left ( \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \\ mathbf ( F ) _ ( i ) \\ right ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( d ) ) ) \\ delta t+ \\ left ( \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( X ) _ ( i ) - \\ mathbf ( d ) \\ right ) \\ times \\ mathbf ( F ) _ ( i ) \\ right ) \\ cdot ( \\ vec ( \\ omega ) ) \\ delta t = \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( d ) ) ) + \\ mathbf ( T ) \\ cdot ( \\ vec ( \\ omega ) ) \\ right ) \\ delta t , )", "δ W = ( ∑ i = 1 n F i ) ⋅ d ̇ δ t + ( ∑ i = 1 n ( X i − d ) × F i ) ⋅ ω → δ t = ( F ⋅ d ̇ + T ⋅ ω → ) δ t , ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta W = \\ left ( \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \\ mathbf ( F ) _ ( i ) \\ right ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( d ) ) ) \\ delta t+ \\ left ( \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( X ) _ ( i ) - \\ mathbf ( d ) \\ right ) \\ times \\ mathbf ( F ) _ ( i ) \\ right ) \\ cdot ( \\ vec ( \\ omega ) ) \\ delta t = \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( F ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( d ) ) ) + \\ mathbf ( T ) \\ cdot ( \\ vec ( \\ omega ) ) \\ right ) \\ delta t , )", "where F and T are the resultant force and torque applied at the reference point d of the moving frame M in the rigid body ." ]
Work (physics) - wikipedia Work (physics) Jump to: navigation , search `` Mechanical work'' redirects here. For other uses of `` Work'' in physics, see Work (electrical) and Work (thermodynamics) . Work A baseball pitcher does positive work on the ball by applying a force to it over the distance it moves while in his grip. Common symbols SI unit joule (J) In SI base units 1 kg ⋅ m ⋅ s Derivations from other quantities W = F ⋅ s W = τ θ Part of a series of articles about Classical mechanics F → = m a → (\displaystyle (\vec (F))=m(\vec (a))) Second law of motion History Timeline Branches (show) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical Fundamentals (hide) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations (show) Newton's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton-- Jacobi equation Appell's equation of motion Udwadia-- Kalaba equation Koopman-- von Neumann mechanics Core topics (show) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton's law of universal gravitation Newton's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration Rotation (show) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity Scientists (show) Galileo Huygens Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy In physics , a force is said to do work if, when acting, there is a displacement of the point of application in the direction of the force. For example, when a ball is held above the ground and then dropped, the work done on the ball as it falls is equal to the weight of the ball (a force) multiplied by the distance to the ground (a displacement). Work transfers energy from one place to another or one form to another. The term work was introduced in 1826 by the French mathematician Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis as `` weight lifted through a height'' , which is based on the use of early steam engines to lift buckets of water out of flooded ore mines. The SI unit of work is the joule (J). Contents ( hide ) 1 Units 2 Work and energy 3 Constraint forces 4 Mathematical calculation 4.1 Work done by a variable force 4.2 Torque and rotation 5 Work and potential energy 5.1 Path dependence 5.2 Path independence 5.3 Work by gravity 5.4 Work by gravity in space 5.5 Work by a spring 5.6 Work by a gas 6 Work-- energy principle 6.1 Derivation for a particle moving along a straight line 6.2 General derivation of the work-- energy theorem for a particle 6.3 Derivation for a particle in constrained movement 6.3.1 Vector formulation 6.3.2 Tangential and normal components 6.4 Moving in a straight line (skid to a stop) 6.5 Coasting down a mountain road (gravity racing) 7 Work of forces acting on a rigid body 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Units ( edit ) The SI unit of work is the joule (J), which is defined as the work expended by a force of one newton through a displacement of one metre . The dimensionally equivalent newton-metre (N⋅ m) is sometimes used as the measuring unit for work, but this can be confused with the unit newton-metre, which is the measurement unit of torque . Usage of N⋅ m is discouraged by the SI authority , since it can lead to confusion as to whether the quantity expressed in newton metres is a torque measurement, or a measurement of work. Non-SI units of work include the erg , the foot-pound , the foot-poundal , the kilowatt hour , the litre-atmosphere , and the horsepower-hour . Due to work having the same physical dimension as heat , occasionally measurement units typically reserved for heat or energy content, such as therm , BTU and Calorie , are utilized as a measuring unit. Work and energy ( edit ) The work W (\displaystyle W) done by a constant force of magnitude F (\displaystyle F) on a point that moves a displacement s (\displaystyle s) in a straight line in the direction of the force is the product W = F s (\displaystyle W=Fs) . For example, if a force of 10 newtons ( F (\displaystyle F) = 10 N) acts along a point that travels 2 meters ( s (\displaystyle s) = 2 m), then it does the work W (\displaystyle W) = (10 N)(2 m) = 20 N m = 20 J. This is approximately the work done lifting a 1 kg weight from ground level to over a person's head against the force of gravity. Notice that the work is doubled either by lifting twice the weight the same distance or by lifting the same weight twice the distance. Work is closely related to energy . The work-energy principle states that an increase in the kinetic energy of a rigid body is caused by an equal amount of positive work done on the body by the resultant force acting on that body. Conversely, a decrease in kinetic energy is caused by an equal amount of negative work done by the resultant force. From Newton's second law , it can be shown that work on a free (no fields), rigid (no internal degrees of freedom) body, is equal to the change in kinetic energy K E (\displaystyle K_(E)) of the velocity and rotation of that body, W = Δ K E . (\displaystyle W=\Delta K_(E).) The work of forces generated by a potential function is known as potential energy and the forces are said to be conservative . Therefore, work on an object that is merely displaced in a conservative force field , without change in velocity or rotation, is equal to minus the change of potential energy P E (\displaystyle P_(E)) of the object, W = − Δ P E . (\displaystyle W=-\Delta P_(E).) These formulas show that work is the energy associated with the action of a force, so work subsequently possesses the physical dimensions , and units, of energy. The work/energy principles discussed here are identical to Electric work/energy principles. Constraint forces ( edit ) Constraint forces determine the movement of components in a system, constraining the object within a boundary (in the case of a slope plus gravity, the object is stuck to the slope, when attached to a taut string it cannot move in an outwards direction to make the string any ' tauter' ). Constraint forces ensure the velocity in the direction of the constraint is zero, which means the constraint forces do not perform work on the system. If the system doesn't change in time , they eliminate all movement in the direction of the constraint, thus constraint forces do not perform work on the system, as the velocity of that object is constrained to be 0 parallel to this force, due to this force. This only applies for a single particle system. For example, in an Atwood machine , the rope does work on each body, but keeping always the net virtual work null. There are, however, cases where this is not true. For example, the centripetal force exerted inwards by a string on a ball in uniform circular motion sideways constrains the ball to circular motion restricting its movement away from the center of the circle. This force does zero work because it is perpendicular to the velocity of the ball. Another example is a book on a table. If external forces are applied to the book so that it slides on the table, then the force exerted by the table constrains the book from moving downwards. The force exerted by the table supports the book and is perpendicular to its movement which means that this constraint force does not perform work. The magnetic force on a charged particle is F = qv × B , where q is the charge, v is the velocity of the particle, and B is the magnetic field . The result of a cross product is always perpendicular to both of the original vectors, so F ⊥ v . The dot product of two perpendicular vectors is always zero, so the work W = F ⋅ v = 0 , and the magnetic force does not do work. It can change the direction of motion but never change the speed. Mathematical calculation ( edit ) For moving objects, the quantity of work/time (power ) is calculated. Thus, at any instant, the rate of the work done by a force (measured in joules/second, or watts ) is the scalar product of the force (a vector), and the velocity vector of the point of application. This scalar product of force and velocity is classified as instantaneous power . Just as velocities may be integrated over time to obtain a total distance, by the fundamental theorem of calculus , the total work along a path is similarly the time-integral of instantaneous power applied along the trajectory of the point of application. Work is the result of a force on a point that moves through a displacement. As the point moves, it follows a curve X , with a velocity v , at each instant. The small amount of work δW that occurs over an instant of time dt is calculated as δ W = F ⋅ d s = F ⋅ v d t (\displaystyle \delta W=\mathbf (F) \cdot d\mathbf (s) =\mathbf (F) \cdot \mathbf (v) dt) where the F ⋅ v is the power over the instant dt . The sum of these small amounts of work over the trajectory of the point yields the work, W = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ v d t = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ d s d t d t = ∫ C F ⋅ d s , (\displaystyle W=\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))\mathbf (F) \cdot \mathbf (v) dt=\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))\mathbf (F) \cdot (\tfrac (d\mathbf (s) )(dt))dt=\int _(C)\mathbf (F) \cdot d\mathbf (s) ,) where C is the trajectory from x ( t ) to x ( t ). This integral is computed along the trajectory of the particle, and is therefore said to be path dependent . If the force is always directed along this line, and the magnitude of the force is F , then this integral simplifies to W = ∫ C F d s (\displaystyle W=\int _(C)F\,ds) where s is displacement along the line. If F is constant, in addition to being directed along the line, then the integral simplifies further to W = ∫ C F d s = F ∫ C d s = F s (\displaystyle W=\int _(C)F\,ds=F\int _(C)ds=Fs) where s is the displacement of the point along the line. This calculation can be generalized for a constant force that is not directed along the line, followed by the particle. In this case the dot product F ⋅ ds = F cos θ ds , where θ is the angle between the force vector and the direction of movement, that is W = ∫ C F ⋅ d s = F s cos ⁡ θ . (\displaystyle W=\int _(C)\mathbf (F) \cdot d\mathbf (s) =Fs\cos \theta .) In the notable case of a force applied to a body always at an angle of 90° from the velocity vector (as when a body moves in a circle under a central force), no work is done at all, since the cosine of 90 degrees is zero. Thus, no work can be performed by gravity on a planet with a circular orbit (this is ideal, as all orbits are slightly elliptical). Also, no work is done on a body moving circularly at a constant speed while constrained by mechanical force, such as moving at constant speed in a frictionless ideal centrifuge. Work done by a variable force ( edit ) Calculating the work as `` force times straight path segment'' would only apply in the most simple of circumstances, as noted above. If force is changing, or if the body is moving along a curved path, possibly rotating and not necessarily rigid, then only the path of the application point of the force is relevant for the work done, and only the component of the force parallel to the application point velocity is doing work (positive work when in the same direction, and negative when in the opposite direction of the velocity). This component of force can be described by the scalar quantity called scalar tangential component ( F cos ⁡ θ (\displaystyle \scriptstyle F\cos \theta ) , where θ (\displaystyle \scriptstyle \theta ) is the angle between the force and the velocity). And then the most general definition of work can be formulated as follows: Work of a force is the line integral of its scalar tangential component along the path of its application point. If the force varies (e.g. compressing a spring) we need to use calculus to find the work done. If the force is given by F(x) (a function of x) then the work done by the force along the x-axis from a to b is: W = ∫ a b F ( s ) ⋅ d s (\displaystyle W=\int \limits _(a)^(b)\mathbf (F(s)) \cdot d\mathbf (s) ) Torque and rotation ( edit ) A force couple results from equal and opposite forces, acting on two different points of a rigid body. The sum (resultant) of these forces may cancel, but their effect on the body is the couple or torque T . The work of the torque is calculated as d W = T ⋅ ω → d t , (\displaystyle dW=\mathbf (T) \cdot (\vec (\omega ))dt,) where the T ⋅ ω is the power over the instant δt . The sum of these small amounts of work over the trajectory of the rigid body yields the work, W = ∫ t 1 t 2 T ⋅ ω → d t . (\displaystyle W=\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))\mathbf (T) \cdot (\vec (\omega ))dt.) This integral is computed along the trajectory of the rigid body with an angular velocity ω that varies with time, and is therefore said to be path dependent . If the angular velocity vector maintains a constant direction, then it takes the form, ω → = φ ̇ S , (\displaystyle (\vec (\omega ))=(\dot (\phi ))\mathbf (S) ,) where φ is the angle of rotation about the constant unit vector S. In this case, the work of the torque becomes, W = ∫ t 1 t 2 T ⋅ ω → d t = ∫ t 1 t 2 T ⋅ S d φ d t d t = ∫ C T ⋅ S d φ , (\displaystyle W=\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))\mathbf (T) \cdot (\vec (\omega ))dt=\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))\mathbf (T) \cdot \mathbf (S) (\frac (d\phi )(dt))dt=\int _(C)\mathbf (T) \cdot \mathbf (S) d\phi ,) where C is the trajectory from φ ( t ) to φ ( t ). This integral depends on the rotational trajectory φ ( t ), and is therefore path-dependent. If the torque T is aligned with the angular velocity vector so that, T = τ S , (\displaystyle \mathbf (T) =\tau \mathbf (S) ,) and both the torque and angular velocity are constant, then the work takes the form, W = ∫ t 1 t 2 τ φ ̇ d t = τ ( φ 2 − φ 1 ) . (\displaystyle W=\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))\tau (\dot (\phi ))dt=\tau (\phi _(2)-\phi _(1)).) A force of constant magnitude and perpendicular to the lever arm This result can be understood more simply by considering the torque as arising from a force of constant magnitude F , being applied perpendicularly to a lever arm at a distance r , as shown in the figure. This force will act through the distance along the circular arc s = rφ , so the work done is W = F s = F r φ . (\displaystyle W=Fs=Fr\phi .) Introduce the torque τ = Fr , to obtain W = F r φ = τ φ , (\displaystyle W=Fr\phi =\tau \phi ,) as presented above. Notice that only the component of torque in the direction of the angular velocity vector contributes to the work. Work and potential energy ( edit ) The scalar product of a force F and the velocity v of its point of application defines the power input to a system at an instant of time. Integration of this power over the trajectory of the point of application, C = x ( t ) , defines the work input to the system by the force. Path dependence ( edit ) Therefore, the work done by a force F on an object that travels along a curve C is given by the line integral : W = ∫ C F ⋅ d x = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ v d t , (\displaystyle W=\int _(C)\mathbf (F) \cdot d\mathbf (x) =\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))\mathbf (F) \cdot \mathbf (v) dt,) where dx ( t ) defines the trajectory C and v is the velocity along this trajectory. In general this integral requires the path along which the velocity is defined, so the evaluation of work is said to be path dependent. The time derivative of the integral for work yields the instantaneous power, d W d t = P ( t ) = F ⋅ v . (\displaystyle (\frac (dW)(dt))=P(t)=\mathbf (F) \cdot \mathbf (v) .) Path independence ( edit ) If the work for an applied force is independent of the path, then the work done by the force is, by the gradient theorem , the potential function evaluated at the start and end of the trajectory of the point of application. Such a force is said to be conservative . This means that there is a potential function U ( x ), that can be evaluated at the two points x ( t ) and x ( t ) to obtain the work over any trajectory between these two points. It is tradition to define this function with a negative sign so that positive work is a reduction in the potential, that is W = ∫ C F ⋅ d x = ∫ x ( t 1 ) x ( t 2 ) F ⋅ d x = U ( x ( t 1 ) ) − U ( x ( t 2 ) ) . (\displaystyle W=\int _(C)\mathbf (F) \cdot \mathrm (d) \mathbf (x) =\int _(\mathbf (x) (t_(1)))^(\mathbf (x) (t_(2)))\mathbf (F) \cdot \mathrm (d) \mathbf (x) =U(\mathbf (x) (t_(1)))-U(\mathbf (x) (t_(2))).) The function U ( x ) is called the potential energy associated with the applied force. Examples of forces that have potential energies are gravity and spring forces. In this case, the gradient of work yields ∇ W = − ∇ U = − ( ∂ U ∂ x , ∂ U ∂ y , ∂ U ∂ z ) = F , (\displaystyle \nabla W=-\nabla U=-\left((\frac (\partial U)(\partial x)),(\frac (\partial U)(\partial y)),(\frac (\partial U)(\partial z))\right)=\mathbf (F) ,) and the force F is said to be `` derivable from a potential.'' Because the potential U defines a force F at every point x in space, the set of forces is called a force field . The power applied to a body by a force field is obtained from the gradient of the work, or potential, in the direction of the velocity V of the body, that is P ( t ) = − ∇ U ⋅ v = F ⋅ v . (\displaystyle P(t)=-\nabla U\cdot \mathbf (v) =\mathbf (F) \cdot \mathbf (v) .) Work by gravity ( edit ) Gravity F = mg does work W = mgh along any descending path In the absence of other forces, gravity results in a constant downward acceleration of every freely moving object. Near Earth's surface the acceleration due to gravity is g = 9.8 m⋅ s and the gravitational force on an object of mass m is F = mg . It is convenient to imagine this gravitational force concentrated at the center of mass of the object. If an object is displaced upwards or downwards a vertical distance y − y , the work W done on the object by its weight mg is: W = F g ( y 2 − y 1 ) = F g Δ y = − m g Δ y (\displaystyle W=F_(g)(y_(2)-y_(1))=F_(g)\Delta y=-mg\Delta y) where F is weight (pounds in imperial units, and newtons in SI units), and Δy is the change in height y . Notice that the work done by gravity depends only on the vertical movement of the object. The presence of friction does not affect the work done on the object by its weight. Work by gravity in space ( edit ) The force of gravity exerted by a mass M on another mass m is given by F = − G M m r 3 r , (\displaystyle \mathbf (F) =-(\frac (GMm)(r^(3)))\mathbf (r) ,) where r is the position vector from M to m . Let the mass m move at the velocity v then the work of gravity on this mass as it moves from position r ( t ) to r ( t ) is given by W = − ∫ r ( t 1 ) r ( t 2 ) G M m r 3 r ⋅ d r = − ∫ t 1 t 2 G M m r 3 r ⋅ v d t . (\displaystyle W=-\int _(\mathbf (r) (t_(1)))^(\mathbf (r) (t_(2)))(\frac (GMm)(r^(3)))\mathbf (r) \cdot d\mathbf (r) =-\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))(\frac (GMm)(r^(3)))\mathbf (r) \cdot \mathbf (v) dt.) Notice that the position and velocity of the mass m are given by r = r e r , v = r ̇ e r + r θ ̇ e t , (\displaystyle \mathbf (r) =r\mathbf (e) _(r),\qquad \mathbf (v) =(\dot (r))\mathbf (e) _(r)+r(\dot (\theta ))\mathbf (e) _(t),) where e and e are the radial and tangential unit vectors directed relative to the vector from M to m . Use this to simplify the formula for work of gravity to, W = − ∫ t 1 t 2 G m M r 3 ( r e r ) ⋅ ( r ̇ e r + r θ ̇ e t ) d t = − ∫ t 1 t 2 G m M r 3 r r ̇ d t = G M m r ( t 2 ) − G M m r ( t 1 ) . (\displaystyle W=-\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))(\frac (GmM)(r^(3)))(r\mathbf (e) _(r))\cdot ((\dot (r))\mathbf (e) _(r)+r(\dot (\theta ))\mathbf (e) _(t))dt=-\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))(\frac (GmM)(r^(3)))r(\dot (r))dt=(\frac (GMm)(r(t_(2))))-(\frac (GMm)(r(t_(1)))).) This calculation uses the fact that d d t r − 1 = − r − 2 r ̇ = − r ̇ r 2 . (\displaystyle (\frac (d)(dt))r^(-1)=-r^(-2)(\dot (r))=-(\frac (\dot (r))(r^(2))).) The function U = − G M m r , (\displaystyle U=-(\frac (GMm)(r)),) is the gravitational potential function, also known as gravitational potential energy . The negative sign follows the convention that work is gained from a loss of potential energy. Work by a spring ( edit ) Forces in springs assembled in parallel Consider a spring that exerts a horizontal force F = (− kx , 0, 0) that is proportional to its deflection in the x direction independent of how a body moves. The work of this spring on a body moving along the space with the curve X ( t ) = ( x ( t ), y ( t ), z ( t )) , is calculated using its velocity, v = ( v , v , v ) , to obtain W = ∫ 0 t F ⋅ v d t = − ∫ 0 t k x v x d t = − 1 2 k x 2 . (\displaystyle W=\int _(0)^(t)\mathbf (F) \cdot \mathbf (v) dt=-\int _(0)^(t)kxv_(x)dt=-(\frac (1)(2))kx^(2).) For convenience, consider contact with the spring occurs at t = 0 , then the integral of the product of the distance x and the x-velocity, xv , is (1/2) x . The velocity is not a factor here. The work is the product of the distance times the spring force, which is also dependent on distance; hence the x result. Work by a gas ( edit ) W = ∫ a b P d V (\displaystyle W=\int _(a)^(b)(P)dV) Where P is pressure, V is volume, and a and b are initial and final volumes. Work-- energy principle ( edit ) The principle of work and kinetic energy (also known as the work-- energy principle ) states that the work done by all forces acting on a particle (the work of the resultant force) equals the change in the kinetic energy of the particle. That is, the work W done by the resultant force on a particle equals the change in the particle's kinetic energy E k (\displaystyle E_(k)) , W = Δ E k = 1 2 m v 2 2 − 1 2 m v 1 2 (\displaystyle W=\Delta E_(k)=(\tfrac (1)(2))mv_(2)^(2)-(\tfrac (1)(2))mv_(1)^(2)) , where v 1 (\displaystyle v_(1)) and v 2 (\displaystyle v_(2)) are the speeds of the particle before and after the work is done, and m is its mass . The derivation of the work-- energy principle begins with Newton's second law of motion and the resultant force on a particle. Computation of the scalar product of the forces with the velocity of the particle evaluates the instantaneous power added to the system. Constraints define the direction of movement of the particle by ensuring there is no component of velocity in the direction of the constraint force. This also means the constraint forces do not add to the instantaneous power. The time integral of this scalar equation yields work from the instantaneous power, and kinetic energy from the scalar product of velocity and acceleration. The fact the work-- energy principle eliminates the constraint forces underlies Lagrangian mechanics . This section focuses on the work-- energy principle as it applies to particle dynamics. In more general systems work can change the potential energy of a mechanical device, the thermal energy in a thermal system, or the electrical energy in an electrical device. Work transfers energy from one place to another or one form to another. Derivation for a particle moving along a straight line ( edit ) In the case the resultant force F is constant in both magnitude and direction, and parallel to the velocity of the particle, the particle is moving with constant acceleration a along a straight line. The relation between the net force and the acceleration is given by the equation F = ma ( Newton's second law ), and the particle displacement s can be expressed by the equation s = v 2 2 − v 1 2 2 a (\displaystyle s=(\frac (v_(2)^(2)-v_(1)^(2))(2a))) which follows from v 2 2 = v 1 2 + 2 a s (\displaystyle v_(2)^(2)=v_(1)^(2)+2as) (see Equations of motion ). The work of the net force is calculated as the product of its magnitude and the particle displacement. Substituting the above equations, one obtains: W = F s = m a s = m a ( v 2 2 − v 1 2 2 a ) = m v 2 2 2 − m v 1 2 2 = Δ E k (\displaystyle W=Fs=mas=ma\left((\frac (v_(2)^(2)-v_(1)^(2))(2a))\right)=(\frac (mv_(2)^(2))(2))-(\frac (mv_(1)^(2))(2))=\Delta (E_(k))) Other derivation: W = F s = m a s = m ( v 2 2 − v 1 2 2 s ) s (\displaystyle W=Fs=mas=m\left((\frac (v_(2)^(2)-v_(1)^(2))(2s))\right)s) W = m ( 0 2 2 − v 1 2 2 s ) s (\displaystyle W=m\left((\frac (0_(2)^(2)-v_(1)^(2))(2s))\right)s) W = − 1 2 m v 2 (\displaystyle W=-(\frac (1)(2))mv^(2)) Vertical displacement derivation W = F × S = mg × h In the general case of rectilinear motion, when the net force F is not constant in magnitude, but is constant in direction, and parallel to the velocity of the particle, the work must be integrated along the path of the particle: W = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ v d t = ∫ t 1 t 2 F v d t = ∫ t 1 t 2 m a v d t = m ∫ t 1 t 2 v d v d t d t = m ∫ v 1 v 2 v d v = 1 2 m ( v 2 2 − v 1 2 ) . (\displaystyle W=\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))\mathbf (F) \cdot \mathbf (v) dt=\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))F\,vdt=\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))ma\,vdt=m\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))v\,(dv \over dt)\,dt=m\int _(v_(1))^(v_(2))v\,dv=(\tfrac (1)(2))m(v_(2)^(2)-v_(1)^(2)).) General derivation of the work-- energy theorem for a particle ( edit ) For any net force acting on a particle moving along any curvilinear path, it can be demonstrated that its work equals the change in the kinetic energy of the particle by a simple derivation analogous to the equation above. Some authors call this result work-- energy principle , but it is more widely known as the work-- energy theorem : W = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ v d t = m ∫ t 1 t 2 a ⋅ v d t = m 2 ∫ t 1 t 2 d v 2 d t d t = m 2 ∫ v 1 2 v 2 2 d v 2 = m v 2 2 2 − m v 1 2 2 = Δ E k (\displaystyle W=\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))\mathbf (F) \cdot \mathbf (v) dt=m\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))\mathbf (a) \cdot \mathbf (v) dt=(\frac (m)(2))\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))(\frac (dv^(2))(dt))\,dt=(\frac (m)(2))\int _(v_(1)^(2))^(v_(2)^(2))dv^(2)=(\frac (mv_(2)^(2))(2))-(\frac (mv_(1)^(2))(2))=\Delta (E_(k))) The identity a ⋅ v = 1 2 d v 2 d t (\displaystyle \textstyle \mathbf (a) \cdot \mathbf (v) =(\frac (1)(2))(\frac (dv^(2))(dt))) requires some algebra. From the identity v 2 = v ⋅ v (\displaystyle \textstyle v^(2)=\mathbf (v) \cdot \mathbf (v) ) and definition a = d v d t (\displaystyle \textstyle \mathbf (a) =(\frac (d\mathbf (v) )(dt))) it follows d v 2 d t = d ( v ⋅ v ) d t = d v d t ⋅ v + v ⋅ d v d t = 2 d v d t ⋅ v = 2 a ⋅ v (\displaystyle (\frac (dv^(2))(dt))=(\frac (d(\mathbf (v) \cdot \mathbf (v) ))(dt))=(\frac (d\mathbf (v) )(dt))\cdot \mathbf (v) +\mathbf (v) \cdot (\frac (d\mathbf (v) )(dt))=2(\frac (d\mathbf (v) )(dt))\cdot \mathbf (v) =2\mathbf (a) \cdot \mathbf (v) ) . The remaining part of the above derivation is just simple calculus, same as in the preceding rectilinear case. Derivation for a particle in constrained movement ( edit ) In particle dynamics, a formula equating work applied to a system to its change in kinetic energy is obtained as a first integral of Newton's second law of motion . It is useful to notice that the resultant force used in Newton's laws can be separated into forces that are applied to the particle and forces imposed by constraints on the movement of the particle. Remarkably, the work of a constraint force is zero, therefore only the work of the applied forces need be considered in the work-- energy principle. To see this, consider a particle P that follows the trajectory X ( t ) with a force F acting on it. Isolate the particle from its environment to expose constraint forces R , then Newton's Law takes the form F + R = m X ̈ , (\displaystyle \mathbf (F) +\mathbf (R) =m(\ddot (\mathbf (X) )),) where m is the mass of the particle. Vector formulation ( edit ) Note that n dots above a vector indicates its nth time derivative . The scalar product of each side of Newton's law with the velocity vector yields F ⋅ X ̇ = m X ̈ ⋅ X ̇ , (\displaystyle \mathbf (F) \cdot (\dot (\mathbf (X) ))=m(\ddot (\mathbf (X) ))\cdot (\dot (\mathbf (X) )),) because the constraint forces are perpendicular to the particle velocity. Integrate this equation along its trajectory from the point X ( t ) to the point X ( t ) to obtain ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ X ̇ d t = m ∫ t 1 t 2 X ̈ ⋅ X ̇ d t . (\displaystyle \int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))\mathbf (F) \cdot (\dot (\mathbf (X) ))dt=m\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))(\ddot (\mathbf (X) ))\cdot (\dot (\mathbf (X) ))dt.) The left side of this equation is the work of the applied force as it acts on the particle along the trajectory from time t to time t . This can also be written as W = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ X ̇ d t = ∫ X ( t 1 ) X ( t 2 ) F ⋅ d X . (\displaystyle W=\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))\mathbf (F) \cdot (\dot (\mathbf (X) ))dt=\int _(\mathbf (X) (t_(1)))^(\mathbf (X) (t_(2)))\mathbf (F) \cdot d\mathbf (X) .) This integral is computed along the trajectory X ( t ) of the particle and is therefore path dependent. The right side of the first integral of Newton's equations can be simplified using the following identity 1 2 d d t ( X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ ) = X ̈ ⋅ X ̇ , (\displaystyle (\frac (1)(2))(\frac (d)(dt))((\dot (\mathbf (X) ))\cdot (\dot (\mathbf (X) )))=(\ddot (\mathbf (X) ))\cdot (\dot (\mathbf (X) )),) (see product rule for derivation). Now it is integrated explicitly to obtain the change in kinetic energy, Δ K = m ∫ t 1 t 2 X ̈ ⋅ X ̇ d t = m 2 ∫ t 1 t 2 d d t ( X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ ) d t = m 2 X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ ( t 2 ) − m 2 X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ ( t 1 ) = 1 2 m Δ v 2 , (\displaystyle \Delta K=m\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))(\ddot (\mathbf (X) ))\cdot (\dot (\mathbf (X) ))dt=(\frac (m)(2))\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))(\frac (d)(dt))((\dot (\mathbf (X) ))\cdot (\dot (\mathbf (X) )))dt=(\frac (m)(2))(\dot (\mathbf (X) ))\cdot (\dot (\mathbf (X) ))(t_(2))-(\frac (m)(2))(\dot (\mathbf (X) ))\cdot (\dot (\mathbf (X) ))(t_(1))=(\frac (1)(2))m\Delta \mathbf (v^(2)) ,) where the kinetic energy of the particle is defined by the scalar quantity, K = m 2 X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ = 1 2 m v 2 (\displaystyle K=(\frac (m)(2))(\dot (\mathbf (X) ))\cdot (\dot (\mathbf (X) ))=(\frac (1)(2))m(\mathbf (v^(2)) )) Tangential and normal components ( edit ) It is useful to resolve the velocity and acceleration vectors into tangential and normal components along the trajectory X ( t ), such that X ̇ = v T , and X ̈ = v ̇ T + v 2 κ N . (\displaystyle (\dot (\mathbf (X) ))=v\mathbf (T) ,\quad (\mbox(and))\quad (\ddot (\mathbf (X) ))=(\dot (v))\mathbf (T) +v^(2)\kappa \mathbf (N) .) where v = X ̇ = X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ . (\displaystyle v= (\dot (\mathbf (X) )) =(\sqrt ((\dot (\mathbf (X) ))\cdot (\dot (\mathbf (X) )))).) Then, the scalar product of velocity with acceleration in Newton's second law takes the form Δ K = m ∫ t 1 t 2 v ̇ v d t = m 2 ∫ t 1 t 2 d d t v 2 d t = m 2 v 2 ( t 2 ) − m 2 v 2 ( t 1 ) , (\displaystyle \Delta K=m\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))(\dot (v))vdt=(\frac (m)(2))\int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))(\frac (d)(dt))v^(2)dt=(\frac (m)(2))v^(2)(t_(2))-(\frac (m)(2))v^(2)(t_(1)),) . where the kinetic energy of the particle is defined by the scalar quantity, K = m 2 v 2 = m 2 X ̇ ⋅ X ̇ . (\displaystyle K=(\frac (m)(2))v^(2)=(\frac (m)(2))(\dot (\mathbf (X) ))\cdot (\dot (\mathbf (X) )).) The result is the work-- energy principle for particle dynamics, W = Δ K . (\displaystyle W=\Delta K.\!) This derivation can be generalized to arbitrary rigid body systems. Moving in a straight line (skid to a stop) ( edit ) Consider the case of a vehicle moving along a straight horizontal trajectory under the action of a driving force and gravity that sum to F. The constraint forces between the vehicle and the road define R , and we have F + R = m X ̈ . (\displaystyle \mathbf (F) +\mathbf (R) =m(\ddot (\mathbf (X) )).) For convenience let the trajectory be along the X-axis, so X = ( d , 0) and the velocity is V = ( v , 0) , then R ⋅ V = 0 , and F ⋅ V = F v , where F is the component of F along the X-axis, so F x v = m v ̇ v . (\displaystyle F_(x)v=m(\dot (v))v.) Integration of both sides yields ∫ t 1 t 2 F x v d t = m 2 v 2 ( t 2 ) − m 2 v 2 ( t 1 ) . (\displaystyle \int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))F_(x)vdt=(\frac (m)(2))v^(2)(t_(2))-(\frac (m)(2))v^(2)(t_(1)).) If F is constant along the trajectory, then the integral of velocity is distance, so F x ( d ( t 2 ) − d ( t 1 ) ) = m 2 v 2 ( t 2 ) − m 2 v 2 ( t 1 ) . (\displaystyle F_(x)(d(t_(2))-d(t_(1)))=(\frac (m)(2))v^(2)(t_(2))-(\frac (m)(2))v^(2)(t_(1)).) As an example consider a car skidding to a stop, where k is the coefficient of friction and W is the weight of the car. Then the force along the trajectory is F = − kW . The velocity v of the car can be determined from the length s of the skid using the work-- energy principle, k W s = W 2 g v 2 , or v = 2 k s g . (\displaystyle kWs=(\frac (W)(2g))v^(2),\quad (\mbox(or))\quad v=(\sqrt (2ksg)).) Notice that this formula uses the fact that the mass of the vehicle is m = W / g . Lotus type 119B gravity racer at Lotus 60th celebration. Gravity racing championship in Campos Novos, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 8 September 2010. Coasting down a mountain road (gravity racing) ( edit ) Consider the case of a vehicle that starts at rest and coasts down a mountain road, the work-energy principle helps compute the minimum distance that the vehicle travels to reach a velocity V , of say 60 mph (88 fps). Rolling resistance and air drag will slow the vehicle down so the actual distance will be greater than if these forces are neglected. Let the trajectory of the vehicle following the road be X ( t ) which is a curve in three-dimensional space. The force acting on the vehicle that pushes it down the road is the constant force of gravity F = (0, 0, W ) , while the force of the road on the vehicle is the constraint force R. Newton's second law yields, F + R = m X ̈ . (\displaystyle \mathbf (F) +\mathbf (R) =m(\ddot (\mathbf (X) )).) The scalar product of this equation with the velocity, V = ( v , v , v ) , yields W v z = m V ̇ V , (\displaystyle Wv_(z)=m(\dot (V))V,) where V is the magnitude of V . The constraint forces between the vehicle and the road cancel from this equation because R ⋅ V = 0 , which means they do no work. Integrate both sides to obtain ∫ t 1 t 2 W v z d t = m 2 V 2 ( t 2 ) − m 2 V 2 ( t 1 ) . (\displaystyle \int _(t_(1))^(t_(2))Wv_(z)dt=(\frac (m)(2))V^(2)(t_(2))-(\frac (m)(2))V^(2)(t_(1)).) The weight force W is constant along the trajectory and the integral of the vertical velocity is the vertical distance, therefore, W Δ z = m 2 V 2 . (\displaystyle W\Delta z=(\frac (m)(2))V^(2).) Recall that V(t )=0. Notice that this result does not depend on the shape of the road followed by the vehicle. In order to determine the distance along the road assume the downgrade is 6%, which is a steep road. This means the altitude decreases 6 feet for every 100 feet traveled-- for angles this small the sin and tan functions are approximately equal. Therefore, the distance s in feet down a 6% grade to reach the velocity V is at least s = Δ z 0.06 = 8.3 V 2 g , or s = 8.3 88 2 32.2 ≈ 2000 ft . (\displaystyle s=(\frac (\Delta z)(0.06))=8.3(\frac (V^(2))(g)),\quad (\mbox(or))\quad s=8.3(\frac (88^(2))(32.2))\approx 2000(\mbox(ft)).) This formula uses the fact that the weight of the vehicle is W = mg . Work of forces acting on a rigid body ( edit ) The work of forces acting at various points on a single rigid body can be calculated from the work of a resultant force and torque . To see this, let the forces F , F ... F act on the points X , X ... X in a rigid body. The trajectories of X , i = 1, ..., n are defined by the movement of the rigid body. This movement is given by the set of rotations ( A ( t )) and the trajectory d ( t ) of a reference point in the body. Let the coordinates x i = 1, ..., n define these points in the moving rigid body's reference frame M , so that the trajectories traced in the fixed frame F are given by X i ( t ) = ( A ( t ) ) x i + d ( t ) i = 1 , ... , n . (\displaystyle \mathbf (X) _(i)(t)=(A(t))\mathbf (x) _(i)+\mathbf (d) (t)\quad i=1,\ldots ,n.) The velocity of the points X along their trajectories are V i = ω → × ( X i − d ) + d ̇ , (\displaystyle \mathbf (V) _(i)=(\vec (\omega ))\times (\mathbf (X) _(i)-\mathbf (d) )+(\dot (\mathbf (d) )),) where ω is the angular velocity vector obtained from the skew symmetric matrix ( Ω ) = A ̇ A T , (\displaystyle (\Omega )=(\dot (A))A^(\mathrm (T) ),) known as the angular velocity matrix. The small amount of work by the forces over the small displacements δr can be determined by approximating the displacement by δr = vδt so δ W = F 1 ⋅ V 1 δ t + F 2 ⋅ V 2 δ t + ... + F n ⋅ V n δ t (\displaystyle \delta W=\mathbf (F) _(1)\cdot \mathbf (V) _(1)\delta t+\mathbf (F) _(2)\cdot \mathbf (V) _(2)\delta t+\ldots +\mathbf (F) _(n)\cdot \mathbf (V) _(n)\delta t) or δ W = ∑ i = 1 n F i ⋅ ( ω → × ( X i − d ) + d ̇ ) δ t . (\displaystyle \delta W=\sum _(i=1)^(n)\mathbf (F) _(i)\cdot ((\vec (\omega ))\times (\mathbf (X) _(i)-\mathbf (d) )+(\dot (\mathbf (d) )))\delta t.) This formula can be rewritten to obtain δ W = ( ∑ i = 1 n F i ) ⋅ d ̇ δ t + ( ∑ i = 1 n ( X i − d ) × F i ) ⋅ ω → δ t = ( F ⋅ d ̇ + T ⋅ ω → ) δ t , (\displaystyle \delta W=\left(\sum _(i=1)^(n)\mathbf (F) _(i)\right)\cdot (\dot (\mathbf (d) ))\delta t+\left(\sum _(i=1)^(n)\left(\mathbf (X) _(i)-\mathbf (d) \right)\times \mathbf (F) _(i)\right)\cdot (\vec (\omega ))\delta t=\left(\mathbf (F) \cdot (\dot (\mathbf (d) ))+\mathbf (T) \cdot (\vec (\omega ))\right)\delta t,) where F and T are the resultant force and torque applied at the reference point d of the moving frame M in the rigid body. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jammer, Max (1957). Concepts of Force . Dover Publications, Inc. p. 167; footnote 14. ISBN 0-486-40689-X . Jump up ^ Coriolis, Gustave. (1829). Calculation of the Effect of Machines, or Considerations on the Use of Engines and their Evaluation ( Du Calcul de l'effet des Machines, ou Considérations sur l'emploi des Moteurs et sur Leur Evaluation ). Paris: Carilian-Goeury, Libraire. Jump up ^ http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-2/2-2-2.html ^ Jump up to: Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, third edition. P.19 ^ Jump up to: Resnick, Robert and Halliday, David (1966), Physics , Section 1-- 3 (Vol I and II, Combined edition), Wiley International Edition, Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 66-11527 ^ Jump up to: Hugh D. Young & Roger A. Freedman (2008). University Physics (12th ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-321-50130-1 . Jump up ^ J.R. Taylor, Classical Mechanics, University Science Books, 2005. Jump up ^ Andrew Pytel; Jaan Kiusalaas (2010). Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics -- SI Version, Volume 2 (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning,. p. 654. ISBN 9780495295631 . Jump up ^ B. Paul, Kinematics and Dynamics of Planar Machinery, Prentice-Hall, 1979. Jump up ^ E.T. Whittaker , A treatise on the analytical dynamics of particles and rigid bodies, Cambridge University Press, 1904 Jump up ^ Work-- energy principle Bibliography ( edit ) Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W. (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers (6th ed.). Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-534-40842-7 . Tipler, Paul (1991). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Mechanics (3rd ed., extended version ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-87901-432-6 . External links ( edit ) Work -- a chapter from an online textbook Work (in negative direction) -- a chapter to explain the energy expended LOWERING an OBJECT (a crane lowering a heavy item) Work-- energy principle ( hide ) Classical mechanics SI units Linear/translational quantities Angular/rotational quantities Dimensions Dimensions time : t s absement : A ms time : t s distance : d , position : r , s , x , displacement m area : A m angle : θ , angular displacement : θ rad solid angle : Ω rad , sr frequency : f s , Hz speed : v , velocity : v ms kinematic viscosity : ν , specific angular momentum : h m s frequency : f s , Hz angular speed : ω , angular velocity : ω rad s acceleration : a ms angular acceleration : α rad s jerk : j ms angular jerk : ζ rad s mass : m kg ML moment of inertia : I kg m MT momentum : p , impulse : J kg m s , N s action : S , actergy : א kg m s , J s ML T angular momentum : L , angular impulse : ΔL kg m s action : S , actergy : א kg m s , J s MT force : F , weight : F kg ms , N energy : E , work : W kg m s , J ML T torque : τ , moment : M kg m s , N m energy : E , work : W kg m s , J MT yank : Y kg ms , N s power : P kg m s , W ML T rotatum : P kg m s , N ms power : P kg m s , W Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Work_(physics)&oldid=832737837 '' Categories : Energy (physics) Physical quantities Mechanical engineering Mechanics Force Length Hidden categories: Use British English from April 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца )‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 80 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018, at 18:47. 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where does the last name van come from
Maerten Harpertsz Tromp , a famous Dutch admiral from the 17th century , was also known as Maerten Harpertsz van Tromp and even Maerten Harpertsz van der Tromp .
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[ "Look up van in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .", "Look up van in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .", "van is a preposition in the Dutch and Afrikaans languages , meaning `` of '' or `` from '' depending on the context ( similar to de and di in the Romance languages ) .", "van is a very common prefix in Dutch language surnames , where it is known as a tussenvoegsel . In those cases it nearly always refers to a certain , often quite distant , ancestor 's place of origin or residence ; for example , Ludwig van Beethoven `` from Bettenhoven '' and Rembrandt van Rijn `` from the Rhine '' .", "In surnames , it can appear by itself or in combination with an article ( compare French de la , de l ' ) . The most common cases of this are van de , van der and van den , where the articles are all current or archaic forms of the article de `` the '' . Less common are van het and van ' t , which use the similar but neutral article het . Common is also the contraction ver - of van der , which can be written as a single word with the rest of the surname ; an example can be found in Johannes Vermeer ( van der meer `` of the lake '' ) .", "The preposition `` van '' is the most widely used preposition in Dutch surnames , but many others are also used , although not always recognized as such if the whole surname is written as a single word . Just as `` van '' all these prepositions used to indicate geographical locations :", "te -- meaning `` at '' ( or / of towards ) , ( or ter and ten , being the old dative forms ) , e.g. , ter Beek ( of the stream ) thoe / thor -- being the old forms of te as in Thorbecke ( meaning at the brook ) aan -- meaning `` at '' or `` aside '' ( also in combination aan de , aan den , aan het , aan ' t ) , e.g. , aan de Stegge ( meaning aside the road ) op -- meaning `` on '' ( also in combination op de , op der , op den , op ten , op ' t , op het ) , e.g. , as in Op den Akker ( on the field ) in -- meaning `` in '' ( also in combination in de , in den , in der , in het , in ' t ) , in ' t Veld ( in the field ) bij -- meaning `` at '' ( exclusively in combination bij de , bij ' t ) : Bij ' t Vuur ( at the fire ) uit -- or archaic uyt ( uijt ) , meaning `` out '' or `` from '' ( also in combination uit de , uit den , uit het , uyt de , uyt den , uijt de , uijt den , uijt ten ) , e.g. Uytdehaage ( from The Hague or from the hedge ) . over -- meaning `` over '' or `` from the other side '' ( also in combination over de ) , as in Overeem ( from the other side of the river Eem ) onder -- meaning `` under '' or `` below '' or `` at the bottom '' ( also in combination onder de ) , Onderdijk , Onderwater achter -- meaning `` behind '' ( also in combination achter de ) Achterberg ( behind the mountain ) bezuiden -- meaning `` south of '' : Bezuidenhout ( south of the woods ) boven -- meaning `` above '' or `` up '' : Bovelander ( up in the land ) buiten -- meaning `` outside '' or `` in the country '' : Buitenhuis ( outside the house ) voor -- meaning `` in front of '' , ( also in combination voor de , voor den , voor ' t , voor in ' t ) zonder -- meaning `` without '' : Zonderland ( without land ) or Zondervan ( without van , e.g. without a surname beginning with van )", "te -- meaning `` at '' ( or / of towards ) , ( or ter and ten , being the old dative forms ) , e.g. , ter Beek ( of the stream )", "thoe / thor -- being the old forms of te as in Thorbecke ( meaning at the brook )", "aan -- meaning `` at '' or `` aside '' ( also in combination aan de , aan den , aan het , aan ' t ) , e.g. , aan de Stegge ( meaning aside the road )", "op -- meaning `` on '' ( also in combination op de , op der , op den , op ten , op ' t , op het ) , e.g. , as in Op den Akker ( on the field )", "in -- meaning `` in '' ( also in combination in de , in den , in der , in het , in ' t ) , in ' t Veld ( in the field )", "bij -- meaning `` at '' ( exclusively in combination bij de , bij ' t ) : Bij ' t Vuur ( at the fire )", "uit -- or archaic uyt ( uijt ) , meaning `` out '' or `` from '' ( also in combination uit de , uit den , uit het , uyt de , uyt den , uijt de , uijt den , uijt ten ) , e.g. Uytdehaage ( from The Hague or from the hedge ) .", "over -- meaning `` over '' or `` from the other side '' ( also in combination over de ) , as in Overeem ( from the other side of the river Eem )", "onder -- meaning `` under '' or `` below '' or `` at the bottom '' ( also in combination onder de ) , Onderdijk , Onderwater", "achter -- meaning `` behind '' ( also in combination achter de ) Achterberg ( behind the mountain )", "bezuiden -- meaning `` south of '' : Bezuidenhout ( south of the woods )", "boven -- meaning `` above '' or `` up '' : Bovelander ( up in the land )", "buiten -- meaning `` outside '' or `` in the country '' : Buitenhuis ( outside the house )", "voor -- meaning `` in front of '' , ( also in combination voor de , voor den , voor ' t , voor in ' t )", "zonder -- meaning `` without '' : Zonderland ( without land ) or Zondervan ( without van , e.g. without a surname beginning with van )", "Apart from these prepositions the prefix `` de '' ( not a preposition but an article , meaning `` the '' ) is also very common . They indicate a property , quality or origin , as in `` de Lange '' ( the tall one ) , `` de Korte '' ( the small one ) , `` de Groot '' ( the big one ) , `` de Zwart '' , `` de Wit '' , `` de Rode '' ( the one with black , white , red hair or skin ) , `` de Rijke '' ( the rich one ) . The most widespread is `` de Vries '' ( the Frisian ) .", "For Dutch people of French ( usually Huguenot ) origin whose ancestors never modified their surnames to fit Dutch norms , the prefix `` de '' is a preposition similar in meaning to `` van '' .", "Collation and capitalisation of names differs between countries :", "In the Netherlands and Suriname , names starting with `` van '' are filed under the initial letter of the following name proper , so Johannes van der Waals is filed under `` W '' , as : Waals , Johannes van der or van der Waals , Johannes . The `` v '' is written in lower case , except when the surname is used as standalone ( when the first name or initials are omitted ) , in which case it is capitalised , as in `` de schilder Van Gogh '' ( `` the painter Van Gogh '' ) . In compound terms like `` de Van Goghtentoonstelling '' ( `` the Van Gogh exhibition '' ) the `` v '' is capitalised , unless the connection between the person and the concept is or has become very weak . In Belgium , any surnames beginning with `` Van '' or `` van '' are filed under `` V '' . So for example Eric Van Rompuy is listed under the `` V '' section , not under the `` R '' . The lowercase spelling in a name from the Netherlands is respected but not necessarily differentiated in alphabetical ordering and its Dutch style capitalization for certain usages is generally unknown and thus not followed . The painter 's full name however , having become commonplace , is usually spelled Vincent Van Gogh in Belgium . In Flemish surnames the `` V '' is always capitalized though a following interjected `` de '' , `` den '' ( ' the ' ) or `` der '' ( ' of the ' , ' from the ' ) usually stays lowercase . In South Africa the Afrikaans surname Van der Merwe would be listed under the `` v '' section as is done in Belgium ( see below ) and not under `` m '' , however South Africa follows the same capitalisation convention as the Netherlands ( thus , one would refer in English or in Afrikaans to a `` Jan van der Merwe '' when the first name is included , but simply to `` Van der Merwe '' when the first name is omitted ) . In anglicised versions of Dutch names ( as in Dick Van Dyke , George Vancouver , Martin Van Buren ) , the `` van '' is almost always capitalised in the United States , but in the British Isles some families of Dutch origin continue to use the Dutch form ( e.g. Caroline van den Brul ) . Some scientific terms derived from names have become words in their own right , such as vanderwaalsstraal ( `` van der Waals radius '' ) . In English , The American Chemical Society Style Guide recommends writing `` van der Waals '' , `` VandenHeuvel '' and `` va n't Hoff -- Le Bel '' . Where the word `` Van '' is not of Dutch origin , such as in the Vietnamese middle name Wen or Van ( as in Dương Văn Minh , Nguyễn Văn Thiệu ) , there is no reason to use a lower case `` v . ''", "In the Netherlands and Suriname , names starting with `` van '' are filed under the initial letter of the following name proper , so Johannes van der Waals is filed under `` W '' , as : Waals , Johannes van der or van der Waals , Johannes . The `` v '' is written in lower case , except when the surname is used as standalone ( when the first name or initials are omitted ) , in which case it is capitalised , as in `` de schilder Van Gogh '' ( `` the painter Van Gogh '' ) . In compound terms like `` de Van Goghtentoonstelling '' ( `` the Van Gogh exhibition '' ) the `` v '' is capitalised , unless the connection between the person and the concept is or has become very weak .", "In Belgium , any surnames beginning with `` Van '' or `` van '' are filed under `` V '' . So for example Eric Van Rompuy is listed under the `` V '' section , not under the `` R '' . The lowercase spelling in a name from the Netherlands is respected but not necessarily differentiated in alphabetical ordering and its Dutch style capitalization for certain usages is generally unknown and thus not followed . The painter 's full name however , having become commonplace , is usually spelled Vincent Van Gogh in Belgium . In Flemish surnames the `` V '' is always capitalized though a following interjected `` de '' , `` den '' ( ' the ' ) or `` der '' ( ' of the ' , ' from the ' ) usually stays lowercase .", "In South Africa the Afrikaans surname Van der Merwe would be listed under the `` v '' section as is done in Belgium ( see below ) and not under `` m '' , however South Africa follows the same capitalisation convention as the Netherlands ( thus , one would refer in English or in Afrikaans to a `` Jan van der Merwe '' when the first name is included , but simply to `` Van der Merwe '' when the first name is omitted ) .", "In anglicised versions of Dutch names ( as in Dick Van Dyke , George Vancouver , Martin Van Buren ) , the `` van '' is almost always capitalised in the United States , but in the British Isles some families of Dutch origin continue to use the Dutch form ( e.g. Caroline van den Brul ) .", "Some scientific terms derived from names have become words in their own right , such as vanderwaalsstraal ( `` van der Waals radius '' ) . In English , The American Chemical Society Style Guide recommends writing `` van der Waals '' , `` VandenHeuvel '' and `` va n't Hoff -- Le Bel '' .", "Where the word `` Van '' is not of Dutch origin , such as in the Vietnamese middle name Wen or Van ( as in Dương Văn Minh , Nguyễn Văn Thiệu ) , there is no reason to use a lower case `` v . ''", "In some names , usually those of the Flemish / Belgian ones , and also some of the names of people from outside the Low Countries ( with Dutch - speaking immigrant ancestors ) , the prefixes are concatenated to each other or to the name proper and form a single - worded or two - worded surnames , as in Vandervelde or Vande Velde . Prominent examples include `` Vandenberg '' and `` Vanderbilt '' .", "The German `` von '' is a cognate of Dutch `` van '' , though unlike the German `` von '' , the Dutch `` van '' is more often part of a common surname than an indication of nobility or royalty . It can both imply nobility ( Willem van Oranje `` William of ( the ) Orange ( family ) '' ) or signify any ancestral relation to a particular place ( Jan van Ghent `` John ( who hails ) from Ghent '' ) .", "Abraham Van Helsing , fictional character ( Dutch doctor & vampire hunter ) from Bram Stoker 's 1897 Gothic horror novel Dracula Achille Van Acker ( 1898 -- 1975 ) , fourfold Prime Minister of Belgium Adriaen van der Donck ( c. 1618 -- 1655 ) , lawyer and landowner in New Netherland Adriaen van der Werff ( 1659 -- 1722 ) , painter Albertus van Raalte ( 1811 -- 1876 ) , Calvinist preacher and leader of Dutch immigrants to Michigan Alex Van Halen ( born 1953 ) , drummer of Van Halen Andries van Wesel ( 1514 -- 1564 ) , anatomist & physician Anna Maria van Schurman ( 1607 -- 1678 ) , polymath Anneliese van der Pol ( born 1984 ) , actress and singer Anthony van Dyck ( 1599 -- 1641 ) , painter Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 -- 1723 ) , scientist Armin van Buuren ( born 1976 ) , popular Trance DJ Ben van Beurden ( born 1958 ) , Current CEO of Royal Dutch Shell plc . Cameron van der Burgh ( born 1988 ) , swimmer Carice van Houten ( born 1976 ) , actress Caroline van der Leeuw - Caro Emerald ( born 1981 ) , popular singer Cornelis Van Niel ( 1897 -- 1985 ) , microbiologist Cornelius Vanderbilt ( 1794 -- 1877 ) , business magnate and philanthropist Dick Van Dyke ( born 1925 ) , actor and comedian Earl Van Dorn ( 1820 -- 1863 ) , Confederate general during the American Civil War . Nick Van Exel ( born 1971 ) , basketball player Eddie Van Halen ( born 1955 ) , guitarist of Van Halen Edwin van der Sar ( born 1970 ) , football player Giedo van der Garde ( born 1985 ) , racing driver Giovanni van Bronckhorst ( born 1975 ) , football player Greta Van Susteren ( born 1954 ) , Fox News journalist Guido van Rossum ( born 1956 ) , inventor of the Python programming language Gus Van Sant ( born 1952 ) , film director , screenwriter , painter , photographer , musician and author Han van Meegeren ( 1889 -- 1947 ) , painter and ingenious art forger Hendrik Willem van Loon ( 1882 -- 1944 ) , author , historian and journalist Henry van de Velde ( 1863 -- 1957 ) , painter , architect and interior designer Hubert van Es ( 1941 -- 2009 ) , photographer Jacobus Henricus van ' t Hoff ( 1852 -- 1911 ) , physical & organic chemist , first winner of the Nobel Prize in chemistry Jacob van Campen ( 1596 -- 1657 ) , architect Jacob van Ruisdael ( c. 1629 -- 1682 ) , landscape painter Jaap van Zweden ( born 1960 ) , violinist and conductor James Van Allen ( 1914 -- 2006 ) , space scientist James Van Fleet ( 1892 -- 1992 ) , U.S. four star general James Van Der Beek ( born 1977 ) , television , film , and stage actor Jan Baptist van Helmont ( 1579 -- 1644 ) , chemist & physician Jan van Eyck ( c. 1395 -- 1441 ) , painter Jan van Riebeeck ( 1619 -- 1677 ) , colonial administrator and founder of Cape Town Jean - Claude Van Damme ( born 1960 ) , martial artist , actor and director Johannes Diderik van der Waals ( 1837 -- 1923 ) , physicist Johan van Oldenbarnevelt ( 1547 -- 1619 ) , statesman Johnny Vander Meer ( 1914 -- 1997 ) , baseball player John Hasbrouck Van Vleck ( 1899 -- 1980 ) , American physicist & mathematician , co-awarded the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physics Jon van Rood ( 1926 -- 2017 ) , immunologist Joost van den Vondel ( 1587 -- 1679 ) , writer & playwright Joost van der Westhuizen ( 1971 -- 2017 ) , rugby player Joran van der Sloot ( born 1987 ) , convicted murderer José van Dijck ( born 1960 ) , new media scholar , first female president of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Kiliaen van Rensselaer ( 1586 -- 1643 ) , merchant Lee Van Cleef ( 1925 -- 1989 ) , actor Leontien van Moorsel ( born 1970 ) , cyclist Louis van Gaal ( born 1951 ) , football player and manager Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ( 1886 -- 1969 ) , German - American architect Ludwig van Beethoven ( 1770 -- 1827 ) , composer and pianist Mamie Van Doren ( born 1931 ) , actress , model , singer and sex symbol Marco van Basten ( born 1964 ) , football player , manager Marinus van der Lubbe ( 1909 -- 1934 ) , person executed for setting fire to the German Reichstag building Mario Van Peebles ( born 1957 ) , actor , director Martin Van Buren ( 1782 -- 1862 ) , eighth president of the United States Menno van Coehoorn ( 1641 -- 1704 ) , military engineer Michael van Gerwen ( born 1989 ) , darts player Monique van de Ven ( born 1952 ) , actress Olivier van Noort ( 1558 -- 1627 ) , explorer , first Dutchman to circumnavigate the world Paul van Dyk ( born 1971 ) , DJ / music artist Pieter van den Hoogenband ( born 1978 ) , swimmer Rafael van der Vaart ( born 1983 ) , footballer Raymond van Barneveld ( born 1967 ) , darts player Rembrandt van Rijn ( 1606 -- 1669 ) , painter Rik Van Looy ( born 1933 ) , cyclist Rip Van Winkle fictional character from a short story by American author Washington Irving . Rob Van Dam fictional wwe character ( born 1970 ) , pro wrestler Robert J. Van de Graaff ( 1901 -- 1967 ) , physicist , developed the Van de Graaff generator Robin van Persie ( born 1983 ) , football player Rogier van der Weyden ( 1400 -- 1464 ) , painter Ronnie Van Zant ( 1948 -- 1977 ) , lead singer of the American rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd Ruud van Nistelrooy ( born 1976 ) , football player Simon van der Meer ( 1925 -- 2011 ) , particle accelerator physicist , Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 Shane van Gisbergen ( born 1989 ) , race car driver Steven Van Zandt ( born 1950 ) , musician , songwriter , arranger , record producer , actor , and radio disc jockey Todd Van Steensel ( born 1991 ) , Australian baseball player Townes Van Zandt ( 1944 -- 1997 ) , musician , and songwriter Vincent van Gogh ( 1853 -- 1890 ) , painter Willebrord Snel van Royen ( 1580 -- 1626 ) , Dutch astronomer & mathematician Willem van Oranje ( 1533 -- 1584 ) , nobleman , founder of the Dutch nation Willem Hendrik van Oranje ( 1650 -- 1702 ) , Stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands ( 1672 -- 1702 ) and King of England , Scotland , and Ireland ( 1689 -- 1702 ) Maerten Harpertsz Tromp , a famous Dutch admiral from the 17th century , was also known as Maerten Harpertsz van Tromp and even Maerten Harpertsz van der Tromp .", "Abraham Van Helsing , fictional character ( Dutch doctor & vampire hunter ) from Bram Stoker 's 1897 Gothic horror novel Dracula", "Achille Van Acker ( 1898 -- 1975 ) , fourfold Prime Minister of Belgium", "Adriaen van der Donck ( c. 1618 -- 1655 ) , lawyer and landowner in New Netherland", "Adriaen van der Werff ( 1659 -- 1722 ) , painter", "Albertus van Raalte ( 1811 -- 1876 ) , Calvinist preacher and leader of Dutch immigrants to Michigan", "Alex Van Halen ( born 1953 ) , drummer of Van Halen", "Andries van Wesel ( 1514 -- 1564 ) , anatomist & physician", "Anna Maria van Schurman ( 1607 -- 1678 ) , polymath", "Anneliese van der Pol ( born 1984 ) , actress and singer", "Anthony van Dyck ( 1599 -- 1641 ) , painter", "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 -- 1723 ) , scientist", "Armin van Buuren ( born 1976 ) , popular Trance DJ", "Ben van Beurden ( born 1958 ) , Current CEO of Royal Dutch Shell plc .", "Cameron van der Burgh ( born 1988 ) , swimmer", "Carice van Houten ( born 1976 ) , actress", "Caroline van der Leeuw - Caro Emerald ( born 1981 ) , popular singer", "Cornelis Van Niel ( 1897 -- 1985 ) , microbiologist", "Cornelius Vanderbilt ( 1794 -- 1877 ) , business magnate and philanthropist", "Dick Van Dyke ( born 1925 ) , actor and comedian", "Earl Van Dorn ( 1820 -- 1863 ) , Confederate general during the American Civil War .", "Nick Van Exel ( born 1971 ) , basketball player", "Eddie Van Halen ( born 1955 ) , guitarist of Van Halen", "Edwin van der Sar ( born 1970 ) , football player", "Giedo van der Garde ( born 1985 ) , racing driver", "Giovanni van Bronckhorst ( born 1975 ) , football player", "Greta Van Susteren ( born 1954 ) , Fox News journalist", "Guido van Rossum ( born 1956 ) , inventor of the Python programming language", "Gus Van Sant ( born 1952 ) , film director , screenwriter , painter , photographer , musician and author", "Han van Meegeren ( 1889 -- 1947 ) , painter and ingenious art forger", "Hendrik Willem van Loon ( 1882 -- 1944 ) , author , historian and journalist", "Henry van de Velde ( 1863 -- 1957 ) , painter , architect and interior designer", "Hubert van Es ( 1941 -- 2009 ) , photographer", "Jacobus Henricus van ' t Hoff ( 1852 -- 1911 ) , physical & organic chemist , first winner of the Nobel Prize in chemistry", "Jacob van Campen ( 1596 -- 1657 ) , architect", "Jacob van Ruisdael ( c. 1629 -- 1682 ) , landscape painter", "Jaap van Zweden ( born 1960 ) , violinist and conductor", "James Van Allen ( 1914 -- 2006 ) , space scientist", "James Van Fleet ( 1892 -- 1992 ) , U.S. four star general", "James Van Der Beek ( born 1977 ) , television , film , and stage actor", "Jan Baptist van Helmont ( 1579 -- 1644 ) , chemist & physician", "Jan van Eyck ( c. 1395 -- 1441 ) , painter", "Jan van Riebeeck ( 1619 -- 1677 ) , colonial administrator and founder of Cape Town", "Jean - Claude Van Damme ( born 1960 ) , martial artist , actor and director", "Johannes Diderik van der Waals ( 1837 -- 1923 ) , physicist", "Johan van Oldenbarnevelt ( 1547 -- 1619 ) , statesman", "Johnny Vander Meer ( 1914 -- 1997 ) , baseball player", "John Hasbrouck Van Vleck ( 1899 -- 1980 ) , American physicist & mathematician , co-awarded the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physics", "Jon van Rood ( 1926 -- 2017 ) , immunologist", "Joost van den Vondel ( 1587 -- 1679 ) , writer & playwright", "Joost van der Westhuizen ( 1971 -- 2017 ) , rugby player", "Joran van der Sloot ( born 1987 ) , convicted murderer", "José van Dijck ( born 1960 ) , new media scholar , first female president of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences", "Kiliaen van Rensselaer ( 1586 -- 1643 ) , merchant", "Lee Van Cleef ( 1925 -- 1989 ) , actor", "Leontien van Moorsel ( born 1970 ) , cyclist", "Louis van Gaal ( born 1951 ) , football player and manager", "Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ( 1886 -- 1969 ) , German - American architect", "Ludwig van Beethoven ( 1770 -- 1827 ) , composer and pianist", "Mamie Van Doren ( born 1931 ) , actress , model , singer and sex symbol", "Marco van Basten ( born 1964 ) , football player , manager", "Marinus van der Lubbe ( 1909 -- 1934 ) , person executed for setting fire to the German Reichstag building", "Mario Van Peebles ( born 1957 ) , actor , director", "Martin Van Buren ( 1782 -- 1862 ) , eighth president of the United States", "Menno van Coehoorn ( 1641 -- 1704 ) , military engineer", "Michael van Gerwen ( born 1989 ) , darts player", "Monique van de Ven ( born 1952 ) , actress", "Olivier van Noort ( 1558 -- 1627 ) , explorer , first Dutchman to circumnavigate the world", "Paul van Dyk ( born 1971 ) , DJ / music artist", "Pieter van den Hoogenband ( born 1978 ) , swimmer", "Rafael van der Vaart ( born 1983 ) , footballer", "Raymond van Barneveld ( born 1967 ) , darts player", "Rembrandt van Rijn ( 1606 -- 1669 ) , painter", "Rik Van Looy ( born 1933 ) , cyclist", "Rip Van Winkle fictional character from a short story by American author Washington Irving .", "Rob Van Dam fictional wwe character ( born 1970 ) , pro wrestler", "Robert J. Van de Graaff ( 1901 -- 1967 ) , physicist , developed the Van de Graaff generator", "Robin van Persie ( born 1983 ) , football player", "Rogier van der Weyden ( 1400 -- 1464 ) , painter", "Ronnie Van Zant ( 1948 -- 1977 ) , lead singer of the American rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd", "Ruud van Nistelrooy ( born 1976 ) , football player", "Simon van der Meer ( 1925 -- 2011 ) , particle accelerator physicist , Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984", "Shane van Gisbergen ( born 1989 ) , race car driver", "Steven Van Zandt ( born 1950 ) , musician , songwriter , arranger , record producer , actor , and radio disc jockey", "Todd Van Steensel ( born 1991 ) , Australian baseball player", "Townes Van Zandt ( 1944 -- 1997 ) , musician , and songwriter", "Vincent van Gogh ( 1853 -- 1890 ) , painter", "Willebrord Snel van Royen ( 1580 -- 1626 ) , Dutch astronomer & mathematician", "Willem van Oranje ( 1533 -- 1584 ) , nobleman , founder of the Dutch nation", "Willem Hendrik van Oranje ( 1650 -- 1702 ) , Stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands ( 1672 -- 1702 ) and King of England , Scotland , and Ireland ( 1689 -- 1702 )", "Maerten Harpertsz Tromp , a famous Dutch admiral from the 17th century , was also known as Maerten Harpertsz van Tromp and even Maerten Harpertsz van der Tromp ." ]
Van (Dutch) - wikipedia Van (Dutch) Look up van in Wiktionary , the free dictionary. van is a preposition in the Dutch and Afrikaans languages, meaning `` of'' or `` from'' depending on the context (similar to de and di in the Romance languages ). van is a very common prefix in Dutch language surnames , where it is known as a tussenvoegsel . In those cases it nearly always refers to a certain, often quite distant, ancestor's place of origin or residence; for example, Ludwig van Beethoven `` from Bettenhoven '' and Rembrandt van Rijn `` from the Rhine '' . In surnames, it can appear by itself or in combination with an article (compare French de la , de l' ). The most common cases of this are van de , van der and van den , where the articles are all current or archaic forms of the article de `` the'' . Less common are van het and van ' t , which use the similar but neutral article het . Common is also the contraction ver- of van der , which can be written as a single word with the rest of the surname; an example can be found in Johannes Vermeer ( van der meer `` of the lake '' ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Related prepositions 2 Spelling conventions 2.1 Collation and capitalisation 2.2 Concatenation 3 Nobility 4 Prominent people with Van in their surname 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Related prepositions ( edit ) Main article: Tussenvoegsel The preposition `` van '' is the most widely used preposition in Dutch surnames, but many others are also used, although not always recognized as such if the whole surname is written as a single word. Just as `` van'' all these prepositions used to indicate geographical locations: te -- meaning `` at'' (or/of towards), (or ter and ten , being the old dative forms), e.g. , ter Beek (of the stream) thoe/thor -- being the old forms of te as in Thorbecke (meaning at the brook) aan -- meaning `` at'' or `` aside'' (also in combination aan de, aan den, aan het, aan ' t ), e.g. , aan de Stegge (meaning aside the road) op -- meaning `` on'' (also in combination op de, op der, op den, op ten, op ' t, op het ), e.g. , as in Op den Akker (on the field) in -- meaning `` in'' (also in combination in de, in den, in der, in het, in ' t ), in ' t Veld (in the field) bij -- meaning `` at'' (exclusively in combination bij de, bij ' t): Bij ' t Vuur (at the fire) uit -- or archaic uyt (uijt), meaning `` out'' or `` from'' (also in combination uit de, uit den, uit het, uyt de, uyt den, uijt de, uijt den, uijt ten ), e.g. Uytdehaage (from The Hague or from the hedge). over -- meaning `` over'' or `` from the other side'' (also in combination over de ), as in Overeem (from the other side of the river Eem) onder -- meaning `` under'' or `` below'' or `` at the bottom'' (also in combination onder de ), Onderdijk, Onderwater achter -- meaning `` behind'' (also in combination achter de ) Achterberg (behind the mountain) bezuiden -- meaning `` south of'' : Bezuidenhout (south of the woods) boven -- meaning `` above'' or `` up'' : Bovelander (up in the land) buiten -- meaning `` outside'' or `` in the country'' : Buitenhuis (outside the house) voor -- meaning `` in front of'' , (also in combination voor de, voor den, voor ' t, voor in ' t ) zonder -- meaning `` without'' : Zonderland (without land) or Zondervan (without van , e.g. without a surname beginning with van ) Apart from these prepositions the prefix `` de'' (not a preposition but an article, meaning `` the'' ) is also very common. They indicate a property, quality or origin, as in `` de Lange'' (the tall one), `` de Korte'' (the small one), `` de Groot'' (the big one), `` de Zwart'' , `` de Wit'' , `` de Rode'' (the one with black, white, red hair or skin), `` de Rijke'' (the rich one). The most widespread is `` de Vries '' (the Frisian). For Dutch people of French (usually Huguenot ) origin whose ancestors never modified their surnames to fit Dutch norms, the prefix `` de'' is a preposition similar in meaning to `` van '' . Spelling conventions ( edit ) Collation and capitalisation ( edit ) Collation and capitalisation of names differs between countries: In the Netherlands and Suriname , names starting with `` van'' are filed under the initial letter of the following name proper, so Johannes van der Waals is filed under `` W'' , as: Waals, Johannes van der or van der Waals, Johannes . The `` v'' is written in lower case, except when the surname is used as standalone (when the first name or initials are omitted), in which case it is capitalised, as in `` de schilder Van Gogh '' (`` the painter Van Gogh'' ). In compound terms like `` de Van Goghtentoonstelling'' (`` the Van Gogh exhibition'' ) the `` v'' is capitalised, unless the connection between the person and the concept is or has become very weak. In Belgium , any surnames beginning with `` Van'' or `` van'' are filed under `` V'' . So for example Eric Van Rompuy is listed under the `` V'' section, not under the `` R'' . The lowercase spelling in a name from the Netherlands is respected but not necessarily differentiated in alphabetical ordering and its Dutch style capitalization for certain usages is generally unknown and thus not followed. The painter's full name however, having become commonplace, is usually spelled Vincent Van Gogh in Belgium. In Flemish surnames the `` V'' is always capitalized though a following interjected `` de'' , `` den'' (' the' ) or `` der'' (' of the' , ' from the' ) usually stays lowercase. In South Africa the Afrikaans surname Van der Merwe would be listed under the `` v'' section as is done in Belgium (see below) and not under `` m'' , however South Africa follows the same capitalisation convention as the Netherlands (thus, one would refer in English or in Afrikaans to a `` Jan van der Merwe'' when the first name is included, but simply to `` Van der Merwe'' when the first name is omitted). In anglicised versions of Dutch names (as in Dick Van Dyke , George Vancouver , Martin Van Buren ), the `` van'' is almost always capitalised in the United States, but in the British Isles some families of Dutch origin continue to use the Dutch form (e.g. Caroline van den Brul ). Some scientific terms derived from names have become words in their own right, such as vanderwaalsstraal (`` van der Waals radius '' ). In English, The American Chemical Society Style Guide recommends writing `` van der Waals'' , `` VandenHeuvel'' and `` van't Hoff-- Le Bel '' . Where the word `` Van'' is not of Dutch origin, such as in the Vietnamese middle name Wen or Van (as in Dương Văn Minh , Nguyễn Văn Thiệu ), there is no reason to use a lower case `` v.'' Concatenation ( edit ) In some names, usually those of the Flemish/Belgian ones, and also some of the names of people from outside the Low Countries (with Dutch-speaking immigrant ancestors), the prefixes are concatenated to each other or to the name proper and form a single-worded or two-worded surnames, as in Vandervelde or Vande Velde . Prominent examples include `` Vandenberg'' and `` Vanderbilt'' . Nobility ( edit ) The German `` von '' is a cognate of Dutch `` van'' , though unlike the German `` von'' , the Dutch `` van'' is more often part of a common surname than an indication of nobility or royalty . It can both imply nobility ( Willem van Oranje `` William of (the) Orange (family) '' ) or signify any ancestral relation to a particular place ( Jan van Ghent `` John (who hails) from Ghent '' ). Prominent people with van in their surname ( edit ) Abraham Van Helsing , fictional character (Dutch doctor & vampire hunter ) from Bram Stoker 's 1897 Gothic horror novel Dracula Achille Van Acker (1898-- 1975), fourfold Prime Minister of Belgium Adriaen van der Donck (c. 1618-- 1655), lawyer and landowner in New Netherland Adriaen van der Werff (1659-- 1722), painter Albertus van Raalte (1811-- 1876), Calvinist preacher and leader of Dutch immigrants to Michigan Alex Van Halen (born 1953), drummer of Van Halen Andries van Wesel (1514-- 1564), anatomist & physician Anna Maria van Schurman (1607-- 1678), polymath Anneliese van der Pol (born 1984), actress and singer Anthony van Dyck (1599-- 1641), painter Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-- 1723), scientist Armin van Buuren (born 1976), popular Trance DJ Ben van Beurden (born 1958), Current CEO of Royal Dutch Shell plc. Cameron van der Burgh (born 1988), swimmer Carice van Houten (born 1976), actress Caroline van der Leeuw - Caro Emerald (born 1981), popular singer Cornelis Van Niel (1897-- 1985), microbiologist Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794-- 1877), business magnate and philanthropist Dick Van Dyke (born 1925), actor and comedian Earl Van Dorn (1820-- 1863), Confederate general during the American Civil War. Nick Van Exel (born 1971), basketball player Eddie Van Halen (born 1955), guitarist of Van Halen Edwin van der Sar (born 1970), football player Giedo van der Garde (born 1985), racing driver Giovanni van Bronckhorst (born 1975), football player Greta Van Susteren (born 1954), Fox News journalist Guido van Rossum (born 1956), inventor of the Python programming language Gus Van Sant (born 1952), film director, screenwriter, painter, photographer, musician and author Han van Meegeren (1889-- 1947), painter and ingenious art forger Hendrik Willem van Loon (1882-- 1944), author, historian and journalist Henry van de Velde (1863-- 1957), painter, architect and interior designer Hubert van Es (1941-- 2009), photographer Jacobus Henricus van ' t Hoff (1852-- 1911), physical & organic chemist, first winner of the Nobel Prize in chemistry Jacob van Campen (1596-- 1657), architect Jacob van Ruisdael (c.1629-- 1682), landscape painter Jaap van Zweden (born 1960), violinist and conductor James Van Allen (1914-- 2006), space scientist James Van Fleet (1892-- 1992), U.S. four star general James Van Der Beek (born 1977), television, film, and stage actor Jan Baptist van Helmont (1579-- 1644), chemist & physician Jan van Eyck (c. 1395-- 1441), painter Jan van Riebeeck (1619-- 1677), colonial administrator and founder of Cape Town Jean-Claude Van Damme (born 1960), martial artist, actor and director Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837-- 1923), physicist Johan van Oldenbarnevelt (1547-- 1619), statesman Johnny Vander Meer (1914-- 1997), baseball player John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (1899-- 1980), American physicist & mathematician, co-awarded the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physics Jon van Rood (1926-- 2017), immunologist Joost van den Vondel (1587-- 1679), writer & playwright Joost van der Westhuizen (1971-- 2017), rugby player Joran van der Sloot (born 1987), convicted murderer José van Dijck (born 1960), new media scholar, first female president of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Kiliaen van Rensselaer (1586-- 1643), merchant Lee Van Cleef (1925-- 1989), actor Leontien van Moorsel (born 1970), cyclist Louis van Gaal (born 1951), football player and manager Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-- 1969), German-American architect Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-- 1827), composer and pianist Mamie Van Doren (born 1931), actress, model, singer and sex symbol Marco van Basten (born 1964), football player, manager Marinus van der Lubbe (1909-- 1934), person executed for setting fire to the German Reichstag building Mario Van Peebles (born 1957), actor, director Martin Van Buren (1782-- 1862), eighth president of the United States Menno van Coehoorn (1641-- 1704), military engineer Michael van Gerwen (born 1989), darts player Monique van de Ven (born 1952), actress Olivier van Noort (1558-- 1627), explorer, first Dutchman to circumnavigate the world Paul van Dyk (born 1971), DJ/music artist Pieter van den Hoogenband (born 1978), swimmer Rafael van der Vaart (born 1983), footballer Raymond van Barneveld (born 1967), darts player Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-- 1669), painter Rik Van Looy (born 1933), cyclist Rip Van Winkle fictional character from a short story by American author Washington Irving . Rob Van Dam fictional wwe character (born 1970), pro wrestler Robert J. Van de Graaff (1901-- 1967), physicist, developed the Van de Graaff generator Robin van Persie (born 1983), football player Rogier van der Weyden (1400-- 1464), painter Ronnie Van Zant (1948-- 1977), lead singer of the American rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd Ruud van Nistelrooy (born 1976), football player Simon van der Meer (1925-- 2011), particle accelerator physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 Shane van Gisbergen (born 1989), race car driver Steven Van Zandt (born 1950), musician, songwriter, arranger, record producer, actor, and radio disc jockey Todd Van Steensel (born 1991), Australian baseball player Townes Van Zandt (1944-- 1997), musician, and songwriter Vincent van Gogh (1853-- 1890), painter Willebrord Snel van Royen (1580-- 1626), Dutch astronomer & mathematician Willem van Oranje (1533-- 1584), nobleman, founder of the Dutch nation Willem Hendrik van Oranje (1650-- 1702), Stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands (1672-- 1702) and King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689-- 1702) Maerten Harpertsz Tromp , a famous Dutch admiral from the 17th century, was also known as Maerten Harpertsz van Tromp and even Maerten Harpertsz van der Tromp. See also ( edit ) Van Rensselaer (surname) Roosevelt (name) , originally spelled `` Van Rosevelt'' or `` Van Rosenvelt'' Vanderbilt family Van Halen Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While Rembrandt was actually born close to the Rhine, he merely inherited the name from his father who already carried it. Van Beethoven neither lived nor was born in Bettenhoven, but a patrilinear ancestor perhaps was. Such names often go back centuries and may once have been mere self-imposed titles that their children then adopted. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Brians, Paul (25 May 2016). `` multipart names'' . Washington State University . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ (1) Jump up ^ http://taaladvies.net/taal/advies/tekst/87/literatuurlijsten_algemeen/#4 Jump up ^ http://woordenlijst.org/leidraad/16/2 Regel 16.B Jump up ^ http://woordenlijst.org/leidraad/16/2 Regel 16.D Jump up ^ `` Vlaamse Volksvertegenwoordigers Per Fractie'' . Archived from the original on 2007-02-27 . Retrieved 2007-02-27 . Jump up ^ The ACS Style Guide. Chapter 9: `` Gammar and Spelling'' . http://pubs.acs.org/isbn/9780841239999 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Van_(Dutch)&oldid=851256276 '' Categories : Dutch words and phrases Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Русский Slovenščina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018, at 02:53 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
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i ain't got no home by clarence frogman henry
`` But I Do '' b / w `` Ai n't Got No Home '' A-side chart reentry - - 65
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[ "This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Clarence `` Frogman '' Henry Birth name Clarence Henry II ( 1937 - 03 - 19 ) March 19 , 1937 ( age 80 ) New Orleans , Louisiana , United States Genres Rhythm and blues Occupation ( s ) Musician Instruments Vocals , piano Years active 1952 -- present Labels Argo", "Clarence `` Frogman '' Henry", "Birth name Clarence Henry II", "( 1937 - 03 - 19 ) March 19 , 1937 ( age 80 ) New Orleans , Louisiana , United States", "Genres Rhythm and blues", "Occupation ( s ) Musician", "Instruments Vocals , piano", "Years active 1952 -- present", "Labels Argo", "Clarence Henry II ( born March 19 , 1937 ) , known as Clarence `` Frogman '' Henry , is an American rhythm and blues singer and pianist , best known for his hits `` Ai n't Got No Home '' ( 1956 ) and `` But I Do '' ( 1961 ) .", "Clarence Henry was born in New Orleans in 1937 , moving to the Algiers neighborhood in 1948 . He started learning piano as a child , with Fats Domino and Professor Longhair being his main influences . When Henry played in talent shows , he dressed like Longhair and wore a wig with braids on both sides . He joined Bobby Mitchell & the Toppers in 1952 , playing piano and trombone , before leaving when he graduated in 1955 to join saxophonist Eddie Smith 's band .", "He used his trademark croak to improvise the song `` Ai n't Got No Home '' one night in 1955 . Chess Records ' A&R man Paul Gayten heard the song , and had Henry record it in Cosimo Matassa 's studio in September 1956 . Initially promoted by local DJ Poppa Stoppa , the song eventually rose to number 3 on the national R&B chart and number 20 on the US pop chart . The gimmick earned Henry his nickname of ' Frogman ' and jump - started a career that endures to this day .", "He toured nationally with a six - piece band until 1958 , and continued to record . A cover of Bobby Charles ' hit `` ( I Do n't Know Why ) But I Do '' , and `` You Always Hurt the One You Love '' , both from 1961 , were his other big hits .", "Henry opened eighteen concerts for the Beatles across the US and Canada in 1964 , but his main source of income came from the Bourbon Street strip in New Orleans , where he played for nineteen years . His name could still draw hordes of tourists long after his hit - making days had ended . He still plays at various conventions , including the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival .", "Henry 's pioneering contribution to the genre has been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame . In April 2007 , `` Frogman '' was honored for his contributions to Louisiana music with induction into the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame .", "The Band recorded a version of Henry 's trademark song `` Ai n't Got No Home '' for their 1973 album Moondog Matinee . Henry 's original of the song was later featured on the soundtrack of the 1982 film Diner . It was used in a famous bathtub scene in the cult movie The Lost Boys with actor Corey Haim singing along to it . Rod Stewart uses the chorus of `` Ai n't Got No Home '' in his 1984 single `` Some Guys Have All the Luck '' . It achieved fresh notoriety in the 1990s through its use as the `` Homeless Update '' theme music on The Rush Limbaugh Show , and is still used as recently as April 28 , 2014 . The song is in the movie Casino playing in the background as Joe Pesci asks Robert De Niro for a 50K chip marker . Jimmy Buffett referenced Henry in his song `` Saxophones '' . Henry made a cameo appearance on the third season opening episode of the HBO series Treme .", "On his Live / Indian Summer album , Al Stewart introduced his song `` Year of the Cat '' with an odd anecdote about a mistaken - identity encounter involving Henry , Audrey Hepburn , and G. Gordon Liddy .", "Year Single ( A-side , B - side ) Chart Positions US Pop US R&B UK 1956 `` Ai n't Got No Home '' b / w `` Troubles , Troubles '' 20 - 1957 `` Lonely Tramp '' b / w `` I 'm A Country Boy '' - - - `` It Wo n't Be Long '' b / w `` I Found A Home '' - - - 1958 `` I 'm In Love '' b / w `` Baby , Baby Please '' - - - 1961 `` But I Do '' b / w `` Just My Baby and Me '' 9 `` You Always Hurt the One You Love '' b / w `` Little Suzy '' 12 11 6 `` Lonely Street '' b / w `` Why Ca n't You '' 57 19 42 `` On Bended Knees '' b / w `` Standing In The Need Of Love '' 64 - - 1962 `` A Little Too Much '' b / w `` I Wish I Could Say The Same '' 77 - - `` Dream Myself A Sweetheart '' b / w `` Lost Without You '' - - - `` The Jealous Kind '' b / w `` Come On and Dance '' - - - 1963 `` It Takes Two To Tango '' b / w `` If I Did n't Care '' - - - 1964 `` Looking Back '' b / w `` Long Lost and Worried '' - - - `` Have You Ever Been Lonely '' b / w `` Little Green Frog '' - - - 1965 `` You Ca n't Hide A Tear '' b / w `` I Told My Pillow '' - - - `` Tore Up Over You '' b / w `` I Might As Well '' - - - 1966 `` Ai n't Got No Home '' ( Re-recorded version ) b / w `` Baby Ai n't That Love '' - - - `` Cajun Honey '' b / w `` Think It Over '' - - - 1967 `` Hummin ' A Heartache '' b / w `` This Time '' - - - 1968 `` That 's When I Guessed '' b / w `` Shake Your Moneymaker '' - - - `` But I Do '' b / w `` Ai n't Got No Home '' A-side chart reentry - - 65", "Year Single ( A-side , B - side ) Chart Positions", "US Pop US R&B UK", "1956 `` Ai n't Got No Home '' b / w `` Troubles , Troubles '' 20 -", "1957 `` Lonely Tramp '' b / w `` I 'm A Country Boy '' - - -", "`` It Wo n't Be Long '' b / w `` I Found A Home '' - - -", "1958 `` I 'm In Love '' b / w `` Baby , Baby Please '' - - -", "1961 `` But I Do '' b / w `` Just My Baby and Me '' 9", "`` You Always Hurt the One You Love '' b / w `` Little Suzy '' 12 11 6", "`` Lonely Street '' b / w `` Why Ca n't You '' 57 19 42", "`` On Bended Knees '' b / w `` Standing In The Need Of Love '' 64 - -", "1962 `` A Little Too Much '' b / w `` I Wish I Could Say The Same '' 77 - -", "`` Dream Myself A Sweetheart '' b / w `` Lost Without You '' - - -", "`` The Jealous Kind '' b / w `` Come On and Dance '' - - -", "1963 `` It Takes Two To Tango '' b / w `` If I Did n't Care '' - - -", "1964 `` Looking Back '' b / w `` Long Lost and Worried '' - - -", "`` Have You Ever Been Lonely '' b / w `` Little Green Frog '' - - -", "1965 `` You Ca n't Hide A Tear '' b / w `` I Told My Pillow '' - - -", "`` Tore Up Over You '' b / w `` I Might As Well '' - - -", "1966 `` Ai n't Got No Home '' ( Re-recorded version ) b / w `` Baby Ai n't That Love '' - - -", "`` Cajun Honey '' b / w `` Think It Over '' - - -", "1967 `` Hummin ' A Heartache '' b / w `` This Time '' - - -", "1968 `` That 's When I Guessed '' b / w `` Shake Your Moneymaker '' - - -", "`` But I Do '' b / w `` Ai n't Got No Home '' A-side chart reentry - - 65" ]
Clarence `` Frogman'' Henry - wikipedia Clarence `` Frogman'' Henry Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the rhythm and blues artist. For other people with the same name, see Clarence Henry . This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Clarence `` Frogman'' Henry Birth name Clarence Henry II ( 1937-03-19 ) March 19, 1937 (age 80) New Orleans , Louisiana , United States Genres Rhythm and blues Occupation(s) Musician Instruments Vocals , piano Years active 1952-- present Labels Argo Clarence Henry II (born March 19, 1937), known as Clarence `` Frogman'' Henry , is an American rhythm and blues singer and pianist , best known for his hits `` Ain't Got No Home '' (1956) and `` But I Do '' (1961). Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Honors 3 Secondary references and re-use of hits 4 Discography 4.1 Singles 5 References 6 External links Career ( edit ) Clarence Henry was born in New Orleans in 1937, moving to the Algiers neighborhood in 1948. He started learning piano as a child, with Fats Domino and Professor Longhair being his main influences. When Henry played in talent shows, he dressed like Longhair and wore a wig with braids on both sides. He joined Bobby Mitchell & the Toppers in 1952, playing piano and trombone , before leaving when he graduated in 1955 to join saxophonist Eddie Smith's band. He used his trademark croak to improvise the song `` Ain't Got No Home'' one night in 1955. Chess Records ' A&R man Paul Gayten heard the song, and had Henry record it in Cosimo Matassa 's studio in September 1956. Initially promoted by local DJ Poppa Stoppa, the song eventually rose to number 3 on the national R&B chart and number 20 on the US pop chart. The gimmick earned Henry his nickname of ' Frogman' and jump-started a career that endures to this day. He toured nationally with a six-piece band until 1958, and continued to record. A cover of Bobby Charles ' hit `` (I Don't Know Why) But I Do '' , and `` You Always Hurt the One You Love '' , both from 1961, were his other big hits. Henry opened eighteen concerts for the Beatles across the US and Canada in 1964, but his main source of income came from the Bourbon Street strip in New Orleans , where he played for nineteen years. His name could still draw hordes of tourists long after his hit-making days had ended. He still plays at various conventions, including the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival . Honors ( edit ) Henry's pioneering contribution to the genre has been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame . In April 2007, `` Frogman'' was honored for his contributions to Louisiana music with induction into the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame . Secondary references and re-use of hits ( edit ) The Band recorded a version of Henry's trademark song `` Ain't Got No Home'' for their 1973 album Moondog Matinee . Henry's original of the song was later featured on the soundtrack of the 1982 film Diner . It was used in a famous bathtub scene in the cult movie The Lost Boys with actor Corey Haim singing along to it. Rod Stewart uses the chorus of `` Ain't Got No Home'' in his 1984 single `` Some Guys Have All the Luck '' . It achieved fresh notoriety in the 1990s through its use as the `` Homeless Update'' theme music on The Rush Limbaugh Show , and is still used as recently as April 28, 2014. The song is in the movie Casino playing in the background as Joe Pesci asks Robert De Niro for a 50K chip marker. Jimmy Buffett referenced Henry in his song `` Saxophones'' . Henry made a cameo appearance on the third season opening episode of the HBO series Treme . On his Live/Indian Summer album, Al Stewart introduced his song `` Year of the Cat '' with an odd anecdote about a mistaken-identity encounter involving Henry, Audrey Hepburn , and G. Gordon Liddy . Discography ( edit ) Singles ( edit ) Year Single (A-side, B-side) Chart Positions US Pop US R&B UK 1956 `` Ain't Got No Home '' b/w `` Troubles, Troubles'' 20 - 1957 `` Lonely Tramp'' b/w `` I'm A Country Boy'' - - - `` It Won't Be Long'' b/w `` I Found A Home'' - - - 1958 `` I'm In Love'' b/w `` Baby, Baby Please'' - - - 1961 `` But I Do '' b/w `` Just My Baby and Me'' 9 `` You Always Hurt the One You Love '' b/w `` Little Suzy'' 12 11 6 `` Lonely Street'' b/w `` Why Can't You'' 57 19 42 `` On Bended Knees'' b/w `` Standing In The Need Of Love'' 64 - - 1962 `` A Little Too Much'' b/w `` I Wish I Could Say The Same'' 77 - - `` Dream Myself A Sweetheart'' b/w `` Lost Without You'' - - - `` The Jealous Kind'' b/w `` Come On and Dance'' - - - 1963 `` It Takes Two To Tango'' b/w `` If I Didn't Care'' - - - 1964 `` Looking Back'' b/w `` Long Lost and Worried'' - - - `` Have You Ever Been Lonely'' b/w `` Little Green Frog'' - - - 1965 `` You Can't Hide A Tear'' b/w `` I Told My Pillow'' - - - `` Tore Up Over You'' b/w `` I Might As Well'' - - - 1966 `` Ain't Got No Home'' (Re-recorded version) b/w `` Baby Ain't That Love'' - - - `` Cajun Honey'' b/w `` Think It Over'' - - - 1967 `` Hummin' A Heartache'' b/w `` This Time'' - - - 1968 `` That's When I Guessed'' b/w `` Shake Your Moneymaker'' - - - `` But I Do'' b/w `` Ain't Got No Home'' A-side chart reentry - - 65 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Biography by Bill Dahl'' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved September 2, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: `` Clarence `` Frogman'' Henry: An R&B Legend!`` , Rockabilly Hall of Fame . Retrieved 12 October 2016 ^ Jump up to: Whitburn, Joel (1996). Top R&B /Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-1995 . Record Research. p. 190. Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 251. ISBN 1-904994-10-5 . Jump up ^ Burdeau, Cain (October 5, 2003). `` New Orleans ' Frogman,' still jumpin' at 66'' . Associated Press Jump up ^ `` Al Stewart -- Clarence Frogman Henry Lyrics'' . Golyr.de . Retrieved 2015-07-17 . Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2003). Top Pop Singles 1955-2002 (1st ed.). Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. p. 311. ISBN 0-89820-155-1 . Jump up ^ Betts, Graham (2004). Complete UK Hit Singles 1952-2004 (1st ed.). London: Collins. p. 92. ISBN 0-00-717931-6 . External links ( edit ) Neworleansfrogman.com Tsimon.com VIAF : 27266082 ISNI : 0000 0000 5516 8119 BNF : cb140287271 (data) MusicBrainz : 9eaafbd4-0315-4126-8310-fd83141ff08f Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clarence_%22Frogman%22_Henry&oldid=798806773 '' Categories : 1937 births Living people American male singers American rhythm and blues musicians R&B musicians from New Orleans Cadet Records artists Singers from Louisiana Hidden categories: Articles with inconsistent citation formats BLP articles lacking sources from July 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017, at 22:57. 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where does most of the brain's work take place
In the 21st century , these trends have continued , and several new approaches have come into prominence , including multielectrode recording , which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time ; genetic engineering , which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally ; genomics , which allows variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging .
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[ "Brain A chimpanzee brain Identifiers TA A14. 1.03. 001 FMA 50801 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )", "Brain", "A chimpanzee brain", "Identifiers", "TA A14. 1.03. 001", "FMA 50801", "Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )", "The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals . The brain is located in the head , usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision . The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate 's body . In a human , the cerebral cortex contains approximately 15 -- 33 billion neurons , each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons . These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons , which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells .", "Physiologically , the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body . The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones . This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment . Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia , but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain .", "The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved . Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer , very different in mechanism from an electronic computer , but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world , stores it , and processes it in a variety of ways .", "This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species , with the greatest attention to vertebrates . It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains . The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article . Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context . The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage , that are covered in the human brain article .", "The shape and size of the brain varies greatly between species , and identifying common features is often difficult . Nevertheless , there are a number of principles of brain architecture that apply across a wide range of species . Some aspects of brain structure are common to almost the entire range of animal species ; others distinguish `` advanced '' brains from more primitive ones , or distinguish vertebrates from invertebrates .", "The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection , but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed . Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with , but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives , and then sliced apart for examination of the interior . Visually , the interior of the brain consists of areas of so - called grey matter , with a dark color , separated by areas of white matter , with a lighter color . Further information can be gained by staining slices of brain tissue with a variety of chemicals that bring out areas where specific types of molecules are present in high concentrations . It is also possible to examine the microstructure of brain tissue using a microscope , and to trace the pattern of connections from one brain area to another .", "The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells : neurons and glial cells . Glial cells ( also known as glia or neuroglia ) come in several types , and perform a number of critical functions , including structural support , metabolic support , insulation , and guidance of development . Neurons , however , are usually considered the most important cells in the brain . The property that makes neurons unique is their ability to send signals to specific target cells over long distances . They send these signals by means of an axon , which is a thin protoplasmic fiber that extends from the cell body and projects , usually with numerous branches , to other areas , sometimes nearby , sometimes in distant parts of the brain or body . The length of an axon can be extraordinary : for example , if a pyramidal cell , ( an excitatory neuron ) of the cerebral cortex were magnified so that its cell body became the size of a human body , its axon , equally magnified , would become a cable a few centimeters in diameter , extending more than a kilometer . These axons transmit signals in the form of electrochemical pulses called action potentials , which last less than a thousandth of a second and travel along the axon at speeds of 1 -- 100 meters per second . Some neurons emit action potentials constantly , at rates of 10 -- 100 per second , usually in irregular patterns ; other neurons are quiet most of the time , but occasionally emit a burst of action potentials .", "Axons transmit signals to other neurons by means of specialized junctions called synapses . A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells . When an action potential , traveling along an axon , arrives at a synapse , it causes a chemical called a neurotransmitter to be released . The neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules in the membrane of the target cell .", "Synapses are the key functional elements of the brain . The essential function of the brain is cell - to - cell communication , and synapses are the points at which communication occurs . The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses ; even the brain of a fruit fly contains several million . The functions of these synapses are very diverse : some are excitatory ( exciting the target cell ) ; others are inhibitory ; others work by activating second messenger systems that change the internal chemistry of their target cells in complex ways . A large number of synapses are dynamically modifiable ; that is , they are capable of changing strength in a way that is controlled by the patterns of signals that pass through them . It is widely believed that activity - dependent modification of synapses is the brain 's primary mechanism for learning and memory .", "Most of the space in the brain is taken up by axons , which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts . A myelinated axon is wrapped in a fatty insulating sheath of myelin , which serves to greatly increase the speed of signal propagation . ( There are also unmyelinated axons ) . Myelin is white , making parts of the brain filled exclusively with nerve fibers appear as light - colored white matter , in contrast to the darker - colored grey matter that marks areas with high densities of neuron cell bodies .", "Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges ( which have no nervous system ) and cnidarians ( which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net ) , all living multicellular animals are bilaterians , meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape ( that is , left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other ) . All bilaterians are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that appeared early in the Cambrian period , 485 - 540 million years ago , and it has been hypothesized that this common ancestor had the shape of a simple tubeworm with a segmented body . At a schematic level , that basic worm - shape continues to be reflected in the body and nervous system architecture of all modern bilaterians , including vertebrates . The fundamental bilateral body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus , and a nerve cord with an enlargement ( a ganglion ) for each body segment , with an especially large ganglion at the front , called the brain . The brain is small and simple in some species , such as nematode worms ; in other species , including vertebrates , it is the most complex organ in the body . Some types of worms , such as leeches , also have an enlarged ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord , known as a `` tail brain '' .", "There are a few types of existing bilaterians that lack a recognizable brain , including echinoderms and tunicates . It has not been definitively established whether the existence of these brainless species indicates that the earliest bilaterians lacked a brain , or whether their ancestors evolved in a way that led to the disappearance of a previously existing brain structure .", "This category includes tardigrades , arthropods , molluscs , and numerous types of worms . The diversity of invertebrate body plans is matched by an equal diversity in brain structures .", "Two groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains : arthropods ( insects , crustaceans , arachnids , and others ) , and cephalopods ( octopuses , squids , and similar molluscs ) . The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal . Arthropods have a central brain , the supraesophageal ganglion , with three divisions and large optical lobes behind each eye for visual processing . Cephalopods such as the octopus and squid have the largest brains of any invertebrates .", "There are several invertebrate species whose brains have been studied intensively because they have properties that make them convenient for experimental work :", "Fruit flies ( Drosophila ) , because of the large array of techniques available for studying their genetics , have been a natural subject for studying the role of genes in brain development . In spite of the large evolutionary distance between insects and mammals , many aspects of Drosophila neurogenetics have been shown to be relevant to humans . The first biological clock genes , for example , were identified by examining Drosophila mutants that showed disrupted daily activity cycles . A search in the genomes of vertebrates revealed a set of analogous genes , which were found to play similar roles in the mouse biological clock -- and therefore almost certainly in the human biological clock as well . Studies done on Drosophila , also show that most neuropil regions of the brain are continuously reorganized throughout life in response to specific living conditions . The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans , like Drosophila , has been studied largely because of its importance in genetics . In the early 1970s , Sydney Brenner chose it as a model organism for studying the way that genes control development . One of the advantages of working with this worm is that the body plan is very stereotyped : the nervous system of the hermaphrodite contains exactly 302 neurons , always in the same places , making identical synaptic connections in every worm . Brenner 's team sliced worms into thousands of ultrathin sections and photographed each one under an electron microscope , then visually matched fibers from section to section , to map out every neuron and synapse in the entire body . The complete neuronal wiring diagram of C. elegans -- its connectome was achieved . Nothing approaching this level of detail is available for any other organism , and the information gained has enabled a multitude of studies that would otherwise have not been possible . The sea slug Aplysia californica was chosen by Nobel Prize - winning neurophysiologist Eric Kandel as a model for studying the cellular basis of learning and memory , because of the simplicity and accessibility of its nervous system , and it has been examined in hundreds of experiments .", "Fruit flies ( Drosophila ) , because of the large array of techniques available for studying their genetics , have been a natural subject for studying the role of genes in brain development . In spite of the large evolutionary distance between insects and mammals , many aspects of Drosophila neurogenetics have been shown to be relevant to humans . The first biological clock genes , for example , were identified by examining Drosophila mutants that showed disrupted daily activity cycles . A search in the genomes of vertebrates revealed a set of analogous genes , which were found to play similar roles in the mouse biological clock -- and therefore almost certainly in the human biological clock as well . Studies done on Drosophila , also show that most neuropil regions of the brain are continuously reorganized throughout life in response to specific living conditions .", "The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans , like Drosophila , has been studied largely because of its importance in genetics . In the early 1970s , Sydney Brenner chose it as a model organism for studying the way that genes control development . One of the advantages of working with this worm is that the body plan is very stereotyped : the nervous system of the hermaphrodite contains exactly 302 neurons , always in the same places , making identical synaptic connections in every worm . Brenner 's team sliced worms into thousands of ultrathin sections and photographed each one under an electron microscope , then visually matched fibers from section to section , to map out every neuron and synapse in the entire body . The complete neuronal wiring diagram of C. elegans -- its connectome was achieved . Nothing approaching this level of detail is available for any other organism , and the information gained has enabled a multitude of studies that would otherwise have not been possible .", "The sea slug Aplysia californica was chosen by Nobel Prize - winning neurophysiologist Eric Kandel as a model for studying the cellular basis of learning and memory , because of the simplicity and accessibility of its nervous system , and it has been examined in hundreds of experiments .", "The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago ( Mya ) , during the Cambrian period , and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form . Sharks appeared about 450 Mya , amphibians about 400 Mya , reptiles about 350 Mya , and mammals about 200 Mya . Each species has an equally long evolutionary history , but the brains of modern hagfishes , lampreys , sharks , amphibians , reptiles , and mammals show a gradient of size and complexity that roughly follows the evolutionary sequence . All of these brains contain the same set of basic anatomical components , but many are rudimentary in the hagfish , whereas in mammals the foremost part ( the telencephalon ) is greatly elaborated and expanded .", "Brains are most simply compared in terms of their size . The relationship between brain size , body size and other variables has been studied across a wide range of vertebrate species . As a rule , brain size increases with body size , but not in a simple linear proportion . In general , smaller animals tend to have larger brains , measured as a fraction of body size . For mammals , the relationship between brain volume and body mass essentially follows a power law with an exponent of about 0.75 . This formula describes the central tendency , but every family of mammals departs from it to some degree , in a way that reflects in part the complexity of their behavior . For example , primates have brains 5 to 10 times larger than the formula predicts . Predators tend to have larger brains than their prey , relative to body size .", "All vertebrate brains share a common underlying form , which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development . In its earliest form , the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube ; these swellings eventually become the forebrain , midbrain , and hindbrain ( the prosencephalon , mesencephalon , and rhombencephalon , respectively ) . At the earliest stages of brain development , the three areas are roughly equal in size . In many classes of vertebrates , such as fish and amphibians , the three parts remain similar in size in the adult , but in mammals the forebrain becomes much larger than the other parts , and the midbrain becomes very small .", "The brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue . Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside , with subtle variations in color . Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain . Blood vessels enter the central nervous system through holes in the meningeal layers . The cells in the blood vessel walls are joined tightly to one another , forming the blood -- brain barrier , which blocks the passage of many toxins and pathogens ( though at the same time blocking antibodies and some drugs , thereby presenting special challenges in treatment of diseases of the brain ) .", "Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions : the telencephalon ( cerebral hemispheres ) , diencephalon ( thalamus and hypothalamus ) , mesencephalon ( midbrain ) , cerebellum , pons , and medulla oblongata . Each of these areas has a complex internal structure . Some parts , such as the cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex , consist of layers that are folded or convoluted to fit within the available space . Other parts , such as the thalamus and hypothalamus , consist of clusters of many small nuclei . Thousands of distinguishable areas can be identified within the vertebrate brain based on fine distinctions of neural structure , chemistry , and connectivity .", "Although the same basic components are present in all vertebrate brains , some branches of vertebrate evolution have led to substantial distortions of brain geometry , especially in the forebrain area . The brain of a shark shows the basic components in a straightforward way , but in teleost fishes ( the great majority of existing fish species ) , the forebrain has become `` everted '' , like a sock turned inside out . In birds , there are also major changes in forebrain structure . These distortions can make it difficult to match brain components from one species with those of another species .", "Here is a list of some of the most important vertebrate brain components , along with a brief description of their functions as currently understood :", "The medulla , along with the spinal cord , contains many small nuclei involved in a wide variety of sensory and involuntary motor functions such as vomiting , heart rate and digestive processes . The pons lies in the brainstem directly above the medulla . Among other things , it contains nuclei that control often voluntary but simple acts such as sleep , respiration , swallowing , bladder function , equilibrium , eye movement , facial expressions , and posture . The hypothalamus is a small region at the base of the forebrain , whose complexity and importance belies its size . It is composed of numerous small nuclei , each with distinct connections and neurochemistry . The hypothalamus is engaged in additional involuntary or partially voluntary acts such as sleep and wake cycles , eating and drinking , and the release of some hormones . The thalamus is a collection of nuclei with diverse functions : some are involved in relaying information to and from the cerebral hemispheres , while others are involved in motivation . The subthalamic area ( zona incerta ) seems to contain action - generating systems for several types of `` consummatory '' behaviors such as eating , drinking , defecation , and copulation . The cerebellum modulates the outputs of other brain systems , whether motor related or thought related , to make them certain and precise . Removal of the cerebellum does not prevent an animal from doing anything in particular , but it makes actions hesitant and clumsy . This precision is not built - in , but learned by trial and error . The muscle coordination learned while riding a bicycle is an example of a type of neural plasticity that may take place largely within the cerebellum. 10 % of the brain 's total volume consists of the cerebellum and 50 % of all neurons are held within its structure . The optic tectum allows actions to be directed toward points in space , most commonly in response to visual input . In mammals it is usually referred to as the superior colliculus , and its best - studied function is to direct eye movements . It also directs reaching movements and other object - directed actions . It receives strong visual inputs , but also inputs from other senses that are useful in directing actions , such as auditory input in owls and input from the thermosensitive pit organs in snakes . In some primitive fishes , such as lampreys , this region is the largest part of the brain . The superior colliculus is part of the midbrain . The pallium is a layer of gray matter that lies on the surface of the forebrain and is the most complex and most recent evolutionary development of the brain as an organ . In reptiles and mammals , it is called the cerebral cortex . Multiple functions involve the pallium , including smell and spatial memory . In mammals , where it becomes so large as to dominate the brain , it takes over functions from many other brain areas . In many mammals , the cerebral cortex consists of folded bulges called gyri that create deep furrows or fissures called sulci . The folds increase the surface area of the cortex and therefore increase the amount of gray matter and the amount of information that can be stored and processed . The hippocampus , strictly speaking , is found only in mammals . However , the area it derives from , the medial pallium , has counterparts in all vertebrates . There is evidence that this part of the brain is involved in complex events such as spatial memory and navigation in fishes , birds , reptiles , and mammals . The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected structures in the forebrain . The primary function of the basal ganglia appears to be action selection : they send inhibitory signals to all parts of the brain that can generate motor behaviors , and in the right circumstances can release the inhibition , so that the action - generating systems are able to execute their actions . Reward and punishment exert their most important neural effects by altering connections within the basal ganglia . The olfactory bulb is a special structure that processes olfactory sensory signals and sends its output to the olfactory part of the pallium . It is a major brain component in many vertebrates , but is greatly reduced in humans and other primates ( whose senses are dominated by information acquired by sight rather than smell ) .", "The medulla , along with the spinal cord , contains many small nuclei involved in a wide variety of sensory and involuntary motor functions such as vomiting , heart rate and digestive processes .", "The pons lies in the brainstem directly above the medulla . Among other things , it contains nuclei that control often voluntary but simple acts such as sleep , respiration , swallowing , bladder function , equilibrium , eye movement , facial expressions , and posture .", "The hypothalamus is a small region at the base of the forebrain , whose complexity and importance belies its size . It is composed of numerous small nuclei , each with distinct connections and neurochemistry . The hypothalamus is engaged in additional involuntary or partially voluntary acts such as sleep and wake cycles , eating and drinking , and the release of some hormones .", "The thalamus is a collection of nuclei with diverse functions : some are involved in relaying information to and from the cerebral hemispheres , while others are involved in motivation . The subthalamic area ( zona incerta ) seems to contain action - generating systems for several types of `` consummatory '' behaviors such as eating , drinking , defecation , and copulation .", "The cerebellum modulates the outputs of other brain systems , whether motor related or thought related , to make them certain and precise . Removal of the cerebellum does not prevent an animal from doing anything in particular , but it makes actions hesitant and clumsy . This precision is not built - in , but learned by trial and error . The muscle coordination learned while riding a bicycle is an example of a type of neural plasticity that may take place largely within the cerebellum. 10 % of the brain 's total volume consists of the cerebellum and 50 % of all neurons are held within its structure .", "The optic tectum allows actions to be directed toward points in space , most commonly in response to visual input . In mammals it is usually referred to as the superior colliculus , and its best - studied function is to direct eye movements . It also directs reaching movements and other object - directed actions . It receives strong visual inputs , but also inputs from other senses that are useful in directing actions , such as auditory input in owls and input from the thermosensitive pit organs in snakes . In some primitive fishes , such as lampreys , this region is the largest part of the brain . The superior colliculus is part of the midbrain .", "The pallium is a layer of gray matter that lies on the surface of the forebrain and is the most complex and most recent evolutionary development of the brain as an organ . In reptiles and mammals , it is called the cerebral cortex . Multiple functions involve the pallium , including smell and spatial memory . In mammals , where it becomes so large as to dominate the brain , it takes over functions from many other brain areas . In many mammals , the cerebral cortex consists of folded bulges called gyri that create deep furrows or fissures called sulci . The folds increase the surface area of the cortex and therefore increase the amount of gray matter and the amount of information that can be stored and processed .", "The hippocampus , strictly speaking , is found only in mammals . However , the area it derives from , the medial pallium , has counterparts in all vertebrates . There is evidence that this part of the brain is involved in complex events such as spatial memory and navigation in fishes , birds , reptiles , and mammals .", "The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected structures in the forebrain . The primary function of the basal ganglia appears to be action selection : they send inhibitory signals to all parts of the brain that can generate motor behaviors , and in the right circumstances can release the inhibition , so that the action - generating systems are able to execute their actions . Reward and punishment exert their most important neural effects by altering connections within the basal ganglia .", "The olfactory bulb is a special structure that processes olfactory sensory signals and sends its output to the olfactory part of the pallium . It is a major brain component in many vertebrates , but is greatly reduced in humans and other primates ( whose senses are dominated by information acquired by sight rather than smell ) .", "The most obvious difference between the brains of mammals and other vertebrates is in terms of size . On average , a mammal has a brain roughly twice as large as that of a bird of the same body size , and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size .", "Size , however , is not the only difference : there are also substantial differences in shape . The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates , but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain , which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure . The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that most strongly distinguishes mammals . In non-mammalian vertebrates , the surface of the cerebrum is lined with a comparatively simple three - layered structure called the pallium . In mammals , the pallium evolves into a complex six - layered structure called neocortex or isocortex . Several areas at the edge of the neocortex , including the hippocampus and amygdala , are also much more extensively developed in mammals than in other vertebrates .", "The elaboration of the cerebral cortex carries with it changes to other brain areas . The superior colliculus , which plays a major role in visual control of behavior in most vertebrates , shrinks to a small size in mammals , and many of its functions are taken over by visual areas of the cerebral cortex . The cerebellum of mammals contains a large portion ( the neocerebellum ) dedicated to supporting the cerebral cortex , which has no counterpart in other vertebrates .", "Encephalization Quotient Species EQ Human 7.4 -- 7.8 Chimpanzee 2.2 -- 2.5 Rhesus monkey Bottlenose dolphin 4.14 Elephant 1.13 -- 2.36 Dog 1.2 Horse 0.9 Rat 0.4", "Species EQ", "Human 7.4 -- 7.8", "Chimpanzee 2.2 -- 2.5", "Rhesus monkey", "Bottlenose dolphin 4.14", "Elephant 1.13 -- 2.36", "Dog 1.2", "Horse 0.9", "Rat 0.4", "The brains of humans and other primates contain the same structures as the brains of other mammals , but are generally larger in proportion to body size . The encephalization quotient ( EQ ) is used to compare brain sizes across species . It takes into account the nonlinearity of the brain - to - body relationship . Humans have an average EQ in the 7 - to - 8 range , while most other primates have an EQ in the 2 - to - 3 range . Dolphins have values higher than those of primates other than humans , but nearly all other mammals have EQ values that are substantially lower .", "Most of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex , especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision . The visual processing network of primates includes at least 30 distinguishable brain areas , with a complex web of interconnections . It has been estimated that visual processing areas occupy more than half of the total surface of the primate neocortex . The prefrontal cortex carries out functions that include planning , working memory , motivation , attention , and executive control . It takes up a much larger proportion of the brain for primates than for other species , and an especially large fraction of the human brain .", "The brain develops in an intricately orchestrated sequence of stages . It changes in shape from a simple swelling at the front of the nerve cord in the earliest embryonic stages , to a complex array of areas and connections . Neurons are created in special zones that contain stem cells , and then migrate through the tissue to reach their ultimate locations . Once neurons have positioned themselves , their axons sprout and navigate through the brain , branching and extending as they go , until the tips reach their targets and form synaptic connections . In a number of parts of the nervous system , neurons and synapses are produced in excessive numbers during the early stages , and then the unneeded ones are pruned away .", "For vertebrates , the early stages of neural development are similar across all species . As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure , a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is induced to become the neural plate , the precursor of the nervous system . The neural plate folds inward to form the neural groove , and then the lips that line the groove merge to enclose the neural tube , a hollow cord of cells with a fluid - filled ventricle at the center . At the front end , the ventricles and cord swell to form three vesicles that are the precursors of the forebrain , midbrain , and hindbrain . At the next stage , the forebrain splits into two vesicles called the telencephalon ( which will contain the cerebral cortex , basal ganglia , and related structures ) and the diencephalon ( which will contain the thalamus and hypothalamus ) . At about the same time , the hindbrain splits into the metencephalon ( which will contain the cerebellum and pons ) and the myelencephalon ( which will contain the medulla oblongata ) . Each of these areas contains proliferative zones where neurons and glial cells are generated ; the resulting cells then migrate , sometimes for long distances , to their final positions .", "Once a neuron is in place , it extends dendrites and an axon into the area around it . Axons , because they commonly extend a great distance from the cell body and need to reach specific targets , grow in a particularly complex way . The tip of a growing axon consists of a blob of protoplasm called a growth cone , studded with chemical receptors . These receptors sense the local environment , causing the growth cone to be attracted or repelled by various cellular elements , and thus to be pulled in a particular direction at each point along its path . The result of this pathfinding process is that the growth cone navigates through the brain until it reaches its destination area , where other chemical cues cause it to begin generating synapses . Considering the entire brain , thousands of genes create products that influence axonal pathfinding .", "The synaptic network that finally emerges is only partly determined by genes , though . In many parts of the brain , axons initially `` overgrow '' , and then are `` pruned '' by mechanisms that depend on neural activity . In the projection from the eye to the midbrain , for example , the structure in the adult contains a very precise mapping , connecting each point on the surface of the retina to a corresponding point in a midbrain layer . In the first stages of development , each axon from the retina is guided to the right general vicinity in the midbrain by chemical cues , but then branches very profusely and makes initial contact with a wide swath of midbrain neurons . The retina , before birth , contains special mechanisms that cause it to generate waves of activity that originate spontaneously at a random point and then propagate slowly across the retinal layer . These waves are useful because they cause neighboring neurons to be active at the same time ; that is , they produce a neural activity pattern that contains information about the spatial arrangement of the neurons . This information is exploited in the midbrain by a mechanism that causes synapses to weaken , and eventually vanish , if activity in an axon is not followed by activity of the target cell . The result of this sophisticated process is a gradual tuning and tightening of the map , leaving it finally in its precise adult form .", "Similar things happen in other brain areas : an initial synaptic matrix is generated as a result of genetically determined chemical guidance , but then gradually refined by activity - dependent mechanisms , partly driven by internal dynamics , partly by external sensory inputs . In some cases , as with the retina - midbrain system , activity patterns depend on mechanisms that operate only in the developing brain , and apparently exist solely to guide development .", "In humans and many other mammals , new neurons are created mainly before birth , and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain . There are , however , a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life . The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well established are the olfactory bulb , which is involved in the sense of smell , and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus , where there is evidence that the new neurons play a role in storing newly acquired memories . With these exceptions , however , the set of neurons that is present in early childhood is the set that is present for life . Glial cells are different : as with most types of cells in the body , they are generated throughout the lifespan .", "There has long been debate about whether the qualities of mind , personality , and intelligence can be attributed to heredity or to upbringing -- this is the nature and nurture controversy . Although many details remain to be settled , neuroscience research has clearly shown that both factors are important . Genes determine the general form of the brain , and genes determine how the brain reacts to experience . Experience , however , is required to refine the matrix of synaptic connections , which in its developed form contains far more information than the genome does . In some respects , all that matters is the presence or absence of experience during critical periods of development . In other respects , the quantity and quality of experience are important ; for example , there is substantial evidence that animals raised in enriched environments have thicker cerebral cortices , indicating a higher density of synaptic connections , than animals whose levels of stimulation are restricted .", "The functions of the brain depend on the ability of neurons to transmit electrochemical signals to other cells , and their ability to respond appropriately to electrochemical signals received from other cells . The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by a wide variety of biochemical and metabolic processes , most notably the interactions between neurotransmitters and receptors that take place at synapses .", "Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them -- neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse 's target cell , and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules . With few exceptions , each neuron in the brain releases the same chemical neurotransmitter , or combination of neurotransmitters , at all the synaptic connections it makes with other neurons ; this rule is known as Dale 's principle . Thus , a neuron can be characterized by the neurotransmitters that it releases . The great majority of psychoactive drugs exert their effects by altering specific neurotransmitter systems . This applies to drugs such as cannabinoids , nicotine , heroin , cocaine , alcohol , fluoxetine , chlorpromazine , and many others .", "The two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate , which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons , and gamma - aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) , which is almost always inhibitory . Neurons using these transmitters can be found in nearly every part of the brain . Because of their ubiquity , drugs that act on glutamate or GABA tend to have broad and powerful effects . Some general anesthetics act by reducing the effects of glutamate ; most tranquilizers exert their sedative effects by enhancing the effects of GABA .", "There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain , often areas dedicated to a particular function . Serotonin , for example -- the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids -- comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the raphe nuclei . Norepinephrine , which is involved in arousal , comes exclusively from a nearby small area called the locus coeruleus . Other neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine have multiple sources in the brain , but are not as ubiquitously distributed as glutamate and GABA .", "As a side effect of the electrochemical processes used by neurons for signaling , brain tissue generates electric fields when it is active . When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity , the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull , using electroencephalography ( EEG ) or magnetoencephalography ( MEG ) . EEG recordings , along with recordings made from electrodes implanted inside the brains of animals such as rats , show that the brain of a living animal is constantly active , even during sleep . Each part of the brain shows a mixture of rhythmic and nonrhythmic activity , which may vary according to behavioral state . In mammals , the cerebral cortex tends to show large slow delta waves during sleep , faster alpha waves when the animal is awake but inattentive , and chaotic - looking irregular activity when the animal is actively engaged in a task . During an epileptic seizure , the brain 's inhibitory control mechanisms fail to function and electrical activity rises to pathological levels , producing EEG traces that show large wave and spike patterns not seen in a healthy brain . Relating these population - level patterns to the computational functions of individual neurons is a major focus of current research in neurophysiology .", "All vertebrates have a blood -- brain barrier that allows metabolism inside the brain to operate differently from metabolism in other parts of the body . Glial cells play a major role in brain metabolism by controlling the chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons , including levels of ions and nutrients .", "Brain tissue consumes a large amount of energy in proportion to its volume , so large brains place severe metabolic demands on animals . The need to limit body weight in order , for example , to fly , has apparently led to selection for a reduction of brain size in some species , such as bats . Most of the brain 's energy consumption goes into sustaining the electric charge ( membrane potential ) of neurons . Most vertebrate species devote between 2 % and 8 % of basal metabolism to the brain . In primates , however , the percentage is much higher -- in humans it rises to 20 -- 25 % . The energy consumption of the brain does not vary greatly over time , but active regions of the cerebral cortex consume somewhat more energy than inactive regions ; this forms the basis for the functional brain imaging methods PET , fMRI , and NIRS . The brain typically gets most of its energy from oxygen - dependent metabolism of glucose ( i.e. , blood sugar ) , but ketones provide a major alternative source , together with contributions from medium chain fatty acids ( caprylic and heptanoic acids ) , lactate , acetate , and possibly amino acids .", "Information from the sense organs is collected in the brain . There it is used to determine what actions the organism is to take . The brain processes the raw data to extract information about the structure of the environment . Next it combines the processed information with information about the current needs of the animal and with memory of past circumstances . Finally , on the basis of the results , it generates motor response patterns . These signal - processing tasks require intricate interplay between a variety of functional subsystems .", "The function of the brain is to provide coherent control over the actions of an animal . A centralized brain allows groups of muscles to be co-activated in complex patterns ; it also allows stimuli impinging on one part of the body to evoke responses in other parts , and it can prevent different parts of the body from acting at cross-purposes to each other .", "The human brain is provided with information about light , sound , the chemical composition of the atmosphere , temperature , head orientation , limb position , the chemical composition of the bloodstream , and more . In other animals additional senses are present , such as the infrared heat - sense of snakes , the magnetic field sense of some birds , or the electric field sense of some types of fish .", "Each sensory system begins with specialized receptor cells , such as light - receptive neurons in the retina of the eye , or vibration - sensitive neurons in the cochlea of the ear . The axons of sensory receptor cells travel into the spinal cord or brain , where they transmit their signals to a first - order sensory nucleus dedicated to one specific sensory modality . This primary sensory nucleus sends information to higher - order sensory areas that are dedicated to the same modality . Eventually , via a way - station in the thalamus , the signals are sent to the cerebral cortex , where they are processed to extract the relevant features , and integrated with signals coming from other sensory systems .", "Motor systems are areas of the brain that are involved in initiating body movements , that is , in activating muscles . Except for the muscles that control the eye , which are driven by nuclei in the midbrain , all the voluntary muscles in the body are directly innervated by motor neurons in the spinal cord and hindbrain . Spinal motor neurons are controlled both by neural circuits intrinsic to the spinal cord , and by inputs that descend from the brain . The intrinsic spinal circuits implement many reflex responses , and contain pattern generators for rhythmic movements such as walking or swimming . The descending connections from the brain allow for more sophisticated control .", "The brain contains several motor areas that project directly to the spinal cord . At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons , which control stereotyped movements such as walking , breathing , or swallowing . At a higher level are areas in the midbrain , such as the red nucleus , which is responsible for coordinating movements of the arms and legs . At a higher level yet is the primary motor cortex , a strip of tissue located at the posterior edge of the frontal lobe . The primary motor cortex sends projections to the subcortical motor areas , but also sends a massive projection directly to the spinal cord , through the pyramidal tract . This direct corticospinal projection allows for precise voluntary control of the fine details of movements . Other motor - related brain areas exert secondary effects by projecting to the primary motor areas . Among the most important secondary areas are the premotor cortex , basal ganglia , and cerebellum .", "Major areas involved in controlling movement Area Location Function Ventral horn Spinal cord Contains motor neurons that directly activate muscles Oculomotor nuclei Midbrain Contains motor neurons that directly activate the eye muscles Cerebellum Hindbrain Calibrates precision and timing of movements Basal ganglia Forebrain Action selection on the basis of motivation Motor cortex Frontal lobe Direct cortical activation of spinal motor circuits Premotor cortex Frontal lobe Groups elementary movements into coordinated patterns Supplementary motor area Frontal lobe Sequences movements into temporal patterns Prefrontal cortex Frontal lobe Planning and other executive functions", "Area Location Function", "Ventral horn Spinal cord Contains motor neurons that directly activate muscles", "Oculomotor nuclei Midbrain Contains motor neurons that directly activate the eye muscles", "Cerebellum Hindbrain Calibrates precision and timing of movements", "Basal ganglia Forebrain Action selection on the basis of motivation", "Motor cortex Frontal lobe Direct cortical activation of spinal motor circuits", "Premotor cortex Frontal lobe Groups elementary movements into coordinated patterns", "Supplementary motor area Frontal lobe Sequences movements into temporal patterns", "Prefrontal cortex Frontal lobe Planning and other executive functions", "In addition to all of the above , the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system , which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the `` smooth '' muscles of the gut .", "Many animals alternate between sleeping and waking in a daily cycle . Arousal and alertness are also modulated on a finer time scale by a network of brain areas .", "A key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus ( SCN ) , a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross . The SCN contains the body 's central biological clock . Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a period of about 24 hours , circadian rhythms : these activity fluctuations are driven by rhythmic changes in expression of a set of `` clock genes '' . The SCN continues to keep time even if it is excised from the brain and placed in a dish of warm nutrient solution , but it ordinarily receives input from the optic nerves , through the retinohypothalamic tract ( RHT ) , that allows daily light - dark cycles to calibrate the clock .", "The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus , brainstem , and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep - wake cycles . An important component of the system is the reticular formation , a group of neuron - clusters scattered diffusely through the core of the lower brain . Reticular neurons send signals to the thalamus , which in turn sends activity - level - controlling signals to every part of the cortex . Damage to the reticular formation can produce a permanent state of coma .", "Sleep involves great changes in brain activity . Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep , but this is now known to be far from true ; activity continues , but patterns become very different . There are two types of sleep : REM sleep ( with dreaming ) and NREM ( non-REM , usually without dreaming ) sleep , which repeat in slightly varying patterns throughout a sleep episode . Three broad types of distinct brain activity patterns can be measured : REM , light NREM and deep NREM . During deep NREM sleep , also called slow wave sleep , activity in the cortex takes the form of large synchronized waves , whereas in the waking state it is noisy and desynchronized . Levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin drop during slow wave sleep , and fall almost to zero during REM sleep ; levels of acetylcholine show the reverse pattern .", "For any animal , survival requires maintaining a variety of parameters of bodily state within a limited range of variation : these include temperature , water content , salt concentration in the bloodstream , blood glucose levels , blood oxygen level , and others . The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body -- the milieu intérieur , as pioneering physiologist Claude Bernard called it -- is known as homeostasis ( Greek for `` standing still '' ) . Maintaining homeostasis is a crucial function of the brain . The basic principle that underlies homeostasis is negative feedback : any time a parameter diverges from its set - point , sensors generate an error signal that evokes a response that causes the parameter to shift back toward its optimum value . ( This principle is widely used in engineering , for example in the control of temperature using a thermostat . )", "In vertebrates , the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus , a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function . The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei , most of which are involved in basic biological functions . Some of these functions relate to arousal or to social interactions such as sexuality , aggression , or maternal behaviors ; but many of them relate to homeostasis . Several hypothalamic nuclei receive input from sensors located in the lining of blood vessels , conveying information about temperature , sodium level , glucose level , blood oxygen level , and other parameters . These hypothalamic nuclei send output signals to motor areas that can generate actions to rectify deficiencies . Some of the outputs also go to the pituitary gland , a tiny gland attached to the brain directly underneath the hypothalamus . The pituitary gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream , where they circulate throughout the body and induce changes in cellular activity .", "The individual animals need to express survival - promoting behaviors , such as seeking food , water , shelter , and a mate . The motivational system in the brain monitors the current state of satisfaction of these goals , and activates behaviors to meet any needs that arise . The motivational system works largely by a reward -- punishment mechanism . When a particular behavior is followed by favorable consequences , the reward mechanism in the brain is activated , which induces structural changes inside the brain that cause the same behavior to be repeated later , whenever a similar situation arises . Conversely , when a behavior is followed by unfavorable consequences , the brain 's punishment mechanism is activated , inducing structural changes that cause the behavior to be suppressed when similar situations arise in the future .", "Most organisms studied to date utilize a reward -- punishment mechanism : for instance , worms and insects can alter their behavior to seek food sources or to avoid dangers . In vertebrates , the reward - punishment system is implemented by a specific set of brain structures , at the heart of which lie the basal ganglia , a set of interconnected areas at the base of the forebrain . The basal ganglia are the central site at which decisions are made : the basal ganglia exert a sustained inhibitory control over most of the motor systems in the brain ; when this inhibition is released , a motor system is permitted to execute the action it is programmed to carry out . Rewards and punishments function by altering the relationship between the inputs that the basal ganglia receive and the decision - signals that are emitted . The reward mechanism is better understood than the punishment mechanism , because its role in drug abuse has caused it to be studied very intensively . Research has shown that the neurotransmitter dopamine plays a central role : addictive drugs such as cocaine , amphetamine , and nicotine either cause dopamine levels to rise or cause the effects of dopamine inside the brain to be enhanced .", "Almost all animals are capable of modifying their behavior as a result of experience -- even the most primitive types of worms . Because behavior is driven by brain activity , changes in behavior must somehow correspond to changes inside the brain . Already in the late 19th century theorists like Santiago Ramón y Cajal argued that the most plausible explanation is that learning and memory are expressed as changes in the synaptic connections between neurons . Until 1970 , however , experimental evidence to support the synaptic plasticity hypothesis was lacking . In 1971 Tim Bliss and Terje Lømo published a paper on a phenomenon now called long - term potentiation : the paper showed clear evidence of activity - induced synaptic changes that lasted for at least several days . Since then technical advances have made these sorts of experiments much easier to carry out , and thousands of studies have been made that have clarified the mechanism of synaptic change , and uncovered other types of activity - driven synaptic change in a variety of brain areas , including the cerebral cortex , hippocampus , basal ganglia , and cerebellum . Brain - derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and physical activity appear to play a beneficial role in the process .", "Neuroscientists currently distinguish several types of learning and memory that are implemented by the brain in distinct ways :", "Working memory is the ability of the brain to maintain a temporary representation of information about the task that an animal is currently engaged in . This sort of dynamic memory is thought to be mediated by the formation of cell assemblies -- groups of activated neurons that maintain their activity by constantly stimulating one another . Episodic memory is the ability to remember the details of specific events . This sort of memory can last for a lifetime . Much evidence implicates the hippocampus in playing a crucial role : people with severe damage to the hippocampus sometimes show amnesia , that is , inability to form new long - lasting episodic memories . Semantic memory is the ability to learn facts and relationships . This sort of memory is probably stored largely in the cerebral cortex , mediated by changes in connections between cells that represent specific types of information . Instrumental learning is the ability for rewards and punishments to modify behavior . It is implemented by a network of brain areas centered on the basal ganglia . Motor learning is the ability to refine patterns of body movement by practicing , or more generally by repetition . A number of brain areas are involved , including the premotor cortex , basal ganglia , and especially the cerebellum , which functions as a large memory bank for microadjustments of the parameters of movement .", "Working memory is the ability of the brain to maintain a temporary representation of information about the task that an animal is currently engaged in . This sort of dynamic memory is thought to be mediated by the formation of cell assemblies -- groups of activated neurons that maintain their activity by constantly stimulating one another .", "Episodic memory is the ability to remember the details of specific events . This sort of memory can last for a lifetime . Much evidence implicates the hippocampus in playing a crucial role : people with severe damage to the hippocampus sometimes show amnesia , that is , inability to form new long - lasting episodic memories .", "Semantic memory is the ability to learn facts and relationships . This sort of memory is probably stored largely in the cerebral cortex , mediated by changes in connections between cells that represent specific types of information .", "Instrumental learning is the ability for rewards and punishments to modify behavior . It is implemented by a network of brain areas centered on the basal ganglia .", "Motor learning is the ability to refine patterns of body movement by practicing , or more generally by repetition . A number of brain areas are involved , including the premotor cortex , basal ganglia , and especially the cerebellum , which functions as a large memory bank for microadjustments of the parameters of movement .", "The field of neuroscience encompasses all approaches that seek to understand the brain and the rest of the nervous system . Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior , and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system . The brain is also the most important organ studied in psychiatry , the branch of medicine that works to study , prevent , and treat mental disorders . Cognitive science seeks to unify neuroscience and psychology with other fields that concern themselves with the brain , such as computer science ( artificial intelligence and similar fields ) and philosophy .", "The oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical , and until the middle of the 20th century , much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes . Neuroanatomists study the large - scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of neurons and their components , especially synapses . Among other tools , they employ a plethora of stains that reveal neural structure , chemistry , and connectivity . In recent years , the development of immunostaining techniques has allowed investigation of neurons that express specific sets of genes . Also , functional neuroanatomy uses medical imaging techniques to correlate variations in human brain structure with differences in cognition or behavior .", "Neurophysiologists study the chemical , pharmacological , and electrical properties of the brain : their primary tools are drugs and recording devices . Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system , some in highly specific ways . Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrodes , either glued to the scalp as in EEG studies , or implanted inside the brains of animals for extracellular recordings , which can detect action potentials generated by individual neurons . Because the brain does not contain pain receptors , it is possible using these techniques to record brain activity from animals that are awake and behaving without causing distress . The same techniques have occasionally been used to study brain activity in human patients suffering from intractable epilepsy , in cases where there was a medical necessity to implant electrodes to localize the brain area responsible for epileptic seizures . Functional imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging are also used to study brain activity ; these techniques have mainly been used with human subjects , because they require a conscious subject to remain motionless for long periods of time , but they have the great advantage of being noninvasive .", "Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas . Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges , surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid , and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood -- brain barrier , the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous diseases and several types of damage . In humans , the effects of strokes and other types of brain damage have been a key source of information about brain function . Because there is no ability to experimentally control the nature of the damage , however , this information is often difficult to interpret . In animal studies , most commonly involving rats , it is possible to use electrodes or locally injected chemicals to produce precise patterns of damage and then examine the consequences for behavior .", "Computational neuroscience encompasses two approaches : first , the use of computers to study the brain ; second , the study of how brains perform computation . On one hand , it is possible to write a computer program to simulate the operation of a group of neurons by making use of systems of equations that describe their electrochemical activity ; such simulations are known as biologically realistic neural networks . On the other hand , it is possible to study algorithms for neural computation by simulating , or mathematically analyzing , the operations of simplified `` units '' that have some of the properties of neurons but abstract out much of their biological complexity . The computational functions of the brain are studied both by computer scientists and neuroscientists .", "Computational neurogenetic modeling is concerned with the study and development of dynamic neuronal models for modeling brain functions with respect to genes and dynamic interactions between genes .", "Recent years have seen increasing applications of genetic and genomic techniques to the study of the brain and a focus on the roles of neurotrophic factors and physical activity in neuroplasticity . The most common subjects are mice , because of the availability of technical tools . It is now possible with relative ease to `` knock out '' or mutate a wide variety of genes , and then examine the effects on brain function . More sophisticated approaches are also being used : for example , using Cre - Lox recombination it is possible to activate or deactivate genes in specific parts of the brain , at specific times .", "The oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni - 1 cave complex . The brain , estimated to be over 5,000 years old , was found in the skull of a 12 to 14 - year - old girl . Although the brains were shriveled , they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave .", "Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart . Aristotle favored the heart , and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood . Democritus , the inventor of the atomic theory of matter , argued for a three - part soul , with intellect in the head , emotion in the heart , and lust near the liver . Hippocrates , the `` father of medicine '' , came down unequivocally in favor of the brain . In his treatise on epilepsy he wrote :", "Men ought to know that from nothing else but the brain come joys , delights , laughter and sports , and sorrows , griefs , despondency , and lamentations ... And by the same organ we become mad and delirious , and fears and terrors assail us , some by night , and some by day , and dreams and untimely wanderings , and cares that are not suitable , and ignorance of present circumstances , desuetude , and unskillfulness . All these things we endure from the brain , when it is not healthy ...", "Hippocrates , On the Sacred Disease", "Hippocrates , On the Sacred Disease", "The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain , and theorized in some depth about how it might work . Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain , nerves , and muscles , demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves . He postulated that nerves activate muscles mechanically by carrying a mysterious substance he called pneumata psychikon , usually translated as `` animal spirits '' . Galen 's ideas were widely known during the Middle Ages , but not much further progress came until the Renaissance , when detailed anatomical study resumed , combined with the theoretical speculations of René Descartes and those who followed him . Descartes , like Galen , thought of the nervous system in hydraulic terms . He believed that the highest cognitive functions are carried out by a non-physical res cogitans , but that the majority of behaviors of humans , and all behaviors of animals , could be explained mechanistically .", "The first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function , though , came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani , who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contract . Since that time , each major advance in understanding has followed more or less directly from the development of a new technique of investigation . Until the early years of the 20th century , the most important advances were derived from new methods for staining cells . Particularly critical was the invention of the Golgi stain , which ( when correctly used ) stains only a small fraction of neurons , but stains them in their entirety , including cell body , dendrites , and axon . Without such a stain , brain tissue under a microscope appears as an impenetrable tangle of protoplasmic fibers , in which it is impossible to determine any structure . In the hands of Camillo Golgi , and especially of the Spanish neuroanatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal , the new stain revealed hundreds of distinct types of neurons , each with its own unique dendritic structure and pattern of connectivity .", "In the first half of the 20th century , advances in electronics enabled investigation of the electrical properties of nerve cells , culminating in work by Alan Hodgkin , Andrew Huxley , and others on the biophysics of the action potential , and the work of Bernard Katz and others on the electrochemistry of the synapse . These studies complemented the anatomical picture with a conception of the brain as a dynamic entity . Reflecting the new understanding , in 1942 Charles Sherrington visualized the workings of the brain waking from sleep :", "The great topmost sheet of the mass , that where hardly a light had twinkled or moved , becomes now a sparkling field of rhythmic flashing points with trains of traveling sparks hurrying hither and thither . The brain is waking and with it the mind is returning . It is as if the Milky Way entered upon some cosmic dance . Swiftly the head mass becomes an enchanted loom where millions of flashing shuttles weave a dissolving pattern , always a meaningful pattern though never an abiding one ; a shifting harmony of subpatterns .", "-- Sherrington , 1942 , Man on his Nature", "-- Sherrington , 1942 , Man on his Nature", "The invention of electronic computers in the 1940s , along with the development of mathematical information theory , led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems . This concept formed the basis of the field of cybernetics , and eventually gave rise to the field now known as computational neuroscience . The earliest attempts at cybernetics were somewhat crude in that they treated the brain as essentially a digital computer in disguise , as for example in John von Neumann 's 1958 book , The Computer and the Brain . Over the years , though , accumulating information about the electrical responses of brain cells recorded from behaving animals has steadily moved theoretical concepts in the direction of increasing realism .", "One of the most influential early contributions was a 1959 paper titled What the frog 's eye tells the frog 's brain : the paper examined the visual responses of neurons in the retina and optic tectum of frogs , and came to the conclusion that some neurons in the tectum of the frog are wired to combine elementary responses in a way that makes them function as `` bug perceivers '' . A few years later David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel discovered cells in the primary visual cortex of monkeys that become active when sharp edges move across specific points in the field of view -- a discovery for which they won a Nobel Prize . Follow - up studies in higher - order visual areas found cells that detect binocular disparity , color , movement , and aspects of shape , with areas located at increasing distances from the primary visual cortex showing increasingly complex responses . Other investigations of brain areas unrelated to vision have revealed cells with a wide variety of response correlates , some related to memory , some to abstract types of cognition such as space .", "Theorists have worked to understand these response patterns by constructing mathematical models of neurons and neural networks , which can be simulated using computers . Some useful models are abstract , focusing on the conceptual structure of neural algorithms rather than the details of how they are implemented in the brain ; other models attempt to incorporate data about the biophysical properties of real neurons . No model on any level is yet considered to be a fully valid description of brain function , though . The essential difficulty is that sophisticated computation by neural networks requires distributed processing in which hundreds or thousands of neurons work cooperatively -- current methods of brain activity recording are only capable of isolating action potentials from a few dozen neurons at a time .", "Furthermore , even single neurons appear to be complex and capable of performing computations . So , brain models that do n't reflect this are too abstract to be representative of brain operation ; models that do try to capture this are very computationally expensive and arguably intractable with present computational resources . However , the Human Brain Project is trying to build a realistic , detailed computational model of the entire human brain . The wisdom of this approach has been publicly contested , with high - profile scientists on both sides of the argument .", "In the second half of the 20th century , developments in chemistry , electron microscopy , genetics , computer science , functional brain imaging , and other fields progressively opened new windows into brain structure and function . In the United States , the 1990s were officially designated as the `` Decade of the Brain '' to commemorate advances made in brain research , and to promote funding for such research .", "In the 21st century , these trends have continued , and several new approaches have come into prominence , including multielectrode recording , which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time ; genetic engineering , which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally ; genomics , which allows variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging ." ]
Brain - wikipedia Brain Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the brains of all types of animals, including humans. For information specific to the human brain, see Human brain . For other uses, see Brain (disambiguation) . Not to be confused with Brane . Brain A chimpanzee brain Identifiers TA A14.1.03.001 FMA 50801 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision . The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a human, the cerebral cortex contains approximately 15-- 33 billion neurons , each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons , which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells. Physiologically , the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones . This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment . Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia , but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain. The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer , very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways. This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage , that are covered in the human brain article. Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomy 1.1 Cellular structure 1.2 Evolution 1.2.1 Generic bilaterian nervous system 1.2.2 Invertebrates 1.2.3 Vertebrates 1.2.4 Mammals 1.2.4.1 Primates 2 Development 3 Physiology 3.1 Neurotransmitters and receptors 3.2 Electrical activity 3.3 Metabolism 4 Functions 4.1 Perception 4.2 Motor control 4.3 Arousal 4.4 Homeostasis 4.5 Motivation 4.6 Learning and memory 5 Research 5.1 History 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Anatomy Cross section of the olfactory bulb of a rat, stained in two different ways at the same time: one stain shows neuron cell bodies, the other shows receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA . The shape and size of the brain varies greatly between species, and identifying common features is often difficult. Nevertheless, there are a number of principles of brain architecture that apply across a wide range of species. Some aspects of brain structure are common to almost the entire range of animal species; others distinguish `` advanced'' brains from more primitive ones, or distinguish vertebrates from invertebrates. The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives , and then sliced apart for examination of the interior. Visually, the interior of the brain consists of areas of so-called grey matter , with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter , with a lighter color. Further information can be gained by staining slices of brain tissue with a variety of chemicals that bring out areas where specific types of molecules are present in high concentrations. It is also possible to examine the microstructure of brain tissue using a microscope, and to trace the pattern of connections from one brain area to another. Cellular structure Neurons generate electrical signals that travel along their axons. When a pulse of electricity reaches a junction called a synapse , it causes a neurotransmitter chemical to be released, which binds to receptors on other cells and thereby alters their electrical activity. The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells . Glial cells (also known as glia or neuroglia ) come in several types, and perform a number of critical functions, including structural support, metabolic support, insulation, and guidance of development. Neurons, however, are usually considered the most important cells in the brain. The property that makes neurons unique is their ability to send signals to specific target cells over long distances. They send these signals by means of an axon, which is a thin protoplasmic fiber that extends from the cell body and projects, usually with numerous branches, to other areas, sometimes nearby, sometimes in distant parts of the brain or body. The length of an axon can be extraordinary: for example, if a pyramidal cell , (an excitatory neuron) of the cerebral cortex were magnified so that its cell body became the size of a human body, its axon, equally magnified, would become a cable a few centimeters in diameter, extending more than a kilometer. These axons transmit signals in the form of electrochemical pulses called action potentials, which last less than a thousandth of a second and travel along the axon at speeds of 1-- 100 meters per second. Some neurons emit action potentials constantly, at rates of 10-- 100 per second, usually in irregular patterns; other neurons are quiet most of the time, but occasionally emit a burst of action potentials. Axons transmit signals to other neurons by means of specialized junctions called synapses . A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells. When an action potential, traveling along an axon, arrives at a synapse, it causes a chemical called a neurotransmitter to be released. The neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules in the membrane of the target cell. Neurons often have extensive networks of dendrites , which receive synaptic connections. Shown is a pyramidal neuron from the hippocampus, stained for green fluorescent protein . Synapses are the key functional elements of the brain. The essential function of the brain is cell-to-cell communication, and synapses are the points at which communication occurs. The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses; even the brain of a fruit fly contains several million. The functions of these synapses are very diverse: some are excitatory (exciting the target cell); others are inhibitory; others work by activating second messenger systems that change the internal chemistry of their target cells in complex ways. A large number of synapses are dynamically modifiable; that is, they are capable of changing strength in a way that is controlled by the patterns of signals that pass through them. It is widely believed that activity-dependent modification of synapses is the brain's primary mechanism for learning and memory. Most of the space in the brain is taken up by axons, which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts . A myelinated axon is wrapped in a fatty insulating sheath of myelin , which serves to greatly increase the speed of signal propagation. (There are also unmyelinated axons). Myelin is white, making parts of the brain filled exclusively with nerve fibers appear as light-colored white matter , in contrast to the darker-colored grey matter that marks areas with high densities of neuron cell bodies. Evolution Main article: Evolution of the brain Generic bilaterian nervous system Nervous system of a generic bilaterian animal, in the form of a nerve cord with segmental enlargements, and a `` brain'' at the front Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net ), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians , meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other). All bilaterians are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that appeared early in the Cambrian period, 485-540 million years ago, and it has been hypothesized that this common ancestor had the shape of a simple tubeworm with a segmented body. At a schematic level, that basic worm-shape continues to be reflected in the body and nervous system architecture of all modern bilaterians, including vertebrates. The fundamental bilateral body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus, and a nerve cord with an enlargement (a ganglion ) for each body segment, with an especially large ganglion at the front, called the brain. The brain is small and simple in some species, such as nematode worms; in other species, including vertebrates, it is the most complex organ in the body. Some types of worms, such as leeches , also have an enlarged ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord, known as a `` tail brain'' . There are a few types of existing bilaterians that lack a recognizable brain, including echinoderms and tunicates . It has not been definitively established whether the existence of these brainless species indicates that the earliest bilaterians lacked a brain, or whether their ancestors evolved in a way that led to the disappearance of a previously existing brain structure. Invertebrates Fruit flies ( Drosophila ) have been extensively studied to gain insight into the role of genes in brain development. This category includes tardigrades , arthropods , molluscs , and numerous types of worms . The diversity of invertebrate body plans is matched by an equal diversity in brain structures. Two groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains: arthropods ( insects , crustaceans , arachnids , and others), and cephalopods ( octopuses , squids , and similar molluscs). The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. Arthropods have a central brain, the supraesophageal ganglion , with three divisions and large optical lobes behind each eye for visual processing. Cephalopods such as the octopus and squid have the largest brains of any invertebrates. There are several invertebrate species whose brains have been studied intensively because they have properties that make them convenient for experimental work: Fruit flies ( Drosophila ), because of the large array of techniques available for studying their genetics , have been a natural subject for studying the role of genes in brain development. In spite of the large evolutionary distance between insects and mammals, many aspects of Drosophila neurogenetics have been shown to be relevant to humans. The first biological clock genes , for example, were identified by examining Drosophila mutants that showed disrupted daily activity cycles. A search in the genomes of vertebrates revealed a set of analogous genes, which were found to play similar roles in the mouse biological clock-- and therefore almost certainly in the human biological clock as well. Studies done on Drosophila, also show that most neuropil regions of the brain are continuously reorganized throughout life in response to specific living conditions. The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans , like Drosophila , has been studied largely because of its importance in genetics. In the early 1970s, Sydney Brenner chose it as a model organism for studying the way that genes control development. One of the advantages of working with this worm is that the body plan is very stereotyped: the nervous system of the hermaphrodite contains exactly 302 neurons, always in the same places, making identical synaptic connections in every worm. Brenner's team sliced worms into thousands of ultrathin sections and photographed each one under an electron microscope, then visually matched fibers from section to section, to map out every neuron and synapse in the entire body. The complete neuronal wiring diagram of C.elegans -- its connectome was achieved. Nothing approaching this level of detail is available for any other organism, and the information gained has enabled a multitude of studies that would otherwise have not been possible. The sea slug Aplysia californica was chosen by Nobel Prize-winning neurophysiologist Eric Kandel as a model for studying the cellular basis of learning and memory , because of the simplicity and accessibility of its nervous system, and it has been examined in hundreds of experiments. Vertebrates The brain of a shark The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago ( Mya ), during the Cambrian period , and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history , but the brains of modern hagfishes, lampreys , sharks, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals show a gradient of size and complexity that roughly follows the evolutionary sequence. All of these brains contain the same set of basic anatomical components, but many are rudimentary in the hagfish, whereas in mammals the foremost part (the telencephalon ) is greatly elaborated and expanded. Brains are most simply compared in terms of their size. The relationship between brain size , body size and other variables has been studied across a wide range of vertebrate species. As a rule, brain size increases with body size, but not in a simple linear proportion. In general, smaller animals tend to have larger brains, measured as a fraction of body size. For mammals, the relationship between brain volume and body mass essentially follows a power law with an exponent of about 0.75. This formula describes the central tendency, but every family of mammals departs from it to some degree, in a way that reflects in part the complexity of their behavior. For example, primates have brains 5 to 10 times larger than the formula predicts. Predators tend to have larger brains than their prey, relative to body size. The main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain, which later differentiate into the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain All vertebrate brains share a common underlying form, which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development. In its earliest form, the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube ; these swellings eventually become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (the prosencephalon , mesencephalon , and rhombencephalon , respectively). At the earliest stages of brain development, the three areas are roughly equal in size. In many classes of vertebrates, such as fish and amphibians, the three parts remain similar in size in the adult, but in mammals the forebrain becomes much larger than the other parts, and the midbrain becomes very small. The brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain. Blood vessels enter the central nervous system through holes in the meningeal layers. The cells in the blood vessel walls are joined tightly to one another, forming the blood-- brain barrier , which blocks the passage of many toxins and pathogens (though at the same time blocking antibodies and some drugs, thereby presenting special challenges in treatment of diseases of the brain). Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum , pons , and medulla oblongata . Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some parts, such as the cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex, consist of layers that are folded or convoluted to fit within the available space. Other parts, such as the thalamus and hypothalamus, consist of clusters of many small nuclei. Thousands of distinguishable areas can be identified within the vertebrate brain based on fine distinctions of neural structure, chemistry, and connectivity. Although the same basic components are present in all vertebrate brains, some branches of vertebrate evolution have led to substantial distortions of brain geometry, especially in the forebrain area. The brain of a shark shows the basic components in a straightforward way, but in teleost fishes (the great majority of existing fish species), the forebrain has become `` everted'' , like a sock turned inside out. In birds, there are also major changes in forebrain structure. These distortions can make it difficult to match brain components from one species with those of another species. The main anatomical regions of the vertebrate brain, shown for shark and human. The same parts are present, but they differ greatly in size and shape. Here is a list of some of the most important vertebrate brain components, along with a brief description of their functions as currently understood: See also: List of regions in the human brain The medulla , along with the spinal cord, contains many small nuclei involved in a wide variety of sensory and involuntary motor functions such as vomiting, heart rate and digestive processes. The pons lies in the brainstem directly above the medulla. Among other things, it contains nuclei that control often voluntary but simple acts such as sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder function, equilibrium, eye movement, facial expressions, and posture. The hypothalamus is a small region at the base of the forebrain, whose complexity and importance belies its size. It is composed of numerous small nuclei, each with distinct connections and neurochemistry. The hypothalamus is engaged in additional involuntary or partially voluntary acts such as sleep and wake cycles, eating and drinking, and the release of some hormones. The thalamus is a collection of nuclei with diverse functions: some are involved in relaying information to and from the cerebral hemispheres, while others are involved in motivation. The subthalamic area ( zona incerta ) seems to contain action-generating systems for several types of `` consummatory'' behaviors such as eating, drinking, defecation, and copulation. The cerebellum modulates the outputs of other brain systems, whether motor related or thought related, to make them certain and precise. Removal of the cerebellum does not prevent an animal from doing anything in particular, but it makes actions hesitant and clumsy. This precision is not built-in, but learned by trial and error. The muscle coordination learned while riding a bicycle is an example of a type of neural plasticity that may take place largely within the cerebellum. 10% of the brain's total volume consists of the cerebellum and 50% of all neurons are held within its structure. The optic tectum allows actions to be directed toward points in space, most commonly in response to visual input. In mammals it is usually referred to as the superior colliculus , and its best-studied function is to direct eye movements. It also directs reaching movements and other object-directed actions. It receives strong visual inputs, but also inputs from other senses that are useful in directing actions, such as auditory input in owls and input from the thermosensitive pit organs in snakes. In some primitive fishes, such as lampreys , this region is the largest part of the brain. The superior colliculus is part of the midbrain. The pallium is a layer of gray matter that lies on the surface of the forebrain and is the most complex and most recent evolutionary development of the brain as an organ. In reptiles and mammals, it is called the cerebral cortex . Multiple functions involve the pallium, including smell and spatial memory . In mammals, where it becomes so large as to dominate the brain, it takes over functions from many other brain areas. In many mammals, the cerebral cortex consists of folded bulges called gyri that create deep furrows or fissures called sulci . The folds increase the surface area of the cortex and therefore increase the amount of gray matter and the amount of information that can be stored and processed. The hippocampus , strictly speaking, is found only in mammals. However, the area it derives from, the medial pallium, has counterparts in all vertebrates. There is evidence that this part of the brain is involved in complex events such as spatial memory and navigation in fishes, birds, reptiles, and mammals. The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected structures in the forebrain. The primary function of the basal ganglia appears to be action selection : they send inhibitory signals to all parts of the brain that can generate motor behaviors, and in the right circumstances can release the inhibition, so that the action-generating systems are able to execute their actions. Reward and punishment exert their most important neural effects by altering connections within the basal ganglia. The olfactory bulb is a special structure that processes olfactory sensory signals and sends its output to the olfactory part of the pallium. It is a major brain component in many vertebrates, but is greatly reduced in humans and other primates (whose senses are dominated by information acquired by sight rather than smell). Mammals The most obvious difference between the brains of mammals and other vertebrates is in terms of size. On average, a mammal has a brain roughly twice as large as that of a bird of the same body size, and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size. Size, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that most strongly distinguishes mammals. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the surface of the cerebrum is lined with a comparatively simple three-layered structure called the pallium . In mammals, the pallium evolves into a complex six-layered structure called neocortex or isocortex . Several areas at the edge of the neocortex, including the hippocampus and amygdala , are also much more extensively developed in mammals than in other vertebrates. The elaboration of the cerebral cortex carries with it changes to other brain areas. The superior colliculus , which plays a major role in visual control of behavior in most vertebrates, shrinks to a small size in mammals, and many of its functions are taken over by visual areas of the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum of mammals contains a large portion (the neocerebellum ) dedicated to supporting the cerebral cortex, which has no counterpart in other vertebrates. Primates Encephalization Quotient Species EQ Human 7.4-- 7.8 Chimpanzee 2.2-- 2.5 Rhesus monkey Bottlenose dolphin 4.14 Elephant 1.13-- 2.36 Dog 1.2 Horse 0.9 Rat 0.4 See also: Human brain The brains of humans and other primates contain the same structures as the brains of other mammals, but are generally larger in proportion to body size. The encephalization quotient (EQ) is used to compare brain sizes across species. It takes into account the nonlinearity of the brain-to-body relationship. Humans have an average EQ in the 7-to-8 range, while most other primates have an EQ in the 2-to-3 range. Dolphins have values higher than those of primates other than humans, but nearly all other mammals have EQ values that are substantially lower. Most of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision . The visual processing network of primates includes at least 30 distinguishable brain areas, with a complex web of interconnections. It has been estimated that visual processing areas occupy more than half of the total surface of the primate neocortex. The prefrontal cortex carries out functions that include planning , working memory , motivation , attention , and executive control . It takes up a much larger proportion of the brain for primates than for other species, and an especially large fraction of the human brain. Development Main article: Neural development Brain of a human embryo in the sixth week of development The brain develops in an intricately orchestrated sequence of stages. It changes in shape from a simple swelling at the front of the nerve cord in the earliest embryonic stages, to a complex array of areas and connections. Neurons are created in special zones that contain stem cells , and then migrate through the tissue to reach their ultimate locations. Once neurons have positioned themselves, their axons sprout and navigate through the brain, branching and extending as they go, until the tips reach their targets and form synaptic connections. In a number of parts of the nervous system, neurons and synapses are produced in excessive numbers during the early stages, and then the unneeded ones are pruned away. For vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is induced to become the neural plate , the precursor of the nervous system. The neural plate folds inward to form the neural groove , and then the lips that line the groove merge to enclose the neural tube , a hollow cord of cells with a fluid-filled ventricle at the center. At the front end, the ventricles and cord swell to form three vesicles that are the precursors of the forebrain , midbrain , and hindbrain . At the next stage, the forebrain splits into two vesicles called the telencephalon (which will contain the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and related structures) and the diencephalon (which will contain the thalamus and hypothalamus). At about the same time, the hindbrain splits into the metencephalon (which will contain the cerebellum and pons) and the myelencephalon (which will contain the medulla oblongata ). Each of these areas contains proliferative zones where neurons and glial cells are generated; the resulting cells then migrate, sometimes for long distances, to their final positions. Once a neuron is in place, it extends dendrites and an axon into the area around it. Axons, because they commonly extend a great distance from the cell body and need to reach specific targets, grow in a particularly complex way. The tip of a growing axon consists of a blob of protoplasm called a growth cone , studded with chemical receptors. These receptors sense the local environment, causing the growth cone to be attracted or repelled by various cellular elements, and thus to be pulled in a particular direction at each point along its path. The result of this pathfinding process is that the growth cone navigates through the brain until it reaches its destination area, where other chemical cues cause it to begin generating synapses. Considering the entire brain, thousands of genes create products that influence axonal pathfinding. The synaptic network that finally emerges is only partly determined by genes, though. In many parts of the brain, axons initially `` overgrow'' , and then are `` pruned'' by mechanisms that depend on neural activity. In the projection from the eye to the midbrain, for example, the structure in the adult contains a very precise mapping, connecting each point on the surface of the retina to a corresponding point in a midbrain layer. In the first stages of development, each axon from the retina is guided to the right general vicinity in the midbrain by chemical cues, but then branches very profusely and makes initial contact with a wide swath of midbrain neurons. The retina, before birth, contains special mechanisms that cause it to generate waves of activity that originate spontaneously at a random point and then propagate slowly across the retinal layer. These waves are useful because they cause neighboring neurons to be active at the same time; that is, they produce a neural activity pattern that contains information about the spatial arrangement of the neurons. This information is exploited in the midbrain by a mechanism that causes synapses to weaken, and eventually vanish, if activity in an axon is not followed by activity of the target cell. The result of this sophisticated process is a gradual tuning and tightening of the map, leaving it finally in its precise adult form. Similar things happen in other brain areas: an initial synaptic matrix is generated as a result of genetically determined chemical guidance, but then gradually refined by activity-dependent mechanisms, partly driven by internal dynamics, partly by external sensory inputs. In some cases, as with the retina-midbrain system, activity patterns depend on mechanisms that operate only in the developing brain, and apparently exist solely to guide development. In humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well established are the olfactory bulb, which is involved in the sense of smell, and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, where there is evidence that the new neurons play a role in storing newly acquired memories. With these exceptions, however, the set of neurons that is present in early childhood is the set that is present for life. Glial cells are different: as with most types of cells in the body, they are generated throughout the lifespan. There has long been debate about whether the qualities of mind , personality, and intelligence can be attributed to heredity or to upbringing-- this is the nature and nurture controversy. Although many details remain to be settled, neuroscience research has clearly shown that both factors are important. Genes determine the general form of the brain, and genes determine how the brain reacts to experience. Experience, however, is required to refine the matrix of synaptic connections, which in its developed form contains far more information than the genome does. In some respects, all that matters is the presence or absence of experience during critical periods of development. In other respects, the quantity and quality of experience are important; for example, there is substantial evidence that animals raised in enriched environments have thicker cerebral cortices, indicating a higher density of synaptic connections, than animals whose levels of stimulation are restricted. Physiology. The functions of the brain depend on the ability of neurons to transmit electrochemical signals to other cells, and their ability to respond appropriately to electrochemical signals received from other cells. The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by a wide variety of biochemical and metabolic processes, most notably the interactions between neurotransmitters and receptors that take place at synapses. Neurotransmitters and receptors Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them-- neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell, and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules. With few exceptions, each neuron in the brain releases the same chemical neurotransmitter, or combination of neurotransmitters, at all the synaptic connections it makes with other neurons; this rule is known as Dale's principle . Thus, a neuron can be characterized by the neurotransmitters that it releases. The great majority of psychoactive drugs exert their effects by altering specific neurotransmitter systems. This applies to drugs such as cannabinoids , nicotine , heroin , cocaine , alcohol, fluoxetine , chlorpromazine , and many others. The two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate , which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is almost always inhibitory. Neurons using these transmitters can be found in nearly every part of the brain. Because of their ubiquity, drugs that act on glutamate or GABA tend to have broad and powerful effects. Some general anesthetics act by reducing the effects of glutamate; most tranquilizers exert their sedative effects by enhancing the effects of GABA. There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin , for example-- the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids-- comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the raphe nuclei . Norepinephrine , which is involved in arousal, comes exclusively from a nearby small area called the locus coeruleus . Other neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine have multiple sources in the brain, but are not as ubiquitously distributed as glutamate and GABA. Electrical activity Brain electrical activity recorded from a human patient during an epileptic seizure As a side effect of the electrochemical processes used by neurons for signaling, brain tissue generates electric fields when it is active. When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity, the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull, using electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG). EEG recordings, along with recordings made from electrodes implanted inside the brains of animals such as rats, show that the brain of a living animal is constantly active, even during sleep. Each part of the brain shows a mixture of rhythmic and nonrhythmic activity, which may vary according to behavioral state. In mammals, the cerebral cortex tends to show large slow delta waves during sleep, faster alpha waves when the animal is awake but inattentive, and chaotic-looking irregular activity when the animal is actively engaged in a task. During an epileptic seizure , the brain's inhibitory control mechanisms fail to function and electrical activity rises to pathological levels, producing EEG traces that show large wave and spike patterns not seen in a healthy brain. Relating these population-level patterns to the computational functions of individual neurons is a major focus of current research in neurophysiology . Metabolism All vertebrates have a blood-- brain barrier that allows metabolism inside the brain to operate differently from metabolism in other parts of the body. Glial cells play a major role in brain metabolism by controlling the chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons, including levels of ions and nutrients. Brain tissue consumes a large amount of energy in proportion to its volume, so large brains place severe metabolic demands on animals. The need to limit body weight in order, for example, to fly, has apparently led to selection for a reduction of brain size in some species, such as bats. Most of the brain's energy consumption goes into sustaining the electric charge ( membrane potential ) of neurons. Most vertebrate species devote between 2% and 8% of basal metabolism to the brain. In primates, however, the percentage is much higher-- in humans it rises to 20-- 25%. The energy consumption of the brain does not vary greatly over time, but active regions of the cerebral cortex consume somewhat more energy than inactive regions; this forms the basis for the functional brain imaging methods PET , fMRI , and NIRS . The brain typically gets most of its energy from oxygen-dependent metabolism of glucose (i.e., blood sugar), but ketones provide a major alternative source, together with contributions from medium chain fatty acids ( caprylic and heptanoic acids), lactate , acetate , and possibly amino acids . Functions Model of a neural circuit in the cerebellum, as proposed by James S. Albus Information from the sense organs is collected in the brain. There it is used to determine what actions the organism is to take. The brain processes the raw data to extract information about the structure of the environment. Next it combines the processed information with information about the current needs of the animal and with memory of past circumstances. Finally, on the basis of the results, it generates motor response patterns. These signal-processing tasks require intricate interplay between a variety of functional subsystems. The function of the brain is to provide coherent control over the actions of an animal. A centralized brain allows groups of muscles to be co-activated in complex patterns; it also allows stimuli impinging on one part of the body to evoke responses in other parts, and it can prevent different parts of the body from acting at cross-purposes to each other. Perception Diagram of signal processing in the auditory system The human brain is provided with information about light, sound, the chemical composition of the atmosphere, temperature, head orientation, limb position, the chemical composition of the bloodstream, and more. In other animals additional senses are present, such as the infrared heat-sense of snakes, the magnetic field sense of some birds, or the electric field sense of some types of fish. Each sensory system begins with specialized receptor cells, such as light-receptive neurons in the retina of the eye, or vibration-sensitive neurons in the cochlea of the ear. The axons of sensory receptor cells travel into the spinal cord or brain, where they transmit their signals to a first-order sensory nucleus dedicated to one specific sensory modality . This primary sensory nucleus sends information to higher-order sensory areas that are dedicated to the same modality. Eventually, via a way-station in the thalamus , the signals are sent to the cerebral cortex, where they are processed to extract the relevant features, and integrated with signals coming from other sensory systems. Motor control Motor systems are areas of the brain that are involved in initiating body movements , that is, in activating muscles. Except for the muscles that control the eye, which are driven by nuclei in the midbrain, all the voluntary muscles in the body are directly innervated by motor neurons in the spinal cord and hindbrain. Spinal motor neurons are controlled both by neural circuits intrinsic to the spinal cord, and by inputs that descend from the brain. The intrinsic spinal circuits implement many reflex responses, and contain pattern generators for rhythmic movements such as walking or swimming. The descending connections from the brain allow for more sophisticated control. The brain contains several motor areas that project directly to the spinal cord. At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons, which control stereotyped movements such as walking, breathing, or swallowing. At a higher level are areas in the midbrain, such as the red nucleus , which is responsible for coordinating movements of the arms and legs. At a higher level yet is the primary motor cortex , a strip of tissue located at the posterior edge of the frontal lobe. The primary motor cortex sends projections to the subcortical motor areas, but also sends a massive projection directly to the spinal cord, through the pyramidal tract . This direct corticospinal projection allows for precise voluntary control of the fine details of movements. Other motor-related brain areas exert secondary effects by projecting to the primary motor areas. Among the most important secondary areas are the premotor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Major areas involved in controlling movement Area Location Function Ventral horn Spinal cord Contains motor neurons that directly activate muscles Oculomotor nuclei Midbrain Contains motor neurons that directly activate the eye muscles Cerebellum Hindbrain Calibrates precision and timing of movements Basal ganglia Forebrain Action selection on the basis of motivation Motor cortex Frontal lobe Direct cortical activation of spinal motor circuits Premotor cortex Frontal lobe Groups elementary movements into coordinated patterns Supplementary motor area Frontal lobe Sequences movements into temporal patterns Prefrontal cortex Frontal lobe Planning and other executive functions In addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system , which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the `` smooth'' muscles of the gut. Arousal See also: Sleep Many animals alternate between sleeping and waking in a daily cycle. Arousal and alertness are also modulated on a finer time scale by a network of brain areas. A key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross. The SCN contains the body's central biological clock. Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a period of about 24 hours, circadian rhythms : these activity fluctuations are driven by rhythmic changes in expression of a set of `` clock genes'' . The SCN continues to keep time even if it is excised from the brain and placed in a dish of warm nutrient solution, but it ordinarily receives input from the optic nerves, through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), that allows daily light-dark cycles to calibrate the clock. The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles. An important component of the system is the reticular formation , a group of neuron-clusters scattered diffusely through the core of the lower brain. Reticular neurons send signals to the thalamus, which in turn sends activity-level-controlling signals to every part of the cortex. Damage to the reticular formation can produce a permanent state of coma. Sleep involves great changes in brain activity. Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep, but this is now known to be far from true; activity continues, but patterns become very different. There are two types of sleep: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM (non-REM, usually without dreaming) sleep, which repeat in slightly varying patterns throughout a sleep episode. Three broad types of distinct brain activity patterns can be measured: REM, light NREM and deep NREM. During deep NREM sleep, also called slow wave sleep , activity in the cortex takes the form of large synchronized waves, whereas in the waking state it is noisy and desynchronized. Levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin drop during slow wave sleep, and fall almost to zero during REM sleep; levels of acetylcholine show the reverse pattern. Homeostasis Cross-section of a human head, showing location of the hypothalamus For any animal, survival requires maintaining a variety of parameters of bodily state within a limited range of variation: these include temperature, water content, salt concentration in the bloodstream, blood glucose levels, blood oxygen level, and others. The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body-- the milieu intérieur , as pioneering physiologist Claude Bernard called it-- is known as homeostasis ( Greek for `` standing still'' ). Maintaining homeostasis is a crucial function of the brain. The basic principle that underlies homeostasis is negative feedback : any time a parameter diverges from its set-point, sensors generate an error signal that evokes a response that causes the parameter to shift back toward its optimum value. (This principle is widely used in engineering, for example in the control of temperature using a thermostat .) In vertebrates, the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus , a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function. The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei, most of which are involved in basic biological functions. Some of these functions relate to arousal or to social interactions such as sexuality, aggression, or maternal behaviors; but many of them relate to homeostasis. Several hypothalamic nuclei receive input from sensors located in the lining of blood vessels, conveying information about temperature, sodium level, glucose level, blood oxygen level, and other parameters. These hypothalamic nuclei send output signals to motor areas that can generate actions to rectify deficiencies. Some of the outputs also go to the pituitary gland , a tiny gland attached to the brain directly underneath the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream, where they circulate throughout the body and induce changes in cellular activity. Motivation Components of the basal ganglia, shown in two cross-sections of the human brain. Blue: caudate nucleus and putamen . Green: globus pallidus . Red: subthalamic nucleus . Black: substantia nigra . The individual animals need to express survival-promoting behaviors, such as seeking food, water, shelter, and a mate. The motivational system in the brain monitors the current state of satisfaction of these goals, and activates behaviors to meet any needs that arise. The motivational system works largely by a reward-- punishment mechanism. When a particular behavior is followed by favorable consequences, the reward mechanism in the brain is activated, which induces structural changes inside the brain that cause the same behavior to be repeated later, whenever a similar situation arises. Conversely, when a behavior is followed by unfavorable consequences, the brain's punishment mechanism is activated, inducing structural changes that cause the behavior to be suppressed when similar situations arise in the future. Most organisms studied to date utilize a reward-- punishment mechanism: for instance, worms and insects can alter their behavior to seek food sources or to avoid dangers. In vertebrates, the reward-punishment system is implemented by a specific set of brain structures, at the heart of which lie the basal ganglia, a set of interconnected areas at the base of the forebrain. The basal ganglia are the central site at which decisions are made: the basal ganglia exert a sustained inhibitory control over most of the motor systems in the brain; when this inhibition is released, a motor system is permitted to execute the action it is programmed to carry out. Rewards and punishments function by altering the relationship between the inputs that the basal ganglia receive and the decision-signals that are emitted. The reward mechanism is better understood than the punishment mechanism, because its role in drug abuse has caused it to be studied very intensively. Research has shown that the neurotransmitter dopamine plays a central role: addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine either cause dopamine levels to rise or cause the effects of dopamine inside the brain to be enhanced. Learning and memory Almost all animals are capable of modifying their behavior as a result of experience-- even the most primitive types of worms. Because behavior is driven by brain activity, changes in behavior must somehow correspond to changes inside the brain. Already in the late 19th century theorists like Santiago Ramón y Cajal argued that the most plausible explanation is that learning and memory are expressed as changes in the synaptic connections between neurons. Until 1970, however, experimental evidence to support the synaptic plasticity hypothesis was lacking. In 1971 Tim Bliss and Terje Lømo published a paper on a phenomenon now called long-term potentiation : the paper showed clear evidence of activity-induced synaptic changes that lasted for at least several days. Since then technical advances have made these sorts of experiments much easier to carry out, and thousands of studies have been made that have clarified the mechanism of synaptic change, and uncovered other types of activity-driven synaptic change in a variety of brain areas, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and physical activity appear to play a beneficial role in the process. Neuroscientists currently distinguish several types of learning and memory that are implemented by the brain in distinct ways: Working memory is the ability of the brain to maintain a temporary representation of information about the task that an animal is currently engaged in. This sort of dynamic memory is thought to be mediated by the formation of cell assemblies -- groups of activated neurons that maintain their activity by constantly stimulating one another. Episodic memory is the ability to remember the details of specific events. This sort of memory can last for a lifetime. Much evidence implicates the hippocampus in playing a crucial role: people with severe damage to the hippocampus sometimes show amnesia , that is, inability to form new long-lasting episodic memories. Semantic memory is the ability to learn facts and relationships. This sort of memory is probably stored largely in the cerebral cortex, mediated by changes in connections between cells that represent specific types of information. Instrumental learning is the ability for rewards and punishments to modify behavior. It is implemented by a network of brain areas centered on the basal ganglia. Motor learning is the ability to refine patterns of body movement by practicing, or more generally by repetition. A number of brain areas are involved, including the premotor cortex , basal ganglia, and especially the cerebellum, which functions as a large memory bank for microadjustments of the parameters of movement. Research Main article: Neuroscience The Human Brain Project is a large scientific research project, starting in 2013, which aims to simulate the complete human brain. The field of neuroscience encompasses all approaches that seek to understand the brain and the rest of the nervous system. Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior, and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system. The brain is also the most important organ studied in psychiatry , the branch of medicine that works to study, prevent, and treat mental disorders . Cognitive science seeks to unify neuroscience and psychology with other fields that concern themselves with the brain, such as computer science ( artificial intelligence and similar fields) and philosophy . The oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical , and until the middle of the 20th century, much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes. Neuroanatomists study the large-scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of neurons and their components, especially synapses. Among other tools, they employ a plethora of stains that reveal neural structure, chemistry, and connectivity. In recent years, the development of immunostaining techniques has allowed investigation of neurons that express specific sets of genes. Also, functional neuroanatomy uses medical imaging techniques to correlate variations in human brain structure with differences in cognition or behavior. Neurophysiologists study the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain: their primary tools are drugs and recording devices. Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system, some in highly specific ways. Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrodes, either glued to the scalp as in EEG studies, or implanted inside the brains of animals for extracellular recordings, which can detect action potentials generated by individual neurons. Because the brain does not contain pain receptors, it is possible using these techniques to record brain activity from animals that are awake and behaving without causing distress. The same techniques have occasionally been used to study brain activity in human patients suffering from intractable epilepsy , in cases where there was a medical necessity to implant electrodes to localize the brain area responsible for epileptic seizures . Functional imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging are also used to study brain activity; these techniques have mainly been used with human subjects, because they require a conscious subject to remain motionless for long periods of time, but they have the great advantage of being noninvasive. Design of an experiment in which brain activity from a monkey was used to control a robotic arm Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges , surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid , and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood-- brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous diseases and several types of damage. In humans, the effects of strokes and other types of brain damage have been a key source of information about brain function. Because there is no ability to experimentally control the nature of the damage, however, this information is often difficult to interpret. In animal studies, most commonly involving rats, it is possible to use electrodes or locally injected chemicals to produce precise patterns of damage and then examine the consequences for behavior. Computational neuroscience encompasses two approaches: first, the use of computers to study the brain; second, the study of how brains perform computation. On one hand, it is possible to write a computer program to simulate the operation of a group of neurons by making use of systems of equations that describe their electrochemical activity; such simulations are known as biologically realistic neural networks . On the other hand, it is possible to study algorithms for neural computation by simulating, or mathematically analyzing, the operations of simplified `` units'' that have some of the properties of neurons but abstract out much of their biological complexity. The computational functions of the brain are studied both by computer scientists and neuroscientists. Computational neurogenetic modeling is concerned with the study and development of dynamic neuronal models for modeling brain functions with respect to genes and dynamic interactions between genes. Recent years have seen increasing applications of genetic and genomic techniques to the study of the brain and a focus on the roles of neurotrophic factors and physical activity in neuroplasticity . The most common subjects are mice, because of the availability of technical tools. It is now possible with relative ease to `` knock out'' or mutate a wide variety of genes, and then examine the effects on brain function. More sophisticated approaches are also being used: for example, using Cre-Lox recombination it is possible to activate or deactivate genes in specific parts of the brain, at specific times. History Illustration by René Descartes of how the brain implements a reflex response See also: History of neuroscience The oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex . The brain, estimated to be over 5,000 years old, was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave. Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the head, emotion in the heart, and lust near the liver. Hippocrates, the `` father of medicine'' , came down unequivocally in favor of the brain. In his treatise on epilepsy he wrote: Men ought to know that from nothing else but the brain come joys, delights, laughter and sports, and sorrows, griefs, despondency, and lamentations... And by the same organ we become mad and delirious, and fears and terrors assail us, some by night, and some by day, and dreams and untimely wanderings, and cares that are not suitable, and ignorance of present circumstances, desuetude, and unskillfulness. All these things we endure from the brain, when it is not healthy... Hippocrates , On the Sacred Disease Andreas Vesalius ' Fabrica , published in 1543, showing the base of the human brain, including optic chiasma , cerebellum, olfactory bulbs , etc. The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves. He postulated that nerves activate muscles mechanically by carrying a mysterious substance he called pneumata psychikon , usually translated as `` animal spirits'' . Galen's ideas were widely known during the Middle Ages, but not much further progress came until the Renaissance, when detailed anatomical study resumed, combined with the theoretical speculations of René Descartes and those who followed him. Descartes, like Galen, thought of the nervous system in hydraulic terms. He believed that the highest cognitive functions are carried out by a non-physical res cogitans , but that the majority of behaviors of humans, and all behaviors of animals, could be explained mechanistically. The first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function, though, came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani , who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contract. Since that time, each major advance in understanding has followed more or less directly from the development of a new technique of investigation. Until the early years of the 20th century, the most important advances were derived from new methods for staining cells. Particularly critical was the invention of the Golgi stain , which (when correctly used) stains only a small fraction of neurons, but stains them in their entirety, including cell body, dendrites, and axon. Without such a stain, brain tissue under a microscope appears as an impenetrable tangle of protoplasmic fibers, in which it is impossible to determine any structure. In the hands of Camillo Golgi , and especially of the Spanish neuroanatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal , the new stain revealed hundreds of distinct types of neurons, each with its own unique dendritic structure and pattern of connectivity. Drawing by Santiago Ramón y Cajal of two types of Golgi-stained neurons from the cerebellum of a pigeon In the first half of the 20th century, advances in electronics enabled investigation of the electrical properties of nerve cells, culminating in work by Alan Hodgkin , Andrew Huxley , and others on the biophysics of the action potential, and the work of Bernard Katz and others on the electrochemistry of the synapse. These studies complemented the anatomical picture with a conception of the brain as a dynamic entity. Reflecting the new understanding, in 1942 Charles Sherrington visualized the workings of the brain waking from sleep: The great topmost sheet of the mass, that where hardly a light had twinkled or moved, becomes now a sparkling field of rhythmic flashing points with trains of traveling sparks hurrying hither and thither. The brain is waking and with it the mind is returning. It is as if the Milky Way entered upon some cosmic dance. Swiftly the head mass becomes an enchanted loom where millions of flashing shuttles weave a dissolving pattern, always a meaningful pattern though never an abiding one; a shifting harmony of subpatterns. -- Sherrington, 1942, Man on his Nature The invention of electronic computers in the 1940s, along with the development of mathematical information theory , led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems. This concept formed the basis of the field of cybernetics , and eventually gave rise to the field now known as computational neuroscience . The earliest attempts at cybernetics were somewhat crude in that they treated the brain as essentially a digital computer in disguise, as for example in John von Neumann 's 1958 book, The Computer and the Brain . Over the years, though, accumulating information about the electrical responses of brain cells recorded from behaving animals has steadily moved theoretical concepts in the direction of increasing realism. One of the most influential early contributions was a 1959 paper titled What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain : the paper examined the visual responses of neurons in the retina and optic tectum of frogs, and came to the conclusion that some neurons in the tectum of the frog are wired to combine elementary responses in a way that makes them function as `` bug perceivers'' . A few years later David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel discovered cells in the primary visual cortex of monkeys that become active when sharp edges move across specific points in the field of view-- a discovery for which they won a Nobel Prize. Follow-up studies in higher-order visual areas found cells that detect binocular disparity , color, movement, and aspects of shape, with areas located at increasing distances from the primary visual cortex showing increasingly complex responses. Other investigations of brain areas unrelated to vision have revealed cells with a wide variety of response correlates, some related to memory, some to abstract types of cognition such as space. Theorists have worked to understand these response patterns by constructing mathematical models of neurons and neural networks , which can be simulated using computers. Some useful models are abstract, focusing on the conceptual structure of neural algorithms rather than the details of how they are implemented in the brain; other models attempt to incorporate data about the biophysical properties of real neurons. No model on any level is yet considered to be a fully valid description of brain function, though. The essential difficulty is that sophisticated computation by neural networks requires distributed processing in which hundreds or thousands of neurons work cooperatively-- current methods of brain activity recording are only capable of isolating action potentials from a few dozen neurons at a time. Furthermore, even single neurons appear to be complex and capable of performing computations. So, brain models that don't reflect this are too abstract to be representative of brain operation; models that do try to capture this are very computationally expensive and arguably intractable with present computational resources. However, the Human Brain Project is trying to build a realistic, detailed computational model of the entire human brain. The wisdom of this approach has been publicly contested, with high-profile scientists on both sides of the argument. In the second half of the 20th century, developments in chemistry, electron microscopy, genetics, computer science, functional brain imaging, and other fields progressively opened new windows into brain structure and function. In the United States, the 1990s were officially designated as the `` Decade of the Brain '' to commemorate advances made in brain research, and to promote funding for such research. In the 21st century, these trends have continued, and several new approaches have come into prominence, including multielectrode recording , which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time; genetic engineering , which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally; genomics , which allows variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging . See also Brain as food Brain-- computer interface Central nervous system disease List of neuroscience databases Neurological disorder Neuroplasticity Optogenetics Outline of neuroscience References Jump up ^ Pelvig, DP; Pakkenberg, H; Stark, AK; Pakkenberg, B (2008). `` Neocortical glial cell numbers in human brains'' . Neurobiology of Aging. 29 (11): 1754-- 1762. PMID 17544173 . doi : 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.04.013 . Jump up ^ Yuste, Rafael; Church, George M. (March 2014). `` The new century of the brain'' (PDF) . 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The Brain from Top to Bottom , at McGill University Mind and brain portal Neuroscience portal GND : 4019752-9 NDL : 00568735 NKC : ph123008 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brain&oldid=803610880 '' Categories : Brain Organs (anatomy) Human anatomy by organ Animal anatomy Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bamanankan বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца )‎ Bislama Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 /Hak-kâ -ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Лакку Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála La .lojban. Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی پښتو Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sámegiella संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча /tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語Zazaki中文KabɩyɛEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon3October2017,at15:28.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia
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what is the meaning of the name ignatius
Ignatius is a male given name of presumed Latin or Etruscan origin , believed to mean `` fiery one '' ( compare the word `` ignite '' ) .
[ [ "fiery one" ] ]
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[ "Ignatius Gender male Origin Word / name Roman family name Egnatius Other names Related names Ignace , Ignacio , Ignazio , Ignatios , Ignasi", "Ignatius", "Gender male", "Origin", "Word / name Roman family name Egnatius", "Other names", "Related names Ignace , Ignacio , Ignazio , Ignatios , Ignasi", "Ignatius is a male given name of presumed Latin or Etruscan origin , believed to mean `` fiery one '' ( compare the word `` ignite '' ) .", "Notable people with the name include :", "Ignatius Kutu Acheampong ( 1931 -- 1979 ) , Ghanaian military ruler Ignatius Bonomi ( 1787 -- 1870 ) , British architect Ignatius Valentine Chirol ( 1852 -- 1929 ) , British writer and diplomat Ignatius L. Donnelly ( 1831 -- 1901 ) , American politician and writer Ignatius J. Galantin ( 1910 -- 2004 ) , American admiral Ignatius Jones ( born 1957 ) , Australian singer and producer Ignatius K. Musaazi ( 1905 -- 1990 ) , Ugandan politician Ignatius O'Brien , 1st Baron Shandon ( 1857 -- 1930 ) , Irish lawyer Ignatius Sancho ( 1729 -- 1780 ) , British writer Ignatius Scoles ( 1834 - 1896 ) , British architect , priest and writer Ignatius Shixwameni ( born 1966 ) , Namibian politician Ignatius Zhuwakiyi ( born 1969 ) , Zimbabwean sculptor Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle ( 1859 -- 1930 ) , British writer and physician", "Ignatius Kutu Acheampong ( 1931 -- 1979 ) , Ghanaian military ruler", "Ignatius Bonomi ( 1787 -- 1870 ) , British architect", "Ignatius Valentine Chirol ( 1852 -- 1929 ) , British writer and diplomat", "Ignatius L. Donnelly ( 1831 -- 1901 ) , American politician and writer", "Ignatius J. Galantin ( 1910 -- 2004 ) , American admiral", "Ignatius Jones ( born 1957 ) , Australian singer and producer", "Ignatius K. Musaazi ( 1905 -- 1990 ) , Ugandan politician", "Ignatius O'Brien , 1st Baron Shandon ( 1857 -- 1930 ) , Irish lawyer", "Ignatius Sancho ( 1729 -- 1780 ) , British writer", "Ignatius Scoles ( 1834 - 1896 ) , British architect , priest and writer", "Ignatius Shixwameni ( born 1966 ) , Namibian politician", "Ignatius Zhuwakiyi ( born 1969 ) , Zimbabwean sculptor", "Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle ( 1859 -- 1930 ) , British writer and physician", "Adi Ignatius ( born 1959 ) , American journalist David Ignatius ( born 1950 ) , American journalist and writer Hannes Ignatius ( 1871 -- 1941 ) , Finnish general Karl Ferdinand Ignatius ( 1837 -- 1909 ) , Finnish politician Paul Robert Ignatius ( born 1920 ) , American administrator", "Adi Ignatius ( born 1959 ) , American journalist", "David Ignatius ( born 1950 ) , American journalist and writer", "Hannes Ignatius ( 1871 -- 1941 ) , Finnish general", "Karl Ferdinand Ignatius ( 1837 -- 1909 ) , Finnish politician", "Paul Robert Ignatius ( born 1920 ) , American administrator", "Ignatius of Antioch ( 35 -- 108 ) , early Christian bishop Ignatius of Constantinople ( 797 -- 877 ) , Patriarch of Constantinople Ignatios the Deacon ( 780 / 790 -- after 845 ) , Byzantine bishop and writer Ignatius , Primate of Bulgaria in 1272 -- 1277 Ignatius Brianchaninov ( 1807 -- 1867 ) , Russian Orthodox saint , bishop and ascetical writer Ignatius of Laconi ( 1701 -- 1781 ) , Italian Catholic saint Ignatius of Loyola ( 1491 -- 1556 ) , Basque Catholic saint and founder of the Society of Jesus Ignatius of Moscow ( 1540 -- 1620 ) , Russian Orthodox Patriarch Ignatius Moses I Daoud ( or Moussa Daoud ) ( 1930 -- 2012 ) , Syrian Catholic Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas ( born 1933 ) , Syriac Orthodox Patriarch Ignatius III Atiyah , 17th - century Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch Ignatius III David , 13th - century Syriac Orthodox Church Patriarch Ignatius IV Sarrouf ( 1742 -- 1812 ) , Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch Ignatius IV ( Hazim ) of Antioch ( 1921 -- 2012 ) , Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch Ignatius V Qattan ( 1756 -- 1833 ) , Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch first name of all the Syrian Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch since the 15th century", "Ignatius of Antioch ( 35 -- 108 ) , early Christian bishop", "Ignatius of Constantinople ( 797 -- 877 ) , Patriarch of Constantinople", "Ignatios the Deacon ( 780 / 790 -- after 845 ) , Byzantine bishop and writer", "Ignatius , Primate of Bulgaria in 1272 -- 1277", "Ignatius Brianchaninov ( 1807 -- 1867 ) , Russian Orthodox saint , bishop and ascetical writer", "Ignatius of Laconi ( 1701 -- 1781 ) , Italian Catholic saint", "Ignatius of Loyola ( 1491 -- 1556 ) , Basque Catholic saint and founder of the Society of Jesus", "Ignatius of Moscow ( 1540 -- 1620 ) , Russian Orthodox Patriarch", "Ignatius Moses I Daoud ( or Moussa Daoud ) ( 1930 -- 2012 ) , Syrian Catholic Patriarch", "Ignatius Zakka I Iwas ( born 1933 ) , Syriac Orthodox Patriarch", "Ignatius III Atiyah , 17th - century Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch", "Ignatius III David , 13th - century Syriac Orthodox Church Patriarch", "Ignatius IV Sarrouf ( 1742 -- 1812 ) , Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch", "Ignatius IV ( Hazim ) of Antioch ( 1921 -- 2012 ) , Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch", "Ignatius V Qattan ( 1756 -- 1833 ) , Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch", "first name of all the Syrian Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch since the 15th century", "Ignatius J. Reilly , fictional character in A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole Ignatius Gallaher , fictional character in A Little Cloud by James Joyce Ignatius Martin Perrish , fictional character in Horns by Joe Hill .", "Ignatius J. Reilly , fictional character in A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole", "Ignatius Gallaher , fictional character in A Little Cloud by James Joyce", "Ignatius Martin Perrish , fictional character in Horns by Joe Hill ." ]
Ignatius - wikipedia Ignatius Jump to: navigation , search Ignatius Gender male Origin Word/name Roman family name Egnatius Other names Related names Ignace, Ignacio, Ignazio, Ignatios, Ignasi Ignatius is a male given name of presumed Latin or Etruscan origin, believed to mean `` fiery one'' (compare the word `` ignite'' ). Notable people with the name include: Contents ( hide ) 1 Given name 2 Surname 3 In religion 4 Fiction 5 See also Given name ( edit ) Ignatius Kutu Acheampong (1931-- 1979), Ghanaian military ruler Ignatius Bonomi (1787-- 1870), British architect Ignatius Valentine Chirol (1852-- 1929), British writer and diplomat Ignatius L. Donnelly (1831-- 1901), American politician and writer Ignatius J. Galantin (1910-- 2004), American admiral Ignatius Jones (born 1957), Australian singer and producer Ignatius K. Musaazi (1905-- 1990), Ugandan politician Ignatius O'Brien , 1st Baron Shandon (1857-- 1930), Irish lawyer Ignatius Sancho (1729-- 1780), British writer Ignatius Scoles (1834- 1896), British architect, priest and writer Ignatius Shixwameni (born 1966), Namibian politician Ignatius Zhuwakiyi (born 1969), Zimbabwean sculptor Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle (1859-- 1930), British writer and physician Surname ( edit ) Adi Ignatius (born 1959), American journalist David Ignatius (born 1950), American journalist and writer Hannes Ignatius (1871-- 1941), Finnish general Karl Ferdinand Ignatius (1837-- 1909), Finnish politician Paul Robert Ignatius (born 1920), American administrator In religion ( edit ) Ignatius of Antioch (35-- 108), early Christian bishop Ignatius of Constantinople (797-- 877), Patriarch of Constantinople Ignatios the Deacon (780/790 -- after 845), Byzantine bishop and writer Ignatius, Primate of Bulgaria in 1272-- 1277 Ignatius Brianchaninov (1807-- 1867), Russian Orthodox saint, bishop and ascetical writer Ignatius of Laconi (1701-- 1781), Italian Catholic saint Ignatius of Loyola (1491-- 1556), Basque Catholic saint and founder of the Society of Jesus Ignatius of Moscow (1540-- 1620), Russian Orthodox Patriarch Ignatius Moses I Daoud (or Moussa Daoud) (1930-- 2012), Syrian Catholic Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas (born 1933), Syriac Orthodox Patriarch Ignatius III Atiyah , 17th-century Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch Ignatius III David , 13th-century Syriac Orthodox Church Patriarch Ignatius IV Sarrouf (1742-- 1812), Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch Ignatius IV (Hazim) of Antioch (1921-- 2012), Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch Ignatius V Qattan (1756-- 1833), Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch first name of all the Syrian Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch since the 15th century Fiction ( edit ) Ignatius J. Reilly , fictional character in A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole Ignatius Gallaher, fictional character in A Little Cloud by James Joyce Ignatius Martin Perrish, fictional character in Horns by Joe Hill. See also ( edit ) Ignacio Ignazio Inácio Inigo Ignatz 3562 Ignatius , main-belt asteroid St. Ignatius (disambiguation) Żegota (disambiguation) , Polish version of the name This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignatius&oldid=803290626 '' Categories : Given names Surnames Hidden categories: All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti עברית Latina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017, at 16:40. About Wikipedia
5043282077224981845
who sings don want to close my eyes
AT&T / DirecTV introduced a series of advertisements for the 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament featuring CBS Sports personality Greg Gumbel and comedian Dan Finnerty , the latter performing the song with lyrics tailored to the scene ( generally people at work while March Madness games are occurring ) .
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[ "`` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' Single by Aerosmith from the album Armageddon : The Album B - side `` Animal Crackers '' `` Taste of India '' Released August 18 , 1998 ( US ) August 31 , 1998 ( UK ) Format Cassette single CD single Recorded Genre Hard rock power ballad Length 4 : 58 Label Columbia Hollywood Epic Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Matt Serletic Aerosmith singles chronology `` Full Circle '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 ) Audio sample file help", "`` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ''", "Single by Aerosmith", "from the album Armageddon : The Album", "B - side `` Animal Crackers '' `` Taste of India ''", "`` Animal Crackers '' `` Taste of India ''", "`` Animal Crackers ''", "`` Taste of India ''", "Released August 18 , 1998 ( US ) August 31 , 1998 ( UK )", "August 18 , 1998 ( US ) August 31 , 1998 ( UK )", "August 18 , 1998 ( US )", "August 31 , 1998 ( UK )", "Format Cassette single CD single", "Cassette single CD single", "Recorded", "Genre Hard rock power ballad", "Hard rock power ballad", "Length 4 : 58", "Label Columbia Hollywood Epic", "Columbia Hollywood Epic", "Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren", "Producer ( s ) Matt Serletic", "Aerosmith singles chronology", "`` Full Circle '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 )", "`` Full Circle '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 )", "`` Full Circle '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 )", "Audio sample", "file help", "file help", "`` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' is a power ballad performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith for the 1998 film Armageddon which Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv Tyler starred in . Written by Diane Warren , the song debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 ( the first # 1 for the band after 28 years together ) . It is one of three songs performed by the band for the film , the other two being `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' and `` Sweet Emotion '' . The song stayed at number one for four weeks from September 5 to 26 , 1998 . The song also stayed at number 1 for several weeks in several other countries . It sold over a million copies in the UK and reached number four on the UK Singles Chart .", "In 1997 , Diane Warren was watching Barbara Walters interview James Brolin and Barbra Streisand . Brolin said he missed Streisand when they were asleep , and Warren wrote down the words `` I do n't want to miss a thing '' , before there was even a song .", "`` When I first heard it , '' recalled drummer Joey Kramer , `` it was just a demo with piano and singing . It was difficult to imagine what kind of touch Aerosmith could put on it and make it our own ... As soon as we began playing it as a band , then it instantly became an Aerosmith song . ''", "This song was Aerosmith 's biggest hit , debuting at number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , where it stayed for four weeks in September , and reaching number 1 around the world , including Australia , the Philippines , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Austria , Norway , Italy , the Netherlands , and Switzerland .", "The song helped introduce Aerosmith to a new generation and remains a slow dance staple .", "It was one of many songs written by Warren in that period . The original version was a collaboration between Chicago musician Phil Kosch of Treaty of Paris and Super Happy Fun Club , and nephew of chart topping writer Lou Bega . Bega introduced the two and they penned the initial track , but ultimately Kosch was uncredited .", "The song was nominated for both an Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song .", "CD single", "`` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' -- 4 : 57 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Rock Mix ) -- 4 : 30 `` Taste of India '' ( Rock Remix ) -- 5 : 52 `` Animal Crackers '' -- 2 : 35", "`` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' -- 4 : 57", "`` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Rock Mix ) -- 4 : 30", "`` Taste of India '' ( Rock Remix ) -- 5 : 52", "`` Animal Crackers '' -- 2 : 35", "The song appeared on the Argentine version and a European re-released version of the album Nine Lives . It also appeared on the Japanese version of Just Push Play .", "CD single 2", "CD single 2", "`` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Pop Mix ) -- 5 : 03 `` Pink '' ( live ) -- 3 : 48 `` Crash '' -- 4 : 30", "`` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Pop Mix ) -- 5 : 03", "`` Pink '' ( live ) -- 3 : 48", "`` Crash '' -- 4 : 30", "`` Crash '' and the original `` Pink '' appeared as tracks 9 and 11 , respectively , on all versions of Nine Lives .", "CD single 3", "CD single 3", "`` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' -- 4 : 57 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Rock Mix ) -- 4 : 30 `` Crash '' -- 4 : 30 `` Animal Crackers '' -- 2 : 35", "`` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' -- 4 : 57", "`` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Rock Mix ) -- 4 : 30", "`` Crash '' -- 4 : 30", "`` Animal Crackers '' -- 2 : 35", "The music video for this song was shot at the Minneapolis Armory in 1998 and was directed by Francis Lawrence . It features the band playing the song intertwined with scenes from the film Armageddon . It features an appearance by Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv , who plays Grace Stamper in the film . Steven Tyler injured his knee the day before the shoot , so they used a lot of close - ups because his movement was limited .", "The video begins with shots of the moon in orbit and several asteroids passing by safely and then a view of Earth before zooming in to show Steven Tyler singing . The shots interchange between the band and Mission Control viewing the band singing via their monitors . As the video progresses it reveals that the band is playing in front of what appears to be the fictional Space Shuttle Freedom . Along with Aerosmith , a full hand orchestra plays in sync with the melody . Then smoke surrounds the orchestra and the members of Aerosmith as Freedom takes off from the launch pad . Finally , the screen goes out as a tearful Grace touches one of the monitors to reach out to her father ( real life father Steven Tyler in the video ; on - screen father Harry Stamper , played by Bruce Willis , in the film ) .", "The video was highly successful and greatly contributed to the song 's success , receiving heavy airplay on MTV and went on to become the second most popular video of 1998 , only behind Brandy and Monica 's `` The Boy is Mine '' . It also won awards for MTV Video Music Award for Best Video from a Film , and Best Video at Boston Music Awards .", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( Music & Media ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece ( IFPI ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 96 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 25 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 13 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 27 Dutch Singles Chart 23 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Swiss Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 23 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 73", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( Music & Media ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece ( IFPI ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 96 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 25 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 13 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 27 Dutch Singles Chart 23 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Swiss Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 23 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 73", "Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( Music & Media ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece ( IFPI ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 96 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 25", "Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position", "Australia ( ARIA )", "Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 )", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders )", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia )", "Canada ( RPM )", "Europe ( Music & Media )", "Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista )", "France ( SNEP ) 8", "Germany ( Official German Charts )", "Greece ( IFPI )", "Ireland ( IRMA )", "Italy ( FIMI )", "Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 96", "Netherlands ( Single Top 100 )", "Norway ( VG - lista )", "Spain ( AFYVE )", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan )", "Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade )", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )", "US Billboard Hot 100", "US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13", "US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard )", "US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) 14", "US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 5", "US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard )", "US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard )", "US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 25", "Chart ( 1998 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 13 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 27 Dutch Singles Chart 23 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Swiss Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 23", "Chart ( 1998 ) Position", "Australian Singles Chart", "Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 13", "Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 27", "Dutch Singles Chart 23", "Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14", "Swiss Singles Chart 5", "US Billboard Hot 100 23", "Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 73", "Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position", "US Billboard Hot 100 73", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 Norway ( IFPI ) Platinum 7,500 Sweden ( IFPI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Switzerland ( IFPI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales", "Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000", "Austria ( IFPI ) Gold 25,000", "France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000", "Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000", "Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000", "Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000", "Norway ( IFPI ) Platinum 7,500", "Sweden ( IFPI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000", "Switzerland ( IFPI ) Platinum 50,000", "United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000", "United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "`` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' Single by Mark Chesnutt from the album I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing B - side `` Wherever You Are '' Released February 9 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 09 ) Format CD single Recorded 1998 Genre Country Length 4 : 10 Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Mark Wright Mark Chesnutt singles chronology `` Wherever You Are '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1999 ) `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' ( 1999 )", "`` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ''", "Single by Mark Chesnutt", "from the album I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing", "B - side `` Wherever You Are ''", "Released February 9 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 09 )", "Format CD single", "Recorded 1998", "Genre Country", "Length 4 : 10", "Label Decca", "Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren", "Producer ( s ) Mark Wright", "Mark Chesnutt singles chronology", "`` Wherever You Are '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1999 ) `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' ( 1999 )", "`` Wherever You Are '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1999 ) `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' ( 1999 )", "`` Wherever You Are '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1999 ) `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' ( 1999 )", "In late 1998 , country music artist Mark Chesnutt recorded a cover version of the song . His rendition is the first single and title track from his 1999 album of the same name . Chesnutt 's cover spent two weeks at number one on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts in early 1999 , and is the last of his eight number ones on that chart . It is also the first of only two singles in his career to reach the Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at number 17 in early 1999 .", "Chart ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard )", "Chart ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Peak position", "Canada Country Tracks ( RPM )", "US Billboard Hot 100 17", "US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard )", "Chart ( 1999 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 67 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 9", "Chart ( 1999 ) Position", "Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 21", "US Billboard Hot 100 67", "US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 9", "The song features in the 2007 comedy film Blades of Glory as the backing track to one of the skating routines performed by Will Ferrell and Jon Heder 's characters . In a later scene in the same film , the former ( while under the influence ) sings it when leaving a message for the latter as an apology . In 2011 Michael Guy Bowman covered the song for the webcomic Homestuck . It appeared in a flash animation on the webcomic in June 2012 . The song was released on Homestuck Vol. 6 : Heir Transparent in January 2011 . The song is featured in the 2013 video game Saints Row IV . In 2013 another country version of the song was released , this time by Derek Ryan . In 2014 Maltese child singer Veronica Rotin covered the song on her debut album , Veronica Rotin . In 2014 , as part of their album , Just The Tip ... , comedy rock lounge act The Lounge Kittens covered the song . AT&T / DirecTV introduced a series of advertisements for the 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament featuring CBS Sports personality Greg Gumbel and comedian Dan Finnerty , the latter performing the song with lyrics tailored to the scene ( generally people at work while March Madness games are occurring ) .", "The song features in the 2007 comedy film Blades of Glory as the backing track to one of the skating routines performed by Will Ferrell and Jon Heder 's characters . In a later scene in the same film , the former ( while under the influence ) sings it when leaving a message for the latter as an apology .", "In 2011 Michael Guy Bowman covered the song for the webcomic Homestuck . It appeared in a flash animation on the webcomic in June 2012 . The song was released on Homestuck Vol. 6 : Heir Transparent in January 2011 .", "The song is featured in the 2013 video game Saints Row IV .", "In 2013 another country version of the song was released , this time by Derek Ryan .", "In 2014 Maltese child singer Veronica Rotin covered the song on her debut album , Veronica Rotin .", "In 2014 , as part of their album , Just The Tip ... , comedy rock lounge act The Lounge Kittens covered the song .", "AT&T / DirecTV introduced a series of advertisements for the 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament featuring CBS Sports personality Greg Gumbel and comedian Dan Finnerty , the latter performing the song with lyrics tailored to the scene ( generally people at work while March Madness games are occurring ) ." ]
I Don't Want to Miss a Thing - wikipedia I Don't Want to Miss a Thing Jump to: navigation , search For the 1999 Mark Chesnutt album, see I Don't Want to Miss a Thing (album) . `` I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' Single by Aerosmith from the album Armageddon: The Album B-side `` Animal Crackers'' `` Taste of India '' Released August 18, 1998 (US) August 31, 1998 (UK) Format Cassette single CD single Recorded Genre Hard rock power ballad Length 4 : 58 Label Columbia Hollywood Epic Songwriter(s) Diane Warren Producer(s) Matt Serletic Aerosmith singles chronology `` Full Circle '' (1998) `` I Don't Want to Miss a Thing '' (1998) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' (1998) Audio sample file help `` I Don't Want to Miss a Thing '' is a power ballad performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith for the 1998 film Armageddon which Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv Tyler starred in. Written by Diane Warren , the song debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 (the first #1 for the band after 28 years together). It is one of three songs performed by the band for the film, the other two being `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' and `` Sweet Emotion '' . The song stayed at number one for four weeks from September 5 to 26, 1998. The song also stayed at number 1 for several weeks in several other countries. It sold over a million copies in the UK and reached number four on the UK Singles Chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Reception 3 Track listing 4 Music video 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year-end charts 5.3 Decade-end charts 6 Certifications 7 Mark Chesnutt version 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year-end charts 8 Other appearances 9 References 10 External links Inspiration ( edit ) In 1997, Diane Warren was watching Barbara Walters interview James Brolin and Barbra Streisand . Brolin said he missed Streisand when they were asleep, and Warren wrote down the words `` I don't want to miss a thing'' , before there was even a song. Reception ( edit ) `` When I first heard it,'' recalled drummer Joey Kramer , `` it was just a demo with piano and singing. It was difficult to imagine what kind of touch Aerosmith could put on it and make it our own... As soon as we began playing it as a band, then it instantly became an Aerosmith song.'' This song was Aerosmith's biggest hit, debuting at number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , where it stayed for four weeks in September, and reaching number 1 around the world, including Australia, the Philippines, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Austria, Norway, Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. The song helped introduce Aerosmith to a new generation and remains a slow dance staple. It was one of many songs written by Warren in that period. The original version was a collaboration between Chicago musician Phil Kosch of Treaty of Paris and Super Happy Fun Club , and nephew of chart topping writer Lou Bega . Bega introduced the two and they penned the initial track, but ultimately Kosch was uncredited. The song was nominated for both an Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song . Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' -- 4:57 `` I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' (Rock Mix) -- 4:30 `` Taste of India '' (Rock Remix) -- 5:52 `` Animal Crackers'' -- 2:35 The song appeared on the Argentine version and a European re-released version of the album Nine Lives . It also appeared on the Japanese version of Just Push Play . CD single 2 `` I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' (Pop Mix) -- 5:03 `` Pink'' (live) -- 3:48 `` Crash'' -- 4:30 `` Crash'' and the original `` Pink'' appeared as tracks 9 and 11, respectively, on all versions of Nine Lives . CD single 3 `` I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' -- 4:57 `` I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' (Rock Mix) -- 4:30 `` Crash'' -- 4:30 `` Animal Crackers'' -- 2:35 Music video ( edit ) The music video for this song was shot at the Minneapolis Armory in 1998 and was directed by Francis Lawrence . It features the band playing the song intertwined with scenes from the film Armageddon . It features an appearance by Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv , who plays Grace Stamper in the film. Steven Tyler injured his knee the day before the shoot, so they used a lot of close-ups because his movement was limited. The video begins with shots of the moon in orbit and several asteroids passing by safely and then a view of Earth before zooming in to show Steven Tyler singing. The shots interchange between the band and Mission Control viewing the band singing via their monitors. As the video progresses it reveals that the band is playing in front of what appears to be the fictional Space Shuttle Freedom . Along with Aerosmith, a full hand orchestra plays in sync with the melody. Then smoke surrounds the orchestra and the members of Aerosmith as Freedom takes off from the launch pad. Finally, the screen goes out as a tearful Grace touches one of the monitors to reach out to her father (real life father Steven Tyler in the video; on-screen father Harry Stamper, played by Bruce Willis , in the film). The video was highly successful and greatly contributed to the song's success, receiving heavy airplay on MTV and went on to become the second most popular video of 1998, only behind Brandy and Monica's `` The Boy is Mine '' . It also won awards for MTV Video Music Award for Best Video from a Film , and Best Video at Boston Music Awards . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart (1998) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( Music & Media ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece ( IFPI ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 96 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG-lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles (Official Charts Company) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 25 Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (1998) Position Australian Singles Chart Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart 13 Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart 27 Dutch Singles Chart 23 Germany (Official German Charts) 14 Swiss Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 23 Decade-end charts ( edit ) Chart (1990-- 1999) Position US Billboard Hot 100 73 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units /Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2× Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 Norway ( IFPI ) Platinum 7,500 Sweden ( IFPI ) 2× Platinum 60,000 Switzerland ( IFPI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2× Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales+streaming figures based on certification alone Mark Chesnutt version ( edit ) `` I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' Single by Mark Chesnutt from the album I Don't Want to Miss a Thing B-side `` Wherever You Are'' Released February 9, 1999 ( 1999-02-09 ) Format CD single Recorded 1998 Genre Country Length 4 : 10 Label Decca Songwriter(s) Diane Warren Producer(s) Mark Wright Mark Chesnutt singles chronology `` Wherever You Are'' (1998) `` I Don't Want to Miss a Thing '' (1999) `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' (1999) In late 1998, country music artist Mark Chesnutt recorded a cover version of the song. His rendition is the first single and title track from his 1999 album of the same name . Chesnutt's cover spent two weeks at number one on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs ) charts in early 1999, and is the last of his eight number ones on that chart. It is also the first of only two singles in his career to reach the Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at number 17 in early 1999. Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart (1998-- 1999) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (1999) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 67 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 9 Other appearances ( edit ) The song features in the 2007 comedy film Blades of Glory as the backing track to one of the skating routines performed by Will Ferrell and Jon Heder's characters. In a later scene in the same film, the former (while under the influence) sings it when leaving a message for the latter as an apology. In 2011 Michael Guy Bowman covered the song for the webcomic Homestuck . It appeared in a flash animation on the webcomic in June 2012. The song was released on Homestuck Vol. 6: Heir Transparent in January 2011. The song is featured in the 2013 video game Saints Row IV . In 2013 another country version of the song was released, this time by Derek Ryan . In 2014 Maltese child singer Veronica Rotin covered the song on her debut album, Veronica Rotin . In 2014, as part of their album, Just The Tip... , comedy rock lounge act The Lounge Kittens covered the song. AT&T / DirecTV introduced a series of advertisements for the 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament featuring CBS Sports personality Greg Gumbel and comedian Dan Finnerty , the latter performing the song with lyrics tailored to the scene (generally people at work while March Madness games are occurring). References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Armageddon (1998)'' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` The 21 best power ballads'' . Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi (November 4, 2012). `` UK's million-selling singles: the full list'' . Guardian . Retrieved November 4, 2012 . Jump up ^ Valiente, Alexa (February 13, 2018). `` Surprising story of the song from ' Dirty Dancing' and some of the other iconic love songs from movies'' . ABC News . Retrieved February 15, 2018 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain, Rich (May 2017). `` The stories behind the songs: Aerosmith -- I don't want to miss a thing'' . Classic Rock . No. 235. p. 26. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- I Don't Want to Miss a Thing' - The Vault on EN'' . EntertainmentNutz.com . Retrieved April 5, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone: Rock List: The 25 Greatest Slow Dance Songs Ever'' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 5, 2008 . Jump up ^ I Don't Want to Miss a Thing on IMDb : Filming location Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Aerosmith -- I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aerosmith -- I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' (in Dutch). Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aerosmith -- I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' (in French). Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 100 Hit Tracks'' . RPM. 68 (1). September 28, 1998. ISSN 0033-7064 . Retrieved January 15, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: `` Hits of the World'' . Billboard. 110 (43): 60, 61. October 24, 1998. ISSN 0006-2510 . Retrieved January 15, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith: I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' (in French). Les classement single . Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Aerosmith -- I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Greece'' (PDF) . Music & Media . Retrieved May 9, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History (Japan Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Aerosmith -- I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' . VG-lista . Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959-- 2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History (Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History (Adult Contemporary)'' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)'' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History (Hot Latin Songs)'' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History (Latin Pop Songs)'' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History (Mainstream Rock)'' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History (Pop Songs)'' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History (Rhythmic)'' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 1998'' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 15, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts'' . Ultratop (in Dutch). Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts'' . Ultratop (in French). Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts Portal'' . GfK Dutch Charts (in Dutch). Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts'' (in German). GfK Entertainment . Retrieved August 7, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year-end Charts 1998'' . Swiss Music Charts . Hung Medien. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012 . Retrieved January 15, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998: The Year in Music -- Hot 100 Singles'' . Billboard. 110 (52): YE-42. December 26, 1998. ISSN 0006-2510 . Retrieved January 15, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1999: The Year in Music -- Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s'' . Billboard. 111 (52): YE-20. December 25, 1999. ISSN 0006-2510 . Retrieved January 15, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1998 Singles'' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 8, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platin'' . IFPI Austria (in German). Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. Type `` Aerosmith'' under Interpret to see search results. Jump up ^ `` Certifications Singles Argent - année 1998'' . SNEP (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on September 24, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Gold- /Platin-Datenbank'' (Gold- /Platinum-Database). Bundesverband Musikindustrie (in German). Type `` I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' under Titel to see search results. Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications'' (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Aerosmith -- I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved January 27, 2016 . Select 2015年 11月 on the drop-down menu Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk Platebransje'' . IFPI Norway (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. `` I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' was certified platinum in 1998. Jump up ^ `` Guld & Platinum 1987-- 1998'' (PDF) . IFPI Sweden (in Swedish). p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 19, 2012 . Retrieved July 8, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (' I Don't Want to Miss a Thing' )'' . IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Aerosmith -- I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Don't Want to Miss a Thing in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database'' (PHP) . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research, Inc. p. 93. ISBN 0-89820-177-2 . Jump up ^ `` I Don't Want to Miss a Thing (CD5/Cassette Single) by Mark Chesnutt'' . CMT. February 9, 1999 . Retrieved June 6, 2014 . Jump up ^ Monkman, Martin. `` I Don't Want to Miss a Thing review'' . Allmusic . Retrieved June 13, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 7470 .'' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . March 8, 1999. Retrieved July 7, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Mark Chesnutt Chart History (Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Mark Chesnutt Chart History (Hot Country Songs)'' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1999'' . RPM . December 13, 1999 . Retrieved July 7, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1999'' . Archived from the original on July 9, 2009 . Retrieved July 7, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1999: Country Songs'' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1999 . Retrieved August 25, 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowman, Michael. `` I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'' . Bandcamp . Homestuck . Retrieved June 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussey, Andrew. `` Homestuck'' . MSPaint Adventures . Retrieved June 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussey, Andrew. `` Homestuck Vol. 6: Heir Transparent'' . Bandcamp . Homestuck . Retrieved June 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ Bayliss, Marc Calleja. `` Malta: Veronica Rotin in Debut Collection of Songs'' . escflashmalta . Retrieved February 20, 2015 . Jump up ^ Baar, Aaron. `` AT&T Customers Won't ' Miss A Thing' For Tournament'' . MarketingDaily . MediaPost . Retrieved March 26, 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Official music video on YouTube Aerosmith Steven Tyler Joe Perry Tom Hamilton Joey Kramer Brad Whitford Ray Tabano Jimmy Crespo Rick Dufay Studio albums Aerosmith Get Your Wings Toys in the Attic Rocks Draw the Line Night in the Ruts Rock in a Hard Place Done with Mirrors Permanent Vacation Pump Get a Grip Nine Lives Just Push Play Honkin' on Bobo Music from Another Dimension! Live albums Live! Bootleg Classics Live I and II A Little South of Sanity Rockin' the Joint Extended plays Vacation Club Made in America Singles `` Mama Kin '' `` Dream On '' `` Same Old Song and Dance '' `` Train Kept A-Rollin' '' `` S.O.S. (Too Bad) '' `` Sweet Emotion '' `` Toys in the Attic '' `` Walk This Way '' `` You See Me Crying '' `` Last Child '' `` Home Tonight '' `` Back in the Saddle '' `` Draw the Line '' `` Kings and Queens '' `` Get It Up '' `` Come Together '' `` Chip Away the Stone '' `` Remember (Walking in the Sand) '' `` Lightning Strikes '' `` Bitch's Brew '' `` Let the Music Do the Talking '' `` Shela '' `` My Fist Your Face '' `` Darkness '' `` Dude (Looks Like a Lady) '' `` Hangman Jury '' (promo) `` Angel '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Love in an Elevator '' `` F.I.N.E.* '' (promo) `` Janie's Got a Gun '' `` What It Takes '' `` The Other Side '' `` Monkey on My Back '' `` Love Me Two Times '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Livin' on the Edge '' `` Eat the Rich '' `` Fever '' (promo) `` Cryin' '' `` Amazing '' `` Shut Up and Dance '' (UK) `` Deuces Are Wild '' (promo) `` Crazy '' `` Blind Man '' `` Walk on Water '' `` Nine Lives '' `` Falling in Love (Is Hard on the Knees) '' `` Hole in My Soul '' `` Pink '' `` Taste of India '' `` I Don't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' `` Angel's Eye '' `` Jaded '' `` Fly Away from Here '' `` Sunshine '' `` Just Push Play '' `` Girls of Summer '' `` Baby, Please Don't Go '' `` Devil's Got a New Disguise '' `` Legendary Child '' `` Lover Alot '' `` What Could Have Been Love '' `` Can't Stop Lovin' You '' Compilations Greatest Hits Gems Pandora's Box Big Ones Pandora's Toys Box of Fire Young Lust: The Aerosmith Anthology Classic Aerosmith: The Universal Masters Collection O, Yeah! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits Devil's Got a New Disguise: The Very Best of Aerosmith Tough Love: Best of the Ballads Videos and DVDs Aerosmith Video Scrapbook Permanent Vacation 3x5 Live Texxas Jam ' 78 Things That Go Pump in the Night The Making of Pump Big Ones You Can Look At You Gotta Move Rock for the Rising Sun Concert tours Rocks Tour Live Bootleg! Tour Back in the Saddle Tour Done with Mirrors Tour Permanent Vacation Tour Pump Tour Get a Grip Tour Nine Lives Tour Roar of the Dragon Tour Just Push Play Tour Girls of Summer Tour Rocksimus Maximus Tour Honkin' on Bobo Tour Rockin' the Joint Tour Route of All Evil Tour Aerosmith World Tour 2007 Aerosmith/ZZ Top Tour Cocked, Locked, Ready to Rock Tour Back On the Road Tour Global Warming Tour Let Rock Rule Tour Blue Army Tour Rock ' N' Roll Rumble Tour Aero-Vederci Baby! Tour Related articles Album discography Singles discography Videography Songs Band members Concert tours Awards Toxic Twins The Strangeurs/Chain Reaction Whitford/St. Holmes The Joe Perry Project Walk This Way: The Autobiography of Aerosmith Wherehouse Aero Force One Blue Army Rock ' n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith Quest for Fame Revolution X Guitar Hero: Aerosmith songs Toxic Twin Towers Ball Book Portal Mark Chesnutt Studio albums Too Cold at Home Longnecks & Short Stories Almost Goodbye What a Way to Live Wings Thank God for Believers I Don't Want to Miss a Thing Lost in the Feeling Mark Chesnutt Savin' the Honky Tonk Heard It in a Love Song Rollin' with the Flow Outlaw Compilation albums Greatest Hits Notable singles `` Too Cold at Home '' `` Brother Jukebox '' `` Blame It on Texas '' `` Your Love Is a Miracle '' `` Broken Promise Land '' `` Old Flames Have New Names '' `` I'll Think of Something '' `` Bubba Shot the Jukebox '' `` Ol' Country '' `` It Sure Is Monday '' `` Almost Goodbye '' `` I Just Wanted You to Know '' `` Woman, Sensuous Woman '' `` She Dreams '' `` Goin' Through the Big D '' `` Gonna Get a Life '' `` Down in Tennessee '' `` Trouble '' `` It Wouldn't Hurt to Have Wings '' `` Wrong Place, Wrong Time '' `` It's a Little Too Late '' `` Let It Rain '' `` Thank God for Believers '' `` It's Not Over '' `` I Might Even Quit Lovin' You '' `` I Don't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' `` Fallin' Never Felt So Good '' `` Lost in the Feeling '' `` She Was '' `` The Lord Loves the Drinkin' Man '' `` I'm a Saint '' `` Heard It in a Love Song '' `` Rollin' with the Flow '' `` Lovin' Her Was Easier (Than Anything I'll Ever Do Again) '' Guest singles `` A Good Way to Get on My Bad Side '' (with Tracy Byrd ) Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Want_to_Miss_a_Thing&oldid=843658188 '' Categories : 1998 singles 1999 singles 1998 songs Aerosmith songs Mark Chesnutt songs Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) number-one singles Number-one singles in Australia Number-one singles in Austria European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles Number-one singles in Germany Number-one singles in Greece Irish Singles Chart number-one singles Number-one singles in Italy Number-one singles in Switzerland Number-one singles in Norway Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles Oricon International Singles Chart number-one singles Songs written by Diane Warren 1990s ballads Rock ballads Music videos directed by Francis Lawrence RPM Country Tracks number-one singles Columbia Records singles Hollywood Records singles Epic Records singles Decca Records singles Song recordings produced by Matt Serletic Song recordings produced by Mark Wright (record producer) Hidden categories: CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no) CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018, at 15:54. 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alkynes are compounds with at least one triple bond
Alkynes occur in some pharmaceuticals , including the contraceptive noretynodrel . A carbon -- carbon triple bond is also present in marketed drugs such as the antiretroviral Efavirenz and the antifungal Terbinafine . Molecules called ene - diynes feature a ring containing an alkene ( `` ene '' ) between two alkyne groups ( `` diyne '' ) . These compounds , e.g. calicheamicin , are some of the most aggressive antitumor drugs known , so much so that the ene - diyne subunit is sometimes referred to as a `` warhead '' . Ene - diynes undergo rearrangement via the Bergman cyclization , generating highly reactive radical intermediates that attack DNA within the tumor .
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[ "In organic chemistry , an alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon -- carbon triple bond . The simplest acyclic alkynes with only one triple bond and no other functional groups form a homologous series with the general chemical formula C H. Alkynes are traditionally known as acetylenes , although the name acetylene also refers specifically to C H , known formally as ethyne using IUPAC nomenclature . Like other hydrocarbons , alkynes are generally hydrophobic but tend to be more reactive .", "Alkynes are characteristically more unsaturated than alkenes . Thus they add two equivalents of bromine whereas an alkene adds only one equivalent in the reaction . Other reactions are listed below . In some reactions , alkynes are less reactive than alkenes . For example , in a molecule with an - ene and an - yne group , addition occurs preferentially at the - ene . Possible explanations involve the two π - bonds in the alkyne delocalising , which would reduce the energy of the π - system or the stability of the intermediates during the reaction . They show greater tendency to polymerize or oligomerize than alkenes do . The resulting polymers , called polyacetylenes ( which do not contain alkyne units ) are conjugated and can exhibit semiconducting properties .", "In acetylene , the H -- C ≡ C bond angles are 180 ° . By virtue of this bond angle , alkynes are rod - like . Correspondingly , cyclic alkynes are rare . Benzyne is highly unstable . The C ≡ C bond distance of 121 picometers is much shorter than the C = C distance in alkenes ( 134 pm ) or the C -- C bond in alkanes ( 153 pm ) .", "Illustrative alkynes : a , acetylene , b , two depictions of propyne , c , 1 - butyne , d , 2 - butyne , e , the naturally - occurring 1 - phenylhepta - 1 , 3 , 5 - triyne , and f , the strained cycloheptyne . Triple bonds are highlighted blue .", "Illustrative alkynes : a , acetylene , b , two depictions of propyne , c , 1 - butyne , d , 2 - butyne , e , the naturally - occurring 1 - phenylhepta - 1 , 3 , 5 - triyne , and f , the strained cycloheptyne . Triple bonds are highlighted blue .", "The triple bond is very strong with a bond strength of 839 kJ / mol . The sigma bond contributes 369 kJ / mol , the first pi bond contributes 268 kJ / mol and the second pi - bond of 202 kJ / mol bond strength . Bonding usually discussed in the context of molecular orbital theory , which recognizes the triple bond as arising from overlap of s and p orbitals . In the language of valence bond theory , the carbon atoms in an alkyne bond are sp hybridized : they each have two unhybridized p orbitals and two sp hybrid orbitals . Overlap of an sp orbital from each atom forms one sp -- sp sigma bond . Each p orbital on one atom overlaps one on the other atom , forming two pi bonds , giving a total of three bonds . The remaining sp orbital on each atom can form a sigma bond to another atom , for example to hydrogen atoms in the parent acetylene . The two sp orbitals project on opposite sides of the carbon atom .", "Internal alkynes feature carbon substituents on each acetylenic carbon . Symmetrical examples include diphenylacetylene and 3 - hexyne .", "Terminal alkynes have the formula RC H. An example is methylacetylene ( propyne using IUPAC nomenclature ) . Terminal alkynes , like acetylene itself , are mildly acidic , with pK values of around 25 . They are far more acidic than alkenes and alkanes , which have pK values of around 40 and 50 , respectively . The acidic hydrogen on terminal alkynes can be replaced by a variety of groups resulting in halo - , silyl - , and alkoxoalkynes . The carbanions generated by deprotonation of terminal alkynes are called acetylides .", "In systematic chemical nomenclature , alkynes are named with the Greek prefix system without any additional letters . Examples include ethyne or octyne . In parent chains with four or more carbons , it is necessary to say where the triple bond is located . For octyne , one can either write 3 - octyne or oct - 3 - yne when the bond starts at the third carbon . The lowest number possible is given to the triple bond . When no superior functional groups are present , the parent chain must include the triple bond even if it is not the longest possible carbon chain in the molecule . Ethyne is commonly called by its trivial name acetylene .", "In chemistry , the suffix - yne is used to denote the presence of a triple bond . In organic chemistry , the suffix often follows IUPAC nomenclature . However , inorganic compounds featuring unsaturation in the form of triple bonds may be denoted by substitutive nomenclature with the same methods used with alkynes ( i.e. the name of the corresponding saturated compound is modified by replacing the `` - ane '' ending with `` - yne '' ) . `` - diyne '' is used when there are two triple bonds , and so on . The position of unsaturation is indicated by a numerical locant immediately preceding the `` - yne '' suffix , or ' locants ' in the case of multiple triple bonds . Locants are chosen so that the numbers are low as possible . `` - yne '' is also used as an infix to name substituent groups that are triply bound to the parent compound .", "Sometimes a number between hyphens is inserted before it to state which atoms the triple bond is between . This suffix arose as a collapsed form of the end of the word `` acetylene '' . The final `` - e '' disappears if it is followed by another suffix that starts with a vowel .", "Commercially , the dominant alkyne is acetylene itself , which is used as a fuel and a precursor to other compounds , e.g. , acrylates . Hundreds of millions of kilograms are produced annually by partial oxidation of natural gas :", "2 CH + 3 / 2 O → HC ≡ CH + 3 H O", "2 CH + 3 / 2 O → HC ≡ CH + 3 H O", "Propyne , also industrially useful , is also prepared by thermal cracking of hydrocarbons . Most other industrially useful alkyne derivatives are prepared from acetylene , e.g. via condensation with formaldehyde .", "Specialty alkynes are prepared by dehydrohalogenation of vicinal alkyl dihalides or vinyl halides . Metal acetylides can be coupled with primary alkyl halides . Via the Fritsch -- Buttenberg -- Wiechell rearrangement , alkynes are prepared from vinyl bromides . Alkynes can be prepared from aldehydes using the Corey -- Fuchs reaction and from aldehydes or ketones by the Seyferth -- Gilbert homologation . In the alkyne zipper reaction , alkynes are generated from other alkynes by treatment with a strong base .", "Featuring a reactive functional group , alkynes participate in many organic reactions .", "Alkynes characteristically undergo reactions that show that they are `` doubly unsaturated '' , meaning that each alkyne unit is capable of adding two equivalents of H , halogens or related HX reagents ( X = halide , pseudohalide , etc . ) . Depending on catalysts and conditions , alkynes add one or two equivalents of hydrogen . Partial hydrogenation , stopping after the addition of only one equivalent to give the alkene , is usually more desirable since alkanes are less useful :", "RC ≡ CR ′ + H → cis - RCH = CR ′ H", "RC ≡ CR ′ + H → cis - RCH = CR ′ H", "The largest scale application of this technology is the conversion of acetylene to ethylene in refineries . The steam cracking of alkanes yields a few percent acetylene , which is selectively hydrogenated in the presence of a palladium / silver catalyst . For more complex alkynes , the Lindlar catalyst is widely recommended to avoid formation of the alkane , for example in the conversion of phenylacetylene to styrene .", "Similarly , halogenation of alkynes gives the vinyl dihalides or alkyl tetrahalides :", "RC ≡ CR ′ + 2 Br → RCBr CR ′ Br", "RC ≡ CR ′ + 2 Br → RCBr CR ′ Br", "The addition of nonpolar E -- H bonds across C ≡ C is general for silanes , boranes , and related hydrides . The hydroboration of alkynes gives vinylic boranes which oxidize to the corresponding aldehyde or ketone . In the thiol - yne reaction the substrate is a thiol .", "Acid - promoted addition reactions are likewise analogous to those of alkenes , including Markovnikov selectivity . Hydrohalogenation gives the corresponding vinyl halides or alkyl dihalides , again depending on the number of equivalents of HX added . The hydration reaction gives an enol via the addition of one equivalent of water , a structure that tautomerizes to form a ketone or aldehyde . For example , the hydration of phenylacetylene gives acetophenone , and the ( Ph P ) AuCH - catalyzed hydration of 1 , 8 - nonadiyne to 2 , 8 - nonanedione :", "PhC ≡ CH + H O → PhCOCH HC ≡ CC H C ≡ CH + 2H O → CH COC H COCH", "PhC ≡ CH + H O → PhCOCH", "HC ≡ CC H C ≡ CH + 2H O → CH COC H COCH", "Alkynes undergo diverse cycloaddition reactions . Most notable is the Diels -- Alder reaction with 1 , 3 - dienes to give 1 , 4 - cyclohexadienes . This general reaction has been extensively developed and electrophilic alkynes are especially effective dienophiles . The `` cycloadduct '' derived from the addition of alkynes to 2 - pyrone eliminates carbon dioxide to give the aromatic compound . Other specialized cycloadditions include multicomponent reactions such as alkyne trimerisation to give aromatic compounds and the ( 2 + 2 + 1 ) - cycloaddition of an alkyne , alkene and carbon monoxide in the Pauson -- Khand reaction . Non-carbon reagents also undergo cyclization , e.g. Azide alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition to give triazoles . Cycloaddition processes involving alkynes are often catalyzed by metals , e.g. enyne metathesis and alkyne metathesis , which allows the scrambling of carbyne ( RC ) centers :", "RC ≡ CR + R ′ C ≡ CR ′ ⇌ 2 RC ≡ CR ′", "RC ≡ CR + R ′ C ≡ CR ′ ⇌ 2 RC ≡ CR ′", "Oxidative cleavage of alkynes proceeds via cycloaddition to metal oxides . Most famously , potassium permanganate converts alkynes to a pair of carboxylic acids .", "In addition to undergoing the reactions characteristic of internal alkynes , terminal alkynes are reactive as weak acids , with pK values ( 25 ) between that of ammonia ( 35 ) and ethanol ( 16 ) . The acetylide conjugate base is stabilized as a result of the high s character of the sp orbital , in which the electron pair resides . Electrons in an s orbital benefit from closer proximity to the positively charged atom nucleus , and are therefore lower in energy . Treatment of terminal alkynes with a strong base gives the corresponding metal acetylides :", "RC ≡ CH + MX → RC ≡ CM + HX ( MX = NaNH , LiBu , RMgX )", "RC ≡ CH + MX → RC ≡ CM + HX ( MX = NaNH , LiBu , RMgX )", "The reactions of alkynes with certain metal cations , e.g. Ag also gives acetylides . Thus , few drops of diamminesilver ( I ) hydroxide ( Ag ( NH ) OH ) reacts with terminal alkynes signaled by formation of a white precipitate of the silver acetylide . Acetylide derivatives are synthetically useful nucleophiles that participate in C -- C bond forming reactions , as illustrated in the area called `` Reppe Chemistry '' .", "In the Favorskii reaction and in alkynylations in general , terminal alkynes add to carbonyl compounds to give the hydroxyalkyne . Coupling of terminal alkynes to give dialkynes is effected in the Cadiot -- Chodkiewicz coupling , Glaser coupling , and the Eglinton coupling reactions . Terminal alkynes can also be coupled to aryl or vinyl halides as in the Sonogashira coupling .", "Terminal alkynes , including acetylene itself , can react with water to give aldehydes . The transformation typically requires special metal catalysts to give this anti-Markovnikov addition result .", "Alkynes form complexes with transition metals . Such compounds are sometimes useful reagents or illustrate the role that metals play in catalytic transformations of alkynes .", "According to Ferdinand Bohlmann , the first naturally occurring acetylenic compound , dehydromatricaria ester , was isolated from an Artemisia species in 1826 . In the nearly two centuries that have followed , well over a thousand naturally occurring acetylenes have been discovered and reported . Polyynes , a subset of this class of natural products , have been isolated from a wide variety of plant species , cultures of higher fungi , bacteria , marine sponges , and corals . Some acids like tariric acid contains an alkyne group . Diynes and triynes , species with the linkage RC ≡ C -- C ≡ CR ′ and RC ≡ C -- C ≡ C -- C ≡ CR ′ respectively , occur in certain plants ( Ichthyothere , Chrysanthemum , Cicuta , Oenanthe and other members of the Asteraceae and Apiaceae families ) . Some examples are cicutoxin , oenanthotoxin , falcarinol and carotatoxin . These compounds are highly bioactive , e.g. as nematocides. 1 - Phenylhepta - 1 , 3 , 5 - triyne is illustrative of a naturally occurring triyne .", "Alkynes occur in some pharmaceuticals , including the contraceptive noretynodrel . A carbon -- carbon triple bond is also present in marketed drugs such as the antiretroviral Efavirenz and the antifungal Terbinafine . Molecules called ene - diynes feature a ring containing an alkene ( `` ene '' ) between two alkyne groups ( `` diyne '' ) . These compounds , e.g. calicheamicin , are some of the most aggressive antitumor drugs known , so much so that the ene - diyne subunit is sometimes referred to as a `` warhead '' . Ene - diynes undergo rearrangement via the Bergman cyclization , generating highly reactive radical intermediates that attack DNA within the tumor ." ]
Alkyne - wikipedia Alkyne Jump to: navigation , search Not to be confused with Alkane or Alkene . A 3D model of ethyne ( acetylene ), the simplest alkyne In organic chemistry , an alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon-- carbon triple bond . The simplest acyclic alkynes with only one triple bond and no other functional groups form a homologous series with the general chemical formula C H. Alkynes are traditionally known as acetylenes, although the name acetylene also refers specifically to C H , known formally as ethyne using IUPAC nomenclature . Like other hydrocarbons, alkynes are generally hydrophobic but tend to be more reactive. Contents ( hide ) 1 Chemical properties 2 Structure and bonding 2.1 Terminal and internal alkynes 3 Naming alkynes 4 Synthesis 5 Reactions 5.1 Addition of hydrogen, halogens, and related reagents 5.2 Cycloadditions and oxidation 5.3 Reactions specific for terminal alkynes 5.4 Metal complexes 6 Alkynes in nature and medicine 7 See also 8 References Chemical properties ( edit ) Alkynes are characteristically more unsaturated than alkenes. Thus they add two equivalents of bromine whereas an alkene adds only one equivalent in the reaction. Other reactions are listed below. In some reactions, alkynes are less reactive than alkenes . For example, in a molecule with an -ene and an -yne group, addition occurs preferentially at the -ene. Possible explanations involve the two π -bonds in the alkyne delocalising, which would reduce the energy of the π -system or the stability of the intermediates during the reaction. They show greater tendency to polymerize or oligomerize than alkenes do. The resulting polymers, called polyacetylenes (which do not contain alkyne units) are conjugated and can exhibit semiconducting properties. Structure and bonding ( edit ) In acetylene, the H-- C≡ C bond angles are 180° . By virtue of this bond angle, alkynes are rod-like. Correspondingly, cyclic alkynes are rare. Benzyne is highly unstable. The C≡ C bond distance of 121 picometers is much shorter than the C=C distance in alkenes (134 pm) or the C-- C bond in alkanes (153 pm). Illustrative alkynes: a , acetylene, b , two depictions of propyne, c , 1-butyne, d , 2-butyne, e , the naturally-occurring 1-phenylhepta-1,3,5-triyne, and f , the strained cycloheptyne. Triple bonds are highlighted blue . The triple bond is very strong with a bond strength of 839 kJ/mol. The sigma bond contributes 369 kJ/mol, the first pi bond contributes 268 kJ/mol and the second pi-bond of 202 kJ/mol bond strength. Bonding usually discussed in the context of molecular orbital theory , which recognizes the triple bond as arising from overlap of s and p orbitals. In the language of valence bond theory , the carbon atoms in an alkyne bond are sp hybridized : they each have two unhybridized p orbitals and two sp hybrid orbitals . Overlap of an sp orbital from each atom forms one sp-- sp sigma bond . Each p orbital on one atom overlaps one on the other atom, forming two pi bonds , giving a total of three bonds. The remaining sp orbital on each atom can form a sigma bond to another atom, for example to hydrogen atoms in the parent acetylene. The two sp orbitals project on opposite sides of the carbon atom. Terminal and internal alkynes ( edit ) Internal alkynes feature carbon substituents on each acetylenic carbon. Symmetrical examples include diphenylacetylene and 3-hexyne . Terminal alkynes have the formula RC H. An example is methylacetylene (propyne using IUPAC nomenclature). Terminal alkynes, like acetylene itself, are mildly acidic, with pK values of around 25. They are far more acidic than alkenes and alkanes, which have pK values of around 40 and 50, respectively. The acidic hydrogen on terminal alkynes can be replaced by a variety of groups resulting in halo-, silyl-, and alkoxoalkynes. The carbanions generated by deprotonation of terminal alkynes are called acetylides . Naming alkynes ( edit ) In systematic chemical nomenclature , alkynes are named with the Greek prefix system without any additional letters. Examples include ethyne or octyne. In parent chains with four or more carbons, it is necessary to say where the triple bond is located. For octyne , one can either write 3-octyne or oct-3-yne when the bond starts at the third carbon. The lowest number possible is given to the triple bond . When no superior functional groups are present, the parent chain must include the triple bond even if it is not the longest possible carbon chain in the molecule. Ethyne is commonly called by its trivial name acetylene. In chemistry, the suffix -yne is used to denote the presence of a triple bond. In organic chemistry , the suffix often follows IUPAC nomenclature . However, inorganic compounds featuring unsaturation in the form of triple bonds may be denoted by substitutive nomenclature with the same methods used with alkynes (i.e. the name of the corresponding saturated compound is modified by replacing the `` -ane '' ending with `` -yne'' ). `` -diyne'' is used when there are two triple bonds, and so on. The position of unsaturation is indicated by a numerical locant immediately preceding the `` -yne'' suffix, or ' locants' in the case of multiple triple bonds. Locants are chosen so that the numbers are low as possible. `` -yne'' is also used as an infix to name substituent groups that are triply bound to the parent compound. Sometimes a number between hyphens is inserted before it to state which atoms the triple bond is between. This suffix arose as a collapsed form of the end of the word `` acetylene '' . The final `` -e'' disappears if it is followed by another suffix that starts with a vowel. Synthesis ( edit ) Commercially, the dominant alkyne is acetylene itself, which is used as a fuel and a precursor to other compounds, e.g., acrylates . Hundreds of millions of kilograms are produced annually by partial oxidation of natural gas : 2 CH + 3 / 2 O → HC≡ CH + 3 H O Propyne, also industrially useful, is also prepared by thermal cracking of hydrocarbons. Most other industrially useful alkyne derivatives are prepared from acetylene, e.g. via condensation with formaldehyde. Specialty alkynes are prepared by dehydrohalogenation of vicinal alkyl dihalides or vinyl halides. Metal acetylides can be coupled with primary alkyl halides . Via the Fritsch-- Buttenberg-- Wiechell rearrangement , alkynes are prepared from vinyl bromides . Alkynes can be prepared from aldehydes using the Corey-- Fuchs reaction and from aldehydes or ketones by the Seyferth-- Gilbert homologation . In the alkyne zipper reaction , alkynes are generated from other alkynes by treatment with a strong base. Reactions ( edit ) Featuring a reactive functional group , alkynes participate in many organic reactions . Addition of hydrogen, halogens, and related reagents ( edit ) Alkynes characteristically undergo reactions that show that they are `` doubly unsaturated'' , meaning that each alkyne unit is capable of adding two equivalents of H , halogens or related HX reagents (X = halide, pseudohalide, etc.). Depending on catalysts and conditions, alkynes add one or two equivalents of hydrogen. Partial hydrogenation , stopping after the addition of only one equivalent to give the alkene , is usually more desirable since alkanes are less useful: RC≡ CR′ + H → cis -RCH=CR′ H The largest scale application of this technology is the conversion of acetylene to ethylene in refineries. The steam cracking of alkanes yields a few percent acetylene, which is selectively hydrogenated in the presence of a palladium / silver catalyst. For more complex alkynes, the Lindlar catalyst is widely recommended to avoid formation of the alkane, for example in the conversion of phenylacetylene to styrene . Similarly, halogenation of alkynes gives the vinyl dihalides or alkyl tetrahalides: RC≡ CR′ + 2 Br → RCBr CR′ Br The addition of nonpolar E-- H bonds across C≡ C is general for silanes, boranes, and related hydrides. The hydroboration of alkynes gives vinylic boranes which oxidize to the corresponding aldehyde or ketone. In the thiol-yne reaction the substrate is a thiol. Acid-promoted addition reactions are likewise analogous to those of alkenes, including Markovnikov selectivity. Hydrohalogenation gives the corresponding vinyl halides or alkyl dihalides, again depending on the number of equivalents of HX added. The hydration reaction gives an enol via the addition of one equivalent of water, a structure that tautomerizes to form a ketone or aldehyde. For example, the hydration of phenylacetylene gives acetophenone , and the (Ph P)AuCH -catalyzed hydration of 1,8-nonadiyne to 2,8-nonanedione: PhC≡ CH + H O → PhCOCH HC≡ CC H C≡ CH + 2H O → CH COC H COCH Cycloadditions and oxidation ( edit ) Alkynes undergo diverse cycloaddition reactions. Most notable is the Diels-- Alder reaction with 1,3- dienes to give 1,4-cyclohexadienes . This general reaction has been extensively developed and electrophilic alkynes are especially effective dienophiles . The `` cycloadduct'' derived from the addition of alkynes to 2-pyrone eliminates carbon dioxide to give the aromatic compound. Other specialized cycloadditions include multicomponent reactions such as alkyne trimerisation to give aromatic compounds and the (2+2+1)-cycloaddition of an alkyne, alkene and carbon monoxide in the Pauson-- Khand reaction . Non-carbon reagents also undergo cyclization, e.g. Azide alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition to give triazoles . Cycloaddition processes involving alkynes are often catalyzed by metals, e.g. enyne metathesis and alkyne metathesis , which allows the scrambling of carbyne (RC) centers: RC≡ CR + R′ C≡ CR′ ⇌ 2 RC≡ CR′ Oxidative cleavage of alkynes proceeds via cycloaddition to metal oxides. Most famously, potassium permanganate converts alkynes to a pair of carboxylic acids . Reactions specific for terminal alkynes ( edit ) In addition to undergoing the reactions characteristic of internal alkynes, terminal alkynes are reactive as weak acids, with pK values (25) between that of ammonia (35) and ethanol (16). The acetylide conjugate base is stabilized as a result of the high s character of the sp orbital, in which the electron pair resides. Electrons in an s orbital benefit from closer proximity to the positively charged atom nucleus, and are therefore lower in energy. Treatment of terminal alkynes with a strong base gives the corresponding metal acetylides : RC≡ CH + MX → RC≡ CM + HX (MX = NaNH , LiBu , RMgX ) The reactions of alkynes with certain metal cations, e.g. Ag also gives acetylides. Thus, few drops of diamminesilver(I) hydroxide (Ag(NH ) OH) reacts with terminal alkynes signaled by formation of a white precipitate of the silver acetylide. Acetylide derivatives are synthetically useful nucleophiles that participate in C-- C bond forming reactions, as illustrated in the area called `` Reppe Chemistry'' . In the Favorskii reaction and in alkynylations in general, terminal alkynes add to carbonyl compounds to give the hydroxyalkyne . Coupling of terminal alkynes to give dialkynes is effected in the Cadiot-- Chodkiewicz coupling , Glaser coupling , and the Eglinton coupling reactions. Terminal alkynes can also be coupled to aryl or vinyl halides as in the Sonogashira coupling . Terminal alkynes, including acetylene itself, can react with water to give aldehydes. The transformation typically requires special metal catalysts to give this anti-Markovnikov addition result. Metal complexes ( edit ) Main article: Transition metal alkyne complex Alkynes form complexes with transition metals. Such compounds are sometimes useful reagents or illustrate the role that metals play in catalytic transformations of alkynes. Alkynes in nature and medicine ( edit ) According to Ferdinand Bohlmann, the first naturally occurring acetylenic compound, dehydromatricaria ester, was isolated from an Artemisia species in 1826. In the nearly two centuries that have followed, well over a thousand naturally occurring acetylenes have been discovered and reported. Polyynes, a subset of this class of natural products, have been isolated from a wide variety of plant species, cultures of higher fungi, bacteria, marine sponges, and corals. Some acids like tariric acid contains an alkyne group. Diynes and triynes, species with the linkage RC≡ C-- C≡ CR′ and RC≡ C-- C≡ C-- C≡ CR′ respectively, occur in certain plants ( Ichthyothere , Chrysanthemum , Cicuta , Oenanthe and other members of the Asteraceae and Apiaceae families). Some examples are cicutoxin , oenanthotoxin , falcarinol and carotatoxin . These compounds are highly bioactive, e.g. as nematocides. 1-Phenylhepta-1,3,5-triyne is illustrative of a naturally occurring triyne. Alkynes occur in some pharmaceuticals, including the contraceptive noretynodrel . A carbon-- carbon triple bond is also present in marketed drugs such as the antiretroviral Efavirenz and the antifungal Terbinafine . Molecules called ene-diynes feature a ring containing an alkene (`` ene'' ) between two alkyne groups (`` diyne'' ). These compounds, e.g. calicheamicin , are some of the most aggressive antitumor drugs known, so much so that the ene-diyne subunit is sometimes referred to as a `` warhead'' . Ene-diynes undergo rearrangement via the Bergman cyclization , generating highly reactive radical intermediates that attack DNA within the tumor. See also ( edit ) Look up alkyne in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Alkyne -yne cycloalkyne References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alkyne . Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Rosser & Williams (1977). Modern Organic Chemistry for A-level . Great Britain: Collins. p. 82. ISBN 0003277402 . Jump up ^ Bloch, Daniel R. (2012). Organic Chemistry Demystified (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-07-176797-2 . Jump up ^ The Commission on the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (1971) (1958 (A: Hydrocarbons, and B: Fundamental Heterocyclic Systems), 1965 (C: Characteristic Groups)). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London: Butterworths. ISBN 0-408-70144-7 . ^ Jump up to: Peter Pässler ; Werner Hefner; Klaus Buckl; Helmut Meinass; Andreas Meiswinkel; Hans-Jürgen Wernicke; Günter Ebersberg; Richard Müller ; Jürgen Bässler ; Hartmut Behringer; Dieter Mayer (October 15, 2008). `` Acetylene'' . Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi : 10.1002/14356007.a01_097.pub3 . Jump up ^ Kenneth N. Campbell; Barbara K. Campbell (1963). `` Phenylacetylene'' . Org. Synth. ; Coll. Vol. , 4 , p. 763 Jump up ^ H. Lindlar; R. Dubuis (1973). `` Palladium catalyst for partial reduction of acetylenes'' . Org. Synth. ; Coll. Vol. , 5 , p. 880 . Jump up ^ Fukuda, Y.; Utimoto, K. (1991). `` Effective transformation of unactivated alkynes into ketones or acetals with a gold(III) catalyst'' . J. Org. Chem. 56 (11): 3729. doi : 10.1021/jo00011a058 ... Jump up ^ Mizushima, E.; Cui, D.-M.; Nath, D.C.D. ; Hayashi, T.; Tanaka, M. (2005). `` Au(I)-Catalyzed hydratation of alkynes: 2,8-nonanedione'' . Org. Synth. 83 : 55. Jump up ^ Hintermann, Lukas; Labonne, Aurelie `` Catalytic hydration of alkynes and its application in synthesis'' Synthesis (2007), (8), 1121-1150. doi : 10.1055/s-2007-966002 Jump up ^ Annabelle L.K. Shi Shun; Rik R. Tykwinski (2006). `` Synthesis of Naturally Occurring Polyynes'' . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed . 45 (7): 1034-- 1057. PMID 16447152 . doi : 10.1002/anie.200502071 . Jump up ^ Lam, Jørgen (1988). Chemistry and biology of naturally-occurring acetylenes and related compounds (NOARC): proceedings of a Conference on the Chemistry and Biology of Naturally-Occurring Acetylenes and Related Compounds (NOARC) . Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-87115-2 . Jump up ^ S. Walker; R. Landovitz; W.D. Ding; G.A. Ellestad; D. Kahne (1992). `` Cleavage behavior of calicheamicin gamma 1 and calicheamicin T'' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 89 (10): 4608-- 12. Bibcode : 1992PNAS...89.4608W. PMC 49132 . PMID 1584797 . doi : 10.1073/pnas.89.10.4608 . Hydrocarbons Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons Alkanes Linear alkanes Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane Branched alkanes Isobutane Isopentane 3-Methylpentane Neopentane Isohexane Isoheptane Isooctane Isononane Isodecane Cycloalkanes Cyclopropane Cyclobutane Cyclopentane Cyclohexane Cycloheptane Cyclooctane Cyclononane Cyclodecane Alkylcycloalkanes Methylcyclopropane Methylcyclobutane Methylcyclopentane Methylcyclohexane Isopropylcyclohexane Bicycloalkanes Housane (bicyclo(2.1.0)pentane) Norbornane (bicyclo(2.2.1)heptane) Decalin (bicyclo(4.4.0)decane) Polycycloalkanes Adamantane Diamondoid Perhydrophenanthrene Sterane Cubane Prismane Dodecahedrane Basketane Churchane Pagodane Twistane Other Spiroalkanes Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons Alkenes Linear alkenes Ethene Propene Butene Pentene Hexene Heptene Octene Nonene Decene Branched alkenes Isobutene Isopentene Neopentene Isohexene Isoheptene Isooctene Isononene Isodecene Alkynes Linear alkynes Ethyne Propyne Butyne Pentyne Hexyne Heptyne Octyne Nonyne Decyne Branched alkynes Isobutyne Isopentyne Neopentyne Isohexyne Isoheptyne Isooctyne Isononyne Isodecyne Cycloalkenes Cyclopropene Cyclobutene Cyclopentene Cyclohexene Cycloheptene Cyclooctene Cyclononene Cyclodecene Alkyilcycloalkenes Methylcyclopropene Methylcyclobutene Methylcyclopentene Methylcyclohexene Isopropylcyclohexene Bicycloalkenes Norbornene Cycloalkynes Cyclopropyne Cyclobutyne Cyclopentyne Cyclohexyne Cycloheptyne Cycloctyne Cyclononyne Cyclodecyne Alkadienes Propadiene Butadiene Pentadiene Hexadiene Heptadiene Octadiene Nonadiene Decadiene Other Alkatriene Alkadiyne Alkenyne Cumulene Cyclooctatetraene Cyclododecatriene Aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs Acenes Naphthalene Anthracene Naphthacene Pentacene Hexacene Other Azulene Fluorene Helicenes Circulenes Alkylbenzenes Toluene Xylene Ethylbenzene Cumene Styrene Mesitylene Pseudocumene Hexamethylbenzene Other Benzene Phenanthrene Chrysene Pyrene Corannulene Kekulene Other Annulenes Annulynes Alicyclic compounds Alkynes Ethyne ( C 2 ) Propyne ( C 4 ) Butyne ( C 6 ) Pentyne ( C 5H 8 ) Hexyne ( C 6H 10 ) Heptyne ( C 7H 12 ) Octyne ( C 8H 14 ) Nonyne ( C 9H 16 ) Decyne ( C 10 H 18 ) 5 Functional groups Only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Hydrocarbons Allene Alkene ( Allyl , Vinyl ) Alkyl ( Methyl , Ethyl , Propyl , Butyl , Pentyl ) Alkyne Benzyl Carbene Cumulene Methylene bridge Methylene group Methine Phenyl Other Acetoxy Acetyl Acryloyl Acyl Aldehyde Alkoxy ( Methoxy ) Benzoyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Dioxirane Epoxide Ester Ether Ethylenedioxy Hydroxy Ketone Methylenedioxy Peroxide ( Organic ) Ynone Only one element apart from C, H, O Nitrogen Amine Azo compound Cyanate Hydrazone Imide Imine Isocyanate Isonitrile Nitrene Nitrile Nitro compound Nitroso compound Organic amide Oxime Phosphorus Phosphonate Phosphonous Sulfur Disulfide Sulfone Sulfonic acid Sulfoxide Thial Thioester Thioether Thioketone Thiol Selenium Selenol Selenonic acid Seleninic acid Selenenic acid Tellurium Tellurol Other Isothiocyanate Phosphoramide Sulfenyl chloride Sulfonamide Thiocyanate See also chemical classification , chemical nomenclature ( inorganic , organic ) Branches of chemistry Dictionary of chemical formulas List of biomolecules List of inorganic compounds Periodic table Physical Chemical kinetics Chemical physics Nuclear chemistry Electrochemistry Femtochemistry Geochemistry Photochemistry Quantum chemistry Solid-state chemistry Spectroscopy Surface science Thermochemistry Organic Biochemistry Bioorganic chemistry Biophysical chemistry Chemical biology Clinical chemistry Fullerene chemistry Medicinal chemistry Neurochemistry Pharmacy Physical organic chemistry Polymer chemistry Inorganic Bioinorganic chemistry Cluster chemistry Coordination chemistry Materials science Organometallic chemistry Others Actinide chemistry Analytical chemistry Astrochemistry Chemistry education Clay chemistry Click chemistry Computational chemistry Cosmochemistry 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1815524223761361038
where does the last name cope come from
Paul Cox directed the film Molokai : The Story of Father Damien ( 1999 ) . Mother Marianne was portrayed by South African actress Alice Krige . Father Damien was portrayed by David Wenham .
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[ "Saint Marianne Cope Marianne Cope shortly before her departure for Hawaii ( 1883 ) Saint Maria Anna Barbara Koob ( 1838 - 01 - 23 ) January 23 , 1838 Heppenheim , Grand Duchy of Hesse August 9 , 1918 ( 1918 - 08 - 09 ) ( aged 80 ) Kalaupapa , Hawai ʻi Resting place Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace , Honolulu , Hawaii Venerated in Roman Catholic Church ( Sisters of St. Francis of the Neumann Communities ) Episcopal Church Beatified May 14 , 2005 , Saint Peter 's Basilica , Vatican City by Pope Benedict XVI Canonized October 21 , 2012 , Vatican City by Pope Benedict XVI Major shrine Saint Marianne Cope Shrine & Museum 601 N. Townsend St . Syracuse , New York , U.S. Feast January 23 ( Roman Catholic Church ) April 15 ( Episcopal Church ( United States ) ) Patronage Lepers , outcasts , those with HIV / AIDS , Hawai ʻi .", "Saint Marianne Cope", "Marianne Cope shortly before her departure for Hawaii ( 1883 )", "Saint", "Maria Anna Barbara Koob ( 1838 - 01 - 23 ) January 23 , 1838 Heppenheim , Grand Duchy of Hesse", "August 9 , 1918 ( 1918 - 08 - 09 ) ( aged 80 ) Kalaupapa , Hawai ʻi", "Resting place Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace , Honolulu , Hawaii", "Venerated in Roman Catholic Church ( Sisters of St. Francis of the Neumann Communities ) Episcopal Church", "Beatified May 14 , 2005 , Saint Peter 's Basilica , Vatican City by Pope Benedict XVI", "Canonized October 21 , 2012 , Vatican City by Pope Benedict XVI", "Major shrine Saint Marianne Cope Shrine & Museum 601 N. Townsend St . Syracuse , New York , U.S.", "Feast January 23 ( Roman Catholic Church ) April 15 ( Episcopal Church ( United States ) )", "Patronage Lepers , outcasts , those with HIV / AIDS , Hawai ʻi .", "Marianne Cope , also known as Saint Marianne of Moloka ʻi , ( January 23 , 1838 -- August 9 , 1918 ) was a German - born American religious sister who was a member of the Sisters of St Francis of Syracuse , New York , and administrator of its St. Joseph 's Hospital in the city . Known also for her charitable works , in 1883 she relocated with six other sisters to Hawai ʻi to care for persons suffering Hansen 's Disease on the island of Moloka ʻi and aid in developing the medical infrastructure in Hawai ʻi . Despite direct contact with the patients over many years , Cope did not contract the disease .", "In 2005 , Cope was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI . Cope was declared a saint by the same pope on October 21 , 2012 , along with Kateri Tekakwitha , a 17th - century Native American . Cope is the 11th person in what is now the United States to be canonized by the Catholic Church .", "Cope was baptized Maria Anna Barbara Koob , later anglicizing her last name to `` Cope '' . She was born January 23 , 1838 , in Heppenheim in the Grand Duchy of Hesse to Peter Koob ( 1787 -- 1862 ) and Barbara Witzenbacher ( 1803 -- 1872 ) . The following year her family emigrated to the United States , settling in the industrial city of Utica , New York . They became members of the Parish of St Joseph , where Cope attended parish school . By the time she was in eighth grade , her father had become an invalid . As the oldest child , Cope left school to work in a textile factory to help support her family . Her father became naturalized as an American citizen , which at the time meant the entire family received automatic citizenship status .", "By the time their father Peter Cope died in 1862 , the younger children in the family were of age to support themselves , so Maria pursued her long - felt religious calling . She entered the novitiate of the Sisters of the Third Order Regular of Saint Francis in Syracuse , New York . After a year of formation , Cope received the religious habit of the Franciscan Sisters along with the new name Marianne . She became first a teacher and then a principal in newly established schools for the region 's German - speaking immigrants . Following the revolutions of 1848 , numerous German immigrants entered the United States .", "By 1870 , Cope had become a member of the governing council of her religious congregation . She helped found the first two Catholic hospitals in Central New York , with charters stipulating that medical care was to be provided to all , regardless of race or creed . She was appointed by the Superior General to govern St. Joseph 's Hospital , the first public hospital in Syracuse , serving from 1870 - 77 .", "As hospital administrator , Cope became involved with the move of Geneva Medical College of Hobart College from Geneva , New York , to Syracuse , where it became the College of Medicine at Syracuse University . She contracted with the college to accept their students for treating patients in her hospital , to further their medical education . Her stipulation in the contract -- again unique for the period -- was the right of the patients to refuse care by the students . These experiences helped prepare her for the special ministry she next pursued .", "In 1883 , Cope , by then Superior General of the congregation , received a plea for help from King Kalākaua of Hawaii to care for leprosy sufferers . More than 50 religious congregations had already declined his request for Sisters to do this , because leprosy was considered to be highly contagious . She responded enthusiastically to the letter :", "I am hungry for the work and I wish with all my heart to be one of the chosen Ones , whose privilege it will be , to sacrifice themselves for the salvation of the souls of the poor Islanders ... I am not afraid of any disease , hence it would be my greatest delight even to minister to the abandoned ' lepers . '", "Cope departed from Syracuse with six other Sisters to travel to Honolulu to answer this call , arriving on November 8 , 1883 . They traveled on the SS Mariposa . With Mother Marianne as supervisor , the Sisters ' task was to manage Kaka ʻako Branch Hospital on Oʻahu , which served as a receiving station for Hansen 's disease patients gathered from all over the islands . The more severe cases were processed and shipped to the island of Moloka ʻi for confinement in the settlement at Kalawao , and then later at Kalaupapa .", "The following year , at the request of the government , Cope set up Malulani Hospital , the first general hospital on the island of Maui . Soon , she was called back to the hospital in Oahu . She had to deal with a government - appointed administrator 's abuse of the leprosy patients at the Branch Hospital at Kakaako , an area adjoining Honolulu . She told the government that either the administrator had to be dismissed or the Sisters would return to Syracuse . She was given charge of the overcrowded hospital . Her return to Syracuse to re-assume governance of the congregation was delayed , as both the government and church authorities thought she was essential to the success of the mission .", "Two years later , the king awarded Mother Marianne with the Cross of a Companion of the Royal Order of Kapiolani for her care of his people . The work continued to increase . In November 1885 , Cope opened the Kapiolani Home with the support of the government , to provide shelter to homeless female children of leprosy patients . The home was located on the grounds of a leprosy hospital because only the Sisters were willing to care for children so closely associated to people suffering from leprosy .", "In 1887 , a new government came into office . It ended the forced exile of leprosy patients to Molokai and closed the specialty hospital in Oahu . A year later , the authorities pleaded with Cope to establish a new home for women and girls on the Kalaupapa peninsula of Molokai . She accepted the call , knowing that it might mean she would never return to New York . `` We will cheerfully accept the work ... '' was her response .", "In November 1888 , Cope moved to Kalaupapa . She cared for the dying Father Damien , SS.CC. , who was already known internationally for his work in the leper colony , and began to take over his burdens . She had met him shortly after her arrival in Hawaii .", "When Father Damien died on April 15 , 1889 , the government officially gave Cope charge for the care of the boys of Kalaupapa , in addition to her existing role in caring for the female residents of the colony . A prominent local businessman , Henry Perrine Baldwin , donated money for the new home . Mother Marianne and two assistants , Sister Leopoldina Burns and Sister Vincentia McCormick , opened and ran a new girls ' school , which she named in Baldwin 's honor . A community of Religious Brothers was sought to come and care for the boys . After the arrival of four Brothers of the Sacred Heart in 1895 , Cope withdrew the Sisters to the Bishop Home for leprous women and girls . Joseph Dutton was given charge of Baldwin House by the government .", "Cope died on August 9 , 1918 , due to natural causes . She was buried on the grounds of the Bishop Home . In 2005 , her remains were brought to Syracuse for reinterment at her motherhouse . In 2014 , her remains were returned to Honolulu and are enshrined at the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace .", "1927 -- Saint Francis Hospital was founded in Honolulu in her memory as a community hospital and to train nurses to work with Hansen 's disease patients . 1957 -- St. Francis opened the Child Development Center at the Honolulu Community Church . 1962 -- St. Francis Home Care Services was established , the first in Hawaii to specialize in home health care for Hawaiian people . 2006 -- The Sisters of St. Francis chose to focus on long - term care , transferring the two facilities of St. Francis Hospital to a private board . The facilities are now known as the Hawaii Medical Center East in Liliha , and Hawaii Medical Center West in Ewa . Both hospitals were closed at the end of 2011 . In August 2012 , The Queen 's Health Systems agreed to acquire the former Hawaii Medical Center West and reopen the hospital in the fall of 2013 . The Saint Francis School was founded in Mother Marianne 's honor in 1924 , operating as a girls - only school for grades 6 - 9 .", "1927 -- Saint Francis Hospital was founded in Honolulu in her memory as a community hospital and to train nurses to work with Hansen 's disease patients .", "1957 -- St. Francis opened the Child Development Center at the Honolulu Community Church .", "1962 -- St. Francis Home Care Services was established , the first in Hawaii to specialize in home health care for Hawaiian people .", "2006 -- The Sisters of St. Francis chose to focus on long - term care , transferring the two facilities of St. Francis Hospital to a private board . The facilities are now known as the Hawaii Medical Center East in Liliha , and Hawaii Medical Center West in Ewa . Both hospitals were closed at the end of 2011 . In August 2012 , The Queen 's Health Systems agreed to acquire the former Hawaii Medical Center West and reopen the hospital in the fall of 2013 .", "The Saint Francis School was founded in Mother Marianne 's honor in 1924 , operating as a girls - only school for grades 6 - 9 .", "The community which Cope founded on Molokai continues to minister to the few patients afflicted with Hansen Disease . The Franciscan Sisters work at several schools and minister to parishioners throughout the Hawaiian Islands .", "In 1993 , Katherine Dehlia Mahoney was allegedly healed from multiple organ failure after praying to Marianne Cope for intercession . On October 24 , 2003 , the Congregation for the Causes of Saints declared Mother Marianne to have been `` heroically virtuous '' . In April 19 , 2004 , Pope John Paul II issued a papal decree declaring her Venerable . On December 20 , 2004 , after receiving the unanimous affirmation of the Congregation of the Causes of Saints , Pope John Paul II ordered a decree to be issued authenticating this recovery as a miracle to be attributed to the intercession of Mother Marianne . On May 14 , 2005 , Marianne was beatified in Vatican City by Pope Benedict XVI in his first beatification ceremony . Over 100 followers from Hawai ʻi attended the beatification ceremony , along with 300 members of Cope 's religious congregation in Syracuse . At the ceremony , presided over by Cardinal José Saraiva Martins , C.M.F. , the Hawaiian song `` Makalapua '' ( a favorite of Cope ) was sung . Her feast day was established as January 23 and is celebrated by her own religious congregation , the Diocese of Honolulu , and the Diocese of Syracuse .", "After the announcement by the Holy See of her impending beatification , during January 2005 , Blessed Marianne 's remains were moved to the motherhouse of the congregation in Syracuse . A temporary shrine was established to honor her . By 2009 , the erection of a marble sarcophagus in the mother house chapel was complete . Her remains were interred in the new shrine on her feast day of January 23 .", "In 2007 , a statue of her was erected at St Joseph 's Church in her native Utica , whose parish school she had attended in her childhood .", "On December 6 , 2011 , the Congregation for the Causes of Saints found that a second miracle could also be attributed to the intercession of Blessed Marianne . This finding was forwarded to Pope Benedict XVI by its Secretary , Cardinal Angelo Amato , for papal approval . On December 19 , 2011 , Pope Benedict signed and approved the promulgation of the decree for Marianne 's sainthood and she was canonized on October 21 , 2012 ; a relic was carried to Honolulu from her mother church .", "After Father Damien , Cope is the second person to be canonized who had served in the Hawaiian Islands . She was both the first Beatification and the last Canonisation under Pope Benedict XVI . In 2014 , the church announced that the remains of Saint Marianne would be re-interred at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu , which was undergoing an extensive renovation . This is a more convenient location for the faithful than the Kalaupapa National Historical Park on Moloka ʻi , where access is primarily by plane or mule train . She sometimes attended Mass at the Cathedral and it was where Father Damien was ordained . The Franciscan Convent in New York which held her remains has had to move to a new location because its former buildings needed extensive repairs .", "Cope is honored jointly with Saint Damien of Moloka'i on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church ( USA ) . Their shared feast day is celebrated on April 15 .", "Paul Cox directed the film Molokai : The Story of Father Damien ( 1999 ) . Mother Marianne was portrayed by South African actress Alice Krige . Father Damien was portrayed by David Wenham ." ]
Marianne Cope - wikipedia Marianne Cope Saint Marianne Cope Marianne Cope shortly before her departure for Hawaii (1883) Saint Maria Anna Barbara Koob ( 1838-01-23 ) January 23, 1838 Heppenheim , Grand Duchy of Hesse August 9, 1918 (1918-08-09) (aged 80) Kalaupapa , Hawai ʻi Resting place Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace , Honolulu , Hawaii Venerated in Roman Catholic Church ( Sisters of St. Francis of the Neumann Communities ) Episcopal Church Beatified May 14, 2005, Saint Peter's Basilica , Vatican City by Pope Benedict XVI Canonized October 21, 2012, Vatican City by Pope Benedict XVI Major shrine Saint Marianne Cope Shrine & Museum 601 N. Townsend St. Syracuse, New York , U.S. Feast January 23 (Roman Catholic Church) April 15 (Episcopal Church (United States)) Patronage Lepers , outcasts, those with HIV/AIDS , Hawai ʻi . Marianne Cope , also known as Saint Marianne of Moloka ʻi , (January 23, 1838 -- August 9, 1918) was a German-born American religious sister who was a member of the Sisters of St Francis of Syracuse, New York , and administrator of its St. Joseph's Hospital in the city. Known also for her charitable works, in 1883 she relocated with six other sisters to Hawai ʻi to care for persons suffering Hansen's Disease on the island of Moloka ʻi and aid in developing the medical infrastructure in Hawai ʻi . Despite direct contact with the patients over many years, Cope did not contract the disease. In 2005, Cope was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI . Cope was declared a saint by the same pope on October 21, 2012, along with Kateri Tekakwitha , a 17th-century Native American . Cope is the 11th person in what is now the United States to be canonized by the Catholic Church . Contents 1 Life 1.1 Birth and vocation 1.2 Call to Hawaii 1.3 Molokai 2 Death 3 Legacy and honors 3.1 Beatification 3.2 Canonization 3.3 Ecumenical veneration 4 In arts and media 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Life ( edit ) Birth and vocation ( edit ) Cope was baptized Maria Anna Barbara Koob , later anglicizing her last name to `` Cope'' . She was born January 23, 1838, in Heppenheim in the Grand Duchy of Hesse to Peter Koob (1787-- 1862) and Barbara Witzenbacher (1803-- 1872). The following year her family emigrated to the United States, settling in the industrial city of Utica, New York . They became members of the Parish of St Joseph , where Cope attended parish school . By the time she was in eighth grade, her father had become an invalid. As the oldest child, Cope left school to work in a textile factory to help support her family. Her father became naturalized as an American citizen, which at the time meant the entire family received automatic citizenship status. By the time their father Peter Cope died in 1862, the younger children in the family were of age to support themselves, so Maria pursued her long-felt religious calling . She entered the novitiate of the Sisters of the Third Order Regular of Saint Francis in Syracuse, New York . After a year of formation, Cope received the religious habit of the Franciscan Sisters along with the new name Marianne . She became first a teacher and then a principal in newly established schools for the region's German-speaking immigrants. Following the revolutions of 1848, numerous German immigrants entered the United States. By 1870, Cope had become a member of the governing council of her religious congregation . She helped found the first two Catholic hospitals in Central New York , with charters stipulating that medical care was to be provided to all, regardless of race or creed. She was appointed by the Superior General to govern St. Joseph's Hospital, the first public hospital in Syracuse, serving from 1870-77. As hospital administrator, Cope became involved with the move of Geneva Medical College of Hobart College from Geneva, New York, to Syracuse, where it became the College of Medicine at Syracuse University . She contracted with the college to accept their students for treating patients in her hospital, to further their medical education. Her stipulation in the contract-- again unique for the period-- was the right of the patients to refuse care by the students. These experiences helped prepare her for the special ministry she next pursued. Call to Hawaii ( edit ) In 1883, Cope, by then Superior General of the congregation, received a plea for help from King Kalākaua of Hawaii to care for leprosy sufferers. More than 50 religious congregations had already declined his request for Sisters to do this, because leprosy was considered to be highly contagious. She responded enthusiastically to the letter: I am hungry for the work and I wish with all my heart to be one of the chosen Ones, whose privilege it will be, to sacrifice themselves for the salvation of the souls of the poor Islanders... I am not afraid of any disease, hence it would be my greatest delight even to minister to the abandoned ' lepers.' The Sisters of St. Francis, at the Kaka ʻako Branch Hospital. Walter Murray Gibson with the Sisters of St. Francis and daughters of Hansen's disease patients, at the Kaka ʻako Branch Hospital. Cope departed from Syracuse with six other Sisters to travel to Honolulu to answer this call, arriving on November 8, 1883. They traveled on the SS Mariposa . With Mother Marianne as supervisor, the Sisters' task was to manage Kaka ʻako Branch Hospital on Oʻahu , which served as a receiving station for Hansen's disease patients gathered from all over the islands. The more severe cases were processed and shipped to the island of Moloka ʻi for confinement in the settlement at Kalawao, and then later at Kalaupapa . The following year, at the request of the government, Cope set up Malulani Hospital, the first general hospital on the island of Maui . Soon, she was called back to the hospital in Oahu . She had to deal with a government-appointed administrator's abuse of the leprosy patients at the Branch Hospital at Kakaako, an area adjoining Honolulu. She told the government that either the administrator had to be dismissed or the Sisters would return to Syracuse. She was given charge of the overcrowded hospital. Her return to Syracuse to re-assume governance of the congregation was delayed, as both the government and church authorities thought she was essential to the success of the mission. Two years later, the king awarded Mother Marianne with the Cross of a Companion of the Royal Order of Kapiolani for her care of his people. The work continued to increase. In November 1885, Cope opened the Kapiolani Home with the support of the government, to provide shelter to homeless female children of leprosy patients. The home was located on the grounds of a leprosy hospital because only the Sisters were willing to care for children so closely associated to people suffering from leprosy. In 1887, a new government came into office. It ended the forced exile of leprosy patients to Molokai and closed the specialty hospital in Oahu. A year later, the authorities pleaded with Cope to establish a new home for women and girls on the Kalaupapa peninsula of Molokai. She accepted the call, knowing that it might mean she would never return to New York. `` We will cheerfully accept the work...'' was her response. Molokai ( edit ) Mother Marianne Cope and Sister Leopoldina Burns beside the funeral bier of Father Damien Mother Marianne Cope (in the wheelchair) only a few days before she died. Scales used by Mother Marianne Cope and the Sisters to measure medicine, Kalaupapa, Hawaii, late 1880s In November 1888, Cope moved to Kalaupapa. She cared for the dying Father Damien , SS.CC. , who was already known internationally for his work in the leper colony, and began to take over his burdens. She had met him shortly after her arrival in Hawaii. When Father Damien died on April 15, 1889, the government officially gave Cope charge for the care of the boys of Kalaupapa, in addition to her existing role in caring for the female residents of the colony. A prominent local businessman, Henry Perrine Baldwin , donated money for the new home. Mother Marianne and two assistants, Sister Leopoldina Burns and Sister Vincentia McCormick, opened and ran a new girls' school, which she named in Baldwin's honor. A community of Religious Brothers was sought to come and care for the boys. After the arrival of four Brothers of the Sacred Heart in 1895, Cope withdrew the Sisters to the Bishop Home for leprous women and girls. Joseph Dutton was given charge of Baldwin House by the government. Death ( edit ) Cope died on August 9, 1918, due to natural causes. She was buried on the grounds of the Bishop Home. In 2005, her remains were brought to Syracuse for reinterment at her motherhouse . In 2014, her remains were returned to Honolulu and are enshrined at the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace . Legacy and honors ( edit ) 1927 -- Saint Francis Hospital was founded in Honolulu in her memory as a community hospital and to train nurses to work with Hansen's disease patients. 1957 -- St. Francis opened the Child Development Center at the Honolulu Community Church. 1962 -- St. Francis Home Care Services was established, the first in Hawaii to specialize in home health care for Hawaiian people. 2006 -- The Sisters of St. Francis chose to focus on long-term care, transferring the two facilities of St. Francis Hospital to a private board. The facilities are now known as the Hawaii Medical Center East in Liliha, and Hawaii Medical Center West in Ewa. Both hospitals were closed at the end of 2011. In August 2012, The Queen's Health Systems agreed to acquire the former Hawaii Medical Center West and reopen the hospital in the fall of 2013. The Saint Francis School was founded in Mother Marianne's honor in 1924, operating as a girls-only school for grades 6-9. The community which Cope founded on Molokai continues to minister to the few patients afflicted with Hansen Disease. The Franciscan Sisters work at several schools and minister to parishioners throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Beatification ( edit ) In 1993, Katherine Dehlia Mahoney was allegedly healed from multiple organ failure after praying to Marianne Cope for intercession. On October 24, 2003, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints declared Mother Marianne to have been `` heroically virtuous'' . In April 19, 2004, Pope John Paul II issued a papal decree declaring her Venerable . On December 20, 2004, after receiving the unanimous affirmation of the Congregation of the Causes of Saints, Pope John Paul II ordered a decree to be issued authenticating this recovery as a miracle to be attributed to the intercession of Mother Marianne. On May 14, 2005, Marianne was beatified in Vatican City by Pope Benedict XVI in his first beatification ceremony. Over 100 followers from Hawai ʻi attended the beatification ceremony, along with 300 members of Cope's religious congregation in Syracuse. At the ceremony, presided over by Cardinal José Saraiva Martins , C.M.F. , the Hawaiian song `` Makalapua '' (a favorite of Cope) was sung. Her feast day was established as January 23 and is celebrated by her own religious congregation, the Diocese of Honolulu , and the Diocese of Syracuse . After the announcement by the Holy See of her impending beatification, during January 2005, Blessed Marianne's remains were moved to the motherhouse of the congregation in Syracuse. A temporary shrine was established to honor her. By 2009, the erection of a marble sarcophagus in the mother house chapel was complete. Her remains were interred in the new shrine on her feast day of January 23. Mother Marianne Cope statue dedicated January 23, 2010, in Honolulu In 2007, a statue of her was erected at St Joseph's Church in her native Utica, whose parish school she had attended in her childhood. Canonization ( edit ) On December 6, 2011, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints found that a second miracle could also be attributed to the intercession of Blessed Marianne. This finding was forwarded to Pope Benedict XVI by its Secretary, Cardinal Angelo Amato , for papal approval. On December 19, 2011, Pope Benedict signed and approved the promulgation of the decree for Marianne's sainthood and she was canonized on October 21, 2012; a relic was carried to Honolulu from her mother church. After Father Damien , Cope is the second person to be canonized who had served in the Hawaiian Islands. She was both the first Beatification and the last Canonisation under Pope Benedict XVI. In 2014, the church announced that the remains of Saint Marianne would be re-interred at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu, which was undergoing an extensive renovation. This is a more convenient location for the faithful than the Kalaupapa National Historical Park on Moloka ʻi , where access is primarily by plane or mule train. She sometimes attended Mass at the Cathedral and it was where Father Damien was ordained. The Franciscan Convent in New York which held her remains has had to move to a new location because its former buildings needed extensive repairs. Ecumenical veneration ( edit ) Cope is honored jointly with Saint Damien of Moloka'i on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) . Their shared feast day is celebrated on April 15. In arts and media ( edit ) Paul Cox directed the film Molokai: The Story of Father Damien (1999). Mother Marianne was portrayed by South African actress Alice Krige . Father Damien was portrayed by David Wenham . See also ( edit ) List of American saints and beatified people References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pope Benedict XVI (May 14, 2005). `` Apostolic Letter by which the Supreme Pontiff has raised to the glory of the altars the Servants of God: Ascensión Nicol Goñi and Marianne Cope'' . The Holy See . Retrieved March 19, 2010 . (Latin) ^ Jump up to: CNN.com (October 21, 2012). `` Mother Marianne becomes an American saint'' . CNN . Retrieved October 21, 2012 . Jump up ^ Krista J. Karch (May 11, 2005). `` The road to sainthood: Mother Marianne worked years in Utica mills before joining convent'' . The Utica Observer-Dispatch . Retrieved March 19, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: `` Biography of St Marianne Cope'' . Sisters of St Francis of the Neumann Communities. Jump up ^ `` Biography - Marianne Cope (1838-1918)'' . Official Vatican website . Retrieved March 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ Mary Laurence Hanley; O.A. Bushnell (January 1992). Pilgrimage and Exile: Mother Marianne of Molokai . University of Hawaii Press. pp. 225-- 226. ISBN 978-0-8248-1387-1 . Jump up ^ website of the Damien Memorial School , damien.edu; accessed April 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Mother Marianne Cope and the Sisters of St Francis'' . Kalaupapa National Historic Park website . National Park Service . Retrieved April 15, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Homecoming for Saint Marianne -- Sisters of St. Francis of the Neumann Communities'' . sosf.org . Retrieved 2017-01-24 . Jump up ^ `` St. Marianne Cope's remains returning to Hawaii'' . syracuse.com . Retrieved 2017-01-24 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Timeline: A Legacy of Firsts in the Islands'' . St Francis Healthcare System website . St Francis Healthcare System of Hawaii. Archived from the original on May 2, 2010 . Retrieved March 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Last five patients leave Hawaii Medical Center West'' . web site . Pacific Business News . Retrieved October 22, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Queen's Medical Center and St. Francis reach agreement on Hawaii Medical Center West acquisition'' . Hawaii Medical Center West infosite . Pacific Business News . Retrieved October 22, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Us: Welcome to Saint Francis School'' . School website . Saint Francis School. Archived from the original on March 24, 2010 . Retrieved March 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of Cause of Blessed Marianne Cope at the Congregation for Causes of Saints in Vatican City, Italy'' . Sisters of St. Francis of the Neumann Communities . Retrieved July 8, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` THE BEATIFICATION OF MOTHER MARIANNE COPE'' . Honolulu Star-Bulletin . Retrieved July 8, 2018 . Jump up ^ Mary Adamski (May 5, 2005). `` ' Blessed' Mother Cope: The Kalaupapa nun reaches the second step to sainthood'' . Honolulu Star-Bulletin . Retrieved March 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ Shrine of Blessed Marianne Cope ; accessed April 19, 2015. Jump up ^ Jessica Doyle (October 3, 2007). `` Shrine to Mother Marianne honors life of serving poor'' . The Utica Observer-Dispatch . Archived from the original on September 15, 2012 . Retrieved March 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Path to Sainthood Cleared for Blessed Marianne Cope'' (news release) Archived April 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. , The Sisters of St Francis of the Neumann Communities , December 6, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Saint's remains return to Hawaii permanently'' , CBS News Interactive, 31 July 2014 Jump up ^ `` Father Damien: The Leper Priest (1980)'' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2010-07-21 . Further reading ( edit ) Mary Laurence Hanley, O.S.F.; O.A. Bushnell (2009) (1980). Pilgrimage and Exile: Mother Marianne of Molokai (2nd ed.). Mutual Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-1-56647-916-5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marianne Cope . Blessed Marianne Cope Canonization Director. `` Blessed Marianne Cope Cause'' . Sisters of St Francis, Syracuse, New York . Retrieved March 19, 2010 . Mother Marianne Cope at Find a Grave `` Blessed Marianne Cope profile at the'' . Catholic Saints Info . Catholic Forum. Christianity in Hawaii Christian groups in Hawaii Catholic Church Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu Eastern Catholic Church of Hawai ʻi Episcopal Latter-day Saints Lutheran New Hope Orthodox Southern Baptist Historic chapels Church of the Crossroads Haili Hōlualoa Imiola Ka ʻahumanu Kawaiaha ʻo Lā ʻie Makawao Maria Lanakila Moku ʻaikaua Star of the Sea St. Andrew St. Benedict St. Joseph St. Michael the Archangel Waiola Wai ʻoli Wānanalua Missionaries W.P. Alexander Lorrin Andrews Richard Armstrong Alexis Bachelot Dwight Baldwin Hiram Bingham I Hiram Bingham II Sereno Edwards Bishop Elias Bond Libert H. Boeynaems Ephraim Weston Clark Titus Coan A.S. Cooke Marianne Cope Peter Coudrin Samuel C. Damon Father Damien Sheldon Dibble Daniel Dole Joseph Dutton William Ellis Ursula Emerson J.S. Green P.J. 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Vierra Arsenius Walsh Miscellany Hawaii Catholic Herald Malia O Ka Malu St. Marianne Cope Catholicism portal Biography portal Saints portal WorldCat Identities BNF : cb135464522 (data) GND : 1110908881 ISNI : 0000 0000 6134 0886 LCCN : n81057290 SNAC : w6x651gv SUDOC : 050785664 VIAF : 77634499 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marianne_Cope&oldid=865614002 '' Categories : 1838 births 1918 deaths People from Bergstraße (district) Hessian emigrants to the United States People from Utica, New York Third Order Regular Franciscans American Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns American nurses American women nurses American educators Roman Catholic missionaries in Hawaii Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu American Roman Catholic missionaries Female Roman Catholic missionaries Franciscan missionaries People from Molokai Recipients of the Royal Order of Kapiolani Burials in Hawaii Burials in New York (state) Beatifications by Pope Benedict XVI American Roman Catholic saints Franciscan saints 19th-century Christian saints 20th-century Christian saints Leprosy nurses and caregivers Christian female saints of the Late Modern era Canonizations by Pope Benedict XVI Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II People from Kalawao County, Hawaii Catholics from New York (state) Catholics from Hawaii Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Kiswahili Latina മലയാളം Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский தமிழ் 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018, at 01:29 (UTC) . 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1018925158469226449
can spouse of work permit holder work in uk
When Britain leaves the EU , citizens of the EU might need a work permit in the UK . If Britain gets an EEA agreement , they probably wo n't need a permit , in the same way as citizens of Norway do n't need it . Without an EEA agreement , citizens of the EU will probably need work permits , in the same way as Swiss citizens who do need a permit , which other citizens like Serbians ( Serbia is negotiating for EU membership ) also need . Same principles will apply for Britons in EU countries as the other way around , that is depending on an EEA agreement .
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[ "This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2010 )", "This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2010 )", "The UK Work Permit scheme was an immigration category used to encourage skilled workers to enter the United Kingdom ( UK ) until November 2008 , when it was replaced by the points - based immigration system . It provided an opportunity for overseas citizens seeking to gain valuable international work experience in the UK and was often used to enable UK employers to transfer key personnel to the UK from outside the European Economic Area ( EEA ) region .", "A valid job offer from a viable employer in the UK is a requirement for a work permit . A UK work permit is granted to a specific person for a specific role within a specific company and the permit holder must be able to accommodate and support themselves and any dependants without recourse to public funds . The application for a work permit must be made by the sponsoring company . The Highly Skilled Migrant Programme may be available to potential immigrants without a job offer .", "A work permit holder can apply for their dependants to join them in the UK , and their dependants will be able to work in the UK without restriction .", "In order to change employer , a prospective employer will need to apply to the UK Border Agency to transfer the work permit prior to starting work with the new employer .", "A work permit can be issued for any period of time between 1 month to 60 months . The duration of the work permit is dependent on the length of time requested by the sponsoring company , and is also at the discretion of the Home Office . A permit holder will be `` locked - in '' to their employer for the duration of the visa . Moving to another employer requires another application to be made .", "The position for which the work permit is required must meet National Vocational Qualification ( NVQ ) level 3 and above . For work in a certain professions , registration with the governing body of that profession may be required . For example doctors must be General Medical Council ( GMC ) registered .", "Eligibility for a work permit requires :", "A degree ; or A Higher National Diploma ( HND ) level qualification which is relevant to the position on offer ; or An HND level qualification which is not relevant to the position on offer plus one year of relevant full - time work experience at NVQ level 3 and above ; or", "A degree ; or", "A Higher National Diploma ( HND ) level qualification which is relevant to the position on offer ; or", "An HND level qualification which is not relevant to the position on offer plus one year of relevant full - time work experience at NVQ level 3 and above ; or", "Once a work permit has been authorised it is the responsibility of the work permit holder ( not the employer 's responsibility ) , to apply for the correct leave in order to validate the work permit . This would be in the form of either a Leave to Remain application ( if eligible to switch in the United Kingdom ) to the United Kingdom Home Office , or an application for entry clearance ( if overseas ) to the nearest British High Commission / Embassy in the country of the worker 's legal residence .", "If the position for which the prospective employer is seeking a work permit is on the shortage occupation list , there is no requirement for the employer to meet the advertising criteria set by Work Permits ( UK ) . Otherwise the employer will need to advertise for the position in a government accredited place - a broadsheet paper , online etc . This advert will have to be ' live ' for a set period of time and the employer will have to prove that the applicant is the most qualified for that position .", "The work permit shortage occupations list contains jobs within the engineering , healthcare , and other professions .", "A work permit holder 's partner may apply for entry clearance as a dependant on the work permit provided that they are either married or have entered into a civil partnership . The permit holder and their partner must demonstrate that they intend to live together in the United Kingdom and that a marriage or civil partnership subsists .", "The partner of a work permit dependant visa holder will eligible to seek and take employment in the United Kingdom .", "During the third quarter of 2008 , the Work Permit scheme was scrapped and it became part of Tier 2 of the new points - based immigration system , the tier for skilled workers . Tier 2 also replaced the existing provisions for ministers of religion , airport - based operational ground staff , overseas qualified nurse or midwife , student union sabbatical posts , seafarers , named researchers , Training and Work Experience Scheme ( TWES ) , Jewish agency employees , and overseas representatives ( news media ) .", "When Britain leaves the EU , citizens of the EU might need a work permit in the UK . If Britain gets an EEA agreement , they probably wo n't need a permit , in the same way as citizens of Norway do n't need it . Without an EEA agreement , citizens of the EU will probably need work permits , in the same way as Swiss citizens who do need a permit , which other citizens like Serbians ( Serbia is negotiating for EU membership ) also need . Same principles will apply for Britons in EU countries as the other way around , that is depending on an EEA agreement ." ]
Work permit (United Kingdom) - Wikipedia Work permit (United Kingdom) Jump to: navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2010) The UK Work Permit scheme was an immigration category used to encourage skilled workers to enter the United Kingdom (UK) until November 2008, when it was replaced by the points-based immigration system . It provided an opportunity for overseas citizens seeking to gain valuable international work experience in the UK and was often used to enable UK employers to transfer key personnel to the UK from outside the European Economic Area (EEA) region. A valid job offer from a viable employer in the UK is a requirement for a work permit . A UK work permit is granted to a specific person for a specific role within a specific company and the permit holder must be able to accommodate and support themselves and any dependants without recourse to public funds. The application for a work permit must be made by the sponsoring company. The Highly Skilled Migrant Programme may be available to potential immigrants without a job offer. A work permit holder can apply for their dependants to join them in the UK, and their dependants will be able to work in the UK without restriction. In order to change employer, a prospective employer will need to apply to the UK Border Agency to transfer the work permit prior to starting work with the new employer. Contents ( hide ) 1 Eligibility 1.1 Duration 1.2 Position 1.3 Education 2 Additional information 2.1 Entry clearance/leave to remain 2.2 Shortage occupations 2.3 Spouse/civil partners 3 Developments under the points-based system 4 Future outside the EU 5 See also 6 References 7 External Eligibility ( edit ) Duration ( edit ) A work permit can be issued for any period of time between 1 month to 60 months. The duration of the work permit is dependent on the length of time requested by the sponsoring company, and is also at the discretion of the Home Office . A permit holder will be `` locked-in'' to their employer for the duration of the visa. Moving to another employer requires another application to be made. Position ( edit ) The position for which the work permit is required must meet National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) level 3 and above. For work in a certain professions, registration with the governing body of that profession may be required. For example doctors must be General Medical Council (GMC) registered. Education ( edit ) Eligibility for a work permit requires: A degree; or A Higher National Diploma (HND) level qualification which is relevant to the position on offer; or An HND level qualification which is not relevant to the position on offer plus one year of relevant full-time work experience at NVQ level 3 and above; or Additional information ( edit ) Entry clearance/leave to Remain ( edit ) Once a work permit has been authorised it is the responsibility of the work permit holder (not the employer's responsibility), to apply for the correct leave in order to validate the work permit. This would be in the form of either a Leave to Remain application (if eligible to switch in the United Kingdom) to the United Kingdom Home Office, or an application for entry clearance (if overseas) to the nearest British High Commission/Embassy in the country of the worker's legal residence. Shortage occupations ( edit ) If the position for which the prospective employer is seeking a work permit is on the shortage occupation list, there is no requirement for the employer to meet the advertising criteria set by Work Permits (UK) . Otherwise the employer will need to advertise for the position in a government accredited place - a broadsheet paper, online etc. This advert will have to be ' live' for a set period of time and the employer will have to prove that the applicant is the most qualified for that position. The work permit shortage occupations list contains jobs within the engineering, healthcare, and other professions. Spouse/civil partners ( edit ) A work permit holder's partner may apply for entry clearance as a dependant on the work permit provided that they are either married or have entered into a civil partnership. The permit holder and their partner must demonstrate that they intend to live together in the United Kingdom and that a marriage or civil partnership subsists. The partner of a work permit dependant visa holder will eligible to seek and take employment in the United Kingdom. Developments UNDER the points-based system ( edit ) During the third quarter of 2008, the Work Permit scheme was scrapped and it became part of Tier 2 of the new points-based immigration system , the tier for skilled workers. Tier 2 also replaced the existing provisions for ministers of religion, airport-based operational ground staff, overseas qualified nurse or midwife, student union sabbatical posts, seafarers, named researchers, Training and Work Experience Scheme (TWES), Jewish agency employees, and overseas representatives (news media). Future outside the EU ( edit ) When Britain leaves the EU, citizens of the EU might need a work permit in the UK. If Britain gets an EEA agreement, they probably won't need a permit, in the same way as citizens of Norway don't need it. Without an EEA agreement, citizens of the EU will probably need work permits, in the same way as Swiss citizens who do need a permit, which other citizens like Serbians (Serbia is negotiating for EU membership) also need. Same principles will apply for Britons in EU countries as the other way around, that is depending on an EEA agreement. See also ( edit ) Points-based immigration system (United Kingdom) Office of the Immigration Services Commissioner Immigration Law Practitioners Association References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Work permit holders (INF 13)'' . UK Border Agency. 16 July 2008. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010 . Retrieved 5 February 2010 . Jump up ^ SKILLED WORKERS UNDER THE POINTS BASED SYSTEM - (TIER 2) STATEMENT OF INTENT . UK Border Agency. External ( edit ) Work permit for United Kingdom . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Work_permit_(United_Kingdom)&oldid=784079214 '' Categories : Immigration to the United Kingdom Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2010 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use dmy dates from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 June 2017, at 10:19. About Wikipedia
1322219601987171470
what fraction of the senate is up for reelection at one time
The three classes of United States Senators are made up of 33 or 34 Senate seats each . The purpose of the classes is to determine which Senate seats will be up for election in a given year . The three groups are staggered so that one of them is up for election every two years , rather than having all 100 seats up for election at once . For example , the 33 Senate seats of Class 1 will be up for election in 2018 , the elections for the 33 seats of Class 2 will take place in 2020 , and the elections for 34 seats of Class 3 will be held in 2022 .
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[ "This article is part of a series on the United States Senate History of the United States Senate Members Current members ( by seniority by class ) Former members Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC ) United States Vice President ( list ) President Pro Tempore ( list ) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session ( list ) Cloture Committees ( list ) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes Places United States Capitol Senate chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell )", "This article is part of a series on the", "United States Senate", "History of the United States Senate", "Members", "Current members ( by seniority by class ) Former members Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC ) United States Vice President ( list ) President Pro Tempore ( list ) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference", "Current members ( by seniority by class ) Former members Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC )", "Current members ( by seniority by class )", "( by seniority by class )", "( by seniority", "by class )", "Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC )", "( DSCC NRSC )", "United States Vice President ( list ) President Pro Tempore ( list ) Presiding officer", "United States Vice President ( list )", "President Pro Tempore ( list )", "Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference", "Party leadership of the United States Senate", "Politics and procedure", "Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session ( list ) Cloture Committees ( list ) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes", "Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session ( list ) Cloture Committees ( list ) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes", "Advice and consent", "Closed session ( list )", "Cloture Committees ( list )", "Cloture Committees ( list )", "Committees ( list )", "Executive session Morning business", "Executive session Morning business", "Filibuster Nuclear option", "Filibuster Nuclear option", "Quorum Quorum call Salaries", "Quorum Quorum call Salaries", "Saxbe fix Seal Holds", "Saxbe fix Seal Holds", "Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules", "Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules", "Traditions Unanimous consent", "Traditions Unanimous consent", "Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes", "Places", "United States Capitol Senate chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell )", "United States Capitol Senate chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell )", "United States Capitol", "Senate Reception Room", "Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell )", "( Dirksen Hart Russell )", "", "", "The three classes of United States Senators are made up of 33 or 34 Senate seats each . The purpose of the classes is to determine which Senate seats will be up for election in a given year . The three groups are staggered so that one of them is up for election every two years , rather than having all 100 seats up for election at once . For example , the 33 Senate seats of Class 1 will be up for election in 2018 , the elections for the 33 seats of Class 2 will take place in 2020 , and the elections for 34 seats of Class 3 will be held in 2022 .", "The three classes were established by Article I , Section 3 , Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution . The actual division was originally performed by the Senate in May 1789 by lot , with a rule being that a state 's two seats had to be in different classes . Whenever a new state subsequently joined the union , its two senate seats were permanently assigned to two different classes by coin toss , while keeping the three classes as close to the same size as possible .", "A senator 's description as junior or senior senator is not related to his or her class . Rather , a state 's senior U.S. Senator is the one with the greater seniority in the Senate . This is mostly based on length of service .", "When the Founding Fathers agreed to give six - year terms to Senators , they also decided to stagger the elections , so that a third of the Senate was up for election every two years . With this staggered turnover , the Founding Fathers wanted to ensure stability in the Senate , and encourage Senators to deliberate measures over time , rather than risk a rapid turnover of the entire chamber every six years . At the same time , they wanted more frequent elections , as opposed to waiting every six years , to prevent Senators from permanently combining for `` sinister purposes '' .", "The three classes of the Senate were then specified by Article I , Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution :", "Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election , they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes . The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year , of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year , and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year , so that one third may be chosen every second Year .", "This was achieved in May 1789 , several weeks after the first Senate assembled . Only 20 senators from 10 states were present ; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the U.S. Constitution , and New York , because of its late ratification , had not yet selected its Senators . To decide on how to implement this , on May 11 the Senate appointed a committee consisting of Senators Ellsworth , Carroll , and Few . In accordance with their recommendation , on May 14 the Senate divided the members into three classes :", "Thursday , May 14 , 1789 . The committee appointed to consider and report a mode of carrying into effect the provision in the second clause of the third section of the first article of the Constitution , reported :", "Whereupon , Resolved , That the Senators be divided into three classes :", "The first to consist of Mr. Langdon , Mr. Johnson , Mr. Morris , Mr. Henry , Mr. Izard , and Mr. Gunn ; The second of Mr. Wingate , Mr. Strong , Mr. Paterson , Mr. Bassett , Mr. Lee , Mr. Butler and Mr. Few ; And the third of Mr. Dalton , Mr. Ellsworth , Mr. Elmer , Mr. Maclay , Mr. Read , Mr. Carroll , and Mr. Grayson .", "The first to consist of Mr. Langdon , Mr. Johnson , Mr. Morris , Mr. Henry , Mr. Izard , and Mr. Gunn ;", "The second of Mr. Wingate , Mr. Strong , Mr. Paterson , Mr. Bassett , Mr. Lee , Mr. Butler and Mr. Few ;", "And the third of Mr. Dalton , Mr. Ellsworth , Mr. Elmer , Mr. Maclay , Mr. Read , Mr. Carroll , and Mr. Grayson .", "That three papers of an equal size , numbered 1 , 2 , and 3 , be , by the Secretary , rolled up and put into a box , and drawn by Mr. Langdon , Mr. Wingate , and Mr. Dalton , in behalf of the respective classes in which each of them are placed ; and that the classes shall vacate their seats in the Senate according to the order of numbers drawn for them , beginning with number one : And that , when Senators shall take their seats from States that have not yet appointed Senators , they shall be placed by lot in the foregoing classes , but in such manner as shall keep the classes as nearly equal as may be in numbers .", "On the following day , May 15 , the term expiration of each class was determined by drawing lots .", "The Senate proceeded to determine the classes , agreeably to the resolve of yesterday , on the mode of carrying into effect the provision of the second clause of the third section of the first article of the constitution , and the numbers being drawn , the classes were determined as follows :", "Lot No. 1 , drawn by Mr. Dalton , contained Mr. Dalton , Mr. Ellsworth , Mr. Elmer , Mr. Maclay , Mr. Read , Mr. Carroll , and Mr. Grayson , whose seats shall , accordingly , be vacated in the Senate , at the expiration of the second year .", "Lot No. 2 , drawn by Mr. Wingate , contained Mr. Wingate , Mr. Strong , Mr. Paterson , Mr. Bassett , Mr. Lee , Mr. Butler , and Mr. Few , whose seats shall , accordingly be vacated in the Senate , at the expiration of the fourth year .", "Lot No. 3 , drawn by Mr. Langdon , contained Mr. Langdon , Mr. Johnson , Mr. Morris , Mr. Henry , Mr. Izard , and Mr. Gunn , whose seats shall , accordingly , be vacated in the Senate , at the expiration of the sixth year .", "Upon the expiration of a senator 's term of any length , someone starts a new six - year term as senator ( based on election by the state legislatures until the Seventeenth Amendment required direct popular election of Senators ) .", "Because each state is represented by two Senators , regardless of population , each Senate class collectively represents a different number of people than each other Senate class . Since the early 19th century , Class 2 Senators have cumulatively represented between 50 - 60 % of the population of the United States , while Senators from each of the other two classes have cumulatively represented approximately 70 - 75 % of the population of the United States . ( Because each state has two senators , the sum total of these figures is 200 % , not 100 % . ) Several currently large states , including California , New York , Florida , and Ohio , all have their Senators in Classes 1 and 3 , helping to create this imbalance .", "When a new state is admitted to the Union , its two senators have terms that correspond to those of two different classes , among the three classes defined below . Which two classes is determined by a scheme that keeps the three classes as close to the same size as possible ; one that avoids the largest class differing by more than one senator from the smallest class . A coin toss determines which new senator enters which of the classes selected to be expanded .", "This means at least one of any new state 's first pair of senators has a term of less than six years , and one term is either two or four years shorter than the other .", "When the last state , Hawaii , was admitted in 1959 , candidates for the Senate ran either for `` seat A '' or `` seat B . '' The new Senators , in a process managed by the Secretary of the Senate , drew lots to determine which of the two would join the Class 1 ( whose term would end in five - and - a-half years ) , and which would join Class 3 ( whose term would end in three - and - a-half years ) .", "Should a 51st state be admitted , it would receive senators in Classes 1 and 2 , at which point all three Classes would have 34 senators .", "Class 1 consists of :", "the 33 current senators whose seats are scheduled for re-election in November 2018 , and whose terms end January 3 , 2019 ; and earlier senators with terms that ended in 1791 , 1797 , 1803 , 1809 , 1815 , 1821 , 1827 , 1833 , 1839 , 1845 , 1851 , 1857 , 1863 , 1869 , 1875 , 1881 , 1887 , 1893 , 1899 , 1905 , 1911 , 1917 , 1923 , 1929 , 1935 , 1941 , 1947 , 1953 , 1959 , 1965 , 1971 , 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 , 2007 , and 2013 .", "the 33 current senators whose seats are scheduled for re-election in November 2018 , and whose terms end January 3 , 2019 ; and", "earlier senators with terms that ended in 1791 , 1797 , 1803 , 1809 , 1815 , 1821 , 1827 , 1833 , 1839 , 1845 , 1851 , 1857 , 1863 , 1869 , 1875 , 1881 , 1887 , 1893 , 1899 , 1905 , 1911 , 1917 , 1923 , 1929 , 1935 , 1941 , 1947 , 1953 , 1959 , 1965 , 1971 , 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 , 2007 , and 2013 .", "States with a Class 1 senator : Arizona , California , Connecticut , Delaware , Florida , Hawaii , Indiana , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , North Dakota , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin , and Wyoming .", "Class 2 consists of :", "the 33 current senators whose seats are scheduled for re-election in November 2020 , and whose terms end January 3 , 2021 ; and earlier senators with terms that ended in 1793 , 1799 , 1805 , 1811 , 1817 , 1823 , 1829 , 1835 , 1841 , 1847 , 1853 , 1859 , 1865 , 1871 , 1877 , 1883 , 1889 , 1895 , 1901 , 1907 , 1913 , 1919 , 1925 , 1931 , 1937 , 1943 , 1949 , 1955 , 1961 , 1967 , 1973 , 1979 , 1985 , 1991 , 1997 , 2003 , 2009 , and 2015 .", "the 33 current senators whose seats are scheduled for re-election in November 2020 , and whose terms end January 3 , 2021 ; and", "earlier senators with terms that ended in 1793 , 1799 , 1805 , 1811 , 1817 , 1823 , 1829 , 1835 , 1841 , 1847 , 1853 , 1859 , 1865 , 1871 , 1877 , 1883 , 1889 , 1895 , 1901 , 1907 , 1913 , 1919 , 1925 , 1931 , 1937 , 1943 , 1949 , 1955 , 1961 , 1967 , 1973 , 1979 , 1985 , 1991 , 1997 , 2003 , 2009 , and 2015 .", "States with a Class 2 senator : Alabama , Alaska , Arkansas , Colorado , Delaware , Georgia , Idaho , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , North Carolina , Oklahoma , Oregon , Rhode Island , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia , West Virginia , and Wyoming .", "Class 3 consists of :", "the 34 current senators whose seats are scheduled for re-election in November 2022 , and whose terms end January 3 , 2023 ; and earlier senators with terms that ended in 1795 , 1801 , 1807 , 1813 , 1819 , 1825 , 1831 , 1837 , 1843 , 1849 , 1855 , 1861 , 1867 , 1873 , 1879 , 1885 , 1891 , 1897 , 1903 , 1909 , 1915 , 1921 , 1927 , 1933 , 1939 , 1945 , 1951 , 1957 , 1963 , 1969 , 1975 , 1981 , 1987 , 1993 , 1999 , 2005 , 2011 and 2017 .", "the 34 current senators whose seats are scheduled for re-election in November 2022 , and whose terms end January 3 , 2023 ; and", "earlier senators with terms that ended in 1795 , 1801 , 1807 , 1813 , 1819 , 1825 , 1831 , 1837 , 1843 , 1849 , 1855 , 1861 , 1867 , 1873 , 1879 , 1885 , 1891 , 1897 , 1903 , 1909 , 1915 , 1921 , 1927 , 1933 , 1939 , 1945 , 1951 , 1957 , 1963 , 1969 , 1975 , 1981 , 1987 , 1993 , 1999 , 2005 , 2011 and 2017 .", "States with a Class 3 senator : Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , California , Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Georgia , Hawaii , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , Missouri , Nevada , New Hampshire , New York , North Carolina , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , Oregon , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , South Dakota , Utah , Vermont , Washington , and Wisconsin .", "The following table lists the senators by party by class .", "Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Total Democratic 23 12 12 47 Republican 8 21 22 51 Independent 0 0 Last election 2012 2014 2016 Next election 2018 2020 2022 TOTAL 33 33 34 100", "Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Total Democratic 23 12 12 47 Republican 8 21 22 51 Independent 0 0 Last election 2012 2014 2016 Next election 2018 2020 2022 TOTAL 33 33 34 100", "Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Total Democratic 23 12 12 47 Republican 8 21 22 51 Independent 0 0 Last election 2012 2014 2016 Next election 2018 2020 2022 TOTAL 33 33 34 100", "Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Total", "Democratic 23 12 12 47", "Republican 8 21 22 51", "Independent 0 0", "Last election 2012 2014 2016", "Next election 2018 2020 2022", "TOTAL 33 33 34 100", "The following table lists the senators by state by class , including the states ' Cook Partisan Voting Index ratings , which indicating the party direction in which a state tends to lean , and the extent of that lean .", "State Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Cook PVI Alabama -- Doug Jones ( D ) Shelby , Richard Richard Shelby ( R ) 113 ! R + 13 Alaska -- Sullivan , Dan Dan Sullivan ( R ) Murkowski , Lisa Lisa Murkowski ( R ) 109 ! R + 9 Arizona Flake , Jeff Jeff Flake ( R ) -- McCain , John John McCain ( R ) 105 ! R + 5 Arkansas -- Cotton , Tom Tom Cotton ( R ) Boozman , John John Boozman ( R ) 115 ! R + 15 California Feinstein , Dianne Dianne Feinstein ( D ) -- Harris , Kamala Kamala Harris ( D ) 088 ! D + 12 Colorado -- Gardner , Cory Cory Gardner ( R ) Bennet , Michael Michael Bennet ( D ) 099 ! D + 1 Connecticut Murphy , Chris Chris Murphy ( D ) -- Blumenthal , Richard Richard Blumenthal ( D ) 094 ! D + 6 Delaware Carper , Tom Tom Carper ( D ) Coons , Chris Chris Coons ( D ) -- 094 ! D + 6 Florida Nelson , Bill Bill Nelson ( D ) -- Rubio , Marco Marco Rubio ( R ) 102 ! R + 2 Georgia -- Perdue , David David Perdue ( R ) Isakson , Johnny Johnny Isakson ( R ) 105 ! R + 5 Hawaii Hirono , Mazie Mazie Hirono ( D ) -- Schatz , Brian Brian Schatz ( D ) 082 ! D + 18 Idaho -- Risch , Jim Jim Risch ( R ) Crapo , Mike Mike Crapo ( R ) 119 ! R + 19 Illinois -- Durbin , Dick Dick Durbin ( D ) Duckworth , Tammy Tammy Duckworth ( D ) 093 ! D + 7 Indiana Donnelly , Joe Joe Donnelly ( D ) -- Young , Todd Todd Young ( R ) 109 ! R + 9 Iowa -- Ernst , Joni Joni Ernst ( R ) Grassley , Chuck Chuck Grassley ( R ) 103 ! R + 3 Kansas -- Roberts , Pat Pat Roberts ( R ) Moran , Jerry Jerry Moran ( R ) 113 ! R + 13 Kentucky -- McConnell , Mitch Mitch McConnell ( R ) Paul , Rand Rand Paul ( R ) 115 ! R + 15 Louisiana -- Cassidy , Bill Bill Cassidy ( R ) Kennedy , John John Kennedy ( R ) 111 ! R + 11 Maine King , Angus Angus King ( I ) Collins , Susan Susan Collins ( R ) -- 097 ! D + 3 Maryland Cardin , Ben Ben Cardin ( D ) -- Van Hollen , Chris Chris Van Hollen ( D ) 088 ! D + 12 Massachusetts Warren , Elizabeth Elizabeth Warren ( D ) Markey , Ed Ed Markey ( D ) -- 088 ! D + 12 Michigan Stabenow , Debbie Debbie Stabenow ( D ) Peters , Gary Gary Peters ( D ) -- 099 ! D + 1 Minnesota Klobuchar , Amy Amy Klobuchar ( D ) Tina Smith ( D ) -- 099 ! D + 1 Mississippi Wicker , Roger Roger Wicker ( R ) Cochran , Thad Thad Cochran ( R ) -- 109 ! R + 9 Missouri McCaskill , Claire Claire McCaskill ( D ) -- Blunt , Roy Roy Blunt ( R ) 109 ! R + 9 Montana Tester , Jon Jon Tester ( D ) Daines , Steve Steve Daines ( R ) -- 111 ! R + 11 Nebraska Fischer , Deb Deb Fischer ( R ) Sasse , Ben Ben Sasse ( R ) -- 114 ! R + 14 Nevada Heller , Dean Dean Heller ( R ) -- Cortez Masto , Catherine Catherine Cortez Masto ( D ) 099 ! D + 1 New Hampshire -- Shaheen , Jeanne Jeanne Shaheen ( D ) Hassan , Maggie Maggie Hassan ( D ) 100 ! EVEN New Jersey Menendez , Bob Bob Menendez ( D ) Booker , Cory Cory Booker ( D ) -- 093 ! D + 7 New Mexico Heinrich , Martin Martin Heinrich ( D ) Udall , Tom Tom Udall ( D ) -- 097 ! D + 3 New York Gillibrand , Kirsten Kirsten Gillibrand ( D ) -- Schumer , Chuck Chuck Schumer ( D ) 088 ! D + 12 North Carolina -- Tillis , Thom Thom Tillis ( R ) Burr , Richard Richard Burr ( R ) 103 ! R + 3 North Dakota Heitkamp , Heidi Heidi Heitkamp ( D ) -- Hoeven , John John Hoeven ( R ) 117 ! R + 17 Ohio Brown , Sherrod Sherrod Brown ( D ) -- Portman , Rob Rob Portman ( R ) 103 ! R + 3 Oklahoma -- Inhofe , Jim Jim Inhofe ( R ) Lankford , James James Lankford ( R ) 120 ! R + 20 Oregon -- Merkley , Jeff Jeff Merkley ( D ) Wyden , Ron Ron Wyden ( D ) 095 ! D + 5 Pennsylvania Casey , Bob Jr. Bob Casey Jr . ( D ) -- Toomey , Pat Pat Toomey ( R ) 100 ! EVEN Rhode Island Whitehouse , Sheldon Sheldon Whitehouse ( D ) Reed , Jack Jack Reed ( D ) -- 090 ! D + 10 South Carolina -- Graham , Lindsey Lindsey Graham ( R ) Scott , Tim Tim Scott ( R ) 108 ! R + 8 South Dakota -- Rounds , Mike Mike Rounds ( R ) Thune , John John Thune ( R ) 114 ! R + 14 Tennessee Corker , Bob Bob Corker ( R ) Alexander , Lamar Lamar Alexander ( R ) -- 114 ! R + 14 Texas Cruz , Ted Ted Cruz ( R ) Cornyn , John John Cornyn ( R ) -- 108 ! R + 8 Utah Hatch , Orrin Orrin Hatch ( R ) -- Lee , Mike Mike Lee ( R ) 120 ! R + 20 Vermont Sanders , Bernie Bernie Sanders ( I ) -- Leahy , Patrick Patrick Leahy ( D ) 085 ! D + 15 Virginia Kaine , Tim Tim Kaine ( D ) Warner , Mark Mark Warner ( D ) -- 099 ! D + 1 Washington Cantwell , Maria Maria Cantwell ( D ) -- Murray , Patty Patty Murray ( D ) 093 ! D + 7 West Virginia Manchin , Joe Joe Manchin ( D ) Capito , Shelley Moore Shelley Moore Capito ( R ) -- 119 ! R + 19 Wisconsin Baldwin , Tammy Tammy Baldwin ( D ) -- Johnson , Ron Ron Johnson ( R ) 100 ! EVEN Wyoming Barrasso , John John Barrasso ( R ) Enzi , Mike Mike Enzi ( R ) -- 125 ! R + 25", "State Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Cook PVI Alabama -- Doug Jones ( D ) Shelby , Richard Richard Shelby ( R ) 113 ! R + 13 Alaska -- Sullivan , Dan Dan Sullivan ( R ) Murkowski , Lisa Lisa Murkowski ( R ) 109 ! R + 9 Arizona Flake , Jeff Jeff Flake ( R ) -- McCain , John John McCain ( R ) 105 ! R + 5 Arkansas -- Cotton , Tom Tom Cotton ( R ) Boozman , John John Boozman ( R ) 115 ! R + 15 California Feinstein , Dianne Dianne Feinstein ( D ) -- Harris , Kamala Kamala Harris ( D ) 088 ! D + 12 Colorado -- Gardner , Cory Cory Gardner ( R ) Bennet , Michael Michael Bennet ( D ) 099 ! D + 1 Connecticut Murphy , Chris Chris Murphy ( D ) -- Blumenthal , Richard Richard Blumenthal ( D ) 094 ! D + 6 Delaware Carper , Tom Tom Carper ( D ) Coons , Chris Chris Coons ( D ) -- 094 ! D + 6 Florida Nelson , Bill Bill Nelson ( D ) -- Rubio , Marco Marco Rubio ( R ) 102 ! R + 2 Georgia -- Perdue , David David Perdue ( R ) Isakson , Johnny Johnny Isakson ( R ) 105 ! R + 5 Hawaii Hirono , Mazie Mazie Hirono ( D ) -- Schatz , Brian Brian Schatz ( D ) 082 ! D + 18 Idaho -- Risch , Jim Jim Risch ( R ) Crapo , Mike Mike Crapo ( R ) 119 ! R + 19 Illinois -- Durbin , Dick Dick Durbin ( D ) Duckworth , Tammy Tammy Duckworth ( D ) 093 ! D + 7 Indiana Donnelly , Joe Joe Donnelly ( D ) -- Young , Todd Todd Young ( R ) 109 ! R + 9 Iowa -- Ernst , Joni Joni Ernst ( R ) Grassley , Chuck Chuck Grassley ( R ) 103 ! R + 3 Kansas -- Roberts , Pat Pat Roberts ( R ) Moran , Jerry Jerry Moran ( R ) 113 ! R + 13 Kentucky -- McConnell , Mitch Mitch McConnell ( R ) Paul , Rand Rand Paul ( R ) 115 ! R + 15 Louisiana -- Cassidy , Bill Bill Cassidy ( R ) Kennedy , John John Kennedy ( R ) 111 ! R + 11 Maine King , Angus Angus King ( I ) Collins , Susan Susan Collins ( R ) -- 097 ! D + 3 Maryland Cardin , Ben Ben Cardin ( D ) -- Van Hollen , Chris Chris Van Hollen ( D ) 088 ! D + 12 Massachusetts Warren , Elizabeth Elizabeth Warren ( D ) Markey , Ed Ed Markey ( D ) -- 088 ! D + 12 Michigan Stabenow , Debbie Debbie Stabenow ( D ) Peters , Gary Gary Peters ( D ) -- 099 ! D + 1 Minnesota Klobuchar , Amy Amy Klobuchar ( D ) Tina Smith ( D ) -- 099 ! D + 1 Mississippi Wicker , Roger Roger Wicker ( R ) Cochran , Thad Thad Cochran ( R ) -- 109 ! R + 9 Missouri McCaskill , Claire Claire McCaskill ( D ) -- Blunt , Roy Roy Blunt ( R ) 109 ! R + 9 Montana Tester , Jon Jon Tester ( D ) Daines , Steve Steve Daines ( R ) -- 111 ! R + 11 Nebraska Fischer , Deb Deb Fischer ( R ) Sasse , Ben Ben Sasse ( R ) -- 114 ! R + 14 Nevada Heller , Dean Dean Heller ( R ) -- Cortez Masto , Catherine Catherine Cortez Masto ( D ) 099 ! D + 1 New Hampshire -- Shaheen , Jeanne Jeanne Shaheen ( D ) Hassan , Maggie Maggie Hassan ( D ) 100 ! EVEN New Jersey Menendez , Bob Bob Menendez ( D ) Booker , Cory Cory Booker ( D ) -- 093 ! D + 7 New Mexico Heinrich , Martin Martin Heinrich ( D ) Udall , Tom Tom Udall ( D ) -- 097 ! D + 3 New York Gillibrand , Kirsten Kirsten Gillibrand ( D ) -- Schumer , Chuck Chuck Schumer ( D ) 088 ! D + 12 North Carolina -- Tillis , Thom Thom Tillis ( R ) Burr , Richard Richard Burr ( R ) 103 ! R + 3 North Dakota Heitkamp , Heidi Heidi Heitkamp ( D ) -- Hoeven , John John Hoeven ( R ) 117 ! R + 17 Ohio Brown , Sherrod Sherrod Brown ( D ) -- Portman , Rob Rob Portman ( R ) 103 ! R + 3 Oklahoma -- Inhofe , Jim Jim Inhofe ( R ) Lankford , James James Lankford ( R ) 120 ! R + 20 Oregon -- Merkley , Jeff Jeff Merkley ( D ) Wyden , Ron Ron Wyden ( D ) 095 ! D + 5 Pennsylvania Casey , Bob Jr. Bob Casey Jr . ( D ) -- Toomey , Pat Pat Toomey ( R ) 100 ! EVEN Rhode Island Whitehouse , Sheldon Sheldon Whitehouse ( D ) Reed , Jack Jack Reed ( D ) -- 090 ! D + 10 South Carolina -- Graham , Lindsey Lindsey Graham ( R ) Scott , Tim Tim Scott ( R ) 108 ! R + 8 South Dakota -- Rounds , Mike Mike Rounds ( R ) Thune , John John Thune ( R ) 114 ! R + 14 Tennessee Corker , Bob Bob Corker ( R ) Alexander , Lamar Lamar Alexander ( R ) -- 114 ! R + 14 Texas Cruz , Ted Ted Cruz ( R ) Cornyn , John John Cornyn ( R ) -- 108 ! R + 8 Utah Hatch , Orrin Orrin Hatch ( R ) -- Lee , Mike Mike Lee ( R ) 120 ! R + 20 Vermont Sanders , Bernie Bernie Sanders ( I ) -- Leahy , Patrick Patrick Leahy ( D ) 085 ! D + 15 Virginia Kaine , Tim Tim Kaine ( D ) Warner , Mark Mark Warner ( D ) -- 099 ! D + 1 Washington Cantwell , Maria Maria Cantwell ( D ) -- Murray , Patty Patty Murray ( D ) 093 ! D + 7 West Virginia Manchin , Joe Joe Manchin ( D ) Capito , Shelley Moore Shelley Moore Capito ( R ) -- 119 ! R + 19 Wisconsin Baldwin , Tammy Tammy Baldwin ( D ) -- Johnson , Ron Ron Johnson ( R ) 100 ! EVEN Wyoming Barrasso , John John Barrasso ( R ) Enzi , Mike Mike Enzi ( R ) -- 125 ! R + 25", "State Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Cook PVI Alabama -- Doug Jones ( D ) Shelby , Richard Richard Shelby ( R ) 113 ! R + 13 Alaska -- Sullivan , Dan Dan Sullivan ( R ) Murkowski , Lisa Lisa Murkowski ( R ) 109 ! R + 9 Arizona Flake , Jeff Jeff Flake ( R ) -- McCain , John John McCain ( R ) 105 ! R + 5 Arkansas -- Cotton , Tom Tom Cotton ( R ) Boozman , John John Boozman ( R ) 115 ! R + 15 California Feinstein , Dianne Dianne Feinstein ( D ) -- Harris , Kamala Kamala Harris ( D ) 088 ! D + 12 Colorado -- Gardner , Cory Cory Gardner ( R ) Bennet , Michael Michael Bennet ( D ) 099 ! D + 1 Connecticut Murphy , Chris Chris Murphy ( D ) -- Blumenthal , Richard Richard Blumenthal ( D ) 094 ! D + 6 Delaware Carper , Tom Tom Carper ( D ) Coons , Chris Chris Coons ( D ) -- 094 ! D + 6 Florida Nelson , Bill Bill Nelson ( D ) -- Rubio , Marco Marco Rubio ( R ) 102 ! R + 2 Georgia -- Perdue , David David Perdue ( R ) Isakson , Johnny Johnny Isakson ( R ) 105 ! R + 5 Hawaii Hirono , Mazie Mazie Hirono ( D ) -- Schatz , Brian Brian Schatz ( D ) 082 ! D + 18 Idaho -- Risch , Jim Jim Risch ( R ) Crapo , Mike Mike Crapo ( R ) 119 ! R + 19 Illinois -- Durbin , Dick Dick Durbin ( D ) Duckworth , Tammy Tammy Duckworth ( D ) 093 ! D + 7 Indiana Donnelly , Joe Joe Donnelly ( D ) -- Young , Todd Todd Young ( R ) 109 ! R + 9 Iowa -- Ernst , Joni Joni Ernst ( R ) Grassley , Chuck Chuck Grassley ( R ) 103 ! R + 3 Kansas -- Roberts , Pat Pat Roberts ( R ) Moran , Jerry Jerry Moran ( R ) 113 ! R + 13 Kentucky -- McConnell , Mitch Mitch McConnell ( R ) Paul , Rand Rand Paul ( R ) 115 ! R + 15 Louisiana -- Cassidy , Bill Bill Cassidy ( R ) Kennedy , John John Kennedy ( R ) 111 ! R + 11 Maine King , Angus Angus King ( I ) Collins , Susan Susan Collins ( R ) -- 097 ! D + 3 Maryland Cardin , Ben Ben Cardin ( D ) -- Van Hollen , Chris Chris Van Hollen ( D ) 088 ! D + 12 Massachusetts Warren , Elizabeth Elizabeth Warren ( D ) Markey , Ed Ed Markey ( D ) -- 088 ! D + 12 Michigan Stabenow , Debbie Debbie Stabenow ( D ) Peters , Gary Gary Peters ( D ) -- 099 ! D + 1 Minnesota Klobuchar , Amy Amy Klobuchar ( D ) Tina Smith ( D ) -- 099 ! D + 1 Mississippi Wicker , Roger Roger Wicker ( R ) Cochran , Thad Thad Cochran ( R ) -- 109 ! R + 9 Missouri McCaskill , Claire Claire McCaskill ( D ) -- Blunt , Roy Roy Blunt ( R ) 109 ! R + 9 Montana Tester , Jon Jon Tester ( D ) Daines , Steve Steve Daines ( R ) -- 111 ! R + 11 Nebraska Fischer , Deb Deb Fischer ( R ) Sasse , Ben Ben Sasse ( R ) -- 114 ! R + 14 Nevada Heller , Dean Dean Heller ( R ) -- Cortez Masto , Catherine Catherine Cortez Masto ( D ) 099 ! D + 1 New Hampshire -- Shaheen , Jeanne Jeanne Shaheen ( D ) Hassan , Maggie Maggie Hassan ( D ) 100 ! EVEN New Jersey Menendez , Bob Bob Menendez ( D ) Booker , Cory Cory Booker ( D ) -- 093 ! D + 7 New Mexico Heinrich , Martin Martin Heinrich ( D ) Udall , Tom Tom Udall ( D ) -- 097 ! D + 3 New York Gillibrand , Kirsten Kirsten Gillibrand ( D ) -- Schumer , Chuck Chuck Schumer ( D ) 088 ! D + 12 North Carolina -- Tillis , Thom Thom Tillis ( R ) Burr , Richard Richard Burr ( R ) 103 ! R + 3 North Dakota Heitkamp , Heidi Heidi Heitkamp ( D ) -- Hoeven , John John Hoeven ( R ) 117 ! R + 17 Ohio Brown , Sherrod Sherrod Brown ( D ) -- Portman , Rob Rob Portman ( R ) 103 ! R + 3 Oklahoma -- Inhofe , Jim Jim Inhofe ( R ) Lankford , James James Lankford ( R ) 120 ! R + 20 Oregon -- Merkley , Jeff Jeff Merkley ( D ) Wyden , Ron Ron Wyden ( D ) 095 ! D + 5 Pennsylvania Casey , Bob Jr. Bob Casey Jr . ( D ) -- Toomey , Pat Pat Toomey ( R ) 100 ! EVEN Rhode Island Whitehouse , Sheldon Sheldon Whitehouse ( D ) Reed , Jack Jack Reed ( D ) -- 090 ! D + 10 South Carolina -- Graham , Lindsey Lindsey Graham ( R ) Scott , Tim Tim Scott ( R ) 108 ! R + 8 South Dakota -- Rounds , Mike Mike Rounds ( R ) Thune , John John Thune ( R ) 114 ! R + 14 Tennessee Corker , Bob Bob Corker ( R ) Alexander , Lamar Lamar Alexander ( R ) -- 114 ! R + 14 Texas Cruz , Ted Ted Cruz ( R ) Cornyn , John John Cornyn ( R ) -- 108 ! R + 8 Utah Hatch , Orrin Orrin Hatch ( R ) -- Lee , Mike Mike Lee ( R ) 120 ! R + 20 Vermont Sanders , Bernie Bernie Sanders ( I ) -- Leahy , Patrick Patrick Leahy ( D ) 085 ! D + 15 Virginia Kaine , Tim Tim Kaine ( D ) Warner , Mark Mark Warner ( D ) -- 099 ! D + 1 Washington Cantwell , Maria Maria Cantwell ( D ) -- Murray , Patty Patty Murray ( D ) 093 ! D + 7 West Virginia Manchin , Joe Joe Manchin ( D ) Capito , Shelley Moore Shelley Moore Capito ( R ) -- 119 ! R + 19 Wisconsin Baldwin , Tammy Tammy Baldwin ( D ) -- Johnson , Ron Ron Johnson ( R ) 100 ! EVEN Wyoming Barrasso , John John Barrasso ( R ) Enzi , Mike Mike Enzi ( R ) -- 125 ! R + 25", "State Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Cook PVI", "Alabama -- Doug Jones ( D ) Shelby , Richard Richard Shelby ( R ) 113 ! R + 13", "Alaska -- Sullivan , Dan Dan Sullivan ( R ) Murkowski , Lisa Lisa Murkowski ( R ) 109 ! R + 9", "Arizona Flake , Jeff Jeff Flake ( R ) -- McCain , John John McCain ( R ) 105 ! R + 5", "Arkansas -- Cotton , Tom Tom Cotton ( R ) Boozman , John John Boozman ( R ) 115 ! R + 15", "California Feinstein , Dianne Dianne Feinstein ( D ) -- Harris , Kamala Kamala Harris ( D ) 088 ! D + 12", "Colorado -- Gardner , Cory Cory Gardner ( R ) Bennet , Michael Michael Bennet ( D ) 099 ! D + 1", "Connecticut Murphy , Chris Chris Murphy ( D ) -- Blumenthal , Richard Richard Blumenthal ( D ) 094 ! D + 6", "Delaware Carper , Tom Tom Carper ( D ) Coons , Chris Chris Coons ( D ) -- 094 ! D + 6", "Florida Nelson , Bill Bill Nelson ( D ) -- Rubio , Marco Marco Rubio ( R ) 102 ! R + 2", "Georgia -- Perdue , David David Perdue ( R ) Isakson , Johnny Johnny Isakson ( R ) 105 ! R + 5", "Hawaii Hirono , Mazie Mazie Hirono ( D ) -- Schatz , Brian Brian Schatz ( D ) 082 ! D + 18", "Idaho -- Risch , Jim Jim Risch ( R ) Crapo , Mike Mike Crapo ( R ) 119 ! R + 19", "Illinois -- Durbin , Dick Dick Durbin ( D ) Duckworth , Tammy Tammy Duckworth ( D ) 093 ! D + 7", "Indiana Donnelly , Joe Joe Donnelly ( D ) -- Young , Todd Todd Young ( R ) 109 ! R + 9", "Iowa -- Ernst , Joni Joni Ernst ( R ) Grassley , Chuck Chuck Grassley ( R ) 103 ! R + 3", "Kansas -- Roberts , Pat Pat Roberts ( R ) Moran , Jerry Jerry Moran ( R ) 113 ! R + 13", "Kentucky -- McConnell , Mitch Mitch McConnell ( R ) Paul , Rand Rand Paul ( R ) 115 ! R + 15", "Louisiana -- Cassidy , Bill Bill Cassidy ( R ) Kennedy , John John Kennedy ( R ) 111 ! R + 11", "Maine King , Angus Angus King ( I ) Collins , Susan Susan Collins ( R ) -- 097 ! D + 3", "Maryland Cardin , Ben Ben Cardin ( D ) -- Van Hollen , Chris Chris Van Hollen ( D ) 088 ! D + 12", "Massachusetts Warren , Elizabeth Elizabeth Warren ( D ) Markey , Ed Ed Markey ( D ) -- 088 ! D + 12", "Michigan Stabenow , Debbie Debbie Stabenow ( D ) Peters , Gary Gary Peters ( D ) -- 099 ! D + 1", "Minnesota Klobuchar , Amy Amy Klobuchar ( D ) Tina Smith ( D ) -- 099 ! D + 1", "Mississippi Wicker , Roger Roger Wicker ( R ) Cochran , Thad Thad Cochran ( R ) -- 109 ! R + 9", "Missouri McCaskill , Claire Claire McCaskill ( D ) -- Blunt , Roy Roy Blunt ( R ) 109 ! R + 9", "Montana Tester , Jon Jon Tester ( D ) Daines , Steve Steve Daines ( R ) -- 111 ! R + 11", "Nebraska Fischer , Deb Deb Fischer ( R ) Sasse , Ben Ben Sasse ( R ) -- 114 ! R + 14", "Nevada Heller , Dean Dean Heller ( R ) -- Cortez Masto , Catherine Catherine Cortez Masto ( D ) 099 ! D + 1", "New Hampshire -- Shaheen , Jeanne Jeanne Shaheen ( D ) Hassan , Maggie Maggie Hassan ( D ) 100 ! EVEN", "New Jersey Menendez , Bob Bob Menendez ( D ) Booker , Cory Cory Booker ( D ) -- 093 ! D + 7", "New Mexico Heinrich , Martin Martin Heinrich ( D ) Udall , Tom Tom Udall ( D ) -- 097 ! D + 3", "New York Gillibrand , Kirsten Kirsten Gillibrand ( D ) -- Schumer , Chuck Chuck Schumer ( D ) 088 ! D + 12", "North Carolina -- Tillis , Thom Thom Tillis ( R ) Burr , Richard Richard Burr ( R ) 103 ! R + 3", "North Dakota Heitkamp , Heidi Heidi Heitkamp ( D ) -- Hoeven , John John Hoeven ( R ) 117 ! R + 17", "Ohio Brown , Sherrod Sherrod Brown ( D ) -- Portman , Rob Rob Portman ( R ) 103 ! R + 3", "Oklahoma -- Inhofe , Jim Jim Inhofe ( R ) Lankford , James James Lankford ( R ) 120 ! R + 20", "Oregon -- Merkley , Jeff Jeff Merkley ( D ) Wyden , Ron Ron Wyden ( D ) 095 ! D + 5", "Pennsylvania Casey , Bob Jr. Bob Casey Jr . ( D ) -- Toomey , Pat Pat Toomey ( R ) 100 ! EVEN", "Rhode Island Whitehouse , Sheldon Sheldon Whitehouse ( D ) Reed , Jack Jack Reed ( D ) -- 090 ! D + 10", "South Carolina -- Graham , Lindsey Lindsey Graham ( R ) Scott , Tim Tim Scott ( R ) 108 ! R + 8", "South Dakota -- Rounds , Mike Mike Rounds ( R ) Thune , John John Thune ( R ) 114 ! R + 14", "Tennessee Corker , Bob Bob Corker ( R ) Alexander , Lamar Lamar Alexander ( R ) -- 114 ! R + 14", "Texas Cruz , Ted Ted Cruz ( R ) Cornyn , John John Cornyn ( R ) -- 108 ! R + 8", "Utah Hatch , Orrin Orrin Hatch ( R ) -- Lee , Mike Mike Lee ( R ) 120 ! R + 20", "Vermont Sanders , Bernie Bernie Sanders ( I ) -- Leahy , Patrick Patrick Leahy ( D ) 085 ! D + 15", "Virginia Kaine , Tim Tim Kaine ( D ) Warner , Mark Mark Warner ( D ) -- 099 ! D + 1", "Washington Cantwell , Maria Maria Cantwell ( D ) -- Murray , Patty Patty Murray ( D ) 093 ! D + 7", "West Virginia Manchin , Joe Joe Manchin ( D ) Capito , Shelley Moore Shelley Moore Capito ( R ) -- 119 ! R + 19", "Wisconsin Baldwin , Tammy Tammy Baldwin ( D ) -- Johnson , Ron Ron Johnson ( R ) 100 ! EVEN", "Wyoming Barrasso , John John Barrasso ( R ) Enzi , Mike Mike Enzi ( R ) -- 125 ! R + 25" ]
Classes of United States Senators - wikipedia Classes of United States Senators Jump to: navigation , search This article is part of a series on the United States Senate History of the United States Senate Members Current members ( by seniority by class ) Former members Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC ) United States Vice President ( list ) President Pro Tempore ( list ) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session ( list ) Cloture Committees ( list ) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice Presidents' tie-breaking votes Places United States Capitol Senate chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell ) The three classes of United States Senators are made up of 33 or 34 Senate seats each. The purpose of the classes is to determine which Senate seats will be up for election in a given year. The three groups are staggered so that one of them is up for election every two years, rather than having all 100 seats up for election at once. For example, the 33 Senate seats of Class 1 will be up for election in 2018, the elections for the 33 seats of Class 2 will take place in 2020, and the elections for 34 seats of Class 3 will be held in 2022. The three classes were established by Article I , Section 3, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution . The actual division was originally performed by the Senate in May 1789 by lot , with a rule being that a state 's two seats had to be in different classes. Whenever a new state subsequently joined the union, its two senate seats were permanently assigned to two different classes by coin toss , while keeping the three classes as close to the same size as possible. A senator's description as junior or senior senator is not related to his or her class. Rather, a state's senior U.S. Senator is the one with the greater seniority in the Senate. This is mostly based on length of service. Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical division 2 New states 3 Class 1 4 Class 2 5 Class 3 6 List of current Senators by class 7 References 8 External links Historical division ( edit ) When the Founding Fathers agreed to give six-year terms to Senators, they also decided to stagger the elections, so that a third of the Senate was up for election every two years. With this staggered turnover, the Founding Fathers wanted to ensure stability in the Senate, and encourage Senators to deliberate measures over time, rather than risk a rapid turnover of the entire chamber every six years. At the same time, they wanted more frequent elections, as opposed to waiting every six years, to prevent Senators from permanently combining for `` sinister purposes'' . The three classes of the Senate were then specified by Article I, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution : Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year. This was achieved in May 1789, several weeks after the first Senate assembled. Only 20 senators from 10 states were present; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the U.S. Constitution, and New York, because of its late ratification, had not yet selected its Senators. To decide on how to implement this, on May 11 the Senate appointed a committee consisting of Senators Ellsworth , Carroll , and Few . In accordance with their recommendation, on May 14 the Senate divided the members into three classes: Thursday, May 14, 1789. The committee appointed to consider and report a mode of carrying into effect the provision in the second clause of the third section of the first article of the Constitution, reported: Whereupon, Resolved, That the Senators be divided into three classes: The first to consist of Mr. Langdon , Mr. Johnson , Mr. Morris , Mr. Henry , Mr. Izard , and Mr. Gunn ; The second of Mr. Wingate , Mr. Strong , Mr. Paterson , Mr. Bassett , Mr. Lee , Mr. Butler and Mr. Few ; And the third of Mr. Dalton , Mr. Ellsworth , Mr. Elmer , Mr. Maclay , Mr. Read , Mr. Carroll , and Mr. Grayson . That three papers of an equal size, numbered 1, 2, and 3, be, by the Secretary, rolled up and put into a box, and drawn by Mr. Langdon, Mr. Wingate, and Mr. Dalton, in behalf of the respective classes in which each of them are placed; and that the classes shall vacate their seats in the Senate according to the order of numbers drawn for them, beginning with number one: And that, when Senators shall take their seats from States that have not yet appointed Senators, they shall be placed by lot in the foregoing classes, but in such manner as shall keep the classes as nearly equal as may be in numbers. On the following day, May 15, the term expiration of each class was determined by drawing lots . The Senate proceeded to determine the classes, agreeably to the resolve of yesterday, on the mode of carrying into effect the provision of the second clause of the third section of the first article of the constitution, and the numbers being drawn, the classes were determined as follows: Lot No. 1, drawn by Mr. Dalton, contained Mr. Dalton, Mr. Ellsworth, Mr. Elmer, Mr. Maclay, Mr. Read, Mr. Carroll, and Mr. Grayson, whose seats shall, accordingly, be vacated in the Senate, at the expiration of the second year. Lot No. 2, drawn by Mr. Wingate, contained Mr. Wingate, Mr. Strong, Mr. Paterson, Mr. Bassett, Mr. Lee, Mr. Butler, and Mr. Few, whose seats shall, accordingly be vacated in the Senate, at the expiration of the fourth year. Lot No. 3, drawn by Mr. Langdon, contained Mr. Langdon, Mr. Johnson, Mr. Morris, Mr. Henry, Mr. Izard, and Mr. Gunn, whose seats shall, accordingly, be vacated in the Senate, at the expiration of the sixth year. Upon the expiration of a senator's term of any length, someone starts a new six-year term as senator (based on election by the state legislatures until the Seventeenth Amendment required direct popular election of Senators). Because each state is represented by two Senators, regardless of population, each Senate class collectively represents a different number of people than each other Senate class. Since the early 19th century, Class 2 Senators have cumulatively represented between 50-60% of the population of the United States, while Senators from each of the other two classes have cumulatively represented approximately 70-75% of the population of the United States. (Because each state has two senators, the sum total of these figures is 200%, not 100%.) Several currently large states, including California, New York, Florida, and Ohio, all have their Senators in Classes 1 and 3, helping to create this imbalance. New States ( edit ) Map shows the classes in each U.S. State: Classes 1 and 2 Classes 1 and 3 Classes 2 and 3 When a new state is admitted to the Union, its two senators have terms that correspond to those of two different classes, among the three classes defined below. Which two classes is determined by a scheme that keeps the three classes as close to the same size as possible; one that avoids the largest class differing by more than one senator from the smallest class. A coin toss determines which new senator enters which of the classes selected to be expanded. This means at least one of any new state's first pair of senators has a term of less than six years, and one term is either two or four years shorter than the other. When the last state, Hawaii, was admitted in 1959, candidates for the Senate ran either for `` seat A'' or `` seat B.'' The new Senators, in a process managed by the Secretary of the Senate , drew lots to determine which of the two would join the Class 1 (whose term would end in five-and-a-half years), and which would join Class 3 (whose term would end in three-and-a-half years). Should a 51st state be admitted, it would receive senators in Classes 1 and 2, at which point all three Classes would have 34 senators. Class 1 ( edit ) Class 1 consists of: the 33 current senators whose seats are scheduled for re-election in November 2018 , and whose terms end January 3, 2019; and earlier senators with terms that ended in 1791 , 1797 , 1803 , 1809 , 1815 , 1821 , 1827 , 1833 , 1839 , 1845 , 1851 , 1857 , 1863 , 1869 , 1875 , 1881 , 1887 , 1893 , 1899 , 1905 , 1911 , 1917 , 1923 , 1929 , 1935 , 1941 , 1947 , 1953 , 1959 , 1965 , 1971 , 1977 , 1983 , 1989 , 1995 , 2001 , 2007 , and 2013 . States with a Class 1 senator: Arizona , California , Connecticut , Delaware , Florida , Hawaii , Indiana , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , North Dakota , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin , and Wyoming . Class 2 ( edit ) Class 2 consists of: the 33 current senators whose seats are scheduled for re-election in November 2020 , and whose terms end January 3, 2021; and earlier senators with terms that ended in 1793 , 1799 , 1805 , 1811 , 1817 , 1823 , 1829 , 1835 , 1841 , 1847 , 1853 , 1859 , 1865 , 1871 , 1877 , 1883 , 1889 , 1895 , 1901 , 1907 , 1913 , 1919 , 1925 , 1931 , 1937 , 1943 , 1949 , 1955 , 1961 , 1967 , 1973 , 1979 , 1985 , 1991 , 1997 , 2003 , 2009 , and 2015 . States with a Class 2 senator: Alabama , Alaska , Arkansas , Colorado , Delaware , Georgia , Idaho , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , North Carolina , Oklahoma , Oregon , Rhode Island , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia , West Virginia , and Wyoming . Class 3 ( edit ) Class 3 consists of: the 34 current senators whose seats are scheduled for re-election in November 2022 , and whose terms end January 3, 2023; and earlier senators with terms that ended in 1795 , 1801 , 1807 , 1813 , 1819 , 1825 , 1831 , 1837 , 1843 , 1849 , 1855 , 1861 , 1867 , 1873 , 1879 , 1885 , 1891 , 1897 , 1903 , 1909 , 1915 , 1921 , 1927 , 1933 , 1939 , 1945 , 1951 , 1957 , 1963 , 1969 , 1975 , 1981 , 1987 , 1993 , 1999 , 2005 , 2011 and 2017 . States with a Class 3 senator: Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , California , Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Georgia , Hawaii , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , Missouri , Nevada , New Hampshire , New York , North Carolina , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , Oregon , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , South Dakota , Utah , Vermont , Washington , and Wisconsin . List of current Senators by Class ( edit ) See also: List of current United States Senators and 115th United States Congress The following table lists the senators by party by class. Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Total Democratic 23 12 12 47 Republican 8 21 22 51 Independent 0 0 Last election 2012 2014 2016 Next election 2018 2020 2022 TOTAL 33 33 34 100 The following table lists the senators by state by class, including the states' Cook Partisan Voting Index ratings, which indicating the party direction in which a state tends to lean, and the extent of that lean. State Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Cook PVI Alabama -- Doug Jones (D) Shelby, Richard Richard Shelby (R) 113 ! R+13 Alaska -- Sullivan, Dan Dan Sullivan (R) Murkowski, Lisa Lisa Murkowski (R) 109 ! R+9 Arizona Flake, Jeff Jeff Flake (R) -- McCain, John John McCain (R) 105 ! R+5 Arkansas -- Cotton, Tom Tom Cotton (R) Boozman, John John Boozman (R) 115 ! R+15 California Feinstein, Dianne Dianne Feinstein (D) -- Harris, Kamala Kamala Harris (D) 088 ! D+12 Colorado -- Gardner, Cory Cory Gardner (R) Bennet, Michael Michael Bennet (D) 099 ! D+1 Connecticut Murphy, Chris Chris Murphy (D) -- Blumenthal, Richard Richard Blumenthal (D) 094 ! D+6 Delaware Carper, Tom Tom Carper (D) Coons, Chris Chris Coons (D) -- 094 ! D+6 Florida Nelson, Bill Bill Nelson (D) -- Rubio, Marco Marco Rubio (R) 102 ! R+2 Georgia -- Perdue, David David Perdue (R) Isakson, Johnny Johnny Isakson (R) 105 ! R+5 Hawaii Hirono, Mazie Mazie Hirono (D) -- Schatz, Brian Brian Schatz (D) 082 ! D+18 Idaho -- Risch, Jim Jim Risch (R) Crapo, Mike Mike Crapo (R) 119 ! R+19 Illinois -- Durbin, Dick Dick Durbin (D) Duckworth, Tammy Tammy Duckworth (D) 093 ! D+7 Indiana Donnelly, Joe Joe Donnelly (D) -- Young, Todd Todd Young (R) 109 ! R+9 Iowa -- Ernst, Joni Joni Ernst (R) Grassley, Chuck Chuck Grassley (R) 103 ! R+3 Kansas -- Roberts, Pat Pat Roberts (R) Moran, Jerry Jerry Moran (R) 113 ! R+13 Kentucky -- McConnell, Mitch Mitch McConnell (R) Paul, Rand Rand Paul (R) 115 ! R+15 Louisiana -- Cassidy, Bill Bill Cassidy (R) Kennedy, John John Kennedy (R) 111 ! R+11 Maine King, Angus Angus King (I) Collins, Susan Susan Collins (R) -- 097 ! D+3 Maryland Cardin, Ben Ben Cardin (D) -- Van Hollen, Chris Chris Van Hollen (D) 088 ! D+12 Massachusetts Warren, Elizabeth Elizabeth Warren (D) Markey, Ed Ed Markey (D) -- 088 ! D+12 Michigan Stabenow, Debbie Debbie Stabenow (D) Peters, Gary Gary Peters (D) -- 099 ! D+1 Minnesota Klobuchar, Amy Amy Klobuchar (D) Tina Smith (D) -- 099 ! D+1 Mississippi Wicker, Roger Roger Wicker (R) Cochran, Thad Thad Cochran (R) -- 109 ! R+9 Missouri McCaskill, Claire Claire McCaskill (D) -- Blunt, Roy Roy Blunt (R) 109 ! R+9 Montana Tester, Jon Jon Tester (D) Daines, Steve Steve Daines (R) -- 111 ! R+11 Nebraska Fischer, Deb Deb Fischer (R) Sasse, Ben Ben Sasse (R) -- 114 ! R+14 Nevada Heller, Dean Dean Heller (R) -- Cortez Masto, Catherine Catherine Cortez Masto (D) 099 ! D+1 New Hampshire -- Shaheen, Jeanne Jeanne Shaheen (D) Hassan, Maggie Maggie Hassan (D) 100 ! EVEN New Jersey Menendez, Bob Bob Menendez (D) Booker, Cory Cory Booker (D) -- 093 ! D+7 New Mexico Heinrich, Martin Martin Heinrich (D) Udall, Tom Tom Udall (D) -- 097 ! D+3 New York Gillibrand, Kirsten Kirsten Gillibrand (D) -- Schumer, Chuck Chuck Schumer (D) 088 ! D+12 North Carolina -- Tillis, Thom Thom Tillis (R) Burr, Richard Richard Burr (R) 103 ! R+3 North Dakota Heitkamp, Heidi Heidi Heitkamp (D) -- Hoeven, John John Hoeven (R) 117 ! R+17 Ohio Brown, Sherrod Sherrod Brown (D) -- Portman, Rob Rob Portman (R) 103 ! R+3 Oklahoma -- Inhofe, Jim Jim Inhofe (R) Lankford, James James Lankford (R) 120 ! R+20 Oregon -- Merkley, Jeff Jeff Merkley (D) Wyden, Ron Ron Wyden (D) 095 ! D+5 Pennsylvania Casey, Bob Jr. Bob Casey Jr. (D) -- Toomey, Pat Pat Toomey (R) 100 ! EVEN Rhode Island Whitehouse, Sheldon Sheldon Whitehouse (D) Reed, Jack Jack Reed (D) -- 090 ! D+10 South Carolina -- Graham, Lindsey Lindsey Graham (R) Scott, Tim Tim Scott (R) 108 ! R+8 South Dakota -- Rounds, Mike Mike Rounds (R) Thune, John John Thune (R) 114 ! R+14 Tennessee Corker, Bob Bob Corker (R) Alexander, Lamar Lamar Alexander (R) -- 114 ! R+14 Texas Cruz, Ted Ted Cruz (R) Cornyn, John John Cornyn (R) -- 108 ! R+8 Utah Hatch, Orrin Orrin Hatch (R) -- Lee, Mike Mike Lee (R) 120 ! R+20 Vermont Sanders, Bernie Bernie Sanders (I) -- Leahy, Patrick Patrick Leahy (D) 085 ! D+15 Virginia Kaine, Tim Tim Kaine (D) Warner, Mark Mark Warner (D) -- 099 ! D+1 Washington Cantwell, Maria Maria Cantwell (D) -- Murray, Patty Patty Murray (D) 093 ! D+7 West Virginia Manchin, Joe Joe Manchin (D) Capito, Shelley Moore Shelley Moore Capito (R) -- 119 ! R+19 Wisconsin Baldwin, Tammy Tammy Baldwin (D) -- Johnson, Ron Ron Johnson (R) 100 ! EVEN Wyoming Barrasso, John John Barrasso (R) Enzi, Mike Mike Enzi (R) -- 125 ! R+25 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` The Senate and the United States Constitution'' . senate.gov . Retrieved October 23, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: `` Frequently Asked Questions about a New Congress'' . United States Senate . Retrieved June 11, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Senators Receive Class Assignments'' . Senate History . United States Senate . Retrieved January 10, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Annals of Congress'' . Constitution Society . Retrieved August 4, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Journal of the Senate of the United States of America'' . Journal of the Senate of the United States of America, 1789-1793 . Library of Congress. May 14, 1789 . Retrieved June 11, 2013 . Jump up ^ Skelley, Geoffrey (May 29, 2014). `` Senate Class Population Imbalance'' . Sabato's Crystal Ball . Retrieved May 30, 2014 . Jump up ^ Davies, Lawrence E. (July 30, 1959). `` G.O.P. Wins Governorship in Hawaii's First State Vote'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Trussell, C.P. (August 25, 1959). `` Congress Hails Three New Members from 50th State'' . The New York Times . External links ( edit ) United States Senate class page (old) Current Class 1, (senate.gov) Current Class 2, (senate.gov) Current Class 3, (senate.gov) A 2013 analysis of the partisan leanings of each class United States Congress House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists Members and leaders Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former U.S. Senators living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former U.S. Representatives living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled, censured, and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses, women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Arab and Middle-Eastern members Asian Pacific American members Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference Jewish members LGBT members LGBT Equality Caucus Native American members Women in the House Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues Women in the Senate Related By length of service historically Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, and media Powers Article I Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Naturalization `` Necessary and Proper'' Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges and benefits Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress ( list ) Appropriation bill Blue slip Budget resolution Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear colleague letter Discharge petition Engrossed bill Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session ( list ) Lame-duck session Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral Procedures (House) Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Veto override Senate-specific Advice and consent Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History Biographical Directory Divided government House Gerrymandering Party control Senate Senate election disputes Senatorial memoirs Representative memoirs Media C-SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Offices, employees, services, and the Capitol Complex Legislative offices Congressional staff Government Accountability Office ( Comptroller General ) Architect of the Capitol Capitol Police ( Capitol Police Board ) Capitol Guide Service ( Capitol Guide Board ) Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Compliance Library of Congress Government Publishing Office (GPO) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congressional Ethics Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Legislative Counsel Law Revision Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Inspector General Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and 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the game was originally played using answer baskets
The style of basketball has evolved over time as well . Basketball , especially in the 90 's and 2000 's , used to give importance to big men . Games were slow - paced and very defense - oriented . Now because of teams like the San Antonio Spurs and the Golden State Warriors , ball movement and team play is more common . The game has slowly moved away from this type of play . The game now is up - tempo and teams are starting to involve a lot more three point shooting in their offenses . Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors has been a trendsetter with his shooting abilities . In a way he has popularized and re-energized the notion of shooting among the youth .
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[ "The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield , Massachusetts by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury - prone sport than football . The game became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the 20th century progressed , first in America and then throughout the world . After basketball became established in American colleges , the professional game followed . The American National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , established in 1946 , grew to a multibillion - dollar enterprise by the end of the century , and basketball became an integral part of American culture .", "The game of basketball as it is known today was created by Dr. James Naismith in December 1891 in Springfield , Massachusetts , to condition young athletes during cold months . It consisted of peach baskets and a soccer style ball . He published 13 rules for the new game . He divided his class of eighteen into two teams of nine players each and set about to teach them the basics of his new game . The objective of the game was to throw the basketball into the fruit baskets nailed to the lower railing of the gym balcony . Every time a point was scored , the game was halted so the janitor could bring out a ladder and retrieve the ball . After a while , the bottoms of the fruit baskets were removed . The first public basketball game was played in Springfield , Massachusetts , on March 11 , 1892 .", "There were only thirteen rules of `` basket ball '' :", "The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands . The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands . A player can not run with the ball , the player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it , allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when running at good speed . The ball must be held in or between the hands , the arms or body must not be used for holding it . No shouldering , holding , pushing , tripping or striking in any way the person of an opponent shall be allowed . The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul , the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made , or if there was evident intent to injure the person , for the whole of the game , no substitute . A foul is striking the ball with the fist , violation of rules 3 and 4 , and such as described in rule 5 . If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count a goal for opponents . A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from grounds into the basket and stays there . If the ball rests on the edge and the opponent moves the basket it shall count as a goal . When the ball goes out of bounds it shall be thrown into the field and played by the person first touching it . In case of a dispute , the umpire shall throw it straight into the field . The `` thrower - in '' is allowed five seconds . If he holds it longer it shall go to the opponent . If any side persists in delaying the game , the umpire shall call a foul on them . The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls , and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made . The referee shall be the judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play , in - bounds , and to which side it belongs , and shall keep the time . He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee . The time shall be fifteen - minute halves , with five - minute rests between . The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner . In the case of a draw , the game may , by agreement of the captains , be continued until another goal is made .", "The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands .", "The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands .", "A player can not run with the ball , the player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it , allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when running at good speed .", "The ball must be held in or between the hands , the arms or body must not be used for holding it .", "No shouldering , holding , pushing , tripping or striking in any way the person of an opponent shall be allowed . The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul , the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made , or if there was evident intent to injure the person , for the whole of the game , no substitute .", "A foul is striking the ball with the fist , violation of rules 3 and 4 , and such as described in rule 5 .", "If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count a goal for opponents .", "A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from grounds into the basket and stays there . If the ball rests on the edge and the opponent moves the basket it shall count as a goal .", "When the ball goes out of bounds it shall be thrown into the field and played by the person first touching it . In case of a dispute , the umpire shall throw it straight into the field . The `` thrower - in '' is allowed five seconds . If he holds it longer it shall go to the opponent . If any side persists in delaying the game , the umpire shall call a foul on them .", "The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls , and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made .", "The referee shall be the judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play , in - bounds , and to which side it belongs , and shall keep the time . He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee .", "The time shall be fifteen - minute halves , with five - minute rests between .", "The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner . In the case of a draw , the game may , by agreement of the captains , be continued until another goal is made .", "On December 21 , 1891 , James Naismith published rules for a new game using five basic ideas and thirteen rules . That day , he asked his class to play a match in the Armory Street court : 9 versus 9 , using a soccer ball and two peach baskets . Frank Mahan , one of his students , was n't so happy . He just said : `` Harrumph . Another new game '' . However , Naismith was the inventor of the new game . Someone proposed to call it `` Naismith Game '' , but he suggested `` We have a ball and a basket : why do n't we call it basketball ? '' The eighteen players were John G. Thompson , Eugene S. Libby , Edwin P. Ruggles , William R. Chase , T. Duncan Patton , Frank Mahan , Finlay G. MacDonald , William H. Davis and Lyman Archibald , who defeated George Weller , Wilbert Carey , Ernest Hildner , Raymond Kaighn , Genzabaro Ishikawa , Benjamin S. French , Franklin Barnes , George Day and Henry Gelan 1 -- 0 . The goal was scored by Chase . There were other differences between Naismith 's first idea and the game played today . The peach baskets were closed , and balls had to be retrieved manually , until a small hole was put in the bottom of the peach basket to poke the ball out using a stick . Only in 1906 were metal hoops , nets and backboards introduced . Moreover , earlier the soccer ball was replaced by a Spalding ball , similar to the one used today .", "The YMCA had a major role in spreading basketball throughout the United States , Canada , and the world . In 1893 , Mel Rideout arranged the first European match in Paris , in Montmartre . At the same time , Bob Gailey went to Tientsin , China , Duncan Patton to India , Genzabaro Ishikawa to Japan , and C. Hareek to Persia .", "The First World War broke out in 1914 , and the U.S. Army started fighting in Europe in 1917 . During World War I , the American Expeditionary Force took basketball wherever it went . Together with the troops , there were hundreds of physical education teachers who knew basketball . Naismith also spent two years with the YMCA in France in that period .", "The first professional league was founded in 1898 . Six teams took part in the National Basketball League , and the first champions were the Trenton Nationals , followed by the New York Wanderers , the Bristol Pile Drivers and the Camden Electrics . The league was abandoned in 1904 . Then , many small championships were organized , but most of them were not as important as some teams who played for money against challengers .", "The Original Celtics , for instance , are considered the `` fathers of basketball '' and were presented as `` World 's Basketball Champions '' ; the players had to sign a contract to play with them , and Jim Furey organized matches as a circus , moving daily from town to town . The Celtics became the strongest team , and their successes lasted from 1922 until 1928 , when the team disbanded due to ownership problems . The Original Celtics are sometimes incorrectly thought of as forebears of the current Boston Celtics of the NBA ; in reality , they share only a name , as today 's Celtics were not founded until 1946 , nearly two decades after the demise of the Original Celtics . In 1922 , the first all - African American professional team was founded : the Rens ( also known as New York Renaissance or Harlem Renaissance ) . The Rens were the Original Celtics ' usual opponent , and for their matches a ticket cost $1 . They took part in some official championships and won the first World Professional Basketball Tournament in 1939 . The team disbanded in 1949 .", "In the 1920s and 1930s , Eastern Basket Ball League ( founded in 1909 ) , Metropolitan Basketball League ( founded in 1921 ) and American Basketball League ( founded in 1925 ) were the most important leagues .", "The greatest level of early basketball activity outside of YMCAs was seen in American colleges . The first known U.S. college to field a basketball team against an outside opponent was Vanderbilt University , which played against the local YMCA in Nashville , Tennessee , on February 7 , 1893 . The second recorded instance of an organized college basketball game was Geneva College 's game against the New Brighton YMCA on April 8 , 1893 , in Beaver Falls , Pennsylvania , which Geneva won 3 -- 0 .", "The first recorded game between two college teams occurred on February 9 , 1895 , when Hamline University faced Minnesota A&M ( which later became a part of the University of Minnesota ) . Minnesota A&M won the game , which was played under rules allowing nine players per side , 9 -- 3 . The first intercollegiate match using the modern rule of five players per side is often credited as a game between the University of Chicago and the University of Iowa , in Iowa City , Iowa , on January 18 , 1896 . The Chicago team , which was organized by Amos Alonzo Stagg , who had learned the game from James Naismith at the Springfield YMCA , won the game 15 -- 12 . ( Some sources state the first `` true '' five - on - five intercollegiate match was a game in 1897 between Yale and Penn , because the Iowa team , that played Chicago in 1896 , was composed of University of Iowa students , but did not officially represent the University of Iowa -- rather being organized through a YMCA . ) By 1900 the game of basketball had spread to colleges across the country .", "By 1897 the U.S. Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) had taken over oversight of basketball activity from the YMCA . In April 1905 , representatives of fifteen colleges separately took over control of the college game , creating the collegiate `` Basket Ball Rule Committee . '' The Committee was in turn absorbed into the predecessor of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) in 1909 . The extremely popular NCAA Men 's Basketball Tournament was started in 1939 .", "After its arrival in Europe , basketball developed very quickly . In 1909 the first international match was held in Saint Petersburg : Mayak Saint Petersburg beat a YMCA American team . The first great European event was held in 1919 in Joinville - le - Pont , near Paris , during the Inter-Allied Games . United States , led by future Hall of Fame player Max Friedman , won against Italy and France , and then Italy beat France . Basketball soon became popular among French and Italians . The Italian team had a white shirt with the House of Savoy shield and the players were : Arrigo and Marco Muggiani , Baccarini , Giuseppe Sessa , Palestra , Pecollo and Bagnoli .", "World basketball was growing , but it was on June 18 , 1932 that a real international organization was formed , to coordinate tournaments and teams : that day , Argentina , Czechoslovakia , Greece , Italy , Latvia , Portugal , Romania and Switzerland founded the International Basketball Federation ( Fédération internationale de basketball amateur , FIBA ) in Geneva . Its work was fundamental for the first inclusion of basketball in the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936 . The first Olympic title was won by the U.S. national team : Sam Balter , Ralph Bishop , Joe Fortenberry , Tex Gibbons , Francis Johnson , Carl Knowles , Frank Lubin , Art Mollner , Donald Piper , Jack Ragland , Willard Schmidt , Carl Shy , Duane Swanson , Bill Wheatley and the trainer James Needles . Canada was runner - up ; the games were played on an outdoor clay court . The first World Championship was held in Argentina in 1950 .", "The Basketball league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . The league adopted the name National Basketball Association ( NBA ) in 1949 after merging with the rival National Basketball League ( NBL ) . As of the early 21st century , the NBA is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition .", "The American Basketball Association ( ABA ) was founded as an alternative to the NBA in 1967 at a time when the NBA was experiencing a lot of popularity . The ABA offered an alternative ethos and game style as well as some changes in the rules . Julius Erving was the leading player in the league , and helped launch a modern style of play that emphasizes leaping and play above the rim . His playing strength helped legitimize the American Basketball Association . The league emphasized excitement and liveliness , be it in the color of the ball ( red , white and blue ) , the manner of play , wild promotions , or the three - point shot . National recognition and earnings were low , leading the league to look for a way out of its problems . Merger with the more established and very successful NBA was seen as a solution . The ABA was folded into the NBA in the summer of 1976 , its four most successful franchises ( the New York Nets , Denver Nuggets , Indiana Pacers , and San Antonio Spurs ) being incorporated into the older league . The aggressive , loose style of play and the three - point shot were taken up by the NBA .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The Smart Set Athletic Club of Brooklyn and the St. Christopher Club of New York City were established as the first fully organized independent all - black basketball teams in 1906 . These teams were amateur .", "In 1907 the amateur , all - black Olympian Athletic League was formed in New York City consisting of the Smart Set Athletic Club , St. Christopher Club , Marathon Athletic Club , Alpha Physical Culture Club , and the Jersey City Colored YMCA . The first inter-city basketball game between two black teams was played in 1907 when the Smart Set Athletic Club of Brooklyn travelled to Washington , DC to play the Crescent Athletic Club .", "In 1908 Smart Set Athletic Club of Brooklyn , a member of the Olympian Athletic League , was named the first Colored Basketball World 's Champion .", "In 1910 Howard University 's first varsity basketball team began .", "In 1922 the Commonwealth Five , the first all - black professional team was founded . The New York Renaissance was founded in 1923 .", "In 1939 the all - black New York Renaissance beat the all - white Oshkosh All - Stars in the World Pro Basketball Tournament .", "From the late 1920s the African American Harlem Globetrotters were a successful touring team , winning the WPBT in 1940 .", "The all - white National Basketball League began to racially integrate in 1942 with 10 black players joining two teams , the Toledo Jim White Chevrolets , and the Chicago Studebakers . The NBA integrated in 1950 -- 51 seasons , just two years after its founding , with three black players each achieving a separate milestone in that process . In the draft held immediately prior to that season , Chuck Cooper became the first black player drafted by an NBA team . Shortly after the draft , Nat Clifton became the first black player to sign an NBA contract . Finally , Earl Lloyd became the first black player to appear in an NBA game as his team started its season before either Cooper 's or Clifton 's .", "After the integration of the NBA , the Harlem Globetrotters started to focus on international touring and exhibition performances , including comic routines . These tours helped to popularize basketball internationally , and gave the Globetrotters the reputation as Basketball 's goodwill ambassadors .", "The NBA has helped popularize basketball all over the world . A large part of this is due to the transcendent stars that have played the game through the years . It was because of the play of Michael Jordan that basketball started to reach international audiences , especially on the 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team , known as the Dream Team .", "After his final championship and second retirement in 1998 , there was a void as in who would be the face of basketball . Soon after with the help of Shaquille O'Neal , Kobe Bryant would go on to win three straight championships from 2000 -- 2002 with the Los Angeles Lakers , helping make basketball more popular in many places around the world , most noticeably China . Further championships in 2009 and 2010 helped raise his popularity . In 2015 , he announced the following season would be his last . He would have played in 20 seasons by then .", "Another player who revolutionized the game of basketball was LeBron James . He was taken as the first overall pick in the 2003 NBA Draft by the Cleveland Cavaliers , and has worked his way to become the face of the NBA and basketball around the world . He left the Cavaliers in 2010 to join the Miami Heat along with fellow stars Dwyane Wade and Chris Bosh in what become known as the controversial decision , winning back - to - back championships in 2012 and 2013 before returning to the Cavaliers in 2014 where he won a third championship in 2016 .", "There have been many international players who helped globalize the game . The most noticeable would be Yao Ming . He was the first ever Chinese player to be selected with the number one overall pick in 2002 by the Houston Rockets . His play and presence in the NBA brought attention to basketball in Asian countries .", "The style of basketball has evolved over time as well . Basketball , especially in the 90 's and 2000 's , used to give importance to big men . Games were slow - paced and very defense - oriented . Now because of teams like the San Antonio Spurs and the Golden State Warriors , ball movement and team play is more common . The game has slowly moved away from this type of play . The game now is up - tempo and teams are starting to involve a lot more three point shooting in their offenses . Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors has been a trendsetter with his shooting abilities . In a way he has popularized and re-energized the notion of shooting among the youth ." ]
History of basketball - wikipedia History of basketball Jump to: navigation , search The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. The game became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and then throughout the world. After basketball became established in American colleges, the professional game followed. The American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1946, grew to a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became an integral part of American culture. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Invention of the game 2 Original rules 2.1 The first basketball game 3 YMCA, U.S. Army spread development 4 Professional leagues, teams, and organizations 5 American colleges lead the way 6 First international games 7 Formation of FIBA 8 NBA 9 American Basketball Association 10 African Americans in basketball 11 Modern-day NBA 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Early history James Naismith Invention of the game The game of basketball as it is known today was created by Dr. James Naismith in December 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts, to condition young athletes during cold months. It consisted of peach baskets and a soccer style ball. He published 13 rules for the new game. He divided his class of eighteen into two teams of nine players each and set about to teach them the basics of his new game. The objective of the game was to throw the basketball into the fruit baskets nailed to the lower railing of the gym balcony. Every time a point was scored, the game was halted so the janitor could bring out a ladder and retrieve the ball. After a while, the bottoms of the fruit baskets were removed. The first public basketball game was played in Springfield, Massachusetts, on March 11, 1892. Original rules There were only thirteen rules of `` basket ball'' : The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands. A player cannot run with the ball, the player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when running at good speed. The ball must be held in or between the hands, the arms or body must not be used for holding it. No shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping or striking in any way the person of an opponent shall be allowed. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul, the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made, or if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game, no substitute. A foul is striking the ball with the fist, violation of rules 3 and 4, and such as described in rule 5. If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count a goal for opponents. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from grounds into the basket and stays there. If the ball rests on the edge and the opponent moves the basket it shall count as a goal. When the ball goes out of bounds it shall be thrown into the field and played by the person first touching it. In case of a dispute, the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The `` thrower-in'' is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on them. The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls, and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. The referee shall be the judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in-bounds, and to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee. The time shall be fifteen-minute halves, with five-minute rests between. The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner. In the case of a draw, the game may, by agreement of the captains, be continued until another goal is made. The first basketball game The first basketball court: Springfield College On December 21, 1891, James Naismith published rules for a new game using five basic ideas and thirteen rules. That day, he asked his class to play a match in the Armory Street court: 9 versus 9, using a soccer ball and two peach baskets. Frank Mahan, one of his students, wasn't so happy. He just said: `` Harrumph. Another new game'' . However, Naismith was the inventor of the new game. Someone proposed to call it `` Naismith Game'' , but he suggested `` We have a ball and a basket: why don't we call it basketball?'' The eighteen players were John G. Thompson, Eugene S. Libby, Edwin P. Ruggles, William R. Chase, T. Duncan Patton, Frank Mahan, Finlay G. MacDonald, William H. Davis and Lyman Archibald, who defeated George Weller, Wilbert Carey, Ernest Hildner, Raymond Kaighn, Genzabaro Ishikawa, Benjamin S. French, Franklin Barnes, George Day and Henry Gelan 1-- 0. The goal was scored by Chase. There were other differences between Naismith's first idea and the game played today. The peach baskets were closed, and balls had to be retrieved manually, until a small hole was put in the bottom of the peach basket to poke the ball out using a stick. Only in 1906 were metal hoops, nets and backboards introduced. Moreover, earlier the soccer ball was replaced by a Spalding ball, similar to the one used today. YMCA, U.S. Army spread Development The YMCA had a major role in spreading basketball throughout the United States, Canada, and the world. In 1893, Mel Rideout arranged the first European match in Paris, in Montmartre . At the same time, Bob Gailey went to Tientsin, China , Duncan Patton to India , Genzabaro Ishikawa to Japan , and C. Hareek to Persia . The First World War broke out in 1914, and the U.S. Army started fighting in Europe in 1917. During World War I , the American Expeditionary Force took basketball wherever it went. Together with the troops, there were hundreds of physical education teachers who knew basketball. Naismith also spent two years with the YMCA in France in that period. Professional leagues, teams, and organizations The first professional league was founded in 1898. Six teams took part in the National Basketball League, and the first champions were the Trenton Nationals, followed by the New York Wanderers, the Bristol Pile Drivers and the Camden Electrics. The league was abandoned in 1904. Then, many small championships were organized, but most of them were not as important as some teams who played for money against challengers. The Original Celtics , for instance, are considered the `` fathers of basketball'' and were presented as `` World's Basketball Champions'' ; the players had to sign a contract to play with them, and Jim Furey organized matches as a circus , moving daily from town to town. The Celtics became the strongest team, and their successes lasted from 1922 until 1928, when the team disbanded due to ownership problems. The Original Celtics are sometimes incorrectly thought of as forebears of the current Boston Celtics of the NBA ; in reality, they share only a name, as today's Celtics were not founded until 1946, nearly two decades after the demise of the Original Celtics. In 1922, the first all-African American professional team was founded: the Rens (also known as New York Renaissance or Harlem Renaissance). The Rens were the Original Celtics' usual opponent, and for their matches a ticket cost $1. They took part in some official championships and won the first World Professional Basketball Tournament in 1939. The team disbanded in 1949. In the 1920s and 1930s, Eastern Basket Ball League (founded in 1909), Metropolitan Basketball League (founded in 1921) and American Basketball League (founded in 1925) were the most important leagues. American colleges lead the way See also: College basketball The greatest level of early basketball activity outside of YMCAs was seen in American colleges. The first known U.S. college to field a basketball team against an outside opponent was Vanderbilt University , which played against the local YMCA in Nashville, Tennessee , on February 7, 1893. The second recorded instance of an organized college basketball game was Geneva College 's game against the New Brighton YMCA on April 8, 1893, in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania , which Geneva won 3-- 0. The first recorded game between two college teams occurred on February 9, 1895, when Hamline University faced Minnesota A&M (which later became a part of the University of Minnesota ). Minnesota A&M won the game, which was played under rules allowing nine players per side, 9-- 3. The first intercollegiate match using the modern rule of five players per side is often credited as a game between the University of Chicago and the University of Iowa , in Iowa City, Iowa , on January 18, 1896. The Chicago team, which was organized by Amos Alonzo Stagg , who had learned the game from James Naismith at the Springfield YMCA, won the game 15-- 12 . (Some sources state the first `` true'' five-on-five intercollegiate match was a game in 1897 between Yale and Penn , because the Iowa team, that played Chicago in 1896, was composed of University of Iowa students, but did not officially represent the University of Iowa -- rather being organized through a YMCA.) By 1900 the game of basketball had spread to colleges across the country . By 1897 the U.S. Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) had taken over oversight of basketball activity from the YMCA. In April 1905, representatives of fifteen colleges separately took over control of the college game, creating the collegiate `` Basket Ball Rule Committee.'' The Committee was in turn absorbed into the predecessor of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in 1909. The extremely popular NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament was started in 1939. First international Games After its arrival in Europe, basketball developed very quickly. In 1909 the first international match was held in Saint Petersburg : Mayak Saint Petersburg beat a YMCA American team. The first great European event was held in 1919 in Joinville-le-Pont , near Paris, during the Inter-Allied Games . United States, led by future Hall of Fame player Max Friedman , won against Italy and France, and then Italy beat France. Basketball soon became popular among French and Italians. The Italian team had a white shirt with the House of Savoy shield and the players were: Arrigo and Marco Muggiani , Baccarini , Giuseppe Sessa , Palestra, Pecollo and Bagnoli. Formation of FIBA World basketball was growing, but it was on June 18, 1932 that a real international organization was formed, to coordinate tournaments and teams: that day, Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Romania and Switzerland founded the International Basketball Federation (Fédération internationale de basketball amateur, FIBA ) in Geneva. Its work was fundamental for the first inclusion of basketball in the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936. The first Olympic title was won by the U.S. national team: Sam Balter , Ralph Bishop , Joe Fortenberry , Tex Gibbons , Francis Johnson , Carl Knowles , Frank Lubin , Art Mollner , Donald Piper , Jack Ragland , Willard Schmidt , Carl Shy , Duane Swanson , Bill Wheatley and the trainer James Needles . Canada was runner-up; the games were played on an outdoor clay court. The first World Championship was held in Argentina in 1950. NBA The Basketball league was founded in New York City on June 6, 1946 as the Basketball Association of America (BAA). The league adopted the name National Basketball Association ( NBA ) in 1949 after merging with the rival National Basketball League (NBL). As of the early 21st century, the NBA is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity, salaries, talent, and level of competition. American basketball Association The American Basketball Association (ABA) was founded as an alternative to the NBA in 1967 at a time when the NBA was experiencing a lot of popularity. The ABA offered an alternative ethos and game style as well as some changes in the rules. Julius Erving was the leading player in the league, and helped launch a modern style of play that emphasizes leaping and play above the rim. His playing strength helped legitimize the American Basketball Association. The league emphasized excitement and liveliness, be it in the color of the ball (red, white and blue), the manner of play, wild promotions, or the three-point shot . National recognition and earnings were low, leading the league to look for a way out of its problems. Merger with the more established and very successful NBA was seen as a solution. The ABA was folded into the NBA in the summer of 1976, its four most successful franchises (the New York Nets, Denver Nuggets, Indiana Pacers, and San Antonio Spurs) being incorporated into the older league. The aggressive, loose style of play and the three-point shot were taken up by the NBA. African americans in basketball This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Smart Set Athletic Club of Brooklyn and the St. Christopher Club of New York City were established as the first fully organized independent all-black basketball teams in 1906. These teams were amateur . In 1907 the amateur, all-black Olympian Athletic League was formed in New York City consisting of the Smart Set Athletic Club, St. Christopher Club, Marathon Athletic Club, Alpha Physical Culture Club, and the Jersey City Colored YMCA. The first inter-city basketball game between two black teams was played in 1907 when the Smart Set Athletic Club of Brooklyn travelled to Washington, DC to play the Crescent Athletic Club. In 1908 Smart Set Athletic Club of Brooklyn, a member of the Olympian Athletic League, was named the first Colored Basketball World's Champion. In 1910 Howard University 's first varsity basketball team began. In 1922 the Commonwealth Five, the first all-black professional team was founded. The New York Renaissance was founded in 1923. In 1939 the all-black New York Renaissance beat the all-white Oshkosh All-Stars in the World Pro Basketball Tournament. From the late 1920s the African American Harlem Globetrotters were a successful touring team, winning the WPBT in 1940. The all-white National Basketball League began to racially integrate in 1942 with 10 black players joining two teams, the Toledo Jim White Chevrolets, and the Chicago Studebakers. The NBA integrated in 1950-- 51 seasons, just two years after its founding, with three black players each achieving a separate milestone in that process. In the draft held immediately prior to that season, Chuck Cooper became the first black player drafted by an NBA team. Shortly after the draft, Nat Clifton became the first black player to sign an NBA contract. Finally, Earl Lloyd became the first black player to appear in an NBA game as his team started its season before either Cooper's or Clifton's . After the integration of the NBA, the Harlem Globetrotters started to focus on international touring and exhibition performances, including comic routines. These tours helped to popularize basketball internationally, and gave the Globetrotters the reputation as Basketball's goodwill ambassadors. Modern-day NBA The NBA has helped popularize basketball all over the world. A large part of this is due to the transcendent stars that have played the game through the years. It was because of the play of Michael Jordan that basketball started to reach international audiences, especially on the 1992 United States men's Olympic basketball team , known as the Dream Team. After his final championship and second retirement in 1998, there was a void as in who would be the face of basketball. Soon after with the help of Shaquille O'Neal , Kobe Bryant would go on to win three straight championships from 2000-- 2002 with the Los Angeles Lakers, helping make basketball more popular in many places around the world, most noticeably China. Further championships in 2009 and 2010 helped raise his popularity. In 2015, he announced the following season would be his last. He would have played in 20 seasons by then. Another player who revolutionized the game of basketball was LeBron James . He was taken as the first overall pick in the 2003 NBA Draft by the Cleveland Cavaliers , and has worked his way to become the face of the NBA and basketball around the world. He left the Cavaliers in 2010 to join the Miami Heat along with fellow stars Dwyane Wade and Chris Bosh in what become known as the controversial decision, winning back-to-back championships in 2012 and 2013 before returning to the Cavaliers in 2014 where he won a third championship in 2016. There have been many international players who helped globalize the game. The most noticeable would be Yao Ming . He was the first ever Chinese player to be selected with the number one overall pick in 2002 by the Houston Rockets . His play and presence in the NBA brought attention to basketball in Asian countries. The style of basketball has evolved over time as well. Basketball, especially in the 90's and 2000's , used to give importance to big men. Games were slow-paced and very defense-oriented. Now because of teams like the San Antonio Spurs and the Golden State Warriors , ball movement and team play is more common. The game has slowly moved away from this type of play. The game now is up-tempo and teams are starting to involve a lot more three point shooting in their offenses. Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors has been a trendsetter with his shooting abilities. In a way he has popularized and re-energized the notion of shooting among the youth. See also Women's basketball Timeline of women's basketball history Basketball rules Notes Jump up ^ `` Basket Football Game'' . Springfield Republican . Springfield, Massachusetts . March 12, 2002 . Retrieved June 9, 2014 . Jump up ^ Wolff, Alexander. Sports Illustrated 100 Years of Hoops: A Fond Look Back at the Sport of Basketball. New York: Crescent Books;, 1995. Jump up ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 18-19. Jump up ^ Associated Press, Newly found documents shed light on basketball's birth, ESPN.com, 13 November 2006, Sports.espn.go.com. Archived 2007-12-01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 18. Jump up ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 21. Jump up ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 22. Jump up ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 20. Jump up ^ Glenn, Dickey. The history of professional basketball since 1896. New York: Stein and Day, 1982. Jump up ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 79. Jump up ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 80. Jump up ^ Lesile Colbeck et al., The Basketball World, FIBA, Monaco, 1972, quoted by Arceri-Bianchini, p. 81. Jump up ^ Hoosierhistorian, National Basket Ball League, `` Hoopedia'' , 9 May 2008, in Hoopedia.nba.com ^ Jump up to: Arceri-Bianchini, p. 37. Jump up ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 38. Jump up ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 39. Jump up ^ Hoosierhistorian, Eastern Basket Ball League, Hoopedia, 9 May 2008, in Hoopedia.nba.com. Jump up ^ Hoosierhistorian, Metropolitan Basketball League, Hoopedia, 12 May 2008, in Hoopedia.nba.com. Jump up ^ Hoosierhistorian, ABL (1925-- 1955), Hoopedia, 12 May 2008, in Hoopedia.nba.com. ^ Jump up to: Traughber, Bill (March 12, 2008). `` VU first college to play basketball'' . vucommodores.com . Retrieved June 6, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia . ESPN. 2009. pp. 528-- 529. ISBN 978-0-345-51392-2 . ^ Jump up to: Pruter, Robert. `` Basketball'' . Encyclopedia of Chicago . Retrieved June 6, 2014 . Jump up ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 81. Jump up ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 133. Jump up ^ History of FIBA, in FIBA.com. Jump up ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 185. Jump up ^ The First NBA Game: 1946 New York-Toronto Jump up ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 49. ^ Jump up to: `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2008-11-07 . Retrieved 2008-11-15 . ^ Jump up to: `` Black Fives Timeline'' . Jump up ^ Colored Basketball World's Champions -- Hoopedia Jump up ^ Blevins, Dave (2012). The sports hall of fame encyclopedia baseball, basketball, football, hockey, soccer . Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 416. ISBN 9781461673705 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/407905-los-angeles-lakers-win-2010-nba-championship . Missing or empty title= ( help ) Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/story/_/id/14254236/kobe-bryant-los-angeles-lakers-announces-retire-season . Missing or empty title= ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.wrdw.com/sports/headlines/98082929.html . Missing or empty title= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` I'm coming home'' . References Arceri, Mario; Bianchini, Valerio (2004). La leggenda del basket . Milano: Baldini Castoldi Dalai. ISBN 9788884906267 . Peterson, Robert W. (2002). Cages to Jump Shots: Pro Basketball's Early Years . Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8772-0 . James Naismith, Basketball: Its Origin and Development , University of Nebraska Press, 1941. External links Transcript of Naismith's original notes on the first basketball game The Historyscoper ( hide ) Basketball ( outline ) General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley-oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four-point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three-pointer Three-point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1-2-1-1 1-- 3-- 1 2-- 3 zone Amoeba Box-and-one Double team Full-court press Hack-a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man-to-man Match-up zone Triangle-and-two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All-Stars Miscellaneous 100-point scorers 50-- 40-- 90 club AAU All-Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_basketball&oldid=826439651 '' Categories : History of sports by sport History of basketball Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català فارسی Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018, at 03:02. 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when did the newspaper industry start to decline
Although newspapers are struggling , and journalism jobs being eliminated , applications at the nation 's journalism schools are increasing . The Columbia Journalism School reports a 44 % jump from 2008 , and the Annenberg School for Communication reports a 20 % increase . Other schools report similar increases .
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[ "The decline of newspapers has been widely debated , as the industry has faced dropping newsprint prices , slumping ad sales , the loss of much classified advertising and precipitous drops in circulation . In recent years the number of newspapers slated for closure , bankruptcy or severe cutbacks has risen , especially in the United States , where the industry has shed a fifth of its journalists since 2001 . Revenue has plunged while competition from Internet media has squeezed older print publishers .", "The debate has become more urgent lately , as a deepening recession has cut profits , and as once - explosive growth in newspaper Web revenues has leveled off , forestalling what the industry hoped would become an important source of revenue . One issue is whether the newspaper industry is being hit by a cyclical trough and will recover , or whether new technology has rendered newspapers obsolete in their traditional format . To survive , newspapers are considering combining and other options , although the outcome of such partnerships has been criticized . Despite these problems , newspaper companies with significant brand value , which have published their work online , have a significant rise in viewership .", "The newspaper industry has always been cyclical , and the industry has weathered previous troughs . Television 's arrival in the 1950s began the decline of newspapers as most people 's source of daily news . But the explosion of the Internet in the 1990s increased the range of media choices available to the average reader while further cutting into newspapers ' dominance as the source of news . Television and the Internet both bring news to the consumer faster and in a more visual style than newspapers , which are constrained by their physical format and their physical manufacturing and distribution . Competing mediums also offer advertisers moving images and sound . And the Internet search function allows advertisers to tailor their pitch to readers who have revealed what they are seeking -- an enormous advantage .", "The Internet has also gone a step further than television in eroding the advertising income of newspapers , as -- unlike broadcast media -- it proves a convenient vehicle for classified advertising , particularly in categories such as jobs , vehicles , and real estate . Free services like Craigslist have decimated the classified advertising departments of newspapers , some of which depended on classifieds for 70 % of their ad revenue . Research has shown that Craigslist cost the newspaper industry $5.4 billion from 2000 - 2007 , and that changes on the classified side of newspaper business led to an increase in subscription prices , a decrease in display advertising rates , and impacted the online strategy of some newspapers . At the same time , newspapers have been pinched by consolidation of large department stores , which once accounted for substantial advertising sums .", "Press baron Rupert Murdoch once described the profits flowing from his stable of newspapers as `` rivers of gold '' , but several years later said , `` sometimes rivers dry up . '' `` Simply put '' , wrote The Buffalo News owner Warren Buffett , `` if cable and satellite broadcasting , as well as the Internet , had come along first , newspapers as we know them probably would never have existed . ''", "As their revenues have been squeezed , newspapers have also been increasingly assailed by other media taking away not only their readers , but their principal sources of profit . Many of these ' new media ' are not saddled with expensive union contracts , printing presses , delivery fleets and overhead built over decades . Many of these competitors are simply ' aggregators ' of news , often derived from print sources , but without print media 's capital - intensive overhead . One estimate put the percentage of online news derived from newspapers at 80 % .", "`` Newspapers are doing the reporting in this country , '' observed John S. Carroll , former editor of the Los Angeles Times for five years . `` Google and Yahoo ! are n't those people putting reporters on the street in any number . Blogs can not afford it . '' Many newspapers also suffer from the broad trend toward `` fragmentation '' of all media -- in which small numbers of large media outlets attempting to serve substantial portions of the population are replaced by an abundance of smaller and more specialized organizations , often aiming only to serve specific interest groups . So - called narrowcasting has splintered audiences into smaller and smaller slivers . But newspapers have not been alone in this : the rise of cable television and satellite television at the expense of network television in countries such as the United States and United Kingdom is another example of this fragmentation .", "With social media sites overtaking TV as a source for news for young people , news organisations have become increasingly reliant on social media platforms for generating traffic . A report by Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism described how a ' second wave of disruption ' had hit news organisations , with publishers such as The Economist having to employ large social media teams to optimise their posts and maximise traffic . Major publishers such as Le Monde and Vogue now use advanced artificial intelligence ( AI ) technology from Echobox to post stories more effectively and generate higher volumes of traffic .", "Since the beginning of 2009 , the United States has seen a number of major metropolitan dailies shuttered or drastically pruned after no buyers emerged , including the Rocky Mountain News , closed in February , and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer , reduced to a bare - bones Internet operation . San Francisco Chronicle narrowly averted closure when employees made steep concessions . In Detroit , both newspapers , Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News , slashed home delivery to three days a week , while prodding readers to visit the newspapers ' Internet sites on other days . In Tucson , Arizona , the state 's oldest newspaper , the Tucson Citizen , said it would cease publishing on March 21 , 2009 , when parent Gannett Company failed to find a buyer .", "A number of other large , financially troubled newspapers are seeking buyers . One of the few large dailies finding a buyer is The San Diego Union - Tribune , which agreed to be sold to a private equity firm for what The Wall Street Journal called `` a rock - bottom price '' of less than $50 million -- essentially a real estate purchase . ( The newspaper was estimated to have been worth roughly $1 billion as recently as 2004 . ) The Sun - Times Media Group , publisher of the eponymous bankrupt newspaper , fielded a meager $5 million cash bid , plus assumption of debt , for assets last claimed worth $310 million .", "Large newspaper chains filing bankruptcy since December 2008 include the Tribune Company , the Journal Register Company , the Minneapolis Star Tribune , Philadelphia Newspapers LLC , Sun - Times Media Group and Freedom Communications .", "Some newspaper chains that have purchased other papers have seen stock values plummet . The McClatchy Company , the nation 's third - largest newspaper company , was the only bidder on the Knight Ridder chain of newspapers in 2005 . Since its $6.5 billion Knight Ridder purchase , McClatchy 's stock has lost more than 98 % of its value . McClatchy subsequently announced large layoffs and executive pay cuts , as its shares fell into penny stock territory . ( Although McClatchy faced delisting from the New York Stock Exchange for having a share price below $1 , in September 2009 , it was able to overcome this threat . Others have not been so lucky . In 2008 and 2009 , three other U.S. newspaper chains have seen their shares delisted by the New York Stock Exchange . )", "Other newspaper company valuations have been similarly punished : the stocks of Gannett Company , Lee Enterprises and Media General traded at less than two dollars per share by March 2009 , with The Washington Post Company 's stock faring better than most , thanks to diversification into educational training programs -- and away from publishing . Similarly , UK - based Pearson PLC , owner of the Financial Times , increased earnings in 2008 despite a drop in newspaper profits , thanks to diversification away from publishing .", "The New York Times Company , hard - pressed for cash as its shares slid below five dollars per share , suspended its dividend , sold and leased back part of its headquarters , and sold preferred shares to Mexican businessman Carlos Slim in return for a cash infusion . But the credit rating agencies still cut the rating on Times Company 's debt to junk status , and the cash crunch at The New York Times prompted it to threaten to shutter The Boston Globe unless workers made deep concessions . Even New News Corp. , the diversified media holding company overseen by Rupert Murdoch , was hit , forced to write down much of the value of newspaper publisher Dow Jones & Company that it purchased for $5 billion in 2007 . Apparently shelved are plans announced by Murdoch at the time of the acquisition to expand The Wall Street Journal 's newsroom .", "One development occurred in mid 2013 , when billionaire Jeff Bezos , founder of Amazon.com , paid US $ 250 million for The Washington Post and several smaller newspapers . ( The Post company had sold Newsweek a few years earlier . ) The purchase , which ended the more than 80 - year ownership of the paper by the Graham family , was called `` generous '' by publisher Katharine Weymouth , who was asked to remain at the helm . When it was noted that the paper might have to run stories which are critical of Amazon.com or Bezos in the future , Bezos agreed not to interfere with the newspaper 's independence . Others have said that Bezos drastically overpaid for the paper , and that late publisher Katharine Graham might not have made the sale .", "The deterioration in the United States newspaper market led one senator to introduce a bill in March 2009 allowing newspaper companies to restructure as nonprofit corporations with an array of tax breaks . The Newspaper Revitalization Act would allow newspapers to operate as nonprofits similar to public broadcasting companies , barring them from making political endorsements .", "A 2015 report from the Brookings Institution shows that the number of newspapers per hundred million population fell from 1,200 ( in 1945 ) to 400 in 2014 . Over that same period , circulation per capita declined from 35 percent in the mid-1940s to under 15 percent . The number of newspaper journalists has decreased from 43,000 in 1978 to 33,000 in 2015 . Other traditional news media have also suffered . Since 1980 the television networks have lost half their audience for evening newscasts ; the audience for radio news has shrunk by 40 % .", "This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2013 )", "This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2013 )", "In the United Kingdom , newspaper publishers have been similarly hit . In late 2008 The Independent announced job cuts . In January the chain Associated Newspapers , now DMG Media , sold a controlling stake in the London Evening Standard as it announced a 24 % decline in 2008 ad revenues . In March 2009 parent company Daily Mail and General Trust said job cuts would be deeper than expected , spanning its newspapers , which include the Leicester Mercury , the Bristol Evening Post and the Derby Telegraph . One industry report predicted that 1 in 10 UK print publications would cut its frequency of publication in half , go online only or shut in 2009 .", "The challenges facing the industry are not limited to the United States , or even English - speaking markets . Newspapers in Switzerland and the Netherlands , for instance , have lost half of their classified advertising to the Internet . At its annual convention slated for May , 2009 , in Barcelona , Spain , the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers has titled the convention 's subject `` Newspapers Focus on Print & Advertising Revenues in Difficult Times '' .", "In September 2008 , the World Association of Newspapers called for regulators to block a proposed Google -- Yahoo ! advertising partnership , calling it a threat to newspaper industry revenues worldwide . The WAN painted a stark picture of the threat posed to newspapers by the search engine giants . `` Perhaps never in the history of newspaper publishing has a single , commercial entity threatened to exert this much control over the destiny of the press , '' said the Paris - based global newspaper organization of the proposed pact .", "But there are bright spots in the world market for newspapers . At its 2008 convention , held in Gothenburg , Sweden , the World Association of Newspapers released figures showing newspaper circulations and advertising had actually climbed in the previous year . Newspaper sales were up nearly 2.6 % the previous year , and up 9.4 % over the past five years . Free daily newspapers , noted the WAN , accounted for nearly 7 % of all global newspaper circulation -- and a whopping 23 % of European newspaper circulation . Of the world 's 100 best - selling daily newspapers , 74 are published in Asia -- with China , Japan and India accounting for 62 of those .", "Sales of newspapers rose in Latin America , Asia and the Middle East , but fell in other regions of the world , including Western Europe , where the proliferation of free dailies helped bolster overall circulation figures . While Internet revenues are rising for the industry , the bulk of its Web revenues come from a few areas , with most revenue generated in the United States , western Europe and Asia -- Pacific region .", "The increasing use of the Internet search function , primarily through large engines such as Google , has also changed the habits of readers . Instead of perusing general interest publications , such as newspapers , readers are more likely to seek particular writers , blogs or sources of information through targeted searches , rendering the agglomeration of newspapers increasingly irrelevant . `` Power is shifting to the individual journalist from the news outlet with more people seeking out names through search , e-mail , blogs and social media , '' the industry publication Editor & Publisher noted in summarizing a recent study from the Project for Excellence in Journalism foundation .", "`` When we go online '' , writes columnist Nicholas Kristof of The New York Times , `` each of us is our own editor , our own gatekeeper . ''", "Where once the ability to disseminate information was restricted to those with printing presses or broadcast mechanisms , the Internet has enabled thousands of individual commentators to communicate directly with others through blogs or instant message services . Even open journalism projects like Wikipedia have contributed to the reordering of the media landscape , as readers are no longer restricted to established print organs for information .", "But the search engine experience has left some newspaper proprietors cold . `` The aggregators and plagiarists will soon have to pay a price for the co-opting of our content , '' Rupert Murdoch told the World Media Summit in Beijing , China . `` If we do not take advantage of the current movement toward paid content , it will be the content creators -- the people in this hall -- who will pay the ultimate price and the content kleptomaniacs who triumph . ''", "Critics of the newspaper as a medium also argue that while today 's newspapers may appear visually different from their predecessors a century ago , in many respects they have changed little and have failed to keep pace with changes in society . The technology revolution has meant that readers accustomed to waiting for a daily newspaper can now receive up - to - the - minute updates from Web portals , bloggers and new services such as Twitter . The expanding reach of broadband Internet access means such updates have become commonplace for many users , especially the more affluent , an audience cultivated by advertisers .", "The gloomy outlook is not universal . In some countries , such as India , the newspaper remains more popular than Internet and broadcast media . Even where the problems are felt most keenly , in North America and Europe , there have been recent success stories , such as the dramatic rise of free daily newspapers , like those of Sweden 's Metro International , as well as papers targeted towards the Hispanic market , local weekly shoppers , and so - called hyperlocal news .", "But these new revenue streams , such as that from newspapers ' proprietary Web sites , are often a fraction of the sums generated by the previous advertisement - and circulation - driven revenue streams , and so newspapers have been forced to curtail their overhead while simultaneously trying to entice new users . With revenues plummeting , many newspapers have slashed news bureaus and journalists , while still attempting to publish compelling content -- much of it more interactive , more lifestyle - driven and more celebrity - conscious .", "In response to falling ad revenues and plunging circulation , many newspapers have cut staff as well as editorial content , and in a vicious cycle , those cuts often spur more and deeper circulation declines -- triggering more loss of ad revenues . `` No industry can cut its way to future success , '' says industry analyst John Morton . `` At some point the business must improve . ''", "Overall , in the United States , average operating profit margins for newspapers remain at 11 % . But that figure is falling rapidly , and in many cases is inadequate to service the debt that some newspaper companies took on during better times . And while circulation has dropped 2 % annually for years , that decline has accelerated .", "The circulation decline , coupled with a 23 % drop in 2008 newspaper ad revenues , have proven a double whammy for some newspaper chains . Combined with the current recession , the cloudy outlook for future profits has meant that many newspapers put on the block have been unable to find buyers , who remain concerned with increasing competition , dwindling profits and a business model that seems increasingly antiquated .", "`` As succeeding generations grow up with the Web and lose the habit of reading print '' , noted Columbia Journalism Review in 2007 , `` it seems improbable that newspapers can survive with a cost structure at least 50 % higher than their nimbler and cheaper Internet competitors . '' The problem facing newspapers is generational : while in 2005 an estimated 70 % of older Americans read a newspaper daily , fewer than 20 % of younger Americans did .", "`` It is the fundamental problem facing the industry , '' writes newspaper analyst Morton . `` It 's probably not going away . And no one has figured a way out . ''", "By 2016 social media sites were overtaking television as a source for news for young people and news organisations have become increasingly reliant on social media platforms for generating traffic . A report by Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism described how a ' second wave of disruption ' had hit news organisations , with publishers such as The Economist having to employ large social media teams to optimise their posts and maximise traffic . Major publishers such as Le Monde and Vogue increasingly use advanced artificial intelligence ( AI ) technology to post stories more effectively and generate higher volumes of traffic .", "While newspaper companies continue to produce much of the award - winning journalism , consumers of that journalism are less willing to pay for it in a world where information on the Web is plentiful and free . Plans for Web - based subscription services have largely faltered , with the exception of financial outlets like The Wall Street Journal , which have been able to generate substantial revenues from subscribers whose subscriptions are often underwritten by corporate employers . ( Subscriptions to the Journal 's paid Web site were up 7 % in 2008 . ) Some general - interest newspapers , even high - profile papers like The New York Times , were forced to experiment with their initial paid Internet subscription models . Times Select , the Times ' initial pay service , lasted exactly two years before the company abandoned it . However , they later brought back paid services and now allow visitors only 10 free articles per month before requiring them to purchase a subscription .", "Within the industry , there is little consensus on the best strategy for survival . Some pin their hopes on new technologies such as e-paper or radical revisions of the newspaper , such as Daily Me ; others , like a recent cover story in Time magazine , have advocated a system that includes both subscriptions as well as micro-payments for individual stories .", "Some newspaper analysts believe the wisest move is embracing the Internet , and exploiting the considerable brand value and consumer trust that newspapers have built over decades . But revenues from online editions have come nowhere near matching previous print income from circulation and advertising sales , since they get only about one - tenth to one - twentieth the revenue for a Web reader that they do for a print reader ; many struggle to maintain their previous levels of reporting amidst eroding profits .", "With profits falling , many newspapers have cut back on their most expensive reporting projects -- overseas bureaus and investigative journalism . Some investigative projects often take months , with their payoff uncertain . In the past , larger newspapers often devoted a portion of their editorial budget to such efforts , but with ad dollars drying up , many papers are looking closer at the productivity of individual reporters , and judging speculative investments in investigative reports as non-essential .", "Some advocates have suggested that instead of investigative reports funded by newspapers , that non-profit foundations pick up the slack . The new non-profit ProPublica , a $10 - million - a-year foundation devoted solely to investigative reporting and overseen by former Wall Street Journal editor Paul Steiger , for instance , hopes that its 18 reporters will be able to release their investigative reports free , courtesy of partnerships with such outlets as The New York Times , The Atlantic and 60 Minutes . The Huffington Post also announced that it would set aside funds for investigative reporting . Other industry observers are now clamoring for government subsidies to the newspaper industry .", "Observers point out that the reliability and accountability of newspapers is being replaced by a sea of anonymous bloggers , many with uncertain credentials and points of view . Where once the reader of a daily newspaper might consume reporting , for instance , by an established Cairo bureau chief for a major newspaper , today that same reader might be directed by a search engine to an anonymous blogger with cloudy allegiances , training or ability .", "Ironically , these dilemmas facing the newspaper industry come as its product has never been more sought - after . `` The peculiar fact about the current crisis '' , writes The New Yorker 's economics writer James Surowiecki , `` is that even as big papers have become less profitable they 've arguably become more popular . ''", "As the demand for news has exploded , so have consumers of the output of newspapers . Both nytimes.com and washingtonpost.com , for instance , rank among the top 20 global news sites . But those consumers are now reading newspapers online for free , and although newspapers have been able to convert some of that viewership into ad dollars , it is a trickle compared to previous sources . At most newspapers , Web advertising accounts for only 10 -- 15 % of revenues .", "Some observers have compared the dilemma to that faced by the music industry . `` What 's going on in the news business is a lot like what 's happening with music , '' said editor Paul Steiger , a 43 - year journalism veteran , who further added that free distribution of content through the Internet has caused `` a total collapse of the business model '' .", "The revenue streams that newspapers counted on to subsidize their product have changed irrevocably : in 2008 , according to a study by the Pew Research Center , more people in the United States got their news for free on the Internet than paid for it by buying a newspaper or magazine . `` With newspapers entering bankruptcy even as their audience grows , the threat is not just to the companies that own them , but also the news itself , '' observed writer David Carr of The New York Times in a January 2009 column .", "In 2016 , for the third year in a row , the CareerCast survey of the best and worst jobs in the U.S. reports that a newspaper reporter is the worst career . It pointed to fewer job prospects because of publications closing down , and declining ad revenue providing less money for salaries . Being an over the air broadcaster was the third worst , and advertising sales is in the bottom 10 . Average annual salary for print journalists is $37,200 .", "Depending on location and circumstances , each specific newspaper will face varied threats and changes . In some cases , new owners have increased their reliance on print , not trying to rely a lot more on digital services . However , in most cases , there is an attempt to find new revenue sources online that are less based on print sales . How much further ad sales will decline can not be predicted with accuracy .", "Ultimately , the newspaper of the future may bear little resemblance to the newsprint edition familiar to older readers . It may become a hybrid , part - print and part - Internet , or perhaps eventually , as has happened with several newspapers , including the Seattle Post-Intelligencer , The Christian Science Monitor and The Ann Arbor News , Internet only . In the meantime , the transition from the printed page to whatever comes next will likely be fraught with challenges , both for the newspaper industry and for its consumers .", "`` My expectation , '' wrote executive editor Bill Keller of The New York Times in January 2009 , `` is that for the foreseeable future our business will continue to be a mix of print and online journalism , with the growth online offsetting the ( gradual , we hope ) decline of print '' . The paper in newspaper may go away , insist industry stalwarts , but the news will remain . `` Paper is dying , '' said Nick Bilton , a technologist for The Times , `` but it 's just a device . Replacing it with pixels is a better experience . '' On September 8 , 2010 , Arthur Sulzberger , Jr. , Chairman and Publisher of The New York Times , told an International Newsroom Summit in London that `` We will stop printing the New York Times sometime in the future , date TBD . ''", "Mitchell Stephens calls for a turn toward `` wisdom journalism '' that will take a more evaluative , investigative , informed , and possibly even opinionated stance .", "But even as pixels replace print , and as newspapers undergo wrenching surgery , necessitating deep cutbacks , reallocation of remaining reporters , and the slashing of decades - old overhead , some observers remain optimistic . What emerges may be `` newspapers '' unrecognizable to older readers , but which may be more timely , more topical and more flexible . Less competition from other local printers will also be a major determining factor .", "`` Journalistic outlets will discover '' , wrote Michael Hirschorn in The Atlantic , `` that the Web allows ( okay , forces ) them to concentrate on developing expertise in a narrower set of issues and interests , while helping journalists from other places and publications find new audiences . '' The ' newspaper ' of the future , say Hirschorn and others , may resemble The Huffington Post more than anything flung at today 's stoops and driveways .", "Much of that experimentation may happen in the world 's fastest - growing newspaper markets . `` The number of newspapers and their circulation has declined the world over except in India and China , '' according to former CEO Olivier Fleurot of Financial Times . `` The world is becoming more digital but technology has helped newspapers as much as the Internet . '' Making those technological changes work for them , instead of against them , will decide whether newspapers remain vital -- or roadkill on the information superhighway .", "There will be a percentage of readers that refuse to use the Internet and electronic screens , preferring hard copies . What this percentage will be , in various places and times , remains to be seen . Some readers have too much screen time already , and enjoy going back to paper and ink at times . Some ad attempts online are blocked , unlike a paper ad . The value of print advertising is that a significant percentage of the population will see the same ad , unlike specialized Internet ads .", "The US journalism schools are also pressured to adapt to the changing landscape . At the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication , part of Arizona State University , a course on `` The Business of Journalism '' was retitled `` The Business and Future of Journalism '' Introductory level courses at the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University include `` Multimedia Storytelling '' and `` Introduction to 21st - Century Media '' . As print journalism wanes , journalism schools are focusing on the Internet as a distribution medium , and are recalibrating courses to hone skills needed for jobs in the 21st century . Schools now include classes on computer programming as well as entrepreneurship . Rich Beckman , a professor at the University of Miami , said `` There were deans all over the country saying , ' We 're never going to teach computer programming in J - school . ' Well , now they are . '' Centers for teaching new media innovation are being created at Columbia University and the City University of New York .", "Although newspapers are struggling , and journalism jobs being eliminated , applications at the nation 's journalism schools are increasing . The Columbia Journalism School reports a 44 % jump from 2008 , and the Annenberg School for Communication reports a 20 % increase . Other schools report similar increases ." ]
Decline of newspapers - Wikipedia Decline of newspapers Jump to: navigation , search Newspapers: a global industry in transition as an old paper-based technology confronts the age of the Internet and smart phones The decline of newspapers has been widely debated, as the industry has faced dropping newsprint prices, slumping ad sales, the loss of much classified advertising and precipitous drops in circulation. In recent years the number of newspapers slated for closure, bankruptcy or severe cutbacks has risen, especially in the United States, where the industry has shed a fifth of its journalists since 2001. Revenue has plunged while competition from Internet media has squeezed older print publishers. The debate has become more urgent lately, as a deepening recession has cut profits, and as once-explosive growth in newspaper Web revenues has leveled off, forestalling what the industry hoped would become an important source of revenue. One issue is whether the newspaper industry is being hit by a cyclical trough and will recover, or whether new technology has rendered newspapers obsolete in their traditional format. To survive, newspapers are considering combining and other options, although the outcome of such partnerships has been criticized. Despite these problems, newspaper companies with significant brand value , which have published their work online, have a significant rise in viewership. Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes for decline 2 Performance in the market (2000-- present) 2.1 United States 2.2 United Kingdom 2.3 Across the world 3 Technological change 4 Financial strategies 5 Crisis 6 Outlook for the future 6.1 Journalism schools in the U.S. 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Causes for decline ( edit ) Newsroom of The New York Times , 1942 The newspaper industry has always been cyclical, and the industry has weathered previous troughs. Television 's arrival in the 1950s began the decline of newspapers as most people's source of daily news. But the explosion of the Internet in the 1990s increased the range of media choices available to the average reader while further cutting into newspapers' dominance as the source of news. Television and the Internet both bring news to the consumer faster and in a more visual style than newspapers, which are constrained by their physical format and their physical manufacturing and distribution. Competing mediums also offer advertisers moving images and sound. And the Internet search function allows advertisers to tailor their pitch to readers who have revealed what they are seeking-- an enormous advantage. The Internet has also gone a step further than television in eroding the advertising income of newspapers, as -- unlike broadcast media -- it proves a convenient vehicle for classified advertising , particularly in categories such as jobs, vehicles, and real estate. Free services like Craigslist have decimated the classified advertising departments of newspapers, some of which depended on classifieds for 70% of their ad revenue. Research has shown that Craigslist cost the newspaper industry $5.4 billion from 2000-2007, and that changes on the classified side of newspaper business led to an increase in subscription prices, a decrease in display advertising rates, and impacted the online strategy of some newspapers. At the same time, newspapers have been pinched by consolidation of large department stores, which once accounted for substantial advertising sums. Press baron Rupert Murdoch once described the profits flowing from his stable of newspapers as `` rivers of gold'' , but several years later said, `` sometimes rivers dry up.'' `` Simply put'' , wrote The Buffalo News owner Warren Buffett , `` if cable and satellite broadcasting, as well as the Internet, had come along first, newspapers as we know them probably would never have existed.'' As their revenues have been squeezed, newspapers have also been increasingly assailed by other media taking away not only their readers, but their principal sources of profit. Many of these ' new media' are not saddled with expensive union contracts, printing presses, delivery fleets and overhead built over decades. Many of these competitors are simply ' aggregators' of news, often derived from print sources, but without print media's capital-intensive overhead. One estimate put the percentage of online news derived from newspapers at 80%. `` Newspapers are doing the reporting in this country,'' observed John S. Carroll , former editor of the Los Angeles Times for five years. `` Google and Yahoo! aren't those people putting reporters on the street in any number. Blogs cannot afford it.'' Many newspapers also suffer from the broad trend toward `` fragmentation'' of all media -- in which small numbers of large media outlets attempting to serve substantial portions of the population are replaced by an abundance of smaller and more specialized organizations, often aiming only to serve specific interest groups. So-called narrowcasting has splintered audiences into smaller and smaller slivers. But newspapers have not been alone in this: the rise of cable television and satellite television at the expense of network television in countries such as the United States and United Kingdom is another example of this fragmentation. With social media sites overtaking TV as a source for news for young people, news organisations have become increasingly reliant on social media platforms for generating traffic. A report by Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism described how a ' second wave of disruption' had hit news organisations, with publishers such as The Economist having to employ large social media teams to optimise their posts and maximise traffic. Major publishers such as Le Monde and Vogue now use advanced artificial intelligence (AI) technology from Echobox to post stories more effectively and generate higher volumes of traffic. Performance in the market (2000-- present) ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Since the beginning of 2009, the United States has seen a number of major metropolitan dailies shuttered or drastically pruned after no buyers emerged, including the Rocky Mountain News , closed in February, and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer , reduced to a bare-bones Internet operation. San Francisco Chronicle narrowly averted closure when employees made steep concessions. In Detroit , both newspapers, Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News , slashed home delivery to three days a week, while prodding readers to visit the newspapers' Internet sites on other days. In Tucson, Arizona , the state's oldest newspaper, the Tucson Citizen , said it would cease publishing on March 21, 2009, when parent Gannett Company failed to find a buyer. A number of other large, financially troubled newspapers are seeking buyers. One of the few large dailies finding a buyer is The San Diego Union-Tribune , which agreed to be sold to a private equity firm for what The Wall Street Journal called `` a rock-bottom price'' of less than $50 million -- essentially a real estate purchase. (The newspaper was estimated to have been worth roughly $1 billion as recently as 2004.) The Sun-Times Media Group , publisher of the eponymous bankrupt newspaper, fielded a meager $5 million cash bid, plus assumption of debt, for assets last claimed worth $310 million. Large newspaper chains filing bankruptcy since December 2008 include the Tribune Company , the Journal Register Company , the Minneapolis Star Tribune , Philadelphia Newspapers LLC , Sun-Times Media Group and Freedom Communications . Some newspaper chains that have purchased other papers have seen stock values plummet. The McClatchy Company , the nation's third-largest newspaper company, was the only bidder on the Knight Ridder chain of newspapers in 2005. Since its $6.5 billion Knight Ridder purchase, McClatchy's stock has lost more than 98% of its value. McClatchy subsequently announced large layoffs and executive pay cuts, as its shares fell into penny stock territory. (Although McClatchy faced delisting from the New York Stock Exchange for having a share price below $1, in September 2009, it was able to overcome this threat. Others have not been so lucky. In 2008 and 2009, three other U.S. newspaper chains have seen their shares delisted by the New York Stock Exchange. ) Other newspaper company valuations have been similarly punished: the stocks of Gannett Company, Lee Enterprises and Media General traded at less than two dollars per share by March 2009, with The Washington Post Company 's stock faring better than most, thanks to diversification into educational training programs -- and away from publishing. Similarly, UK -based Pearson PLC , owner of the Financial Times , increased earnings in 2008 despite a drop in newspaper profits, thanks to diversification away from publishing. The New York Times Company , hard-pressed for cash as its shares slid below five dollars per share, suspended its dividend, sold and leased back part of its headquarters, and sold preferred shares to Mexican businessman Carlos Slim in return for a cash infusion. But the credit rating agencies still cut the rating on Times Company's debt to junk status , and the cash crunch at The New York Times prompted it to threaten to shutter The Boston Globe unless workers made deep concessions. Even New News Corp. , the diversified media holding company overseen by Rupert Murdoch , was hit, forced to write down much of the value of newspaper publisher Dow Jones & Company that it purchased for $5 billion in 2007. Apparently shelved are plans announced by Murdoch at the time of the acquisition to expand The Wall Street Journal's newsroom. One development occurred in mid 2013, when billionaire Jeff Bezos , founder of Amazon.com , paid US$ 250 million for The Washington Post and several smaller newspapers. (The Post company had sold Newsweek a few years earlier.) The purchase, which ended the more than 80-year ownership of the paper by the Graham family, was called `` generous'' by publisher Katharine Weymouth , who was asked to remain at the helm. When it was noted that the paper might have to run stories which are critical of Amazon.com or Bezos in the future, Bezos agreed not to interfere with the newspaper's independence. Others have said that Bezos drastically overpaid for the paper, and that late publisher Katharine Graham might not have made the sale. The deterioration in the United States newspaper market led one senator to introduce a bill in March 2009 allowing newspaper companies to restructure as nonprofit corporations with an array of tax breaks . The Newspaper Revitalization Act would allow newspapers to operate as nonprofits similar to public broadcasting companies, barring them from making political endorsements. A 2015 report from the Brookings Institution shows that the number of newspapers per hundred million population fell from 1,200 (in 1945) to 400 in 2014. Over that same period, circulation per capita declined from 35 percent in the mid-1940s to under 15 percent. The number of newspaper journalists has decreased from 43,000 in 1978 to 33,000 in 2015. Other traditional news media have also suffered. Since 1980 the television networks have lost half their audience for evening newscasts; the audience for radio news has shrunk by 40%. United Kingdom ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2013) In the United Kingdom , newspaper publishers have been similarly hit. In late 2008 The Independent announced job cuts. In January the chain Associated Newspapers, now DMG Media , sold a controlling stake in the London Evening Standard as it announced a 24% decline in 2008 ad revenues. In March 2009 parent company Daily Mail and General Trust said job cuts would be deeper than expected, spanning its newspapers, which include the Leicester Mercury , the Bristol Evening Post and the Derby Telegraph . One industry report predicted that 1 in 10 UK print publications would cut its frequency of publication in half, go online only or shut in 2009. Across the World ( edit ) Newspaper market in Salta ( Argentina ) The challenges facing the industry are not limited to the United States, or even English-speaking markets. Newspapers in Switzerland and the Netherlands, for instance, have lost half of their classified advertising to the Internet. At its annual convention slated for May, 2009, in Barcelona , Spain , the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers has titled the convention's subject `` Newspapers Focus on Print & Advertising Revenues in Difficult Times'' . In September 2008, the World Association of Newspapers called for regulators to block a proposed Google-- Yahoo! advertising partnership, calling it a threat to newspaper industry revenues worldwide. The WAN painted a stark picture of the threat posed to newspapers by the search engine giants. `` Perhaps never in the history of newspaper publishing has a single, commercial entity threatened to exert this much control over the destiny of the press,'' said the Paris-based global newspaper organization of the proposed pact. But there are bright spots in the world market for newspapers. At its 2008 convention, held in Gothenburg , Sweden , the World Association of Newspapers released figures showing newspaper circulations and advertising had actually climbed in the previous year. Newspaper sales were up nearly 2.6% the previous year, and up 9.4% over the past five years. Free daily newspapers , noted the WAN, accounted for nearly 7% of all global newspaper circulation -- and a whopping 23% of European newspaper circulation. Of the world's 100 best-selling daily newspapers, 74 are published in Asia -- with China, Japan and India accounting for 62 of those. Sales of newspapers rose in Latin America , Asia and the Middle East , but fell in other regions of the world, including Western Europe , where the proliferation of free dailies helped bolster overall circulation figures. While Internet revenues are rising for the industry, the bulk of its Web revenues come from a few areas, with most revenue generated in the United States, western Europe and Asia-- Pacific region. Technological change ( edit ) The increasing use of the Internet search function, primarily through large engines such as Google , has also changed the habits of readers. Instead of perusing general interest publications, such as newspapers, readers are more likely to seek particular writers, blogs or sources of information through targeted searches, rendering the agglomeration of newspapers increasingly irrelevant. `` Power is shifting to the individual journalist from the news outlet with more people seeking out names through search, e-mail, blogs and social media,'' the industry publication Editor & Publisher noted in summarizing a recent study from the Project for Excellence in Journalism foundation. `` When we go online'' , writes columnist Nicholas Kristof of The New York Times , `` each of us is our own editor, our own gatekeeper.'' Where once the ability to disseminate information was restricted to those with printing presses or broadcast mechanisms, the Internet has enabled thousands of individual commentators to communicate directly with others through blogs or instant message services. Even open journalism projects like Wikipedia have contributed to the reordering of the media landscape, as readers are no longer restricted to established print organs for information. But the search engine experience has left some newspaper proprietors cold. `` The aggregators and plagiarists will soon have to pay a price for the co-opting of our content,'' Rupert Murdoch told the World Media Summit in Beijing , China . `` If we do not take advantage of the current movement toward paid content, it will be the content creators -- the people in this hall -- who will pay the ultimate price and the content kleptomaniacs who triumph.'' Critics of the newspaper as a medium also argue that while today's newspapers may appear visually different from their predecessors a century ago, in many respects they have changed little and have failed to keep pace with changes in society. The technology revolution has meant that readers accustomed to waiting for a daily newspaper can now receive up-to-the-minute updates from Web portals, bloggers and new services such as Twitter . The expanding reach of broadband Internet access means such updates have become commonplace for many users, especially the more affluent, an audience cultivated by advertisers. The gloomy outlook is not universal. In some countries, such as India , the newspaper remains more popular than Internet and broadcast media. Even where the problems are felt most keenly, in North America and Europe, there have been recent success stories, such as the dramatic rise of free daily newspapers, like those of Sweden 's Metro International , as well as papers targeted towards the Hispanic market, local weekly shoppers, and so-called hyperlocal news . But these new revenue streams, such as that from newspapers' proprietary Web sites, are often a fraction of the sums generated by the previous advertisement- and circulation-driven revenue streams, and so newspapers have been forced to curtail their overhead while simultaneously trying to entice new users. With revenues plummeting, many newspapers have slashed news bureaus and journalists, while still attempting to publish compelling content -- much of it more interactive, more lifestyle-driven and more celebrity-conscious. In response to falling ad revenues and plunging circulation, many newspapers have cut staff as well as editorial content, and in a vicious cycle , those cuts often spur more and deeper circulation declines-- triggering more loss of ad revenues. `` No industry can cut its way to future success,'' says industry analyst John Morton. `` At some point the business must improve.'' Overall, in the United States, average operating profit margins for newspapers remain at 11%. But that figure is falling rapidly, and in many cases is inadequate to service the debt that some newspaper companies took on during better times. And while circulation has dropped 2% annually for years, that decline has accelerated. The circulation decline, coupled with a 23% drop in 2008 newspaper ad revenues, have proven a double whammy for some newspaper chains. Combined with the current recession, the cloudy outlook for future profits has meant that many newspapers put on the block have been unable to find buyers, who remain concerned with increasing competition, dwindling profits and a business model that seems increasingly antiquated. `` As succeeding generations grow up with the Web and lose the habit of reading print'' , noted Columbia Journalism Review in 2007, `` it seems improbable that newspapers can survive with a cost structure at least 50% higher than their nimbler and cheaper Internet competitors.'' The problem facing newspapers is generational: while in 2005 an estimated 70% of older Americans read a newspaper daily, fewer than 20% of younger Americans did. `` It is the fundamental problem facing the industry,'' writes newspaper analyst Morton. `` It's probably not going away. And no one has figured a way out.'' By 2016 social media sites were overtaking television as a source for news for young people and news organisations have become increasingly reliant on social media platforms for generating traffic. A report by Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism described how a ' second wave of disruption' had hit news organisations, with publishers such as The Economist having to employ large social media teams to optimise their posts and maximise traffic. Major publishers such as Le Monde and Vogue increasingly use advanced artificial intelligence (AI) technology to post stories more effectively and generate higher volumes of traffic. Financial strategies ( edit ) While newspaper companies continue to produce much of the award-winning journalism, consumers of that journalism are less willing to pay for it in a world where information on the Web is plentiful and free. Plans for Web-based subscription services have largely faltered, with the exception of financial outlets like The Wall Street Journal , which have been able to generate substantial revenues from subscribers whose subscriptions are often underwritten by corporate employers. (Subscriptions to the Journal's paid Web site were up 7% in 2008.) Some general-interest newspapers, even high-profile papers like The New York Times , were forced to experiment with their initial paid Internet subscription models. Times Select , the Times' initial pay service, lasted exactly two years before the company abandoned it. However, they later brought back paid services and now allow visitors only 10 free articles per month before requiring them to purchase a subscription. Within the industry, there is little consensus on the best strategy for survival. Some pin their hopes on new technologies such as e-paper or radical revisions of the newspaper, such as Daily Me ; others, like a recent cover story in Time magazine, have advocated a system that includes both subscriptions as well as micro-payments for individual stories. Some newspaper analysts believe the wisest move is embracing the Internet, and exploiting the considerable brand value and consumer trust that newspapers have built over decades. But revenues from online editions have come nowhere near matching previous print income from circulation and advertising sales, since they get only about one-tenth to one-twentieth the revenue for a Web reader that they do for a print reader; many struggle to maintain their previous levels of reporting amidst eroding profits. With profits falling, many newspapers have cut back on their most expensive reporting projects -- overseas bureaus and investigative journalism. Some investigative projects often take months, with their payoff uncertain. In the past, larger newspapers often devoted a portion of their editorial budget to such efforts, but with ad dollars drying up, many papers are looking closer at the productivity of individual reporters, and judging speculative investments in investigative reports as non-essential. Some advocates have suggested that instead of investigative reports funded by newspapers, that non-profit foundations pick up the slack. The new non-profit ProPublica , a $10-million-a-year foundation devoted solely to investigative reporting and overseen by former Wall Street Journal editor Paul Steiger, for instance, hopes that its 18 reporters will be able to release their investigative reports free, courtesy of partnerships with such outlets as The New York Times , The Atlantic and 60 Minutes . The Huffington Post also announced that it would set aside funds for investigative reporting. Other industry observers are now clamoring for government subsidies to the newspaper industry. Observers point out that the reliability and accountability of newspapers is being replaced by a sea of anonymous bloggers, many with uncertain credentials and points of view. Where once the reader of a daily newspaper might consume reporting, for instance, by an established Cairo bureau chief for a major newspaper, today that same reader might be directed by a search engine to an anonymous blogger with cloudy allegiances, training or ability. Crisis ( edit ) US Newspaper Advertising Revenue Newspaper Association of America published data Number of newspapers in the United States Ironically, these dilemmas facing the newspaper industry come as its product has never been more sought-after. `` The peculiar fact about the current crisis'' , writes The New Yorker 's economics writer James Surowiecki , `` is that even as big papers have become less profitable they've arguably become more popular.'' As the demand for news has exploded, so have consumers of the output of newspapers. Both nytimes.com and washingtonpost.com , for instance, rank among the top 20 global news sites. But those consumers are now reading newspapers online for free, and although newspapers have been able to convert some of that viewership into ad dollars, it is a trickle compared to previous sources. At most newspapers, Web advertising accounts for only 10-- 15% of revenues. Some observers have compared the dilemma to that faced by the music industry. `` What's going on in the news business is a lot like what's happening with music,'' said editor Paul Steiger , a 43-year journalism veteran, who further added that free distribution of content through the Internet has caused `` a total collapse of the business model'' . The revenue streams that newspapers counted on to subsidize their product have changed irrevocably: in 2008, according to a study by the Pew Research Center , more people in the United States got their news for free on the Internet than paid for it by buying a newspaper or magazine. `` With newspapers entering bankruptcy even as their audience grows, the threat is not just to the companies that own them, but also the news itself,'' observed writer David Carr of The New York Times in a January 2009 column. Outlook for the future ( edit ) In 2016, for the third year in a row, the CareerCast survey of the best and worst jobs in the U.S. reports that a newspaper reporter is the worst career. It pointed to fewer job prospects because of publications closing down, and declining ad revenue providing less money for salaries. Being an over the air broadcaster was the third worst, and advertising sales is in the bottom 10. Average annual salary for print journalists is $37,200. Depending on location and circumstances, each specific newspaper will face varied threats and changes. In some cases, new owners have increased their reliance on print, not trying to rely a lot more on digital services. However, in most cases, there is an attempt to find new revenue sources online that are less based on print sales. How much further ad sales will decline cannot be predicted with accuracy. Ultimately, the newspaper of the future may bear little resemblance to the newsprint edition familiar to older readers. It may become a hybrid, part-print and part-Internet, or perhaps eventually, as has happened with several newspapers, including the Seattle Post-Intelligencer , The Christian Science Monitor and The Ann Arbor News , Internet only. In the meantime, the transition from the printed page to whatever comes next will likely be fraught with challenges, both for the newspaper industry and for its consumers. `` My expectation,'' wrote executive editor Bill Keller of The New York Times in January 2009, `` is that for the foreseeable future our business will continue to be a mix of print and online journalism, with the growth online offsetting the (gradual, we hope) decline of print'' . The paper in newspaper may go away, insist industry stalwarts, but the news will remain. `` Paper is dying,'' said Nick Bilton, a technologist for The Times , `` but it's just a device. Replacing it with pixels is a better experience.'' On September 8, 2010, Arthur Sulzberger, Jr. , Chairman and Publisher of The New York Times , told an International Newsroom Summit in London that `` We will stop printing the New York Times sometime in the future, date TBD.'' Mitchell Stephens calls for a turn toward `` wisdom journalism'' that will take a more evaluative, investigative, informed, and possibly even opinionated stance. But even as pixels replace print, and as newspapers undergo wrenching surgery, necessitating deep cutbacks, reallocation of remaining reporters, and the slashing of decades-old overhead, some observers remain optimistic. What emerges may be `` newspapers'' unrecognizable to older readers, but which may be more timely, more topical and more flexible. Less competition from other local printers will also be a major determining factor. `` Journalistic outlets will discover'' , wrote Michael Hirschorn in The Atlantic , `` that the Web allows (okay, forces) them to concentrate on developing expertise in a narrower set of issues and interests, while helping journalists from other places and publications find new audiences.'' The ' newspaper' of the future, say Hirschorn and others, may resemble The Huffington Post more than anything flung at today's stoops and driveways. Much of that experimentation may happen in the world's fastest-growing newspaper markets. `` The number of newspapers and their circulation has declined the world over except in India and China,'' according to former CEO Olivier Fleurot of Financial Times . `` The world is becoming more digital but technology has helped newspapers as much as the Internet.'' Making those technological changes work for them, instead of against them, will decide whether newspapers remain vital -- or roadkill on the information superhighway . There will be a percentage of readers that refuse to use the Internet and electronic screens, preferring hard copies. What this percentage will be, in various places and times, remains to be seen. Some readers have too much screen time already, and enjoy going back to paper and ink at times. Some ad attempts online are blocked, unlike a paper ad. The value of print advertising is that a significant percentage of the population will see the same ad, unlike specialized Internet ads. Journalism schools in the U.S. ( edit ) The US journalism schools are also pressured to adapt to the changing landscape. At the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication , part of Arizona State University , a course on `` The Business of Journalism'' was retitled `` The Business and Future of Journalism'' Introductory level courses at the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University include `` Multimedia Storytelling'' and `` Introduction to 21st-Century Media'' . As print journalism wanes, journalism schools are focusing on the Internet as a distribution medium, and are recalibrating courses to hone skills needed for jobs in the 21st century. Schools now include classes on computer programming as well as entrepreneurship. Rich Beckman, a professor at the University of Miami , said `` There were deans all over the country saying, ' We're never going to teach computer programming in J-school.' Well, now they are.'' Centers for teaching new media innovation are being created at Columbia University and the City University of New York . Although newspapers are struggling, and journalism jobs being eliminated, applications at the nation's journalism schools are increasing. The Columbia Journalism School reports a 44% jump from 2008, and the Annenberg School for Communication reports a 20% increase. Other schools report similar increases. See also ( edit ) Journalism portal Mass media and American politics Social media and political communication in the United States History of journalism History of American newspapers History of British newspapers History of Canadian newspapers History of French journalism Online newspaper References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Saba, Jennifer (March 16, 2009). `` Specifics on Newspapers from ' State of News Media' Report'' . Editor & Publisher . Archived from the original on March 20, 2009 . Retrieved 2009-03-17 . Jump up ^ `` Newspaper Overview'' . idio. June 28, 2009. Archived from the original on July 4, 2009 . Retrieved 2009-07-14 . Jump up ^ Newspapers' ad revenue for 2008 fell 23%, according to the Newspaper Association of America. (1) Jump up ^ Clifford, Stephanie (October 12, 2008). `` Newspapers' Web Revenue is Stalling'' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 3, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Newspaper Execs Treading Carefully on Anti-trust Laws'' . Nieman Labs. May 28, 2009 . Retrieved 2009-07-14 . Jump up ^ `` The Newspaper Economic Action Plan: A sense check'' . idio. June 4, 2009 . Retrieved 2009-07-14 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, Mark (March 18, 2009). `` How Did Newspapers Get In This Pickle?'' . Editor & Publisher . Retrieved 2014-01-30 . Jump up ^ Seamans, Robert; Zhu, Feng (February 2014). `` Responses to Entry in Multi-Sided Markets: The Impact of Craigslist on Local Newspapers'' (PDF) . Management Science . 60 (2): 476-- 493. doi : 10.1287/mnsc.2013.1785 . Jump up ^ Plunkett, John (November 24, 2005). `` Murdoch Predicts Gloomy Future for Press'' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 3, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: Morton, John (October-- November 2007). `` Buffeted: Newspapers Are Paying the Price for Shortsighted Thinking'' . American Journalism Review . Jump up ^ Alterman, Eric (March 31, 2008). `` Out of Print: The Death and Life of the American Newspaper'' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Baker, Russell (August 16, 2007). `` Goodbye to Newspapers?'' . The New York Review of Books . Jump up ^ Richard Campbell, Christopher R. Martin, Bettina G. Fabos (2008). Media and Culture with 2009 Update . Macmillan. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-312-47824-7 . Retrieved March 27, 2009 . CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to: Wakefield, Jane (15 June 2016). `` Young using social media to access news'' . Retrieved 5 October 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk. ^ Jump up to: Preston, Peter (31 July 2016). `` Print still has a future, and Le Monde can prove it. Aux armes, citoyens!'' . Retrieved 5 October 2017 -- via www.theguardian.com. ^ Jump up to: Smith, Mark (22 July 2016). `` So you think you chose to read this article?'' . Retrieved 5 October 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk. Jump up ^ `` Seattle Post-Intelligencer to Go Online Only'' . Chicago Tribune . March 16, 2009. Jump up ^ Rogers, Paul (March 14, 2009). `` Workers OK Deal in Effort to Save San Francisco Chronicle'' . San Jose Mercury News . Jump up ^ Lieberman, David (March 17, 2009). `` Newspaper Closings Raise Fears About Industry'' . USA Today . Retrieved May 3, 2010 . Jump up ^ Rotstein, Arthur H. (March 16, 2009). `` Tucson Citizen to Close March 21'' . MSNBC. Associated Press. Jump up ^ Some estimate that of the 50 largest daily newspaper in America, 19 are operating in the red. (2) Jump up ^ But despite the purchase of Diego newspaper, the deal is unlikely to stoke much private equity interest in the industry, according to The Wall Street Journal , `` as the downward trends the industry faces are too challenging for most firms to want to take on'' . While there are a large number of newspapers for sale, `` most of them have more liabilities -- union contracts, for instance -- than worthwhile assets,'' notes The Journal. (3) Jump up ^ Ovide, Shira; Adams, Russell (March 19, 2009). `` San Diego Paper Lands Fire-Sale Buyer'' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` More Newspaper Shake-ups Loom with Chapter 11'' . Associated Press. February 23, 2009. Archived from the original on February 27, 2009. `` Freedom Communications Files for Bankruptcy Protection'' . The New York Times . September 9, 2009 . Retrieved May 3, 2010 . Jump up ^ While newspapers earnings have suffered, the value of newspaper franchises has suffered more. Because the equity markets attempt to price future earnings, newspaper share values have swooned because of the uncertainty of their future revenue streams. Jump up ^ Alterman, Eric (March 31, 2008). `` Out of Print'' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Hennelly, William. `` Newspaper Winners and Losers: McClatchy'' . TheStreet.com. Jump up ^ `` McClatchy Receives Compliance Notice From NYSE'' (Press release). McClatchy. September 4, 2009. Jump up ^ With three large newspaper chains having been booted out of the New York Stock Exchange , the figure would be higher except that the Exchange eased its listing requirements temporarily because of the global financial crisis. (4) Jump up ^ Financial returns on newspaper stocks have been dismal for a decade. An investor who put $100 into the Standard and Poor's 500 Index would have had $89 by December 2008 -- a similar investment of $100 in group of the largest newspaper company stocks would have yielded just $18 by year end 2008. (5) Jump up ^ `` Pearson 2008 Profit Up -- No Thanks to ' Financial Times ' '' . Editor & Publisher . March 2, 2009. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Times Co. Threatens to Shut Down Globe'' . The Boston Globe . April 3, 2009. Archived from the original on January 28, 2014 . Retrieved 2014-01-30 . Jump up ^ Arango, Tim (February 5, 2009). `` News Corp. Loss Shows Trouble at Dow Jones'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lemann, Nicholas (April 13, 2009). `` Paper Tigers: What media moguls make'' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to: Fitzgerald, Mark (March 24, 2009). `` Senate Bill Would Allow Tax-Exempt Status for Newspapers'' . Editor & Publisher . Retrieved 2014-01-30 . Jump up ^ The bill would exempt from taxes newspapers income from advertising and subscriptions. and money spent on news gathering would be tax deductible. So far the bill has only Senator Ben Cardin as sponsor. (6) Jump up ^ Edmonds, Rick. `` A Morning-After Take on the Nonprofit Newspaper Bill'' . PoynterOnline . The Poynter Institute for Media Studies . Jump up ^ Elaine C. Kamarck and Ashley Gabriele, `` The news today: 7 trends in old and new media'' Center for Effective Public Management at Brookings, November 10, 2015 Jump up ^ `` Daily Mail Group to Cut 1,000 Jobs'' . Breitbart. Agence France Presse,. March 23, 2009. Archived from the original on March 27, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Journalism Job Losses: Tracking Cuts Across the Industry'' . journalism.co.uk. Jump up ^ `` Who Killed the Newspaper?'' . The Economist. April 24, 2006. Jump up ^ In the United States in February 2009, the annual American Society of News Editors announced they were cancelling their annual convention due to the industry meltdown. In making the announcement, ASNE President Charlotte Hall, editor of Orlando Sentinel said, `` this is an industry in crisis.'' The only previous cancellation of an ASNE annual convention since the group's creation in 1923 was in 1945. Since 1945 the industry has weathered 10 national economic recessions. (7) (8) Archived March 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Newspapers Focus on Print & Advertising Revenue in Difficult Times'' . Paris, France: World Association of Newspapers. February 2009. Jump up ^ In an interesting twist, the Newspaper Association of America , a member of the World Association of Newspapers but representing 90% of American newspaper publishers, declined to endorse the WAN objections to the Google-Yahoo pact. Jump up ^ Helft, Miguel (September 15, 2008). `` Newspapers Worldwide (Minus U.S.) Oppose Google-Yahoo Deal'' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 3, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: `` Newspapers see sales and ad revenue climb'' . The Local, Sweden's News in English. June 2, 2008. Jump up ^ Google's CEO Eric Schmidt recently revealed that the company had considered, but then abandoned, the thought of purchasing a newspaper itself or using its charitable arm to support news businesses seeking non-profit status. (9) Jump up ^ `` The Daily Me, Nicholas Kristof'' . The New York Times . March 18, 2009 . Retrieved May 3, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Not Just Another Column About Blogging: What Newspaper History Says About Newspaper Future, Jack Shafer, Salon, January 26, 2006, salon.com'' . Jump up ^ Ratner, Andrew (March 17, 2009). `` ' Wikipedia Revolution' United Users on Internet'' . The Baltimore Sun . Jump up ^ Alistair Dawber (October 10, 2009). `` Murdoch Blasts Search Engine ' Kleptomaniacs ' '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved May 3, 2010 . Jump up ^ Terdiman, Daniel (March 13, 2009). `` News Has a Bright Future, Author Says'' . CNET News. Jump up ^ `` Abandoning the News, Carnegie Reporter, Carnegie Corporation of New York, carnegie.org'' . Archived from the original on 2014-02-03 . Retrieved 2014-01-30 . Jump up ^ `` Net to Newspapers: Drop Dead'' . BusinessWeek . July 4, 2005. Jump up ^ Myers, Jack (October 27, 2008). `` Is There a Future for Newspapers?'' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Mullaney, Tim (March 10, 2009). `` Google Executive, N.Y. Times Wrestle in New Jersey for Local Ads'' . Bloomberg.com. Jump up ^ `` Economy ' Threatens' News Accuracy'' . BBC News . February 9, 2009. Jump up ^ Ahrens, Frank (December 4, 2006). `` A Newspaper Chain Sees Its Future, And It's Online and Hyper-Local'' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ The troubles in the U.S. newspaper market, while acute, aren't universal. Large newspapers are suffering more than small. `` The great majority of America's 1200 daily newspapers are doing pretty well,'' notes Editor & Publisher editor Mark Fitzgerald. `` Even some of the big papers in the most troubled chains are still churning out profit margins in the high teens. That's three or four times the margins of ExxonMobil. (10) Jump up ^ Perez-Pena, Richard (October 27, 2008). `` Newspaper Circulation Continues to Decline Rapidly'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gunther, Marc (July 26, 2007). `` Can the Washington Post Survive?'' . Fortune . Jump up ^ Kuttner, Robert (March-- April 2007). `` The Race'' . Columbia Journalism Review . ^ Jump up to: Massing, Michael (December 1, 2005). `` The End of News?'' . The New York Review of Books . Jump up ^ Perez-Pena, Richard (September 18, 2007). `` Times to Stop Charging for Parts of Its Web Site'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009-03-18 . Jump up ^ `` Can I get a subscription to NYTimes.com only?'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kristof, Nicholas D. (March 18, 2009). `` The Daily Me'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Isaacson, Walter (February 5, 2009). `` How to Save Your Newspaper'' . Time . Retrieved 2009-03-18 . Jump up ^ Thomas, Owen (February 5, 2009). `` How Not to Save Newspapers'' . ValleyWag, Gawker.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-07. Jump up ^ Shafer, Jack (November 30, 2006). `` Chronicle of the Newspaper Death Foretold'' . Slate . ^ Jump up to: Hirschorn, Michael (January-- February 2009). `` End Times'' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Hunt, Albert R. (March 22, 2009). `` Letter from Washington: A Vibrant Democracy Requires Newspapers'' . International Herald Tribune . Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on March 26, 2009. ^ Jump up to: Cruz, Gilbert (July 9, 2008). `` The Nightly News, Not for Profit'' . Time . Retrieved May 3, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Huffington Plans Investigative Journalism Venture'' , David Bauder, The Washington Post , March 29, 2009 Jump up ^ Nichols, John; Robert W. McChensey (March 18, 2009). `` The Death and Life of Great American Newspapers'' . The Nation . Jump up ^ In response to charges of lack of credentials or unverified reporting, bloggers often point to their role in examining the reporting of The New York Times reporter Judith Miller , whose early reporting on the events leading to the war in Iraq went largely unchallenged in mainstream media. `` In the run up to the Iraq war'' , says Arianna Huffington of the eponymous The Huffington Post , `` many in the mainstream media , including The New York Times, lost their veneer of unassailable trustworthiness for many readers and viewers, and it became clear that new media sources could be trusted -- and indeed are often much quicker a correcting mistakes than old media sources.'' (11) Jump up ^ `` Trends & Numbers'' . Newspaper Association of America . 14 March 2012. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Branch, Company Statistics Division, Economic Census. `` Statistics of U.S. Businesses 2012 Historical Data Page'' . www.census.gov . Retrieved 2016-04-01 . Jump up ^ Surowiecki, James (December 22, 2008). `` News You Can Lose'' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Isaacson, Walter (February 5, 2009). `` How to Save Your Newspaper'' . Time . Jump up ^ See `` Newspaper reporter rated worst job in America'' , FOX5NY, 14 April, 2000 Jump up ^ Nordenson, Bree (November-- December 2008). `` Overload!, Journalism's Battle for Relevance in an Age of Too Much Information'' . Columbia Journalism Review . Jump up ^ Richman, Dan; James, Andrea (March 17, 2009). `` Seattle P-I to Publish Last Edition Tuesday'' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Jump up ^ Perez-Pena, Richard (March 23, 2009). `` 4 Michigan Markets Will Lose Daily Newspapers, As Ailing Industry Tries to Cope'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Talk to the Newsroom: Executive Editor'' . The New York Times . January 28, 2009 . Retrieved May 3, 2010 . Jump up ^ Singel, Ryan (March 10, 2009). `` Times Techie Envisions The Future of News'' . Wired Magazine, blog.wired.com. Jump up ^ Shea, Danny (September 10, 2010). `` Arthur Sulzberger: ' We Will Stop Printing The New York Times Sometime In The Future ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2010-09-10 . Jump up ^ Mitchell Stephens, Beyond News: The Future of Journalism (Columbia University Press; 2014) Jump up ^ Even as some large newspapers for sale in the United States have been unable to find buyers, the market for smaller community newspapers, which have faced less online competition, has held up better. (12) In general, smaller newspapers are worth more in relative terms than large papers. `` A newspaper in small-to-medium markets tends to be worth more on a relative basis than a big-- city paper,'' notes longtime newspaper analyst John Morton. `` Big cities tend to have more media outlets competing for advertising, and big-- city newspapers are more likely to have onerous union contracts.'' (13) Jump up ^ `` Minnpost.com'' . Jump up ^ Jensen, Elizabeth (March 22, 2009). `` A Web Site's For-Profit Approach to World News'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Newspapers have bright future ' '' . The Times of India . March 24, 2005. Jump up ^ Kamiya, Gary (February 17, 2009). `` The Death of the News'' . Salon . ^ Jump up to: Stelter, Brian (April 19, 2009). `` J-Schools Play Catchup'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009-04-19 . Jump up ^ Rainey, James (April 17, 2009). `` As newspapers decline, journalism schools thrive'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009-04-19 . Further reading ( edit ) Anderson, C.W. (2013). Rebuilding the News: Metropolitan Journalism in the Digital Age (Temple University Press; 236 pages) uses fieldwork, archival research, and social-network analysis to analyze the Philadelphia Inquirer and the Philadelphia Daily News. Auletta, Ken (2009). Googled: The End of the World As We Know It . New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-235-3 . Giles, Robert H. (Spring 2010). `` New economic models for U.S. journalism'' . Daedalus . MIT Press. 139 (2): 26-- 38. doi : 10.1162/daed.2010.139.2.26 . Herndon, Keith L. (2012) The Decline of the Daily Newspaper: How an American Institution Lost the Online Revolution (Peter Lang Publishing; 306 pages) Jones, Alex (2009). Losing the News: The Future of the News That Feeds Democracy . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518123-4 . Lowrey, Wilson; Gade, Peter J. (2011). Changing the News: The Forces Shaping Journalism in Uncertain Times . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87157-0 . `` Why India's Newspaper Industry is Thriving'' , Ken Auletta , The New Yorker , 8 October 2012 `` Newspapers as Luxury Goods: Murdoch and Sulzberger Have More in Common Than It Appears'' , John Cassidy , The New Yorker , 4 December 2012 (14) `` Washington Post appears to be a dinosaur -- but has already evolved'' , James Ball, The Guardian , 9 December 2012 External links ( edit ) Edgecliffe-Johnson, Andrew (May 17, 2009). `` Media's Want to Break Free'' . Financial Times . Retrieved 2009-05-17 . Perez-Pena, Richard (March 12, 2009). `` As Cities Go From Two Papers to One, Talk of Zero'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009-03-17 . Kamiya, Gary (February 17, 2009). `` The death of the news'' . Salon . Retrieved 2009-03-17 . Alterman, Eric (February 11, 2009). `` Save the News, Not the Newspaper'' . The Nation . Retrieved 2009-03-17 . Future of Newspapers, Walter Isaacson, Mort Zuckerman, Robert Thomson, Charlie Rose Show, charlierose.com A Web Site's For-Profit Approach to World News, The New York Times, March 22, 2009 Dynamic World of Print Media Tracks newspaper closings, openings, mergers, format changes Newspaper Death Watch, newspaperdeathwatch.com Pfanner, Eric (August 16, 2009). `` The Paper that doesn't want to be free'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009-08-19 . Evans, Sir Harold (August 20, 2009). `` The Daily Show'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009-08-21 . Paper Cuts , tracks layoffs and buyouts at U.S. newspapers Thompson, Derek (December 19, 2012). `` The Scariest Thing about the Newspaper Business Isn't Print's Decline, It's Digital's Growth'' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 20, 2012 . 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what did the supreme court rule in case regarding the sedition act
As the precedents stand at present , therefore , it appears that Schenck is still good law . Criminal attempts may be prosecuted even if carried out solely through expressive behavior , and a majority of the justices continue to view such prosecutions in the light of the majority opinion in Abrams : the Court will defer to legislative judgments , at least in national security matters , that some forms of political advocacy may be prosecuted .
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[ "Schenck v. United States Supreme Court of the United States Argued January 8 -- 10 , 1919 Decided March 3 , 1919 Full case name Charles T. Schenck v. United States , Elizabeth Baer v. United States Citations 249 U.S. 47 ( more ) 63 L. Ed . 470 ; 1919 U.S. LEXIS 2223 ; 17 Ohio L. Rep. 26 ; 17 Ohio L. Rep. 149 Prior history Defendants convicted , E.D. Pa. ; motion for new trial denied , 253 F. 212 ( E.D. Pa. 1918 ) Subsequent history None Holding Defendant 's criticism of the draft was not protected by the First Amendment , because it created a clear and present danger to the enlistment and recruiting service of the U.S. armed forces during a state of war . Court membership Chief Justice Edward D. White Associate Justices Joseph McKenna Oliver W. Holmes Jr . William R. Day Willis Van Devanter Mahlon Pitney James C. McReynolds Louis Brandeis John H. Clarke Case opinions Majority Holmes , joined by unanimous Laws applied U.S. Const . amend . I ; 50 U.S.C. § 33 Overruled by Brandenburg v. Ohio , 395 U.S. 444 ( 1969 )", "Schenck v. United States", "Supreme Court of the United States", "Argued January 8 -- 10 , 1919 Decided March 3 , 1919", "Full case name Charles T. Schenck v. United States , Elizabeth Baer v. United States", "Citations 249 U.S. 47 ( more ) 63 L. Ed . 470 ; 1919 U.S. LEXIS 2223 ; 17 Ohio L. Rep. 26 ; 17 Ohio L. Rep. 149", "Prior history Defendants convicted , E.D. Pa. ; motion for new trial denied , 253 F. 212 ( E.D. Pa. 1918 )", "Subsequent history None", "Holding", "Defendant 's criticism of the draft was not protected by the First Amendment , because it created a clear and present danger to the enlistment and recruiting service of the U.S. armed forces during a state of war .", "Court membership", "Chief Justice Edward D. White Associate Justices Joseph McKenna Oliver W. Holmes Jr . William R. Day Willis Van Devanter Mahlon Pitney James C. McReynolds Louis Brandeis John H. Clarke", "Chief Justice Edward D. White Associate Justices Joseph McKenna Oliver W. Holmes Jr . William R. Day Willis Van Devanter Mahlon Pitney James C. McReynolds Louis Brandeis John H. Clarke", "Edward D. White", "Joseph McKenna Oliver W. Holmes Jr . William R. Day Willis Van Devanter Mahlon Pitney James C. McReynolds Louis Brandeis John H. Clarke", "Case opinions", "Majority Holmes , joined by unanimous", "Laws applied", "U.S. Const . amend . I ; 50 U.S.C. § 33", "Overruled by", "Brandenburg v. Ohio , 395 U.S. 444 ( 1969 )", "Brandenburg v. Ohio , 395 U.S. 444 ( 1969 )", "Brandenburg v. Ohio , 395 U.S. 444 ( 1969 )", "Schenck v. United States , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) , is a United States Supreme Court case concerning enforcement of the Espionage Act of 1917 during World War I. A unanimous Supreme Court , in an opinion by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. , concluded that defendants who distributed fliers to draft - age men , urging resistance to induction , could be convicted of an attempt to obstruct the draft , a criminal offense . The First Amendment did not alter the well - established law in cases where the attempt was made through expressions that would be protected in other circumstances . In this opinion , Holmes said that expressions which in the circumstances were intended to result in a crime , and posed a `` clear and present danger '' of succeeding , could be punished .", "The Court did n't continue to follow this reasoning to uphold a series of convictions arising out of prosecutions during wartime , but Holmes began to dissent in the case of Abrams v. United States , insisting that the Court had departed from the standard he had crafted for them , and had begun to allow punishment for ideas . But the Court has set another line of precedents to govern cases in which the constitutionality of a statute is challenged on its face .", "Schenck v. United States was the first in a line of Supreme Court Cases defining the modern understanding of the First Amendment . Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. wrote the often - cited opinion in the case , because of events that were not publicly known at the time . The United States ' entry into the First World War had caused deep divisions in society , and was vigorously opposed , especially by those on the radical left and by those who had ties to Ireland or Germany . The Woodrow Wilson Administration launched a broad campaign of criminal enforcement that resulted in thousands of prosecutions . Many of these were for trivial acts of dissent . In the first case arising from this campaign to come before the Court , Baltzer v. United States , the defendants had signed a petition criticizing their governor 's administration of the draft , threatening him with defeat at the polls . They were charged with obstructing the recruitment and enlistment service , and convicted . When a majority of the Court voted during their conference to affirm the conviction , Holmes quickly drafted and circulated a strongly worded dissenting opinion :", "Real obstructions of the law , giving real aid and comfort to the enemy , I should have been glad to see punished more summarily and severely than they sometimes were . But I think that our intention to put out all our powers in aid of success in war should not hurry us into intolerance of opinions and speech that could not be imagined to do harm , although opposed to our own . It is better for those who have unquestioned and almost unlimited power in their hands to err on the side of freedom .", "Rather than proceed in the face of Holmes 's biting dissent , Chief Justice Edward Douglass White set the case aside and word of the situation evidently reached the Administration , because the prosecution was abandoned . White then asked Holmes to write the opinion for a unanimous Court in the next case , one in which they could agree , Schenck v. United States . Holmes wrote that opinion , and wrote again for a unanimous court upholding convictions in two more cases that spring , Frohwerk v. United States and Debs v. United States , establishing what remains the standard for deciding the constitutionality of criminal convictions based on expressive behavior . Holmes disliked legislative - style formulas , and did not repeat the language of `` clear and present danger '' in any subsequent opinion , however . The Schenck opinion alone accordingly is often cited as the source of this legal standard , and some scholars have suggested that Holmes changed his mind and offered a different view in his equally famous dissent in Abrams v. United States . The events leading to the assignment of the Schenck opinion to Holmes were discovered when Holmes 's biographer Sheldon Novick unearthed the unpublished Baltzer opinion among Holmes 's papers at Harvard Law School .", "The facts of the Schenck Case were as follows . Charles Schenck and Elizabeth Baer were members of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Party in Philadelphia , of which Schenck was General Secretary . The executive committee authorized , and Schenck oversaw , printing and mailing more than 15,000 fliers to men slated for conscription during World War I . The fliers urged men not to submit to the draft , saying `` Do not submit to intimidation '' , `` Assert your rights '' , `` If you do not assert and support your rights , you are helping to deny or disparage rights which it is the solemn duty of all citizens and residents of the United States to retain , '' and urged men not to comply with the draft on the grounds that military conscription constituted involuntary servitude , which is prohibited by the Thirteenth Amendment .", "After jury trials Schenck and Baer were convicted of violating Section 3 of the Espionage Act of 1917 . Both defendants appealed to the United States Supreme Court , arguing that their conviction , and the statute which purported to authorize it , were contrary to the First Amendment . They relied heavily on the text of the First Amendment , and their claim that the Espionage Act of 1917 had what today one would call a `` chilling effect '' on free discussion of the war effort .", "The Court , in a unanimous opinion written by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. , held that Schenck 's criminal conviction was constitutional . The statute only applied to successful obstructions of the draft , but common - law precedents allowed prosecution for attempts that were dangerously close to success . Attempts made by speech or writing could be punished like other attempted crimes ; the First Amendment did not protect speech encouraging men to resist induction , because , `` when a nation is at war , many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight , and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right . '' In other words , the court held , the circumstances of wartime allow greater restrictions on free speech than would be allowed during peacetime , if only because new and greater dangers are present .", "The opinion 's most famous and most often quoted passage was this :", "The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic . ( ... ) The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent .", "The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic . ( ... ) The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent .", "The phrase `` shouting fire in a crowded theater '' has since become a popular metaphor for dangers or limitations of free speech .", "In subsequent cases , when it appeared to him that the Court was departing from the precedents established in Schenck and companion cases , Holmes dissented , reiterating his view that expressions of honest opinion were entitled to near absolute protection , but that expressions made with the specific intent to cause a criminal harm , or that threatened a clear and present danger of such harm , could be punished . In Abrams v. United States , he elaborated on the common - law privileges for freedom of speech and of the press , and stated his conviction that freedom of opinion was central to the constitutional scheme because competition in the `` marketplace '' of ideas was the best test of their truth . In Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) , concerning a conviction for seditious speech forbidden by California law , Holmes joined a concurring opinion written by Justice Louis D. Brandeis once again explaining the clear - and - present - danger standard for criminal attempts in these terms , reiterating the argument that political speech was protected because of the value of democratic deliberation . The Supreme Court continued to affirm convictions for seditious speech in a series of prosecutions of leftists , however , culminating in Dennis v. United States , 341 U.S. 494 ( 1951 ) in which a bitterly divided Court upheld the sedition convictions for the leaders of the Communist Party . Judge Learned Hand in the court below and Chief Justice Vinson for the plurality in the Supreme Court cited Schenck , and the language of `` clear and present danger '' accordingly fell into disfavor among the advocates of free speech and freedom of the press .", "A unanimous Court in a brief per curiam opinion in Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) , abandoned the disfavored language while seemingly applying the reasoning of Schenck to reverse the conviction of a Ku Klux Klan member prosecuted for giving an inflammatory speech . The Court said that speech could be prosecuted only when it posed a danger of `` imminent lawless action , '' a formulation which is sometimes said to reflect Holmes reasoning as more fully explicated in his Abrams dissent , rather than the common law of attempts explained in Schenck . Brandenburg is also taken to have repudiated the clear - and - present - danger standard as construed in Dennis , and to have adopted something more like the explication given by Holmes and Brandeis in subsequent opinions . Partly because the standard for protecting expressive behavior under the First Amendment was stated differently in his different opinions , `` revisionist '' scholars have argued that Holmes changed his mind in the summer of 1919 , and that after writing three opinions for a unanimous court , he stated a different and more liberal view in his Abrams dissent a few weeks later . Bolstered by this argument , a number of advocates for freedom of expression have insisted that the Supreme Court has rejected Schenck and the majority opinion in Abrams , and in practice has followed the reasoning of Holmes ' Abrams dissent and Brandeis ' and Holmes ' concurring opinion in Whitney . The Court has repeatedly reaffirmed Schenck , however , holding that the destruction of a draft card could be prosecuted as a violation of Selective Service regulations even though carried out as a protest ( United States v. O'Brien ) , but that burning an American flag at a protest could not be prosecuted because it posed no danger of causing a harm that the legislature had power to forbid ( Texas v. Johnson ) .", "In 2010 , the Supreme Court rejected the argument of Holmes 's Abrams dissent . The facts in Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project were similar to those in Abrams : persons who planned to advocate the causes of Sri Lankan and Kurdish organizations , designated terrorist groups , had a reasonable fear of prosecution under the USA PATRIOT Act , 18 U.S.C. Section 2339B , for providing material support for terrorist organizations . The Supreme Court held that such prosecutions were not barred by the First Amendment , expressly rejecting the argument that a `` specific intent '' to assist terrorist acts was required , rejecting also the claim of the dissenting justices that the case was governed by the concurrence in Whitney , or by the standard stated in Brandenburg . Finally , in Citizens United v. FEC , the majority of the Court rejected the argument made by the dissenters that the First Amendment was premised on the value of democratic deliberation in the `` marketplace of ideas . '' Instead , they held that First Amendment rights are individual , not based on communitarian considerations .", "As the precedents stand at present , therefore , it appears that Schenck is still good law . Criminal attempts may be prosecuted even if carried out solely through expressive behavior , and a majority of the justices continue to view such prosecutions in the light of the majority opinion in Abrams : the Court will defer to legislative judgments , at least in national security matters , that some forms of political advocacy may be prosecuted ." ]
Schenck v. United States - wikipedia Schenck v. United States Jump to: navigation , search Schenck v. United States Supreme Court of the United States Argued January 8-- 10, 1919 Decided March 3, 1919 Full case name Charles T. Schenck v. United States, Elizabeth Baer v. United States Citations 249 U.S. 47 ( more ) 63 L. Ed. 470; 1919 U.S. LEXIS 2223; 17 Ohio L. Rep. 26; 17 Ohio L. Rep. 149 Prior history Defendants convicted, E.D. Pa. ; motion for new trial denied, 253 F. 212 (E.D. Pa. 1918) Subsequent history None Holding Defendant's criticism of the draft was not protected by the First Amendment, because it created a clear and present danger to the enlistment and recruiting service of the U.S. armed forces during a state of war. Court membership Chief Justice Edward D. White Associate Justices Joseph McKenna Oliver W. Holmes Jr. William R. Day Willis Van Devanter Mahlon Pitney James C. McReynolds Louis Brandeis John H. Clarke Case opinions Majority Holmes, joined by unanimous Laws applied U.S. Const. amend. I ; 50 U.S.C. § 33 Overruled by Brandenburg v. Ohio , 395 U.S. 444 (1969) Schenck v. United States , 249 U.S. 47 (1919), is a United States Supreme Court case concerning enforcement of the Espionage Act of 1917 during World War I. A unanimous Supreme Court, in an opinion by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. , concluded that defendants who distributed fliers to draft-age men, urging resistance to induction, could be convicted of an attempt to obstruct the draft, a criminal offense. The First Amendment did not alter the well-established law in cases where the attempt was made through expressions that would be protected in other circumstances. In this opinion, Holmes said that expressions which in the circumstances were intended to result in a crime, and posed a `` clear and present danger '' of succeeding, could be punished. The Court didn't continue to follow this reasoning to uphold a series of convictions arising out of prosecutions during wartime, but Holmes began to dissent in the case of Abrams v. United States , insisting that the Court had departed from the standard he had crafted for them, and had begun to allow punishment for ideas. But the Court has set another line of precedents to govern cases in which the constitutionality of a statute is challenged on its face. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The Court's decision 3 Subsequent jurisprudence 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Background ( edit ) Schenck v. United States was the first in a line of Supreme Court Cases defining the modern understanding of the First Amendment. Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. wrote the often-cited opinion in the case, because of events that were not publicly known at the time. The United States' entry into the First World War had caused deep divisions in society, and was vigorously opposed, especially by those on the radical left and by those who had ties to Ireland or Germany. The Woodrow Wilson Administration launched a broad campaign of criminal enforcement that resulted in thousands of prosecutions. Many of these were for trivial acts of dissent. In the first case arising from this campaign to come before the Court, Baltzer v. United States , the defendants had signed a petition criticizing their governor's administration of the draft, threatening him with defeat at the polls. They were charged with obstructing the recruitment and enlistment service, and convicted. When a majority of the Court voted during their conference to affirm the conviction, Holmes quickly drafted and circulated a strongly worded dissenting opinion: Real obstructions of the law, giving real aid and comfort to the enemy, I should have been glad to see punished more summarily and severely than they sometimes were. But I think that our intention to put out all our powers in aid of success in war should not hurry us into intolerance of opinions and speech that could not be imagined to do harm, although opposed to our own. It is better for those who have unquestioned and almost unlimited power in their hands to err on the side of freedom. Rather than proceed in the face of Holmes's biting dissent, Chief Justice Edward Douglass White set the case aside and word of the situation evidently reached the Administration, because the prosecution was abandoned. White then asked Holmes to write the opinion for a unanimous Court in the next case, one in which they could agree, Schenck v. United States . Holmes wrote that opinion, and wrote again for a unanimous court upholding convictions in two more cases that spring, Frohwerk v. United States and Debs v. United States , establishing what remains the standard for deciding the constitutionality of criminal convictions based on expressive behavior. Holmes disliked legislative-style formulas, and did not repeat the language of `` clear and present danger'' in any subsequent opinion, however. The Schenck opinion alone accordingly is often cited as the source of this legal standard, and some scholars have suggested that Holmes changed his mind and offered a different view in his equally famous dissent in Abrams v. United States . The events leading to the assignment of the Schenck opinion to Holmes were discovered when Holmes's biographer Sheldon Novick unearthed the unpublished Baltzer opinion among Holmes's papers at Harvard Law School . Obverse Reverse The leaflet at issue in Schenck v. United States The facts of the Schenck Case were as follows. Charles Schenck and Elizabeth Baer were members of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Party in Philadelphia, of which Schenck was General Secretary. The executive committee authorized, and Schenck oversaw, printing and mailing more than 15,000 fliers to men slated for conscription during World War I. The fliers urged men not to submit to the draft, saying `` Do not submit to intimidation'' , `` Assert your rights'' , `` If you do not assert and support your rights, you are helping to deny or disparage rights which it is the solemn duty of all citizens and residents of the United States to retain,'' and urged men not to comply with the draft on the grounds that military conscription constituted involuntary servitude , which is prohibited by the Thirteenth Amendment . After jury trials Schenck and Baer were convicted of violating Section 3 of the Espionage Act of 1917 . Both defendants appealed to the United States Supreme Court , arguing that their conviction, and the statute which purported to authorize it, were contrary to the First Amendment . They relied heavily on the text of the First Amendment, and their claim that the Espionage Act of 1917 had what today one would call a `` chilling effect'' on free discussion of the war effort. The Court's decision ( edit ) The Court, in a unanimous opinion written by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. , held that Schenck's criminal conviction was constitutional. The statute only applied to successful obstructions of the draft, but common-law precedents allowed prosecution for attempts that were dangerously close to success. Attempts made by speech or writing could be punished like other attempted crimes; the First Amendment did not protect speech encouraging men to resist induction, because, `` when a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right.'' In other words, the court held, the circumstances of wartime allow greater restrictions on free speech than would be allowed during peacetime, if only because new and greater dangers are present. The opinion's most famous and most often quoted passage was this: The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic. (...) The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. The phrase `` shouting fire in a crowded theater '' has since become a popular metaphor for dangers or limitations of free speech. Subsequent jurisprudence ( edit ) In subsequent cases, when it appeared to him that the Court was departing from the precedents established in Schenck and companion cases, Holmes dissented, reiterating his view that expressions of honest opinion were entitled to near absolute protection, but that expressions made with the specific intent to cause a criminal harm, or that threatened a clear and present danger of such harm, could be punished. In Abrams v. United States , he elaborated on the common-law privileges for freedom of speech and of the press, and stated his conviction that freedom of opinion was central to the constitutional scheme because competition in the `` marketplace'' of ideas was the best test of their truth. In Whitney v. California (1927), concerning a conviction for seditious speech forbidden by California law, Holmes joined a concurring opinion written by Justice Louis D. Brandeis once again explaining the clear-and-present-danger standard for criminal attempts in these terms, reiterating the argument that political speech was protected because of the value of democratic deliberation. The Supreme Court continued to affirm convictions for seditious speech in a series of prosecutions of leftists, however, culminating in Dennis v. United States , 341 U.S. 494 (1951) in which a bitterly divided Court upheld the sedition convictions for the leaders of the Communist Party. Judge Learned Hand in the court below and Chief Justice Vinson for the plurality in the Supreme Court cited Schenck , and the language of `` clear and present danger'' accordingly fell into disfavor among the advocates of free speech and freedom of the press. A unanimous Court in a brief per curiam opinion in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), abandoned the disfavored language while seemingly applying the reasoning of Schenck to reverse the conviction of a Ku Klux Klan member prosecuted for giving an inflammatory speech. The Court said that speech could be prosecuted only when it posed a danger of `` imminent lawless action ,'' a formulation which is sometimes said to reflect Holmes reasoning as more fully explicated in his Abrams dissent, rather than the common law of attempts explained in Schenck. Brandenburg is also taken to have repudiated the clear-and-present-danger standard as construed in Dennis , and to have adopted something more like the explication given by Holmes and Brandeis in subsequent opinions. Partly because the standard for protecting expressive behavior under the First Amendment was stated differently in his different opinions, `` revisionist'' scholars have argued that Holmes changed his mind in the summer of 1919, and that after writing three opinions for a unanimous court, he stated a different and more liberal view in his Abrams dissent a few weeks later. Bolstered by this argument, a number of advocates for freedom of expression have insisted that the Supreme Court has rejected Schenck and the majority opinion in Abrams, and in practice has followed the reasoning of Holmes' Abrams dissent and Brandeis' and Holmes' concurring opinion in Whitney . The Court has repeatedly reaffirmed Schenck , however, holding that the destruction of a draft card could be prosecuted as a violation of Selective Service regulations even though carried out as a protest ( United States v. O'Brien ), but that burning an American flag at a protest could not be prosecuted because it posed no danger of causing a harm that the legislature had power to forbid ( Texas v. Johnson ). In 2010, the Supreme Court rejected the argument of Holmes's Abrams dissent. The facts in Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project were similar to those in Abrams : persons who planned to advocate the causes of Sri Lankan and Kurdish organizations, designated terrorist groups, had a reasonable fear of prosecution under the USA PATRIOT Act, 18 U.S.C. Section 2339B, for providing material support for terrorist organizations. The Supreme Court held that such prosecutions were not barred by the First Amendment, expressly rejecting the argument that a `` specific intent'' to assist terrorist acts was required, rejecting also the claim of the dissenting justices that the case was governed by the concurrence in Whitney, or by the standard stated in Brandenburg . Finally, in Citizens United v. FEC , the majority of the Court rejected the argument made by the dissenters that the First Amendment was premised on the value of democratic deliberation in the `` marketplace of ideas.'' Instead, they held that First Amendment rights are individual, not based on communitarian considerations. As the precedents stand at present, therefore, it appears that Schenck is still good law. Criminal attempts may be prosecuted even if carried out solely through expressive behavior, and a majority of the justices continue to view such prosecutions in the light of the majority opinion in Abrams : the Court will defer to legislative judgments, at least in national security matters, that some forms of political advocacy may be prosecuted. See also ( edit ) Freedom for the Thought That We Hate , by Anthony Lewis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sheldon Novick, `` The Unrevised Holmes and Freedom of Expression,'' 1991 Supreme Court Review 303, 389 (1992) Jump up ^ Sheldon Novick, `` Preface, Honorable Justice at twenty-five,'' in Honorable Justice: The Life of Oliver Wendell Holmes (1989, 2013) Jump up ^ Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47, 49-51 (1917) Jump up ^ University of Texas at Austin . `` The Espionage Act and The Limitations of the First Amendment'' . edb.utexas.edu. , which prohibited willful obstruction of the recently-enacted draft. Jump up ^ Brief of Plaintiffs in Error - Schenk ^ Jump up to: Holmes, Oliver Wendell. `` Schenck v. United States 249 U.S. 47'' . Opinion . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Albert W. Alschuler, Law Without Values: The Life, Work, and Legacy of Justice Holmes; Chicago University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-226-01520-3 , pp 76-77, citing numerous commentaries Jump up ^ Thomas Healey, The Great Dissent: How Oliver Wendell Holmes Changed his Mind--and Changed the History of Freedom of Speech in America (2013) Further reading ( edit ) Kessler, Mark (1993). `` Legal Discourse and Political Intolerance: The Ideology of Clear and Present Danger'' . Law & Society Review . Law & Society Review, Vol. 27, No. 3. 27 (3): 559-- 598. doi : 10.2307/3054105 . JSTOR 3054105 . Smith, Stephen A. (2003). `` Schenck v. United States and Abrams v. United States'' . In Parker, Richard A. (ed.). Free Speech on Trial: Communication Perspectives on Landmark Supreme Court Decisions . Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. pp. 20-- 35. ISBN 0-8173-1301-X . CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list ( link ) Sheldon Novick, `` Preface: Honorable Justice at Twenty-five,'' in Honorable Justice: the Life of Oliver Wendell Holmes (1989, 2013). External links ( edit ) Works related to Schenck v. United States at Wikisource Text of Schenck v. United States , 249 U.S. 47 (1919) is available from: Cornell CourtListener Findlaw Justia OpenJurist Google Scholar The Holmes Blog First Amendment Library entry for Schenck v. United States New York Times article on decision (March 4, 1919) `` Supreme Court Landmark Case Schenck v. United States '' from C-SPAN 's Landmark Cases: Historic Supreme Court Decisions ( hide ) United States First Amendment case law Establishment Clause Public funding Everson v. Board of Education (1947) McCollum v. Board of Education (1948) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York (1970) Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) Marsh v. Chambers (1983) Mueller v. Allen (1983) Aguilar v. Felton (1985) Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994) Agostini v. Felton (1997) Mitchell v. Helms (2000) Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) Locke v. Davey (2004) Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn (2011) Public displays Stone v. Graham (1980) Lynch v. Donnelly (1984) Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary (1985) County of Allegheny v. ACLU (1989) McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky (2005) Van Orden v. Perry (2005) Pleasant Grove City v. Summum (2009) School prayer Zorach v. Clauson (1952) Engel v. Vitale (1962) Abington School District v. Schempp (1963) Stone v. Graham (1980) Wallace v. Jaffree (1985) Lee v. Weisman (1992) Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000) Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow (2004) Creationism Epperson v. Arkansas (1968) Edwards v. Aguillard (1987) Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District (M.D. Pa. 2005) Legislature prayer Marsh v. Chambers (1983) Town of Greece v. Galloway (2014) Other McGowan v. Maryland (1961) McDaniel v. Paty (1978) Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc. (1985) Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock (1989) Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2012) Free Exercise Clause Reynolds v. United States (1879) Davis v. Beason (1890) Schneider v. New Jersey (1939) Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940) Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940) Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943) United States v. Ballard (1944) Braunfeld v. Brown (1961) Torcaso v. Watkins (1961) Sherbert v. Verner (1963) Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church (1969) Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) Harris v. McRae (1980) Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division (1981) United States v. Lee (1982) Bob Jones University v. United States (1983) Bowen v. Roy (1986) Goldman v. Weinberger (1986) Employment Division v. Smith (1990) Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993) City of Boerne v. Flores (1997) Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton (2002) Cutter v. Wilkinson (2005) Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer (2017) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (under consideration) National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra (under consideration) ( hide ) Freedom of speech ( portal ) Sedition and imminent danger Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten (S.D.N.Y. 1917) Schenck v. United States (1919) Abrams v. United States (1919) Gitlow v. New York (1925) Whitney v. California (1927) Dennis v. United States (1951) Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board (1955, 1961) Yates v. United States (1957) Bond v. Floyd (1966) Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) Hess v. Indiana (1973) False speech Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974) United States v. Alvarez (2012) Fighting words and the heckler's veto Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940) Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942) Terminiello v. Chicago (1949) Feiner v. New York (1951) Gregory v. Chicago (1969) National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie (1977) R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992) Snyder v. Phelps (2011) Elonis v. United States (2015) Freedom of assembly and public forums Hague v. CIO (1939) Schneider v. New Jersey (1939) Thornhill v. Alabama (1940) Martin v. City of Struthers (1943) Marsh v. Alabama (1946) Niemotko v. Maryland (1951) Edwards v. South Carolina (1963) Cox v. Louisiana (1965) Brown v. Louisiana (1966) Adderley v. Florida (1966) Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne (1968) Coates v. Cincinnati (1971) Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe (1971) Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner (1972) Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980) Widmar v. Vincent (1981) Hill v. Colorado (2000) McCullen v. Coakley (2014) Packingham v. North Carolina (2017) Symbolic speech Stromberg v. California (1931) United States v. O'Brien (1968) Cohen v. California (1971) Smith v. Goguen (1974) Texas v. Johnson (1989) United States v. Eichman (1990) Virginia v. Black (2003) Compelled speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) Wooley v. Maynard (1977) Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth (2000) Davenport v. Washington Education Association (2007) Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000 (2012) Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International, Inc. (2013) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (under consideration) National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra (under consideration) Loyalty oaths American Communications Association v. Douds (1950) Garner v. Board of Public Works (1951) Speiser v. Randall (1958) Keyishian v. Board of Regents (1967) Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb (1974) School speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) Island Trees School District v. Pico (1982) Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986) Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988) Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995) Morse v. Frederick (2007) Obscenity Rosen v. United States (1896) United States v. One Book Called Ulysses (S.D.N.Y. 1933) Roth v. United States (1957) One, Inc. v. Olesen (1958) Smith v. California (1959) Marcus v. Search Warrant (1961) MANual Enterprises v. Day (1962) Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964) Quantity of Books v. Kansas (1964) Freedman v. Maryland (1965) Ginzburg v. United States (1966) Memoirs v. Massachusetts (1966) Redrup v. New York (1967) Ginsberg v. New York (1968) Stanley v. Georgia (1969) Cohen v. California (1971) United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs (1971) Kois v. Wisconsin (1972) Miller v. California (1973) Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton (1973) United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film (1973) Jenkins v. Georgia (1974) Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville (1975) Young v. American Mini Theatres (1976) New York v. Ferber (1982) American Booksellers v. Hudnut (7th Cir., 1985) Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. (1986) People v. Freeman (Cal. 1988) Osborne v. Ohio (1990) United States v. X-Citement Video (1994) Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997) United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group (2000) Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002) Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union (2002) Nitke v. Gonzales (S.D.N.Y., 2005) United States v. Williams (2008) FCC v. Fox Televisions Stations - 2 cases ( 2009 and 2012 ) American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland (6th Cir., 2009) United States v. Kilbride (9th Cir., 2009) United States v. Stevens (2010) Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association (2011) Public employees Pickering v. Board of Education (1968) Perry v. Sindermann (1972) Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth (1972) Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle (1977) Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District (1979) Connick v. Myers (1983) Rankin v. McPherson (1987) Waters v. Churchill (1994) Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006) Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011) Heffernan v. City of Paterson (2016) Hatch Act and similar laws Ex parte Curtis (1882) United Public Workers v. Mitchell (1947) United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers (1973) Broadrick v. Oklahoma (1973) Licensing and restriction of speech Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio (1915) Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson (1952) Freedman v. Maryland (1965) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976) Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. (1982) Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans (2015) Matal v. Tam (2017) Commercial speech Valentine v. Chrestensen (1942) Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. (1970) Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations (1973) Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia (1974) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976) Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977) Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Willingboro (1977) Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission (1980) Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n (1980) Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission of California (1986) Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico (1986) San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee (1987) 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island (1996) Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. (2011) Campaign finance and political speech Buckley v. Valeo (1976) First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978) Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley (1981) Brown v. Socialist Workers ' 74 Campaign Committee (1982) Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington (1983) FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life (1986) Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce (1990) McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission (1995) Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC (1996) Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC (2000) Republican Party of Minnesota v. White (2002) McConnell v. FEC (2003) Randall v. Sorrell (2006) FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. (2007) Davis v. FEC (2008) Citizens United v. FEC (2010) McComish v. Bennett (2011) American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock (2012) McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission (2014) Williams-Yulee v. The Florida Bar (2015) Freedom of the press Prior restraints and censorship Near v. Minnesota (1931) Lovell v. City of Griffin (1938) Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc. (1946) New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo (1974) Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart (1976) Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia (1978) Tory v. Cochran (2005) Privacy Time, Inc. v. Hill (1967) Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn (1975) Florida Star v. B.J.F. (1989) Taxation and privileges Grosjean v. American Press Co. (1936) Branzburg v. Hayes (1972) Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner (1983) Defamation Beauharnais v. Illinois (1952) New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964) Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts (1967) Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n , Inc. v. Bresler (1970) Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974) Time, Inc. v. Firestone (1976) Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc. (1984) Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. (1985) McDonald v. Smith (1985) Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988) Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton (1989) Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. (1990) Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox (9th Cir., 2014) Broadcast media Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1969) FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1978) Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC (1994) Bartnicki v. Vopper (2001) Copyrighted materials Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. (1977) Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises (1985) Freedom of association Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath (1951) Watkins v. United States (1957) NAACP v. Alabama (1958) Baggett v. Bullitt (1964) In re Primus (1978) Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984) Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, & Bisexual Group of Boston (1995) Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schenck_v._United_States&oldid=832360360 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases United States Free Speech Clause case law Conscription in the United States 1919 in United States case law 20th century American trials Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. United States Supreme Court cases of the White Court United States home front during World War I Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018, at 14:38. 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five important cause for the growth of indian nationalism
The modern Army of India was raised under the British Raj in the 19th century . Today the Republic of India maintains the world 's third largest armed forces with over a million troops strong . The official defence budget stands at ₹ 1,644,151.9 million ( US $26 billion ) but the actual spending on the armed forces is estimated to be much higher . The army is undergoing rapid expansion and modernisation with plans to have an active military space program , missile defence shield , and nuclear triad capability .
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[ "Part of a series on Nationalism Development ( show ) Anthem Colours Flag Flower Epic God Identity Language Music Myth Sport Symbol Treasure Core values ( show ) Identity Self - determination Solidarity Types ( show ) African Alt - right Banal Blind Bourgeois Business Civic Conservative Constitutional patriotism Corporate Cultural Cyber - Ecological Economic Ethnic Expansionist Homonationalist Integral Left - wing Communist Liberal Mystic National - anarchist National Bolshevik National syndicalist Nazism Neo - New Pan - Plurinationalist Post - Queer Racial Black White Religious Christian Technological Territorial Transnationalism Ultranationalism Organizations ( show ) List of nationalist organizations Related concepts ( show ) Anationalism Anti-nationalism Diaspora politics Historiography and nationalism Internationalism Irredentism Revanchism Politics portal", "Part of a series on", "Nationalism", "Development ( show ) Anthem Colours Flag Flower Epic God Identity Language Music Myth Sport Symbol Treasure", "Anthem Colours Flag Flower Epic God Identity Language Music Myth Sport Symbol Treasure", "Core values ( show ) Identity Self - determination Solidarity", "Identity Self - determination Solidarity", "Self - determination", "Types ( show ) African Alt - right Banal Blind Bourgeois Business Civic Conservative Constitutional patriotism Corporate Cultural Cyber - Ecological Economic Ethnic Expansionist Homonationalist Integral Left - wing Communist Liberal Mystic National - anarchist National Bolshevik National syndicalist Nazism Neo - New Pan - Plurinationalist Post - Queer Racial Black White Religious Christian Technological Territorial Transnationalism Ultranationalism", "African Alt - right Banal Blind Bourgeois Business Civic Conservative Constitutional patriotism Corporate Cultural Cyber - Ecological Economic Ethnic Expansionist Homonationalist Integral Left - wing Communist Liberal Mystic National - anarchist National Bolshevik National syndicalist Nazism Neo - New Pan - Plurinationalist Post - Queer Racial Black White Religious Christian Technological Territorial Transnationalism Ultranationalism", "Alt - right", "Left - wing Communist", "Communist", "National - anarchist", "Racial Black White", "Black White", "Religious Christian", "Christian", "Organizations ( show ) List of nationalist organizations", "Related concepts ( show ) Anationalism Anti-nationalism Diaspora politics Historiography and nationalism Internationalism Irredentism Revanchism", "Anationalism Anti-nationalism Diaspora politics Historiography and nationalism Internationalism Irredentism Revanchism", "Historiography and nationalism", "Politics portal", "", "", "Indian nationalism developed as a concept during the Indian independence movement fought against the colonial British Raj . Scholars note that a national consciousness has always been present in `` India '' , or more broadly the Indian subcontinent , even if it was not articulated in modern terms . Indian nationalism is an instance of territorial nationalism , inclusive of all its people , despite their diverse ethnic and religious backgrounds . It continues to strongly influence the politics of India and reflects an opposition to the sectarian strands of Hindu nationalism and Muslim nationalism .", "India has been unified under many emperors and governments in history . Ancient texts mention India under emperor Bharata and Akhand Bharat , these regions roughly form the entities of modern - day greater India . The Mauryan Empire was the first to unite all of India , and South Asia ( including much of Afghanistan ) . In addition , much of India has also been unified under a central government by empires , such as the Gupta Empire , Rashtrakuta Empire , Pala Empire , Mughal Empire , Indian Empire etc .", "India 's concept of nationhood is based not merely on territorial extent of its sovereignty . Nationalistic sentiments and expression encompass that India 's ancient history , as the birthplace of the Indus Valley Civilization and Vedic Civilization , as well as four major world religions -- Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism and Sikhism . Indian nationalists see India stretching along these lines across the Indian Subcontinent .", "India today celebrates many kings and queens for combating foreign invasion and domination , such as Shivaji of the Maratha Empire , Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi , Kittur Chennamma , Maharana Pratap of Rajputana , Prithviraj Chauhan and Tipu Sultan who fought the British . The kings of Ancient India , such as Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka of the Magadha Empire , are also remembered for their military genius , notable conquests and remarkable religious tolerance .", "Akbar was a Mughal emperor , was known to have a good relationship with the Roman Catholic Church as well as with his subjects -- Hindus , Buddhists , Sikhs and Jains . He forged familial and political bonds with Hindu Rajput kings . Although previous Sultans had been more or less tolerant , Akbar took religious intermingling to new level of exploration . He developed for the first time in Islamic India an environment of complete religious freedom . Akbar undid most forms of religious discrimination , and invited the participation of wise Hindu ministers and kings , and even religious scholars to debate in his court .", "The consolidation of the British East India Company 's rule in the Indian subcontinent during the 18th century brought about socio - economic changes which led to the rise of an Indian middle class and steadily eroded pre-colonial socio - religious institutions and barriers . The emerging economic and financial power of Indian business - owners and merchants and the professional class brought them increasingly into conflict with the British Raj . A rising political consciousness among the native Indian social elite ( including lawyers , doctors , university graduates , government officials and similar groups ) spawned an Indian identity and fed a growing nationalist sentiment in India in the last decades of the nineteenth century . The creation in 1885 of the Indian National Congress in India by the political reformer A.O. Hume intensified the process by providing an important platform from which demands could be made for political liberalisation , increased autonomy , and social reform . The leaders of the Congress advocated dialogue and debate with the Raj administration to achieve their political goals . Distinct from these moderate voices ( or loyalists ) who did not preach or support violence was the nationalist movement , which grew particularly strong , radical and violent in Bengal and in Punjab . Notable but smaller movements also appeared in Maharashtra , Madras and other areas across the south .", "The controversial 1905 partition of Bengal escalated the growing unrest , stimulating radical nationalist sentiments and becoming a driving force for Indian revolutionaries .", "Mohandas Gandhi pioneered the art of Satyagraha , typified with a strict adherence to ahimsa ( non-violence ) , and civil disobedience . This permitted common individuals to engage the British in revolution , without employing violence or other distasteful means . Gandhi 's equally strict adherence to democracy , religious and ethnic equality and brotherhood , as well as activist rejection of caste - based discrimination and untouchability united people across these demographic lines for the first time in India 's history . The masses participated in India 's independence struggle for the first time , and the membership of the Congress grew over tens of millions by the 1930s . In addition , Gandhi 's victories in the Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha in 1918 -- 19 , gave confidence to a rising younger generation of Indian nationalists that the British Raj could be defeated . National leaders like Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Jawaharlal Nehru , Maulana Azad , Chakravarti Rajagopalachari , Mohandas Gandhi , Rajendra Prasad and Badshah Khan brought together generations of Indians across regions and demographics , and provided a strong leadership base giving the country political direction .", "Indian nationalism is as much a diverse blend of nationalistic sentiments as its people are ethnically and religiously diverse . Thus the most influential undercurrents are more than just Indian in nature . The most controversial and emotionally charged fibre in the fabric of Indian nationalism is religion . Religion forms a major , and in many cases , the central element of Indian life . Ethnic communities are diverse in terms of linguistics , social traditions and history across India .", "An important influence upon Hindu consciousness arises from the time of Islamic empires in India . Entering the 20th century , Hindus formed over 75 % of the population and thus unsurprisingly the backbone and platform of the nationalist movement . Modern Hindu thinking desired to unite Hindu society across the boundaries of caste , linguistic groups and ethnicity . In 1925 , K.B. Hedgewar founded the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in Nagpur , Maharashtra , which grew into the largest civil organisation in the country , and more potent , mainstream base of Hindu nationalism .", "Vinayak Damodar Savarkar coined the term Hindutva for his ideology that described India as a Hindu Rashtra , a Hindu nation . This ideology has become the cornerstone of the political and religious agendas of modern Hindu nationalist bodies like the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad . Hindutva political demands include revoking Article 370 of the Constitution that grants a special semi-autonomous status to the Muslim - majority state of Kashmir , adopting a uniform civil code , thus ending a special legal framework for Muslims . These particular demands are based upon ending laws that Hindu nationalists consider as offering special treatment to Muslims .", "In 1906 -- 1907 , the All India Muslim League was founded , created due to the suspicion of Muslim intellectuals and religious leaders with the Indian National Congress , which was perceived as dominated by Hindu membership and opinions . However , Mahatma Gandhi 's leadership attracted a wide array of Muslims to the independence struggle and the Congress Party . The Aligarh Muslim University and the Jamia Millia Islamia stand apart -- the former helped form the Muslim league , while the JMI was founded to promote Muslim education and consciousness upon nationalistic and Gandhian values and thought .", "While prominent Muslims like Allama Iqbal , Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan embraced the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations , other major leaders like Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari , Maulana Azad and most of Deobandi clerics strongly backed the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian independence struggle , opposing any notion of Muslim nationalism and separatism . The Muslim school of Indian nationalism failed to attract Muslim masses and the Islamic nationalist Muslim League enjoyed extensive popular political support . State of Pakistan was ultimately formed following Partition of India", "The political identity of the Indian National Congress , India 's largest political party and one which controlled government for over 45 years , is reliant on the connection to Mohandas K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru , and the Nehru - Gandhi family which has controlled the Congress since independence . The Congress Party 's fortunes up till the 1970s were single - handedly propelled by its legacy as the flagship of India 's Independence Movement , and the core platform of the party today evokes that past strongly , considering itself to be the guardian of India 's independence , democracy and unity . Muslims have remained loyal voters of the Congress Party , seen as defender of Nehruvian secularism . In contrast , the Bharatiya Janata Party employs a more aggressively nationalistic expression . The BJP seeks to preserve and spread the culture of the Hindus , the majority population . It ties nationalism with the aggressive defence of India 's borders and interests against archrivals China and Pakistan , with the defence of the majority 's right to be a majority .", "Religious nationalist parties include the Shiromani Akali Dal , which is closely identified with the creation of a Sikh - majority state in Punjab and includes many Sikh religious leaders in its organisation . In Maharashtra , the Shiv Sena uses the legacy of the independent Maratha kingdom under famous figures like Shivaji to stir up support , and has adopted Hindutva as well . In Assam , the Asom Gana Parishad is a more state - focused party , arising after the frustration of the United Liberation Front of Asom ( ULFA ) as a benevolent expression of Assamese nationalism . In Tamil Nadu came the first of such parties , the Dravidar Kazhagam ( DK ) . Today the DK stands for a collection of parties , with the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ) , the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( AIADMK ) , the Pattali Makkal Katchi ( PMK ) and the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( MDMK ) . Caste - based politics invite the participation of the Bahujan Samaj Party and the party of Laloo Prasad Yadav , who build upon the support of poor low - caste and dalit Hindus in the northern , and most populated states of India like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar . Almost every Indian state has a regional party devoted solely to the culture of the native people of that state .", "Military history , both past and present , serves as a source of nationalist sentiment in India . The first reference to armies is found in the Vedas and the epics Ramayana and Mahabaratha . There were many powerful dynasties in India such as the Maha Janapadas , Shishunaga Empire , Gangaridai Empire , Nanda Empire , Maurya Empire , Shunga Empire , Kharavela Empire , Kuninda Kingdom , Chola Empire , Chera Empire , Pandyan Empire , Satavahana Empire , Western Satrap Empire , Kushan Empire , Vakataka Empire , Kalabhras Kingdom , Gupta Empire , Pallava Empire , Kadamba Empire , Western Ganga Kingdom , Vishnukundina Empire , Chalukya Empire , Harsha Empire , Shahi Kingdom , Eastern Chalukya Kingdom , Pratihara Empire , Pala Empire , Rashtrakuta Empire , Paramara Kingdom , Yadava Empire , Chaulukya kingdom , Western Chalukya Empire , Hoysala Empire , Sena Empire , Eastern Ganga Empire , Kakatiya Kingdom , Kalachuri Empire , Delhi Sultanate , Deccan Sultanates , Ahom Kingdom , Vijayanagar Empire , Mysore Kingdom , Mughal Empire , Maratha Empire , Sikh Empire etc .", "The modern Army of India was raised under the British Raj in the 19th century . Today the Republic of India maintains the world 's third largest armed forces with over a million troops strong . The official defence budget stands at ₹ 1,644,151.9 million ( US $26 billion ) but the actual spending on the armed forces is estimated to be much higher . The army is undergoing rapid expansion and modernisation with plans to have an active military space program , missile defence shield , and nuclear triad capability ." ]
Indian nationalism - Wikipedia Indian nationalism Jump to: navigation , search Flag of India Part of a series on Nationalism Development (show) Anthem Colours Flag Flower Epic God Identity Language Music Myth Sport Symbol Treasure Core values (show) Identity Self-determination Solidarity Types (show) African Alt-right Banal Blind Bourgeois Business Civic Conservative Constitutional patriotism Corporate Cultural Cyber- Ecological Economic Ethnic Expansionist Homonationalist Integral Left-wing Communist Liberal Mystic National-anarchist National Bolshevik National syndicalist Nazism Neo- New Pan- Plurinationalist Post- Queer Racial Black White Religious Christian Technological Territorial Transnationalism Ultranationalism Organizations (show) List of nationalist organizations Related concepts (show) Anationalism Anti-nationalism Diaspora politics Historiography and nationalism Internationalism Irredentism Revanchism Politics portal Indian nationalism developed as a concept during the Indian independence movement fought against the colonial British Raj . Scholars note that a national consciousness has always been present in `` India'' , or more broadly the Indian subcontinent , even if it was not articulated in modern terms. Indian nationalism is an instance of territorial nationalism , inclusive of all its people, despite their diverse ethnic and religious backgrounds. It continues to strongly influence the politics of India and reflects an opposition to the sectarian strands of Hindu nationalism and Muslim nationalism . Contents ( hide ) 1 National consciousness in India 1.1 Conception of Pan-South Asianism 1.2 Ages of war and invasion 2 Colonial-era nationalism 2.1 Swadeshi 2.2 The Gandhian era 3 More than just `` Indian'' 3.1 Hindu Rashtra 3.2 The Qaum 4 Nationalism and politics 5 Nationalism and military conflicts 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography National consciousness in India Main article: History of India The largest extent of the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka . The largest extent of the Gupta Empire India has been unified under many emperors and governments in history. Ancient texts mention India under emperor Bharata and Akhand Bharat , these regions roughly form the entities of modern-day greater India . The Mauryan Empire was the first to unite all of India , and South Asia (including much of Afghanistan ). In addition, much of India has also been unified under a central government by empires, such as the Gupta Empire , Rashtrakuta Empire , Pala Empire , Mughal Empire , Indian Empire etc. Conception of pan-south asianism India's concept of nationhood is based not merely on territorial extent of its sovereignty. Nationalistic sentiments and expression encompass that India's ancient history, as the birthplace of the Indus Valley Civilization and Vedic Civilization , as well as four major world religions -- Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism and Sikhism . Indian nationalists see India stretching along these lines across the Indian Subcontinent . Ages of War and invasion Expansion of the Mughal Empire from 1526 to 1700 The extent of Maratha Empire (yellow), without its vassals. India today celebrates many kings and queens for combating foreign invasion and domination, such as Shivaji of the Maratha Empire , Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi , Kittur Chennamma , Maharana Pratap of Rajputana , Prithviraj Chauhan and Tipu Sultan who fought the British. The kings of Ancient India , such as Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka of the Magadha Empire, are also remembered for their military genius, notable conquests and remarkable religious tolerance. Akbar was a Mughal emperor, was known to have a good relationship with the Roman Catholic Church as well as with his subjects -- Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains. He forged familial and political bonds with Hindu Rajput kings. Although previous Sultans had been more or less tolerant, Akbar took religious intermingling to new level of exploration. He developed for the first time in Islamic India an environment of complete religious freedom. Akbar undid most forms of religious discrimination, and invited the participation of wise Hindu ministers and kings, and even religious scholars to debate in his court. Colonial-era nationalism Main articles: Indian Independence Movement , Indian rebellion of 1857 , and Indian National Congress - Freedom Era See also: Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Aurobindo Ghosh , and 1905 Partition of Bengal The flag adopted in 1931 by the Congress and used by the Provisional Government of Free India during the Second World War. The consolidation of the British East India Company 's rule in the Indian subcontinent during the 18th century brought about socio-economic changes which led to the rise of an Indian middle class and steadily eroded pre-colonial socio-religious institutions and barriers. The emerging economic and financial power of Indian business-owners and merchants and the professional class brought them increasingly into conflict with the British Raj. A rising political consciousness among the native Indian social elite (including lawyers, doctors, university graduates, government officials and similar groups) spawned an Indian identity and fed a growing nationalist sentiment in India in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The creation in 1885 of the Indian National Congress in India by the political reformer A.O. Hume intensified the process by providing an important platform from which demands could be made for political liberalisation, increased autonomy, and social reform. The leaders of the Congress advocated dialogue and debate with the Raj administration to achieve their political goals. Distinct from these moderate voices (or loyalists) who did not preach or support violence was the nationalist movement, which grew particularly strong, radical and violent in Bengal and in Punjab . Notable but smaller movements also appeared in Maharashtra , Madras and other areas across the south. Swadeshi The controversial 1905 partition of Bengal escalated the growing unrest, stimulating radical nationalist sentiments and becoming a driving force for Indian revolutionaries. The Gandhian era Mohandas Gandhi pioneered the art of Satyagraha , typified with a strict adherence to ahimsa (non-violence), and civil disobedience . This permitted common individuals to engage the British in revolution, without employing violence or other distasteful means. Gandhi's equally strict adherence to democracy, religious and ethnic equality and brotherhood, as well as activist rejection of caste-based discrimination and untouchability united people across these demographic lines for the first time in India's history. The masses participated in India's independence struggle for the first time, and the membership of the Congress grew over tens of millions by the 1930s. In addition, Gandhi's victories in the Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha in 1918-- 19, gave confidence to a rising younger generation of Indian nationalists that the British Raj could be defeated. National leaders like Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Jawaharlal Nehru , Maulana Azad , Chakravarti Rajagopalachari , Mohandas Gandhi , Rajendra Prasad and Badshah Khan brought together generations of Indians across regions and demographics, and provided a strong leadership base giving the country political direction. More than just `` Indian'' See also: Demographics of India Indian nationalism is as much a diverse blend of nationalistic sentiments as its people are ethnically and religiously diverse. Thus the most influential undercurrents are more than just Indian in nature. The most controversial and emotionally charged fibre in the fabric of Indian nationalism is religion. Religion forms a major, and in many cases, the central element of Indian life. Ethnic communities are diverse in terms of linguistics, social traditions and history across India. Hindu Rashtra Main article: Hindu nationalism Hindu Flag of the Maratha Empire with two pennants. An important influence upon Hindu consciousness arises from the time of Islamic empires in India . Entering the 20th century, Hindus formed over 75% of the population and thus unsurprisingly the backbone and platform of the nationalist movement. Modern Hindu thinking desired to unite Hindu society across the boundaries of caste , linguistic groups and ethnicity. In 1925, K.B. Hedgewar founded the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in Nagpur , Maharashtra, which grew into the largest civil organisation in the country, and more potent, mainstream base of Hindu nationalism . Vinayak Damodar Savarkar coined the term Hindutva for his ideology that described India as a Hindu Rashtra , a Hindu nation. This ideology has become the cornerstone of the political and religious agendas of modern Hindu nationalist bodies like the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad . Hindutva political demands include revoking Article 370 of the Constitution that grants a special semi-autonomous status to the Muslim-majority state of Kashmir , adopting a uniform civil code, thus ending a special legal framework for Muslims. These particular demands are based upon ending laws that Hindu nationalists consider as offering special treatment to Muslims. The qaum Main articles: Indian Muslim nationalism and Two-Nation Theory In 1906-- 1907, the All India Muslim League was founded, created due to the suspicion of Muslim intellectuals and religious leaders with the Indian National Congress , which was perceived as dominated by Hindu membership and opinions. However, Mahatma Gandhi 's leadership attracted a wide array of Muslims to the independence struggle and the Congress Party. The Aligarh Muslim University and the Jamia Millia Islamia stand apart -- the former helped form the Muslim league, while the JMI was founded to promote Muslim education and consciousness upon nationalistic and Gandhian values and thought. While prominent Muslims like Allama Iqbal , Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan embraced the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations, other major leaders like Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari , Maulana Azad and most of Deobandi clerics strongly backed the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian independence struggle, opposing any notion of Muslim nationalism and separatism . The Muslim school of Indian nationalism failed to attract Muslim masses and the Islamic nationalist Muslim League enjoyed extensive popular political support. State of Pakistan was ultimately formed following Partition of India Nationalism and politics Prime Minister Indira Gandhi led India to victory in 1971 against Pakistan , imposed the Indian Emergency , led it to become a nuclear power state in 1974 and is blamed for the Khalistan insurgency and Operation Blue Star -- a controversial blend of nationalism and hard politics. The political identity of the Indian National Congress , India's largest political party and one which controlled government for over 45 years, is reliant on the connection to Mohandas K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru , and the Nehru-Gandhi family which has controlled the Congress since independence. The Congress Party's fortunes up till the 1970s were single-handedly propelled by its legacy as the flagship of India's Independence Movement, and the core platform of the party today evokes that past strongly, considering itself to be the guardian of India's independence, democracy and unity. Muslims have remained loyal voters of the Congress Party, seen as defender of Nehruvian secularism. In contrast, the Bharatiya Janata Party employs a more aggressively nationalistic expression. The BJP seeks to preserve and spread the culture of the Hindus , the majority population. It ties nationalism with the aggressive defence of India's borders and interests against archrivals China and Pakistan , with the defence of the majority's right to be a majority. Religious nationalist parties include the Shiromani Akali Dal , which is closely identified with the creation of a Sikh-majority state in Punjab and includes many Sikh religious leaders in its organisation. In Maharashtra , the Shiv Sena uses the legacy of the independent Maratha kingdom under famous figures like Shivaji to stir up support, and has adopted Hindutva as well. In Assam , the Asom Gana Parishad is a more state-focused party, arising after the frustration of the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) as a benevolent expression of Assamese nationalism. In Tamil Nadu came the first of such parties, the Dravidar Kazhagam (DK). Today the DK stands for a collection of parties, with the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) and the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK). Caste-based politics invite the participation of the Bahujan Samaj Party and the party of Laloo Prasad Yadav , who build upon the support of poor low-caste and dalit Hindus in the northern, and most populated states of India like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar . Almost every Indian state has a regional party devoted solely to the culture of the native people of that state. Nationalism and military conflicts Main article: Military History of India Further information: Indo-Pakistani Wars , Sino-Indian War , and Chola incident The Indian Armed Forces , over a million troops strong, is the 3rd largest army in the world Military history, both past and present, serves as a source of nationalist sentiment in India. The first reference to armies is found in the Vedas and the epics Ramayana and Mahabaratha . There were many powerful dynasties in India such as the Maha Janapadas , Shishunaga Empire , Gangaridai Empire , Nanda Empire , Maurya Empire , Shunga Empire , Kharavela Empire , Kuninda Kingdom , Chola Empire , Chera Empire , Pandyan Empire , Satavahana Empire , Western Satrap Empire , Kushan Empire , Vakataka Empire , Kalabhras Kingdom , Gupta Empire , Pallava Empire , Kadamba Empire , Western Ganga Kingdom , Vishnukundina Empire , Chalukya Empire , Harsha Empire , Shahi Kingdom , Eastern Chalukya Kingdom , Pratihara Empire , Pala Empire , Rashtrakuta Empire , Paramara Kingdom , Yadava Empire , Chaulukya kingdom , Western Chalukya Empire , Hoysala Empire , Sena Empire , Eastern Ganga Empire , Kakatiya Kingdom , Kalachuri Empire , Delhi Sultanate , Deccan Sultanates , Ahom Kingdom , Vijayanagar Empire , Mysore Kingdom , Mughal Empire , Maratha Empire , Sikh Empire etc. The modern Army of India was raised under the British Raj in the 19th century. Today the Republic of India maintains the world's third largest armed forces with over a million troops strong. The official defence budget stands at ₹ 1,644,151.9 million (US$26 billion) but the actual spending on the armed forces is estimated to be much higher. The army is undergoing rapid expansion and modernisation with plans to have an active military space program, missile defence shield , and nuclear triad capability. See also History of India Swadeshi movement Indian century References Jump up ^ Lerner, Hanna (12 May 2011), Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies , Cambridge University Press, pp. 120-- , ISBN 978-1-139-50292-4 Jump up ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (1999), The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India) , Penguin Books India, pp. 13-- 15, 83, ISBN 978-0-14-024602-5 Jump up ^ Pachuau, Lalsangkima; Stackhouse, Max L. (2007), News of Boundless Riches , ISPCK, pp. 149-- 150, ISBN 978-81-8458-013-6 Jump up ^ Leifer, Michael (2000), Asian Nationalism , Psychology Press, pp. 112-- , ISBN 978-0-415-23284-5 Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments geredigeerd door Inb, Inc'' . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Acharya, Shiva. `` Nation, Nationalism and Social Structure in Ancient India By Shiva Acharya'' . Sundeepbooks.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to: `` Mahrattas, Sikhs and Southern Sultans of India : Their Fight Against Foreign Power/edited by H.S. Bhatia'' . Vedamsbooks.com . Retrieved 2011-11-17 . Jump up ^ Mitra 2006 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Croitt & Mjøset 2001 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Desai 2005 , p. xxxiii Jump up ^ Desai 2005 , p. 30 ^ Jump up to: Yadav 1992 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Bose & Jalal 1998 , p. 117 Jump up ^ `` Character of Nehruvian Secularism'' . Bharatvani.org . Retrieved 2011-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu / Madurai News : Vijaykanth slams Dravidian parties'' . The Hindu. 8 January 2009 . Retrieved 2011-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` A Thomson Reuters Foundation Service'' . AlertNet . Retrieved 2011-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` Defence Budget 2011-- 12 -- Misplaced Euphoria -- India Defence -- Security Trends South Asia -- Security-Risks.com Caring for your Safety, Life & Security'' . Security-risks.com. 2 March 2011 . Retrieved 2011-11-17 . Jump up ^ Business Standard (11 March 2008). `` Ajai Shukla: How much is the defence budget?'' . Business-standard.com . Retrieved 2011-11-17 . Jump up ^ Greenlees, Donald (19 September 2007). `` China and India leading Asian missile buildup -- The New York Times'' . International Herald Tribune . Retrieved 2011-11-17 . Jump up ^ Gavin Rabinowitz, Associated Press (18 June 2008). `` India's army seeks military space program'' . Sfgate.com . Retrieved 2011-11-17 . Jump up ^ India successfully tests missile interceptor Jump up ^ TNN, 27 February 2008, 12:34 am IST (27 February 2008). `` India test fires submarine-launched ballistic missile -- India -- The Times of India'' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2011-11-17 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Bibliography Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (1998), Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy , New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-16952-6 Croitt, Raymond D; Mjøset , Lars (2001), When Histories Collide , Oxford, UK: AltaMira, ISBN 0-7591-0158-2 Desai, A.R. (2005), Social Background Of Indian Nationalism (6Th-Edn) , Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-7154-667-1 Mitra, Subrata K. (2006), The Puzzle of India's Governance: Culture, Context and Comparative Theory , Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-27493-2 Yadav, B.D (1992), M.P.T. Acharya, Reminiscences of an Indian Revolutionary , New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt ltd, ISBN 81-7041-470-9 India topics History Overviews Timeline Years Astronomy Economics Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Postal Science and technology Pre-colonial Stone Age Indus Valley Civilization Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Middle kingdoms Hoysala Chola Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Mughals Marathas European trade Colonial Princely East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Zamindari Bengali renaissance Political reforms Princely states Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five-Year Plans Sino-Indian War Indo-Pakistani wars Green Revolution White Revolution Naxal Insurgency Smiling Buddha Space programme The Emergency Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) Economic liberalisation Pokhran-II Geography Environment Biosphere reserves Climate Climatic 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This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of ethnic nationalism . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_nationalism&oldid=810076264 '' Categories : Indian nationalism Politics of India Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use Indian English from March 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Español हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017, at 06:17. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
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what kind of grass is at coors field
Unassisted Triple Play Troy Tulowitzki ( Rockies ) April 29 , 2007
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[ "Coors Field Address 2001 Blake Street Location Denver , Colorado Coordinates 39 ° 45 ′ 22 '' N 104 ° 59 ′ 39 '' W  /  39.75611 ° N 104.99417 ° W  / 39.75611 ; - 104.99417 Coordinates : 39 ° 45 ′ 22 '' N 104 ° 59 ′ 39 '' W  /  39.75611 ° N 104.99417 ° W  / 39.75611 ; - 104.99417 Public transit Denver Union Station Owner Denver Metropolitan Major League Baseball Stadium District Operator Colorado Rockies Baseball Club Ltd . Capacity 50,398 ( 2012 -- present ) 50,490 ( 2011 ) 50,445 ( 2001 -- 2010 ) 50,381 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 50,200 ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Record attendance 51,267 Field size Left Field -- 347 feet ( 106 m ) Left - Center -- 390 feet ( 119 m ) Center Field -- 415 feet ( 126 m ) Right - Center -- 375 feet ( 114 m ) Right Field -- 350 feet ( 107 m ) Backstop -- 56 feet ( 17 m ) Surface Kentucky Bluegrass / Perennial Ryegrass Construction Broke ground October 16 , 1992 Opened April 26 , 1995 Construction cost US $300 million ( $472 million in 2016 dollars ) Architect HOK Sport ( now Populous ) Project manager CMTS , Inc . Structural engineer Martin / Martin , Inc . Services engineer M-E Engineers , Inc . General contractor Mortenson / Barton Malow Main contractors LPR Construction Havens Steel Zimmerman Metals Zimkor Industries LPR Erectors Tenants Colorado Rockies ( MLB ) ( 1995 -- present )", "Address 2001 Blake Street", "Location Denver , Colorado", "Coordinates 39 ° 45 ′ 22 '' N 104 ° 59 ′ 39 '' W  /  39.75611 ° N 104.99417 ° W  / 39.75611 ; - 104.99417 Coordinates : 39 ° 45 ′ 22 '' N 104 ° 59 ′ 39 '' W  /  39.75611 ° N 104.99417 ° W  / 39.75611 ; - 104.99417", "Public transit Denver Union Station", "Owner Denver Metropolitan Major League Baseball Stadium District", "Operator Colorado Rockies Baseball Club Ltd .", "Capacity 50,398 ( 2012 -- present ) 50,490 ( 2011 ) 50,445 ( 2001 -- 2010 ) 50,381 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 50,200 ( 1995 -- 1998 )", "Record attendance 51,267", "Field size Left Field -- 347 feet ( 106 m ) Left - Center -- 390 feet ( 119 m ) Center Field -- 415 feet ( 126 m ) Right - Center -- 375 feet ( 114 m ) Right Field -- 350 feet ( 107 m ) Backstop -- 56 feet ( 17 m )", "Surface Kentucky Bluegrass / Perennial Ryegrass", "Construction", "Broke ground October 16 , 1992", "Opened April 26 , 1995", "Construction cost US $300 million ( $472 million in 2016 dollars )", "Architect HOK Sport ( now Populous )", "Project manager CMTS , Inc .", "Structural engineer Martin / Martin , Inc .", "Services engineer M-E Engineers , Inc .", "General contractor Mortenson / Barton Malow", "Main contractors LPR Construction Havens Steel Zimmerman Metals Zimkor Industries LPR Erectors", "Tenants", "Colorado Rockies ( MLB ) ( 1995 -- present )", "Coors Field is a baseball park located in downtown Denver , Colorado . It is the home field of the Colorado Rockies , the city 's Major League Baseball ( MLB ) franchise . It is named for the Coors Brewing Company of Golden , Colorado , which purchased the naming rights to the park prior to its completion in 1995 . The Rockies played their first two seasons , 1993 and 1994 , in Mile High Stadium before moving to Coors Field , two blocks from Union Station in Denver 's Lower Downtown neighborhood . The park includes 63 luxury suites and 4,526 club seats .", "Coors Field was the first new stadium added in a six - year period in which Denver 's sports venues were upgraded , along with Pepsi Center and Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( originally sponsored by INVESCO ) . It was also the first baseball - only park in the National League since Dodger Stadium was built in 1962 .", "As with the other new venues , Coors Field was constructed with accessibility in mind . It sits near Interstate 25 and has direct access to the 20th Street and Park Avenue exits . Nearby Union Station also provides light rail and commuter rail access .", "Coors Field was originally planned to be somewhat smaller , seating only 43,800 . However , after the Rockies drew almost 4.5 million people in their first season at Mile High Stadium -- the most in baseball history -- the plans were altered during construction , and new seats in the right field upper deck were added .", "The center field bleacher section is named `` The Rockpile '' . During the 1993 and 1994 seasons when the team played at Mile High Stadium , which was a hybrid football / baseball venue , the Rockpile was located next to the south stands , which were in dead center field and very distant from home plate . The same design was incorporated into Coors Field , and is located in deep center field up high . The original Rockpile seats cost a dollar each .", "During construction , workers discovered a number of dinosaur fossils throughout the grounds , including a 7 - foot - long ( 2.1 m ) 1,000 - pound ( 450 kg ) triceratops skull . Because of this , `` Jurassic Park '' was one of the first names to be considered for the stadium . This later led to the selection of a triceratops as the Rockies ' mascot , Dinger .", "Coors Field was the first major league park with an underground heating system .", "While most of the seats in Coors Field are dark green , the seats in the 20th row of the upper deck are purple to mark the elevation of one mile ( 1,609 m ) above sea level .", "The Blue Moon Brewery at The Sandlot is a microbrewery / restaurant that is behind the Right Field Stands , with an entrance from Coors Field , and from Blake Street . The brewery is operated by the Coors Brewing Company , and experiments with craft beers on a small scale . The Brewery has won multiple awards at the Great American Beer Festival in various categories . The popular Blue Moon , a Belgian - Style Wheat beer was invented here , and is now mass - produced by Coors . The restaurant is housed in a building that is attached to the stadium . Coors Field has an extensive selection of food items . Selections include Rockie dogs , Denver dogs , vegetarian dogs and burgers , and all of the usual ball park items .", "Behind the center field wall is a landscape decoration that reflects the typical environment of the Rocky Mountains . This landscape area consists of a waterfall , fountains , and pine trees . After a Rockies home run or win , the fountains shoot high into the air .", "The park has two large light emitting diode ( LED ) video displays and one ribbon display in the outfield from Daktronics . The top display , underneath the `` Rockies '' logo , measures 27 by 47 feet ( 8 m × 14 m ) . The second display measure 33 by 73 feet ( 10 m × 22 m ) and is used to give lineups and statistics and as a scoreboard . The field also contains several Daktronics ribbon displays , totaling approximately 833 feet ( 254 m ) in length .", "After the close of the 2013 season , renovations began on the right field portion of the upper deck , converted into an outdoor party deck for 2014 .", "Stadium designers speculated early on that Coors Field would give up a lot of home runs . At 5,200 feet ( 1,580 m ) above sea level , it is by far the highest park in the majors . The next - highest , Chase Field in Phoenix stands at 1,100 feet ( 340 m ) . Designers knew that the low air density at such a high elevation would result in balls traveling farther than in other parks . To compensate , the outfield fences were placed at an unusually far distance from home plate , thus creating the largest outfield in Major League Baseball today , according to Business Insider . In spite of the pushed - back fences , for many years Coors Field not only gave up the most home runs in baseball , but due to the resultant large field area , the most doubles and triples as well .", "In its first decade , the above - average number of home runs earned Coors Field a reputation as the most hitter - friendly park in Major League Baseball , earning the critical nicknames `` Coors Canaveral '' ( a reference to Cape Canaveral , from where NASA launches spacecraft ) and `` Williamsport '' ( referring to the site of the Little League World Series , which has been traditionally dominated by batters ) . Prior to the 2002 baseball season , studies determined that it was more the dry air rather than thin air which contributed to the more frequent home runs . It was found that baseballs stored in drier air are harder and therefore more elastic to the impact of the bat . A room - sized humidor was installed in which to store the baseballs , and since its introduction the number of home runs at Coors Field has decreased and is now nearly the same as other parks .", "Regardless of ball humidity , elevation is still a factor in games at Coors Field . The ball does slip more easily through the thin air allowing for longer hits . In addition , the curveball tends to curve less with the thin air than at sea level leading to fewer strikeouts and fewer effective pitches for pitchers to work with .", "Coors Field twice broke the major league record for home runs hit in a ballpark in one season . The previous record , 248 , had been set at the Angels ' original home of Wrigley Field in Los Angeles in 1961 , its only year for major league ball . In Coors Field 's first year , the home run total fell just 7 short of that mark , despite losing 9 games from the home schedule ( or 1 / 9 of the normal 81 ) due to the strike that had continued from 1994 . The next season , 1996 , with a full schedule finally , 271 home runs were hit at Coors Field . In 1999 , the current major league record was set at 303 . The annual home run figure dropped noticeably in 2002 , and has dropped below 200 starting in 2005 .", "Although the number of home runs hit per season at Coors Field is decreasing , Coors Field still remains the most hitter friendly ballpark in the Major Leagues by a wide margin . From 2012 -- 2015 the Colorado Rockies led the league in runs scored in home games , while being last in the league for runs scored in away games . This demonstrates the extreme benefit that Coors Field 's low air density provides to hitters .", "The 1998 Major League Baseball All - Star Game took place in Coors Field .", "On July 2 , 2003 , a three - flight escalator malfunctioned , injuring 30 people . One woman , Peggy Nance , eventually would have to have her leg amputated . Overcrowding and a malfunctioning wire were blamed . The Rockies never admitted to any responsibility .", "In 2011 , a man fell to his death when he was attempting to slide down a stair railing during the 7th inning of a Rockies - Diamondbacks game .", "On April 23 , 2013 , Rockies and Braves played in the coldest game since MLB began tracking game time temperature in 1991 , at 23 ° F ( − 5 ° C ) .", "There have been nine 1 - 0 games in Coors Field history , through the 2015 season . The first 1 - 0 game at Coors Field was on July 9 , 2005 , meaning all nine games have occurred since Major League Baseball allowed the Rockies to start using a humidor on May 15 , 2002 :", "July 9 , 2005 , Rockies beat the San Diego Padres April 16 , 2006 , Philadelphia Phillies beat the Rockies July 25 , 2006 , St. Louis Cardinals beat the Rockies August 1 , 2006 , Milwaukee Brewers beat the Rockies June 11 , 2008 , Rockies beat the San Francisco Giants September 14 , 2008 , Rockies beat the Los Angeles Dodgers in 10 innings September 17 , 2008 , Rockies beat the San Diego Padres July 6 , 2009 , Rockies beat the Washington Nationals June 12 , 2010 , Rockies beat the Toronto Blue Jays", "July 9 , 2005 , Rockies beat the San Diego Padres", "April 16 , 2006 , Philadelphia Phillies beat the Rockies", "July 25 , 2006 , St. Louis Cardinals beat the Rockies", "August 1 , 2006 , Milwaukee Brewers beat the Rockies", "June 11 , 2008 , Rockies beat the San Francisco Giants", "September 14 , 2008 , Rockies beat the Los Angeles Dodgers in 10 innings", "September 17 , 2008 , Rockies beat the San Diego Padres", "July 6 , 2009 , Rockies beat the Washington Nationals", "June 12 , 2010 , Rockies beat the Toronto Blue Jays", "Games 3 and 4 of the 2007 World Series between the Rockies and the Boston Red Sox were held at Coors Field . The Red Sox swept both games to win the title .", "On August 7 , 2016 , Ichiro Suzuki collected his 3,000 th MLB career hit : a seventh - inning triple off Rockies pitcher Chris Rusin .", "Date Artist Opening act ( s ) Tour / Concert name Attendance Revenue Notes July 3 , 2015 Zac Brown Band Big Head Todd & The Monsters Jekyll and Hyde Tour 42,000 -- The first major concert at the ballpark", "Date Artist Opening act ( s ) Tour / Concert name Attendance Revenue Notes", "July 3 , 2015 Zac Brown Band Big Head Todd & The Monsters Jekyll and Hyde Tour 42,000 -- The first major concert at the ballpark", "Coors Field also hosted two outdoor ice hockey games in February 2016 . First , on February 20 , the local Denver Pioneers defeated their arch - rival Colorado College 4 - 1 in a college match billed as the `` Battle on Blake '' . Then , one week later on February 27 , the Colorado Avalanche lost to the Detroit Red Wings 5 - 3 as part of the 2016 NHL Stadium Series .", "Alan Roach was the main PA announcer since Coors Field opened in 1995 . In the spring preceding the 2007 Rockies season , Roach announced his retirement from his post at Coors Field to spend more time over the summer with his family . He did come back to substitute in 2008 . Roach is also the PA announcer for the nearby Colorado Avalanche hockey team of the NHL and former PA announcer for the Denver Broncos of the NFL . He also provides voice - overs for local sports introductions in the region , in addition to hosting a local sports talk radio show . He is currently the PA Announcer for the Minnesota Vikings of the NFL . He is also one of the voices of the train system at Denver International Airport , and has also been heard as the PA announcer at recent Super Bowls . Reed Saunders , 23 , was chosen to be the new voice of Coors Field on March 16 , 2007 .", "Coors Field was featured in the movie The Fan ( 1996 ) starring Robert De Niro and Wesley Snipes . The ballpark was also featured in two episodes of South Park : `` Professor Chaos '' ( 2002 ) and `` The Losing Edge '' ( 2005 ) .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Statistic Player ( s ) / Team Score Colorado 11 , New York Mets 9 14 innings First National Anthem Colorado Children 's Chorale First Pitch 5 : 38 p.m. , Bill Swift to Brett Butler First First Plate Appearance , First At Bat , First Swing and First Hit Brett Butler , infield single , 1st inning First Batter to Ground Into Double Play José Vizcaíno ( Mets ) , turned 6 - 3 , Walt Weiss to Andrés Galarraga First Putout Walt Weiss put out Brett Butler at second base ( during the double play mentioned above ) First Extra-Base Hit and First Run Batted In Larry Walker ( Rockies ) double in 1st inning First Run Walt Weiss ( Rockies ) , 1st inning First Flyout and First Sacrifice Fly Dante Bichette ( Rockies ) , putout by David Segui , scoring Joe Girardi , 1st inning First Strikeout Bill Swift , struck out ( called ) David Segui , 2nd inning First Sacrifice Bunt Bobby Jones ( Mets ) , 3rd inning First Home Run Rico Brogna ( Mets ) , 4th inning off Swift First Base On Balls Bobby Jones ( Mets ) walked Bill Swift , 5th inning First Grand Slam Todd Hundley ( Mets ) , 6th inning off Swift First Pinch Hitter John Vander Wal announced for Swift ( did not appear ) , Eric Young pinched for Vander Wal , 6th inning First Relief Pitcher Jerry DiPoto ( Mets ) , 6th inning First Batter to be Hit By Pitch Roberto Mejía ( Rockies ) by DiPoto , 6th inning First Right Field Outfield Assist Carl Everett ( Mets ) , Vinny Castilla at second base , 6th inning First Wild Pitch Mike Munoz ( Rockies ) , facing Rico Brogna , 7th inning First Blown Save Mike Munoz ( Rockies ) , 7th inning ; the Mets John Franco and Mike Remlinger recorded the second and third blown saves in Coors Field history in the 9th and 14th innings of this same inaugural game , respectively First Pinch Runner Brook Fordyce ( Mets ) , 8th inning First Foul Popfly Andrés Galarraga ( Rockies ) , fielded by Jeff Kent First Left Field Outfield Assist Dante Bichette ( Rockies ) , José Vizcaíno at second base , 13th inning Intentional Base On Balls Todd Hundley ( Mets ) , by pitcher Mark Thompson First Pinch Base Hit Jim Tatum ( Rockies ) , 13th inning First Error Tim Bogar ( Mets ) , 14th inning First Walk - off home run ( and First Rockies Home Run ) Dante Bichette ( Rockies ) , three - run home run , 14th inning", "Statistic Player ( s ) / Team", "Score Colorado 11 , New York Mets 9 14 innings", "First National Anthem Colorado Children 's Chorale", "First Pitch 5 : 38 p.m. , Bill Swift to Brett Butler", "First First Plate Appearance , First At Bat , First Swing and First Hit Brett Butler , infield single , 1st inning", "First Batter to Ground Into Double Play José Vizcaíno ( Mets ) , turned 6 - 3 , Walt Weiss to Andrés Galarraga", "First Putout Walt Weiss put out Brett Butler at second base ( during the double play mentioned above )", "First Extra-Base Hit and First Run Batted In Larry Walker ( Rockies ) double in 1st inning", "First Run Walt Weiss ( Rockies ) , 1st inning", "First Flyout and First Sacrifice Fly Dante Bichette ( Rockies ) , putout by David Segui , scoring Joe Girardi , 1st inning", "First Strikeout Bill Swift , struck out ( called ) David Segui , 2nd inning", "First Sacrifice Bunt Bobby Jones ( Mets ) , 3rd inning", "First Home Run Rico Brogna ( Mets ) , 4th inning off Swift", "First Base On Balls Bobby Jones ( Mets ) walked Bill Swift , 5th inning", "First Grand Slam Todd Hundley ( Mets ) , 6th inning off Swift", "First Pinch Hitter John Vander Wal announced for Swift ( did not appear ) , Eric Young pinched for Vander Wal , 6th inning", "First Relief Pitcher Jerry DiPoto ( Mets ) , 6th inning", "First Batter to be Hit By Pitch Roberto Mejía ( Rockies ) by DiPoto , 6th inning", "First Right Field Outfield Assist Carl Everett ( Mets ) , Vinny Castilla at second base , 6th inning", "First Wild Pitch Mike Munoz ( Rockies ) , facing Rico Brogna , 7th inning", "First Blown Save Mike Munoz ( Rockies ) , 7th inning ; the Mets John Franco and Mike Remlinger recorded the second and third blown saves in Coors Field history in the 9th and 14th innings of this same inaugural game , respectively", "First Pinch Runner Brook Fordyce ( Mets ) , 8th inning", "First Foul Popfly Andrés Galarraga ( Rockies ) , fielded by Jeff Kent", "First Left Field Outfield Assist Dante Bichette ( Rockies ) , José Vizcaíno at second base , 13th inning", "Intentional Base On Balls Todd Hundley ( Mets ) , by pitcher Mark Thompson", "First Pinch Base Hit Jim Tatum ( Rockies ) , 13th inning", "First Error Tim Bogar ( Mets ) , 14th inning", "First Walk - off home run ( and First Rockies Home Run ) Dante Bichette ( Rockies ) , three - run home run , 14th inning", "Statistic Person ( s ) Date First Stolen Base Eric Young and Walt Weiss ( Rockies ) double steal April 27 , 1995 First Passed Ball Joe Girardi ( Rockies ) April 27 , 1995 First Triple Andrés Galarraga ( Rockies ) April 27 , 1995 First Baserunner Caught Stealing Carl Everett ( Mets ) , by A.J. Sager / Joe Girardi April 27 , 1995 First Back to Back Home Runs Mike Kingery and Roberto Mejía ( Rockies ) May 6 , 1995 First Center Field Outfield Assist Raúl Mondesí ( Los Angeles Dodgers ) , Larry Walker at second base May 6 , 1995 First Baserunner Picked Off Caught Stealing Dante Bichette ( Rockies ) at third base , by Terry Mulholland ( San Francisco Giants ) May 11 , 1995 First Baserunner Picked Off On Base Brian Jordan ( St. Louis Cardinals ) , by Mark Thompson at 1st base June 6 , 1995 First Balk Marvin Freeman ( Rockies ) June 7 , 1995 First Complete Game and First Shutout ( and , of course , the first Complete Game Shutout ) Tom Glavine ( Atlanta Braves ) June 16 , 1995 First Hitting for the Cycle John Mabry ( St. Louis Cardinals ) ; 11th natural cycle in MLB history May 18 , 1996 First No - hitter Hideo Nomo ( Los Angeles Dodgers ) September 17 , 1996 Unassisted Triple Play Troy Tulowitzki ( Rockies ) April 29 , 2007", "Statistic Person ( s ) Date", "First Stolen Base Eric Young and Walt Weiss ( Rockies ) double steal April 27 , 1995", "First Passed Ball Joe Girardi ( Rockies ) April 27 , 1995", "First Triple Andrés Galarraga ( Rockies ) April 27 , 1995", "First Baserunner Caught Stealing Carl Everett ( Mets ) , by A.J. Sager / Joe Girardi April 27 , 1995", "First Back to Back Home Runs Mike Kingery and Roberto Mejía ( Rockies ) May 6 , 1995", "First Center Field Outfield Assist Raúl Mondesí ( Los Angeles Dodgers ) , Larry Walker at second base May 6 , 1995", "First Baserunner Picked Off Caught Stealing Dante Bichette ( Rockies ) at third base , by Terry Mulholland ( San Francisco Giants ) May 11 , 1995", "First Baserunner Picked Off On Base Brian Jordan ( St. Louis Cardinals ) , by Mark Thompson at 1st base June 6 , 1995", "First Balk Marvin Freeman ( Rockies ) June 7 , 1995", "First Complete Game and First Shutout ( and , of course , the first Complete Game Shutout ) Tom Glavine ( Atlanta Braves ) June 16 , 1995", "First Hitting for the Cycle John Mabry ( St. Louis Cardinals ) ; 11th natural cycle in MLB history May 18 , 1996", "First No - hitter Hideo Nomo ( Los Angeles Dodgers ) September 17 , 1996", "Unassisted Triple Play Troy Tulowitzki ( Rockies ) April 29 , 2007" ]
Coors Field - wikipedia Coors Field Jump to: navigation , search Coors Field Address 2001 Blake Street Location Denver , Colorado Coordinates 39° 45′ 22'' N 104° 59′ 39'' W  /  39.75611° N 104.99417° W  / 39.75611; -104.99417 Coordinates : 39° 45′ 22'' N 104° 59′ 39'' W  /  39.75611° N 104.99417° W  / 39.75611; -104.99417 Public transit Denver Union Station Owner Denver Metropolitan Major League Baseball Stadium District Operator Colorado Rockies Baseball Club Ltd. Capacity 50,398 (2012-- present) 50,490 (2011) 50,445 (2001-- 2010) 50,381 (1999-- 2000) 50,200 (1995-- 1998) Record attendance 51,267 Field size Left Field -- 347 feet (106 m) Left-Center -- 390 feet (119 m) Center Field -- 415 feet (126 m) Right-Center -- 375 feet (114 m) Right Field -- 350 feet (107 m) Backstop -- 56 feet (17 m) Surface Kentucky Bluegrass/Perennial Ryegrass Construction Broke ground October 16, 1992 Opened April 26, 1995 Construction cost US$300 million ($472 million in 2016 dollars ) Architect HOK Sport (now Populous ) Project manager CMTS, Inc. Structural engineer Martin/Martin, Inc. Services engineer M-E Engineers, Inc. General contractor Mortenson/Barton Malow Main contractors LPR Construction Havens Steel Zimmerman Metals Zimkor Industries LPR Erectors Tenants Colorado Rockies ( MLB ) (1995-- present) Coors Field is a baseball park located in downtown Denver , Colorado . It is the home field of the Colorado Rockies , the city's Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise. It is named for the Coors Brewing Company of Golden, Colorado , which purchased the naming rights to the park prior to its completion in 1995 . The Rockies played their first two seasons, 1993 and 1994 , in Mile High Stadium before moving to Coors Field, two blocks from Union Station in Denver's Lower Downtown neighborhood. The park includes 63 luxury suites and 4,526 club seats. Contents ( hide ) 1 Construction 2 Features 2.1 Reputation as a home run-friendly park 3 Notable events 3.1 MLB 3.2 Concerts 3.3 Ice Hockey 4 The `` Voice'' of Coors Field 5 In popular culture 6 Coors Field firsts 6.1 Opening Day (April 26, 1995) 6.2 Later Firsts 7 References 8 External links Construction ( edit ) Coors Field was the first new stadium added in a six-year period in which Denver's sports venues were upgraded, along with Pepsi Center and Sports Authority Field at Mile High (originally sponsored by INVESCO). It was also the first baseball-only park in the National League since Dodger Stadium was built in 1962 . As with the other new venues, Coors Field was constructed with accessibility in mind. It sits near Interstate 25 and has direct access to the 20th Street and Park Avenue exits. Nearby Union Station also provides light rail and commuter rail access. Coors Field was originally planned to be somewhat smaller, seating only 43,800. However, after the Rockies drew almost 4.5 million people in their first season at Mile High Stadium -- the most in baseball history -- the plans were altered during construction, and new seats in the right field upper deck were added. The center field bleacher section is named `` The Rockpile'' . During the 1993 and 1994 seasons when the team played at Mile High Stadium , which was a hybrid football/baseball venue, the Rockpile was located next to the south stands, which were in dead center field and very distant from home plate. The same design was incorporated into Coors Field, and is located in deep center field up high. The original Rockpile seats cost a dollar each. During construction, workers discovered a number of dinosaur fossils throughout the grounds, including a 7-foot-long (2.1 m) 1,000-pound (450 kg) triceratops skull. Because of this, `` Jurassic Park'' was one of the first names to be considered for the stadium. This later led to the selection of a triceratops as the Rockies' mascot, Dinger. Coors Field was the first major league park with an underground heating system. Features ( edit ) Main entrance to the ballpark Extended exposure of Neon lights on the north-east Corner above the Blue Moon Brewery. While most of the seats in Coors Field are dark green, the seats in the 20th row of the upper deck are purple to mark the elevation of one mile (1,609 m) above sea level . Coors Field sold out at night. The Blue Moon Brewery at The Sandlot is a microbrewery / restaurant that is behind the Right Field Stands, with an entrance from Coors Field, and from Blake Street. The brewery is operated by the Coors Brewing Company , and experiments with craft beers on a small scale. The Brewery has won multiple awards at the Great American Beer Festival in various categories. The popular Blue Moon , a Belgian-Style Wheat beer was invented here, and is now mass-produced by Coors. The restaurant is housed in a building that is attached to the stadium. Coors Field has an extensive selection of food items. Selections include Rockie dogs, Denver dogs, vegetarian dogs and burgers, and all of the usual ball park items. Behind the center field wall is a landscape decoration that reflects the typical environment of the Rocky Mountains . This landscape area consists of a waterfall, fountains, and pine trees. After a Rockies home run or win, the fountains shoot high into the air. The park has two large light emitting diode (LED) video displays and one ribbon display in the outfield from Daktronics . The top display, underneath the `` Rockies'' logo, measures 27 by 47 feet (8 m × 14 m). The second display measure 33 by 73 feet (10 m × 22 m) and is used to give lineups and statistics and as a scoreboard. The field also contains several Daktronics ribbon displays, totaling approximately 833 feet (254 m) in length. After the close of the 2013 season, renovations began on the right field portion of the upper deck, converted into an outdoor party deck for 2014. Reputation as a home run-friendly park ( edit ) Stadium designers speculated early on that Coors Field would give up a lot of home runs. At 5,200 feet (1,580 m) above sea level, it is by far the highest park in the majors. The next-highest, Chase Field in Phoenix stands at 1,100 feet (340 m). Designers knew that the low air density at such a high elevation would result in balls traveling farther than in other parks. To compensate, the outfield fences were placed at an unusually far distance from home plate, thus creating the largest outfield in Major League Baseball today, according to Business Insider. In spite of the pushed-back fences, for many years Coors Field not only gave up the most home runs in baseball, but due to the resultant large field area, the most doubles and triples as well. In its first decade, the above-average number of home runs earned Coors Field a reputation as the most hitter-friendly park in Major League Baseball, earning the critical nicknames `` Coors Canaveral'' (a reference to Cape Canaveral , from where NASA launches spacecraft) and `` Williamsport '' (referring to the site of the Little League World Series , which has been traditionally dominated by batters). Prior to the 2002 baseball season, studies determined that it was more the dry air rather than thin air which contributed to the more frequent home runs. It was found that baseballs stored in drier air are harder and therefore more elastic to the impact of the bat. A room-sized humidor was installed in which to store the baseballs, and since its introduction the number of home runs at Coors Field has decreased and is now nearly the same as other parks. Regardless of ball humidity, elevation is still a factor in games at Coors Field. The ball does slip more easily through the thin air allowing for longer hits. In addition, the curveball tends to curve less with the thin air than at sea level leading to fewer strikeouts and fewer effective pitches for pitchers to work with. Coors Field twice broke the major league record for home runs hit in a ballpark in one season. The previous record, 248, had been set at the Angels ' original home of Wrigley Field in Los Angeles in 1961, its only year for major league ball. In Coors Field's first year, the home run total fell just 7 short of that mark, despite losing 9 games from the home schedule (or 1/9 of the normal 81) due to the strike that had continued from 1994. The next season, 1996, with a full schedule finally, 271 home runs were hit at Coors Field. In 1999, the current major league record was set at 303. The annual home run figure dropped noticeably in 2002, and has dropped below 200 starting in 2005. Although the number of home runs hit per season at Coors Field is decreasing, Coors Field still remains the most hitter friendly ballpark in the Major Leagues by a wide margin. From 2012-- 2015 the Colorado Rockies led the league in runs scored in home games, while being last in the league for runs scored in away games. This demonstrates the extreme benefit that Coors Field's low air density provides to hitters. Panorama of Coors Field on the night of Game 4 of the 2007 World Series Notable events ( edit ) MLB ( edit ) The 1998 Major League Baseball All-Star Game took place in Coors Field. On July 2, 2003, a three-flight escalator malfunctioned, injuring 30 people. One woman, Peggy Nance, eventually would have to have her leg amputated. Overcrowding and a malfunctioning wire were blamed. The Rockies never admitted to any responsibility. In 2011, a man fell to his death when he was attempting to slide down a stair railing during the 7th inning of a Rockies- Diamondbacks game. On April 23, 2013, Rockies and Braves played in the coldest game since MLB began tracking game time temperature in 1991, at 23 ° F (− 5 ° C). There have been nine 1-0 games in Coors Field history, through the 2015 season. The first 1-0 game at Coors Field was on July 9, 2005, meaning all nine games have occurred since Major League Baseball allowed the Rockies to start using a humidor on May 15, 2002: Panorama of Coors Field during Todd Helton 's final home game. This was also the final game played at the stadium before the removal of part of the right field upper deck. July 9, 2005, Rockies beat the San Diego Padres April 16, 2006, Philadelphia Phillies beat the Rockies July 25, 2006, St. Louis Cardinals beat the Rockies August 1, 2006, Milwaukee Brewers beat the Rockies June 11, 2008, Rockies beat the San Francisco Giants September 14, 2008, Rockies beat the Los Angeles Dodgers in 10 innings September 17, 2008, Rockies beat the San Diego Padres July 6, 2009, Rockies beat the Washington Nationals June 12, 2010, Rockies beat the Toronto Blue Jays Games 3 and 4 of the 2007 World Series between the Rockies and the Boston Red Sox were held at Coors Field. The Red Sox swept both games to win the title. On August 7, 2016, Ichiro Suzuki collected his 3,000th MLB career hit: a seventh-inning triple off Rockies pitcher Chris Rusin . Concerts ( edit ) Date Artist Opening act(s) Tour / Concert name Attendance Revenue Notes July 3, 2015 Zac Brown Band Big Head Todd & The Monsters Jekyll and Hyde Tour 42,000 -- The first major concert at the ballpark Ice hockey ( edit ) Coors Field also hosted two outdoor ice hockey games in February 2016. First, on February 20, the local Denver Pioneers defeated their arch-rival Colorado College 4-1 in a college match billed as the `` Battle on Blake'' . Then, one week later on February 27, the Colorado Avalanche lost to the Detroit Red Wings 5-3 as part of the 2016 NHL Stadium Series . The `` voice'' of Coors Field ( edit ) Alan Roach was the main PA announcer since Coors Field opened in 1995. In the spring preceding the 2007 Rockies season, Roach announced his retirement from his post at Coors Field to spend more time over the summer with his family. He did come back to substitute in 2008. Roach is also the PA announcer for the nearby Colorado Avalanche hockey team of the NHL and former PA announcer for the Denver Broncos of the NFL . He also provides voice-overs for local sports introductions in the region, in addition to hosting a local sports talk radio show. He is currently the PA Announcer for the Minnesota Vikings of the NFL . He is also one of the voices of the train system at Denver International Airport , and has also been heard as the PA announcer at recent Super Bowls. Reed Saunders, 23, was chosen to be the new voice of Coors Field on March 16, 2007. In popular culture ( edit ) Coors Field was featured in the movie The Fan (1996) starring Robert De Niro and Wesley Snipes . The ballpark was also featured in two episodes of South Park : `` Professor Chaos '' (2002) and `` The Losing Edge '' (2005). Coors Field firsts ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (May 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Opening Day (April 26, 1995) ( edit ) Statistic Player(s)/Team Score Colorado 11, New York Mets 9 14 innings First National Anthem Colorado Children's Chorale First Pitch 5:38 p.m., Bill Swift to Brett Butler First First Plate Appearance , First At Bat , First Swing and First Hit Brett Butler, infield single, 1st inning First Batter to Ground Into Double Play José Vizcaíno (Mets), turned 6-3, Walt Weiss to Andrés Galarraga First Putout Walt Weiss put out Brett Butler at second base (during the double play mentioned above) First Extra-Base Hit and First Run Batted In Larry Walker (Rockies) double in 1st inning First Run Walt Weiss (Rockies), 1st inning First Flyout and First Sacrifice Fly Dante Bichette (Rockies), putout by David Segui , scoring Joe Girardi , 1st inning First Strikeout Bill Swift, struck out (called) David Segui, 2nd inning First Sacrifice Bunt Bobby Jones (Mets), 3rd inning First Home Run Rico Brogna (Mets), 4th inning off Swift First Base On Balls Bobby Jones (Mets) walked Bill Swift, 5th inning First Grand Slam Todd Hundley (Mets), 6th inning off Swift First Pinch Hitter John Vander Wal announced for Swift (did not appear), Eric Young pinched for Vander Wal, 6th inning First Relief Pitcher Jerry DiPoto (Mets), 6th inning First Batter to be Hit By Pitch Roberto Mejía (Rockies) by DiPoto, 6th inning First Right Field Outfield Assist Carl Everett (Mets), Vinny Castilla at second base, 6th inning First Wild Pitch Mike Munoz (Rockies), facing Rico Brogna, 7th inning First Blown Save Mike Munoz (Rockies), 7th inning; the Mets John Franco and Mike Remlinger recorded the second and third blown saves in Coors Field history in the 9th and 14th innings of this same inaugural game, respectively First Pinch Runner Brook Fordyce (Mets), 8th inning First Foul Popfly Andrés Galarraga (Rockies), fielded by Jeff Kent First Left Field Outfield Assist Dante Bichette (Rockies), José Vizcaíno at second base, 13th inning Intentional Base On Balls Todd Hundley (Mets), by pitcher Mark Thompson First Pinch Base Hit Jim Tatum (Rockies), 13th inning First Error Tim Bogar (Mets), 14th inning First Walk-off home run (and First Rockies Home Run) Dante Bichette (Rockies), three-run home run, 14th inning Later Firsts ( edit ) Statistic Person(s) Date First Stolen Base Eric Young and Walt Weiss (Rockies) double steal April 27, 1995 First Passed Ball Joe Girardi (Rockies) April 27, 1995 First Triple Andrés Galarraga (Rockies) April 27, 1995 First Baserunner Caught Stealing Carl Everett (Mets), by A.J. Sager / Joe Girardi April 27, 1995 First Back to Back Home Runs Mike Kingery and Roberto Mejía (Rockies) May 6, 1995 First Center Field Outfield Assist Raúl Mondesí (Los Angeles Dodgers), Larry Walker at second base May 6, 1995 First Baserunner Picked Off Caught Stealing Dante Bichette (Rockies) at third base, by Terry Mulholland (San Francisco Giants) May 11, 1995 First Baserunner Picked Off On Base Brian Jordan (St. Louis Cardinals), by Mark Thompson at 1st base June 6, 1995 First Balk Marvin Freeman (Rockies) June 7, 1995 First Complete Game and First Shutout (and, of course, the first Complete Game Shutout) Tom Glavine (Atlanta Braves) June 16, 1995 First Hitting for the Cycle John Mabry (St. Louis Cardinals); 11th natural cycle in MLB history May 18, 1996 First No-hitter Hideo Nomo (Los Angeles Dodgers) September 17, 1996 Unassisted Triple Play Troy Tulowitzki (Rockies) April 29, 2007 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sports Business Resource Guide & Fact Book'' (PDF) . Street's and Smith's . 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-10 . Retrieved September 21, 2011 . Jump up ^ Groke, Nick (April 2, 2014). `` Rockies' Rooftop party deck at Coors Field `` another dimension'' , Dick Monfort says`` . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 9, 2016 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. `` Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800-- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coors Field -- Denver, Colorado'' . CMTS, Inc. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010 . Retrieved October 12, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: `` Coors Field Baseball Stadium'' (PDF) . Modern Steel Construction . April 1998 . Retrieved September 21, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies Ballpark -- Denver, Colorado'' . M-E Engineers, Inc. Archived from the original on August 30, 2011 . Retrieved September 21, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coors Field'' . LPR Construction . Retrieved March 16, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dinger, Colorado Rockies mascot'' . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies, Coors Field'' . Daktronics . Retrieved March 16, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rooftop Deck'' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved April 4, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CHART: MLB Ballpark Sizes Show the Immense Difference Between Fenway Park and Coors Field'' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowry, Phillip (2005). Green Cathedrals . New York City: Walker & Company. ISBN 0-8027-1562-1 . Jump up ^ Armstrong, Jim (June 13, 1999). `` Opening Shots'' . The Denver Post . Retrieved June 5, 2012 . Jump up ^ Renck, Troy E. (June 21, 2006). `` More Humidors Likely on Horizon'' . The Denver Post . Retrieved June 12, 2007 . Jump up ^ Kalk, Josh (June 17, 2008). `` What to pack for Denver'' . Hardball Times . Retrieved March 16, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coors Field in Denver, Colorado'' . Retrosheet . Retrieved March 16, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How do Ballpark Factors Affect Batters for MLB DFS? (part 1) -- DFS STRATEGY'' . DFS STRATEGY. 2016-03-24 . Retrieved 2016-05-09 . Jump up ^ Henry, Ray (September 1, 2012). `` Police: Fan, 20, Was Drinking Before Ga. Dome Fall'' . Yahoo! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved March 16, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Braves vs. Colorado Rockies - Recap - April 23, 2013 - ESPN'' . ESPN . Associated Press . 23 April 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to: `` Padres vs. Rockies Recap'' . ESPN . Associated Press . July 9, 2006 . Retrieved July 9, 2006 . ^ Jump up to: Associated Press (10 July 2005). `` Rockies win Coors Field's 1st 1-0 game'' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Bodley, Hal (May 14, 2002). `` Baseball Gives Rockies' Humidor Its OK'' . USA Today . Retrieved March 16, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phillies vs. Rockies -- Recap'' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 16, 2006 . Retrieved April 16, 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals vs. Rockies -- Recap'' . ESPN . Associated Press . July 25, 2006 . Retrieved July 25, 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Brewers vs. Rockies -- Recap'' . ESPN . Associated Press . August 1, 2006 . Retrieved August 1, 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Giants vs. Rockies -- Recap'' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 11, 2008 . Retrieved June 11, 2008 . Jump up ^ Only scoreless game through nine innings at Coors Field. Jump up ^ `` Dodgers vs. Rockies -- Recap'' . ESPN . Associated Press . September 14, 2008 . Retrieved September 14, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Padres vs. Rockies -- Recap'' . ESPN . Associated Press . September 17, 2008 . Retrieved September 17, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals vs. Rockies -- Recap'' . ESPN . Associated Press . July 6, 2009 . Retrieved July 6, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Jays vs. Rockies -- Recap'' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 12, 2010 . Retrieved June 12, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 World Series'' . Baseball Almanac. 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press (7 August 2016). `` Rusin gives up Ichiro's 3,000th hit, Rockies lose to Marlins'' . USA Today . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Groke, Nick (20 February 2016). `` Big hockey crowd at Coors Field sees Denver play like kids vs Colorado College'' . The Denver Post . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game Time, On-Sale Date for the ' Battle on Blake' Announced'' (Press release). Denver Pioneers . September 14, 2015 . Retrieved September 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ Dater, Adrian (January 2, 2011). `` Odds of Denver Hosting the Next Winter Classic'' . The Denver Post . Retrieved March 16, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NHL announces 2016 Winter Classic, Stadium Series'' . NHL.com . NHL.com. January 24, 2015 . Retrieved January 24, 2015 . Jump up ^ Roberts, Michael (29 May 2013). `` Photos: Ten biggest Hollywood movie misses filmed in Colorado'' . Westword . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Pahigian, Josh; O'Connell , Kevin (2012). The Ultimate Baseball Road Trip, 2nd: A Fan's Guide to Major League Stadiums . Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 361-- 362. ISBN 0762783915 . 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when did they stop making light brown m&m
In early 1995 , Mars ran a promotion in which consumers were invited to vote on which of blue , pink , or purple would replace the tan M&M 's . Blue was the winner with 54 % of the votes . It replaced tan in late 1995 . Consumers could vote by calling 1 - 800 - FUN - COLOR . Ads for the new blue colors featured a plain and an almond blue M&M character as Red and Yellow take notice of trying to do takes in the commercial by painting themselves blue where they appear on stage with B.B. King singing the blues , but the filmmakers had to cut the scene as they were not the real blue M&M 's ; another featured Red and Yellow holding their breath to look like the new blue M&M 's , where Steven Weber sees the three M&M 's , Red , Yellow , and Blue ; and one more featuring Weber talking to the blue M&M if he had dived into the chocolate pool , but did not .
[ [ "1995" ] ]
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[ "M&M 's Owner Mars , Incorporated Country United States Introduced February 28 , 1941 ; 76 years ago ( 1941 - 02 - 28 ) Related brands Minstrels , Revels , Treets Markets Worldwide ( over 100 countries ) Website www.mms.com", "Owner Mars , Incorporated", "Country United States", "Introduced February 28 , 1941 ; 76 years ago ( 1941 - 02 - 28 )", "Related brands Minstrels , Revels , Treets", "Markets Worldwide ( over 100 countries )", "Website www.mms.com", "M&M 's are `` colorful button - shaped chocolates '' , each of which has the letter `` m '' printed in lower case on one side , surrounds a filling which varies depending upon the variety of M&M 's . The original candy had a milk chocolate filling which , upon introducing other variations , was branded as the `` plain '' variety . `` Peanut '' M&M 's , which feature a peanut coated in milk chocolate , and finally a candy shell , were the first variation to be introduced , and they remain a regular variety . Numerous other variations have been introduced , some of which are regular widespread varieties ( such as `` peanut butter '' , `` almond '' , `` pretzel '' , `` crispy '' , `` dark chocolate '' , and `` caramel '' ) while others are limited in duration or geographic availability .", "M&M 's originated in the United States in 1940 , and are sold in over 100 countries , since 2003 . More than 400 million individual M&M 's are produced every day in the United States . They are produced in different colors , some of which have changed over the years . The candy - coated chocolate concept was inspired by a method used to allow soldiers to carry chocolate without having it melt . The company 's longest - lasting slogan reflects this : `` Melts in your mouth , not in your hand . ''", "A traditional milk chocolate M&M weighs about 0.91 grams / 0.032 ounces and has about 4.7 kilocalories ( kcal ) of food energy ( 1.7 kcal from fat ) .", "Forrest Mars , Sr. , son of the Mars Company founder , Frank C. Mars , copied the idea for the candy in the 1930s during the Spanish Civil War when he saw soldiers eating British made Smarties , chocolate pellets with a colored shell of what confectioners call hard panning ( essentially hardened sugar syrup ) surrounding the outside , preventing the candies from melting . Mars received a patent for his own process on March 3 , 1941 . Production began in 1941 in a factory located at 285 Badger Avenue in Clinton Hill , Newark , New Jersey . When the company was founded it was M&M Limited . The two `` Ms '' represent the names of Forrest E. Mars Sr. , the founder of Newark Company , and Bruce Murrie , son of Hershey Chocolate 's president William F.R. Murrie , who had a 20 percent share in the product . The arrangement allowed the candies to be made with Hershey chocolate , as Hershey had control of the rationed chocolate at the time .", "The demand for the candies during World War II caused an increase in production and its factory moved to bigger quarters at 200 North 12th Street in Newark , New Jersey , where it remained until 1958 when it moved to a bigger factory at Hackettstown . During the war , the candies were exclusively sold to the military .", "In 1949 , the brand released the tagline `` Melts in your mouth , not in your hand . ''", "In 1950 , a black `` M '' was imprinted on the candies giving them a unique trademark . It was changed to white in 1954 .", "In the early 1950s , the Midwest Research Institute ( now MRIGlobal ) in Kansas City , Missouri , worked on behalf of M&M 's to perfect a process whereby 3,300 pounds ( 1,500 kg ) of chocolate centers could be coated every hour .", "Peanut M&M 's were introduced in 1954 but first appeared only in the color tan . In 1960 , M&M 's added the yellow , red , and green colors .", "In 1976 , orange was added to the M&M rainbow to replace red , which was discontinued due to the red dye scare over Red Dyes # 2 and # 4 having been evaluated to be carcinogenic in nature . In spite of the fact that M&M 's had used the less controversial Red Dye # 40 , the public was wary of any food being dyed red . Red M&M 's were re-introduced in 1987 .", "In the 1980s , M&M 's were introduced internationally to Australia , Canada , Europe , Hong Kong , Japan , Malaysia , and the United Kingdom .", "Although they were marketed and then withdrawn in the 1960s , almond - centered M&M 's were available again in 1988 in limited release , with appearances only during Christmas and Easter times ; they became a standard part of the product line in 1992 .", "Also in 1986 , M&M 's launched Holidays Chocolate Candies for Easter and Christmas , with the Easter candies having bunny , chick , and egg symbols on pastel - colored shells , and the Christmas candies having pine tree , bell , and candle symbols on red and green shells ; with the latter also having a special mint flavor . By 1993 , the holiday symbols were replaced with the standard trademark `` M '' .", "In 1991 , Peanut Butter M&M 's were released . These candies have peanut butter inside the chocolate center and the same color scheme as the other varieties . As of at least 2013 , the size of the peanut butter M&M has become slightly smaller .", "In 1995 , tan M&Ms were discontinued to be replaced by blue .", "In 1996 , Mars introduced `` M&M 's Minis '' , smaller candies usually sold in plastic tubes instead of bags .", "In 1999 , Crispy M&M 's were released . They were slightly larger than the milk chocolate variety and also featured a crispy wafer center . They were discontinued in the United States in 2005 and remained available in Europe , and Southeast Asia . In January 2015 , they returned to production in the United States .", "In July 2001 , Dulce de Leche M&M 's were introduced in five markets with large Hispanic populations : Los Angeles , California ; San Diego , California ; Miami , Florida ; Mcallen - Brownsville , Texas ; and San Antonio , Texas . The flavor never became popular with the Hispanic community , who preferred existing M&M 's flavors , and it was discontinued in most areas by early 2003 .", "In 2010 , Pretzel M&M 's were released . They contain a crunchy , salty pretzel center inside of the chocolate coating and are about the same size as the Peanut M&M 's , but their shape tends to be more spherical .", "In 2013 , the M&M 's chocolate bar was re-released . It was originally released in 2004 and named M - Azing .", "In 2014 , Mega M&M 's were re-introduced . Before then , the ' Mega M&M 's ' had been released in 2007 promoting the Shrek Movies , being dubbed `` Ogre - Sized M&M 's '' .", "In 2015 , Crispy M&M 's were re-introduced in the United States . They had remained available continuously in Europe and Australia .", "In 2016 , the M&M cookie was re-introduced in the United States .", "Also in 2016 , the M&M 's flavor vote was created in which the fans could vote for either honey , coffee , or chili nut M&M 's to go with peanut M&M 's . Coffee Nuts was announced as the winner by VEEP 's Tony Hale", "In April 2017 , M&M 's chocolate blocks went on sale in Australia . Six varieties ( milk chocolate , strawberry , crispy , hazelnut , crispy mint and almond ) are available .", "Also in 2017 , Caramel M&M 's were released in the United States .", "M&M 's varieties have included the following sizes and fillings . Note that some have only been made available for a limited time , such as white cheesecake for Easter , pumpkin spice or white candy corn for Halloween , and White Strawberry Shortcake for Valentine 's Day .", "sizes : regular ( in the following flavors ) , minis , mega ( × 3 the chocolate ) and the `` chocolate bar '' . chocolate : milk chocolate , dark chocolate , white chocolate nut : peanuts , almonds , peanut butter , dark chocolate peanut , strawberried peanut butter , strawberry nut spice and herb : mint chocolate , cinnamon , pumpkin spice , white chocolate peppermint , holiday mint , gingerbread , mint crisp , pumpkin spice latte , mocha , coffee nut , honey nut , and chili nut . fruit : orange chocolate , cherry , raspberry , cherry cordial , pineapple , coconut , candy apple dessert : pretzel , birthday cake , white chocolate candy corn , red velvet , dulce de leche , white chocolate carrot cake , vanilla shake , crispy , three milks ( tres leches ) , pecan pie , and caramel . colors : Easter regularly sees pastel - colored candies and Christmas bags have green and red only", "sizes : regular ( in the following flavors ) , minis , mega ( × 3 the chocolate ) and the `` chocolate bar '' .", "chocolate : milk chocolate , dark chocolate , white chocolate", "nut : peanuts , almonds , peanut butter , dark chocolate peanut , strawberried peanut butter , strawberry nut", "spice and herb : mint chocolate , cinnamon , pumpkin spice , white chocolate peppermint , holiday mint , gingerbread , mint crisp , pumpkin spice latte , mocha , coffee nut , honey nut , and chili nut .", "fruit : orange chocolate , cherry , raspberry , cherry cordial , pineapple , coconut , candy apple", "dessert : pretzel , birthday cake , white chocolate candy corn , red velvet , dulce de leche , white chocolate carrot cake , vanilla shake , crispy , three milks ( tres leches ) , pecan pie , and caramel .", "colors : Easter regularly sees pastel - colored candies and Christmas bags have green and red only", "Over the years , marketing has helped build and expand the M&M 's brand . Computer - animated graphics , personification of the candies as characters with cartoon - like storytelling , and various merchandising techniques including the introduction of new flavors , colors and customizable merchandise have helped to increase the brand 's recognition as a candy icon .", "In 1982 , the Mars candy bar company rejected the inclusion of M&M 's in the new Steven Spielberg movie E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial . Competitor Hershey , on the other hand , took a chance with their Reese 's Pieces , which is similar to M&M 's but contains a peanut butter filling , and with the blockbuster success , its candy sales dramatically increased , perhaps by as much as 300 % .", "In 1990 , M&M 's exhibited at New York 's Erie County Fair a life - size fiberglass cow covered with 66,000 M&M candies -- each adhered by hand with the `` m '' logo on each candy facing outward . According to a website run by the cow 's designer , Michael Adams , the stunt earned M&M Mars $1 million in free publicity because it was reported on by Newsweek magazine , as well as the New York Post , UPI and WABC - TV , and Live with Regis .", "In 1995 , the company ran the M&M 's Color Campaign , a contest in which participants were given the choice of selecting purple , blue , or pink as the color of a new variety of M&M 's . The announcement of the winning color ( blue ) was carried on most of the television networks ' news programs as well as the talk shows of David Letterman and Jay Leno . As part of the contest results , the company had the Empire State Building lighted in blue . Although the financial details of these deals were not disclosed and neither was the campaign 's effect on sales , one marketing book estimated that the company `` collected millions '' in free publicity and that the campaign `` certainly '' resulted in an increasing of the brand 's awareness .", "In 1998 , M&M 's were styled as `` The Official Candy of the New Millennium , '' as MM is the Roman numeral for 2000 . This date was also the release of the rainbow M&M 's , which are multi-colored and filled with a variety of different fillings .", "In 2000 , `` Plain '' M&M 's ( a name created in 1954 when `` Peanut '' M&M 's were introduced ) were renamed `` Milk Chocolate '' M&M 's , and pictures of the candy pieces were added to the traditional brown and white packaging .", "In 1990 , Mars Snackfood US signed up to be a sponsor for NASCAR in the Sprint Cup Series . Drivers for the M&M 's - sponsored car through the years have included Ernie Irvan ( 1999 ) , Ken Schrader ( 2000 -- 02 ) , Eliott Sadler ( 2003 -- 06 ) , Ricky Rudd ( 2007 ) , David Gilliland ( 2006 -- 07 ) , Kyle Busch ( 2008 - current , won 2015 Sprint Cup Series Championship ) , and Michael McDowell .", "The introduction of the blue M&M to Australia was promoted by the Australian Football League 's Carlton Football Club , which wore sky - blue colored guernseys in one of its matches in 1997 instead of its traditional navy blue -- a color which the successful and fiercely traditional club had worn since the 1870s . In 2010 , Mars Snackfood Australia described it as the most successful promotional campaign it had ever engaged in .", "In April 2005 , M&M 's ran the `` mPire '' promotion to tie in with the Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith movie release . M&M 's were offered in dark chocolate varieties ( Regular and Peanut ) for the first time after a string of Addams Family M&M 's commercials .", "In May 2004 , M&M 's ran a Shrek 2 promotion to tie in with the movie 's release . M&M 's were offered `` ogre - sized '' ( 65 % larger ) in swamp / ogre colors . They were sold at many stores displayed in huge cardboard - cutout ogre displays .", "In the summer of 2005 , Mars added `` Mega M&M 's '' to the lineup . These candies , at 55 % larger than the traditional M&M 's , were a little smaller than the ogre - sized version . They were available in milk chocolate and peanut varieties . The colors for Mega M&M 's were changed to less - bright colors , ostensibly to appeal to older consumers : teal ( replacing green ) , beige ( replacing orange ) , maroon ( replacing red ) , gold ( replacing yellow ) , blue - gray ( replacing blue ) , and brown .", "In July 2006 , Dark Chocolate M&M 's reappeared in a purple package , followed in 2007 by Dark Chocolate Peanut M&M 's . Also in 2006 , the company piloted White Chocolate M&M 's as a tie - in with their `` Pirates of the Caribbean '' promotion . The company also offered eight new flavors of M&M 's via online sales , as well as at M&M 's World locations : `` All That Razz '' ; `` Eat , Drink , & Be Cherry '' ; `` A Day at the Peach '' ; `` Orange - U-Glad '' ; `` Mint Condition '' ; `` AlmonDeeLicious '' ; `` Nut What You Think '' ; and `` Cookie Monster '' . Mars also released a `` Crispy Mint '' variety in Australia that year .", "Also in 2006 , M&M 's became the official chocolate of NASCAR .", "In 2007 , M&M 's introduced a limited - edition raspberry flavor called `` M&M 's Razzberry Chocolate Candies '' .", "Also in 2007 , M&M 's produced a 50 - foot , smiling Lady Liberty M&M statue to kick off a campaign encouraging Americans to create their own M&M characters at mms.com . The website allows for people to log in and create their own character from scratch . They can choose features such as the color , shape , hair , and accessories .", "In 2008 , two limited - edition varieties of the candy were introduced -- `` Wildly Cherry '' M&M 's , and , as a marketing tie - in with the film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , `` Mint Crisp '' M&M 's .", "M&M 's also introduced another new product called `` M&M 's Premiums '' in 2008 . They come in five flavors -- chocolate almond , mint chocolate , mocha , raspberry almond , and triple chocolate ( milk , dark , and white chocolate ) , which are sold in small upright cartons with a plastic bag inside . M&M 's Premiums do not have a candy shell but are coated with carnauba wax and color . Dark Chocolate was added in 2009 , replacing Mocha .", "During the summer of 2008 , My M&M 's launched ' Faces , ' which allows consumers to print the faces of loved ones on M&M 's chocolate candies at mymms.com .", "In February 2009 , M&M 's launched the `` M&M 's Colour Break - Up '' promotion in Australia where M&M 's were sold in separate packs ( one for each color ) : the packs included a code to win prizes .", "In Summer 2009 , M&M 's launched a limited - edition `` Strawberried Peanut Butter '' variant to tie in with the release of Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen . In addition , M&M 's launched a limited edition `` Coconut M&M 's , '' which became a permanent item in 2010 .", "In early 2010 , M&M 's Bare All were released as part of a competition in Australia and New Zealand . M&M 's Bare All winning packs were ordinary M&M 's , but without colored shells . An official website was launched , along with television advertisements . In April 2010 , M&M 's launched a new pretzel variety .", "In November 2011 , Mars released M&M 's Cinnamon Milk Chocolate for Christmas .", "About the time pretzel M&M 's came out , the M&M 's wrapper designs in the U.S. were redone , from the old design , used from 2004 - early 2010 .", "In 2012 , M&M 's released two new Dark Chocolate flavors : Raspberry and Mint . Also that year , M&M 's released a White Chocolate flavor for the Easter season . From May 30 , 2012 , onwards , M&M 's will be launched in Macau . Its Macanese launch language is Portuguese . In 2012 , Peanut M&M 's were produced in the UK in a limited edition `` Red , White and Blues only '' pack , in connection with the country 's Diamond Jubilee and 2012 Summer Olympics . The ' M ' remains white on the white candies . The commercial advertising this promotional package had Yellow donning various outfits of British stereotypes to try to get into the limited edition pack . Similarly , to promote the 2014 FIFA World Cup , Peanut M&M 's were produced in a pack that contained only green , yellow , and blue candies , dubbed `` Brazilian M&M 's '' in reference to the colors of the flag of Brazil . `` Brazilian M&M 's '' were re-released in 2016 to promote the 2016 Summer Olympics , but are now available in both Chocolate and Peanut .", "In 2013 , M&M 's launched the `` Better with M '' campaign , which included cause - related marketing . The campaign worked with Habitat for Humanity and encouraged fans to use a Facebook app to volunteer at the various sites where the homes were being built . The advertising campaign was one of the largest that Mars had ever executed . The 2013 `` America Better With M '' initiative sough to provide money directly to Habitat for Humanity through offering limited versions of M&Ms in red , white and blue .", "Related candy brands from Mars include Minstrels , Revels , Skittles , and Treets .", "M&M 's World specialty shops have been established in some locations , including Las Vegas , Orlando , New York , London , and Shanghai .", "Several M&Ms - themed video games have been created . The first was M&M 's : The Lost Formulas , released on September 28 , 2000 .", "Early black - and - white adverts for the candy in 1954 featured two talking , anthropomorphic M&M characters -- one plain and one peanut -- diving into a swimming pool full of chocolate .", "The first incarnation of the characters in CGI was a 1994 celebrity campaign which had the characters interacting with celebrities on which M&Ms candy color is their favorite . This campaign was created by Blue Sky Studios . Concurrent with 1995 's blue M&M campaign , M&M 's introduced second computer - animated `` spokescandies '' in their television commercials . The depiction and campaign of the M&M 's were made by Will Vinton in 1995 . Vinton previously created the clay - animation California Raisins in 1986 . Around the time he worked on CGI projects , he made the depiction of the M&M 's as more mature than most food mascots . These include the team of the cynical and sardonic Red ( originally voiced by Jon Lovitz , thereafter Billy West ) who is the mascot for milk chocolate , peanut butter , and crispy M&M 's , and the happy and gullible Yellow ( originally voiced by John Goodman , thereafter J.K. Simmons ) , who is the mascot for peanut M&M 's ( he was originally known as `` Peanut '' when first introduced ) . Other mascots include the `` cool one '' , Blue ( voiced by Phil Hartman until his death in 1998 , thereafter Robb Pruitt ) who is the mascot for almond M&M 's ; the seductive Green ( voiced by Cree Summer ) , who is the mascot for both dark chocolate mint and peanut butter M&M 's , and the slightly neurotic Orange ( voiced by Eric Kirchberger ) , who was introduced when Crispy M&M 's were first released and returned when Pretzel M&M 's debuted in 2010 . Orange , upon his return , was joined by the second non-M&M mascot , Pretzel Guy , who `` supports '' him and offers helpful advice as he hates the idea of having a pretzel put inside his body .", "Other mascots that were introduced , but no longer used , are Almond , the original green guy ; Orange , a female peanut character , Chocolate Bar ; the first non-M&M character that always gets foiled or outdone by Red and Yellow by being melted when M&M 's ca n't , and the Swarmees for M&M 's Minis candies , which are portrayed as destructive yet crafty troublemakers who Red and Yellow are always trying unsuccessfully to contain .", "Female M&M 's mascots were introduced in 1995 . Green was the milk chocolate mascot and Tan was the peanut . Marketing discontinued Tan when they introduced the then - new Blue mascot . Green was the only female M&M 's mascot from her introduction in 1995 until 2012 when M&M 's unveiled a new additional spokescandy , the businesslike Ms. Brown ( voiced by Miss America 1984 Vanessa Williams ) , the `` Chief Chocolate Officer . '' She made her debut in a Super Bowl XLVI advertisement , where several people at a party assume she is naked because her shell is the same color as her insides , which causes Red to remove his outer shell thinking `` it 's that kind of party '' , and start dancing to the LMFAO song `` Sexy And I Know It . ''", "Color Character Type Voice actor Red Red Milk Chocolate , Dark Chocolate , Peanut Butter , and Crispy Jon Lovitz ( 1995 -- 96 ) Billy West ( 1996 -- present ) Yellow Yellow Peanut , and Dark Chocolate Peanut John Goodman ( 1995 -- 96 ) J.K. Simmons ( 1996 -- present ) Blue Blue Almond , Raspberry , and Dark Chocolate Phil Hartman ( 1995 -- 98 ) Robb Pruitt ( 1998 -- present ) Green Green Dark Chocolate , Dark Chocolate Mint , and Peanut Butter Cree Summer Orange Crispy Crispy and Pretzel Eric Kirchberger Brown Ms. Brown Dark Chocolate and Milk Chocolate Vanessa Williams Tan Caramel ( cube ) Caramel David Cross N / A Pretzel Pretzel Maurice LaMarche", "Color Character Type Voice actor", "Red Red Milk Chocolate , Dark Chocolate , Peanut Butter , and Crispy Jon Lovitz ( 1995 -- 96 ) Billy West ( 1996 -- present )", "Yellow Yellow Peanut , and Dark Chocolate Peanut John Goodman ( 1995 -- 96 ) J.K. Simmons ( 1996 -- present )", "Blue Blue Almond , Raspberry , and Dark Chocolate Phil Hartman ( 1995 -- 98 ) Robb Pruitt ( 1998 -- present )", "Green Green Dark Chocolate , Dark Chocolate Mint , and Peanut Butter Cree Summer", "Orange Crispy Crispy and Pretzel Eric Kirchberger", "Brown Ms. Brown Dark Chocolate and Milk Chocolate Vanessa Williams", "Tan Caramel ( cube ) Caramel David Cross", "N / A Pretzel Pretzel Maurice LaMarche", "The original color of M&M 's candies are red , yellow , violet , green and orange .", "In 1976 , the Food and drug Administrtion released a study that links red dye food coloring to cancer . Though Mars did not use this dye they decided to pull the red M&M 's from the market to avoid possible misunderstandings . The red candy were reintroduced to the market ten years later .", "In early 1995 , Mars ran a promotion in which consumers were invited to vote on which of blue , pink , or purple would replace the tan M&M 's . Blue was the winner with 54 % of the votes . It replaced tan in late 1995 . Consumers could vote by calling 1 - 800 - FUN - COLOR . Ads for the new blue colors featured a plain and an almond blue M&M character as Red and Yellow take notice of trying to do takes in the commercial by painting themselves blue where they appear on stage with B.B. King singing the blues , but the filmmakers had to cut the scene as they were not the real blue M&M 's ; another featured Red and Yellow holding their breath to look like the new blue M&M 's , where Steven Weber sees the three M&M 's , Red , Yellow , and Blue ; and one more featuring Weber talking to the blue M&M if he had dived into the chocolate pool , but did not .", "In 2002 , Mars solicited votes in their first ever `` M&M 's Global Color Vote '' to add a new color from three choices : aqua ( turquoise ) , pink , and purple . Purple won and was featured for a limited time . To help the colors get votes , Ken Schrader and his MB2 Motorsports team , who was sponsored by M&M 's at the time , ran four paint schemes during the 2002 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season representing the promotion ( one for aqua , one for pink , one for purple , and another one with all three colors on the car . ) Specially marked packages of M&M 's were released in Japan . Finding a bag of all purple M&M 's entitled the customer to a prize of 100 million yen ( equivalent to approximately USD $852,000 ) .", "On January 1 , 2004 , at the stroke of midnight , Mars removed all of the colors of M&M 's and made them black - and - white on both their candies and the packaging . It coincided with a commercial parodying The Wizard of Oz where Dorothy is home in bed and looks out of the window and sees what the colors of the four M&M 's were . The goal was to help the M&M 's find their colors in black - and - white packages of M&M 's , in this order : brown , orange , red , green , yellow , and blue . After all of the colors have been found , the colored packaging returned , and began carrying the theme `` Chocolate is better in color '' .", "Since 2004 , M&M 's have been available online in 17 colors , with personalized phrases on each candy on the opposite side from the `` m '' . Released around Christmas , these custom - printed M&M 's were originally intended for holiday greetings , but are now available all year round .", "For the 2008 Valentine 's Day season , Mars introduced all - green bags of M&M 's . This was due to common urban folklore that says green M&M 's are an aphrodisiac . They were brought back for 2009 alongside the `` Ms. Green Heats Up Valentine 's Day '' contest .", "In October 2011 , Mars released M&M 's White Chocolate Candy Corn exclusively in the United States for Halloween . These candies come in three candy corn inspired colors : white , bright yellow , and bright orange .", "The following is a summary of the changes to the colors of the flagship ( milk chocolate ) flavor of M&M 's , the only filling manufactured continuously since the beginning of the brand . From 1941 until 1969 , each package contained M&M 's in five different colors ; when red M&M 's were reintroduced in 1987 , they were added as a sixth color instead of replacing any of the existing colors .", "Red candies were eliminated in 1976 because of health concerns over the dye amaranth ( FD&C Red # 2 ) , which was a suspected carcinogen , and were replaced with orange - colored candies . This was done despite the fact that M&M 's did not contain the dye ; the action was purely to satisfy worried consumers . Red candies were reintroduced ten years later , but they also kept the orange colored M&M 's . Paul Hethmon , then a student at University of Tennessee , started the campaign to bring back red M&M 's as a joke that would eventually become a worldwide phenomenon .", "In Europe , red M&M 's contain the red dye carmine ( E120 ) . Carmine , also known as cochineal , has had some campaigns launched against its use in food , because it is made from crushed insects . Notably , Starbucks in the UK had a campaign launched against it for using carmine ." ]
M&M's - wikipedia M&M's Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the candy. For other uses, see M&M . M&M's Owner Mars, Incorporated Country United States Introduced February 28, 1941 ; 76 years ago ( 1941-02-28 ) Related brands Minstrels , Revels , Treets Markets Worldwide (over 100 countries) Website www.mms.com M&M's are `` colorful button-shaped chocolates'' , each of which has the letter `` m'' printed in lower case on one side, surrounds a filling which varies depending upon the variety of M&M's . The original candy had a milk chocolate filling which, upon introducing other variations, was branded as the `` plain'' variety. `` Peanut '' M&M's , which feature a peanut coated in milk chocolate, and finally a candy shell, were the first variation to be introduced, and they remain a regular variety. Numerous other variations have been introduced, some of which are regular widespread varieties (such as `` peanut butter '' , `` almond '' , `` pretzel '' , `` crispy '' , `` dark chocolate '' , and `` caramel '' ) while others are limited in duration or geographic availability. M&M's originated in the United States in 1940, and are sold in over 100 countries, since 2003. More than 400 million individual M&M's are produced every day in the United States. They are produced in different colors, some of which have changed over the years . The candy-coated chocolate concept was inspired by a method used to allow soldiers to carry chocolate without having it melt. The company's longest-lasting slogan reflects this: `` Melts in your mouth, not in your hand.'' A traditional milk chocolate M&M weighs about 0.91 grams / 0.032 ounces and has about 4.7 kilocalories (kcal) of food energy (1.7 kcal from fat). Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1941-- 1979 1.2 1980s 1.3 1990s 1.4 2000s 1.5 2010s 2 Varieties 3 Marketing 3.1 E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial 3.2 Marketing campaigns 3.3 Joint marketing campaigns 3.4 Related brands 4 M&M's characters 5 Color changes in chocolate M&M's 6 Health concerns 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) 1941-- 1979 ( edit ) Plain/Milk Chocolate M&M's were introduced in 1941. Forrest Mars, Sr. , son of the Mars Company founder, Frank C. Mars, copied the idea for the candy in the 1930s during the Spanish Civil War when he saw soldiers eating British made Smarties , chocolate pellets with a colored shell of what confectioners call hard panning (essentially hardened sugar syrup) surrounding the outside, preventing the candies from melting. Mars received a patent for his own process on March 3, 1941. Production began in 1941 in a factory located at 285 Badger Avenue in Clinton Hill, Newark, New Jersey . When the company was founded it was M&M Limited. The two `` Ms'' represent the names of Forrest E. Mars Sr., the founder of Newark Company, and Bruce Murrie, son of Hershey Chocolate's president William F.R. Murrie, who had a 20 percent share in the product. The arrangement allowed the candies to be made with Hershey chocolate, as Hershey had control of the rationed chocolate at the time. M&M's chocolate candy in cross-section with millimeter ruler for scale. Shows layers of hard panned coating. The demand for the candies during World War II caused an increase in production and its factory moved to bigger quarters at 200 North 12th Street in Newark, New Jersey , where it remained until 1958 when it moved to a bigger factory at Hackettstown . During the war, the candies were exclusively sold to the military. Peanut M&M's were introduced in 1954. In 1949, the brand released the tagline `` Melts in your mouth, not in your hand.'' Peanut butter M&M's . (Not to be confused with Peanut M&Ms ) In 1950, a black `` M'' was imprinted on the candies giving them a unique trademark. It was changed to white in 1954. In the early 1950s, the Midwest Research Institute (now MRIGlobal ) in Kansas City, Missouri , worked on behalf of M&M's to perfect a process whereby 3,300 pounds (1,500 kg) of chocolate centers could be coated every hour. Peanut M&M's were introduced in 1954 but first appeared only in the color tan. In 1960, M&M's added the yellow, red, and green colors. In 1976, orange was added to the M&M rainbow to replace red, which was discontinued due to the red dye scare over Red Dyes #2 and #4 having been evaluated to be carcinogenic in nature. In spite of the fact that M&M's had used the less controversial Red Dye #40, the public was wary of any food being dyed red. Red M&M's were re-introduced in 1987. 1980s ( edit ) In the 1980s, M&M's were introduced internationally to Australia, Canada, Europe, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, and the United Kingdom. Although they were marketed and then withdrawn in the 1960s, almond-centered M&M's were available again in 1988 in limited release, with appearances only during Christmas and Easter times; they became a standard part of the product line in 1992. Also in 1986, M&M's launched Holidays Chocolate Candies for Easter and Christmas, with the Easter candies having bunny, chick, and egg symbols on pastel-colored shells, and the Christmas candies having pine tree, bell, and candle symbols on red and green shells; with the latter also having a special mint flavor. By 1993, the holiday symbols were replaced with the standard trademark `` M'' . 1990s ( edit ) In 1991, Peanut Butter M&M's were released. These candies have peanut butter inside the chocolate center and the same color scheme as the other varieties. As of at least 2013, the size of the peanut butter M&M has become slightly smaller. In 1995, tan M&Ms were discontinued to be replaced by blue. In 1996, Mars introduced `` M&M's Minis'' , smaller candies usually sold in plastic tubes instead of bags. In 1999, Crispy M&M's were released. They were slightly larger than the milk chocolate variety and also featured a crispy wafer center. They were discontinued in the United States in 2005 and remained available in Europe, and Southeast Asia. In January 2015, they returned to production in the United States. 2000s ( edit ) In July 2001, Dulce de Leche M&M's were introduced in five markets with large Hispanic populations: Los Angeles, California ; San Diego, California ; Miami, Florida ; Mcallen - Brownsville, Texas ; and San Antonio, Texas . The flavor never became popular with the Hispanic community, who preferred existing M&M's flavors, and it was discontinued in most areas by early 2003. 2010s ( edit ) In 2010, Pretzel M&M's were released. They contain a crunchy, salty pretzel center inside of the chocolate coating and are about the same size as the Peanut M&M's , but their shape tends to be more spherical. In 2013, the M&M's chocolate bar was re-released. It was originally released in 2004 and named M-Azing . In 2014, Mega M&M's were re-introduced. Before then, the ' Mega M&M's ' had been released in 2007 promoting the Shrek Movies, being dubbed `` Ogre-Sized M&M's '' . In 2015, Crispy M&M's were re-introduced in the United States. They had remained available continuously in Europe and Australia. In 2016, the M&M cookie was re-introduced in the United States. Also in 2016, the M&M's flavor vote was created in which the fans could vote for either honey, coffee, or chili nut M&M's to go with peanut M&M's . Coffee Nuts was announced as the winner by VEEP 's Tony Hale In April 2017, M&M's chocolate blocks went on sale in Australia. Six varieties (milk chocolate, strawberry, crispy, hazelnut, crispy mint and almond) are available. Also in 2017, Caramel M&M's were released in the United States. Varieties ( edit ) M&M's varieties have included the following sizes and fillings. Note that some have only been made available for a limited time, such as white cheesecake for Easter, pumpkin spice or white candy corn for Halloween, and White Strawberry Shortcake for Valentine's Day. sizes: regular (in the following flavors), minis, mega (× 3 the chocolate) and the `` chocolate bar'' . chocolate: milk chocolate , dark chocolate , white chocolate nut: peanuts , almonds , peanut butter , dark chocolate peanut, strawberried peanut butter, strawberry nut spice and herb: mint chocolate , cinnamon , pumpkin spice , white chocolate peppermint , holiday mint, gingerbread , mint crisp, pumpkin spice latte, mocha, coffee nut, honey nut, and chili nut. fruit: orange chocolate , cherry , raspberry , cherry cordial , pineapple , coconut , candy apple dessert: pretzel , birthday cake , white chocolate candy corn , red velvet , dulce de leche , white chocolate carrot cake , vanilla shake , crispy , three milks ( tres leches ), pecan pie , and caramel . colors: Easter regularly sees pastel -colored candies and Christmas bags have green and red only Marketing ( edit ) Over the years, marketing has helped build and expand the M&M's brand. Computer-animated graphics, personification of the candies as characters with cartoon-like storytelling, and various merchandising techniques including the introduction of new flavors, colors and customizable merchandise have helped to increase the brand's recognition as a candy icon. E.T.: the Extra-Terrestrial ( edit ) In 1982, the Mars candy bar company rejected the inclusion of M&M's in the new Steven Spielberg movie E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial . Competitor Hershey , on the other hand, took a chance with their Reese's Pieces , which is similar to M&M's but contains a peanut butter filling, and with the blockbuster success, its candy sales dramatically increased, perhaps by as much as 300%. Marketing campaigns ( edit ) In 1990, M&M's exhibited at New York's Erie County Fair a life-size fiberglass cow covered with 66,000 M&M candies-- each adhered by hand with the `` m'' logo on each candy facing outward. According to a website run by the cow's designer, Michael Adams, the stunt earned M&M Mars $1 million in free publicity because it was reported on by Newsweek magazine, as well as the New York Post , UPI and WABC-TV , and Live with Regis . In 1995, the company ran the M&M's Color Campaign, a contest in which participants were given the choice of selecting purple, blue, or pink as the color of a new variety of M&M's . The announcement of the winning color (blue) was carried on most of the television networks' news programs as well as the talk shows of David Letterman and Jay Leno . As part of the contest results, the company had the Empire State Building lighted in blue. Although the financial details of these deals were not disclosed and neither was the campaign's effect on sales, one marketing book estimated that the company `` collected millions'' in free publicity and that the campaign `` certainly'' resulted in an increasing of the brand's awareness. In 1998, M&M's were styled as `` The Official Candy of the New Millennium,'' as MM is the Roman numeral for 2000. This date was also the release of the rainbow M&M's , which are multi-colored and filled with a variety of different fillings. In 2000, `` Plain'' M&M's (a name created in 1954 when `` Peanut'' M&M's were introduced) were renamed `` Milk Chocolate'' M&M's , and pictures of the candy pieces were added to the traditional brown and white packaging. Joint marketing campaigns ( edit ) In 1990, Mars Snackfood US signed up to be a sponsor for NASCAR in the Sprint Cup Series . Drivers for the M&M's -sponsored car through the years have included Ernie Irvan (1999), Ken Schrader (2000-- 02), Eliott Sadler (2003-- 06), Ricky Rudd (2007), David Gilliland (2006-- 07), Kyle Busch (2008-current, won 2015 Sprint Cup Series Championship), and Michael McDowell . The introduction of the blue M&M to Australia was promoted by the Australian Football League 's Carlton Football Club , which wore sky-blue colored guernseys in one of its matches in 1997 instead of its traditional navy blue -- a color which the successful and fiercely traditional club had worn since the 1870s. In 2010, Mars Snackfood Australia described it as the most successful promotional campaign it had ever engaged in. In April 2005, M&M's ran the `` mPire'' promotion to tie in with the Star Wars: Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith movie release. M&M's were offered in dark chocolate varieties (Regular and Peanut) for the first time after a string of Addams Family M&M's commercials. M&M's World London In May 2004, M&M's ran a Shrek 2 promotion to tie in with the movie's release. M&M's were offered `` ogre-sized'' (65% larger) in swamp/ogre colors. They were sold at many stores displayed in huge cardboard-cutout ogre displays. In the summer of 2005, Mars added `` Mega M&M's '' to the lineup. These candies, at 55% larger than the traditional M&M's , were a little smaller than the ogre-sized version. They were available in milk chocolate and peanut varieties. The colors for Mega M&M's were changed to less-bright colors, ostensibly to appeal to older consumers: teal (replacing green), beige (replacing orange), maroon (replacing red), gold (replacing yellow), blue-gray (replacing blue), and brown. Outside of M&M's World in Times Square , New York City In July 2006, Dark Chocolate M&M's reappeared in a purple package, followed in 2007 by Dark Chocolate Peanut M&M's . Also in 2006, the company piloted White Chocolate M&M's as a tie-in with their `` Pirates of the Caribbean'' promotion. The company also offered eight new flavors of M&M's via online sales, as well as at M&M's World locations: `` All That Razz'' ; `` Eat, Drink, & Be Cherry'' ; `` A Day at the Peach'' ; `` Orange-U-Glad'' ; `` Mint Condition'' ; `` AlmonDeeLicious'' ; `` Nut What You Think'' ; and `` Cookie Monster'' . Mars also released a `` Crispy Mint'' variety in Australia that year. The M&M's sponsored NASCAR stock car driven by Kyle Busch Also in 2006, M&M's became the official chocolate of NASCAR . In 2007, M&M's introduced a limited-edition raspberry flavor called `` M&M's Razzberry Chocolate Candies'' . Also in 2007, M&M's produced a 50-foot, smiling Lady Liberty M&M statue to kick off a campaign encouraging Americans to create their own M&M characters at mms.com. The website allows for people to log in and create their own character from scratch. They can choose features such as the color, shape, hair, and accessories. In 2008, two limited-edition varieties of the candy were introduced -- `` Wildly Cherry'' M&M's , and, as a marketing tie-in with the film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , `` Mint Crisp'' M&M's . M&M's also introduced another new product called `` M&M's Premiums'' in 2008. They come in five flavors -- chocolate almond, mint chocolate, mocha, raspberry almond, and triple chocolate (milk, dark, and white chocolate), which are sold in small upright cartons with a plastic bag inside. M&M's Premiums do not have a candy shell but are coated with carnauba wax and color. Dark Chocolate was added in 2009, replacing Mocha. During the summer of 2008, My M&M's launched ' Faces,' which allows consumers to print the faces of loved ones on M&M's chocolate candies at mymms.com. In February 2009, M&M's launched the `` M&M's Colour Break-Up'' promotion in Australia where M&M's were sold in separate packs (one for each color): the packs included a code to win prizes. In Summer 2009, M&M's launched a limited-edition `` Strawberried Peanut Butter'' variant to tie in with the release of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen . In addition, M&M's launched a limited edition `` Coconut M&M's ,'' which became a permanent item in 2010. M&M's World on the Las Vegas Strip In early 2010, M&M's Bare All were released as part of a competition in Australia and New Zealand. M&M's Bare All winning packs were ordinary M&M's , but without colored shells. An official website was launched, along with television advertisements. In April 2010, M&M's launched a new pretzel variety. In November 2011, Mars released M&M's Cinnamon Milk Chocolate for Christmas. About the time pretzel M&M's came out, the M&M's wrapper designs in the U.S. were redone, from the old design, used from 2004-early 2010. In 2012, M&M's released two new Dark Chocolate flavors: Raspberry and Mint. Also that year, M&M's released a White Chocolate flavor for the Easter season. From May 30, 2012, onwards, M&M's will be launched in Macau . Its Macanese launch language is Portuguese . In 2012, Peanut M&M's were produced in the UK in a limited edition `` Red, White and Blues only'' pack, in connection with the country's Diamond Jubilee and 2012 Summer Olympics . The ' M' remains white on the white candies. The commercial advertising this promotional package had Yellow donning various outfits of British stereotypes to try to get into the limited edition pack. Similarly, to promote the 2014 FIFA World Cup , Peanut M&M's were produced in a pack that contained only green, yellow, and blue candies, dubbed `` Brazilian M&M's '' in reference to the colors of the flag of Brazil. `` Brazilian M&M's '' were re-released in 2016 to promote the 2016 Summer Olympics , but are now available in both Chocolate and Peanut. In 2013, M&M's launched the `` Better with M'' campaign, which included cause-related marketing. The campaign worked with Habitat for Humanity and encouraged fans to use a Facebook app to volunteer at the various sites where the homes were being built. The advertising campaign was one of the largest that Mars had ever executed. The 2013 `` America Better With M'' initiative sough to provide money directly to Habitat for Humanity through offering limited versions of M&Ms in red, white and blue. Related brands ( edit ) Related candy brands from Mars include Minstrels , Revels , Skittles , and Treets . M&M's World specialty shops have been established in some locations, including Las Vegas, Orlando, New York, London, and Shanghai. Several M&Ms -themed video games have been created. The first was M&M's : The Lost Formulas , released on September 28, 2000. M&M's characters ( edit ) The six `` spokescandies'' for M&M's since 2012 Early black-and-white adverts for the candy in 1954 featured two talking, anthropomorphic M&M characters-- one plain and one peanut-- diving into a swimming pool full of chocolate. The first incarnation of the characters in CGI was a 1994 celebrity campaign which had the characters interacting with celebrities on which M&Ms candy color is their favorite. This campaign was created by Blue Sky Studios . Concurrent with 1995's blue M&M campaign, M&M's introduced second computer-animated `` spokescandies'' in their television commercials . The depiction and campaign of the M&M's were made by Will Vinton in 1995. Vinton previously created the clay-animation California Raisins in 1986. Around the time he worked on CGI projects, he made the depiction of the M&M's as more mature than most food mascots. These include the team of the cynical and sardonic Red (originally voiced by Jon Lovitz , thereafter Billy West ) who is the mascot for milk chocolate , peanut butter , and crispy M&M's , and the happy and gullible Yellow (originally voiced by John Goodman , thereafter J.K. Simmons ), who is the mascot for peanut M&M's (he was originally known as `` Peanut'' when first introduced). Other mascots include the `` cool one'' , Blue (voiced by Phil Hartman until his death in 1998, thereafter Robb Pruitt) who is the mascot for almond M&M's ; the seductive Green (voiced by Cree Summer ), who is the mascot for both dark chocolate mint and peanut butter M&M's , and the slightly neurotic Orange (voiced by Eric Kirchberger), who was introduced when Crispy M&M's were first released and returned when Pretzel M&M's debuted in 2010. Orange, upon his return, was joined by the second non-M&M mascot, Pretzel Guy, who `` supports'' him and offers helpful advice as he hates the idea of having a pretzel put inside his body. Other mascots that were introduced, but no longer used, are Almond, the original green guy; Orange, a female peanut character, Chocolate Bar; the first non-M&M character that always gets foiled or outdone by Red and Yellow by being melted when M&M's can't , and the Swarmees for M&M's Minis candies, which are portrayed as destructive yet crafty troublemakers who Red and Yellow are always trying unsuccessfully to contain. Female M&M's mascots were introduced in 1995. Green was the milk chocolate mascot and Tan was the peanut. Marketing discontinued Tan when they introduced the then-new Blue mascot. Green was the only female M&M's mascot from her introduction in 1995 until 2012 when M&M's unveiled a new additional spokescandy, the businesslike Ms. Brown (voiced by Miss America 1984 Vanessa Williams ), the `` Chief Chocolate Officer.'' She made her debut in a Super Bowl XLVI advertisement, where several people at a party assume she is naked because her shell is the same color as her insides, which causes Red to remove his outer shell thinking `` it's that kind of party'' , and start dancing to the LMFAO song `` Sexy And I Know It .'' Color Character Type Voice actor Red Red Milk Chocolate, Dark Chocolate, Peanut Butter, and Crispy Jon Lovitz (1995-- 96) Billy West (1996-- present) Yellow Yellow Peanut, and Dark Chocolate Peanut John Goodman (1995-- 96) J.K. Simmons (1996-- present) Blue Blue Almond, Raspberry, and Dark Chocolate Phil Hartman (1995-- 98) Robb Pruitt (1998-- present) Green Green Dark Chocolate, Dark Chocolate Mint, and Peanut Butter Cree Summer Orange Crispy Crispy and Pretzel Eric Kirchberger Brown Ms. Brown Dark Chocolate and Milk Chocolate Vanessa Williams Tan Caramel (cube) Caramel David Cross N/A Pretzel Pretzel Maurice LaMarche Color changes in chocolate M&M's ( edit ) Transparent chutes hold M&Ms of various colors. The original color of M&M's candies are red, yellow, violet, green and orange. In 1976, the Food and drug Administrtion released a study that links red dye food coloring to cancer. Though Mars did not use this dye they decided to pull the red M&M's from the market to avoid possible misunderstandings. The red candy were reintroduced to the market ten years later. In early 1995, Mars ran a promotion in which consumers were invited to vote on which of blue, pink, or purple would replace the tan M&M's . Blue was the winner with 54% of the votes. It replaced tan in late 1995. Consumers could vote by calling 1-800-FUN-COLOR. Ads for the new blue colors featured a plain and an almond blue M&M character as Red and Yellow take notice of trying to do takes in the commercial by painting themselves blue where they appear on stage with B.B. King singing the blues, but the filmmakers had to cut the scene as they were not the real blue M&M's ; another featured Red and Yellow holding their breath to look like the new blue M&M's , where Steven Weber sees the three M&M's , Red, Yellow, and Blue; and one more featuring Weber talking to the blue M&M if he had dived into the chocolate pool, but did not. In 2002, Mars solicited votes in their first ever `` M&M's Global Color Vote'' to add a new color from three choices: aqua ( turquoise ), pink , and purple . Purple won and was featured for a limited time. To help the colors get votes, Ken Schrader and his MB2 Motorsports team, who was sponsored by M&M's at the time, ran four paint schemes during the 2002 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season representing the promotion (one for aqua, one for pink, one for purple, and another one with all three colors on the car.) Specially marked packages of M&M's were released in Japan. Finding a bag of all purple M&M's entitled the customer to a prize of 100 million yen (equivalent to approximately USD $852,000). On January 1, 2004, at the stroke of midnight, Mars removed all of the colors of M&M's and made them black-and-white on both their candies and the packaging. It coincided with a commercial parodying The Wizard of Oz where Dorothy is home in bed and looks out of the window and sees what the colors of the four M&M's were. The goal was to help the M&M's find their colors in black-and-white packages of M&M's , in this order: brown, orange, red, green, yellow, and blue. After all of the colors have been found, the colored packaging returned, and began carrying the theme `` Chocolate is better in color'' . Since 2004, M&M's have been available online in 17 colors, with personalized phrases on each candy on the opposite side from the `` m'' . Released around Christmas, these custom-printed M&M's were originally intended for holiday greetings , but are now available all year round. For the 2008 Valentine's Day season, Mars introduced all-green bags of M&M's . This was due to common urban folklore that says green M&M's are an aphrodisiac . They were brought back for 2009 alongside the `` Ms. Green Heats Up Valentine's Day'' contest. In October 2011, Mars released M&M's White Chocolate Candy Corn exclusively in the United States for Halloween . These candies come in three candy corn inspired colors: white, bright yellow, and bright orange. The following is a summary of the changes to the colors of the flagship ( milk chocolate ) flavor of M&M's , the only filling manufactured continuously since the beginning of the brand. From 1941 until 1969, each package contained M&M's in five different colors; when red M&M's were reintroduced in 1987, they were added as a sixth color instead of replacing any of the existing colors. 1940‒ 2010 Health concerns ( edit ) Red candies were eliminated in 1976 because of health concerns over the dye amaranth ( FD&C Red #2), which was a suspected carcinogen , and were replaced with orange-colored candies. This was done despite the fact that M&M's did not contain the dye; the action was purely to satisfy worried consumers. Red candies were reintroduced ten years later, but they also kept the orange colored M&M's . Paul Hethmon, then a student at University of Tennessee , started the campaign to bring back red M&M's as a joke that would eventually become a worldwide phenomenon. In Europe, red M&M's contain the red dye carmine (E120). Carmine, also known as cochineal, has had some campaigns launched against its use in food, because it is made from crushed insects. Notably, Starbucks in the UK had a campaign launched against it for using carmine. See also ( edit ) United States portal Similar candies from other companies: Smarties Cadbury Gems Reese's Pieces Sixlets Presidential M&M's References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: M&M's candy fades to black and white , a December Reuters article via USA Today Jump up ^ Smith, Andrew F. (2002). Peanuts: The Illustrious History of the Goober Pea . University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252025532 . Jump up ^ `` The Mars Family Net Worth'' . TheRichest . Retrieved 2015-11-22 . Jump up ^ `` M&M's Mega -- with three times as much chocolate -- hits stores'' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2015-11-22 . Jump up ^ Per M&M /Mars FAQ, How many candies are in a bag? Jump up ^ By calculation from M&M's nutrition info page. Jump up ^ `` Inventor of the Week: Archive'' . Web.mit.edu. 2005. Archived from the original on March 10, 2005 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Looking Back at Newark Origins of World-Famous M&M Chocolates - virtualnewarknj.com - Retrieved August 28, 2008'' . virtualnewarknj.com. April 12, 1981 . Retrieved February 21, 2013 . Jump up ^ Murrie, William F.R.; 1873-- 1950 - hersheyarchives.com - Retrieved January 22, 2011 Jump up ^ `` Inventor of the Week: Archive'' . Web.mit.edu . Retrieved January 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Looking Back at Newark Origins of World-Famous M&M Chocolates - virtualnewarknj.com - Retrieved August 28, 2008'' . virtual.com. April 12, 1981 . Retrieved January 15, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: Smith, Andrew F. (2013-10-28). Food and Drink in American History: A `` Full Course'' Encyclopedia (3 Volumes): A `` Full Course'' Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610692335 . Jump up ^ `` MRI Breakthroughs'' . Mriresearch.org. September 11, 2001. Archived from the original on July 2, 2008 . Retrieved January 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith, Andrew F. (2012). Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat . ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313393938 . Jump up ^ `` M&M'S ® About M&MSŽ : History'' . Mms.com. 2010-10-06 . Retrieved 2012-11-21 . Jump up ^ `` M&M lovers pick purple - Jun. 20, 2002'' . money.cnn.com . Retrieved 2017-10-05 . Jump up ^ `` M&M Minis'' . mms.com . Retrieved February 21, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` M&M /MARS Woos Latinos With New `` M&M's '' Dulce de Leche-Caramel Chocolate Candies; New Flavor to Premiere in Markets With Highest Concentration of Latinos. Food & Beverage > Food Industry from`` . AllBusiness.com. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011 . Retrieved January 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Seat ! Dulce de Leche M&M's Fail'' . Archived from the original on October 22, 2004. Jump up ^ `` This New M&M's Flavour Will Fuel Your Coffee Addiction'' . TIME. 2016-07-26 . Retrieved 2016-09-09 . Jump up ^ Mars Chocolate North America (11 May 2017). `` M&M'S ® Launches New Soft Caramel-Filled Chocolate Candies'' . PR Newswire . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` REVIEW: Coffee Nut, Honey Nut, and Chili Nut M&M's (M&M's Flavor Vote)'' . The Impulsive Buy . 2016-04-04 . Retrieved 2016-05-27 . Jump up ^ Snopes: Taking it E.T. `` Business by its very nature is cut-throat; competitors rarely aid one another because one company's success almost invariably comes at the expense of the other's vitality. When such leg-ups occur, they are often inadvertent -- the result of one firm's having failed to take advantage of an opportunity that its competitor later cleaned up on. Such was the case when Mars, Inc. passed on the chance for its flagship product, M&Ms , to be the candy used in 1982 film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. Its turn-down cleared the way for Hershey Foods Corporation to make a remarkable splash for its Reese's Pieces.'' Jump up ^ `` Events - M&M Candy Cow'' . Behindthescenesmarketing.com . Retrieved January 15, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: William M. Luther (2001). The Marketing Plan: How to Prepare and Implement it (3rd ed.). AMACOM . p. 192. ISBN 978-0-8144-2615-9 . Jump up ^ Kane, Courtney (June 29, 2000). `` THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING; M&M /Mars concludes, after 46 years, that ' Plain' does not do justice to the original M&M's candy'' . `` The New York Times '' . Retrieved July 27, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Candy Man comes to Carlton'' . Carlton Football Club. 25 August 2009 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderson, Jon (9 February 2010). `` Mars backs Carlton Blues'' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` M&M's get mega-sized'' . CNNMoney.com . Time Warner . August 4, 2005 . Retrieved June 14, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` M&M'S Color Break Up'' . Mars. February 18, 2009 . Retrieved February 18, 2009 . Jump up ^ (1) m-msbareall.com. Archived January 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` About M&MS ® : Products: Pretzel'' . Retrieved March 16, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: `` M&M'S Launching ' Better With M' Marketing Campaign'' . Retrieved March 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Schultz, EJ (9 May 2013). `` Rewind: 1954 Ad Shows M&Ms Characters Go for a Chocolatey Swim'' . Ad Age . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Voice Actors - M&M's - Voice of Red'' . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved April 26, 2012 . Jump up ^ Owen, Rob (2012-02-17). `` TV Q&A : ' The Good Wife,' awards shows and ' The Little Couple ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2012-02-17 . Jump up ^ Carr, David (2003). Candymaking in Canada: The History and Business of Canada's Confectionery Industry . Dundurn. ISBN 9781550023954 . Jump up ^ `` Custom Printed MY M&M'S '' . mms.com . Mars, Incorporated . Retrieved February 6, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` M&M'S Chocolate Candies go green just in time for Valentine's Day'' . PRNewswire. January 16, 2008 . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of M&M'S Brand'' . mms.com . Mars, Incorporated . Archived from the original on April 9, 2008 . Retrieved June 14, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The man who brought Red M&M's back to life'' . WBIR. 2014-10-31 . Retrieved 2014-11-01 . Jump up ^ M&Ms Peanut Pouch Red M&Ms Tesco Jump up ^ Starbucks red dye campaign What is carmine and why is Starbucks taking it out of its products? External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to M&M's . Official website The History of M&M's Chocolates from us.mms.com ( hide ) Mars, Incorporated Mars family Franklin Clarence Mars Ethel V. Mars Forrest Mars, Sr. Forrest Mars, Jr. John Franklyn Mars Jacqueline Mars Victoria B. Mars Brands Chocolate 3 Musketeers A. Korkunov Balisto Bounty Celebrations Dove Ethel M Fling Flyte Kudos M-Azing M&M's Maltesers Mars Milky Way Revels Snickers Topic Tracker Treets Twix Galaxy Galaxy Milk Chocolate Galaxy Caramel Galaxy Counters Galaxy Crispy Galaxy Hazelnut Galaxy Fruit & Nut Galaxy Minstrels Galaxy Ripple Galaxy Senzi Galaxy Amicelli Galaxy Bubbles Galaxy Jewels Galaxy Promises Galaxy Honeycomb Crisp Galaxy Cookie Crumble Galaxy Orange & Shortcake Other foods Combos Dolmio Masterfoods Munch Promite Seeds of Change Uncle Ben's Drink CocoaVia FLAVIA Klix Wrigley gum and confections Chewing gum With sugar Alert Big Red Doublemint Juicy Fruit Wrigley's Spearmint Winterfresh Sugarfree 5 Airwaves Eclipse Ice Excel Extra Freedent Orbit Surpass Bubblegum With sugar Alpine Big League Chew Bubble Tape Hubba Bubba Sugarfree Ouch! Mint and candy Altoids Eclipse Life Savers Lockets Skittles Starburst Tunes Pet care Products ADVANCE Aquarium Pharmaceuticals Buckeye Nutrition Cesar Chappie Eukanuba Exelpet Greenies Iams Medi-Cal My Dog Natura Nutro Pedigree Pill Pockets Royal Canin Schmackos Seramis Sheba Spillers Teasers Techni-Cal Whiskas Winergy Wisdom Panel MX Mixed Breed DNA Test Services Banfield Pet Hospital VCA Animal Hospitals (pending) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%26M%27s&oldid=810044976 '' Categories : Mars confectionery brands Candy Brand name chocolate Products introduced in 1941 Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Ślůnski Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017, at 01:44. 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who is the independent officer that manages federal elections
Name Position Party Appointed by Sworn in Term expires Walther , Steven T. Steven T. Walther Chairman Independent George W. Bush 000000002008 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2008 000000002009 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2009 Term expired -- serving until replaced Hunter , Caroline C. Caroline C. Hunter Vice Chairman Republican 000000002008 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2008 000000002013 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2013 Term expired -- serving until replaced Petersen , Matthew S. Matthew S. Petersen Commissioner Republican 000000002008 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2008 000000002011 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2011 Term expired -- serving until replaced Weintraub , Ellen L. Ellen L. Weintraub Commissioner Democratic 000000002002 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 2002 000000002007 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2007 Term expired -- serving until replaced Goodman , Lee E. Lee E. Goodman Commissioner Republican Obama , Barack Barack Obama 000000002013 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2013 000000002015 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2015 Term expired -- serving until replaced
[ [ "Steven T. Walther" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "Federal Election Commission FEC Agency overview Formed October 15 , 1974 ; 43 years ago ( 1974 - 10 - 15 ) Headquarters Washington , D.C. , U.S. Employees 339 ( 2006 ) Agency executives Steven T. Walther , Chairman Caroline C. Hunter , Vice Chairman Website FEC.gov", "FEC", "Agency overview", "Formed October 15 , 1974 ; 43 years ago ( 1974 - 10 - 15 )", "Headquarters Washington , D.C. , U.S.", "Employees 339 ( 2006 )", "Agency executives Steven T. Walther , Chairman Caroline C. Hunter , Vice Chairman", "Steven T. Walther , Chairman Caroline C. Hunter , Vice Chairman", "Steven T. Walther , Chairman", "Caroline C. Hunter , Vice Chairman", "Website FEC.gov", "The Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) is an independent regulatory agency whose purpose is to enforce campaign finance law in federal elections . Created in 1974 through amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act , the commission describes its duties as `` to disclose campaign finance information , to enforce the provisions of the law such as the limits and prohibitions on contributions , and to oversee the public funding of Presidential elections . ''", "The Commission is made up of six members , who are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate . Each member serves a six - year term , and two seats are subject to appointment every two years . By law , no more than three Commissioners can be members of the same political party , and at least four votes are required for any official Commission action .", "The chairmanship of the Commission rotates among the members each year , with no member serving as chairman more than once during a six - year term . However , a member may serve as chairman more than once by serving beyond the six - year mark if no successor is appointed ; for example , Ellen Weintraub was chairman in both 2003 and 2013 .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The Commission 's role is limited to the administration of federal campaign finance laws . It enforces limitations and prohibitions on contributions and expenditures , administers the reporting system for campaign finance disclosure , investigates and prosecutes violations ( investigations are typically initiated by complaints from other candidates , parties , watchdog groups , and the public ) , audits a limited number of campaigns and organizations for compliance , administers the presidential public funding programs for presidential candidates and , until recently , nominating conventions , and defends the statute in challenges to federal election laws and regulations .", "The FEC also publishes reports filed by Senate , House of Representatives and Presidential campaigns that list how much each campaign has raised and spent , and a list of all donors over $200 , along with each donor 's home address , employer and job title . This database also goes back to 1980 . Private organizations are legally prohibited from using these data to solicit new individual donors ( and the FEC authorizes campaigns to include a limited number of `` dummy '' names as a measure to prevent this ) , but may use this information to solicit Political Action Committees . The FEC also maintains an active program of public education , directed primarily to explaining the law to the candidates , their campaigns , political parties and other political committees that it regulates .", "Critics of the FEC , including campaign finance reform supporters such as Common Cause and Democracy 21 , have complained that it is a classic example of regulatory capture where it serves the interests of the ones it was intended to regulate . The FEC 's bipartisan structure , which was established by Congress , renders the agency `` toothless . '' Critics also claim that most FEC penalties for violating election law come well after the actual election in which they were committed . Additionally , some critics claim that the commissioners tend to act as an arm of the `` regulated community '' of parties , interest groups , and politicians when issuing rulings and writing regulations . Others point out , however , that the commissioners rarely divide evenly along partisan lines , and that the response time problem may be endemic to the enforcement procedures established by Congress . To complete steps necessary to resolve a complaint -- including time for defendants to respond to the complaint , time to investigate and engage in legal analysis , and finally , where warranted , prosecution -- necessarily takes far longer than the comparatively brief period of a political campaign .", "Critics including former FEC chairman Bradley Smith ( law professor ) and Stephen M. Hoersting , executive director of the Center for Competitive Politics , criticize the FEC for pursuing overly aggressive enforcement theories that amount to an infringement on the First Amendment right to free speech .", "Division over the issue became especially prominent during the last several years of the Obama administration . Commissioners deadlocked on several votes over whether to regulate Twitter , Facebook , and other online mediums for political speech , as well as a vote to punish Fox News for the selection criteria it used in a presidential debate . Democrats argued for more regulation on the basis that it would protect consumers and encourage more inclusive political speech . Republicans opposed regulation , with former chairman Lee Goodman accusing Democrats of trying to alter the First Amendment by `` administrative fiat . ''", "Critics of the Commission also argue that this structure regularly causes deadlocks on 3 - 3 votes , but others argue that deadlocks are actually quite rare , and typically based on principle rather than partisanship . Since 2008 , 3 - 3 votes have become more common at the FEC . From 2008 to August 2014 , the FEC has had over 200 tie votes , accounting for approximately 14 percent of all votes in enforcement matters .", "Name Position Party Appointed by Sworn in Term expires Walther , Steven T. Steven T. Walther Chairman Independent George W. Bush 000000002008 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2008 000000002009 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2009 Term expired -- serving until replaced Hunter , Caroline C. Caroline C. Hunter Vice Chairman Republican 000000002008 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2008 000000002013 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2013 Term expired -- serving until replaced Petersen , Matthew S. Matthew S. Petersen Commissioner Republican 000000002008 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2008 000000002011 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2011 Term expired -- serving until replaced Weintraub , Ellen L. Ellen L. Weintraub Commissioner Democratic 000000002002 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 2002 000000002007 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2007 Term expired -- serving until replaced Goodman , Lee E. Lee E. Goodman Commissioner Republican Obama , Barack Barack Obama 000000002013 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2013 000000002015 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2015 Term expired -- serving until replaced", "Name Position Party Appointed by Sworn in Term expires", "Walther , Steven T. Steven T. Walther Chairman Independent George W. Bush 000000002008 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2008 000000002009 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2009 Term expired -- serving until replaced", "Term expired -- serving until replaced", "Hunter , Caroline C. Caroline C. Hunter Vice Chairman Republican 000000002008 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2008 000000002013 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2013 Term expired -- serving until replaced", "Term expired -- serving until replaced", "Petersen , Matthew S. Matthew S. Petersen Commissioner Republican 000000002008 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2008 000000002011 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2011 Term expired -- serving until replaced", "Term expired -- serving until replaced", "Weintraub , Ellen L. Ellen L. Weintraub Commissioner Democratic 000000002002 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 2002 000000002007 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2007 Term expired -- serving until replaced", "Term expired -- serving until replaced", "Goodman , Lee E. Lee E. Goodman Commissioner Republican Obama , Barack Barack Obama 000000002013 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2013 000000002015 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2015 Term expired -- serving until replaced", "Term expired -- serving until replaced", "Joan D. Aikens -- April 1975 -- September 1998 ( reappointed May 1976 , December 1981 , August 1983 and October 1989 ) . Thomas B. Curtis -- April 1975 -- May 1976 . Thomas E. Harris -- April 1975 -- October 1986 ( reappointed May 1976 and June 1979 ) . Neil O. Staebler -- April 1975 -- October 1978 ( reappointed May 1976 ) . Vernon W. Thomson -- April 1975 -- June 1979 ; January 1981 -- December 1981 ( reappointed May 1976 ) . Robert Tiernan -- April 1975 -- December 1981 ( reappointed May 1976 ) . William L. Springer -- May 1976 -- February 1979 . John Warren McGarry -- October 1978 -- August 1998 ( reappointed July 1983 and October 1989 ) . Max L. Friedersdorf -- March 1979 -- December 1980 . Frank P. Reiche -- July 1979 -- August 1985 . Lee Ann Elliott -- December 1981 -- June 2000 ( reappointed July 1987 and July 1994 ) . Danny L. McDonald -- December 1981 -- January 2006 ( reappointed in July 1987 , July 1994 and July 2000 ) . Thomas J. Josefiak -- August 1985 -- December 1991 . Scott E. Thomas -- October 1986 -- January 2006 ( reappointed in November 1991 and July 1998 ) . Trevor Potter -- November 1991 -- October 1995 . Darryl R. Wold -- July 1998 -- April 2002 . Karl J. Sandstrom -- July 1998 -- December 2002 . David M. Mason -- July 1998 -- July 2008 . Bradley A. Smith -- May 2000 -- August 2005 . Michael E. Toner -- March 2002 -- March 2007 . ( by recess appointment on March 29 , 2002 , confirmed to full term 2003 ) Robert D. Lenhard -- January 2006 -- December 31 , 2007 . ( by recess appointment on January 4 , 2006 ) Hans A. von Spakovsky -- January 2006 -- December 31 , 2007 . ( by recess appointment on January 4 , 2006 ) Cynthia L. Bauerly -- June 2008 -- confirmed June 24 , 2008 for a term expiring on April 30 , 2011 Resigned effective February 1 , 2013 . Donald F. McGahn II -- June 2008 -- September 2013 . Ann Ravel -- October 2013 -- March 2017 .", "Joan D. Aikens -- April 1975 -- September 1998 ( reappointed May 1976 , December 1981 , August 1983 and October 1989 ) .", "Thomas B. Curtis -- April 1975 -- May 1976 .", "Thomas E. Harris -- April 1975 -- October 1986 ( reappointed May 1976 and June 1979 ) .", "Neil O. Staebler -- April 1975 -- October 1978 ( reappointed May 1976 ) .", "Vernon W. Thomson -- April 1975 -- June 1979 ; January 1981 -- December 1981 ( reappointed May 1976 ) .", "Robert Tiernan -- April 1975 -- December 1981 ( reappointed May 1976 ) .", "William L. Springer -- May 1976 -- February 1979 .", "John Warren McGarry -- October 1978 -- August 1998 ( reappointed July 1983 and October 1989 ) .", "Max L. Friedersdorf -- March 1979 -- December 1980 .", "Frank P. Reiche -- July 1979 -- August 1985 .", "Lee Ann Elliott -- December 1981 -- June 2000 ( reappointed July 1987 and July 1994 ) .", "Danny L. McDonald -- December 1981 -- January 2006 ( reappointed in July 1987 , July 1994 and July 2000 ) .", "Thomas J. Josefiak -- August 1985 -- December 1991 .", "Scott E. Thomas -- October 1986 -- January 2006 ( reappointed in November 1991 and July 1998 ) .", "Trevor Potter -- November 1991 -- October 1995 .", "Darryl R. Wold -- July 1998 -- April 2002 .", "Karl J. Sandstrom -- July 1998 -- December 2002 .", "David M. Mason -- July 1998 -- July 2008 .", "Bradley A. Smith -- May 2000 -- August 2005 .", "Michael E. Toner -- March 2002 -- March 2007 . ( by recess appointment on March 29 , 2002 , confirmed to full term 2003 )", "Robert D. Lenhard -- January 2006 -- December 31 , 2007 . ( by recess appointment on January 4 , 2006 )", "Hans A. von Spakovsky -- January 2006 -- December 31 , 2007 . ( by recess appointment on January 4 , 2006 )", "Cynthia L. Bauerly -- June 2008 -- confirmed June 24 , 2008 for a term expiring on April 30 , 2011 Resigned effective February 1 , 2013 .", "Donald F. McGahn II -- June 2008 -- September 2013 .", "Ann Ravel -- October 2013 -- March 2017 ." ]
Federal Election Commission - wikipedia Federal Election Commission Jump to: navigation , search Federal Election Commission FEC Agency overview Formed October 15, 1974 ; 43 years ago ( 1974-10-15 ) Headquarters Washington, D.C. , U.S. Employees 339 (2006) Agency executives Steven T. Walther , Chairman Caroline C. Hunter , Vice Chairman Website FEC.gov The Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) is an independent regulatory agency whose purpose is to enforce campaign finance law in federal elections. Created in 1974 through amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act , the commission describes its duties as `` to disclose campaign finance information, to enforce the provisions of the law such as the limits and prohibitions on contributions, and to oversee the public funding of Presidential elections.'' Contents ( hide ) 1 Membership 2 Official duties 3 Criticism 3.1 Campaign finance 3.2 First Amendment issues 3.3 Commission size 4 Commissioners 4.1 Current 4.2 Former 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Membership ( edit ) The Commission is made up of six members, who are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate . Each member serves a six-year term, and two seats are subject to appointment every two years. By law, no more than three Commissioners can be members of the same political party , and at least four votes are required for any official Commission action. The chairmanship of the Commission rotates among the members each year, with no member serving as chairman more than once during a six-year term. However, a member may serve as chairman more than once by serving beyond the six-year mark if no successor is appointed; for example, Ellen Weintraub was chairman in both 2003 and 2013. Official duties ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (January 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Federal Election Commission building, in Washington, D.C. The Commission's role is limited to the administration of federal campaign finance laws. It enforces limitations and prohibitions on contributions and expenditures, administers the reporting system for campaign finance disclosure, investigates and prosecutes violations (investigations are typically initiated by complaints from other candidates, parties, watchdog groups, and the public), audits a limited number of campaigns and organizations for compliance, administers the presidential public funding programs for presidential candidates and, until recently, nominating conventions, and defends the statute in challenges to federal election laws and regulations. The FEC also publishes reports filed by Senate, House of Representatives and Presidential campaigns that list how much each campaign has raised and spent, and a list of all donors over $200, along with each donor's home address, employer and job title. This database also goes back to 1980. Private organizations are legally prohibited from using these data to solicit new individual donors (and the FEC authorizes campaigns to include a limited number of `` dummy'' names as a measure to prevent this), but may use this information to solicit Political Action Committees . The FEC also maintains an active program of public education, directed primarily to explaining the law to the candidates, their campaigns, political parties and other political committees that it regulates. Criticism ( edit ) Campaign finance ( edit ) Critics of the FEC, including campaign finance reform supporters such as Common Cause and Democracy 21 , have complained that it is a classic example of regulatory capture where it serves the interests of the ones it was intended to regulate. The FEC's bipartisan structure, which was established by Congress, renders the agency `` toothless.'' Critics also claim that most FEC penalties for violating election law come well after the actual election in which they were committed. Additionally, some critics claim that the commissioners tend to act as an arm of the `` regulated community'' of parties, interest groups, and politicians when issuing rulings and writing regulations. Others point out, however, that the commissioners rarely divide evenly along partisan lines, and that the response time problem may be endemic to the enforcement procedures established by Congress. To complete steps necessary to resolve a complaint -- including time for defendants to respond to the complaint, time to investigate and engage in legal analysis, and finally, where warranted, prosecution -- necessarily takes far longer than the comparatively brief period of a political campaign. First Amendment issues ( edit ) Critics including former FEC chairman Bradley Smith (law professor) and Stephen M. Hoersting, executive director of the Center for Competitive Politics , criticize the FEC for pursuing overly aggressive enforcement theories that amount to an infringement on the First Amendment right to free speech. Division over the issue became especially prominent during the last several years of the Obama administration. Commissioners deadlocked on several votes over whether to regulate Twitter, Facebook, and other online mediums for political speech, as well as a vote to punish Fox News for the selection criteria it used in a presidential debate. Democrats argued for more regulation on the basis that it would protect consumers and encourage more inclusive political speech. Republicans opposed regulation, with former chairman Lee Goodman accusing Democrats of trying to alter the First Amendment by `` administrative fiat.'' Commission size ( edit ) Critics of the Commission also argue that this structure regularly causes deadlocks on 3-3 votes, but others argue that deadlocks are actually quite rare, and typically based on principle rather than partisanship. Since 2008, 3-3 votes have become more common at the FEC. From 2008 to August 2014, the FEC has had over 200 tie votes, accounting for approximately 14 percent of all votes in enforcement matters. Commissioners ( edit ) Current ( edit ) Name Position Party Appointed by Sworn in Term expires Walther, Steven T. Steven T. Walther Chairman Independent George W. Bush 000000002008-06-27-0000 June 27, 2008 000000002009-04-30-0000 April 30, 2009 Term expired-- serving until replaced Hunter, Caroline C. Caroline C. Hunter Vice Chairman Republican 000000002008-06-24-0000 June 24, 2008 000000002013-04-30-0000 April 30, 2013 Term expired-- serving until replaced Petersen, Matthew S. Matthew S. Petersen Commissioner Republican 000000002008-06-24-0000 June 24, 2008 000000002011-04-30-0000 April 30, 2011 Term expired-- serving until replaced Weintraub, Ellen L. Ellen L. Weintraub Commissioner Democratic 000000002002-06-06-0000 June 6, 2002 000000002007-04-30-0000 April 30, 2007 Term expired-- serving until replaced Goodman, Lee E. Lee E. Goodman Commissioner Republican Obama, Barack Barack Obama 000000002013-10-22-0000 October 22, 2013 000000002015-04-30-0000 April 30, 2015 Term expired-- serving until replaced Former ( edit ) Joan D. Aikens -- April 1975 -- September 1998 (reappointed May 1976, December 1981, August 1983 and October 1989). Thomas B. Curtis -- April 1975 -- May 1976. Thomas E. Harris -- April 1975 -- October 1986 (reappointed May 1976 and June 1979). Neil O. Staebler -- April 1975 -- October 1978 (reappointed May 1976). Vernon W. Thomson -- April 1975 -- June 1979; January 1981 -- December 1981 (reappointed May 1976). Robert Tiernan -- April 1975 -- December 1981 (reappointed May 1976). William L. Springer -- May 1976 -- February 1979. John Warren McGarry -- October 1978 -- August 1998 (reappointed July 1983 and October 1989). Max L. Friedersdorf -- March 1979 -- December 1980. Frank P. Reiche -- July 1979 -- August 1985. Lee Ann Elliott -- December 1981 -- June 2000 (reappointed July 1987 and July 1994). Danny L. McDonald -- December 1981 -- January 2006 (reappointed in July 1987, July 1994 and July 2000). Thomas J. Josefiak -- August 1985 -- December 1991. Scott E. Thomas -- October 1986 -- January 2006 (reappointed in November 1991 and July 1998). Trevor Potter -- November 1991 -- October 1995. Darryl R. Wold -- July 1998 -- April 2002. Karl J. Sandstrom -- July 1998 -- December 2002. David M. Mason -- July 1998 -- July 2008. Bradley A. Smith -- May 2000 -- August 2005. Michael E. Toner -- March 2002 -- March 2007. (by recess appointment on March 29, 2002, confirmed to full term 2003) Robert D. Lenhard -- January 2006 -- December 31, 2007. (by recess appointment on January 4, 2006) Hans A. von Spakovsky -- January 2006 -- December 31, 2007. (by recess appointment on January 4, 2006) Cynthia L. Bauerly -- June 2008 -- confirmed June 24, 2008 for a term expiring on April 30, 2011 Resigned effective February 1, 2013. Donald F. McGahn II -- June 2008 -- September 2013. Ann Ravel -- October 2013 -- March 2017. See also ( edit ) Title 11 of the Code of Federal Regulations Election Assistance Commission Elections in the United States Campaign finance in the United States Federal Election Campaign Act Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act Buckley v. Valeo , 424 U.S. 1 (1976) Federal Election Commission v. Akins (1998), authorizing `` any party aggrieved by an order of the Commission'' to file a suit McConnell v. Federal Election Commission (2003) Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. (2007), holding that issue ads may not be banned before elections Davis v. Federal Election Commission (2008) Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission (2014) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` About'' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 52 U.S. Code § 30106 - Federal Election Commission'' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2017-06-03 . Jump up ^ `` FEC biography of Ellen L. Weintraub'' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved October 3, 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradley A. Smith; Stephen M. Hoersting (2002). `` A Toothless Anaconda: Innovation, Impotence, and Overenforcement at the Federal Election Commission'' . Election Law Journal . 1 (2): 145-- 171. doi : 10.1089/153312902753610002 . Jump up ^ Berger, Judson (June 30, 2016). `` FEC Democrats tried to punish Fox News over debate changes, files show'' . Fox News . Jump up ^ Takala, Rudy (September 27, 2016). `` Regulators spar over whether unregulated Internet harms minorities'' . Washington Examiner . Jump up ^ Takala, Rudy (June 30, 2016). `` FEC Commissioner: Regulators attacking First Amendment by ' administrative fiat ' '' . Washington Examiner . Jump up ^ CREW Sues the Federal Election Commission over Case Dismissals, OMB Watch, August 17, 2010 Archived February 21, 2012, at the Library of Congress Jump up ^ Opening Statement of Bradley A. Smith, Chairman of the Federal Election Commission, Before the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, June 4, 2004 Jump up ^ Politics (and FEC enforcement) make strange bedfellows: The Soros book matter, Bob Bauer, More Soft Money Hard Law, January 29, 2009 Archived September 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Confessore, Nicholas (August 25, 2014). `` Election Panel Enacts Policies by Not Acting'' . New York Times . Retrieved August 26, 2014 . Jump up ^ FEC Elects Officers for 2008 , FEC press release, July 10, 2008. Jump up ^ New FEC Commissioners Assume Office , FEC press release, July 8, 2008. Further reading ( edit ) Takala, Rudy (January 4, 2016). `` Commissioner: FEC power grabs are the real ' dysfunction ' '' . Washington Examiner . Christopher Rowland (July 7, 2013). `` America's campaign-finance watchdog is rendered nearly toothless by its own appointed commissioners'' . Boston Globe . `` Will the Federal Election Commission Ever Work Again?'' . BusinessWeek . May 2, 2013. External links ( edit ) Official website Federal Election Commission in the Federal Register Election commissions in the United States Federal Election Commission California Fair Political Practices Commission Florida Election Commission New Jersey Election Law Enforcement Commission New York City Board of Elections New York State Board of Elections Oklahoma State Election Board Virginia State Board of Elections National election commissions Africa Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Comoros DR Congo Egypt Ethiopia Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Seychelles South Africa Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Zimbabwe Americas Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Guyana Haiti Jamaica Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia East Timor Hong Kong India Indonesia Iraq Iran EO GC Israel Jordan Kazakhstan Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Palestinian territories Philippines South Korea Taiwan Thailand Turkey Europe Abkhazia Albania Belarus Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Estonia Finland France Georgia Hungary Iceland Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldova Norway Poland Portugal Russia Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Election_Commission&oldid=806348610 '' Categories : Federal Election Commission Government agencies established in 1974 Organizations based in Washington, D.C. Election commissions Hidden categories: Webarchive template other archives Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2015 Pages using infobox government agency with unknown parameters Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017, at 12:27. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
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how many seasons in this is us season 2
Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated
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[ "This Is Us ( season 2 ) Promotional poster Starring Milo Ventimiglia Mandy Moore Sterling K. Brown Chrissy Metz Justin Hartley Susan Kelechi Watson Chris Sullivan Ron Cephas Jones Jon Huertas Alexandra Breckenridge Niles Fitch Logan Shroyer Parker Bates Hannah Zeile Mackenzie Hancsicsak Eris Baker Faithe Herman Lonnie Chavis Country of origin United States No. of episodes 18 Release Original network NBC Original release September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) -- March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 List of This Is Us episodes", "This Is Us ( season 2 )", "Promotional poster", "Starring Milo Ventimiglia Mandy Moore Sterling K. Brown Chrissy Metz Justin Hartley Susan Kelechi Watson Chris Sullivan Ron Cephas Jones Jon Huertas Alexandra Breckenridge Niles Fitch Logan Shroyer Parker Bates Hannah Zeile Mackenzie Hancsicsak Eris Baker Faithe Herman Lonnie Chavis", "Milo Ventimiglia Mandy Moore Sterling K. Brown Chrissy Metz Justin Hartley Susan Kelechi Watson Chris Sullivan Ron Cephas Jones Jon Huertas Alexandra Breckenridge Niles Fitch Logan Shroyer Parker Bates Hannah Zeile Mackenzie Hancsicsak Eris Baker Faithe Herman Lonnie Chavis", "Sterling K. Brown", "Susan Kelechi Watson", "Ron Cephas Jones", "Country of origin United States", "No. of episodes 18", "Release", "Original network NBC", "Original release September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) -- March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 )", "Season chronology", "← Previous Season 1", "List of This Is Us episodes", "The second season of the American television series This Is Us continues to follow the lives and connections of the Pearson family across several time periods . The season was produced by Rhode Island Ave . Productions , Zaftig Films , and 20th Century Fox Television , with Dan Fogelman , Isaac Aptaker , and Elizabeth Berger serving as showrunners .", "A second and third season of This Is Us were ordered in January 2017 , with production for season two beginning that July . The season stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , Ron Cephas Jones , Jon Huertas , Alexandra Breckenridge , Niles Fitch , Logan Shroyer , Hannah Zeile , Mackenzie Hancsicsak , Parker Bates , Eris Baker , Faithe Herman , and Lonnie Chavis .", "The second season , consisting of 18 episodes , aired from September 26 , 2017 , to March 13 , 2018 , on NBC . This Is Us served as the lead - out program for Super Bowl LII in February 2018 with the second season 's fourteenth episode .", "Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson Niles Fitch as teenage Randall Pearson Lonnie Chavis as young Randall Pearson Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate Pearson Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate Pearson Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin Pearson Parker Bates as young Kevin Pearson Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon Ron Cephas Jones as William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie Eris Baker as Tess Pearson Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson", "Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson", "Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson", "Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson Niles Fitch as teenage Randall Pearson Lonnie Chavis as young Randall Pearson", "Niles Fitch as teenage Randall Pearson Lonnie Chavis as young Randall Pearson", "Niles Fitch as teenage Randall Pearson", "Lonnie Chavis as young Randall Pearson", "Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate Pearson Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate Pearson", "Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate Pearson Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate Pearson", "Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate Pearson", "Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate Pearson", "Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin Pearson Parker Bates as young Kevin Pearson", "Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin Pearson Parker Bates as young Kevin Pearson", "Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin Pearson", "Parker Bates as young Kevin Pearson", "Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson", "Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon", "Ron Cephas Jones as William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill", "Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas", "Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie", "Eris Baker as Tess Pearson", "Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson", "Jermel Nakia as young adult William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill Lyric Ross as Deja , Randall and Beth 's foster child . Debra Jo Rupp as Linda , a social worker who works with Randall and Beth when they foster Deja . Caitlin Thompson as Madison , Kate 's group 's resident thin member , who Kate discovers is bulimic . Joy Brunson as Shauna , Deja 's mother .", "Jermel Nakia as young adult William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill", "Lyric Ross as Deja , Randall and Beth 's foster child .", "Debra Jo Rupp as Linda , a social worker who works with Randall and Beth when they foster Deja .", "Caitlin Thompson as Madison , Kate 's group 's resident thin member , who Kate discovers is bulimic .", "Joy Brunson as Shauna , Deja 's mother .", "Sylvester Stallone as himself , an actor in Kevin 's movie . Sam Anderson as Walter Crowder , the judge in young adult William Hill 's case . Delroy Lindo as Ernest Bradley , the judge in Randall 's adoption case . Kate Burton as Barbara , a psychologist at Kevin 's rehab who facilitates his meeting with the family . Garrett Morris as Lloyd , a resident of William 's old apartment building . Iantha Richardson as adult Tess Pearson , a social worker . Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski ( aka Dr. K ) , Rebecca 's former childbirth obstetrician . Susan Blakely as Anne , Dr. K 's wife . Pam Grier as G.G. , Shauna 's grandmother and Deja 's great - grandmother . Dan Lauria as Toby 's father Wendie Malick as Toby 's mother Melanie Liburd as Zoe , Beth 's cousin", "Sylvester Stallone as himself , an actor in Kevin 's movie .", "Sam Anderson as Walter Crowder , the judge in young adult William Hill 's case .", "Delroy Lindo as Ernest Bradley , the judge in Randall 's adoption case .", "Kate Burton as Barbara , a psychologist at Kevin 's rehab who facilitates his meeting with the family .", "Garrett Morris as Lloyd , a resident of William 's old apartment building .", "Iantha Richardson as adult Tess Pearson , a social worker .", "Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski ( aka Dr. K ) , Rebecca 's former childbirth obstetrician .", "Susan Blakely as Anne , Dr. K 's wife .", "Pam Grier as G.G. , Shauna 's grandmother and Deja 's great - grandmother .", "Dan Lauria as Toby 's father", "Wendie Malick as Toby 's mother", "Melanie Liburd as Zoe , Beth 's cousin", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 19 `` A Father 's Advice '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 2AZC01 12.94 On the Big Three 's 37th birthday , Randall wants to adopt a baby , but Beth convinces him they can honor William 's legacy by adopting an older child . Kate leaves an audition because all the other women there are thin , but she returns to go through with it . She is rejected because of her inexperience , not her weight ; Kate is confident she can work her way up . Toby tells Kevin that he , not Kevin , needs to be Kate 's `` person . '' Kevin explains that Kate informed him of their father 's death , and being Kate 's brother is the only thing he is really good at . In the past , Rebecca takes the Big Three to a movie after her argument with Jack . Rebecca urges Jack to come home ; Jack admits his drinking is out of control . Later , the family house has burned and Rebecca , in the car with Jack 's possessions in a bag , screams and cries . 20 `` A Manny - Splendored Thing '' John Fortenberry Dan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 2AZC02 11.06 Kevin is invited back for the 100th `` The Manny '' episode . The producers try to embarrass him for how he left the show , but Sophie helps him do it anyway . Randall , Beth , their girls , Rebecca , and Miguel travel across the country to see the live episode . Randall and Beth take a walk during the taping to discuss Randall 's worries about fostering an older child who could have major issues . Also during the taping , Kate gets a call for her first gig ; however , she does not want her mother to criticize her performance , so Kate asks both Rebecca and Toby not to follow her , but they do anyway . Later , Kate confronts Rebecca about how she has always treated her . Rebecca seeks support from Toby , but he clearly sides with Kate , which wins Rebecca 's approval . After the episode taping , Beth learns from Kevin that Randall only risked failure once : in asking her out . Beth reassures Randall they can go through with their plan . In flashbacks , Jack confesses to teenage Kate that he has an alcoholism problem . Jack ( when on the wagon before ) vented his anger on a punching bag ; this time , he lets Rebecca take him to an AA meeting . 21 `` Déjà Vu '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 2AZC03 11.02 On Kevin 's movie set , Kate -- excited that Sylvester Stallone is his co-star -- bonds with `` Sly '' and tells him what his films meant to her father , and about his death . After talking with Stallone , Kevin 's memories of his dad surface , affecting his performance in a scene . Randall learns that a young girl , Deja , is being brought to his home . Later , when Deja yells at Beth for `` stealing '' her mom 's cigarettes , Randall defends his wife , and Deja shrinks to defend herself from apparent aggression . Randall talks to Deja about the joy he found in having Jack and Rebecca , as well as William . Kevin takes pain medication after his old football knee injury is reinjured during battle scene filming . In flashbacks , when the kids are teenagers , Jack talks about his efforts to rehabilitate from alcoholism ; Randall tries to find his birth parents through an ad , and is comforted by Kate and Kevin after a woman claims to be his birth mother for his family 's money . 22 `` Still There '' Ken Olin Vera Herbert October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 2AZC04 10.65 Randall takes his daughters and Deja bowling , which does not go as expected . Beth offers to help Deja take care of her hair and the two bond . Randall admits to Deja that he has had problems with nervous breakdowns and has taken up running to deal with his anxiety ; he invites her to come with him . Kevin undergoes surgery on his injured knee and continues to overuse his pain medication . Kate visits a gynaecologist for an ultrasound , revealing that she is pregnant . In flashbacks , Kate and Kevin contract the chicken pox and their doctor urges Randall to do his best to catch them as well so it will not occur later for him . Rebecca 's mother pops in , intent on staying for a while , and her overbearing attitude and the fact that she treats Randall differently than Kate and Kevin leads to Rebecca confronting her and calling her a racist , which Randall overhears . Rebecca 's mother takes her words to heart and reaches out to Randall , recognizing for the first time how special he is . 23 5 `` Brothers '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Tyler Bensinger October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 2AZC05 10.60 Kate and Toby share news of her pregnancy . Kevin , set to be auctioned off by Sophie for a large - scale charity event she is hosting , gets drunk while trying to get a pain medication prescription ; he misses the auction , embarrassing Sophie . Randall earns Deja 's trust . In the past , when Jack takes 10 - year - old Kevin and Randall camping , Rebecca learns that Jack 's father is dying . She calls Jack , but he had issues with his father , and he is trying to have Kevin get along with Randall , so Jack says that he will not return . Rebecca reassures Jack 's father ( who sees his granddaughter , Kate ) that Jack is a great father and husband . Kevin finds a notebook where Randall wrote notes of how to keep peace between them , motivating him to be nice to Randall . Later , Jack looks at a picture of him and his brother in the army . During Jack 's childhood , he and his never - before - seen brother await their father 's return to the car as he gets drunk at a bar . 24 6 `` The 20 's '' Regina King Don Roos October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 2AZC06 8.43 In flashbacks , with the 10 - year - old Big Three , Rebecca takes Randall trick - or - treating , while Jack takes Kate and Kevin to a haunted house . Randall learns about Kyle 's death from the neighbors ; Rebecca then tells him the facts of his adoption . In other flashbacks , with the Big Three being in their twenties , Kate finds out she is involved with a married man . Kevin , desperate for work as an actor , attempts to steal a role from his roommate and best friend . Meanwhile , Randall and Beth prepare for the arrival of their first daughter . Beth unexpectedly goes into labor after agreeing to help Rebecca get a Facebook account . With no time to get to the hospital , Randall helps Beth through a home delivery . Kate and Kevin commiserate about their deadbeat lives and decide to live together . When Rebecca posts a photo of her granddaughter on Facebook , she gets a message from Miguel , asking how she has been the last 8 years . ( Jack 's death was sometime before Miguel last saw Rebecca . ) 25 7 `` The Most Disappointed Man '' Chris Koch Kay Oyegun November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 2AZC07 9.89 Jack and Rebecca prepare to finalize Randall 's adoption when Randall is a year old . Their case worker gives a glowing recommendation , but their judge is against interracial adoption . After Rebecca 's letter about being Randall 's mother , the judge recuses himself ; the new judge grants the adoption . Concurrently , William pleads guilty to a drug charge . Although the judge is disappointed because William had a clean record , William claims to be more disappointed , due to the loss of his loved ones and son . The judge visits William in jail , offering to reduce the sentence and get him help , if he stays sober . William keeps this promise for at least 30 years , until hearing his cancer is terminal . As he is about to use , Randall introduces himself as William 's biological son . In the present , Randall takes Deja to visit her mother Shauna in prison , but Shauna declines the visit . Randall later talks to Shauna , who intends to take Deja back after her release . He lets Shauna call Deja collect . Kevin 's relationship with Sophie deteriorates as he continues abusing pain medication and alcohol . Kate and Toby announce their pregnancy to Kevin , plan to get married at city hall , but then consider a big wedding . 26 8 `` Number One '' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 2AZC08 10.05 In flashbacks , baby Kevin walks first . Teenage Kevin disrespects a Pitt football recruiter , thinking Pitt inferior , so Jack scolds Kevin . As Jack speaks with his sponsor , and recites the serenity prayer , Kevin remains flippant , but Jack apologizes to Kevin . A game injury ends Kevin 's football prospects while Jack and Randall are away at a college tour . Jack comes to the hospital and assures Kevin he has other talents , and will find his purpose . Kevin apologizes for his attitude . Jack gives him a pendant , symbolizing `` purpose '' , given to him in Vietnam at a personal low point . Jack says Kevin is his purpose . Present - day Kevin , exhausted by substance abuse , is an honored alumnus at his high school . His football coach introduces him ; Kevin imagines Jack giving the speech . Kevin declares himself unworthy of his award . He pantomimes football on the field , giving play - by - play commentary on his failures . He has sex with fellow honoree Charlotte , a doctor , and uses her prescription pad to create a forgery ; he quickly leaves a pharmacy after police enter , having left the pendant in Charlotte 's house , but she keeps him out . He collapses , begging for help . He visits Randall , who assumes Kevin 's desire to talk concerns Kate 's miscarriage . 27 9 `` Number Two '' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg & Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 2AZC09 9.34 In flashbacks , baby Kate walks second . Teenage Kate bonds with the dog , Louie . Kate seems unconcerned with college applications ; Rebecca is pleased to discover Kate 's application for Berklee . At Kevin 's game , Kate accepts Rebecca 's praise just as Kevin is injured . At the hospital , Kate admits she feared disappointing Rebecca ; Rebecca acknowledges their emotional distance , but is ready to support Kate when needed . Kate watches her parents embrace . Present - day Kate talks to her unborn baby ; she and Toby focus on her prenatal care , but she miscarries . Kate leaves a singing gig , overcome at seeing a family ; she loads a buffet plate but leaves it untouched . Toby works frantically to avert the delivery of a baby bath . At home , Kate blames Toby for getting her excited about the baby ; she tells Toby that the miscarriage did n't happen to him , but he asserts that he shares their loss . Rebecca arrives and Kate accepts her support . Kate admits feeling she hurt Toby by miscarrying ; Rebecca shares that concealing from Jack her grief over triplet Kyle 's death led her to a breakdown in a supermarket after six weeks . Kate tells Toby how she feels , and they agree to try again soon ; they reaffirm their love . 28 10 `` Number Three '' Ken Olin Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 2AZC10 10.94 In flashbacks , baby Randall walks third . Jack expects teenage Randall to attend Harvard , but lets Randall tour Howard . Jack takes the official tour ; a friend shows Randall around . Randall tells Jack that others ' reactions make him feel `` off - balance '' as the only black family member . Jack shows Randall the Vietnam Veterans Memorial ; Jack felt off - balance when he returned from the war . Jack believes Randall will find balance and be `` spectacular '' . They return to Pittsburgh for hospitalized Kevin ; Jack admits monitoring all three children is difficult . In the present , the charges against Deja 's mother Shauna are dropped ; Randall and Beth consider fighting for custody . Randall recalls William 's account of following Rebecca home after her second visit ; he realized Randall had a full life without him , and left . Randall observes Shauna preparing for Deja 's homecoming , and realizes Deja 's home is with Shauna ; Beth agrees . They attend Deja 's school presentation . Shauna takes Deja home ; Randall offers help . Randall and Beth agree to foster again ; a young boy meets with his social worker . Kevin arrives , but leaves quickly after drinking vodka . Kevin is speeding -- Tess , hidden in his backseat because she `` hates '' home , admonishes him ; Kevin is arrested for DUI ; Tess is safe . 29 11 `` The Fifth Wheel '' Chris Koch Vera Herbert January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 2AZC11 9.65 When the kids are 10 , Jack takes the family to a cabin vacation , getting Kevin after football camp . Randall 's new glasses are missing . Rebecca notices Kate 's food obsession ; Jack has her exercise , but takes her for ice cream . During a thunderstorm , Kevin brings Randall 's glasses to their parents ' room -- where Kate and Randall are sleeping . He sleeps on the floor . Present - day Toby finds junk - food trash . Tess tells her parents she was sad when Deja had to leave . The family visits Kevin at rehab ; Barbara , the facilitator , wants only immediate family at Kevin 's first session . Kevin apologizes to the family , but Barbara has him discuss family issues . Kevin says they are a family of addicts . Kevin felt like an outcast ( `` fifth wheel '' ) : Kate had Jack 's support ; Rebecca loved Randall more than Kevin . Randall scolds Kevin ; Rebecca , crying , says why Randall was easier to love . Toby , Beth , and Miguel , at a bar , discuss being outsiders , Miguel the only one who knew Jack . After the session , the Big Three reconcile . Kate admits to Toby about hiding junk food since miscarrying . Rebecca tells Kevin why she never worried about him , but they had their moments . ( In the flashback , Rebecca joins Kevin on the floor . ) 30 12 `` Clooney '' Zetna Fuentes Bekah Brunstetter January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 2AZC12 9.82 Jack and Rebecca take the teenage Big Three shopping for suits and dresses for the winter formal and Jack 's job . Randall asks a redhead girl out . Though the teenagers are almost starting college , Jack again wants to start `` Big Three Homes '' ( which he put aside to support his family ) . Presently , William 's stray cat `` Clooney '' wanders . After rehab , Kevin stays with Rebecca -- whom Miguel is protecting , since Kevin upset her by getting arrested and criticizing her at rehab . Miguel later tells Kevin that Jack and Rebecca were a unified couple , not individuals ; he did not love Rebecca while Jack was alive , but does now and is staying . Kate befriends Madison from support group ; they go wedding dress shopping ; Kate discovers Madison 's bulimia . Madison later faints and calls Kate for help . Kate says losing weight as a teenager did not make her happy . Randall visits Beth at work ; she says working again would help him . Randall gets William 's box from storage , searches for a lady about whom William wrote and drew , and discovers from a picture it was Billie Holiday . Randall tells Beth he wants to buy and manage the run - down building with her . In the flashback , they forget smoke detector batteries . 31 13 `` That 'll Be the Day '' Uta Briesewitz Kay Oyegun & Don Roos January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 2AZC13 9.37 Around 1980 , an elderly couple look through their junk , including a jukebox which would play `` That 'll Be the Day '' . When their house gets a buyer , the man gives his neighbor , Jack , a slow cooker with a tricky switch . In 1998 , Jack and Rebecca watch the Super Bowl alone as the teenagers are otherwise occupied -- Kevin is with Sophie , Randall is on a date , and Kate is making a music college audition tape ( which Jack videotapes , to Kate 's initial disapproval ) . Presently , Randall and Beth buy William 's old building . Kevin helps Randall do repairs ; they soon find themselves overwhelmed -- and bugs , so the building is vacated when an exterminator is called . When Toby looks for a dog on the internet , Kate -- with mixed feelings -- adopts a dog . Kevin tries to make amends to Sophie , receives his missing pendant in the mail -- and knows that he can not make amends to his dad . In 1998 , the old slow cooker 's faulty switch causes a house fire . 32 14 `` Super Bowl Sunday '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman February 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) 2AZC14 26.97 In 1998 , Jack evacuates the family ( Kevin is away ) from the burning house , then retrieves Kate 's dog and family mementos . Jack , hospitalized for smoke inhalation , dies suddenly of cardiac arrest , to Rebecca 's shock . She tells Miguel , Randall , and Kate ; Kate tells Kevin . On the 20th anniversary of Jack 's death , Kate 's VCR damages her audition tape Jack recorded -- and saved from the fire -- which she watches cathartically , blaming herself . Toby gets the tape repaired and digitized . Kate tells Toby he strengthens her , and Jack would have loved him . Kevin visits Jack 's memorial tree , admitting not living up to Jack 's legacy , but wanting to make him proud . Rebecca makes Jack 's favorite lasagna , and bonds with Kevin . Randall holds a Super Bowl party to commemorate Jack , but is emotional when the family 's new pet lizard dies . Tess admits trying to prevent social workers from calling , fearing recent changes mean Randall wants a `` new life '' . He reassures her he will always be devoted to her ; she is happy the family participates in fostering . Deja unexpectedly arrives ; Randall and Beth comfort her . The boy seen earlier is placed with a couple ; the social worker is adult Tess , whom older Randall meets for dinner . 33 15 `` The Car '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 2AZC15 10.13 Jack buys a costly Wagoneer because his young children love it . The Pearsons , going to see `` Weird Al '' Yankovic , slowly cross a bridge Rebecca fears . Jack drives Rebecca , awaiting MRI results , to his `` favorite tree '' ( nearest a pay phone ) ; Rebecca is fine , as Jack anticipated . Jack predicts he will die first ; he asks to be outside , not buried . The brothers fight during Randall 's driving lesson ; Jack exhorts them to be close like him and his brother , who died in Vietnam . Jack drives truant Kate to Alanis Morissette 's autograph session ; they compare Morrissette with Bruce Springsteen . Rebecca drives the teenagers to Jack 's funeral , stalking the urn because she was not in Jack 's room when he died . Dr. K -- married to Anne -- attends ; he tells Rebecca Jack often sought his advice and she has always been strong . Kate decides to give away her dog ; Rebecca affirms that Jack 's death is not Kate 's fault -- Jack made his own decisions . The brothers bicker over manly duties ; Rebecca tells them to remain teenagers ; they make peace . The Pearsons scatter Jack 's ashes at the tree ; Kate keeps some . Jack had purchased Springsteen tickets for that night ; Rebecca drives the family to the concert -- crossing the bridge . 34 16 `` Vegas , Baby '' Joanna Kerns Laura Kenar February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 2AZC16 9.74 Jack and Rebecca celebrate their early wedding anniversaries -- she , with small thoughtful gifts ; he , with grand romantic gestures . The children , age 10 , plan a romantic anniversary celebration ( despite Rebecca 's desire not to celebrate ) , including an attempted dinner , and culminating in observing a meteor shower . Rebecca decides they should always celebrate their anniversary . Presently , Toby and Kate hold their bachelor and bachelorette parties in Las Vegas . Kevin , Randall , Beth , and others attend ; Toby has no close male friends , and Kate and Beth are not close . Kevin maintains his sobriety , despite struggling when learning his film scenes may have been cut . Weeks after providing Deja money for Shauna 's utility bill , Randall worries about Deja ; Beth wants to move on ; they argue . Kate tries to mediate , revealing she feels Beth replaced her in Randall 's life ; Kate explains she was closest to Randall during part of their youth ; Beth admits her love for absent Deja hurts . Toby supports Kevin and Randall , saying his own brother never desired a close relationship . Ron Howard tells Kevin his great work is still in the movie . When returning home , Beth decides she and Randall should visit Deja ; they find her and Shauna living in a car . 35 17 `` This Big , Amazing , Beautiful Life '' Rebecca Asher Kay Oyegun March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 2AZC17 8.90 Flashbacks show other characters ' experiences paralleling Deja 's . 16 - year - old Shauna gives birth to Deja ; Shauna 's grandmother `` G.G. '' urges Shauna towards accountability . Three years later , G.G. financially supports Shauna . G.G. dies ; Shauna depends on Deja . Teenaged Deja injures herself cooking Shauna 's birthday dinner ; Linda removes Deja from her home . Stress drives Shauna to drug use and Deja stays in the foster system . Deja and her foster sister Raven , after shoplifting , are removed from a physically abusive foster father 's home ; Raven was willing to endure minor abuse for stability . Deja returns to Shauna ; Shauna 's mooching boyfriend Lonzo brings a gun into the home ; Deja 's alopecia begins amid the adults ' fighting . The gun is found in Shauna 's car ; Deja lives with the Pearsons , returning to Shauna after the charges are dropped . Shauna breaks up with Lonzo but spends her and Deja 's savings to bail him out of jail ; Deja attempts to raise money , but decides not to pawn G.G. 's brooch ; Shauna and Deja are evicted for unpaid rent . Randall and Beth take in Shauna and Deja . Deja concludes that the human experience is universal . Shauna believes she deprived Deja of a childhood ; she decides to leave Deja with the Pearsons . 36 18 `` The Wedding '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 2AZC18 10.94 As Kate 's wedding approaches ; she dreams of Jack and Rebecca renewing their vows on their 40th wedding anniversary ; Toby is not in the dream . After unsuccessfully seeking `` something old '' connected to Jack , Kate makes room in her heart for Toby by resolving her grief over Jack ; she scatters the remainder of Jack 's ashes near the Pearson cabin . Kate tells Rebecca she admires her . Toby 's divorced parents disapprove of the marriage , fearing a relapse of the depression Toby suffered after his first marriage ; Toby demands they celebrate the wedding or leave ; they stay to celebrate . Kate and Toby marry ; Jack once told Kate she would someday marry a man better than himself . Kevin allows himself to grieve over Jack . Deja is surly after Shauna requested termination of parental rights ; Beth 's cousin Zoe , the wedding photographer , consoles Deja by sharing how she accepted Beth 's family 's love after her own mother abandoned her . However , after Toby 's mother says Deja resembles Randall , Deja vandalizes Randall 's car . In the future , Kevin ( contemplating Jack and Nicky 's Vietnam War picture ) and Zoe fly to Vietnam together ; Kate nurses a cripplingly depressed Toby . Further in the future , Randall and adult Tess feel unprepared to see an unshown female .", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions )", "19 `` A Father 's Advice '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 2AZC01 12.94", "On the Big Three 's 37th birthday , Randall wants to adopt a baby , but Beth convinces him they can honor William 's legacy by adopting an older child . Kate leaves an audition because all the other women there are thin , but she returns to go through with it . She is rejected because of her inexperience , not her weight ; Kate is confident she can work her way up . Toby tells Kevin that he , not Kevin , needs to be Kate 's `` person . '' Kevin explains that Kate informed him of their father 's death , and being Kate 's brother is the only thing he is really good at . In the past , Rebecca takes the Big Three to a movie after her argument with Jack . Rebecca urges Jack to come home ; Jack admits his drinking is out of control . Later , the family house has burned and Rebecca , in the car with Jack 's possessions in a bag , screams and cries .", "20 `` A Manny - Splendored Thing '' John Fortenberry Dan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 2AZC02 11.06", "Kevin is invited back for the 100th `` The Manny '' episode . The producers try to embarrass him for how he left the show , but Sophie helps him do it anyway . Randall , Beth , their girls , Rebecca , and Miguel travel across the country to see the live episode . Randall and Beth take a walk during the taping to discuss Randall 's worries about fostering an older child who could have major issues . Also during the taping , Kate gets a call for her first gig ; however , she does not want her mother to criticize her performance , so Kate asks both Rebecca and Toby not to follow her , but they do anyway . Later , Kate confronts Rebecca about how she has always treated her . Rebecca seeks support from Toby , but he clearly sides with Kate , which wins Rebecca 's approval . After the episode taping , Beth learns from Kevin that Randall only risked failure once : in asking her out . Beth reassures Randall they can go through with their plan . In flashbacks , Jack confesses to teenage Kate that he has an alcoholism problem . Jack ( when on the wagon before ) vented his anger on a punching bag ; this time , he lets Rebecca take him to an AA meeting .", "21 `` Déjà Vu '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 2AZC03 11.02", "On Kevin 's movie set , Kate -- excited that Sylvester Stallone is his co-star -- bonds with `` Sly '' and tells him what his films meant to her father , and about his death . After talking with Stallone , Kevin 's memories of his dad surface , affecting his performance in a scene . Randall learns that a young girl , Deja , is being brought to his home . Later , when Deja yells at Beth for `` stealing '' her mom 's cigarettes , Randall defends his wife , and Deja shrinks to defend herself from apparent aggression . Randall talks to Deja about the joy he found in having Jack and Rebecca , as well as William . Kevin takes pain medication after his old football knee injury is reinjured during battle scene filming . In flashbacks , when the kids are teenagers , Jack talks about his efforts to rehabilitate from alcoholism ; Randall tries to find his birth parents through an ad , and is comforted by Kate and Kevin after a woman claims to be his birth mother for his family 's money .", "22 `` Still There '' Ken Olin Vera Herbert October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 2AZC04 10.65", "Randall takes his daughters and Deja bowling , which does not go as expected . Beth offers to help Deja take care of her hair and the two bond . Randall admits to Deja that he has had problems with nervous breakdowns and has taken up running to deal with his anxiety ; he invites her to come with him . Kevin undergoes surgery on his injured knee and continues to overuse his pain medication . Kate visits a gynaecologist for an ultrasound , revealing that she is pregnant . In flashbacks , Kate and Kevin contract the chicken pox and their doctor urges Randall to do his best to catch them as well so it will not occur later for him . Rebecca 's mother pops in , intent on staying for a while , and her overbearing attitude and the fact that she treats Randall differently than Kate and Kevin leads to Rebecca confronting her and calling her a racist , which Randall overhears . Rebecca 's mother takes her words to heart and reaches out to Randall , recognizing for the first time how special he is .", "23 5 `` Brothers '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Tyler Bensinger October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 2AZC05 10.60", "Kate and Toby share news of her pregnancy . Kevin , set to be auctioned off by Sophie for a large - scale charity event she is hosting , gets drunk while trying to get a pain medication prescription ; he misses the auction , embarrassing Sophie . Randall earns Deja 's trust . In the past , when Jack takes 10 - year - old Kevin and Randall camping , Rebecca learns that Jack 's father is dying . She calls Jack , but he had issues with his father , and he is trying to have Kevin get along with Randall , so Jack says that he will not return . Rebecca reassures Jack 's father ( who sees his granddaughter , Kate ) that Jack is a great father and husband . Kevin finds a notebook where Randall wrote notes of how to keep peace between them , motivating him to be nice to Randall . Later , Jack looks at a picture of him and his brother in the army . During Jack 's childhood , he and his never - before - seen brother await their father 's return to the car as he gets drunk at a bar .", "24 6 `` The 20 's '' Regina King Don Roos October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 2AZC06 8.43", "In flashbacks , with the 10 - year - old Big Three , Rebecca takes Randall trick - or - treating , while Jack takes Kate and Kevin to a haunted house . Randall learns about Kyle 's death from the neighbors ; Rebecca then tells him the facts of his adoption . In other flashbacks , with the Big Three being in their twenties , Kate finds out she is involved with a married man . Kevin , desperate for work as an actor , attempts to steal a role from his roommate and best friend . Meanwhile , Randall and Beth prepare for the arrival of their first daughter . Beth unexpectedly goes into labor after agreeing to help Rebecca get a Facebook account . With no time to get to the hospital , Randall helps Beth through a home delivery . Kate and Kevin commiserate about their deadbeat lives and decide to live together . When Rebecca posts a photo of her granddaughter on Facebook , she gets a message from Miguel , asking how she has been the last 8 years . ( Jack 's death was sometime before Miguel last saw Rebecca . )", "25 7 `` The Most Disappointed Man '' Chris Koch Kay Oyegun November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 2AZC07 9.89", "Jack and Rebecca prepare to finalize Randall 's adoption when Randall is a year old . Their case worker gives a glowing recommendation , but their judge is against interracial adoption . After Rebecca 's letter about being Randall 's mother , the judge recuses himself ; the new judge grants the adoption . Concurrently , William pleads guilty to a drug charge . Although the judge is disappointed because William had a clean record , William claims to be more disappointed , due to the loss of his loved ones and son . The judge visits William in jail , offering to reduce the sentence and get him help , if he stays sober . William keeps this promise for at least 30 years , until hearing his cancer is terminal . As he is about to use , Randall introduces himself as William 's biological son . In the present , Randall takes Deja to visit her mother Shauna in prison , but Shauna declines the visit . Randall later talks to Shauna , who intends to take Deja back after her release . He lets Shauna call Deja collect . Kevin 's relationship with Sophie deteriorates as he continues abusing pain medication and alcohol . Kate and Toby announce their pregnancy to Kevin , plan to get married at city hall , but then consider a big wedding .", "26 8 `` Number One '' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 2AZC08 10.05", "In flashbacks , baby Kevin walks first . Teenage Kevin disrespects a Pitt football recruiter , thinking Pitt inferior , so Jack scolds Kevin . As Jack speaks with his sponsor , and recites the serenity prayer , Kevin remains flippant , but Jack apologizes to Kevin . A game injury ends Kevin 's football prospects while Jack and Randall are away at a college tour . Jack comes to the hospital and assures Kevin he has other talents , and will find his purpose . Kevin apologizes for his attitude . Jack gives him a pendant , symbolizing `` purpose '' , given to him in Vietnam at a personal low point . Jack says Kevin is his purpose . Present - day Kevin , exhausted by substance abuse , is an honored alumnus at his high school . His football coach introduces him ; Kevin imagines Jack giving the speech . Kevin declares himself unworthy of his award . He pantomimes football on the field , giving play - by - play commentary on his failures . He has sex with fellow honoree Charlotte , a doctor , and uses her prescription pad to create a forgery ; he quickly leaves a pharmacy after police enter , having left the pendant in Charlotte 's house , but she keeps him out . He collapses , begging for help . He visits Randall , who assumes Kevin 's desire to talk concerns Kate 's miscarriage .", "27 9 `` Number Two '' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg & Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 2AZC09 9.34", "In flashbacks , baby Kate walks second . Teenage Kate bonds with the dog , Louie . Kate seems unconcerned with college applications ; Rebecca is pleased to discover Kate 's application for Berklee . At Kevin 's game , Kate accepts Rebecca 's praise just as Kevin is injured . At the hospital , Kate admits she feared disappointing Rebecca ; Rebecca acknowledges their emotional distance , but is ready to support Kate when needed . Kate watches her parents embrace . Present - day Kate talks to her unborn baby ; she and Toby focus on her prenatal care , but she miscarries . Kate leaves a singing gig , overcome at seeing a family ; she loads a buffet plate but leaves it untouched . Toby works frantically to avert the delivery of a baby bath . At home , Kate blames Toby for getting her excited about the baby ; she tells Toby that the miscarriage did n't happen to him , but he asserts that he shares their loss . Rebecca arrives and Kate accepts her support . Kate admits feeling she hurt Toby by miscarrying ; Rebecca shares that concealing from Jack her grief over triplet Kyle 's death led her to a breakdown in a supermarket after six weeks . Kate tells Toby how she feels , and they agree to try again soon ; they reaffirm their love .", "28 10 `` Number Three '' Ken Olin Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 2AZC10 10.94", "In flashbacks , baby Randall walks third . Jack expects teenage Randall to attend Harvard , but lets Randall tour Howard . Jack takes the official tour ; a friend shows Randall around . Randall tells Jack that others ' reactions make him feel `` off - balance '' as the only black family member . Jack shows Randall the Vietnam Veterans Memorial ; Jack felt off - balance when he returned from the war . Jack believes Randall will find balance and be `` spectacular '' . They return to Pittsburgh for hospitalized Kevin ; Jack admits monitoring all three children is difficult . In the present , the charges against Deja 's mother Shauna are dropped ; Randall and Beth consider fighting for custody . Randall recalls William 's account of following Rebecca home after her second visit ; he realized Randall had a full life without him , and left . Randall observes Shauna preparing for Deja 's homecoming , and realizes Deja 's home is with Shauna ; Beth agrees . They attend Deja 's school presentation . Shauna takes Deja home ; Randall offers help . Randall and Beth agree to foster again ; a young boy meets with his social worker . Kevin arrives , but leaves quickly after drinking vodka . Kevin is speeding -- Tess , hidden in his backseat because she `` hates '' home , admonishes him ; Kevin is arrested for DUI ; Tess is safe .", "29 11 `` The Fifth Wheel '' Chris Koch Vera Herbert January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 2AZC11 9.65", "When the kids are 10 , Jack takes the family to a cabin vacation , getting Kevin after football camp . Randall 's new glasses are missing . Rebecca notices Kate 's food obsession ; Jack has her exercise , but takes her for ice cream . During a thunderstorm , Kevin brings Randall 's glasses to their parents ' room -- where Kate and Randall are sleeping . He sleeps on the floor . Present - day Toby finds junk - food trash . Tess tells her parents she was sad when Deja had to leave . The family visits Kevin at rehab ; Barbara , the facilitator , wants only immediate family at Kevin 's first session . Kevin apologizes to the family , but Barbara has him discuss family issues . Kevin says they are a family of addicts . Kevin felt like an outcast ( `` fifth wheel '' ) : Kate had Jack 's support ; Rebecca loved Randall more than Kevin . Randall scolds Kevin ; Rebecca , crying , says why Randall was easier to love . Toby , Beth , and Miguel , at a bar , discuss being outsiders , Miguel the only one who knew Jack . After the session , the Big Three reconcile . Kate admits to Toby about hiding junk food since miscarrying . Rebecca tells Kevin why she never worried about him , but they had their moments . ( In the flashback , Rebecca joins Kevin on the floor . )", "30 12 `` Clooney '' Zetna Fuentes Bekah Brunstetter January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 2AZC12 9.82", "Jack and Rebecca take the teenage Big Three shopping for suits and dresses for the winter formal and Jack 's job . Randall asks a redhead girl out . Though the teenagers are almost starting college , Jack again wants to start `` Big Three Homes '' ( which he put aside to support his family ) . Presently , William 's stray cat `` Clooney '' wanders . After rehab , Kevin stays with Rebecca -- whom Miguel is protecting , since Kevin upset her by getting arrested and criticizing her at rehab . Miguel later tells Kevin that Jack and Rebecca were a unified couple , not individuals ; he did not love Rebecca while Jack was alive , but does now and is staying . Kate befriends Madison from support group ; they go wedding dress shopping ; Kate discovers Madison 's bulimia . Madison later faints and calls Kate for help . Kate says losing weight as a teenager did not make her happy . Randall visits Beth at work ; she says working again would help him . Randall gets William 's box from storage , searches for a lady about whom William wrote and drew , and discovers from a picture it was Billie Holiday . Randall tells Beth he wants to buy and manage the run - down building with her . In the flashback , they forget smoke detector batteries .", "31 13 `` That 'll Be the Day '' Uta Briesewitz Kay Oyegun & Don Roos January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 2AZC13 9.37", "Around 1980 , an elderly couple look through their junk , including a jukebox which would play `` That 'll Be the Day '' . When their house gets a buyer , the man gives his neighbor , Jack , a slow cooker with a tricky switch . In 1998 , Jack and Rebecca watch the Super Bowl alone as the teenagers are otherwise occupied -- Kevin is with Sophie , Randall is on a date , and Kate is making a music college audition tape ( which Jack videotapes , to Kate 's initial disapproval ) . Presently , Randall and Beth buy William 's old building . Kevin helps Randall do repairs ; they soon find themselves overwhelmed -- and bugs , so the building is vacated when an exterminator is called . When Toby looks for a dog on the internet , Kate -- with mixed feelings -- adopts a dog . Kevin tries to make amends to Sophie , receives his missing pendant in the mail -- and knows that he can not make amends to his dad . In 1998 , the old slow cooker 's faulty switch causes a house fire .", "32 14 `` Super Bowl Sunday '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman February 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) 2AZC14 26.97", "In 1998 , Jack evacuates the family ( Kevin is away ) from the burning house , then retrieves Kate 's dog and family mementos . Jack , hospitalized for smoke inhalation , dies suddenly of cardiac arrest , to Rebecca 's shock . She tells Miguel , Randall , and Kate ; Kate tells Kevin . On the 20th anniversary of Jack 's death , Kate 's VCR damages her audition tape Jack recorded -- and saved from the fire -- which she watches cathartically , blaming herself . Toby gets the tape repaired and digitized . Kate tells Toby he strengthens her , and Jack would have loved him . Kevin visits Jack 's memorial tree , admitting not living up to Jack 's legacy , but wanting to make him proud . Rebecca makes Jack 's favorite lasagna , and bonds with Kevin . Randall holds a Super Bowl party to commemorate Jack , but is emotional when the family 's new pet lizard dies . Tess admits trying to prevent social workers from calling , fearing recent changes mean Randall wants a `` new life '' . He reassures her he will always be devoted to her ; she is happy the family participates in fostering . Deja unexpectedly arrives ; Randall and Beth comfort her . The boy seen earlier is placed with a couple ; the social worker is adult Tess , whom older Randall meets for dinner .", "33 15 `` The Car '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 2AZC15 10.13", "Jack buys a costly Wagoneer because his young children love it . The Pearsons , going to see `` Weird Al '' Yankovic , slowly cross a bridge Rebecca fears . Jack drives Rebecca , awaiting MRI results , to his `` favorite tree '' ( nearest a pay phone ) ; Rebecca is fine , as Jack anticipated . Jack predicts he will die first ; he asks to be outside , not buried . The brothers fight during Randall 's driving lesson ; Jack exhorts them to be close like him and his brother , who died in Vietnam . Jack drives truant Kate to Alanis Morissette 's autograph session ; they compare Morrissette with Bruce Springsteen . Rebecca drives the teenagers to Jack 's funeral , stalking the urn because she was not in Jack 's room when he died . Dr. K -- married to Anne -- attends ; he tells Rebecca Jack often sought his advice and she has always been strong . Kate decides to give away her dog ; Rebecca affirms that Jack 's death is not Kate 's fault -- Jack made his own decisions . The brothers bicker over manly duties ; Rebecca tells them to remain teenagers ; they make peace . The Pearsons scatter Jack 's ashes at the tree ; Kate keeps some . Jack had purchased Springsteen tickets for that night ; Rebecca drives the family to the concert -- crossing the bridge .", "34 16 `` Vegas , Baby '' Joanna Kerns Laura Kenar February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 2AZC16 9.74", "Jack and Rebecca celebrate their early wedding anniversaries -- she , with small thoughtful gifts ; he , with grand romantic gestures . The children , age 10 , plan a romantic anniversary celebration ( despite Rebecca 's desire not to celebrate ) , including an attempted dinner , and culminating in observing a meteor shower . Rebecca decides they should always celebrate their anniversary . Presently , Toby and Kate hold their bachelor and bachelorette parties in Las Vegas . Kevin , Randall , Beth , and others attend ; Toby has no close male friends , and Kate and Beth are not close . Kevin maintains his sobriety , despite struggling when learning his film scenes may have been cut . Weeks after providing Deja money for Shauna 's utility bill , Randall worries about Deja ; Beth wants to move on ; they argue . Kate tries to mediate , revealing she feels Beth replaced her in Randall 's life ; Kate explains she was closest to Randall during part of their youth ; Beth admits her love for absent Deja hurts . Toby supports Kevin and Randall , saying his own brother never desired a close relationship . Ron Howard tells Kevin his great work is still in the movie . When returning home , Beth decides she and Randall should visit Deja ; they find her and Shauna living in a car .", "35 17 `` This Big , Amazing , Beautiful Life '' Rebecca Asher Kay Oyegun March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 2AZC17 8.90", "Flashbacks show other characters ' experiences paralleling Deja 's . 16 - year - old Shauna gives birth to Deja ; Shauna 's grandmother `` G.G. '' urges Shauna towards accountability . Three years later , G.G. financially supports Shauna . G.G. dies ; Shauna depends on Deja . Teenaged Deja injures herself cooking Shauna 's birthday dinner ; Linda removes Deja from her home . Stress drives Shauna to drug use and Deja stays in the foster system . Deja and her foster sister Raven , after shoplifting , are removed from a physically abusive foster father 's home ; Raven was willing to endure minor abuse for stability . Deja returns to Shauna ; Shauna 's mooching boyfriend Lonzo brings a gun into the home ; Deja 's alopecia begins amid the adults ' fighting . The gun is found in Shauna 's car ; Deja lives with the Pearsons , returning to Shauna after the charges are dropped . Shauna breaks up with Lonzo but spends her and Deja 's savings to bail him out of jail ; Deja attempts to raise money , but decides not to pawn G.G. 's brooch ; Shauna and Deja are evicted for unpaid rent . Randall and Beth take in Shauna and Deja . Deja concludes that the human experience is universal . Shauna believes she deprived Deja of a childhood ; she decides to leave Deja with the Pearsons .", "36 18 `` The Wedding '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 2AZC18 10.94", "As Kate 's wedding approaches ; she dreams of Jack and Rebecca renewing their vows on their 40th wedding anniversary ; Toby is not in the dream . After unsuccessfully seeking `` something old '' connected to Jack , Kate makes room in her heart for Toby by resolving her grief over Jack ; she scatters the remainder of Jack 's ashes near the Pearson cabin . Kate tells Rebecca she admires her . Toby 's divorced parents disapprove of the marriage , fearing a relapse of the depression Toby suffered after his first marriage ; Toby demands they celebrate the wedding or leave ; they stay to celebrate . Kate and Toby marry ; Jack once told Kate she would someday marry a man better than himself . Kevin allows himself to grieve over Jack . Deja is surly after Shauna requested termination of parental rights ; Beth 's cousin Zoe , the wedding photographer , consoles Deja by sharing how she accepted Beth 's family 's love after her own mother abandoned her . However , after Toby 's mother says Deja resembles Randall , Deja vandalizes Randall 's car . In the future , Kevin ( contemplating Jack and Nicky 's Vietnam War picture ) and Zoe fly to Vietnam together ; Kate nurses a cripplingly depressed Toby . Further in the future , Randall and adult Tess feel unprepared to see an unshown female .", "On January 18 , 2017 , NBC renewed the series for a second and third season of 18 episodes each , for a total of 36 additional episodes . Dan Fogelman , Isaac Aptaker , and Elizabeth Berger served as the season 's showrunners .", "Main cast members Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , and Ron Cephas Jones returned from the first season as Jack Pearson , Rebecca Pearson , Randall Pearson , Kate Pearson , Kevin Pearson , Beth Pearson , Toby Damon , and William H. Hill , respectively . Jon Huertas and Alexandra Breckenridge , who recurred as Miguel and Sophie , respectively , throughout the first season , were subsequently promoted to the principal cast in the second season . Also promoted to series regulars are young actors Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate , Niles Fitch as teenage Randall , Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin , Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate , Parker Bates as young Kevin , Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson , and Eris Baker as Tess Pearson . Lonnie Chavis began the season continuing as young Randall in a recurring role , but was ultimately promoted to series regular .", "In August 2017 , Sylvester Stallone and Debra Jo Rupp were cast in guest starring roles .", "The show was awarded over $9.9 million in tax incentives by the California Film Commission for its second season . Production on the season began on July 11 , 2017 , in Los Angeles .", "The second season was originally set to move to a Thursday timeslot , to anchor a new Must See TV lineup , alongside Will & Grace , Great News and Law & Order True Crime : The Menendez Murders , with NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt explaining , `` While this is a bit risky , there is a bigger case to be made about redoing Thursday night . If there is one show we could move , it would be this one . '' However , on May 30 , 2017 , NBC decided to keep the series on Tuesdays at 9 pm EST , allowing it a run of 10 uninterrupted original episodes in the fall .", "The season aired from September 26 , 2017 , to March 13 , 2018 , on NBC in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . This Is Us served as the lead - out program for Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 .", "The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92 % approval rating , with an average rating of 8.09 / 10 , and an average episode score of 95 % , based on 20 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` This is Us continues to tug at heartstrings with an emotional exploration of family that ensures viewers will want to keep the tissues close -- and their loved ones closer . ''", "No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` A Father 's Advice '' September 26 , 2017 3.9 / 13 12.94 2.6 6.93 6.5 19.87 `` A Manny - Splendored Thing '' October 3 , 2017 3.1 / 11 11.06 2.4 6.15 5.5 17.21 `` Déjà Vu '' October 10 , 2017 2.8 / 10 11.02 2.2 6.11 5.0 17.13 `` Still There '' October 17 , 2017 2.9 / 10 10.65 2.3 6.32 5.2 16.97 5 `` Brothers '' October 24 , 2017 2.8 / 10 10.60 2.2 6.09 5.0 16.69 6 `` The 20 's '' October 31 , 2017 2.0 / 7 8.43 2.4 6.50 4.4 14.94 7 `` The Most Disappointed Man '' November 7 , 2017 2.5 / 9 9.89 2.3 6.28 4.8 16.17 8 `` Number One '' November 14 , 2017 2.6 / 9 10.05 2.2 6.10 4.8 16.15 9 `` Number Two '' November 21 , 2017 2.5 / 9 9.34 2.0 5.71 4.5 15.05 10 `` Number Three '' November 28 , 2017 2.8 / 10 10.94 2.0 5.65 4.8 16.60 11 `` The Fifth Wheel '' January 9 , 2018 2.7 / 9 9.65 2.3 6.34 5.0 15.99 12 `` Clooney '' January 16 , 2018 2.5 / 9 9.82 2.5 6.35 5.0 16.18 13 `` That 'll Be the Day '' January 23 , 2018 2.5 / 9 9.37 2.6 7.10 5.2 16.58 14 `` Super Bowl Sunday '' February 4 , 2018 9.3 / 32 26.97 2.3 6.44 11.6 33.40 15 `` The Car '' February 6 , 2018 2.7 / 10 10.13 2.2 6.03 4.9 16.16 16 `` Vegas , Baby '' February 27 , 2018 2.5 / 9 9.74 2.0 5.65 4.5 15.39 17 `` This Big , Amazing , Beautiful Life '' March 6 , 2018 2.3 / 8 8.90 2.3 6.57 4.6 15.67 18 `` The Wedding '' March 13 , 2018 2.8 / 10 10.94 6.23 4.9 16.12", "No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions )", "`` A Father 's Advice '' September 26 , 2017 3.9 / 13 12.94 2.6 6.93 6.5 19.87", "`` A Manny - Splendored Thing '' October 3 , 2017 3.1 / 11 11.06 2.4 6.15 5.5 17.21", "`` Déjà Vu '' October 10 , 2017 2.8 / 10 11.02 2.2 6.11 5.0 17.13", "`` Still There '' October 17 , 2017 2.9 / 10 10.65 2.3 6.32 5.2 16.97", "5 `` Brothers '' October 24 , 2017 2.8 / 10 10.60 2.2 6.09 5.0 16.69", "6 `` The 20 's '' October 31 , 2017 2.0 / 7 8.43 2.4 6.50 4.4 14.94", "7 `` The Most Disappointed Man '' November 7 , 2017 2.5 / 9 9.89 2.3 6.28 4.8 16.17", "8 `` Number One '' November 14 , 2017 2.6 / 9 10.05 2.2 6.10 4.8 16.15", "9 `` Number Two '' November 21 , 2017 2.5 / 9 9.34 2.0 5.71 4.5 15.05", "10 `` Number Three '' November 28 , 2017 2.8 / 10 10.94 2.0 5.65 4.8 16.60", "11 `` The Fifth Wheel '' January 9 , 2018 2.7 / 9 9.65 2.3 6.34 5.0 15.99", "12 `` Clooney '' January 16 , 2018 2.5 / 9 9.82 2.5 6.35 5.0 16.18", "13 `` That 'll Be the Day '' January 23 , 2018 2.5 / 9 9.37 2.6 7.10 5.2 16.58", "14 `` Super Bowl Sunday '' February 4 , 2018 9.3 / 32 26.97 2.3 6.44 11.6 33.40", "15 `` The Car '' February 6 , 2018 2.7 / 10 10.13 2.2 6.03 4.9 16.16", "16 `` Vegas , Baby '' February 27 , 2018 2.5 / 9 9.74 2.0 5.65 4.5 15.39", "17 `` This Big , Amazing , Beautiful Life '' March 6 , 2018 2.3 / 8 8.90 2.3 6.57 4.6 15.67", "18 `` The Wedding '' March 13 , 2018 2.8 / 10 10.94 6.23 4.9 16.12", "Year Award Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Susan Kelechi Watson Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series Vera Herbert for `` Still There '' Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated", "Year Award Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref .", "2018 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated", "Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated", "Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Susan Kelechi Watson Nominated", "Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series Vera Herbert for `` Still There '' Nominated", "Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated" ]
This is Us (season 2) - wikipedia This is Us (season 2) Jump to: navigation , search This Is Us (season 2) Promotional poster Starring Milo Ventimiglia Mandy Moore Sterling K. Brown Chrissy Metz Justin Hartley Susan Kelechi Watson Chris Sullivan Ron Cephas Jones Jon Huertas Alexandra Breckenridge Niles Fitch Logan Shroyer Parker Bates Hannah Zeile Mackenzie Hancsicsak Eris Baker Faithe Herman Lonnie Chavis Country of origin United States No. of episodes 18 Release Original network NBC Original release September 26, 2017 ( 2017-09-26 ) -- March 13, 2018 ( 2018-03-13 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 List of This Is Us episodes The second season of the American television series This Is Us continues to follow the lives and connections of the Pearson family across several time periods. The season was produced by Rhode Island Ave. Productions, Zaftig Films, and 20th Century Fox Television , with Dan Fogelman , Isaac Aptaker, and Elizabeth Berger serving as showrunners . A second and third season of This Is Us were ordered in January 2017, with production for season two beginning that July. The season stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , Ron Cephas Jones , Jon Huertas , Alexandra Breckenridge , Niles Fitch, Logan Shroyer, Hannah Zeile, Mackenzie Hancsicsak, Parker Bates, Eris Baker, Faithe Herman, and Lonnie Chavis. The second season, consisting of 18 episodes, aired from September 26, 2017, to March 13, 2018, on NBC . This Is Us served as the lead-out program for Super Bowl LII in February 2018 with the second season's fourteenth episode . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article: List of This Is Us characters Main ( edit ) Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson Niles Fitch as teenage Randall Pearson Lonnie Chavis as young Randall Pearson Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate Pearson Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate Pearson Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin Pearson Parker Bates as young Kevin Pearson Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon Ron Cephas Jones as William H. `` Shakespeare'' Hill Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie Eris Baker as Tess Pearson Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson Recurring ( edit ) Jermel Nakia as young adult William H. `` Shakespeare'' Hill Lyric Ross as Deja, Randall and Beth's foster child. Debra Jo Rupp as Linda, a social worker who works with Randall and Beth when they foster Deja. Caitlin Thompson as Madison, Kate's group's resident thin member, who Kate discovers is bulimic. Joy Brunson as Shauna, Deja's mother. Guest ( edit ) Sylvester Stallone as himself, an actor in Kevin's movie. Sam Anderson as Walter Crowder, the judge in young adult William Hill's case. Delroy Lindo as Ernest Bradley, the judge in Randall's adoption case. Kate Burton as Barbara, a psychologist at Kevin's rehab who facilitates his meeting with the family. Garrett Morris as Lloyd, a resident of William's old apartment building. Iantha Richardson as adult Tess Pearson, a social worker. Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski (aka Dr. K), Rebecca's former childbirth obstetrician. Susan Blakely as Anne, Dr. K's wife. Pam Grier as G.G. , Shauna's grandmother and Deja's great-grandmother. Dan Lauria as Toby's father Wendie Malick as Toby's mother Melanie Liburd as Zoe, Beth's cousin Episodes ( edit ) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code U.S. viewers (millions) 19 `` A Father's Advice'' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 26, 2017 ( 2017-09-26 ) 2AZC01 12.94 On the Big Three's 37th birthday, Randall wants to adopt a baby, but Beth convinces him they can honor William's legacy by adopting an older child. Kate leaves an audition because all the other women there are thin, but she returns to go through with it. She is rejected because of her inexperience, not her weight; Kate is confident she can work her way up. Toby tells Kevin that he, not Kevin, needs to be Kate's `` person.'' Kevin explains that Kate informed him of their father's death, and being Kate's brother is the only thing he is really good at. In the past, Rebecca takes the Big Three to a movie after her argument with Jack. Rebecca urges Jack to come home; Jack admits his drinking is out of control. Later, the family house has burned and Rebecca, in the car with Jack's possessions in a bag, screams and cries. 20 `` A Manny-Splendored Thing'' John Fortenberry Dan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter October 3, 2017 ( 2017-10-03 ) 2AZC02 11.06 Kevin is invited back for the 100th `` The Manny'' episode. The producers try to embarrass him for how he left the show, but Sophie helps him do it anyway. Randall, Beth, their girls, Rebecca, and Miguel travel across the country to see the live episode. Randall and Beth take a walk during the taping to discuss Randall's worries about fostering an older child who could have major issues. Also during the taping, Kate gets a call for her first gig; however, she does not want her mother to criticize her performance, so Kate asks both Rebecca and Toby not to follow her, but they do anyway. Later, Kate confronts Rebecca about how she has always treated her. Rebecca seeks support from Toby, but he clearly sides with Kate, which wins Rebecca's approval. After the episode taping, Beth learns from Kevin that Randall only risked failure once: in asking her out. Beth reassures Randall they can go through with their plan. In flashbacks, Jack confesses to teenage Kate that he has an alcoholism problem. Jack (when on the wagon before) vented his anger on a punching bag; this time, he lets Rebecca take him to an AA meeting. 21 `` Déjà Vu'' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger October 10, 2017 ( 2017-10-10 ) 2AZC03 11.02 On Kevin's movie set, Kate-- excited that Sylvester Stallone is his co-star-- bonds with `` Sly'' and tells him what his films meant to her father, and about his death. After talking with Stallone, Kevin's memories of his dad surface, affecting his performance in a scene. Randall learns that a young girl, Deja, is being brought to his home. Later, when Deja yells at Beth for `` stealing'' her mom's cigarettes, Randall defends his wife, and Deja shrinks to defend herself from apparent aggression. Randall talks to Deja about the joy he found in having Jack and Rebecca, as well as William. Kevin takes pain medication after his old football knee injury is reinjured during battle scene filming. In flashbacks, when the kids are teenagers, Jack talks about his efforts to rehabilitate from alcoholism; Randall tries to find his birth parents through an ad, and is comforted by Kate and Kevin after a woman claims to be his birth mother for his family's money. 22 `` Still There'' Ken Olin Vera Herbert October 17, 2017 ( 2017-10-17 ) 2AZC04 10.65 Randall takes his daughters and Deja bowling, which does not go as expected. Beth offers to help Deja take care of her hair and the two bond. Randall admits to Deja that he has had problems with nervous breakdowns and has taken up running to deal with his anxiety; he invites her to come with him. Kevin undergoes surgery on his injured knee and continues to overuse his pain medication. Kate visits a gynaecologist for an ultrasound , revealing that she is pregnant. In flashbacks, Kate and Kevin contract the chicken pox and their doctor urges Randall to do his best to catch them as well so it will not occur later for him. Rebecca's mother pops in, intent on staying for a while, and her overbearing attitude and the fact that she treats Randall differently than Kate and Kevin leads to Rebecca confronting her and calling her a racist, which Randall overhears. Rebecca's mother takes her words to heart and reaches out to Randall, recognizing for the first time how special he is. 23 5 `` Brothers'' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Tyler Bensinger October 24, 2017 ( 2017-10-24 ) 2AZC05 10.60 Kate and Toby share news of her pregnancy. Kevin, set to be auctioned off by Sophie for a large-scale charity event she is hosting, gets drunk while trying to get a pain medication prescription; he misses the auction, embarrassing Sophie. Randall earns Deja's trust. In the past, when Jack takes 10-year-old Kevin and Randall camping, Rebecca learns that Jack's father is dying. She calls Jack, but he had issues with his father, and he is trying to have Kevin get along with Randall, so Jack says that he will not return. Rebecca reassures Jack's father (who sees his granddaughter, Kate) that Jack is a great father and husband. Kevin finds a notebook where Randall wrote notes of how to keep peace between them, motivating him to be nice to Randall. Later, Jack looks at a picture of him and his brother in the army. During Jack's childhood, he and his never-before-seen brother await their father's return to the car as he gets drunk at a bar. 24 6 `` The 20's '' Regina King Don Roos October 31, 2017 ( 2017-10-31 ) 2AZC06 8.43 In flashbacks, with the 10-year-old Big Three, Rebecca takes Randall trick-or-treating, while Jack takes Kate and Kevin to a haunted house. Randall learns about Kyle's death from the neighbors; Rebecca then tells him the facts of his adoption. In other flashbacks, with the Big Three being in their twenties, Kate finds out she is involved with a married man. Kevin, desperate for work as an actor, attempts to steal a role from his roommate and best friend. Meanwhile, Randall and Beth prepare for the arrival of their first daughter. Beth unexpectedly goes into labor after agreeing to help Rebecca get a Facebook account. With no time to get to the hospital, Randall helps Beth through a home delivery. Kate and Kevin commiserate about their deadbeat lives and decide to live together. When Rebecca posts a photo of her granddaughter on Facebook, she gets a message from Miguel, asking how she has been the last 8 years. (Jack's death was sometime before Miguel last saw Rebecca.) 25 7 `` The Most Disappointed Man'' Chris Koch Kay Oyegun November 7, 2017 ( 2017-11-07 ) 2AZC07 9.89 Jack and Rebecca prepare to finalize Randall's adoption when Randall is a year old. Their case worker gives a glowing recommendation, but their judge is against interracial adoption . After Rebecca's letter about being Randall's mother, the judge recuses himself; the new judge grants the adoption. Concurrently, William pleads guilty to a drug charge. Although the judge is disappointed because William had a clean record, William claims to be more disappointed, due to the loss of his loved ones and son. The judge visits William in jail, offering to reduce the sentence and get him help, if he stays sober. William keeps this promise for at least 30 years, until hearing his cancer is terminal. As he is about to use, Randall introduces himself as William's biological son. In the present, Randall takes Deja to visit her mother Shauna in prison, but Shauna declines the visit. Randall later talks to Shauna, who intends to take Deja back after her release. He lets Shauna call Deja collect. Kevin's relationship with Sophie deteriorates as he continues abusing pain medication and alcohol. Kate and Toby announce their pregnancy to Kevin, plan to get married at city hall, but then consider a big wedding. 26 8 `` Number One'' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg November 14, 2017 ( 2017-11-14 ) 2AZC08 10.05 In flashbacks, baby Kevin walks first. Teenage Kevin disrespects a Pitt football recruiter, thinking Pitt inferior, so Jack scolds Kevin. As Jack speaks with his sponsor, and recites the serenity prayer , Kevin remains flippant, but Jack apologizes to Kevin. A game injury ends Kevin's football prospects while Jack and Randall are away at a college tour. Jack comes to the hospital and assures Kevin he has other talents, and will find his purpose. Kevin apologizes for his attitude. Jack gives him a pendant, symbolizing `` purpose'' , given to him in Vietnam at a personal low point. Jack says Kevin is his purpose. Present-day Kevin, exhausted by substance abuse, is an honored alumnus at his high school. His football coach introduces him; Kevin imagines Jack giving the speech. Kevin declares himself unworthy of his award. He pantomimes football on the field, giving play-by-play commentary on his failures. He has sex with fellow honoree Charlotte, a doctor, and uses her prescription pad to create a forgery; he quickly leaves a pharmacy after police enter, having left the pendant in Charlotte's house, but she keeps him out. He collapses, begging for help. He visits Randall, who assumes Kevin's desire to talk concerns Kate's miscarriage. 27 9 `` Number Two'' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg & Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 21, 2017 ( 2017-11-21 ) 2AZC09 9.34 In flashbacks, baby Kate walks second. Teenage Kate bonds with the dog, Louie. Kate seems unconcerned with college applications; Rebecca is pleased to discover Kate's application for Berklee . At Kevin's game, Kate accepts Rebecca's praise just as Kevin is injured. At the hospital, Kate admits she feared disappointing Rebecca; Rebecca acknowledges their emotional distance, but is ready to support Kate when needed. Kate watches her parents embrace. Present-day Kate talks to her unborn baby; she and Toby focus on her prenatal care , but she miscarries . Kate leaves a singing gig, overcome at seeing a family; she loads a buffet plate but leaves it untouched. Toby works frantically to avert the delivery of a baby bath . At home, Kate blames Toby for getting her excited about the baby; she tells Toby that the miscarriage didn't happen to him, but he asserts that he shares their loss. Rebecca arrives and Kate accepts her support. Kate admits feeling she hurt Toby by miscarrying; Rebecca shares that concealing from Jack her grief over triplet Kyle's death led her to a breakdown in a supermarket after six weeks. Kate tells Toby how she feels, and they agree to try again soon; they reaffirm their love. 28 10 `` Number Three'' Ken Olin Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 28, 2017 ( 2017-11-28 ) 2AZC10 10.94 In flashbacks, baby Randall walks third. Jack expects teenage Randall to attend Harvard , but lets Randall tour Howard . Jack takes the official tour; a friend shows Randall around. Randall tells Jack that others' reactions make him feel `` off-balance'' as the only black family member. Jack shows Randall the Vietnam Veterans Memorial ; Jack felt off-balance when he returned from the war . Jack believes Randall will find balance and be `` spectacular'' . They return to Pittsburgh for hospitalized Kevin; Jack admits monitoring all three children is difficult. In the present, the charges against Deja's mother Shauna are dropped; Randall and Beth consider fighting for custody. Randall recalls William's account of following Rebecca home after her second visit; he realized Randall had a full life without him, and left. Randall observes Shauna preparing for Deja's homecoming, and realizes Deja's home is with Shauna; Beth agrees. They attend Deja's school presentation. Shauna takes Deja home; Randall offers help. Randall and Beth agree to foster again; a young boy meets with his social worker. Kevin arrives, but leaves quickly after drinking vodka. Kevin is speeding-- Tess, hidden in his backseat because she `` hates'' home, admonishes him; Kevin is arrested for DUI ; Tess is safe. 29 11 `` The Fifth Wheel'' Chris Koch Vera Herbert January 9, 2018 ( 2018-01-09 ) 2AZC11 9.65 When the kids are 10, Jack takes the family to a cabin vacation, getting Kevin after football camp. Randall's new glasses are missing. Rebecca notices Kate's food obsession; Jack has her exercise, but takes her for ice cream. During a thunderstorm, Kevin brings Randall's glasses to their parents' room-- where Kate and Randall are sleeping. He sleeps on the floor. Present-day Toby finds junk-food trash. Tess tells her parents she was sad when Deja had to leave. The family visits Kevin at rehab; Barbara, the facilitator, wants only immediate family at Kevin's first session. Kevin apologizes to the family, but Barbara has him discuss family issues. Kevin says they are a family of addicts. Kevin felt like an outcast (`` fifth wheel'' ): Kate had Jack's support; Rebecca loved Randall more than Kevin. Randall scolds Kevin; Rebecca, crying, says why Randall was easier to love. Toby, Beth, and Miguel, at a bar, discuss being outsiders, Miguel the only one who knew Jack. After the session, the Big Three reconcile. Kate admits to Toby about hiding junk food since miscarrying. Rebecca tells Kevin why she never worried about him, but they had their moments. (In the flashback, Rebecca joins Kevin on the floor.) 30 12 `` Clooney'' Zetna Fuentes Bekah Brunstetter January 16, 2018 ( 2018-01-16 ) 2AZC12 9.82 Jack and Rebecca take the teenage Big Three shopping for suits and dresses for the winter formal and Jack's job. Randall asks a redhead girl out. Though the teenagers are almost starting college, Jack again wants to start `` Big Three Homes'' (which he put aside to support his family). Presently, William's stray cat `` Clooney'' wanders. After rehab, Kevin stays with Rebecca-- whom Miguel is protecting, since Kevin upset her by getting arrested and criticizing her at rehab. Miguel later tells Kevin that Jack and Rebecca were a unified couple, not individuals; he did not love Rebecca while Jack was alive, but does now and is staying. Kate befriends Madison from support group; they go wedding dress shopping; Kate discovers Madison's bulimia . Madison later faints and calls Kate for help. Kate says losing weight as a teenager did not make her happy. Randall visits Beth at work; she says working again would help him. Randall gets William's box from storage, searches for a lady about whom William wrote and drew, and discovers from a picture it was Billie Holiday . Randall tells Beth he wants to buy and manage the run-down building with her. In the flashback, they forget smoke detector batteries. 31 13 `` That'll Be the Day'' Uta Briesewitz Kay Oyegun & Don Roos January 23, 2018 ( 2018-01-23 ) 2AZC13 9.37 Around 1980, an elderly couple look through their junk, including a jukebox which would play `` That'll Be the Day '' . When their house gets a buyer, the man gives his neighbor, Jack, a slow cooker with a tricky switch. In 1998, Jack and Rebecca watch the Super Bowl alone as the teenagers are otherwise occupied-- Kevin is with Sophie, Randall is on a date, and Kate is making a music college audition tape (which Jack videotapes, to Kate's initial disapproval). Presently, Randall and Beth buy William's old building. Kevin helps Randall do repairs; they soon find themselves overwhelmed-- and bugs, so the building is vacated when an exterminator is called. When Toby looks for a dog on the internet, Kate-- with mixed feelings-- adopts a dog. Kevin tries to make amends to Sophie, receives his missing pendant in the mail-- and knows that he cannot make amends to his dad. In 1998, the old slow cooker's faulty switch causes a house fire. 32 14 `` Super Bowl Sunday '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman February 4, 2018 ( 2018-02-04 ) 2AZC14 26.97 In 1998, Jack evacuates the family (Kevin is away) from the burning house, then retrieves Kate's dog and family mementos. Jack, hospitalized for smoke inhalation , dies suddenly of cardiac arrest , to Rebecca's shock. She tells Miguel, Randall, and Kate; Kate tells Kevin. On the 20th anniversary of Jack's death, Kate's VCR damages her audition tape Jack recorded-- and saved from the fire-- which she watches cathartically , blaming herself. Toby gets the tape repaired and digitized. Kate tells Toby he strengthens her, and Jack would have loved him. Kevin visits Jack's memorial tree, admitting not living up to Jack's legacy, but wanting to make him proud. Rebecca makes Jack's favorite lasagna , and bonds with Kevin. Randall holds a Super Bowl party to commemorate Jack, but is emotional when the family's new pet lizard dies. Tess admits trying to prevent social workers from calling, fearing recent changes mean Randall wants a `` new life'' . He reassures her he will always be devoted to her; she is happy the family participates in fostering. Deja unexpectedly arrives; Randall and Beth comfort her. The boy seen earlier is placed with a couple; the social worker is adult Tess, whom older Randall meets for dinner. 33 15 `` The Car'' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger February 6, 2018 ( 2018-02-06 ) 2AZC15 10.13 Jack buys a costly Wagoneer because his young children love it. The Pearsons, going to see `` Weird Al'' Yankovic , slowly cross a bridge Rebecca fears. Jack drives Rebecca, awaiting MRI results, to his `` favorite tree'' (nearest a pay phone); Rebecca is fine, as Jack anticipated. Jack predicts he will die first; he asks to be outside, not buried. The brothers fight during Randall's driving lesson; Jack exhorts them to be close like him and his brother, who died in Vietnam . Jack drives truant Kate to Alanis Morissette 's autograph session; they compare Morrissette with Bruce Springsteen . Rebecca drives the teenagers to Jack's funeral, stalking the urn because she was not in Jack's room when he died. Dr. K-- married to Anne-- attends; he tells Rebecca Jack often sought his advice and she has always been strong. Kate decides to give away her dog; Rebecca affirms that Jack's death is not Kate's fault-- Jack made his own decisions. The brothers bicker over manly duties; Rebecca tells them to remain teenagers; they make peace. The Pearsons scatter Jack's ashes at the tree; Kate keeps some. Jack had purchased Springsteen tickets for that night; Rebecca drives the family to the concert-- crossing the bridge. 34 16 `` Vegas, Baby'' Joanna Kerns Laura Kenar February 27, 2018 ( 2018-02-27 ) 2AZC16 9.74 Jack and Rebecca celebrate their early wedding anniversaries-- she, with small thoughtful gifts; he, with grand romantic gestures. The children, age 10, plan a romantic anniversary celebration (despite Rebecca's desire not to celebrate), including an attempted dinner, and culminating in observing a meteor shower . Rebecca decides they should always celebrate their anniversary. Presently, Toby and Kate hold their bachelor and bachelorette parties in Las Vegas . Kevin, Randall, Beth, and others attend; Toby has no close male friends, and Kate and Beth are not close. Kevin maintains his sobriety, despite struggling when learning his film scenes may have been cut. Weeks after providing Deja money for Shauna's utility bill, Randall worries about Deja; Beth wants to move on; they argue. Kate tries to mediate, revealing she feels Beth replaced her in Randall's life; Kate explains she was closest to Randall during part of their youth; Beth admits her love for absent Deja hurts. Toby supports Kevin and Randall, saying his own brother never desired a close relationship. Ron Howard tells Kevin his great work is still in the movie. When returning home, Beth decides she and Randall should visit Deja; they find her and Shauna living in a car. 35 17 `` This Big, Amazing, Beautiful Life'' Rebecca Asher Kay Oyegun March 6, 2018 ( 2018-03-06 ) 2AZC17 8.90 Flashbacks show other characters' experiences paralleling Deja's . 16-year-old Shauna gives birth to Deja; Shauna's grandmother `` G.G. '' urges Shauna towards accountability. Three years later, G.G. financially supports Shauna. G.G. dies; Shauna depends on Deja. Teenaged Deja injures herself cooking Shauna's birthday dinner; Linda removes Deja from her home. Stress drives Shauna to drug use and Deja stays in the foster system. Deja and her foster sister Raven, after shoplifting, are removed from a physically abusive foster father's home; Raven was willing to endure minor abuse for stability. Deja returns to Shauna; Shauna's mooching boyfriend Lonzo brings a gun into the home; Deja's alopecia begins amid the adults' fighting. The gun is found in Shauna's car; Deja lives with the Pearsons, returning to Shauna after the charges are dropped. Shauna breaks up with Lonzo but spends her and Deja's savings to bail him out of jail; Deja attempts to raise money, but decides not to pawn G.G. 's brooch; Shauna and Deja are evicted for unpaid rent. Randall and Beth take in Shauna and Deja. Deja concludes that the human experience is universal. Shauna believes she deprived Deja of a childhood; she decides to leave Deja with the Pearsons. 36 18 `` The Wedding'' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger March 13, 2018 ( 2018-03-13 ) 2AZC18 10.94 As Kate's wedding approaches; she dreams of Jack and Rebecca renewing their vows on their 40th wedding anniversary; Toby is not in the dream. After unsuccessfully seeking `` something old '' connected to Jack, Kate makes room in her heart for Toby by resolving her grief over Jack; she scatters the remainder of Jack's ashes near the Pearson cabin. Kate tells Rebecca she admires her. Toby's divorced parents disapprove of the marriage, fearing a relapse of the depression Toby suffered after his first marriage; Toby demands they celebrate the wedding or leave; they stay to celebrate. Kate and Toby marry; Jack once told Kate she would someday marry a man better than himself. Kevin allows himself to grieve over Jack. Deja is surly after Shauna requested termination of parental rights; Beth's cousin Zoe, the wedding photographer, consoles Deja by sharing how she accepted Beth's family's love after her own mother abandoned her. However, after Toby's mother says Deja resembles Randall, Deja vandalizes Randall's car. In the future, Kevin (contemplating Jack and Nicky's Vietnam War picture) and Zoe fly to Vietnam together; Kate nurses a cripplingly depressed Toby. Further in the future, Randall and adult Tess feel unprepared to see an unshown female. Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On January 18, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a second and third season of 18 episodes each, for a total of 36 additional episodes. Dan Fogelman , Isaac Aptaker, and Elizabeth Berger served as the season's showrunners . Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , and Ron Cephas Jones returned from the first season as Jack Pearson, Rebecca Pearson, Randall Pearson, Kate Pearson, Kevin Pearson, Beth Pearson, Toby Damon, and William H. Hill, respectively. Jon Huertas and Alexandra Breckenridge , who recurred as Miguel and Sophie, respectively, throughout the first season, were subsequently promoted to the principal cast in the second season. Also promoted to series regulars are young actors Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate, Niles Fitch as teenage Randall, Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin, Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate, Parker Bates as young Kevin, Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson, and Eris Baker as Tess Pearson. Lonnie Chavis began the season continuing as young Randall in a recurring role, but was ultimately promoted to series regular. In August 2017, Sylvester Stallone and Debra Jo Rupp were cast in guest starring roles. Filming ( edit ) The show was awarded over $9.9 million in tax incentives by the California Film Commission for its second season. Production on the season began on July 11, 2017, in Los Angeles . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The second season was originally set to move to a Thursday timeslot, to anchor a new Must See TV lineup, alongside Will & Grace , Great News and Law & Order True Crime: The Menendez Murders , with NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt explaining, `` While this is a bit risky, there is a bigger case to be made about redoing Thursday night. If there is one show we could move, it would be this one.'' However, on May 30, 2017, NBC decided to keep the series on Tuesdays at 9 pm EST, allowing it a run of 10 uninterrupted original episodes in the fall. The season aired from September 26, 2017, to March 13, 2018, on NBC in the United States, and on CTV in Canada. This Is Us served as the lead-out program for Super Bowl LII on February 4, 2018. Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92% approval rating, with an average rating of 8.09/10, and an average episode score of 95%, based on 20 reviews. The website's consensus reads, `` This is Us continues to tug at heartstrings with an emotional exploration of family that ensures viewers will want to keep the tissues close -- and their loved ones closer.'' Ratings ( edit ) No. Title Air date Rating/share (18-- 49) Viewers (millions) DVR (18-- 49) DVR viewers (millions) Total (18-- 49) Total viewers (millions) `` A Father's Advice '' September 26, 2017 3.9/13 12.94 2.6 6.93 6.5 19.87 `` A Manny-Splendored Thing '' October 3, 2017 3.1/11 11.06 2.4 6.15 5.5 17.21 `` Déjà Vu '' October 10, 2017 2.8/10 11.02 2.2 6.11 5.0 17.13 `` Still There '' October 17, 2017 2.9/10 10.65 2.3 6.32 5.2 16.97 5 `` Brothers '' October 24, 2017 2.8/10 10.60 2.2 6.09 5.0 16.69 6 `` The 20's '' October 31, 2017 2.0/7 8.43 2.4 6.50 4.4 14.94 7 `` The Most Disappointed Man '' November 7, 2017 2.5/9 9.89 2.3 6.28 4.8 16.17 8 `` Number One '' November 14, 2017 2.6/9 10.05 2.2 6.10 4.8 16.15 9 `` Number Two '' November 21, 2017 2.5/9 9.34 2.0 5.71 4.5 15.05 10 `` Number Three '' November 28, 2017 2.8/10 10.94 2.0 5.65 4.8 16.60 11 `` The Fifth Wheel '' January 9, 2018 2.7/9 9.65 2.3 6.34 5.0 15.99 12 `` Clooney '' January 16, 2018 2.5/9 9.82 2.5 6.35 5.0 16.18 13 `` That'll Be the Day '' January 23, 2018 2.5/9 9.37 2.6 7.10 5.2 16.58 14 `` Super Bowl Sunday '' February 4, 2018 9.3/32 26.97 2.3 6.44 11.6 33.40 15 `` The Car '' February 6, 2018 2.7/10 10.13 2.2 6.03 4.9 16.16 16 `` Vegas, Baby '' February 27, 2018 2.5/9 9.74 2.0 5.65 4.5 15.39 17 `` This Big, Amazing, Beautiful Life '' March 6, 2018 2.3/8 8.90 2.3 6.57 4.6 15.67 18 `` The Wedding '' March 13, 2018 2.8/10 10.94 6.23 4.9 16.12 Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient(s) and nominee(s) Result Ref. 2018 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Susan Kelechi Watson Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series Vera Herbert for `` Still There'' Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Andreeva, Nellie (June 28, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' : Alexandra Breckenridge, & Jon Huertas Upped To Series Regulars For Season 2 Of NBC Drama'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 4, 2017 . Retrieved September 4, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Petski, Denise (June 30, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' : 7 Young Actors Upped To Series Regulars For Season 2 Of NBC Drama'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 4, 2017 . Retrieved September 4, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Coulston, John Connor (November 28, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' Reveals Why William Never Contacted Randall'' . popculture.com . Retrieved December 1, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Snierson, Dan (November 2, 2017). `` Lost alum to guest on This Is Us'' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 2, 2017 . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Keveney, Bill (November 6, 2017). `` Everything's Deja new for ' This Is Us' star Lyric Ross'' . USA Today . Retrieved November 27, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Snierson, Dan (August 17, 2017). `` This Is Us: That ' 70s Show star to play role in Randall's adoption plot'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 16, 2018 . Jump up ^ Canfield, David (January 16, 2018). `` This Is Us recap: ' Clooney ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15, 2018 . Jump up ^ Turchiano, Danielle (November 7, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' EP on Transracial Adoption, Kevin's Worsening Addiction and a Pearson Wedding'' . Variety . Retrieved November 9, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Otterson, Joe (August 3, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' Season 2 Adds Sylvester Stallone in Guest Starring Role'' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 8, 2017 . Retrieved September 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Blickley, Leigh (January 9, 2018). `` Kevin's Addiction Will Surely Signal New Revelations About Jack On ' This Is Us ' '' . HuffPost . Retrieved January 10, 2018 . Jump up ^ Snierson, Dan (January 16, 2018). `` This Is Us producer on that ominous clue about Jack's death: ' We are very close ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 18, 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen, Stacey (February 6, 2018). `` There's a Very Slim Chance You Recognized Adult Tess on This Is Us'' . PopSugar . Retrieved February 13, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Roots, Kimberly (February 6, 2018). `` This Is Us Recap: ' We're Gonna Be OK ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 13, 2018 . Jump up ^ Roots, Kimberly (March 6, 2018). `` This Is Us Recap: Deja's View'' . TVLine . Retrieved March 8, 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony (August 3, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' Season 2 Details: EP Dan Fogelman Talks; Sylvester Stallone To Guest Star -- TCA'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 7, 2017 . Retrieved September 4, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Harnick, Chris (March 13, 2018). `` Toby's Parents on This Is Us Are TV Legends'' . E!. Retrieved March 14, 2018 . Jump up ^ Gibson, Kelsie (March 14, 2018). `` Get to Know Beth's Cousin on This Is Us, Because You'll See a Lot of Her Next Season'' . PopSugar . Retrieved March 15, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (September 27, 2017). `` ' Bull,' ' Voice,' ' This Is Us' adjust up, ' L&O True Crime' and ' Brooklyn Nine-Nine' down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (October 4, 2017). `` ' Fresh Off the Boat,' ' Voice' adjust up, ' Brooklyn Nine-Nine,' ' L&O True Crime' adjust down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (October 11, 2017). `` ' Voice,' ' Flash,' ' Lethal Weapon' & ' The Mick' adjust up, ' NCIS: New Orleans' down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (October 18, 2017). `` ' NCIS,' ' Voice' and ' This Is Us' adjust up, ' Black-ish' and ' L&O True Crime' down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (October 25, 2017). `` ' This Is Us,' ' Fresh Off the Boat,' ' Kevin' & World Series adjust up, ' L&O True Crime' down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (November 1, 2017). `` ' The Middle' and World Series adjust up, ' Law & Order True Crime' down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (November 8, 2017). `` ' The Middle' adjusts up, ' The Mayor' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (November 15, 2017). `` ' Fresh Off the Boat,' ' The Flash' and ' Kevin' adjust up, ' Bull' and ' L&O True Crime' adjust down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (November 22, 2017). `` ' Dancing With the Stars,' ' This Is Us,' all others hold: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (November 30, 2017). `` ' The Flash,' ' This Is Us' and ' Rudolph' adjust up: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (January 10, 2018). `` ' Kevin (Probably) Saves the World' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (January 18, 2018). `` Originals all hold, ' Modern Family' rerun adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (January 24, 2018). `` ' LA to Vegas' and ' Bull' adjust down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (February 6, 2018). `` Final numbers for Super Bowl LII and ' This Is Us' : Sunday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (February 7, 2018). `` ' NCIS' and ' Bull' adjust up: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (February 28, 2018). `` ' The Voice' and ' Kevin (Probably) Saves the World' adjust up: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (March 7, 2018). `` ' This Is Us' adjusts up, ' Lethal Weapon' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (March 14, 2018). `` ' This Is Us,' ' The Voice,' ' NCIS,' ' Black-ish' adjust up, ' Rise' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14, 2018 . Jump up ^ Roots, Kimberly (January 18, 2017). `` This Is Us Renewed for Seasons 2 and 3'' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 18, 2017 . Retrieved January 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 6, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' : Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger Named Co-Showrunners In New 20th TV Deal, ' HIMYM' Spinoff On Hold'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 7, 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (June 29, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' & ' Timeless' Among TV Projects Awarded California Tax Credits'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 7, 2017 . Retrieved September 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson, Dan (July 11, 2017). `` This Is Us creator, stars reveal photos from first day of filming season 2'' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 12, 2017 . Retrieved September 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 14, 2017). `` NBC Fall 2017 Schedule: ' This Is Us' Moves To Thursday To Anchor New Must See TV With ' Will & Grace' , ' Blacklist' Relocates'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 25, 2017 . Retrieved September 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 30, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' Will Stay On Tuesday As NBC Reverses Big Move, Tweaks Fall Schedule'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 3, 2017 . Retrieved September 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Blyth, Antonia (June 9, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' : NBC's Jennifer Salke Says `` Season 2 Will Be Incredible'' -- ATX`` . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 27, 2017 . Retrieved September 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 19, 2017). `` NBC Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates: ' This Is Us' , ' Will & Grace' , ' The Voice' & More'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 4, 2017 . Retrieved September 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced ### CTV is Home of Television's Most-Anticipated Debuts of the Year'' . Bell Media . August 24, 2017. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017 . Retrieved September 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 14, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' To Air After the Super Bowl, Mulls Christmas Episode As It Faces Pre-emptions On New Night'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 27, 2017 . Retrieved September 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us: Season 2'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 22, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 13, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' and ' The Good Doctor' score big in premiere week broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV By The Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14, 2017 . Retrieved October 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 18, 2017). `` ' The Orville,' ' Once Upon a Time,' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV By The Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18, 2017 . Retrieved October 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 25, 2017). `` ' The Good Doctor' is the most-watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26, 2017 . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 2, 2017). `` ' Chicago PD,' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2, 2017 . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 9, 2017). `` ' Grey's Anatomy' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9, 2017 . Retrieved November 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 17, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17, 2017 . Retrieved November 17, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 27, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 27, 2017 . Retrieved November 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 5, 2017). `` ' Jane the Virgin,' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 7, 2017). `` ' Chicago Med' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7, 2017 . Retrieved December 7, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 15, 2017). `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18, 2017 . Retrieved December 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 26, 2018). `` ' The Brave' goes from low to ... less low: Week 16 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 1, 2018). `` ' This Is Us,' ' The Good Doctor' both double in week 17 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 8, 2018). `` ' This Is Us sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1, 2018 . Retrieved February 8, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 15, 2018). `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us' : Week 19 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 22, 2018). `` ' The Good Doctor' and ' This Is Us' on top again: Week 20 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 15, 2018). `` ' Agents of SHIELD,' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 22, 2018). `` ' This Is Us' leads the week 24 broadcast Live +7 ratings -- by quite a bit'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 29, 2018). `` ' This Is Us' goes out on top: Week 25 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29, 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff (20 November 2017). `` NAACP Image Awards: ' Marshall,' ' Get Out,' ' Girls Trip' Dominate Film Nominations'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . General references `` This Is Us Season 2 Episode Guide'' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 4, 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- This Is Us on NBC'' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 4, 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of This Is Us episodes on IMDb List of This Is Us season 2 episodes at TV.com Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2010: Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011: Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012: Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James-Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013: Breaking Bad , season 5, part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014: Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James-Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015: Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James-Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016: Stranger Things , season 1 M.B. Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard 2017: This Is Us , season 1 / season 2 Baker Breckenridge S.K. Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Ventimiglia Watson Zeile Complete list (1994-- 1999) (2000-- 2009) (2010-- present) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_Us_(season_2)&oldid=833102404 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons This Is Us (TV series) Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from September 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018, at 17:48. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who won wicked tuna outer banks season 4
Season Winner Captain Total Fish Caught Runner Up Captain Total Fish Caught Season 1 - 2014 Fishin ' Frenzy Greg Mayer $49,634 10 Pin Wheel Tyler McLaughlin $47,917 9 Season 2 - 2015 Fishin ' Frenzy Greg Mayer $46,720 12 Reels of Fortune Charlie `` Griff '' Griffin $42,220 8 Season 3 - 2016 Fishin ' Frenzy Greg Mayer $42,217 10 Pin Wheel Tyler McLaughlin $41,530 7 Season 4 - 2017 Reels of Fortune Charlie `` Griff '' Griffin $64,675 10 Pin Wheel Tyler McLaughlin $64,045 10
[ [ "Reels of Fortune" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks Genre Reality Television Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 38 Production Executive producer ( s ) Craig Piligian Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Pilgrim Studios Release Original network National Geographic Channel Original release August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Wicked Tuna External links Website", "Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks", "Genre Reality Television", "Country of origin United States", "No. of seasons", "No. of episodes 38", "Production", "Executive producer ( s ) Craig Piligian", "Running time 60 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Pilgrim Studios", "Release", "Original network National Geographic Channel", "Original release August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) -- present", "Chronology", "Related shows Wicked Tuna", "External links", "Website", "Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks ( previously known as Wicked Tuna : North vs. South ) is a reality television series about commercial tuna fishermen based in the Outer Banks who fish for the lucrative Atlantic bluefin tuna off the coast of North Carolina . The teams of fishermen battle each other to see who can catch the most fish , while trying to earn their livelihood .", "In addition to offering an inside look at one of America 's oldest industries , Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks also sheds light on important issues surrounding the fate of the bluefin tuna . Captains adhere to U.S. regulations that determine size limits and quotas for the season .", "Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks is a spin - off of Wicked Tuna . Several vessels from the original show also appear in this version . Originally called Wicked Tuna : North vs. South , the name of the show was changed at the beginning of the second season . Season 5 began airing on July 1 , 2018 .", "Name Captain Seasons Ref . Hard Merchandise / Falcon Dave Marciano Season 1 - Season 3 , Season 5 - present Doghouse Britton Shackelford Season 1 - present The Pinwheel Tyler McLaughlin Season 1 - present Fishin ' Frenzy Greg Mayer Season 1 - present The Hot Tuna TJ Ott Season 1 - present Reels of Fortune Charlie `` Griff '' Griffin Season 2 - present Foolish Pleasures Dale Lisi Season 3 - present Wahoo Reed Meredith Season 1 Reel Action Tami Gray Season 2 Little Shell Nick Gowitzka Season 4 - present", "Name Captain Seasons Ref .", "Hard Merchandise / Falcon Dave Marciano Season 1 - Season 3 , Season 5 - present", "Doghouse Britton Shackelford Season 1 - present", "The Pinwheel Tyler McLaughlin Season 1 - present", "Fishin ' Frenzy Greg Mayer Season 1 - present", "The Hot Tuna TJ Ott Season 1 - present", "Reels of Fortune Charlie `` Griff '' Griffin Season 2 - present", "Foolish Pleasures Dale Lisi Season 3 - present", "Wahoo Reed Meredith Season 1", "Reel Action Tami Gray Season 2", "Little Shell Nick Gowitzka Season 4 - present", "Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 10 July 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 19 ) September 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) 10 July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 8 July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 5 TBA July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) TBA", "Season Episodes Originally aired", "First aired Last aired", "10 August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 )", "10 July 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 19 ) September 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 )", "10 July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 )", "8 July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 )", "5 TBA July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) TBA", "No. in Season Title Original airdate `` Yankee Invasion '' August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) After a disappointing North Atlantic bluefin tuna season , Captain Dave Marciano of the Hard Merchandise and Captain TJ Ott of the Hot Tuna travel south full steam into the waters of the Outer Banks , N.C. , to extend their season and salvage their losses . In the South , the competition is fiercer and the stakes are higher than ever before . The 500 - mile steam is a huge gamble on what could be a massive payday ' or a huge financial loss . `` Southern Discomfort '' August 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 24 ) The Southern captains fear a full - scale Yankee invasion of their waters when another Northern boat ' the Pin Wheel with Captain Tyler McLaughlin ' comes steaming into the Outer Banks . This trip , McLaughlin is desperate to make up for the embarrassing last - place finish he landed last season , and to help him he adds Paul Hebert onboard as co-captain . As the Pin Wheel steams in , they 're greeted with gunshots by the Southerners , showing there is no room for Southern hospitality . `` Bluefin or Bust '' August 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 31 ) With six of the finest tuna fisherman traversing the Outer Banks in the hunt for bluefin , competition gets super competitive . The strict bluefin quota is rapidly starting to fill , and time is of the essence for all the captains . Dave Marciano has been unable to land a single catch and fears the huge gamble he made in traveling south will not pay off . If he does n't catch a fish in the next two days , he wo n't be able to afford to stay in the Carolinas and will have to head back to Gloucester . `` We 're Not in Gloucester Anymore '' September 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 07 ) Weather in the Outer Banks takes a turn for the worse , pitting man against sea as the turbulent Atlantic Ocean threatens the fishermen 's quest for bluefin tuna . With ominous weather looming and the bluefin quota quickly filling , the pressure is on for the Northern and Southern boats to act fast or risk financial ' or nautical ' disaster . The Fishin ' Frenzy leads the fleet and Captain Greg Mayer uses his knowledge of the Carolina waters to head out early before the windy weather escalates . 5 `` Ice Ice Tuna '' September 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 14 ) Winter releases its fury on the Northern and Southern boats as a dangerous storm makes its way through the Outer Banks , giving the fishermen their toughest battle yet , facing high winds , snow and boat - crushing ice . The strain gets heavier for each fisherman as the ongoing hazardous weather obstructs their hunt for bluefin tuna . Southern captains Greg Mayer of the Fishin ' Frenzy and Reed Meredith of the Wahoo continue to fight it out for top spot in the fleet . 6 `` By Hook or By Crook '' September 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) Local rivals Fishin ' Frenzy and Wahoo strive to out - fish one another and become the top - earning boat of the fleet . Meanwhile , Southern captain Britton Shackelford and his first mate Caine are struggling to make ends meet with only one catch so far . Northern captains TJ Ott of Hot Tuna , Dave Marciano of Hard Merchandise and Tyler McLaughlin of Pin Wheel all look to haul in as much of the remaining quota as they can to justify their 550 - mile trip down from Gloucester . 7 `` From Rods to Riches '' September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) The Meredith brothers continue to reign on the Wahoo , but trouble with their hydraulic lines might put their lead in jeopardy . McLaughlin and Hebert of Pin Wheel have shot up to second place . Fishin ' Frenzy 's luck takes a turn for the worse when it wastes an entire afternoon reeling in the wrong kind of fish . Hard Merchandise has had a hot streak of big catches , but engine trouble threatens to put an end to its success . Doghouse continues to struggle , trailing the other boats by a wide margin . 8 `` Doghouse Afternoon '' October 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) To make ends meet , Captain Britton Shackelford on Doghouse takes charter clients out for the day . For rivals Fishin ' Frenzy and Wahoo , Fishin ' Frenzy 's captain Greg Mayer is back on top . With the end of the season only days away , both are desperate to stay ahead of the Meredith brothers . For Dave Marciano onboard the Hard Merchandise , the stress of catching bluefin has begun to take a toll on his health . The rivalry between Tyler McLaughlin on Pin Wheel and TJ Ott on Hot Tuna heats up . 9 `` Tick Tock Tuna '' October 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) Pin Wheel and rivals Fishin ' Frenzy and Wahoo lead the race with seven tuna each . Captain Greg Mayer of Fishin ' Frenzy is desperate for catches to reclaim their top spot , while the Wahoo brothers Reed and Banks Meredith are determined to stay in the top spot . Pin Wheel Co-Captains Tyler McLaughlin and Paul Hebert are a stone 's throw away from beating all of the Southern boats in their own backyard . Doghouse , Hard Merchandise and Hot Tuna struggle to haul in fish for the remainder of the season . 10 `` The Fat Tuna Sings '' October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) Wahoo leads the fleet , but local rival Fishin ' Frenzy and invader Pin Wheel are serious threats for the top spot . Hard Merchandise needs one more bluefin to make the expensive trip south profitable , while Doghouse and Hot Tuna fight to earn one final paycheck to salvage their seasons . When captain Greg Mayer of Fishin ' Frenzy receives the official call that the quota will close the next day at midnight , everyone races to catch more bluefin and reach the buyers in time to make the final sale .", "No. in Season Title Original airdate", "`` Yankee Invasion '' August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 )", "After a disappointing North Atlantic bluefin tuna season , Captain Dave Marciano of the Hard Merchandise and Captain TJ Ott of the Hot Tuna travel south full steam into the waters of the Outer Banks , N.C. , to extend their season and salvage their losses . In the South , the competition is fiercer and the stakes are higher than ever before . The 500 - mile steam is a huge gamble on what could be a massive payday ' or a huge financial loss .", "`` Southern Discomfort '' August 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 24 )", "The Southern captains fear a full - scale Yankee invasion of their waters when another Northern boat ' the Pin Wheel with Captain Tyler McLaughlin ' comes steaming into the Outer Banks . This trip , McLaughlin is desperate to make up for the embarrassing last - place finish he landed last season , and to help him he adds Paul Hebert onboard as co-captain . As the Pin Wheel steams in , they 're greeted with gunshots by the Southerners , showing there is no room for Southern hospitality .", "`` Bluefin or Bust '' August 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 31 )", "With six of the finest tuna fisherman traversing the Outer Banks in the hunt for bluefin , competition gets super competitive . The strict bluefin quota is rapidly starting to fill , and time is of the essence for all the captains . Dave Marciano has been unable to land a single catch and fears the huge gamble he made in traveling south will not pay off . If he does n't catch a fish in the next two days , he wo n't be able to afford to stay in the Carolinas and will have to head back to Gloucester .", "`` We 're Not in Gloucester Anymore '' September 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 07 )", "Weather in the Outer Banks takes a turn for the worse , pitting man against sea as the turbulent Atlantic Ocean threatens the fishermen 's quest for bluefin tuna . With ominous weather looming and the bluefin quota quickly filling , the pressure is on for the Northern and Southern boats to act fast or risk financial ' or nautical ' disaster . The Fishin ' Frenzy leads the fleet and Captain Greg Mayer uses his knowledge of the Carolina waters to head out early before the windy weather escalates .", "5 `` Ice Ice Tuna '' September 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 14 )", "Winter releases its fury on the Northern and Southern boats as a dangerous storm makes its way through the Outer Banks , giving the fishermen their toughest battle yet , facing high winds , snow and boat - crushing ice . The strain gets heavier for each fisherman as the ongoing hazardous weather obstructs their hunt for bluefin tuna . Southern captains Greg Mayer of the Fishin ' Frenzy and Reed Meredith of the Wahoo continue to fight it out for top spot in the fleet .", "6 `` By Hook or By Crook '' September 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 )", "Local rivals Fishin ' Frenzy and Wahoo strive to out - fish one another and become the top - earning boat of the fleet . Meanwhile , Southern captain Britton Shackelford and his first mate Caine are struggling to make ends meet with only one catch so far . Northern captains TJ Ott of Hot Tuna , Dave Marciano of Hard Merchandise and Tyler McLaughlin of Pin Wheel all look to haul in as much of the remaining quota as they can to justify their 550 - mile trip down from Gloucester .", "7 `` From Rods to Riches '' September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 )", "The Meredith brothers continue to reign on the Wahoo , but trouble with their hydraulic lines might put their lead in jeopardy . McLaughlin and Hebert of Pin Wheel have shot up to second place . Fishin ' Frenzy 's luck takes a turn for the worse when it wastes an entire afternoon reeling in the wrong kind of fish . Hard Merchandise has had a hot streak of big catches , but engine trouble threatens to put an end to its success . Doghouse continues to struggle , trailing the other boats by a wide margin .", "8 `` Doghouse Afternoon '' October 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 )", "To make ends meet , Captain Britton Shackelford on Doghouse takes charter clients out for the day . For rivals Fishin ' Frenzy and Wahoo , Fishin ' Frenzy 's captain Greg Mayer is back on top . With the end of the season only days away , both are desperate to stay ahead of the Meredith brothers . For Dave Marciano onboard the Hard Merchandise , the stress of catching bluefin has begun to take a toll on his health . The rivalry between Tyler McLaughlin on Pin Wheel and TJ Ott on Hot Tuna heats up .", "9 `` Tick Tock Tuna '' October 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 )", "Pin Wheel and rivals Fishin ' Frenzy and Wahoo lead the race with seven tuna each . Captain Greg Mayer of Fishin ' Frenzy is desperate for catches to reclaim their top spot , while the Wahoo brothers Reed and Banks Meredith are determined to stay in the top spot . Pin Wheel Co-Captains Tyler McLaughlin and Paul Hebert are a stone 's throw away from beating all of the Southern boats in their own backyard . Doghouse , Hard Merchandise and Hot Tuna struggle to haul in fish for the remainder of the season .", "10 `` The Fat Tuna Sings '' October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 )", "Wahoo leads the fleet , but local rival Fishin ' Frenzy and invader Pin Wheel are serious threats for the top spot . Hard Merchandise needs one more bluefin to make the expensive trip south profitable , while Doghouse and Hot Tuna fight to earn one final paycheck to salvage their seasons . When captain Greg Mayer of Fishin ' Frenzy receives the official call that the quota will close the next day at midnight , everyone races to catch more bluefin and reach the buyers in time to make the final sale .", "No. in Season Title Original airdate `` First Strike '' July 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 19 ) It 's opening day of the Outer Banks bluefin season , and the captains battle it out to make the season 's first catch . Captain Charlie `` Grif '' Griffin may be new to the competition , but he 's a legend in these waters . Grif fishes alongside his son and , despite the competition , he forms a friendship with Gloucester captain Dave Marciano of the Hard Merchandise . Grif offers to help Marciano navigate the treacherous currents that run through Oregon Inlet as boats pass under Bonner Bridge . It 's a dangerous gamble -- if they make it through they 'll reach the fishing grounds , but one wrong move could end both their seasons . `` Bombs Away '' July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) After colliding with Bonner Bridge , Captain Marciano and Captain Griffin struggle to regroup . The boats are banged up , but it 's too early to tell whether they can salvage their seasons or if they 'll have to hang up their rods . Meanwhile , Captain Tami Gray of the Reel Action enters the competition . The Reel Action is one of the few all - female commercial fishing boats on the East Coast , but Tami knows that the only way to get respect is to earn it -- by putting meat on deck . And over on the Pinwheel , Captain Tyler McLaughlin encounters a mysterious explosion at sea -- a hazard that could jeopardize his fishing trip and cost him a paycheck . `` Fins of the Father '' August 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 02 ) Captain Charlie Griffin , of Reels of Fortune , might be leading the fleet in the bluefin earning , but his boat has been having problems since his crash into Oregon Inlet 's treacherous Bonner Bridge . When Charlie picks up his boat after mechanics have finished working on the damage , it comes with a $10,000 bill , so now he and his hard - working son Jake must catch that much in fish just to break even . After two back - to - back seasons of being runner - up in New England and North Carolina , confident and cocky young Captain Tyler McLaughlin , of northern boat Pin Wheel , is determined to finish out the season as the No. 1 boat , and will let nothing get in his way -- even the fishing lines of other boats . `` Salty Gals and Southern Nights '' August 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 09 ) At the start of day nine , last season 's champion , Captain Greg Mayer , and his Fishin ' Frenzy crew are the top earners in the Outer Banks ' bluefin tuna fleet . Charlie and Jake Griffin , of the father - and - son operation Reels of Fortune , with a $10,000 boat repair bill still hanging over their heads , are more desperate than ever for a payday . Captain TJ Ott , of the northern boat Hot Tuna , is looking for any advantage he can get to turn his mediocre season around , so he reaches out to southern captain Tami Gray , of the all - female team Reel Action , hoping that a new friendship will lead to a wealth of local knowledge . And on Doghouse , captain Britton Shackelford 's chances of landing his second keeper tuna of the season will all come down to whether his greenhorn son Austin can come through in a dangerous situation . 5 `` Wicked Ride '' August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) At the start of the 11th day on the water in North Carolina , treacherous winter weather in the Outer Banks fishing grounds forces captains to push their limits . Southern boat Reels of Fortune holds a meager lead over last year 's local champion Fishin ' Frenzy , while northern boat Hard Merchandise and local all - female team Reel Action have yet to catch a fish . 6 `` Reels of Misfortune '' August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) In North Carolina 's bluefin tuna fleet , family is at the forefront of the fight to fish hard and make money . On Fishin ' Frenzy , First Mate Nick Gowitzka faces a family emergency unfolding on land that tests his resolve on the water . And Captain Dave Marciano of Hard Merchandise draws on the support of his wife and daughter far away in Gloucester , Massachusetts , as well as a local family fishing operation to help him get through his slump . 7 `` Nine - Foot Monster '' August 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 30 ) In this episode of Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks , seven crews face the Outer Banks hoping to reel in a fish big enough to keep . But with the luck they have had , prospects are not looking so good . The Fishin ' Frenzy crew lucks out with a big catch and cashes in . With barely a bite , the Doghouse is forced to head in and trust that another day at sea will bring them a big catch . The Hot Tuna crew hopes that their dry spell will end and , with the final reel , they catch one of their largest tuna yet , cashing in over $9,000 for it . 8 `` Burn Blubber '' September 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 06 ) With the North Carolina season coming to a close and Reels of Fortune battling Fishin ' Frenzy for the top spot , all of the crews desperately struggle to land a fish and secure a paycheck . The Reel Action crew fights to catch up but takes a serious blow when they snag a shark ; Tyler and Paul lose a `` monstah '' paycheck ; and Dave and the crew of Hard Merchandise attempt to finally end their dry spell , or they 'll have to cut the season short and head back to Gloucester . 9 `` On a Fin and a Prayer '' September 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) With just five days left before the close of the season , the fleet is feeling the pressure . An accident leaves the Reel Action stuck at the dock , giving Captain Tami and her crew a late start , and tensions onboard reach a boiling point . Meanwhile , the Doghouse and Fishin ' Frenzy have the top spot in sight and are scrambling to keep catching before time runs out . And Captain Griff on the Reels of Fortune finds himself in a dangerous situation while navigating Oregon Inlet -- a battle where experience and quick thinking are all that stand between life and death . 10 `` Wicked End '' September 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) It 's the final two days of the season , and three Southern boats -- the Fishin ' Frenzy , the Reels of Fortune and the Doghouse -- are all within striking distance of the top spot . As the clock ticks down , the captains are desperate to put meat on deck . The stakes have never been higher : one pulled hook means disaster , but one last catch can mean going home a champion .", "No. in Season Title Original airdate", "`` First Strike '' July 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 19 )", "It 's opening day of the Outer Banks bluefin season , and the captains battle it out to make the season 's first catch . Captain Charlie `` Grif '' Griffin may be new to the competition , but he 's a legend in these waters . Grif fishes alongside his son and , despite the competition , he forms a friendship with Gloucester captain Dave Marciano of the Hard Merchandise . Grif offers to help Marciano navigate the treacherous currents that run through Oregon Inlet as boats pass under Bonner Bridge . It 's a dangerous gamble -- if they make it through they 'll reach the fishing grounds , but one wrong move could end both their seasons .", "`` Bombs Away '' July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 )", "After colliding with Bonner Bridge , Captain Marciano and Captain Griffin struggle to regroup . The boats are banged up , but it 's too early to tell whether they can salvage their seasons or if they 'll have to hang up their rods . Meanwhile , Captain Tami Gray of the Reel Action enters the competition . The Reel Action is one of the few all - female commercial fishing boats on the East Coast , but Tami knows that the only way to get respect is to earn it -- by putting meat on deck . And over on the Pinwheel , Captain Tyler McLaughlin encounters a mysterious explosion at sea -- a hazard that could jeopardize his fishing trip and cost him a paycheck .", "`` Fins of the Father '' August 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 02 )", "Captain Charlie Griffin , of Reels of Fortune , might be leading the fleet in the bluefin earning , but his boat has been having problems since his crash into Oregon Inlet 's treacherous Bonner Bridge . When Charlie picks up his boat after mechanics have finished working on the damage , it comes with a $10,000 bill , so now he and his hard - working son Jake must catch that much in fish just to break even . After two back - to - back seasons of being runner - up in New England and North Carolina , confident and cocky young Captain Tyler McLaughlin , of northern boat Pin Wheel , is determined to finish out the season as the No. 1 boat , and will let nothing get in his way -- even the fishing lines of other boats .", "`` Salty Gals and Southern Nights '' August 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 09 )", "At the start of day nine , last season 's champion , Captain Greg Mayer , and his Fishin ' Frenzy crew are the top earners in the Outer Banks ' bluefin tuna fleet . Charlie and Jake Griffin , of the father - and - son operation Reels of Fortune , with a $10,000 boat repair bill still hanging over their heads , are more desperate than ever for a payday . Captain TJ Ott , of the northern boat Hot Tuna , is looking for any advantage he can get to turn his mediocre season around , so he reaches out to southern captain Tami Gray , of the all - female team Reel Action , hoping that a new friendship will lead to a wealth of local knowledge . And on Doghouse , captain Britton Shackelford 's chances of landing his second keeper tuna of the season will all come down to whether his greenhorn son Austin can come through in a dangerous situation .", "5 `` Wicked Ride '' August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 )", "At the start of the 11th day on the water in North Carolina , treacherous winter weather in the Outer Banks fishing grounds forces captains to push their limits . Southern boat Reels of Fortune holds a meager lead over last year 's local champion Fishin ' Frenzy , while northern boat Hard Merchandise and local all - female team Reel Action have yet to catch a fish .", "6 `` Reels of Misfortune '' August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 )", "In North Carolina 's bluefin tuna fleet , family is at the forefront of the fight to fish hard and make money . On Fishin ' Frenzy , First Mate Nick Gowitzka faces a family emergency unfolding on land that tests his resolve on the water . And Captain Dave Marciano of Hard Merchandise draws on the support of his wife and daughter far away in Gloucester , Massachusetts , as well as a local family fishing operation to help him get through his slump .", "7 `` Nine - Foot Monster '' August 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 30 )", "In this episode of Wicked Tuna : Outer Banks , seven crews face the Outer Banks hoping to reel in a fish big enough to keep . But with the luck they have had , prospects are not looking so good . The Fishin ' Frenzy crew lucks out with a big catch and cashes in . With barely a bite , the Doghouse is forced to head in and trust that another day at sea will bring them a big catch . The Hot Tuna crew hopes that their dry spell will end and , with the final reel , they catch one of their largest tuna yet , cashing in over $9,000 for it .", "8 `` Burn Blubber '' September 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 06 )", "With the North Carolina season coming to a close and Reels of Fortune battling Fishin ' Frenzy for the top spot , all of the crews desperately struggle to land a fish and secure a paycheck . The Reel Action crew fights to catch up but takes a serious blow when they snag a shark ; Tyler and Paul lose a `` monstah '' paycheck ; and Dave and the crew of Hard Merchandise attempt to finally end their dry spell , or they 'll have to cut the season short and head back to Gloucester .", "9 `` On a Fin and a Prayer '' September 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 )", "With just five days left before the close of the season , the fleet is feeling the pressure . An accident leaves the Reel Action stuck at the dock , giving Captain Tami and her crew a late start , and tensions onboard reach a boiling point . Meanwhile , the Doghouse and Fishin ' Frenzy have the top spot in sight and are scrambling to keep catching before time runs out . And Captain Griff on the Reels of Fortune finds himself in a dangerous situation while navigating Oregon Inlet -- a battle where experience and quick thinking are all that stand between life and death .", "10 `` Wicked End '' September 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 )", "It 's the final two days of the season , and three Southern boats -- the Fishin ' Frenzy , the Reels of Fortune and the Doghouse -- are all within striking distance of the top spot . As the clock ticks down , the captains are desperate to put meat on deck . The stakes have never been higher : one pulled hook means disaster , but one last catch can mean going home a champion .", "No. in Season Title Original airdate `` Back in the Battle '' July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) It 's bluefin tuna season in the Outer Banks . The fleet is excited to haul in these lucrative giants again -- but new obstacles lie ahead . `` Wicked Waters '' August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) As the bluefin season takes off , the treacherous waters of the Outer Banks claim another victim , and the Fishin ' Frenzy and Hot Tuna are first on the scene . `` A Bluefin for Boo '' August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) The unpredictable waters cause more problems for boats in the Outer Banks . The captains feel the pressure as the season starts to slip away from them . `` Underdog Day Afternoon '' August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) With the fishing migration in an unpredictable state , the captains resort to espionage for information but end up with more than they bargained for . 5 `` Not How We Operate '' August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) The fifth week of the fishing season becomes a battle for the best fishing spots . The waters turn turbulent as boats go head - to - head to prove their superiority . When old and new rivals clash on the high seas , the pressure is on to land a fish first using strength and intellect . As the pressure mounts on Gloucester 's bluefin tuna fishermen , captains will do whatever it takes to land a paycheck in their successful fishing spots . 6 `` The Karma Kid '' August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) As the boats are now past the halfway point in the season , the pressure is on to catch enough bluefin tuna to become the No. 1 boat in the fleet . 7 `` Old Sailors and Bold Sailors '' September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) Winter kicks into high gear in the Outer Banks and the captains must choose between safety at shore and risking it all at sea to catch bluefin tuna . 8 `` Hostile Waters '' September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) The Outer Banks bites back as treacherous waters force captains to choose between chasing the fish at great risk , or waiting until conditions improve . 9 `` Striking Distance '' September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) Tyler stuns the fleet with his comeback . The captains struggle to bring in a catch . The boats must stay out overnight to turn their luck around . 10 `` Luck Be A Tuna Tonight '' September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) In the season finale , each captain is desperate to bring in one last catch , and the top - earning boat is revealed .", "No. in Season Title Original airdate", "`` Back in the Battle '' July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 )", "It 's bluefin tuna season in the Outer Banks . The fleet is excited to haul in these lucrative giants again -- but new obstacles lie ahead .", "`` Wicked Waters '' August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 )", "As the bluefin season takes off , the treacherous waters of the Outer Banks claim another victim , and the Fishin ' Frenzy and Hot Tuna are first on the scene .", "`` A Bluefin for Boo '' August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 )", "The unpredictable waters cause more problems for boats in the Outer Banks . The captains feel the pressure as the season starts to slip away from them .", "`` Underdog Day Afternoon '' August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 )", "With the fishing migration in an unpredictable state , the captains resort to espionage for information but end up with more than they bargained for .", "5 `` Not How We Operate '' August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 )", "The fifth week of the fishing season becomes a battle for the best fishing spots . The waters turn turbulent as boats go head - to - head to prove their superiority . When old and new rivals clash on the high seas , the pressure is on to land a fish first using strength and intellect . As the pressure mounts on Gloucester 's bluefin tuna fishermen , captains will do whatever it takes to land a paycheck in their successful fishing spots .", "6 `` The Karma Kid '' August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 )", "As the boats are now past the halfway point in the season , the pressure is on to catch enough bluefin tuna to become the No. 1 boat in the fleet .", "7 `` Old Sailors and Bold Sailors '' September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 )", "Winter kicks into high gear in the Outer Banks and the captains must choose between safety at shore and risking it all at sea to catch bluefin tuna .", "8 `` Hostile Waters '' September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 )", "The Outer Banks bites back as treacherous waters force captains to choose between chasing the fish at great risk , or waiting until conditions improve .", "9 `` Striking Distance '' September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 )", "Tyler stuns the fleet with his comeback . The captains struggle to bring in a catch . The boats must stay out overnight to turn their luck around .", "10 `` Luck Be A Tuna Tonight '' September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 )", "In the season finale , each captain is desperate to bring in one last catch , and the top - earning boat is revealed .", "No. in Season Title Original airdate `` Fighting Frenzy '' July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) Last season 's champion , Captain Greg Mayer , is determined to land the season 's first fish , but he must contend with a new adversary -- his former mate . `` Full Throttle '' August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) Captain TJ Ott is haunted by a terrifying accident at sea , and the Doghouse desperately tries to land its first fish of the season . `` Karma 's a Fish '' August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) Captain Greg Mayer sees his lead start to slip away as the competition heats up and one captain brings in the first triple catch of the season . `` Dethroned '' August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) The pressure of losing the top spot wears on Captain Greg Mayer . And Captain Tyler McLaughlin has an unorthodox strategy for turning his luck around . 5 `` I 'll Slepp Whem I 'm Dead '' August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) The crews of the Doghouse , Foolish Pleasures and Little Shell all jockey to improve their positions before midseason burnout brings them down . 6 `` Tuna and the Beast '' September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) With two weeks left in the season , every captain in the fleet is feeling the pressure to bring in a bluefin and land a paycheck . 7 `` Catch Me If You Can '' September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) The captains push each other to the limit as they scramble to be on top . One fish can make the difference , but only one captain can claim first place . 8 `` Title Fight '' September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) As time runs out , the captains fight to bring in their last catches . Greg Mayer has won the last three seasons . Can another captain defeat him ?", "No. in Season Title Original airdate", "`` Fighting Frenzy '' July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 )", "Last season 's champion , Captain Greg Mayer , is determined to land the season 's first fish , but he must contend with a new adversary -- his former mate .", "`` Full Throttle '' August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 )", "Captain TJ Ott is haunted by a terrifying accident at sea , and the Doghouse desperately tries to land its first fish of the season .", "`` Karma 's a Fish '' August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 )", "Captain Greg Mayer sees his lead start to slip away as the competition heats up and one captain brings in the first triple catch of the season .", "`` Dethroned '' August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 )", "The pressure of losing the top spot wears on Captain Greg Mayer . And Captain Tyler McLaughlin has an unorthodox strategy for turning his luck around .", "5 `` I 'll Slepp Whem I 'm Dead '' August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 )", "The crews of the Doghouse , Foolish Pleasures and Little Shell all jockey to improve their positions before midseason burnout brings them down .", "6 `` Tuna and the Beast '' September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 )", "With two weeks left in the season , every captain in the fleet is feeling the pressure to bring in a bluefin and land a paycheck .", "7 `` Catch Me If You Can '' September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 )", "The captains push each other to the limit as they scramble to be on top . One fish can make the difference , but only one captain can claim first place .", "8 `` Title Fight '' September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 )", "As time runs out , the captains fight to bring in their last catches . Greg Mayer has won the last three seasons . Can another captain defeat him ?", "No. in Season Title Original airdate `` Battle Lines '' July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) It 's opening day of the bluefin season , and a reduced quota puts pressure on the captains . `` Not in Our Backyard '' July 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 08 ) The southern fleet has the edge in the Outer Banks for bluefin season . `` Reverse the Curse '' July 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) A giant school of bluefin tuna breaks the curse for one of the boats , but a few other boats land only bad luck .", "No. in Season Title Original airdate", "`` Battle Lines '' July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 )", "It 's opening day of the bluefin season , and a reduced quota puts pressure on the captains .", "`` Not in Our Backyard '' July 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 08 )", "The southern fleet has the edge in the Outer Banks for bluefin season .", "`` Reverse the Curse '' July 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 )", "A giant school of bluefin tuna breaks the curse for one of the boats , but a few other boats land only bad luck .", "Season Winner Captain Total Fish Caught Runner Up Captain Total Fish Caught Season 1 - 2014 Fishin ' Frenzy Greg Mayer $49,634 10 Pin Wheel Tyler McLaughlin $47,917 9 Season 2 - 2015 Fishin ' Frenzy Greg Mayer $46,720 12 Reels of Fortune Charlie `` Griff '' Griffin $42,220 8 Season 3 - 2016 Fishin ' Frenzy Greg Mayer $42,217 10 Pin Wheel Tyler McLaughlin $41,530 7 Season 4 - 2017 Reels of Fortune Charlie `` Griff '' Griffin $64,675 10 Pin Wheel Tyler McLaughlin $64,045 10", "Season Winner Captain Total Fish Caught Runner Up Captain Total Fish Caught", "Season 1 - 2014 Fishin ' Frenzy Greg Mayer $49,634 10 Pin Wheel Tyler McLaughlin $47,917 9", "Season 2 - 2015 Fishin ' Frenzy Greg Mayer $46,720 12 Reels of Fortune Charlie `` Griff '' Griffin $42,220 8", "Season 3 - 2016 Fishin ' Frenzy Greg Mayer $42,217 10 Pin Wheel Tyler McLaughlin $41,530 7", "Season 4 - 2017 Reels of Fortune Charlie `` Griff '' Griffin $64,675 10 Pin Wheel Tyler McLaughlin $64,045 10" ]
Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks - wikipedia Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks Genre Reality Television Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 38 Production Executive producer(s) Craig Piligian Running time 60 minutes Production company(s) Pilgrim Studios Release Original network National Geographic Channel Original release August 17, 2014 ( 2014-08-17 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Wicked Tuna External links Website Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks (previously known as Wicked Tuna: North vs. South ) is a reality television series about commercial tuna fishermen based in the Outer Banks who fish for the lucrative Atlantic bluefin tuna off the coast of North Carolina . The teams of fishermen battle each other to see who can catch the most fish, while trying to earn their livelihood. In addition to offering an inside look at one of America's oldest industries, Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks also sheds light on important issues surrounding the fate of the bluefin tuna . Captains adhere to U.S. regulations that determine size limits and quotas for the season. Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks is a spin-off of Wicked Tuna . Several vessels from the original show also appear in this version. Originally called Wicked Tuna: North vs. South , the name of the show was changed at the beginning of the second season. Season 5 began airing on July 1, 2018. Contents 1 Vessels 2 Episodes 2.1 Series overview 2.2 Season 1 (2014) 2.3 Season 2 (2015) 2.4 Season 3 (2016) 2.5 Season 4 (2017) 2.6 Season 5 (2018) 2.7 Season Winners 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Vessels ( edit ) Name Captain Seasons Ref. Hard Merchandise/Falcon Dave Marciano Season 1 - Season 3, Season 5 - present Doghouse Britton Shackelford Season 1 - present The Pinwheel Tyler McLaughlin Season 1 - present Fishin' Frenzy Greg Mayer Season 1 - present The Hot Tuna TJ Ott Season 1 - present Reels of Fortune Charlie `` Griff'' Griffin Season 2 - present Foolish Pleasures Dale Lisi Season 3 - present Wahoo Reed Meredith Season 1 Reel Action Tami Gray Season 2 Little Shell Nick Gowitzka Season 4 - present Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 August 17, 2014 ( 2014-08-17 ) October 19, 2014 ( 2014-10-19 ) 10 July 19, 2015 ( 2015-07-19 ) September 20, 2015 ( 2015-09-20 ) 10 July 25, 2016 ( 2016-07-25 ) September 26, 2016 ( 2016-09-26 ) 8 July 30, 2017 ( 2017-07-30 ) September 17, 2017 ( 2017-09-17 ) 5 TBA July 1, 2018 ( 2018-07-01 ) TBA Season 1 (2014) ( edit ) No. in Season Title Original airdate `` Yankee Invasion '' August 17, 2014 ( 2014-08-17 ) After a disappointing North Atlantic bluefin tuna season, Captain Dave Marciano of the Hard Merchandise and Captain TJ Ott of the Hot Tuna travel south full steam into the waters of the Outer Banks, N.C., to extend their season and salvage their losses. In the South, the competition is fiercer and the stakes are higher than ever before. The 500-mile steam is a huge gamble on what could be a massive payday ' or a huge financial loss. `` Southern Discomfort '' August 24, 2014 ( 2014-08-24 ) The Southern captains fear a full-scale Yankee invasion of their waters when another Northern boat ' the Pin Wheel with Captain Tyler McLaughlin ' comes steaming into the Outer Banks. This trip, McLaughlin is desperate to make up for the embarrassing last-place finish he landed last season, and to help him he adds Paul Hebert onboard as co-captain. As the Pin Wheel steams in, they're greeted with gunshots by the Southerners, showing there is no room for Southern hospitality. `` Bluefin or Bust '' August 31, 2014 ( 2014-08-31 ) With six of the finest tuna fisherman traversing the Outer Banks in the hunt for bluefin, competition gets super competitive. The strict bluefin quota is rapidly starting to fill, and time is of the essence for all the captains. Dave Marciano has been unable to land a single catch and fears the huge gamble he made in traveling south will not pay off. If he doesn't catch a fish in the next two days, he won't be able to afford to stay in the Carolinas and will have to head back to Gloucester. `` We're Not in Gloucester Anymore '' September 7, 2014 ( 2014-09-07 ) Weather in the Outer Banks takes a turn for the worse, pitting man against sea as the turbulent Atlantic Ocean threatens the fishermen's quest for bluefin tuna. With ominous weather looming and the bluefin quota quickly filling, the pressure is on for the Northern and Southern boats to act fast or risk financial ' or nautical ' disaster. The Fishin' Frenzy leads the fleet and Captain Greg Mayer uses his knowledge of the Carolina waters to head out early before the windy weather escalates. 5 `` Ice Ice Tuna '' September 14, 2014 ( 2014-09-14 ) Winter releases its fury on the Northern and Southern boats as a dangerous storm makes its way through the Outer Banks, giving the fishermen their toughest battle yet, facing high winds, snow and boat-crushing ice. The strain gets heavier for each fisherman as the ongoing hazardous weather obstructs their hunt for bluefin tuna. Southern captains Greg Mayer of the Fishin' Frenzy and Reed Meredith of the Wahoo continue to fight it out for top spot in the fleet. 6 `` By Hook or By Crook '' September 21, 2014 ( 2014-09-21 ) Local rivals Fishin' Frenzy and Wahoo strive to out-fish one another and become the top-earning boat of the fleet. Meanwhile, Southern captain Britton Shackelford and his first mate Caine are struggling to make ends meet with only one catch so far. Northern captains TJ Ott of Hot Tuna, Dave Marciano of Hard Merchandise and Tyler McLaughlin of Pin Wheel all look to haul in as much of the remaining quota as they can to justify their 550-mile trip down from Gloucester. 7 `` From Rods to Riches '' September 28, 2014 ( 2014-09-28 ) The Meredith brothers continue to reign on the Wahoo, but trouble with their hydraulic lines might put their lead in jeopardy. McLaughlin and Hebert of Pin Wheel have shot up to second place. Fishin' Frenzy's luck takes a turn for the worse when it wastes an entire afternoon reeling in the wrong kind of fish. Hard Merchandise has had a hot streak of big catches, but engine trouble threatens to put an end to its success. Doghouse continues to struggle, trailing the other boats by a wide margin. 8 `` Doghouse Afternoon '' October 5, 2014 ( 2014-10-05 ) To make ends meet, Captain Britton Shackelford on Doghouse takes charter clients out for the day. For rivals Fishin' Frenzy and Wahoo, Fishin' Frenzy's captain Greg Mayer is back on top. With the end of the season only days away, both are desperate to stay ahead of the Meredith brothers. For Dave Marciano onboard the Hard Merchandise, the stress of catching bluefin has begun to take a toll on his health. The rivalry between Tyler McLaughlin on Pin Wheel and TJ Ott on Hot Tuna heats up. 9 `` Tick Tock Tuna '' October 12, 2014 ( 2014-10-12 ) Pin Wheel and rivals Fishin' Frenzy and Wahoo lead the race with seven tuna each. Captain Greg Mayer of Fishin' Frenzy is desperate for catches to reclaim their top spot, while the Wahoo brothers Reed and Banks Meredith are determined to stay in the top spot. Pin Wheel Co-Captains Tyler McLaughlin and Paul Hebert are a stone's throw away from beating all of the Southern boats in their own backyard. Doghouse, Hard Merchandise and Hot Tuna struggle to haul in fish for the remainder of the season. 10 `` The Fat Tuna Sings '' October 19, 2014 ( 2014-10-19 ) Wahoo leads the fleet, but local rival Fishin' Frenzy and invader Pin Wheel are serious threats for the top spot. Hard Merchandise needs one more bluefin to make the expensive trip south profitable, while Doghouse and Hot Tuna fight to earn one final paycheck to salvage their seasons. When captain Greg Mayer of Fishin' Frenzy receives the official call that the quota will close the next day at midnight, everyone races to catch more bluefin and reach the buyers in time to make the final sale. Season 2 (2015) ( edit ) No. in Season Title Original airdate `` First Strike '' July 19, 2015 ( 2015-07-19 ) It's opening day of the Outer Banks bluefin season, and the captains battle it out to make the season's first catch. Captain Charlie `` Grif'' Griffin may be new to the competition, but he's a legend in these waters. Grif fishes alongside his son and, despite the competition, he forms a friendship with Gloucester captain Dave Marciano of the Hard Merchandise. Grif offers to help Marciano navigate the treacherous currents that run through Oregon Inlet as boats pass under Bonner Bridge. It's a dangerous gamble -- if they make it through they'll reach the fishing grounds, but one wrong move could end both their seasons. `` Bombs Away '' July 26, 2015 ( 2015-07-26 ) After colliding with Bonner Bridge, Captain Marciano and Captain Griffin struggle to regroup. The boats are banged up, but it's too early to tell whether they can salvage their seasons or if they'll have to hang up their rods. Meanwhile, Captain Tami Gray of the Reel Action enters the competition. The Reel Action is one of the few all-female commercial fishing boats on the East Coast, but Tami knows that the only way to get respect is to earn it -- by putting meat on deck. And over on the Pinwheel, Captain Tyler McLaughlin encounters a mysterious explosion at sea -- a hazard that could jeopardize his fishing trip and cost him a paycheck. `` Fins of the Father '' August 2, 2015 ( 2015-08-02 ) Captain Charlie Griffin, of Reels of Fortune, might be leading the fleet in the bluefin earning, but his boat has been having problems since his crash into Oregon Inlet's treacherous Bonner Bridge. When Charlie picks up his boat after mechanics have finished working on the damage, it comes with a $10,000 bill, so now he and his hard-working son Jake must catch that much in fish just to break even. After two back-to-back seasons of being runner-up in New England and North Carolina, confident and cocky young Captain Tyler McLaughlin, of northern boat Pin Wheel, is determined to finish out the season as the No. 1 boat, and will let nothing get in his way -- even the fishing lines of other boats. `` Salty Gals and Southern Nights '' August 9, 2015 ( 2015-08-09 ) At the start of day nine, last season's champion, Captain Greg Mayer, and his Fishin' Frenzy crew are the top earners in the Outer Banks' bluefin tuna fleet. Charlie and Jake Griffin, of the father-and-son operation Reels of Fortune, with a $10,000 boat repair bill still hanging over their heads, are more desperate than ever for a payday. Captain TJ Ott, of the northern boat Hot Tuna, is looking for any advantage he can get to turn his mediocre season around, so he reaches out to southern captain Tami Gray, of the all-female team Reel Action, hoping that a new friendship will lead to a wealth of local knowledge. And on Doghouse, captain Britton Shackelford's chances of landing his second keeper tuna of the season will all come down to whether his greenhorn son Austin can come through in a dangerous situation. 5 `` Wicked Ride '' August 16, 2015 ( 2015-08-16 ) At the start of the 11th day on the water in North Carolina, treacherous winter weather in the Outer Banks fishing grounds forces captains to push their limits. Southern boat Reels of Fortune holds a meager lead over last year's local champion Fishin' Frenzy, while northern boat Hard Merchandise and local all-female team Reel Action have yet to catch a fish. 6 `` Reels of Misfortune '' August 23, 2015 ( 2015-08-23 ) In North Carolina's bluefin tuna fleet, family is at the forefront of the fight to fish hard and make money. On Fishin' Frenzy, First Mate Nick Gowitzka faces a family emergency unfolding on land that tests his resolve on the water. And Captain Dave Marciano of Hard Merchandise draws on the support of his wife and daughter far away in Gloucester, Massachusetts, as well as a local family fishing operation to help him get through his slump. 7 `` Nine-Foot Monster '' August 30, 2015 ( 2015-08-30 ) In this episode of Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks, seven crews face the Outer Banks hoping to reel in a fish big enough to keep. But with the luck they have had, prospects are not looking so good. The Fishin' Frenzy crew lucks out with a big catch and cashes in. With barely a bite, the Doghouse is forced to head in and trust that another day at sea will bring them a big catch. The Hot Tuna crew hopes that their dry spell will end and, with the final reel, they catch one of their largest tuna yet, cashing in over $9,000 for it. 8 `` Burn Blubber '' September 6, 2015 ( 2015-09-06 ) With the North Carolina season coming to a close and Reels of Fortune battling Fishin' Frenzy for the top spot, all of the crews desperately struggle to land a fish and secure a paycheck. The Reel Action crew fights to catch up but takes a serious blow when they snag a shark; Tyler and Paul lose a `` monstah'' paycheck; and Dave and the crew of Hard Merchandise attempt to finally end their dry spell, or they'll have to cut the season short and head back to Gloucester. 9 `` On a Fin and a Prayer '' September 13, 2015 ( 2015-09-13 ) With just five days left before the close of the season, the fleet is feeling the pressure. An accident leaves the Reel Action stuck at the dock, giving Captain Tami and her crew a late start, and tensions onboard reach a boiling point. Meanwhile, the Doghouse and Fishin' Frenzy have the top spot in sight and are scrambling to keep catching before time runs out. And Captain Griff on the Reels of Fortune finds himself in a dangerous situation while navigating Oregon Inlet -- a battle where experience and quick thinking are all that stand between life and death. 10 `` Wicked End '' September 20, 2015 ( 2015-09-20 ) It's the final two days of the season, and three Southern boats -- the Fishin' Frenzy, the Reels of Fortune and the Doghouse -- are all within striking distance of the top spot. As the clock ticks down, the captains are desperate to put meat on deck. The stakes have never been higher: one pulled hook means disaster, but one last catch can mean going home a champion. Season 3 (2016) ( edit ) No. in Season Title Original airdate `` Back in the Battle '' July 25, 2016 ( 2016-07-25 ) It's bluefin tuna season in the Outer Banks. The fleet is excited to haul in these lucrative giants again -- but new obstacles lie ahead. `` Wicked Waters '' August 1, 2016 ( 2016-08-01 ) As the bluefin season takes off, the treacherous waters of the Outer Banks claim another victim, and the Fishin' Frenzy and Hot Tuna are first on the scene. `` A Bluefin for Boo'' August 8, 2016 ( 2016-08-08 ) The unpredictable waters cause more problems for boats in the Outer Banks. The captains feel the pressure as the season starts to slip away from them. `` Underdog Day Afternoon '' August 15, 2016 ( 2016-08-15 ) With the fishing migration in an unpredictable state, the captains resort to espionage for information but end up with more than they bargained for. 5 `` Not How We Operate '' August 22, 2016 ( 2016-08-22 ) The fifth week of the fishing season becomes a battle for the best fishing spots. The waters turn turbulent as boats go head-to-head to prove their superiority. When old and new rivals clash on the high seas, the pressure is on to land a fish first using strength and intellect. As the pressure mounts on Gloucester's bluefin tuna fishermen, captains will do whatever it takes to land a paycheck in their successful fishing spots. 6 `` The Karma Kid '' August 29, 2016 ( 2016-08-29 ) As the boats are now past the halfway point in the season, the pressure is on to catch enough bluefin tuna to become the No. 1 boat in the fleet. 7 `` Old Sailors and Bold Sailors '' September 5, 2016 ( 2016-09-05 ) Winter kicks into high gear in the Outer Banks and the captains must choose between safety at shore and risking it all at sea to catch bluefin tuna. 8 `` Hostile Waters '' September 12, 2016 ( 2016-09-12 ) The Outer Banks bites back as treacherous waters force captains to choose between chasing the fish at great risk, or waiting until conditions improve. 9 `` Striking Distance '' September 19, 2016 ( 2016-09-19 ) Tyler stuns the fleet with his comeback. The captains struggle to bring in a catch. The boats must stay out overnight to turn their luck around. 10 `` Luck Be A Tuna Tonight '' September 26, 2016 ( 2016-09-26 ) In the season finale, each captain is desperate to bring in one last catch, and the top-earning boat is revealed. Season 4 (2017) ( edit ) No. in Season Title Original airdate `` Fighting Frenzy '' July 30, 2017 ( 2017-07-30 ) Last season's champion, Captain Greg Mayer, is determined to land the season's first fish, but he must contend with a new adversary -- his former mate. `` Full Throttle '' August 6, 2017 ( 2017-08-06 ) Captain TJ Ott is haunted by a terrifying accident at sea, and the Doghouse desperately tries to land its first fish of the season. `` Karma's a Fish '' August 13, 2017 ( 2017-08-13 ) Captain Greg Mayer sees his lead start to slip away as the competition heats up and one captain brings in the first triple catch of the season. `` Dethroned '' August 20, 2017 ( 2017-08-20 ) The pressure of losing the top spot wears on Captain Greg Mayer. And Captain Tyler McLaughlin has an unorthodox strategy for turning his luck around. 5 `` I'll Slepp Whem I'm Dead '' August 27, 2017 ( 2017-08-27 ) The crews of the Doghouse, Foolish Pleasures and Little Shell all jockey to improve their positions before midseason burnout brings them down. 6 `` Tuna and the Beast '' September 3, 2017 ( 2017-09-03 ) With two weeks left in the season, every captain in the fleet is feeling the pressure to bring in a bluefin and land a paycheck. 7 `` Catch Me If You Can '' September 10, 2017 ( 2017-09-10 ) The captains push each other to the limit as they scramble to be on top. One fish can make the difference, but only one captain can claim first place. 8 `` Title Fight '' September 17, 2017 ( 2017-09-17 ) As time runs out, the captains fight to bring in their last catches. Greg Mayer has won the last three seasons. Can another captain defeat him? Season 5 (2018) ( edit ) No. in Season Title Original airdate `` Battle Lines '' July 1, 2018 ( 2018-07-01 ) It's opening day of the bluefin season, and a reduced quota puts pressure on the captains. `` Not in Our Backyard '' July 8, 2018 ( 2018-07-08 ) The southern fleet has the edge in the Outer Banks for bluefin season. `` Reverse the Curse '' July 15, 2018 ( 2018-07-15 ) A giant school of bluefin tuna breaks the curse for one of the boats, but a few other boats land only bad luck. Season Winners ( edit ) Season Winner Captain Total Fish Caught Runner Up Captain Total Fish Caught Season 1 - 2014 Fishin' Frenzy Greg Mayer $49,634 10 Pin Wheel Tyler McLaughlin $47,917 9 Season 2 - 2015 Fishin' Frenzy Greg Mayer $46,720 12 Reels of Fortune Charlie `` Griff'' Griffin $42,220 8 Season 3 - 2016 Fishin' Frenzy Greg Mayer $42,217 10 Pin Wheel Tyler McLaughlin $41,530 7 Season 4 - 2017 Reels of Fortune Charlie `` Griff'' Griffin $64,675 10 Pin Wheel Tyler McLaughlin $64,045 10 See also ( edit ) Wicked Tuna Deadliest Catch Lobster Wars Whale Wars References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National Geographic Orders ' Wicked Tuna' Spinoff Series From Craig Piligian'' . Deadline. January 10, 2014 . Retrieved July 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks' Season 2 Premiere Date Announced'' . OBX Entertainment. May 30, 2015 . Retrieved July 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ ((cite web url= http://www.salemnews.com/news/local_news/new-wicked-tuna-season-starts-sunday/article_c1cb260e-b487-5af9-ba64-3dd0bcd00f4b.html)) Jump up ^ `` Doghouse Gallery'' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Merchandise Gallery'' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Pinwheel Gallery'' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fishin' Frenzy Gallery'' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Tuna Gallery'' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reels of Fortune Gallery'' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foolish Pleasures Gallery'' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wahoo Gallery'' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reel Action Gallery'' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved July 26, 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks at the National Geographic Channel Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks on IMDb National Geographic original programming Current Mayday (since 2003) Seconds From Disaster (since 2004) National Geographic Explorer (since 2004) Drugs, Inc. (since 2010) Wicked Tuna (since 2012) Life Below Zero (since 2013) Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey (since 2014) Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks (since 2014) Live Free or Die (since 2014) StarTalk (since 2015) The Story of God with Morgan Freeman (since 2016) Mars (since 2016) Genius (since 2017) The Story of Us with Morgan Freeman (since 2017) One Strange Rock (since 2018) Former 2000s debuts Built for the Kill (2001-- 04) Taboo (2002-- 13) Explorations (2003-- 04) Be the Creature (2003-- 04) Seven Deadly Arts with Akshay Kumar (2004) Interpol Investigates (2004-- 05) Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan (2004-- 11) Megastructures (2004-- 11) Naked Science (2004-- 11) In the Womb (2005-- 10) Hunter Hunted (2005-- 08) Is It Real? (2005-- 07) Extraterrestrial (2005) Paranormal? 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(2013) The Numbers Game (2013) Polygamy, USA (2013) Ultimate Survival Alaska (2013-- 15) Street Genius (2013-- 15) Doomsday Castle (2013) Ultimate Airport Dubai (2013-- 15) Nazi Megastructures (2013) The Legend of Mick Dodge (2014) Duck Quacks Don't Echo (2014) Building Wild (2014-- 15) Filthy Riches (2014) Going Deep with David Rees (2014) Survive the Tribe (2014-- 16) Eat: The Story of Food (2014) Crowd Control (2014) Arrepentidos (2014) Underworld, Inc. (2015-- 16) Remote Survival (2015) The Big Picture with Kal Penn (2015) American Genius (2015) Yukon River Run (2015) China From Above (2015) Breakthrough (2015-- 16) Saints & Strangers (2015) Asombrosamente (2015) Supercar Megabuild (2016-- 17) Facing (2016) Years of Living Dangerously (2016) Origins: The Journey of Humankind (2017) The Long Road Home (2017) Upcoming Valley of the Boom (2019) The Hot Zone (TBA) Fishing personalities Personalities Sheridan Anderson Dan Bailey Conrad Voss Bark Juliana Berners Megan Boyd Joe Brooks Charles Cotton Cornilia Thurza Crosby Bill Dance Frank Parker Day Michael de Avila John Dietsch Gadabout Gaddis John Gierach Arnold Gingrich Theodore Gordon Karen Graham George F. Grant Robson Green Zane Grey Frederic M. Halford Charles Hallock Matt Hayes Ernest Hemingway Harold Ensley Charles F. Holder John Horrocks Rex Hunt Lefty Kreh Gary LaFontaine Billy Lane Michael Lerner Larry Larsen Norman Maclean George Selwyn Marryat Roland Martin Don Martinez Charlie Moore Moc Morgan Hank Parker Edward Peel James Prosek Skeet Reese Frank Saywer Ernest Schwiebert William Senior G.E.M. Skues Red Smith Carrie G. Stevens Jakub Vágner Robert Venables Jeremy Wade Richard Walker Izaak Walton Ted Williams John Wilson Babe Winkelman Joan Wulff Lee Wulff Philip Wylie Chris Yates Paul Young Al Lindner Ron Lindner Other Fisheries scientists J.R. Hartley Seth Green Fred Mather Fishing television Documentaries Deadliest Catch Lobstermen: Jeopardy at Sea Lobster Wars Saltwater Heroes Swords Trawlermen Series BassTech Beat Charlie Moore Bill Dance Outdoors Escape with ET FNC: Uncut Fishing Australia Fishing with John Fish Warrior Hook, Line and Sinker IFISH Lunkerville River Monsters Wicked Tuna Wicked Tuna: Outer Banks Other World Fishing Network Fisheries and fishing topic areas Fisheries Aquaculture Diversity of fish Fish diseases and parasites Fish farming Fisheries management Fisheries science Individual fishing quota Sustainable fishery Overfishing Wild fisheries Fishing Artisanal fishing Fisherman Fishing vessel History of fishing Industry List of harvested aquatic animals by weight By country Commercial fishing Marketing Markets Processing Products Seafood Recreation Angling Big-game fishing Catch and release Fishing tournaments Fly fishing Techniques Fish trap Fishfinder Fishing net Gathering seafood by hand Handline fishing Spearfishing Trawling Trolling Tackle Artificial flies Bait Bite indicators Hook Line Lures Rod Sinker Locations Fish ponds Fishing banks Fishing villages Marine habitats Glossary Index Outline Fishing portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicked_Tuna:_Outer_Banks&oldid=849460871 '' Categories : 2014 American television series debuts English-language television programs Fishing television series American reality television series Television shows set in North Carolina Outer Banks Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018, at 05:21 (UTC) . 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what does the star mean on delaware license
The Data Privacy and Integrity Advisory Committee , which was established to advise the Department of Homeland Security on privacy - related issues , released a statement regarding the Department of Homeland Security 's proposed rules for the standardization of state driver licenses on May 7 , 2007 . The committee stated that `` Given that these issues have not received adequate consideration , the Committee feels it is important that the following comments do not constitute an endorsement of REAL ID or the regulations as workable or appropriate '' , and `` The issues pose serious risks to an individual 's privacy and , without amelioration , could undermine the stated goals of the REAL ID Act '' .
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[ "Real ID Act Other short titles Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense , the Global War on Terror , and Tsunami Relief , 2005 Reaffirmation of State Regulation of Resident and Nonresident Hunting and Fishing Act of 2005 Save Our Small and Seasonal Businesses Act of 2005 Long title An Act to establish and rapidly implement regulations for State driver 's license and identification document security standards , to prevent terrorists from abusing the asylum laws of the United States , to unify terrorism - related grounds for inadmissibility and removal , and to ensure expeditious construction of the San Diego border fence . Nicknames Real ID Act of 2005 Enacted by the 109th United States Congress Effective May 11 , 2008 ( original ) ; January 20 , 2014 ( current ) Citations Public law 109 - 13 Statutes at Large 119 Stat. 302 Codification Titles amended 8 U.S.C. : Aliens and Nationality U.S.C. sections amended 8 U.S.C. ch. 12 , subch . I § 1101 et seq . Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 418 by Jim Sensenbrenner ( R -- WI ) on January 26 , 2005 Committee consideration by House Judiciary , House Homeland Security , House Government Reform , Senate Judiciary Passed the House on February 10 , 2005 ( 261 -- 161 Roll call vote 031 , via Clerk.House.gov ) Passed the Senate on April 21 , 2005 ( 99 -- 0 Roll call vote 109 , via Senate.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on May 3 , 2005 ; agreed to by the House on May 5 , 2005 ( 368 -- 58 Roll call vote 161 , via Clerk.House.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) and by the Senate on May 10 , 2005 ( 100 -- 0 Roll call vote 117 , via Senate.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) Signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 11 , 2005", "Other short titles Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense , the Global War on Terror , and Tsunami Relief , 2005 Reaffirmation of State Regulation of Resident and Nonresident Hunting and Fishing Act of 2005 Save Our Small and Seasonal Businesses Act of 2005", "Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense , the Global War on Terror , and Tsunami Relief , 2005 Reaffirmation of State Regulation of Resident and Nonresident Hunting and Fishing Act of 2005 Save Our Small and Seasonal Businesses Act of 2005", "Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense , the Global War on Terror , and Tsunami Relief , 2005", "Reaffirmation of State Regulation of Resident and Nonresident Hunting and Fishing Act of 2005", "Save Our Small and Seasonal Businesses Act of 2005", "Long title An Act to establish and rapidly implement regulations for State driver 's license and identification document security standards , to prevent terrorists from abusing the asylum laws of the United States , to unify terrorism - related grounds for inadmissibility and removal , and to ensure expeditious construction of the San Diego border fence .", "Nicknames Real ID Act of 2005", "Enacted by the 109th United States Congress", "Effective May 11 , 2008 ( original ) ; January 20 , 2014 ( current )", "May 11 , 2008 ( original ) ; January 20 , 2014 ( current )", "May 11 , 2008 ( original ) ;", "January 20 , 2014 ( current )", "Citations", "Public law 109 - 13", "Statutes at Large 119 Stat. 302", "Codification", "Titles amended 8 U.S.C. : Aliens and Nationality", "U.S.C. sections amended 8 U.S.C. ch. 12 , subch . I § 1101 et seq .", "Legislative history", "Introduced in the House as H.R. 418 by Jim Sensenbrenner ( R -- WI ) on January 26 , 2005 Committee consideration by House Judiciary , House Homeland Security , House Government Reform , Senate Judiciary Passed the House on February 10 , 2005 ( 261 -- 161 Roll call vote 031 , via Clerk.House.gov ) Passed the Senate on April 21 , 2005 ( 99 -- 0 Roll call vote 109 , via Senate.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on May 3 , 2005 ; agreed to by the House on May 5 , 2005 ( 368 -- 58 Roll call vote 161 , via Clerk.House.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) and by the Senate on May 10 , 2005 ( 100 -- 0 Roll call vote 117 , via Senate.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) Signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 11 , 2005", "Introduced in the House as H.R. 418 by Jim Sensenbrenner ( R -- WI ) on January 26 , 2005 Committee consideration by House Judiciary , House Homeland Security , House Government Reform , Senate Judiciary Passed the House on February 10 , 2005 ( 261 -- 161 Roll call vote 031 , via Clerk.House.gov ) Passed the Senate on April 21 , 2005 ( 99 -- 0 Roll call vote 109 , via Senate.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on May 3 , 2005 ; agreed to by the House on May 5 , 2005 ( 368 -- 58 Roll call vote 161 , via Clerk.House.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) and by the Senate on May 10 , 2005 ( 100 -- 0 Roll call vote 117 , via Senate.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) Signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 11 , 2005", "Introduced in the House as H.R. 418 by Jim Sensenbrenner ( R -- WI ) on January 26 , 2005", "Committee consideration by House Judiciary , House Homeland Security , House Government Reform , Senate Judiciary", "Passed the House on February 10 , 2005 ( 261 -- 161 Roll call vote 031 , via Clerk.House.gov )", "Passed the Senate on April 21 , 2005 ( 99 -- 0 Roll call vote 109 , via Senate.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 )", "Reported by the joint conference committee on May 3 , 2005 ; agreed to by the House on May 5 , 2005 ( 368 -- 58 Roll call vote 161 , via Clerk.House.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) and by the Senate on May 10 , 2005 ( 100 -- 0 Roll call vote 117 , via Senate.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 )", "Signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 11 , 2005", "The Real ID Act of 2005 , Pub. L. 109 -- 13 , 119 Stat. 302 , enacted May 11 , 2005 , is an Act of Congress that modifies U.S. federal law pertaining to security , authentication , and issuance procedures standards for state driver 's licenses and identity documents , as well as various immigration issues pertaining to terrorism .", "The law sets forth requirements for state driver 's licenses and ID cards to be accepted by the federal government for `` official purposes '' , as defined by the Secretary of the United States Department of Homeland Security . The Secretary of Homeland Security has defined `` official purposes '' as boarding commercially operated airline flights , and entering federal buildings and nuclear power plants , although the law gives the Secretary the unlimited authority to require a `` federal identification '' for any other purposes .", "The Real ID Act implements the following :", "Title II of the act establishes new federal standards for state - issued driver 's licenses and non-driver identification cards . Changing visa limits for temporary workers , nurses , and Australian citizens . Funding some reports and pilot projects related to border security . Introducing rules covering `` delivery bonds '' ( similar to bail , but for aliens who have been released pending hearings ) . Updating and tightening the laws on application for asylum and deportation of aliens for terrorism . Waiving laws that interfere with construction of physical barriers at the borders .", "Title II of the act establishes new federal standards for state - issued driver 's licenses and non-driver identification cards .", "Changing visa limits for temporary workers , nurses , and Australian citizens .", "Funding some reports and pilot projects related to border security .", "Introducing rules covering `` delivery bonds '' ( similar to bail , but for aliens who have been released pending hearings ) .", "Updating and tightening the laws on application for asylum and deportation of aliens for terrorism .", "Waiving laws that interfere with construction of physical barriers at the borders .", "On December 20 , 2013 , the Department of Homeland Security announced that implementation of Phase 1 would begin on January 20 , 2014 , which followed a yearlong period of `` deferred enforcement '' . There are four planned phases , three of which apply to areas that affect relatively few U.S. citizens -- e.g. , DHS headquarters , nuclear power plants , and restricted and semi-restricted federal facilities . On January 8 , 2016 , DHS issued an implementation schedule for Phase 4 , stating that starting January 22 , 2018 `` passengers with a driver 's license issued by a state that is still not compliant with the REAL ID Act ( and has not been granted an extension ) will need to show an alternative form of acceptable identification for domestic air travel to board their flight '' . Starting October 1 , 2020 `` every air traveler will need a REAL ID - compliant license , or another acceptable form of identification , for domestic air travel . '' As of February 2018 , 31 states and territories have been certified as compliant , 24 have been granted extensions , and one is not compliant .", "The Real ID Act started off as H.R. 418 , which passed the House in 2005 and went stagnant . Representative James Sensenbrenner ( R ) of Wisconsin , the author of the original Real ID Act , then attached it as a rider on a military spending bill , H.R. 1268 , the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense , the Global War on Terror , and Tsunami Relief , 2005 . The House of Representatives passed that spending bill with the Real ID rider 368 -- 58 , and the Senate passed the joint House -- Senate conference report on that bill 100 -- 0 . President Bush signed it into law on May 11 , 2005 .", "On February 28 , 2007 , U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka ( D - HI ) introduced the Senate Bill S. 717 , `` Identification Security Enhancement Act of 2007 '' , subtitled : `` A bill to repeal title II of the REAL ID Act of 2005 , to restore section 7212 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 , which provides States additional regulatory flexibility and funding authorization to more rapidly produce tamper - and counterfeit - resistant driver 's licenses , and to protect privacy and civil liberties by providing interested stakeholders on a negotiated rulemaking with guidance to achieve improved 21st century licenses to improve national security '' . The bill is co-sponsored by Senators Lamar Alexander ( R - TN ) , Max Baucus ( D - MT ) , Patrick Leahy ( D - VT ) , John E. Sununu ( R - NH ) , Jon Tester ( D - MT ) . The bill was read twice and referred to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on February 28 , 2007 .", "A similar bill was introduced on February 16 , 2007 , in the U.S. House of Representatives by Rep. Thomas Allen ( D - ME ) , with 32 co-sponsors ( all Democrats ) . The House bill , H.R. 1117 , `` REAL ID Repeal and Identification Security Enhancement Act of 2007 '' , is subtitled : `` A bill to repeal title II of the REAL ID Act of 2005 , to restore section 7212 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 , which provides States additional regulatory flexibility and funding authorization to more rapidly produce tamper - and counterfeit - resistant driver 's licenses , and to protect privacy and civil liberties by providing interested stakeholders on a negotiated rulemaking with guidance to achieve improved 21st century licenses to improve national security . '' On May 23 , 2007 , the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee referred H.R. 1117 to the Subcommittee on Government Management , Organization , and Procurement .", "A more limited bill , S. 563 , that would extend the deadlines for the states ' compliance with the Real ID Act , was introduced on February 13 , 2007 , in the U.S. Senate by Sen. Susan Collins ( R - ME ) , together with Senators Lamar Alexander ( R - TN ) , Thomas Carper ( D - DE ) , Charles Hagel ( R - NE ) , and Olympia Snowe ( R - ME ) .", "On March 2 , 2007 , it was announced that enforcement of the Act would be postponed until December 2009 . On January 11 , 2008 , it was announced that the deadline has been extended again to 2011 . On the same date the Department of Homeland Security released the final rule regarding the implementation of the driver 's licenses provisions of the Real ID Act .", "As of April 2 , 2008 , all 50 states either applied for extensions of the original May 11 , 2008 compliance deadline or received unsolicited extensions . As of October 2009 , 25 states approved either resolutions or binding legislation not to participate in the program . When President Obama selected Janet Napolitano ( a prominent critic of the program ) to head the Department of Homeland Security , the future of the law was considered uncertain , and bills were introduced into Congress to amend or repeal it . In 2009 , the most recent of these , dubbed PASS ID , would have eliminated many of the more burdensome technological requirements but still require states to meet federal standards in order to have their ID cards accepted by federal agencies .", "There are four planned phases , and each of the first three phases will begin with a three - month `` notification period '' during which noncompliant IDs will continue to be accepted :", "Phase 1 : restricted areas at the DHS headquarters on Nebraska Avenue January 20 , 2014 -- notification period April 21 , 2014 -- full enforcement Phase 2 : restricted areas for all federal facilities and nuclear power plants April 21 , 2014 -- notification period July 21 , 2014 -- full enforcement Phase 3 : semi-restricted areas for remaining federal facilities October 20 , 2014 -- notification period January 19 , 2015 -- full enforcement Phase 3a : Facility Security Levels 1 and 2 October 20 , 2014 -- notification period January 19 , 2015 -- full enforcement Phase 3b : Facility Security Levels 3 , 4 , and 5 July 13 , 2015 -- notification period October 10 , 2015 -- full enforcement Phase 4 : Air Travel January 8 , 2016 -- notification period January 22 , 2018 -- full enforcement", "Phase 1 : restricted areas at the DHS headquarters on Nebraska Avenue January 20 , 2014 -- notification period April 21 , 2014 -- full enforcement", "January 20 , 2014 -- notification period April 21 , 2014 -- full enforcement", "January 20 , 2014 -- notification period", "April 21 , 2014 -- full enforcement", "Phase 2 : restricted areas for all federal facilities and nuclear power plants April 21 , 2014 -- notification period July 21 , 2014 -- full enforcement", "April 21 , 2014 -- notification period July 21 , 2014 -- full enforcement", "April 21 , 2014 -- notification period", "July 21 , 2014 -- full enforcement", "Phase 3 : semi-restricted areas for remaining federal facilities October 20 , 2014 -- notification period January 19 , 2015 -- full enforcement", "October 20 , 2014 -- notification period January 19 , 2015 -- full enforcement", "October 20 , 2014 -- notification period", "January 19 , 2015 -- full enforcement", "Phase 3a : Facility Security Levels 1 and 2 October 20 , 2014 -- notification period January 19 , 2015 -- full enforcement", "October 20 , 2014 -- notification period January 19 , 2015 -- full enforcement", "October 20 , 2014 -- notification period", "January 19 , 2015 -- full enforcement", "Phase 3b : Facility Security Levels 3 , 4 , and 5 July 13 , 2015 -- notification period October 10 , 2015 -- full enforcement", "July 13 , 2015 -- notification period October 10 , 2015 -- full enforcement", "July 13 , 2015 -- notification period", "October 10 , 2015 -- full enforcement", "Phase 4 : Air Travel January 8 , 2016 -- notification period January 22 , 2018 -- full enforcement", "January 8 , 2016 -- notification period January 22 , 2018 -- full enforcement", "January 8 , 2016 -- notification period", "January 22 , 2018 -- full enforcement", "Waivers No Longer Granted", "October 1 , 2020 -- full enforcement", "October 1 , 2020 -- full enforcement", "October 1 , 2020 -- full enforcement", "October 1 , 2020 -- full enforcement", "In the United States , driver 's licenses are issued by the states , not by the federal government . Additionally , because the United States has no national identification card and because of the widespread use of cars , driver 's licenses have been used as a de facto standard form of identification within the country . For non-drivers , states also issue voluntary identification cards which do not grant driving privileges . Prior to the Real ID Act , each state set its own rules and criteria regarding the issuance of a driver 's license or identification card , including the look of the card , what data is on the card , what documents must be provided to obtain one , and what information is stored in each state 's database of licensed drivers and identification card holders .", "Driver 's license implications", "Title II of Real ID -- `` Improved Security for Driver 's License and Personal Identification Cards '' -- repeals the driver 's license provisions of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act , enacted in December 2004 . Section 7212 of that law established a cooperative state - federal rule - making procedure to create federal standards for driver 's licenses . Instead , the Real ID Act directly imposed specific federal standards .", "Title II of Real ID -- `` Improved Security for Driver 's License and Personal Identification Cards '' -- repeals the driver 's license provisions of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act , enacted in December 2004 . Section 7212 of that law established a cooperative state - federal rule - making procedure to create federal standards for driver 's licenses . Instead , the Real ID Act directly imposed specific federal standards .", "The Real ID Act Driver 's License Summary details the following provisions of the Act 's driver 's license title :", "Authority Data Retention and Storage DL / ID Document Standards Grants to States Immigration Requirements Linking of Databases Minimum DL / ID Issuance Standards Minimum Standards for Federal Use Repeal of 9 / 11 Commission Implementation Act DL / ID Provisions Security and Fraud Prevention Standards Verification of Documents", "Data Retention and Storage", "DL / ID Document Standards", "Grants to States", "Linking of Databases", "Minimum DL / ID Issuance Standards", "Minimum Standards for Federal Use", "Repeal of 9 / 11 Commission Implementation Act DL / ID Provisions", "Security and Fraud Prevention Standards", "Verification of Documents", "After 2011 , `` a Federal agency may not accept , for any official purpose , a driver 's license or identification card issued by a state to any person unless the state is meeting the requirements '' specified in the Real ID Act . The DHS will continue to consider additional ways in which a Real ID license can or should be used for official federal purposes without seeking the approval of Congress before doing so . States remain free to also issue non-complying licenses and IDs , so long as these have a unique design and a clear statement that they can not be accepted for any federal identification purpose . The federal Transportation Security Administration is responsible for security check - in at airports , so bearers of non-compliant documents would no longer be able to travel on common carrier aircraft without additional screening unless they had an alternative government - issued photo ID .", "People born on or after December 1 , 1964 , had to obtain a Real ID by December 1 , 2014 . Those born before December 1 , 1964 , had until December 1 , 2017 , to obtain one .", "The national license / ID standards cover :", "How the states must share their databases both domestically and internationally through the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators ( AAMVA ) What data must be included on the card and what technology it is encoded with What documentation must be presented and electronically stored before a card can be issued", "How the states must share their databases both domestically and internationally through the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators ( AAMVA )", "What data must be included on the card and what technology it is encoded with", "What documentation must be presented and electronically stored before a card can be issued", "These requirements are not new . They replace similar language in Section 7212 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 ( Pub. L. 108 -- 458 ) , which had not yet gone into effect before being repealed by the Real ID Act .", "A Real ID - compliant form of identification requires the following pieces of data :", "Full legal name Signature Date of birth Gender Unique identifying number Principal residence address Front - facing photograph of the applicant", "Full legal name", "Date of birth", "Unique identifying number", "Principal residence address", "Front - facing photograph of the applicant", "Said cards must also feature specific security features intended to prevent tampering , counterfeiting , or duplication of the document for fraudulent purposes . These cards must also present data in a common , machine - readable format ( bar codes , smart card technology , etc . ) . Although the use of wireless RFID chips was offered for consideration in the proposed rulemaking process , it was not included in the latest rulemaking process . DHS could consider additional technological requirements to be incorporated into the licenses after consulting with the states . In addition , DHS has required the use of RFID chips in its Enhanced Driver 's License program , which the Department is proposing as an alternative to Real ID .", "Before a card can be issued , the applicant must provide the following documentation :", "A photo ID , or a non-photo ID that includes full legal name and birthdate Documentation of birthdate Documentation of legal status and Social Security number Documentation showing name and principal residence address", "A photo ID , or a non-photo ID that includes full legal name and birthdate", "Documentation of birthdate", "Documentation of legal status and Social Security number", "Documentation showing name and principal residence address", "Digital images of each document will be stored in each state DMV database .", "Section 202 ( c ) ( 3 ) of the Real ID Act requires the states to `` verify , with the issuing agency , the issuance , validity , and completeness of each document '' that is required to be presented by a driver 's license applicant to prove their identity , birth date , legal status in the U.S. , social security number and the address of their principal residence . The same section states that the only foreign document acceptable is a foreign passport .", "The DHS final rule regarding implementation of the Real ID Act driver 's license provisions relaxes , and in some instances waives altogether , these verification requirements of the Real ID Act . Thus the DHS rule concedes that there is no practical mechanism to verify with the issuers the validity of documents proving the applicant 's primary address ( such as a mortgage statement or a utility bill ) and leaves the implementation of this verification requirement to discretion of the states ( page 5297 of the DHS final rule in the Federal Register ) . However , the DHS rule , Section 37.11 ( c ) , mandates that the Real ID license applicants be required to present at least two documents documenting the address of their primary residence .", "The DHS rule declines to implement as impractical the provision of the Act requiring verification of the validity of foreign passports presented by foreign driver 's license applicants as proof of identity with the authorities that issued these foreign passports ( page 5294 of the DHS final rule in the Federal Register ) .", "Section 37.11 ( c ) of the DHS final rule allows the states to accept several types of documents as proof of social security number : a social security card , a W - 2 form , an SSA - 1099 form , a non-SSA - 1099 form , or a pay stub bearing the applicant 's name and SSN . However , the states are not required to verify the validity of these documents directly with their issuers ( e.g. with the employer that issued a W - 2 form or a pay stub ) . Instead , the DHS rule requires the states to verify the validity , and its match with the name given , of the social security number itself , via electronically querying the Social Security On - Line Verification ( SSOLV ) database managed by the Social Security Administration .", "The DHS rule , Section 37.13 ( b ) ( 3 ) , specifies that the validity of birth certificates , presented to document the date of birth or to prove U.S. citizenship , should be verified electronically , by accessing the Electronic Verification of Vital Events ( EVVE ) system maintained by the National Association for Public Health Statistics and Information Systems ( NAPHSIS ) , rather than directly with the issuers of the birth certificates ( such as state vital records agencies ) .", "Each state must agree to share its motor vehicle database with all other states . This database must include , at a minimum , all the data printed on the state drivers ' licenses and ID cards , plus drivers ' histories ( including motor vehicle violations , suspensions , and points on licenses ) .", "Original legislation contained one of the most controversial elements which did not make it into the final legislation that was signed into law . It would have required states to sign a new compact known as the Driver License Agreement ( DLA ) as written by the Joint Driver 's License Compact / Non-Resident Violators Compact Executive Board with staff support provided by the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators AAMVA and as approved by state Driver Licensing Agency representatives . The DLA is a consolidation of the Driver 's License Compact and the Non-Resident Violators Compact , which have 46 and 45 member states , respectively . The following controversial elements of the DLA are already in the existing compacts : a convicting state must report out - of - state convictions to the licensing state , states must grant license reciprocity to drivers licensed in other states , and states must allow authorities in other states access to driving records , consistent with the Driver Privacy Protection Act .", "The requirement in the law for interstate access to state license and ID data has not been included in the DHS criteria for certification of state compliance or progress toward compliance .", "The only system available with the capability to satisfy the REAL - ID Act requirements for database access is the `` State to State '' ( S2S ) system developed by the AAMVA and Clerus Solutions under contract with state motor vehicle licensing agencies ultimately funded by federal grants . A component of S2S is State Pointer Exchange Services ( SPEXS ) , a central national database of `` pointer '' information about all REAL - ID compliant licenses and state ID cards . As of February , 2016 , four states were participating in S2S .", "New controversial requirements of the DLA are : ( 1 ) provinces and territories in Canada and states in Mexico are allowed to join the DLA and ( 2 ) member states , provinces , and territories are subject to reviews by DLA authorities for compliance with the provisions of the DLA . The DLA originated in concept with the 1994 establishment of a North American Driver License Agreement ( NADLA ) task force , and has created controversy among state representatives opposed to citizen data being shared with other countries . According to a 2005 analysis of the DLA done by the National Conference of State Legislators , the DLA defines `` jurisdiction '' to allow participation by a territory or province of Canada and by any state of Mexico or the Federal District of Mexico . The DLA can be amended by a vote of at least two - thirds of the member jurisdictions .", "On January 11 , 2008 , DHS released the final rule regarding the implementation of the driver 's licenses provisions of the Real ID Act . Under the DHS final rule , those states that chose to comply with Driver 's License provisions of the Real ID Act are allowed to apply for up to two extensions of the May 11 , 2008 deadline for implementing these provisions : an extension until no later than December 31 , 2009 and an additional extension until no later than May 11 , 2011 . The DHS final rule mandates that , as of March 11 , 2011 , driver 's licenses issued by the states that are not deemed to be in full compliance with the Real ID Act , will not be accepted for federal purposes . The Secretary of Homeland Security is given discretion to determine the scope of such official purposes in the future . For the states that do not apply to DHS , by March 31 , 2008 , for an extension of the May 11 , 2008 , implementation deadline , that deadline will apply : after May 11 , 2008 , driver 's licenses issued by such states will not be accepted for federal purposes .", "The Department of Homeland Security has announced at the end of 2013 that the TSA will accept state identification cards for commercial flights at least until 2016 .", "After the final implementation deadline , some non-Real - ID -- compliant licenses will continue to be accepted for federal purposes , provided DHS judges that the state which issued such a license is in full compliance with the Real ID Act by the final implementation deadline . However , in order for their licenses to be accepted for federal purposes , people born after December 1 , 1964 , were to have been required to have Real - ID -- compliant cards by December 1 , 2014 , and people born before December 1 , 1964 , by December 1 , 2017 . In December 2014 , these deadlines were extended to October 1 , 2020 .", "In March 2011 the U.S. Department of Homeland Security further postponed the effective date of the Real ID Act implementation deadline until January 15 , 2013 .", "As of May 11 , 2005 , several portions of the Real ID Act have imposed higher burdens and stricter standards of proof for individuals applying for asylum and other related forms of relief . For the first time , immigration judges can require an applicant to produce corroborating evidence ( 8 U.S.C. § 1229a ( c ) ( 4 ) ( B ) . Additionally , the government may also require that an applicant produce corroborating evidence , a requirement that may be overcome only if the judge is convinced that such evidence is unavailable ( 8 U.S.C. § 1252 ( b ) ( 4 ) ) .", "Restricting illegal immigrants or legal immigrants who are unable to prove their legal status , or lack social security numbers , from obtaining driver 's licenses may keep them from obtaining liability insurance and from working , causing many immigrants and foreign nationals to lose their jobs or to travel internationally in order to renew their drivers license . Furthermore , for visitors on J - 1 and H1B visas , the fact that visas may expire before their legal stay is over ( this happens due to the fact that J - 1 visas are issued with a one - year expiration date but visitors are allowed to stay for their `` duration of status '' as long as they have a valid contract ) can make the process of renewing a driver 's license extremely complex and , as mentioned above , force legal foreign citizens to travel abroad only to renew a visa which would not need to be renewed if it were n't for the need to renew one 's drivers license . Although the new law does allow states to offer `` not for federal ID '' licenses in these cases , and that some states ( e.g. , Utah and Tennessee ) have already started issuing such `` driving privileges certificates / cards '' in lieu of regular drivers licenses , allowing such applicants to be tested and licensed to drive and obtain liability insurance , the majority of U.S. states do not plan to offer `` not for federal ID '' licenses . In October 2007 , then - governor of New York Eliot Spitzer announced that the state will adopt a similar `` multi-tiered '' licensing scheme in which the state will issue three different kinds of driver licenses , two of which comply with the Real ID security requirements and one which will be marked as `` not for federal ID '' purposes . However , following a political outcry , Spitzer withdrew his proposal to issue licenses to those unable to prove legal residence .", "An earlier law ( Section 102 of Pub. L. 104 -- 208 , which is now part of 8 U.S.C. § 1103 ) provided for improvements to physical barriers at the borders of the United States .", "Subsection ( a ) of the law read as follows : `` The Attorney General , in consultation with the Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization , shall take such actions as may be necessary to install additional physical barriers and roads ( including the removal of obstacles to detection of illegal entrants ) in the vicinity of the United States border to deter illegal crossings in areas of high illegal entry into the United States . ''", "Subsection ( b ) orders the Attorney General to commence work on specified improvements to a 14 - mile section of the existing border fence near San Diego , and allocates funds for the project .", "Subsection ( c ) provides for waivers of laws that interfere with the work described in subsections ( a ) and ( b ) . Prior to the Real ID Act , this subsection allowed waivers of only two specific federal environmental laws .", "The Real ID Act amends the language of subsection ( c ) to make the following changes :", "Allows waivers of any and all laws `` necessary to ensure expeditious construction of the barriers and roads under this section '' . Gives this waiver authority to the Secretary of Homeland Security ( rather than the Attorney General ) . Waivers are made at his sole discretion . Restricts court review of waiver decisions : `` The district courts of the United States shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear all causes or claims arising from any action undertaken , or any decision made , by the Secretary of Homeland Security pursuant to paragraph ( 1 ) . A cause of action or claim may only be brought alleging a violation of the Constitution of the United States . The court shall not have jurisdiction to hear any claim not specified in this subparagraph . '' Claims are barred unless filed within 60 days , and cases may be appealed `` only upon petition for a writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court '' .", "Allows waivers of any and all laws `` necessary to ensure expeditious construction of the barriers and roads under this section '' .", "Gives this waiver authority to the Secretary of Homeland Security ( rather than the Attorney General ) . Waivers are made at his sole discretion .", "Restricts court review of waiver decisions : `` The district courts of the United States shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear all causes or claims arising from any action undertaken , or any decision made , by the Secretary of Homeland Security pursuant to paragraph ( 1 ) . A cause of action or claim may only be brought alleging a violation of the Constitution of the United States . The court shall not have jurisdiction to hear any claim not specified in this subparagraph . '' Claims are barred unless filed within 60 days , and cases may be appealed `` only upon petition for a writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court '' .", "The Real ID Act introduces strict laws governing applications for asylum and deportation of aliens for terrorist activity . However , at the same time , it makes two minor changes to U.S. immigration law :", "Elimination of the 10,000 annual limit for previously approved asylees to adjust to permanent legal residence . This had been urged for years because the average asylee had a 17 - year wait before he would be able to achieve legal resident status . As a result , in fiscal years 2005 and 2006 , the backlog was greatly reduced as 147,131 asylees were granted legal permanent residence status . Usage of 50,000 unused employment - based visas from 2003 . This was a compromise between proponents who had earlier tried to include all employment visas which went unused between 2001 and 2004 , and immigration restrictionists . They were used , mostly in fiscal year 2006 , for Schedule A workers newly arrived mainly from the Philippines and India , rather than for adjustments of status cases like the American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act .", "Elimination of the 10,000 annual limit for previously approved asylees to adjust to permanent legal residence . This had been urged for years because the average asylee had a 17 - year wait before he would be able to achieve legal resident status . As a result , in fiscal years 2005 and 2006 , the backlog was greatly reduced as 147,131 asylees were granted legal permanent residence status .", "Usage of 50,000 unused employment - based visas from 2003 . This was a compromise between proponents who had earlier tried to include all employment visas which went unused between 2001 and 2004 , and immigration restrictionists . They were used , mostly in fiscal year 2006 , for Schedule A workers newly arrived mainly from the Philippines and India , rather than for adjustments of status cases like the American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act .", "The deportation of aliens for terrorist activities is governed by the following provisions :", "Section 212 ( a ) ( 3 ) ( B ) : Terrorist activities", "The INA ( Immigration & Nationality Act ) defines `` terrorist activity '' to mean any activity which is unlawful under the laws of the place where it is committed ( or which , if committed in the United States , would be unlawful under the laws of the United States or any State ) and which involves any of the following :", "( I ) The hijacking or sabotage of any conveyance ( including an aircraft , vessel , or vehicle ) . ( II ) The seizing or detaining , and threatening to kill , injure , or continue to detain , another individual in order to compel a third person ( including a governmental organization ) to do or abstain from doing any act as an explicit or implicit condition for the release of the individual seized or detained . ( III ) A violent attack upon an internationally protected person ( as defined in Section 1116 ( b ) ( 4 ) of Title 18 , United States Code ) or upon the liberty of such a person . ( IV ) An assassination . ( V ) The use of any : ( a ) biological agent , chemical agent , or nuclear weapon or device . ( b ) explosive , firearm , or other weapon or dangerous device ( other than for mere personal monetary gain ) , with intent to endanger , directly or indirectly , the safety of one or more individuals or to cause substantial damage to property . ( VI ) A threat , attempt , or conspiracy to do any of the foregoing .", "( I ) The hijacking or sabotage of any conveyance ( including an aircraft , vessel , or vehicle ) .", "( II ) The seizing or detaining , and threatening to kill , injure , or continue to detain , another individual in order to compel a third person ( including a governmental organization ) to do or abstain from doing any act as an explicit or implicit condition for the release of the individual seized or detained .", "( III ) A violent attack upon an internationally protected person ( as defined in Section 1116 ( b ) ( 4 ) of Title 18 , United States Code ) or upon the liberty of such a person .", "( IV ) An assassination .", "( V ) The use of any : ( a ) biological agent , chemical agent , or nuclear weapon or device . ( b ) explosive , firearm , or other weapon or dangerous device ( other than for mere personal monetary gain ) , with intent to endanger , directly or indirectly , the safety of one or more individuals or to cause substantial damage to property .", "( a ) biological agent , chemical agent , or nuclear weapon or device . ( b ) explosive , firearm , or other weapon or dangerous device ( other than for mere personal monetary gain ) , with intent to endanger , directly or indirectly , the safety of one or more individuals or to cause substantial damage to property .", "( a ) biological agent , chemical agent , or nuclear weapon or device .", "( b ) explosive , firearm , or other weapon or dangerous device ( other than for mere personal monetary gain ) , with intent to endanger , directly or indirectly , the safety of one or more individuals or to cause substantial damage to property .", "( VI ) A threat , attempt , or conspiracy to do any of the foregoing .", "Other pertinent portions of Section 212 ( a ) ( 3 ) ( B ) are set forth below :", "`` Engage in terrorist activity '' defined", "As used in this chapter ( Chapter 8 of the INA ) , the term , `` engage in terrorist activity '' means in an individual capacity or as a member of an organization :", "to commit or to incite to commit , under circumstances indicating an intention to cause death or serious bodily injury , a terrorist activity ; to gather information on potential targets for terrorist activity ; to prepare or plan a terrorist activity ; to solicit funds or other things of value for : ( aa ) a terrorist activity ; ( bb ) a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; ( cc ) a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the solicitor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the solicitation would further the organization 's terrorist activity ; to solicit any individual : ( aa ) to engage in conduct otherwise described in this clause ; ( bb ) for membership in terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; or ( cc ) for membership in a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the solicitor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the solicitation would further the organization 's terrorist activity ; or to commit an act that the actor knows , or reasonably should know , affords material support , including a safe house , transportation , communications , funds , transfer of funds or other material financial benefit , false documentation or identification , weapons ( including chemical , biological , or radiological weapons ) , explosives , or training : ( aa ) for the commission of a terrorist activity ; ( bb ) to any individual who the actor knows , or reasonably should know , has committed or plans to commit a terrorist activity ; ( cc ) to a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; or ( dd ) to a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the actor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the act would further the organization 's terrorist activity .", "to commit or to incite to commit , under circumstances indicating an intention to cause death or serious bodily injury , a terrorist activity ;", "to gather information on potential targets for terrorist activity ;", "to prepare or plan a terrorist activity ;", "to solicit funds or other things of value for : ( aa ) a terrorist activity ; ( bb ) a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; ( cc ) a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the solicitor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the solicitation would further the organization 's terrorist activity ;", "( aa ) a terrorist activity ; ( bb ) a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; ( cc ) a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the solicitor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the solicitation would further the organization 's terrorist activity ;", "( aa ) a terrorist activity ;", "( bb ) a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ;", "( cc ) a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the solicitor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the solicitation would further the organization 's terrorist activity ;", "to solicit any individual : ( aa ) to engage in conduct otherwise described in this clause ; ( bb ) for membership in terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; or ( cc ) for membership in a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the solicitor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the solicitation would further the organization 's terrorist activity ; or", "( aa ) to engage in conduct otherwise described in this clause ; ( bb ) for membership in terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; or ( cc ) for membership in a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the solicitor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the solicitation would further the organization 's terrorist activity ; or", "( aa ) to engage in conduct otherwise described in this clause ;", "( bb ) for membership in terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; or", "( cc ) for membership in a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the solicitor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the solicitation would further the organization 's terrorist activity ; or", "to commit an act that the actor knows , or reasonably should know , affords material support , including a safe house , transportation , communications , funds , transfer of funds or other material financial benefit , false documentation or identification , weapons ( including chemical , biological , or radiological weapons ) , explosives , or training : ( aa ) for the commission of a terrorist activity ; ( bb ) to any individual who the actor knows , or reasonably should know , has committed or plans to commit a terrorist activity ; ( cc ) to a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; or ( dd ) to a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the actor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the act would further the organization 's terrorist activity .", "( aa ) for the commission of a terrorist activity ; ( bb ) to any individual who the actor knows , or reasonably should know , has committed or plans to commit a terrorist activity ; ( cc ) to a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; or ( dd ) to a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the actor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the act would further the organization 's terrorist activity .", "( aa ) for the commission of a terrorist activity ;", "( bb ) to any individual who the actor knows , or reasonably should know , has committed or plans to commit a terrorist activity ;", "( cc ) to a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; or", "( dd ) to a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the actor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the act would further the organization 's terrorist activity .", "This clause shall not apply to any material support the alien afforded to an organization or individual that has committed terrorist activity , if the Secretary of State , after consultation with the Attorney General , or the Attorney General , after consultation with the Secretary of State , concludes in his sole unreviewable discretion , that that this clause should not apply . ''", "`` Representative '' defined", "As used in this paragraph , the term , `` representative '' includes an officer , official , or spokesman of an organization , and any person who directs , counsels , commands , or induces an organization or its members to engage in terrorist activity .", "`` Terrorist organization '' defined", "As used in Clause ( i ) ( VI ) and Clause ( iv ) , the term ' foreign terrorist organization ' means an organization :", "designated under Section 219 ( 8 U.S.C. § 1189 ) ; otherwise designated , upon publication in the Federal Register , by the Secretary of State in consultation with or upon the request of the Attorney General , as a terrorist organization , after finding that the organization engages in the activities described in Subclause ( I ) , ( II ) , or ( III ) of Clause ( iv ) , or that the organization provides material support to further terrorist activity ; or that is a group of two or more individuals , whether organized or not , which engages in the activities described in Subclause ( I ) , ( II ) , or ( III ) of Clause ( iv ) .", "designated under Section 219 ( 8 U.S.C. § 1189 ) ;", "otherwise designated , upon publication in the Federal Register , by the Secretary of State in consultation with or upon the request of the Attorney General , as a terrorist organization , after finding that the organization engages in the activities described in Subclause ( I ) , ( II ) , or ( III ) of Clause ( iv ) , or that the organization provides material support to further terrorist activity ; or", "that is a group of two or more individuals , whether organized or not , which engages in the activities described in Subclause ( I ) , ( II ) , or ( III ) of Clause ( iv ) .", "Section 140 ( d ) ( 2 ) of the `` Foreign Relations Authorization Act '' , Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 defines `` terrorism '' as `` premeditated , politically motivated violence , perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents '' .", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2007 )", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2007 )", "The Real ID Act introduces complex rules covering `` delivery bonds '' . These resemble bail bonds , but are to be required for aliens that have been released pending hearings .", "The remaining sections of the Real ID Act allocate funding for some reports and pilot projects related to border security , and change visa limits for temporary workers , nurses , and Australians .", "Under the Real ID Act , nationals of Australia are eligible to receive a special E-3 visa . This provision was the result of negotiations between the two countries that also led to the Australia - United States Free Trade Agreement which came into force on January 1 , 2005 .", "Portions of the Real ID Act pertaining to states were scheduled to take effect on May 11 , 2008 , three years after the law passed , but the deadline had been extended to December 31 , 2009 . On January 11 , 2008 , it was announced the deadline had been extended again , until 2011 , in hopes of gaining more support from states . On March 5 , 2011 , the U.S. Department of Homeland Security postponed the effective date of the Real ID Act until January 15 , 2013 , a move that avoided causing tremendous disruptions to air travel . State adoption and compliance has changed throughout the years as the final phase ( Phase 4 , Boarding federally regulated commercial aircraft ) approaches and states are faced with potential air travel restrictions for their residents .", "As of January 2018 , the following states and territories have been certified by the DHS as being in compliance with DHS criteria , although most of them are not in compliance with other provisions of the law not included in the DHS criteria , such as participating in the interstate system for sharing of ID databases :", "Alabama Arizona Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Indiana Iowa Kansas Louisiana Maryland Michigan Mississippi Nebraska Nevada New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming", "Alabama Arizona Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Indiana Iowa Kansas Louisiana Maryland Michigan Mississippi Nebraska Nevada New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming", "Alabama Arizona Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Indiana", "District of Columbia", "Iowa Kansas Louisiana Maryland Michigan Mississippi Nebraska Nevada New Mexico New York", "North Carolina Ohio South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming", "The following states and territories have been granted extensions :", "Alaska California Guam Idaho Illinois Kentucky Maine Massachusetts Minnesota Missouri Montana New Hampshire New Jersey North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina United States Virgin Islands Virginia Washington", "Alaska California Guam Idaho Illinois Kentucky Maine Massachusetts Minnesota Missouri Montana New Hampshire New Jersey North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina United States Virgin Islands Virginia Washington", "Alaska California Guam Idaho Illinois Kentucky Maine Massachusetts", "Minnesota Missouri Montana New Hampshire New Jersey North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Oklahoma", "Northern Mariana Islands", "Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina United States Virgin Islands Virginia Washington", "United States Virgin Islands", "The following territory is not compliant :", "American Samoa", "American Samoa", "American Samoa", "1 . Participating in the interstate system for sharing of ID databases . 2 . Offers enhanced driver 's licenses , which are compliant with the Real ID Act .", "On January 25 , 2007 , a Resolution passed overwhelmingly in the Maine Legislature that refuses to implement the Real ID Act in that state and calls on Congress to repeal the law . Many Maine lawmakers believe the law does more harm than good , it would be a bureaucratic nightmare to enforce , it threatens individual privacy , it makes citizens increasingly vulnerable to ID theft , and it would cost Maine taxpayers at least $185 million in five years because of the massive unfunded federal mandates on all the states . The Resolution vote in the Maine House was 137 -- 4 and in the Maine Senate unanimous , 34 -- 0 .", "On February 16 , 2007 , Utah unanimously passed a resolution that opposes the Real ID Act . The resolution states that Real ID is `` in opposition to the Jeffersonian principles of individual liberty , free markets , and limited government '' . It further states that `` the use of identification - based security can not be justified as part of a ' layered ' security system if the costs of the identification ' layer ' -- in dollars , lost privacy , and lost liberty -- are greater than the security identification provides '' :", "`` the `` common machine - readable technology '' required by the Real ID Act would convert state - issued driver licenses and identification cards into tracking devices , allowing computers to note and record people 's whereabouts each time they are identified ''", "`` the requirement that states maintain databases of information about their citizens and residents and then share this personal information with all other states will expose every state to the information security weaknesses of every other state and threaten the privacy of every American ''", "`` the REAL ID Act wrongly coerces states into doing the federal government 's bidding by threatening to refuse noncomplying states ' citizens the privileges and immunities enjoyed by other states ' citizens ''", "Arizona , Arkansas , Colorado , Georgia , Hawaii , Idaho , Illinois , Louisiana , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Hampshire , North Dakota , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia , and Washington State have joined Maine and Utah in passing legislation opposing Real ID .", "Similar resolutions are pending in Alaska , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , Massachusetts , New York , Ohio , Oregon , Rhode Island , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Washington , D.C. , West Virginia , Wisconsin , and Wyoming .", "Other states have moved aggressively to upgrade their IDs since 9 / 11 , and still others have staked decidedly pro-Real ID positions , such as North Carolina . Some states whose legislatures passed non-binding resolutions opposing Real ID are nonetheless working to comply with the law , such as Illinois . In announcing the new regulations , Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff cited Alabama , California , and North Dakota as examples of states that had made progress in complying with Real ID .", "On July 7 , 2008 , Puerto Rico 's Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá announced that all 15 Puerto Rico Department of Transportation and Public Works Driver 's Services Centers will implement a new system complying with the Real - ID Act .", "As of January 29 , 2008 , the Department of Homeland Security has announced $79.8 million in grant monies to assist states with Real ID implementation , and set an application deadline of March 7 , 2008 .", "On April 16 , 2009 , the Missouri House of Representatives passed the anti Real ID bill HB 361 to repeal section 302.171 , RSMo , and to enact in lieu thereof two new sections relating to noncompliance with the federal Real ID Act of 2005 sponsored by Representative Jim Guest by a vote of 83 Ayes 69 Noes and 3 Present . On May 13 , 2009 the Missouri Senate unanimously passed HB 361 , 43 Ayes 0 Noes . Missouri Governor Jay Nixon signed this bill into law on July 13 , 2009 .", "For the 2012 Florida Legislative Session , the anti-Real ID bill HB 109 and its Senate companion S 220 will be heard . Named the Florida Driver 's License Citizen Protection Act , it would require discontinuation of several of the federally mandated provisions of Real ID and destruction of citizen 's documents that had been scanned into the government database . That bill died in Transportation and Highway Safety Subcommittee on March 9 , 2012 .", "New Jersey planned to begin issuing Real ID compliant drivers ' licenses and non-driver ID cards beginning May 7 , 2012 , but was forestalled by a temporary restraining order issued on May 4 , 2012 on motion of the ACLU . On October 5 , 2012 , the state subsequently agreed to drop its Real ID compliant license plan , settling the lawsuit brought by the ACLU .", "On July 1 , 2012 , Georgia began issuing Real ID compliant drivers ' licenses and non-driver ID cards . The increase in items needed to show in order to receive a license caused wait times to reach up to five hours .", "Although Hawaii had expressed opposition to some portions of the Real ID Act , it began requiring proof of legal presence in March 2012 . Hawaii 's updated drivers ' licenses and non-driver ID cards were deemed fully compliant by the Department of Homeland Security in September 2013 .", "On November 12 , 2014 , Nevada began offering Real ID compliant drivers licenses to residents . Nevadans have a choice of a Real ID compliant card or a standard card with the heading `` Not for Federal Official Use '' .", "On April 14 , 2015 , Arizona governor Doug Ducey signed a bill allowing the state to begin the process of making Arizona drivers licenses Real ID compliant . Work on creating the drivers licenses has already begun , however the Arizona Department of Transportation has requested an extension on the implementation so that residents can still use current ID past the January 2016 deadline to board a commercial flight and implement Real ID when the state is ready .", "On March 8 , 2016 , the incumbent governor of New Mexico , Susana Martinez , signed House Bill 99 into law , hence bringing New Mexico into Real ID compliance .", "The New Mexico MVD began issuing Real ID compliant driver 's licenses and identification cards beginning November 14 , 2016 .", "On March 1 , 2017 , Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin signed HB 1845 as the first bill signed in Oklahoma 's 2017 legislative session , bringing the state into compliance with the Real ID Act .", "On May 18 , 2017 , Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton signed legislation to bring Minnesota into compliance with the federal Real ID Act by October 2018 .", "The California DMV started providing federal compliant Real ID driver licenses and ID cards as an option to customers beginning January 22 , 2018 .", "The Ohio BMV will begin issuing federal compliant Real ID driver licenses and ID cards as an option to customers beginning July 2 , 2018 .", "Along with the Bush administration , the Real ID Act is strongly supported by the conservative Heritage Foundation and by many anti-illegal immigration advocates .", "However , the Real ID Act has faced criticism from across the political spectrum and remains the subject of several ongoing controversies . Opponents of the Real ID Act include libertarian groups , like the Cato Institute ; immigrant advocacy groups ; human and civil rights organizations , like the ACLU ; Christian advocacy groups , such as the American Center for Law & Justice ( ACLJ ) ; privacy advocacy groups , like the 511 campaign ; state - level opposition groups , such as North Carolinians Against Real ID ; and Florida , government accountability groups ; labor groups , like AFL - CIO ; People for the American Way ; consumer and patient protection groups ; some gun rights groups , such as Gun Owners of America ; many state lawmakers , state legislatures , and governors ; The Constitution Party ; the editorial page of the Wall Street Journal ; and the Obama administration , among others .", "Founded by evangelical Christian Pat Robertson , the American Center for Law and Justice ( ACLJ ) participated in a joint press conference with the ACLU in 2008 , highlighting the broad diversity of the coalition opposing Title II of the Real ID Act . The Real ID Act causes concerns for transgender people as well . The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence has also voiced concern about Real ID .", "Florida Libertarian Party chair Adrian Wyllie drove without a driver 's license since 2011 in protest of the Real ID Act . After being ticketed for driving without a license , Wyllie argued in court that Florida 's identification laws violated his privacy rights ; this claim was rejected by a judge .", "Among the 2008 presidential candidates , according to a February 2008 CNet report at news.com , and John McCain strongly supported the Real ID Act , Barack Obama and Ron Paul flatly opposed it , while Hillary Clinton called for the law to be reviewed . In a September 2007 interview Mike Huckabee expressed opposition to the Real ID Act , calling the Real ID Act `` a huge mistake '' .", "The original Real ID Act , H.R. 418 , was approved by the House on February 10 , 2005 , by a vote of 261 -- 161 . At the insistence of the Real ID Act sponsor and then House Judiciary Committee Chair F. James Sensenbrenner ( Republican , Wisconsin ) , the Real ID Act was subsequently attached by the House Republican leadership as a rider to H.R. 1268 , a bill dealing with emergency appropriations for the Iraq War and with the tsunami relief funding . H.R. 1268 was widely regarded as a `` must - pass '' legislation . The original version of H.R. 1268 was passed by the Senate on April 21 , 2005 , and did not include the Real ID Act . However , the Real ID Act was inserted in the conference report on H.R. 1268 that was then passed by the House on May 5 , 2005 , by a 368 -- 58 vote and was unanimously passed by the Senate on May 10 , 2005 . The Senate never discussed or voted on the Real ID Act specifically and no Senate committee hearings were conducted on the Real ID Act prior to its passage . Critics charged that this procedure was undemocratic and that the bill 's proponents avoided a substantive debate on a far - reaching piece of legislation by attaching it to a `` must - pass '' bill .", "A May 3 , 2005 , statement by the American Immigration Lawyers Association said : `` Because Congress held no hearings or meaningful debate on the legislation and amended it to a must - pass spending bill , the Real ID Act did not receive the scrutiny necessary for most measures , and most certainly not the level required for a measure of this importance and impact . Consistent with the lack of debate and discussion , conference negotiations also were held behind closed doors , with Democrats prevented from participating . ''", "There is disagreement about whether the Real ID Act institutes a `` national identification card '' system . The new law only sets forth national standards , but leaves the issuance of cards and the maintenance of databases in state hands ; therefore , the Department of Homeland Security claims it is not a `` national ID '' system . Web sites such as no2realid.org , unrealid.com , and realnightmare.org argue that this is a trivial distinction , and that the new cards are in fact national ID cards , thanks to the uniform national standards created by the AAMVA and ( especially ) the linked databases , and by the fact that such identification is mandatory if people wish to travel out of the United States .", "Many advocacy groups and individual opponents of the Real ID Act believe that having a Real ID - compliant license may become a requirement for various basic tasks . Thus a January 2008 statement by ACLU of Maryland says : `` The law places no limits on potential required uses for Real IDs . In time , Real IDs could be required to vote , collect a Social Security check , access Medicaid , open a bank account , go to an Orioles game , or buy a gun . The private sector could begin mandating a Real ID to perform countless commercial and financial activities , such as renting a DVD or buying car insurance . Real ID cards would become a necessity , making them de facto national IDs '' . However , in order to perform many of those tasks , government - issued identification is already required ( e.g. , two forms of ID -- usually a driver 's license , passport , or Social Security card -- are required by the Patriot Act in order to open a bank account ) .", "Some critics claim that the Real ID Act violates the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution as a federal legislation in an area that , under the terms of the Tenth Amendment , is the province of the states . Thus , Anthony Romero , the executive director of ACLU , stated : `` Real ID is an unfunded mandate that violates the Constitution 's 10th Amendment on state powers , destroys states ' dual sovereignty and consolidates every American 's private information , leaving all of us far more vulnerable to identity thieves '' .", "Former Republican U.S. Representative Bob Barr wrote in a February 2008 article : `` A person not possessing a Real ID Act - compliant identification card could not enter any federal building , or an office of his or her congressman or senator or the U.S. Capitol . This effectively denies that person their fundamental rights to assembly and to petition the government as guaranteed in the First Amendment '' .", "The DHS final rule regarding implementation of the Real ID Act discusses a number of constitutional concerns raised by the commenters on the proposed version of this rule . The DHS rule explicitly rejects the assertion that the implementation of the Real ID Act will lead to violations of the citizens ' individual constitutional rights ( page 5284 of the DHS rule in the Federal Register ) . In relation to the Tenth Amendment argument about violation of states ' constitutional rights , the DHS rule acknowledges that these concerns have been raised by a number of individual commenters and in the comments by some states . The DHS rule does not attempt to rebuff the Tenth Amendment argument directly , but says that the DHS is acting in accordance with the authority granted to it by the Real ID Act and that DHS has been and will be working closely with the states on the implementation of the Real ID Act ( pages 5284 and 5317 of the DHS final rule in the Federal Register ) .", "On November 1 , 2007 , attorneys for Defenders of Wildlife and the Sierra Club filed an amended complaint in U.S. District Court challenging the 2005 Real ID Act . The amended complaint alleges that this unprecedented authority violates the fundamental separation of powers principles enshrined in the U.S. Constitution . On December 18 , 2007 , Judge Ellen Segal Huvelle rejected the challenge .", "On March 17 , 2008 , attorneys for Defenders of Wildlife and the Sierra Club filed a Petition for a Writ of Certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court to hear its `` constitutional challenge to the Secretary 's decision waiving nineteen federal laws , and all state and local legal requirements related to them , in connection with the construction of a barrier along a portion of the border with Mexico '' . They question whether the preclusion of judicial review amounts to an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power and whether the `` grant of waiver authority violates Article I 's requirement that a duly - enacted law may be repealed only by legislation approved by both Houses of Congress and presented to the President '' . On April 17 , 2008 , numerous amicus briefs `` supporting the petition were filed on behalf 14 members of Congress , a diverse coalition of conservation , religious and Native American organizations , and 28 law professors and constitutional scholars '' .", "Many immigrant and civil rights advocates feel that the changes related to evidentiary standards and the immigration officers ' discretion in asylum cases , contained in the Real ID Act , would prevent many legitimate asylum seekers from obtaining asylum . Thus a 2005 article in LCCR - sponsored Civil Rights Monitor stated , `` The bill also contained changes to asylum standards , which according to LCCR , would prevent many legitimate asylum seekers from obtaining safe haven in the United States . These changes gave immigration officials broad discretion to demand certain evidence to support an asylum claim , with little regard to whether the evidence can realistically be obtained ; as well as the discretion to deny claims based on such subjective factors as `` demeanor '' . Critics said the reason for putting such asylum restrictions into what was being sold as an anti terrorism bill was unclear , given that suspected terrorists are already barred from obtaining asylum or any other immigration benefit `` .", "Similarly , some immigration and human rights advocacy groups maintain that the Real ID Act provides an overly broad definition of `` terrorist activity '' that will prevent some deserving categories of applicants from gaining asylum or refugee status in the United States . A November 2007 report by Human Rights Watch raises this criticism specifically in relation to former child soldiers who have been forcibly and illegally recruited to participate in an armed group .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "A previous version of the Real ID Act ( H.R. 418 ) would have prohibited any judicial review of Homeland Security law waivers for barrier construction . Critics maintained that this would elevate the Secretary of Homeland Security above the law , and this language was changed in the final version ( H.R. 1268 ) .", "Many privacy rights advocates charge that by creating a national system electronically storing vast amounts of detailed personal data about individuals , the Real ID Act increases the chance of such data being stolen and thus raises the risk of identity theft . The Bush administration , in the DHS final rule regarding the Real ID Act implementation , counters that the security precautions regarding handling sensitive personal data and hiring DMV workers , that are specified in the Real ID Act and in the rule , provide sufficient protections against unauthorized use and theft of such personal data ( pages 5281 -- 5283 of the DHS final rule in the Federal Register ) .", "Another privacy concern raised by privacy advocates such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation is that the implementation of the Real ID Act will make it substantially easier for the government to track numerous activities of Americans and conduct surveillance .", "Supporters of the Real ID Act , such as a conservative think - tank the Heritage Foundation , dismiss this criticism under the grounds that states will be permitted ( by law ) to share data only when validating someone 's identity .", "The Data Privacy and Integrity Advisory Committee , which was established to advise the Department of Homeland Security on privacy - related issues , released a statement regarding the Department of Homeland Security 's proposed rules for the standardization of state driver licenses on May 7 , 2007 . The committee stated that `` Given that these issues have not received adequate consideration , the Committee feels it is important that the following comments do not constitute an endorsement of REAL ID or the regulations as workable or appropriate '' , and `` The issues pose serious risks to an individual 's privacy and , without amelioration , could undermine the stated goals of the REAL ID Act '' ." ]
Real ID Act - wikipedia Real ID Act Jump to: navigation , search Real ID Act Other short titles Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Tsunami Relief, 2005 Reaffirmation of State Regulation of Resident and Nonresident Hunting and Fishing Act of 2005 Save Our Small and Seasonal Businesses Act of 2005 Long title An Act to establish and rapidly implement regulations for State driver's license and identification document security standards, to prevent terrorists from abusing the asylum laws of the United States, to unify terrorism-related grounds for inadmissibility and removal, and to ensure expeditious construction of the San Diego border fence . Nicknames Real ID Act of 2005 Enacted by the 109th United States Congress Effective May 11, 2008 (original); January 20, 2014 (current) Citations Public law 109-13 Statutes at Large 119 Stat. 302 Codification Titles amended 8 U.S.C.: Aliens and Nationality U.S.C. sections amended 8 U.S.C. ch. 12, subch. I § 1101 et seq. Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 418 by Jim Sensenbrenner ( R -- WI ) on January 26, 2005 Committee consideration by House Judiciary , House Homeland Security , House Government Reform , Senate Judiciary Passed the House on February 10, 2005 (261-- 161 Roll call vote 031 , via Clerk.House.gov) Passed the Senate on April 21, 2005 (99-- 0 Roll call vote 109 , via Senate.gov, in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on May 3, 2005; agreed to by the House on May 5, 2005 (368-- 58 Roll call vote 161 , via Clerk.House.gov, in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) and by the Senate on May 10, 2005 (100-- 0 Roll call vote 117 , via Senate.gov, in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) Signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 11, 2005 Real ID Act drivers license and ID card compliance by state. Compliant Granted extension Not compliant The Real ID Act of 2005 , Pub.L. 109-- 13 , 119 Stat. 302 , enacted May 11, 2005, is an Act of Congress that modifies U.S. federal law pertaining to security , authentication , and issuance procedures standards for state driver's licenses and identity documents , as well as various immigration issues pertaining to terrorism . The law sets forth requirements for state driver's licenses and ID cards to be accepted by the federal government for `` official purposes'' , as defined by the Secretary of the United States Department of Homeland Security . The Secretary of Homeland Security has defined `` official purposes'' as boarding commercially operated airline flights, and entering federal buildings and nuclear power plants, although the law gives the Secretary the unlimited authority to require a `` federal identification'' for any other purposes. The Real ID Act implements the following: Title II of the act establishes new federal standards for state-issued driver's licenses and non-driver identification cards. Changing visa limits for temporary workers, nurses, and Australian citizens. Funding some reports and pilot projects related to border security. Introducing rules covering `` delivery bonds'' (similar to bail , but for aliens who have been released pending hearings). Updating and tightening the laws on application for asylum and deportation of aliens for terrorism . Waiving laws that interfere with construction of physical barriers at the borders. On December 20, 2013, the Department of Homeland Security announced that implementation of Phase 1 would begin on January 20, 2014, which followed a yearlong period of `` deferred enforcement'' . There are four planned phases, three of which apply to areas that affect relatively few U.S. citizens-- e.g., DHS headquarters, nuclear power plants, and restricted and semi-restricted federal facilities. On January 8, 2016, DHS issued an implementation schedule for Phase 4, stating that starting January 22, 2018 `` passengers with a driver's license issued by a state that is still not compliant with the REAL ID Act (and has not been granted an extension) will need to show an alternative form of acceptable identification for domestic air travel to board their flight'' . Starting October 1, 2020 `` every air traveler will need a REAL ID-compliant license, or another acceptable form of identification, for domestic air travel.'' As of February 2018 , 31 states and territories have been certified as compliant, 24 have been granted extensions, and one is not compliant. Contents ( hide ) 1 Legislative history 1.1 Congressional efforts to change or repeal the Real ID Act 1.2 Postponement 1.3 Implementation progress 2 Analysis 2.1 IDs and driver's licenses as identification 2.2 Federally mandated standards for state driver's licenses or ID cards 2.2.1 Data requirements 2.2.2 Documentation required before issuing a license or ID card 2.2.3 Document verification requirements 2.2.4 Linking of license and ID card databases 2.2.5 Foreign data sharing 2.2.6 DHS regulations regarding implementation of the driver's license provisions of the act 2.3 Immigration 2.3.1 Waiving laws that interfere with construction of border barriers 2.4 Application for asylum; deportation of aliens for terrorist activity 2.5 Other provisions 2.5.1 Delivery bonds 2.5.2 Miscellaneous provisions 3 State adoption and non-compliance 3.1 State adoption timeline 4 Controversy and opposition 4.1 Congressional passage procedure controversy 4.2 National ID card controversy 4.3 Constitutionality 4.4 Asylum and deportation controversy 4.5 Judicial review controversy 4.6 Privacy 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Legislative history ( edit ) The Real ID Act started off as H.R. 418 , which passed the House in 2005 and went stagnant. Representative James Sensenbrenner (R) of Wisconsin , the author of the original Real ID Act, then attached it as a rider on a military spending bill, H.R. 1268 , the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Tsunami Relief, 2005 . The House of Representatives passed that spending bill with the Real ID rider 368-- 58, and the Senate passed the joint House-- Senate conference report on that bill 100-- 0. President Bush signed it into law on May 11, 2005. Congressional efforts to change or repeal the Real ID Act ( edit ) On February 28, 2007, U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka (D-HI) introduced the Senate Bill S. 717, `` Identification Security Enhancement Act of 2007'' , subtitled: `` A bill to repeal title II of the REAL ID Act of 2005, to restore section 7212 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, which provides States additional regulatory flexibility and funding authorization to more rapidly produce tamper- and counterfeit-resistant driver's licenses, and to protect privacy and civil liberties by providing interested stakeholders on a negotiated rulemaking with guidance to achieve improved 21st century licenses to improve national security'' . The bill is co-sponsored by Senators Lamar Alexander (R-TN), Max Baucus (D-MT), Patrick Leahy (D-VT), John E. Sununu (R-NH), Jon Tester (D-MT). The bill was read twice and referred to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on February 28, 2007. A similar bill was introduced on February 16, 2007, in the U.S. House of Representatives by Rep. Thomas Allen (D-ME), with 32 co-sponsors (all Democrats). The House bill, H.R. 1117, `` REAL ID Repeal and Identification Security Enhancement Act of 2007'' , is subtitled: `` A bill to repeal title II of the REAL ID Act of 2005, to restore section 7212 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, which provides States additional regulatory flexibility and funding authorization to more rapidly produce tamper- and counterfeit-resistant driver's licenses, and to protect privacy and civil liberties by providing interested stakeholders on a negotiated rulemaking with guidance to achieve improved 21st century licenses to improve national security.'' On May 23, 2007, the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee referred H.R. 1117 to the Subcommittee on Government Management, Organization, and Procurement. A more limited bill, S. 563, that would extend the deadlines for the states' compliance with the Real ID Act, was introduced on February 13, 2007, in the U.S. Senate by Sen. Susan Collins (R-ME), together with Senators Lamar Alexander (R-TN), Thomas Carper (D-DE), Charles Hagel (R-NE), and Olympia Snowe (R-ME). Postponement ( edit ) On March 2, 2007, it was announced that enforcement of the Act would be postponed until December 2009. On January 11, 2008, it was announced that the deadline has been extended again to 2011. On the same date the Department of Homeland Security released the final rule regarding the implementation of the driver's licenses provisions of the Real ID Act. Implementation progress ( edit ) As of April 2, 2008, all 50 states either applied for extensions of the original May 11, 2008 compliance deadline or received unsolicited extensions. As of October 2009 , 25 states approved either resolutions or binding legislation not to participate in the program. When President Obama selected Janet Napolitano (a prominent critic of the program) to head the Department of Homeland Security , the future of the law was considered uncertain, and bills were introduced into Congress to amend or repeal it. In 2009, the most recent of these, dubbed PASS ID , would have eliminated many of the more burdensome technological requirements but still require states to meet federal standards in order to have their ID cards accepted by federal agencies. There are four planned phases, and each of the first three phases will begin with a three-month `` notification period'' during which noncompliant IDs will continue to be accepted: Phase 1: restricted areas at the DHS headquarters on Nebraska Avenue January 20, 2014 -- notification period April 21, 2014 -- full enforcement Phase 2: restricted areas for all federal facilities and nuclear power plants April 21, 2014 -- notification period July 21, 2014 -- full enforcement Phase 3: semi-restricted areas for remaining federal facilities October 20, 2014 -- notification period January 19, 2015 -- full enforcement Phase 3a: Facility Security Levels 1 and 2 October 20, 2014 -- notification period January 19, 2015 -- full enforcement Phase 3b: Facility Security Levels 3, 4, and 5 July 13, 2015 -- notification period October 10, 2015 -- full enforcement Phase 4: Air Travel January 8, 2016 -- notification period January 22, 2018 -- full enforcement Waivers No Longer Granted October 1, 2020 -- full enforcement Analysis ( edit ) IDs and driver's licenses as identification ( edit ) In the United States, driver's licenses are issued by the states, not by the federal government . Additionally, because the United States has no national identification card and because of the widespread use of cars, driver's licenses have been used as a de facto standard form of identification within the country. For non-drivers, states also issue voluntary identification cards which do not grant driving privileges. Prior to the Real ID Act, each state set its own rules and criteria regarding the issuance of a driver's license or identification card, including the look of the card, what data is on the card, what documents must be provided to obtain one, and what information is stored in each state's database of licensed drivers and identification card holders. Federally mandated standards for state driver's licenses or ID cards ( edit ) Driver's license implications Title II of Real ID -- `` Improved Security for Driver's License and Personal Identification Cards'' -- repeals the driver's license provisions of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act , enacted in December 2004. Section 7212 of that law established a cooperative state-federal rule-making procedure to create federal standards for driver's licenses. Instead, the Real ID Act directly imposed specific federal standards. The Real ID Act Driver's License Summary details the following provisions of the Act's driver's license title: Authority Data Retention and Storage DL/ID Document Standards Grants to States Immigration Requirements Linking of Databases Minimum DL/ID Issuance Standards Minimum Standards for Federal Use Repeal of 9/11 Commission Implementation Act DL/ID Provisions Security and Fraud Prevention Standards Verification of Documents After 2011, `` a Federal agency may not accept, for any official purpose, a driver's license or identification card issued by a state to any person unless the state is meeting the requirements'' specified in the Real ID Act. The DHS will continue to consider additional ways in which a Real ID license can or should be used for official federal purposes without seeking the approval of Congress before doing so. States remain free to also issue non-complying licenses and IDs, so long as these have a unique design and a clear statement that they cannot be accepted for any federal identification purpose. The federal Transportation Security Administration is responsible for security check-in at airports, so bearers of non-compliant documents would no longer be able to travel on common carrier aircraft without additional screening unless they had an alternative government-issued photo ID. People born on or after December 1, 1964, had to obtain a Real ID by December 1, 2014. Those born before December 1, 1964, had until December 1, 2017, to obtain one. The national license/ID standards cover: How the states must share their databases both domestically and internationally through the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators (AAMVA) What data must be included on the card and what technology it is encoded with What documentation must be presented and electronically stored before a card can be issued These requirements are not new. They replace similar language in Section 7212 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 ( Pub.L. 108-- 458 ), which had not yet gone into effect before being repealed by the Real ID Act. Data requirements ( edit ) A Real ID-compliant form of identification requires the following pieces of data: Full legal name Signature Date of birth Gender Unique identifying number Principal residence address Front-facing photograph of the applicant Said cards must also feature specific security features intended to prevent tampering, counterfeiting, or duplication of the document for fraudulent purposes. These cards must also present data in a common, machine-readable format ( bar codes , smart card technology , etc.). Although the use of wireless RFID chips was offered for consideration in the proposed rulemaking process, it was not included in the latest rulemaking process. DHS could consider additional technological requirements to be incorporated into the licenses after consulting with the states. In addition, DHS has required the use of RFID chips in its Enhanced Driver's License program, which the Department is proposing as an alternative to Real ID. Documentation required before issuing a license or ID card ( edit ) Before a card can be issued, the applicant must provide the following documentation: A photo ID, or a non-photo ID that includes full legal name and birthdate Documentation of birthdate Documentation of legal status and Social Security number Documentation showing name and principal residence address Digital images of each document will be stored in each state DMV database. Document verification requirements ( edit ) Section 202(c)(3) of the Real ID Act requires the states to `` verify, with the issuing agency, the issuance, validity, and completeness of each document'' that is required to be presented by a driver's license applicant to prove their identity, birth date, legal status in the U.S., social security number and the address of their principal residence. The same section states that the only foreign document acceptable is a foreign passport. The DHS final rule regarding implementation of the Real ID Act driver's license provisions relaxes, and in some instances waives altogether, these verification requirements of the Real ID Act. Thus the DHS rule concedes that there is no practical mechanism to verify with the issuers the validity of documents proving the applicant's primary address (such as a mortgage statement or a utility bill) and leaves the implementation of this verification requirement to discretion of the states (page 5297 of the DHS final rule in the Federal Register). However, the DHS rule, Section 37.11(c), mandates that the Real ID license applicants be required to present at least two documents documenting the address of their primary residence. The DHS rule declines to implement as impractical the provision of the Act requiring verification of the validity of foreign passports presented by foreign driver's license applicants as proof of identity with the authorities that issued these foreign passports (page 5294 of the DHS final rule in the Federal Register). Section 37.11(c) of the DHS final rule allows the states to accept several types of documents as proof of social security number: a social security card, a W-2 form, an SSA-1099 form, a non-SSA-1099 form, or a pay stub bearing the applicant's name and SSN. However, the states are not required to verify the validity of these documents directly with their issuers (e.g. with the employer that issued a W-2 form or a pay stub). Instead, the DHS rule requires the states to verify the validity, and its match with the name given, of the social security number itself, via electronically querying the Social Security On-Line Verification (SSOLV) database managed by the Social Security Administration. The DHS rule, Section 37.13(b)(3), specifies that the validity of birth certificates, presented to document the date of birth or to prove U.S. citizenship, should be verified electronically, by accessing the Electronic Verification of Vital Events (EVVE) system maintained by the National Association for Public Health Statistics and Information Systems (NAPHSIS), rather than directly with the issuers of the birth certificates (such as state vital records agencies). Linking of license and ID card databases ( edit ) Each state must agree to share its motor vehicle database with all other states. This database must include, at a minimum, all the data printed on the state drivers' licenses and ID cards, plus drivers' histories (including motor vehicle violations, suspensions, and points on licenses). Original legislation contained one of the most controversial elements which did not make it into the final legislation that was signed into law. It would have required states to sign a new compact known as the Driver License Agreement (DLA) as written by the Joint Driver's License Compact/ Non-Resident Violators Compact Executive Board with staff support provided by the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators AAMVA and as approved by state Driver Licensing Agency representatives. The DLA is a consolidation of the Driver's License Compact and the Non-Resident Violators Compact, which have 46 and 45 member states, respectively. The following controversial elements of the DLA are already in the existing compacts: a convicting state must report out-of-state convictions to the licensing state, states must grant license reciprocity to drivers licensed in other states, and states must allow authorities in other states access to driving records, consistent with the Driver Privacy Protection Act. The requirement in the law for interstate access to state license and ID data has not been included in the DHS criteria for certification of state compliance or progress toward compliance. The only system available with the capability to satisfy the REAL-ID Act requirements for database access is the `` State to State'' (S2S) system developed by the AAMVA and Clerus Solutions under contract with state motor vehicle licensing agencies ultimately funded by federal grants. A component of S2S is State Pointer Exchange Services (SPEXS), a central national database of `` pointer'' information about all REAL-ID compliant licenses and state ID cards. As of February, 2016, four states were participating in S2S. Foreign data sharing ( edit ) New controversial requirements of the DLA are: (1) provinces and territories in Canada and states in Mexico are allowed to join the DLA and (2) member states, provinces, and territories are subject to reviews by DLA authorities for compliance with the provisions of the DLA. The DLA originated in concept with the 1994 establishment of a North American Driver License Agreement (NADLA) task force, and has created controversy among state representatives opposed to citizen data being shared with other countries. According to a 2005 analysis of the DLA done by the National Conference of State Legislators, the DLA defines `` jurisdiction'' to allow participation by a territory or province of Canada and by any state of Mexico or the Federal District of Mexico. The DLA can be amended by a vote of at least two-thirds of the member jurisdictions. DHS regulations regarding implementation of the driver's license provisions of the Act ( edit ) On January 11, 2008, DHS released the final rule regarding the implementation of the driver's licenses provisions of the Real ID Act. Under the DHS final rule, those states that chose to comply with Driver's License provisions of the Real ID Act are allowed to apply for up to two extensions of the May 11, 2008 deadline for implementing these provisions: an extension until no later than December 31, 2009 and an additional extension until no later than May 11, 2011. The DHS final rule mandates that, as of March 11, 2011, driver's licenses issued by the states that are not deemed to be in full compliance with the Real ID Act, will not be accepted for federal purposes. The Secretary of Homeland Security is given discretion to determine the scope of such official purposes in the future. For the states that do not apply to DHS, by March 31, 2008, for an extension of the May 11, 2008, implementation deadline, that deadline will apply: after May 11, 2008, driver's licenses issued by such states will not be accepted for federal purposes. The Department of Homeland Security has announced at the end of 2013 that the TSA will accept state identification cards for commercial flights at least until 2016. After the final implementation deadline, some non-Real-ID-- compliant licenses will continue to be accepted for federal purposes, provided DHS judges that the state which issued such a license is in full compliance with the Real ID Act by the final implementation deadline. However, in order for their licenses to be accepted for federal purposes, people born after December 1, 1964, were to have been required to have Real-ID-- compliant cards by December 1, 2014, and people born before December 1, 1964, by December 1, 2017. In December 2014, these deadlines were extended to October 1, 2020. In March 2011 the U.S. Department of Homeland Security further postponed the effective date of the Real ID Act implementation deadline until January 15, 2013. Immigration ( edit ) As of May 11, 2005, several portions of the Real ID Act have imposed higher burdens and stricter standards of proof for individuals applying for asylum and other related forms of relief. For the first time, immigration judges can require an applicant to produce corroborating evidence ( 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(4)(B) . Additionally, the government may also require that an applicant produce corroborating evidence, a requirement that may be overcome only if the judge is convinced that such evidence is unavailable ( 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4) ). Restricting illegal immigrants or legal immigrants who are unable to prove their legal status, or lack social security numbers, from obtaining driver's licenses may keep them from obtaining liability insurance and from working, causing many immigrants and foreign nationals to lose their jobs or to travel internationally in order to renew their drivers license. Furthermore, for visitors on J-1 and H1B visas, the fact that visas may expire before their legal stay is over (this happens due to the fact that J-1 visas are issued with a one-year expiration date but visitors are allowed to stay for their `` duration of status'' as long as they have a valid contract) can make the process of renewing a driver's license extremely complex and, as mentioned above, force legal foreign citizens to travel abroad only to renew a visa which would not need to be renewed if it weren't for the need to renew one's drivers license. Although the new law does allow states to offer `` not for federal ID'' licenses in these cases, and that some states (e.g., Utah and Tennessee) have already started issuing such `` driving privileges certificates/cards'' in lieu of regular drivers licenses, allowing such applicants to be tested and licensed to drive and obtain liability insurance, the majority of U.S. states do not plan to offer `` not for federal ID'' licenses. In October 2007, then-governor of New York Eliot Spitzer announced that the state will adopt a similar `` multi-tiered'' licensing scheme in which the state will issue three different kinds of driver licenses, two of which comply with the Real ID security requirements and one which will be marked as `` not for federal ID'' purposes. However, following a political outcry, Spitzer withdrew his proposal to issue licenses to those unable to prove legal residence. Waiving laws that interfere with construction of border barriers ( edit ) An earlier law (Section 102 of Pub.L. 104-- 208 , which is now part of 8 U.S.C. § 1103 ) provided for improvements to physical barriers at the borders of the United States. Subsection (a) of the law read as follows: `` The Attorney General, in consultation with the Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization, shall take such actions as may be necessary to install additional physical barriers and roads (including the removal of obstacles to detection of illegal entrants) in the vicinity of the United States border to deter illegal crossings in areas of high illegal entry into the United States.'' Subsection (b) orders the Attorney General to commence work on specified improvements to a 14-mile section of the existing border fence near San Diego, and allocates funds for the project. Subsection (c) provides for waivers of laws that interfere with the work described in subsections (a) and (b). Prior to the Real ID Act, this subsection allowed waivers of only two specific federal environmental laws. The Real ID Act amends the language of subsection (c) to make the following changes: Allows waivers of any and all laws `` necessary to ensure expeditious construction of the barriers and roads under this section'' . Gives this waiver authority to the Secretary of Homeland Security (rather than the Attorney General). Waivers are made at his sole discretion. Restricts court review of waiver decisions: `` The district courts of the United States shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear all causes or claims arising from any action undertaken, or any decision made, by the Secretary of Homeland Security pursuant to paragraph (1). A cause of action or claim may only be brought alleging a violation of the Constitution of the United States. The court shall not have jurisdiction to hear any claim not specified in this subparagraph.'' Claims are barred unless filed within 60 days, and cases may be appealed `` only upon petition for a writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court'' . Application for asylum; deportation of aliens for terrorist activity ( edit ) The Real ID Act introduces strict laws governing applications for asylum and deportation of aliens for terrorist activity. However, at the same time, it makes two minor changes to U.S. immigration law: Elimination of the 10,000 annual limit for previously approved asylees to adjust to permanent legal residence. This had been urged for years because the average asylee had a 17-year wait before he would be able to achieve legal resident status. As a result, in fiscal years 2005 and 2006, the backlog was greatly reduced as 147,131 asylees were granted legal permanent residence status. Usage of 50,000 unused employment-based visas from 2003. This was a compromise between proponents who had earlier tried to include all employment visas which went unused between 2001 and 2004, and immigration restrictionists. They were used, mostly in fiscal year 2006, for Schedule A workers newly arrived mainly from the Philippines and India, rather than for adjustments of status cases like the American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act . The deportation of aliens for terrorist activities is governed by the following provisions: Section 212(a)(3)(B): Terrorist activities The INA (Immigration & Nationality Act) defines `` terrorist activity'' to mean any activity which is unlawful under the laws of the place where it is committed (or which, if committed in the United States, would be unlawful under the laws of the United States or any State) and which involves any of the following: (I) The hijacking or sabotage of any conveyance (including an aircraft, vessel, or vehicle). (II) The seizing or detaining, and threatening to kill, injure, or continue to detain, another individual in order to compel a third person (including a governmental organization) to do or abstain from doing any act as an explicit or implicit condition for the release of the individual seized or detained. (III) A violent attack upon an internationally protected person (as defined in Section 1116(b)(4) of Title 18, United States Code) or upon the liberty of such a person. (IV) An assassination . (V) The use of any: (a) biological agent , chemical agent , or nuclear weapon or device. (b) explosive , firearm , or other weapon or dangerous device (other than for mere personal monetary gain), with intent to endanger, directly or indirectly, the safety of one or more individuals or to cause substantial damage to property. (VI) A threat, attempt, or conspiracy to do any of the foregoing. Other pertinent portions of Section 212(a)(3)(B) are set forth below: `` Engage in terrorist activity'' defined As used in this chapter (Chapter 8 of the INA), the term, `` engage in terrorist activity'' means in an individual capacity or as a member of an organization: to commit or to incite to commit, under circumstances indicating an intention to cause death or serious bodily injury, a terrorist activity; to gather information on potential targets for terrorist activity; to prepare or plan a terrorist activity; to solicit funds or other things of value for: (aa) a terrorist activity; (bb) a terrorist organization described in Clause (vi)(I) or (vi)(II); (cc) a terrorist organization described in Clause (vi)(III), unless the solicitor can demonstrate that he did not know, and should not reasonably have known, that the solicitation would further the organization's terrorist activity; to solicit any individual: (aa) to engage in conduct otherwise described in this clause; (bb) for membership in terrorist organization described in Clause (vi)(I) or (vi)(II); or (cc) for membership in a terrorist organization described in Clause (vi)(III), unless the solicitor can demonstrate that he did not know, and should not reasonably have known, that the solicitation would further the organization's terrorist activity; or to commit an act that the actor knows, or reasonably should know, affords material support, including a safe house, transportation, communications, funds, transfer of funds or other material financial benefit, false documentation or identification, weapons (including chemical , biological , or radiological weapons ), explosives, or training: (aa) for the commission of a terrorist activity; (bb) to any individual who the actor knows, or reasonably should know, has committed or plans to commit a terrorist activity; (cc) to a terrorist organization described in Clause (vi)(I) or (vi)(II); or (dd) to a terrorist organization described in Clause (vi)(III), unless the actor can demonstrate that he did not know, and should not reasonably have known, that the act would further the organization's terrorist activity. This clause shall not apply to any material support the alien afforded to an organization or individual that has committed terrorist activity, if the Secretary of State , after consultation with the Attorney General , or the Attorney General, after consultation with the Secretary of State, concludes in his sole unreviewable discretion, that that this clause should not apply.'' `` Representative'' defined As used in this paragraph, the term, `` representative'' includes an officer, official, or spokesman of an organization, and any person who directs, counsels, commands, or induces an organization or its members to engage in terrorist activity. `` Terrorist organization'' defined As used in Clause (i)(VI) and Clause (iv), the term ' foreign terrorist organization' means an organization: designated under Section 219 ( 8 U.S.C. § 1189 ); otherwise designated, upon publication in the Federal Register , by the Secretary of State in consultation with or upon the request of the Attorney General, as a terrorist organization, after finding that the organization engages in the activities described in Subclause (I), (II), or (III) of Clause (iv), or that the organization provides material support to further terrorist activity; or that is a group of two or more individuals, whether organized or not, which engages in the activities described in Subclause (I), (II), or (III) of Clause (iv). Section 140(d)(2) of the `` Foreign Relations Authorization Act'' , Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 defines `` terrorism'' as `` premeditated, politically motivated violence , perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents'' . Other provisions ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (January 2007) Delivery bonds ( edit ) The Real ID Act introduces complex rules covering `` delivery bonds'' . These resemble bail bonds , but are to be required for aliens that have been released pending hearings. Miscellaneous provisions ( edit ) The remaining sections of the Real ID Act allocate funding for some reports and pilot projects related to border security, and change visa limits for temporary workers, nurses, and Australians. Under the Real ID Act, nationals of Australia are eligible to receive a special E-3 visa . This provision was the result of negotiations between the two countries that also led to the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement which came into force on January 1, 2005. State adoption and noncompliance ( edit ) Portions of the Real ID Act pertaining to states were scheduled to take effect on May 11, 2008, three years after the law passed, but the deadline had been extended to December 31, 2009. On January 11, 2008, it was announced the deadline had been extended again, until 2011, in hopes of gaining more support from states. On March 5, 2011, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security postponed the effective date of the Real ID Act until January 15, 2013, a move that avoided causing tremendous disruptions to air travel. State adoption and compliance has changed throughout the years as the final phase (Phase 4, Boarding federally regulated commercial aircraft) approaches and states are faced with potential air travel restrictions for their residents. As of January 2018 , the following states and territories have been certified by the DHS as being in compliance with DHS criteria, although most of them are not in compliance with other provisions of the law not included in the DHS criteria, such as participating in the interstate system for sharing of ID databases: Alabama Arizona Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Indiana Iowa Kansas Louisiana Maryland Michigan Mississippi Nebraska Nevada New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming The following states and territories have been granted extensions: Alaska California Guam Idaho Illinois Kentucky Maine Massachusetts Minnesota Missouri Montana New Hampshire New Jersey North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina United States Virgin Islands Virginia Washington The following territory is not compliant: American Samoa 1. Participating in the interstate system for sharing of ID databases. 2. Offers enhanced driver's licenses , which are compliant with the Real ID Act. State adoption timeline ( edit ) On January 25, 2007, a Resolution passed overwhelmingly in the Maine Legislature that refuses to implement the Real ID Act in that state and calls on Congress to repeal the law. Many Maine lawmakers believe the law does more harm than good, it would be a bureaucratic nightmare to enforce, it threatens individual privacy, it makes citizens increasingly vulnerable to ID theft, and it would cost Maine taxpayers at least $185 million in five years because of the massive unfunded federal mandates on all the states. The Resolution vote in the Maine House was 137-- 4 and in the Maine Senate unanimous, 34-- 0. On February 16, 2007, Utah unanimously passed a resolution that opposes the Real ID Act. The resolution states that Real ID is `` in opposition to the Jeffersonian principles of individual liberty, free markets, and limited government'' . It further states that `` the use of identification-based security cannot be justified as part of a ' layered' security system if the costs of the identification ' layer' -- in dollars, lost privacy, and lost liberty-- are greater than the security identification provides'' : `` the `` common machine-readable technology'' required by the Real ID Act would convert state-issued driver licenses and identification cards into tracking devices, allowing computers to note and record people's whereabouts each time they are identified'' `` the requirement that states maintain databases of information about their citizens and residents and then share this personal information with all other states will expose every state to the information security weaknesses of every other state and threaten the privacy of every American'' `` the REAL ID Act wrongly coerces states into doing the federal government's bidding by threatening to refuse noncomplying states' citizens the privileges and immunities enjoyed by other states' citizens'' Arizona , Arkansas , Colorado , Georgia , Hawaii , Idaho , Illinois , Louisiana , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Hampshire , North Dakota , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia , and Washington State have joined Maine and Utah in passing legislation opposing Real ID. Similar resolutions are pending in Alaska , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , Massachusetts , New York , Ohio , Oregon , Rhode Island , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Washington, D.C. , West Virginia , Wisconsin , and Wyoming . Other states have moved aggressively to upgrade their IDs since 9/11, and still others have staked decidedly pro-Real ID positions, such as North Carolina . Some states whose legislatures passed non-binding resolutions opposing Real ID are nonetheless working to comply with the law, such as Illinois . In announcing the new regulations, Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff cited Alabama , California , and North Dakota as examples of states that had made progress in complying with Real ID. On July 7, 2008, Puerto Rico 's Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá announced that all 15 Puerto Rico Department of Transportation and Public Works Driver's Services Centers will implement a new system complying with the Real-ID Act. As of January 29, 2008, the Department of Homeland Security has announced $79.8 million in grant monies to assist states with Real ID implementation, and set an application deadline of March 7, 2008. On April 16, 2009, the Missouri House of Representatives passed the anti Real ID bill HB 361 to repeal section 302.171, RSMo, and to enact in lieu thereof two new sections relating to noncompliance with the federal Real ID Act of 2005 sponsored by Representative Jim Guest by a vote of 83 Ayes 69 Noes and 3 Present. On May 13, 2009 the Missouri Senate unanimously passed HB 361, 43 Ayes 0 Noes. Missouri Governor Jay Nixon signed this bill into law on July 13, 2009. For the 2012 Florida Legislative Session, the anti-Real ID bill HB 109 and its Senate companion S 220 will be heard. Named the Florida Driver's License Citizen Protection Act, it would require discontinuation of several of the federally mandated provisions of Real ID and destruction of citizen's documents that had been scanned into the government database. That bill died in Transportation and Highway Safety Subcommittee on March 9, 2012. New Jersey planned to begin issuing Real ID compliant drivers' licenses and non-driver ID cards beginning May 7, 2012, but was forestalled by a temporary restraining order issued on May 4, 2012 on motion of the ACLU. On October 5, 2012, the state subsequently agreed to drop its Real ID compliant license plan, settling the lawsuit brought by the ACLU. On July 1, 2012, Georgia began issuing Real ID compliant drivers' licenses and non-driver ID cards. The increase in items needed to show in order to receive a license caused wait times to reach up to five hours. Although Hawaii had expressed opposition to some portions of the Real ID Act, it began requiring proof of legal presence in March 2012. Hawaii's updated drivers' licenses and non-driver ID cards were deemed fully compliant by the Department of Homeland Security in September 2013. On November 12, 2014, Nevada began offering Real ID compliant drivers licenses to residents. Nevadans have a choice of a Real ID compliant card or a standard card with the heading `` Not for Federal Official Use'' . On April 14, 2015, Arizona governor Doug Ducey signed a bill allowing the state to begin the process of making Arizona drivers licenses Real ID compliant. Work on creating the drivers licenses has already begun, however the Arizona Department of Transportation has requested an extension on the implementation so that residents can still use current ID past the January 2016 deadline to board a commercial flight and implement Real ID when the state is ready. On March 8, 2016, the incumbent governor of New Mexico , Susana Martinez , signed House Bill 99 into law, hence bringing New Mexico into Real ID compliance. The New Mexico MVD began issuing Real ID compliant driver's licenses and identification cards beginning November 14, 2016. On March 1, 2017, Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin signed HB 1845 as the first bill signed in Oklahoma's 2017 legislative session, bringing the state into compliance with the Real ID Act. On May 18, 2017, Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton signed legislation to bring Minnesota into compliance with the federal Real ID Act by October 2018. The California DMV started providing federal compliant Real ID driver licenses and ID cards as an option to customers beginning January 22, 2018. The Ohio BMV will begin issuing federal compliant Real ID driver licenses and ID cards as an option to customers beginning July 2, 2018. Controversy and opposition ( edit ) Along with the Bush administration, the Real ID Act is strongly supported by the conservative Heritage Foundation and by many anti-illegal immigration advocates. However, the Real ID Act has faced criticism from across the political spectrum and remains the subject of several ongoing controversies. Opponents of the Real ID Act include libertarian groups, like the Cato Institute ; immigrant advocacy groups; human and civil rights organizations, like the ACLU ; Christian advocacy groups, such as the American Center for Law & Justice (ACLJ); privacy advocacy groups, like the 511 campaign ; state-level opposition groups, such as North Carolinians Against Real ID; and Florida, government accountability groups; labor groups, like AFL-CIO ; People for the American Way ; consumer and patient protection groups; some gun rights groups, such as Gun Owners of America ; many state lawmakers, state legislatures, and governors; The Constitution Party ; the editorial page of the Wall Street Journal ; and the Obama administration , among others. Founded by evangelical Christian Pat Robertson , the American Center for Law and Justice (ACLJ) participated in a joint press conference with the ACLU in 2008, highlighting the broad diversity of the coalition opposing Title II of the Real ID Act. The Real ID Act causes concerns for transgender people as well. The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence has also voiced concern about Real ID. Florida Libertarian Party chair Adrian Wyllie drove without a driver's license since 2011 in protest of the Real ID Act. After being ticketed for driving without a license, Wyllie argued in court that Florida's identification laws violated his privacy rights; this claim was rejected by a judge. Among the 2008 presidential candidates, according to a February 2008 CNet report at news.com, and John McCain strongly supported the Real ID Act, Barack Obama and Ron Paul flatly opposed it, while Hillary Clinton called for the law to be reviewed. In a September 2007 interview Mike Huckabee expressed opposition to the Real ID Act, calling the Real ID Act `` a huge mistake'' . Congressional passage procedure controversy ( edit ) The original Real ID Act, H.R. 418, was approved by the House on February 10, 2005, by a vote of 261-- 161. At the insistence of the Real ID Act sponsor and then House Judiciary Committee Chair F. James Sensenbrenner (Republican, Wisconsin), the Real ID Act was subsequently attached by the House Republican leadership as a rider to H.R. 1268, a bill dealing with emergency appropriations for the Iraq War and with the tsunami relief funding. H.R. 1268 was widely regarded as a `` must-pass'' legislation . The original version of H.R. 1268 was passed by the Senate on April 21, 2005, and did not include the Real ID Act. However, the Real ID Act was inserted in the conference report on H.R. 1268 that was then passed by the House on May 5, 2005, by a 368-- 58 vote and was unanimously passed by the Senate on May 10, 2005. The Senate never discussed or voted on the Real ID Act specifically and no Senate committee hearings were conducted on the Real ID Act prior to its passage. Critics charged that this procedure was undemocratic and that the bill's proponents avoided a substantive debate on a far-reaching piece of legislation by attaching it to a `` must-pass'' bill. A May 3, 2005, statement by the American Immigration Lawyers Association said: `` Because Congress held no hearings or meaningful debate on the legislation and amended it to a must-pass spending bill, the Real ID Act did not receive the scrutiny necessary for most measures, and most certainly not the level required for a measure of this importance and impact. Consistent with the lack of debate and discussion, conference negotiations also were held behind closed doors, with Democrats prevented from participating.'' National ID card controversy ( edit ) For more detailed arguments for and against identity cards, see Identity document . There is disagreement about whether the Real ID Act institutes a `` national identification card'' system. The new law only sets forth national standards, but leaves the issuance of cards and the maintenance of databases in state hands; therefore, the Department of Homeland Security claims it is not a `` national ID'' system. Web sites such as no2realid.org, unrealid.com, and realnightmare.org argue that this is a trivial distinction, and that the new cards are in fact national ID cards , thanks to the uniform national standards created by the AAMVA and (especially) the linked databases, and by the fact that such identification is mandatory if people wish to travel out of the United States. Many advocacy groups and individual opponents of the Real ID Act believe that having a Real ID-compliant license may become a requirement for various basic tasks. Thus a January 2008 statement by ACLU of Maryland says: `` The law places no limits on potential required uses for Real IDs. In time, Real IDs could be required to vote, collect a Social Security check, access Medicaid, open a bank account, go to an Orioles game, or buy a gun. The private sector could begin mandating a Real ID to perform countless commercial and financial activities, such as renting a DVD or buying car insurance. Real ID cards would become a necessity, making them de facto national IDs'' . However, in order to perform many of those tasks, government-issued identification is already required (e.g., two forms of ID -- usually a driver's license, passport, or Social Security card -- are required by the Patriot Act in order to open a bank account). Constitutionality ( edit ) Some critics claim that the Real ID Act violates the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution as a federal legislation in an area that, under the terms of the Tenth Amendment, is the province of the states. Thus, Anthony Romero , the executive director of ACLU , stated: `` Real ID is an unfunded mandate that violates the Constitution's 10th Amendment on state powers, destroys states' dual sovereignty and consolidates every American's private information, leaving all of us far more vulnerable to identity thieves'' . Former Republican U.S. Representative Bob Barr wrote in a February 2008 article: `` A person not possessing a Real ID Act-compliant identification card could not enter any federal building, or an office of his or her congressman or senator or the U.S. Capitol. This effectively denies that person their fundamental rights to assembly and to petition the government as guaranteed in the First Amendment'' . The DHS final rule regarding implementation of the Real ID Act discusses a number of constitutional concerns raised by the commenters on the proposed version of this rule. The DHS rule explicitly rejects the assertion that the implementation of the Real ID Act will lead to violations of the citizens' individual constitutional rights (page 5284 of the DHS rule in the Federal Register). In relation to the Tenth Amendment argument about violation of states' constitutional rights, the DHS rule acknowledges that these concerns have been raised by a number of individual commenters and in the comments by some states. The DHS rule does not attempt to rebuff the Tenth Amendment argument directly, but says that the DHS is acting in accordance with the authority granted to it by the Real ID Act and that DHS has been and will be working closely with the states on the implementation of the Real ID Act (pages 5284 and 5317 of the DHS final rule in the Federal Register ). On November 1, 2007, attorneys for Defenders of Wildlife and the Sierra Club filed an amended complaint in U.S. District Court challenging the 2005 Real ID Act. The amended complaint alleges that this unprecedented authority violates the fundamental separation of powers principles enshrined in the U.S. Constitution . On December 18, 2007, Judge Ellen Segal Huvelle rejected the challenge. On March 17, 2008, attorneys for Defenders of Wildlife and the Sierra Club filed a Petition for a Writ of Certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court to hear its `` constitutional challenge to the Secretary's decision waiving nineteen federal laws, and all state and local legal requirements related to them, in connection with the construction of a barrier along a portion of the border with Mexico'' . They question whether the preclusion of judicial review amounts to an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power and whether the `` grant of waiver authority violates Article I's requirement that a duly-enacted law may be repealed only by legislation approved by both Houses of Congress and presented to the President'' . On April 17, 2008, numerous amicus briefs `` supporting the petition were filed on behalf 14 members of Congress, a diverse coalition of conservation, religious and Native American organizations, and 28 law professors and constitutional scholars'' . Asylum and deportation controversy ( edit ) Many immigrant and civil rights advocates feel that the changes related to evidentiary standards and the immigration officers' discretion in asylum cases, contained in the Real ID Act, would prevent many legitimate asylum seekers from obtaining asylum. Thus a 2005 article in LCCR -sponsored Civil Rights Monitor stated, `` The bill also contained changes to asylum standards, which according to LCCR, would prevent many legitimate asylum seekers from obtaining safe haven in the United States. These changes gave immigration officials broad discretion to demand certain evidence to support an asylum claim, with little regard to whether the evidence can realistically be obtained; as well as the discretion to deny claims based on such subjective factors as `` demeanor'' . Critics said the reason for putting such asylum restrictions into what was being sold as an anti terrorism bill was unclear, given that suspected terrorists are already barred from obtaining asylum or any other immigration benefit`` . Similarly, some immigration and human rights advocacy groups maintain that the Real ID Act provides an overly broad definition of `` terrorist activity'' that will prevent some deserving categories of applicants from gaining asylum or refugee status in the United States. A November 2007 report by Human Rights Watch raises this criticism specifically in relation to former child soldiers who have been forcibly and illegally recruited to participate in an armed group. Judicial review controversy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (December 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A previous version of the Real ID Act ( H.R. 418 ) would have prohibited any judicial review of Homeland Security law waivers for barrier construction. Critics maintained that this would elevate the Secretary of Homeland Security above the law, and this language was changed in the final version ( H.R. 1268 ). Privacy ( edit ) Many privacy rights advocates charge that by creating a national system electronically storing vast amounts of detailed personal data about individuals, the Real ID Act increases the chance of such data being stolen and thus raises the risk of identity theft. The Bush administration, in the DHS final rule regarding the Real ID Act implementation, counters that the security precautions regarding handling sensitive personal data and hiring DMV workers, that are specified in the Real ID Act and in the rule, provide sufficient protections against unauthorized use and theft of such personal data (pages 5281-- 5283 of the DHS final rule in the Federal Register). Another privacy concern raised by privacy advocates such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation is that the implementation of the Real ID Act will make it substantially easier for the government to track numerous activities of Americans and conduct surveillance. Supporters of the Real ID Act, such as a conservative think-tank the Heritage Foundation , dismiss this criticism under the grounds that states will be permitted (by law) to share data only when validating someone's identity. The Data Privacy and Integrity Advisory Committee, which was established to advise the Department of Homeland Security on privacy-related issues, released a statement regarding the Department of Homeland Security's proposed rules for the standardization of state driver licenses on May 7, 2007. The committee stated that `` Given that these issues have not received adequate consideration, the Committee feels it is important that the following comments do not constitute an endorsement of REAL ID or the regulations as workable or appropriate'' , and `` The issues pose serious risks to an individual's privacy and, without amelioration, could undermine the stated goals of the REAL ID Act'' . See also ( edit ) Coalition for a Secure Driver's License Identity document Internal passport PASS ID Registered Traveler VeriChip References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Virginia Receives Extension On Real ID Requirements from a March 31, 2008 newsplex.com article Jump up ^ `` REAL ID Enforcement in Brief'' (PDF) . U.S. Department of Homeland Security. December 20, 2013. ^ Jump up to: Pub.L. 109-- 13 Jump up ^ `` Public Law 109-13 Title II Sec. 201 (3)'' . Government Printing Office . Retrieved August 26, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Countdown to REAL ID'' . National Conference of State Legislatures . December 23, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Statement by Sec J. Johnson'' . Homeland Security . ^ Jump up to: `` REAL ID'' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . January 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 261-161-11 House.gov'' . Jump up ^ `` HR 1268: Making emergency supplemental appropriations'' . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 109th Congress - 1st Session'' . www.senate.gov . Jump up ^ S. 717: Identification Security Enhancement Act of 2007 GovTrack.us. Access date February 17, 2008 Jump up ^ H.R. 1117: REAL ID Repeal and Identification Security Enhancement Act of 2007 GovTrack.us. Access date February 17, 2008 Jump up ^ S. 563: A bill to extend the deadline by which State identification documents shall comply with certain minimum standards and for other purposes GovTrack.us. Access date February 18, 2008 Jump up ^ `` States get More Time on National ID Law '' , Los Angeles Times , January 12, 2008. ^ Jump up to: `` New rules on licenses pit states against feds'' . ^ Jump up to: `` DHS REAL ID Final Rule, January 11, 2008'' (PDF) . Jump up ^ `` Biometric Bits - Home Page'' . www.biometricbits.com . Jump up ^ `` States get ' Real ID' extensions - USATODAY.com'' . www.usatoday.com . Jump up ^ Obama will inherit a real mess on Real ID Archived March 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` REAL ID Repeal and Identification Security Enhancement Act of 2007 (2007 - H.R. 1117)'' . GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ `` Real ID Public FAQs'' . December 29, 2013. Jump up ^ Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 , ww.govtrack.us. Accessed February 19, 2008 Jump up ^ `` NCSI.org'' (PDF) . Jump up ^ `` '' Transportation Security Administration: Information for Travelers `` '' . Jump up ^ `` Homeland Security: REAL ID Final Rule'' . Jump up ^ http://epic.org/privacy/id_cards/nprm_030107.pdf p. 94 Jump up ^ https://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/pr_1196872524298.shtm Jump up ^ `` Real IDs to Become Real in 2010'' . Betanews.com . Jump up ^ `` Real ID Act of 2005, full text'' . ^ Jump up to: Harper, Jim. `` What Is Real REAL ID Compliance?'' . Cato Institute . Retrieved February 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How the REAL-ID Act is creating a national ID database'' . The Identity Project . Retrieved February 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The real state of compliance with the REAL-ID Act'' . The Identity Project . Retrieved February 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.aamva.org/KnowledgeCenter/Driver/Compacts/History+of+the+DLA.htm Jump up ^ http://americanpolicy.org/privacy-rights/real-id-connecting-the-dots-to-an-international-id.html/ Jump up ^ https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/realid/real_id_final_rule_part1_2008-01-11.pdf Jump up ^ See here for the full information: https://www.dhs.gov/news/2013/12/20/dhs-releases-phased-enforcement-schedule-real-id Jump up ^ http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2014-12-29/pdf/2014-30082.pdf Jump up ^ Homeland Security bows to Real ID outcry. CBS News , March 5, 2011. Accessed December 26, 2011 Jump up ^ Hakim, Danny (October 28, 2007). `` Spitzer Tries New Tack on Immigrant Licenses'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Confessore, Nicholas (November 14, 2007). `` Spitzer Drops Bid to Offer Licenses More Widely'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gaouette, Nicole (March 2, 2007). `` National ID requirements postponed under criticism'' . LA Times . Jump up ^ McCullagh, Declan. `` Homeland Security bows to Real ID outcr'' . CNET News . Retrieved May 30, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` State to State (S2S) Verification Services'' . American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators . Retrieved January 27, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` An Act To Prohibit Maine from Participating in the Federal REAL ID Act of 2005'' (PDF) . Maine Legislature . Jump up ^ `` Utah Legislature HR0002'' . Utah Legislature . Jump up ^ ' Washington Becomes Fourth State to Oppose REAL ID' , ACLU, April 5, 2007. Accessed July 23, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Congress rethinks the Real ID Act'' , CNET News, May 8, 2007. Accessed May 19, 2016. Jump up ^ ' National ID Cards and REAL ID Act' , Electronic Privacy Information Center. Accessed July 23, 2007. Jump up ^ ' Gov signs law rejecting Real ID act' , Billings Gazette , April 17, 2007. Accessed July 23, 2007. Jump up ^ ' Bill Information for SJR0248' Tennessee State Legislature. Accessed August 8, 2007. Jump up ^ (1) Napolitano: Real ID a no-go in Arizona Jump up ^ `` Status of Anti-Real ID Legislation in the States'' , ACLU, Accessed November 4, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Remarks of the North Carolina Department of Motor Vehicles Commissioner to the North Carolina Joint Legislative Committee on Transportation Oversight, December 12, 2006'' . National Conference of State Legislatures . December 12, 2006. Archived from the original on June 16, 2008 . Retrieved February 7, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Illinois licenses needed by 2010 for airport security'' . Illinois Pantagraph . January 27, 2008. Jump up ^ `` News Release'' . DHS.gov . Jump up ^ `` Press statement'' . La Fortaleza . July 7, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Press release: DHS Increases Funding For REAL ID Grant Program and Extends Applications Deadline, January 29, 2008'' . DHS . Jump up ^ `` Bill Actions'' . House.mo.gov . Jump up ^ `` HB 109 - Issuance and Renewal of Driver's Licenses and Identification Cards'' . Florida House of Representatives . Jump up ^ `` Senate Bill 220'' . The Florida Senate . 2012. Jump up ^ `` Floridians Against REAL ID: Florida Driver's License Citizen Protection Act as of September 19, 2011'' (PDF) . Liberty2010 . Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2012. Jump up ^ `` House Bill 109'' . The Florida Senate . 2012. Jump up ^ `` TRU-ID page'' . =NJ Motor Vehicle Commission . Jump up ^ `` ACLU-NJ Wins Round Two of Real ID Battle'' . ACLU . Jump up ^ `` State Settles ACLU-NJ Lawsuit by Agreeing to Drop TRU-ID Program'' . ACLU . Jump up ^ `` Identification Requirements'' . Georgia Department Of Driver Services . Jump up ^ EndPlay (July 5, 2012). `` New law causing hours-long wait at DDS offices'' . WSBTV . Jump up ^ `` New driver's license law sure to confuse, slow down process'' . Hawaii News Now . Retrieved July 24, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Fully Compliant with REAL ID Standards for Drivers Licenses, State Identification Cards'' . Hawaii.gov . Retrieved July 24, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DMV to offer Real ID driver's licenses'' . Dmvnv.com . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Gov. Doug Ducey signs Real ID bill'' . KTAR-FM . April 14, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Secure Arizona driver's license takes step toward reality'' . AZCentral . Jump up ^ `` Legislation'' . New Mexico Legislature . Jump up ^ `` Driver's Licenses/ID's '' . Mvd.newmexico.gov . Jump up ^ McCleland, Jacob. `` Fallin Signs REAL ID Compliance Bill Into Law'' . KGOU . Jump up ^ `` With new law, Minnesota becomes the last state to comply with federal Real ID Act'' . Minnesota Post . Jump up ^ https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/realid Jump up ^ `` State of Ohio BMV - Ohio's New Driver License and Identification Card'' . www.bmv.ohio.gov . Retrieved 2018-03-06 . Jump up ^ `` Making Ohio Driver Licenses and Identification Cards More Secure - Fact Sheet'' (PDF) . Ohio Bureau of Motor Vehicles . Retrieved March 6, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Congress rethinks the Real ID Act'' . CNET . May 8, 2007 . Retrieved July 7, 2008 . Jump up ^ ccpafl (May 18, 2011). `` Florida LP Chairman Adrian Wyllie surrenders license in protest of REAL ID act'' -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ http://www.repobrien.com/NewsItem.aspx?NewsID=3724 Jump up ^ `` North Carolinians Against Real ID website'' . Jump up ^ `` Floridians Against REAL ID website'' . Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Jump up ^ The Privacy Coalition Accessed February 17, 2008 Jump up ^ Steve Meyer (February 10, 2009). `` Real ID Exposed at National Press Club with Mark Lerner, Host'' -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ Beauchamp, Toby (2009). `` Artful Concealment and Strategic Visibility: Transgender Bodies & U.S. State Surveillance After 9/11'' . Surveillance and Society . 6 (4). Jump up ^ http://www.ncadv.org/publicpolicy/REALIDLaws.php Jump up ^ Jacob Carpenter, Judge to former gubernatorial candidate: Good try, no dice , Naples Daily News (March 2, 2015). Curtis Krueger, Libertarian gets ticketed on purpose to make argument in court Libertarian gets ticketed on purpose to make argument in court , St. Petersburg Times (September 7, 2011). Jump up ^ McCullagh, Declan. `` In ' 08 presidential race, who's the most tech-friendly?'' , CNET, February 5, 2008. Accessed February 17, 2008 Jump up ^ `` Mike Huckabee: The RCP Interview'' . Real Clear Politics . September 25, 2007 . Retrieved July 7, 2008 . Jump up ^ H.R. 1268 Legislative History , thomas.loc.gov ^ Jump up to: Statement of Senator Patrick Leahy May 8, 2007. Accessed February 18, 2008 Jump up ^ `` No Real Debate for Real ID'' . Wired . May 10, 2005 . Retrieved July 7, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Immigrants' Rights Update, Vol. 19, Issue 2'' . National Immigration Law Center. March 31, 2005. Archived from the original on October 23, 2005 . Retrieved July 7, 2008 . Jump up ^ Real ID Act Attached to `` Must-Pass'' Spending Bill Imposes Anti-Immigrant Measures Democracy Now! April 29, 2005. Accessed February 17, 2008 Jump up ^ AILA Statement on REAL ID May 3, 2005 Jump up ^ McCullagh, Declan, `` FAQ: How Real ID will affect you '' , CNET, May 6, 2005. Accessed May 5, 2007 Jump up ^ DHS: REAL ID Proposed Guidelines: Questions & Answers Archived March 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ACLU Of Maryland Blasts New Real ID Regulations '' , ACLU, January 15, 2008. Accessed February 17, 2008 Jump up ^ `` Opposing view: Repeal Real ID'' . USA Today . March 6, 2007. Archived from the original on February 22, 2008 . Retrieved February 15, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Real ID Act a Real Intrusion on Rights, Privacy'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . February 6, 2008. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008 . Retrieved February 15, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Border Fence Construction: San Pedro Riparian NCA -- Defenders of Wildlife'' . Jump up ^ `` Conservation Groups Challenge Chertoff's Waiver Power as Unconstitutional'' . November 1, 2007. ^ Jump up to: Andrew J. Pincus; Charles A. Rothfeld, Robert Dreher, Brian Segee, Dan Kahan, Terri-Lei O'Malley (March 17, 2008). `` Petition for Writ of Certiorari re: San Pedro Border Case'' (PDF) . p. 2 . Retrieved September 16, 2008 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Joe Vickless; Oliver Bernstein (March 17, 2008). `` U.S. Supreme Court Asked to Answer: Is Chertoff Above the Law?'' . Defenders of Wildlife . Retrieved September 16, 2008 . Jump up ^ Brian Segee; Cat Lazaroff (April 25, 2008). `` Congress to hold field hearing on border wall'' . Defenders of Wildlife . Retrieved September 16, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wildlife and Border Policy'' . Defenders of Wildlife. April 2008 . Retrieved September 16, 2008 . Jump up ^ Joe Vickless; Cat Lazaroff (April 18, 2008). `` Congressional, religious, cultural and academic leaders urge Supreme Court to hear challenge to border wall'' . Defenders of Wildlife . Retrieved September 16, 2008 . ^ Jump up to: `` Anti-immigrant ' REAL ID' Act Becomes Law'' . Civil Rights Monitor. 15 (1). Fall-- Winter 2005. Jump up ^ `` The ' REAL ID' Act Is a Really Bad Idea'' (PDF) . National Immigration Law Center. March 2005 . Retrieved February 16, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AIUSA Issue Brief: The REAL ID Act of 2005 and Its Negative Impact on Asylum Seekers'' . Amnesty International USA . March 2005 . Retrieved February 17, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` United States of America: Compliance with the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict'' (PDF) . Human Rights Watch . November 2007 . Retrieved February 17, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ACLU Scorecard On Final Real ID Regulations'' (PDF) . ACLU . January 17, 2008 . Retrieved February 17, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Real ID Act Will Increase Exposure to ID Theft'' . Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. February 28, 2007 . Retrieved February 17, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Many Faces of the Real ID Act'' . PrivacyActivism. February 28, 2007 . Retrieved February 17, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Real ID Act mostly helps identity thieves'' . San Jose Mercury News . May 19, 2005 . Retrieved February 17, 2008 . ^ Jump up to: `` Federal ID plan raises privacy concerns'' . CNN . August 16, 2007 . Retrieved February 17, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Real ID. Threatening Your Privacy Through an Unfunded Government Mandate'' . Electronic Frontier Foundation . August 16, 2007 . Retrieved February 17, 2008 . Jump up ^ Ryan Singel. May 7, 2007. Homeland Security's Own Privacy Panel Declines to Endorse License Rules . External links ( edit ) Broad coalition launches campaign to urge the public to submit comments to Dept. of Homeland Security regarding Real ID program. Comments due May 8, 2007. (2) Actual proposed rules Search ID: DHS-2006-0030-0001 Click on `` Docket ID'' for commentary. National Governor's Association (NGA) and National Council of State Legislator's (NCSL) Real ID Impact analysis (3) U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia Title: Understanding the Realities of REAL ID: A Review of Efforts to Secure Drivers' Licenses and Identification Cards (4) From California DMV: REAL ID Act Real ID Nightmare (5) The American Civil Liberties Union's position against Real ID (6) Report: No Freedom Without Privacy: The Real ID Act's Assault on Americans' Everyday Lives , an NYCLU report on the Real ID Act's impact on civil liberties. Comments of the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) and (Experts in Privacy and Technology) against Homeland Security's Real_ID Bill (7) Liberty Coalition on National ID (8) Beware the IDs of March (9) Coalition for a Secure Driver's License , an advocacy group supporting the Real ID Act ( hide ) Immigration to the United States and related topics Relevant colonial era, United States and international laws Colonial era Nationality law in the American Colonies Plantation Act 1740 18th century Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798 19th century Naturalization Law 1802 Civil Rights Act of 1866 14th Amendment (1868) Naturalization Act 1870 Page Act (1875) Immigration Act of 1882 Chinese Exclusion (1882) Scott Act (1888) Immigration Act of 1891 Geary Act (1892) 1900-- 1949 Naturalization Act 1906 Gentlemen's Agreement (1907) Immigration Act of 1907 Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone) Emergency Quota Act (1921) Cable Act (1922) Immigration Act 1924 Tydings-- McDuffie Act (1934) Filipino Repatriation Act (1935) Nationality Act of 1940 Bracero Program (1942-- 1964) Magnuson Act (1943) War Brides Act (1945) Luce-- Celler Act (1946) 1950-- 1999 UN Refugee Convention (1951) Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965 Refugee Act (1980) Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986) American Homecoming Act (1989) Immigration Act 1990 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996) Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997) American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998) 21st century American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000) Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000) H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004) REAL ID Act (2005) Secure Fence Act (2006) DACA (2012) Executive Order 13769 (2017) Executive Order 13780 (2017) Visas and policies Visa policy Permanent residence Visa Waiver Program Temporary protected status Asylum Green Card Lottery US-VISIT Security Advisory Opinion E-Verify Section 287(g) National Origins Formula Government organizations Department of Homeland Security Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Border Patrol U.S. Customs and Border Protection Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) Board of Immigration Appeals Supreme Court cases United States v. 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which group of individuals is left out of national crime victimization surveys
In response to criticism of the survey design , the NCVS was redesigned in the late 1980s . The survey redesign also incorporated improved survey methodology and asks more direct questions . The redesign went through testing and evaluation before being fully implemented in the 1992 - 1993 survey .
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[ "The National Crime Victimization Survey ( NCVS ) , administered by the Bureau of Justice Statistics , is a national survey of approximately 49,000 to 77,400 households twice a year in the United States , on the frequency of crime victimization , as well as characteristics and consequences of victimization . The survey focuses on gathering information on the following crimes : assault , burglary , larceny , motor vehicle theft , rape , and robbery . The survey results are used for the purposes of building a crime index . It has been used in comparison with the Uniform Crime Reports and the National Incident Based Reporting System to assess the dark figure of crime . The NCVS survey is comparable to the British Crime Survey conducted in the United Kingdom .", "The NCVS began in 1972 and was developed from work done by the National Opinion Research Center and the President 's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice . A key finding of the survey was the realization that many crimes were not reported to the police .", "NCVS surveys households randomly selected from a stratified multistage cluster sample , with the interviews administered by the United States Census Bureau . This methodology has some disadvantages for surveying domestic violence crimes , since the entire selected household ( above age 12 ) is interviewed instead of just one member selected . The selected household remains in the survey sample for three years , with interviews conducted every six months . Critics also argue that there is no way to verify much of the information gathered .", "NCVS also includes supplemental questions , which allow periodic questions to be asked regarding such topics as school violence or attitudes toward crime or police .", "In response to criticism of the survey design , the NCVS was redesigned in the late 1980s . The survey redesign also incorporated improved survey methodology and asks more direct questions . The redesign went through testing and evaluation before being fully implemented in the 1992 - 1993 survey ." ]
National Crime Victimization survey - wikipedia National Crime Victimization survey Jump to: navigation , search The National Crime Victimization Survey ( NCVS ), administered by the Bureau of Justice Statistics , is a national survey of approximately 49,000 to 77,400 households twice a year in the United States , on the frequency of crime victimization, as well as characteristics and consequences of victimization. The survey focuses on gathering information on the following crimes: assault , burglary , larceny , motor vehicle theft , rape , and robbery . The survey results are used for the purposes of building a crime index . It has been used in comparison with the Uniform Crime Reports and the National Incident Based Reporting System to assess the dark figure of crime . The NCVS survey is comparable to the British Crime Survey conducted in the United Kingdom . The NCVS began in 1972 and was developed from work done by the National Opinion Research Center and the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice . A key finding of the survey was the realization that many crimes were not reported to the police. Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Methodology ( edit ) NCVS surveys households randomly selected from a stratified multistage cluster sample, with the interviews administered by the United States Census Bureau . This methodology has some disadvantages for surveying domestic violence crimes, since the entire selected household (above age 12) is interviewed instead of just one member selected. The selected household remains in the survey sample for three years, with interviews conducted every six months. Critics also argue that there is no way to verify much of the information gathered. NCVS also includes supplemental questions, which allow periodic questions to be asked regarding such topics as school violence or attitudes toward crime or police. In response to criticism of the survey design, the NCVS was redesigned in the late 1980s. The survey redesign also incorporated improved survey methodology and asks more direct questions. The redesign went through testing and evaluation before being fully implemented in the 1992-1993 survey. See also ( edit ) Uniform Crime Reports Defensive gun use List of household surveys in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NACJD/NCVS/ Jump up ^ BJS crime and victims statistics Jump up ^ Walsh, Anthony; Hemmens, Craig (2014). Introduction to Criminology: A Text/Reader (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4522-5820-1 . ^ Jump up to: Tjaden, P. and N. Thoennes (2000). `` Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey'' (PDF) . National Institute of Justice. NCJ 183781 . Jump up ^ Wallace, Harvey (2004). Family Violence: Legal, Medical, and Social Perspectives . Allyn & Bacon. p. 8. ISBN 0-205-41822-8 . Jump up ^ `` National Crime Victimization Survey: Interviewing Manual for Field Representatives'' (PDF) . Bureau of Justice Statistics. February 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-12 . Retrieved 2007-06-21 . Jump up ^ `` National Crime Victimization Survey Redesign - Fact Sheet'' (PDF) . Bureau of Justice Statistics. October 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-12 . Retrieved 2007-06-21 . Further reading ( edit ) Lynch, J.P. , & Addington, L.A. (2007). Understanding crime statistics: revisiting the divergence of the NCVS and UCR . Cambridge studies in criminology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86204-2 External links ( edit ) Crime Statistics - Bureau of Justice Statistics National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Series - ICPSR (data distributor) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Crime_Victimization_Survey&oldid=787334128 '' Categories : United States Department of Justice Crime statistics United States Census Bureau Surveys Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 June 2017, at 20:15. About Wikipedia
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much of the oyster industry takes place in
Polydorid polychaetes are known as pests of cultured oysters .
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[ "Oyster farming is an aquaculture ( or mariculture ) practice in which oysters are raised for human consumption . Oyster farming was practiced by the ancient Romans as early as the 1st century BC on the Italian peninsula and later in Britain for export to Rome . The French oyster industry has relied on aquacultured oysters since the late 18th century .", "Oyster farming was practiced by the ancient Romans as early as the 1st century BC on the Italian peninsula . With the Barbarian invasions the oyster farming in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic came to an end .", "In 1852 Monsieur de Bon started to re-seed the oyster beds by collecting the oyster spawn using makeshift catchers . An important step to the modern oyster farming was the oyster farm built by Hyacinthe Boeuf in the Ile de Ré . After obtaining the rights to a part of the coast he built a wall to make a reservoir and to break the strength of the current . Some time later the wall was covered with spat coming spontaneously from the sea which gave 2000 baby oysters per square metre .", "Commonly farmed food oysters include the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica , the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas , Belon oyster Ostrea edulis , the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata , and the Southern mud oyster Ostrea angasi .", "Oysters naturally grow in estuarine bodies of brackish water . When farmed , the temperature and salinity of the water are controlled ( or at least monitored ) , so as to induce spawning and fertilization , as well as to speed the rate of maturation -- which can take several years .", "Three methods of cultivation are commonly used . In each case oysters are cultivated to the size of `` spat , '' the point at which they attach themselves to a substrate . The substrate is known as a `` cultch '' ( also spelled `` cutch '' or `` culch '' ) . The loose spat may be allowed to mature further to form `` seed '' oysters with small shells . In either case ( spat or seed stage ) , they are then set out to mature . The maturation technique is where the cultivation method choice is made .", "In one method the spat or seed oysters are distributed over existing oyster beds and left to mature naturally . Such oysters will then be collected using the methods for fishing wild oysters , such as dredging .", "In the second method the spat or seed may be put in racks , bags , or cages ( or they may be glued in threes to vertical ropes ) which are held above the bottom . Oysters cultivated in this manner may be harvested by lifting the bags or racks to the surface and removing mature oysters , or simply retrieving the larger oysters when the enclosure is exposed at low tide . The latter method may avoid losses to some predators , but is more expensive .", "In the third method the spat or seed are placed in a cultch within an artificial maturation tank . The maturation tank may be fed with water that has been especially prepared for the purpose of accelerating the growth rate of the oysters . In particular the temperature and salinity of the water may be altered somewhat from nearby ocean water . The carbonate minerals calcite and aragonite in the water may help oysters develop their shells faster and may also be included in the water processing prior to introduction to the tanks . This latter cultivation technique may be the least susceptible to predators and poaching , but is the most expensive to build and to operate . The Pacific oyster C. gigas is the species most commonly used with this type of farming .", "Oyster culture using tiles as cultch . Taken from The Illustrated London News 1881 Purpose made oyster baskets Working on oysters at Belon , Brittany , France 2005 Oyster farm in South Australia Oyster shucking at Lau Fau Shan , Hong Kong Here in Yerseke , Netherlands , oysters are kept in large oyster pits after `` harvesting '' , until they are sold . Seawater is pumped in and out , simulating the tide", "Oyster culture using tiles as cultch . Taken from The Illustrated London News 1881", "Oyster culture using tiles as cultch . Taken from The Illustrated London News 1881", "Purpose made oyster baskets", "Purpose made oyster baskets", "Working on oysters at Belon , Brittany , France 2005", "Working on oysters at Belon , Brittany , France 2005", "Oyster farm in South Australia", "Oyster farm in South Australia", "Oyster shucking at Lau Fau Shan , Hong Kong", "Oyster shucking at Lau Fau Shan , Hong Kong", "Here in Yerseke , Netherlands , oysters are kept in large oyster pits after `` harvesting '' , until they are sold . Seawater is pumped in and out , simulating the tide", "Here in Yerseke , Netherlands , oysters are kept in large oyster pits after `` harvesting '' , until they are sold . Seawater is pumped in and out , simulating the tide", "During the nineteenth century in the United States , various shallow draft sailboat designs were developed for oystering in Chesapeake Bay . These included the bugeye , log canoe , pungy , sharpie and skipjack . During the 1880s , a powerboat called the Chesapeake Bay deadrise was also developed .", "Since 1977 , several boat builders in Brittany have built specialized amphibious vehicles for use in the area 's mussel and oyster farming industries . The boats are made of aluminium , are relatively flat - bottomed , and have three , four , or six wheels , depending on the size of the boat . When the tide is out the boats can run on the tidal flats using their wheels . When the tide is in , they use a propeller to move themselves through the water . Oyster farmers in Jersey make use of similar boats . Currently , Constructions Maritimes du Vivier Amphibie has a range of models .", "The farming of oysters and other shellfish is relatively benign or even restorative environmentally , and holds promise for relieving pressure on land - based protein sources . Restoration of oyster populations are encouraged for the ecosystem services they provide , including water quality maintenance , shoreline protection and sediment stabilization , nutrient cycling and sequestration , and habitat for other organisms . A native Olympia oyster restoration project is taking place in Liberty Bay , Washington , and numerous oyster restoration projects are underway in the Chesapeake Bay . In the U.S. , Delaware is the only East Coast state without oyster aquaculture , but making aquaculture a state - controlled industry of leasing water by the acre for commercial harvesting of shellfish is being considered . Supporters of Delaware 's legislation to allow aquaculture cite revenue , job creation , and nutrient cycling benefits . It is estimated that one acre can produce nearly 750,000 oysters , which could filter between 15 and 40 million gallons of water daily .", "Other sources state that a single oyster can filter 24 -- 96 liters a day ( 1 -- 4 liters per hour ) . With 750,000 oysters in one acre , 18,000,000 - 72,000,000 liters of water can be filtered , removing most forms of particulate matter suspended in the water column . The particulate matter oysters remove are sand , clay , silt , detritus , and phytoplankton . These particulates all could possibly contain harmful contamination that originates from anthropogenic sources ( the land or directly flowing into the body of water ) . Instead of becoming ingested by other filter feeders that are then digested by bigger organisms , oysters can sequester these possibly harmful pollutants , and excrete them into the sediment at the bottom of waterways . To remove these contaminants from the sediment , species of seaweed can be added to take up these contaminants in their plant tissues that could be removed and taken to a contained area where the contamination is benign to the surrounding environment .", "Oyster predators include starfish , oyster drill snails , stingrays , Florida stone crabs , birds , such as oystercatchers and gulls , and humans .", "Pathogens that can affect either farmed C. virginica or C. gigas oysters include Perkinsus marinus ( Dermo ) and Haplosporidium nelsoni ( MSX ) . However , C. virginica are much more susceptible to Dermo or MSX infections than are the C. gigas species of oyster . Pathogens of O. edulis oysters include Marteilia refringens and Bonamia ostreae . In the north Atlantic Ocean , oyster crabs may live in an endosymbiotic commensal relationship within a host oyster . Since oyster crabs are considered a food delicacy they may not be removed from young farmed oysters , as they can themselves be harvested for sale .", "Polydorid polychaetes are known as pests of cultured oysters ." ]
Oyster farming - wikipedia Oyster farming Jump to: navigation , search Harvesting oysters from the pier at Cancale , Brittany , France 2005 Oyster farming is an aquaculture (or mariculture ) practice in which oysters are raised for human consumption. Oyster farming was practiced by the ancient Romans as early as the 1st century BC on the Italian peninsula and later in Britain for export to Rome. The French oyster industry has relied on aquacultured oysters since the late 18th century. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Varieties of farmed oysters 3 Cultivation 3.1 Boats 4 Environmental impact 5 Predators, diseases and pests 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Oyster harvesting using rakes (top) and sail driven dredges (bottom). From L'Encyclopédie of 1771 Oyster farming boats in Morbihan , France Harvesting oysters from beds by hand in Willapa Bay , United States Oysters farmed in baskets on Prince Edward Island , Canada Boats used for culturing oysters (circa 1920) in the Gironde estuary , France Flat bottomed oyster-boat with oyster-bags in Chaillevette , France Oyster farming was practiced by the ancient Romans as early as the 1st century BC on the Italian peninsula. With the Barbarian invasions the oyster farming in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic came to an end. In 1852 Monsieur de Bon started to re-seed the oyster beds by collecting the oyster spawn using makeshift catchers. An important step to the modern oyster farming was the oyster farm built by Hyacinthe Boeuf in the Ile de Ré . After obtaining the rights to a part of the coast he built a wall to make a reservoir and to break the strength of the current. Some time later the wall was covered with spat coming spontaneously from the sea which gave 2000 baby oysters per square metre. Varieties of farmed oysters ( edit ) Commonly farmed food oysters include the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica , the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas , Belon oyster Ostrea edulis , the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata , and the Southern mud oyster Ostrea angasi . Cultivation ( edit ) Oysters naturally grow in estuarine bodies of brackish water . When farmed, the temperature and salinity of the water are controlled (or at least monitored), so as to induce spawning and fertilization, as well as to speed the rate of maturation -- which can take several years. Three methods of cultivation are commonly used. In each case oysters are cultivated to the size of `` spat,'' the point at which they attach themselves to a substrate. The substrate is known as a `` cultch '' (also spelled `` cutch'' or `` culch'' ). The loose spat may be allowed to mature further to form `` seed'' oysters with small shells. In either case (spat or seed stage), they are then set out to mature. The maturation technique is where the cultivation method choice is made. In one method the spat or seed oysters are distributed over existing oyster beds and left to mature naturally. Such oysters will then be collected using the methods for fishing wild oysters , such as dredging . In the second method the spat or seed may be put in racks, bags, or cages (or they may be glued in threes to vertical ropes) which are held above the bottom. Oysters cultivated in this manner may be harvested by lifting the bags or racks to the surface and removing mature oysters, or simply retrieving the larger oysters when the enclosure is exposed at low tide. The latter method may avoid losses to some predators, but is more expensive. In the third method the spat or seed are placed in a cultch within an artificial maturation tank. The maturation tank may be fed with water that has been especially prepared for the purpose of accelerating the growth rate of the oysters. In particular the temperature and salinity of the water may be altered somewhat from nearby ocean water. The carbonate minerals calcite and aragonite in the water may help oysters develop their shells faster and may also be included in the water processing prior to introduction to the tanks. This latter cultivation technique may be the least susceptible to predators and poaching, but is the most expensive to build and to operate. The Pacific oyster C. gigas is the species most commonly used with this type of farming. Oyster culture using tiles as cultch. Taken from The Illustrated London News 1881 Purpose made oyster baskets Working on oysters at Belon, Brittany , France 2005 Oyster farm in South Australia Oyster shucking at Lau Fau Shan , Hong Kong Here in Yerseke , Netherlands, oysters are kept in large oyster pits after `` harvesting'' , until they are sold. Seawater is pumped in and out, simulating the tide Boats ( edit ) During the nineteenth century in the United States, various shallow draft sailboat designs were developed for oystering in Chesapeake Bay . These included the bugeye , log canoe , pungy , sharpie and skipjack . During the 1880s, a powerboat called the Chesapeake Bay deadrise was also developed. Since 1977, several boat builders in Brittany have built specialized amphibious vehicles for use in the area's mussel and oyster farming industries. The boats are made of aluminium, are relatively flat-bottomed, and have three, four, or six wheels, depending on the size of the boat. When the tide is out the boats can run on the tidal flats using their wheels. When the tide is in, they use a propeller to move themselves through the water. Oyster farmers in Jersey make use of similar boats. Currently, Constructions Maritimes du Vivier Amphibie has a range of models. Environmental impact ( edit ) The farming of oysters and other shellfish is relatively benign or even restorative environmentally, and holds promise for relieving pressure on land-based protein sources. Restoration of oyster populations are encouraged for the ecosystem services they provide, including water quality maintenance, shoreline protection and sediment stabilization, nutrient cycling and sequestration, and habitat for other organisms. A native Olympia oyster restoration project is taking place in Liberty Bay, Washington, and numerous oyster restoration projects are underway in the Chesapeake Bay . In the U.S., Delaware is the only East Coast state without oyster aquaculture, but making aquaculture a state-controlled industry of leasing water by the acre for commercial harvesting of shellfish is being considered. Supporters of Delaware's legislation to allow aquaculture cite revenue, job creation, and nutrient cycling benefits. It is estimated that one acre can produce nearly 750,000 oysters, which could filter between 15 and 40 million gallons of water daily. Other sources state that a single oyster can filter 24-- 96 liters a day(1-- 4 liters per hour). With 750,000 oysters in one acre, 18,000,000-72,000,000 liters of water can be filtered, removing most forms of particulate matter suspended in the water column. The particulate matter oysters remove are sand, clay, silt, detritus, and phytoplankton . These particulates all could possibly contain harmful contamination that originates from anthropogenic sources (the land or directly flowing into the body of water). Instead of becoming ingested by other filter feeders that are then digested by bigger organisms, oysters can sequester these possibly harmful pollutants, and excrete them into the sediment at the bottom of waterways. To remove these contaminants from the sediment, species of seaweed can be added to take up these contaminants in their plant tissues that could be removed and taken to a contained area where the contamination is benign to the surrounding environment. Predators, diseases and pests ( edit ) Oyster predators include starfish , oyster drill snails , stingrays , Florida stone crabs , birds, such as oystercatchers and gulls , and humans . Pathogens that can affect either farmed C. virginica or C. gigas oysters include Perkinsus marinus (Dermo) and Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX). However, C. virginica are much more susceptible to Dermo or MSX infections than are the C. gigas species of oyster. Pathogens of O. edulis oysters include Marteilia refringens and Bonamia ostreae . In the north Atlantic Ocean , oyster crabs may live in an endosymbiotic commensal relationship within a host oyster. Since oyster crabs are considered a food delicacy they may not be removed from young farmed oysters, as they can themselves be harvested for sale. Polydorid polychaetes are known as pests of cultured oysters. See also ( edit ) Gathering seafood by hand Oyster pirate Oystering machinery References ( edit ) Jump up ^ James Arnold Higginbotham, Piscinae: artificial fishponds in Roman Italy (University of North Carolina Press, 1997), p. 247, note 44 online ; Cynthia J. Bannon, `` Servitudes for Water Use in the Roman Suburbium ,'' Historia 50 (2001), pp. 47-- 50. For more on these early efforts, see Sergius Orata . Jump up ^ Kurlansky, pg. 49 Jump up ^ Higginbotham, James Arnold (1997-01-01). Piscinae: Artificial Fishponds in Roman Italy . UNC Press Books. ISBN 9780807823293 . Jump up ^ Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne (2009-03-25). A History of Food . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444305142 . Jump up ^ Myer, Rolla (Oct-- Dec 1948), `` Oyster Terms in the Puget Sound Region'' , American Speech , The American Dialect Society, 23 (3/4): 296-- 298, JSTOR 486938 , doi : 10.2307/486938 Jump up ^ `` Oyster Farming in Louisiana'' (PDF) . Louisiana State University . Retrieved 2012-10-01 . Jump up ^ `` Korea-Us Aquaculture'' . Retrieved 2008-08-08 . Jump up ^ Company website Archived 2013-08-01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Case for Fish and Oyster Farming ,'' Carl Marziali, University of Southern California, May 17, 2009. Jump up ^ The Nature Conservancy. `` Shellfish Reefs at Risk: Critical Marine Habitats'' . Jump up ^ `` Recovery of the Olympia Oyster in Kitsap County'' . USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Jump up ^ Chesapeake Bay Foundation. `` RESTORE - Oyster Restoration'' . Retrieved May 18, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Brown, Ashton (June 10, 2013). `` ' Aquaculture' shellfish harvesting bill moves forward'' . Delaware State News . Retrieved June 11, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Rice, M.A. (2000). Environmental Impacts of Shellfish Aquaculture: Filter Feeding to Control Eutrophication. Environment Cape Cod. 1(1) 77-86. Jump up ^ AH Buschmann, MC Herna ́ndez-Gonza ́ lez, C Aranda, T Chopin, A Neori, C Halling, andM Troell. Mariculture Waste Management. In Sven Erik Jørgensen and Brian D. Fath(Editor-in-Chief), Ecological Engineering. Vol. (3) of Encyclopedia of Ecology,5 vols. (2211-2217) Jump up ^ Neori, A., Chopin, T., Troell, M., Buschmann, A., Kraemer, G., Halling, C., Shpigel, M. and Yarish, C. (2004). Integrated aquaculture: rationale, evolution and state of the art emphasizing seaweed bio filtration in modern mariculture. Aquaculture, 231(1-4), pp.361-391. Jump up ^ Goedken, Michael; Brenda Morsey; Inke Sunila; Sylvain De Guise (August 2005). `` Immunomodulation of Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea virginica cellular defense mechanisms by Perkinsus marinus'' . Journal of Shellfisheries Research . Jump up ^ `` FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture Ostrea edulis'' . FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS . Retrieved 2008-08-06 . Jump up ^ Simon, C.A. 2011. Polydora and Dipolydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) associated with molluscs on the south coast of South Africa, with descriptions of two new species. African Invertebrates 52 (1): 39-50. (1) Further reading ( edit ) Kurlansky, Mark (2006). The Big Oyster: History on the Half Shell . New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-47638-8 . Ingersoll, Ernest (1881). The Oyster Industry . United States Government Printing Office . LCCN 12034550 . External links ( edit ) The History of Oyster Culture in BC . (1985). Malaspina College . The Oystermen Documentary produced by Oregon Public Broadcasting Wikisource has original text related to this article: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 6/November 1874/The Natural History of the Oyster I Media related to Oyster culture at Wikimedia Commons Wild fisheries Fishing industry Commercial fishing List of harvested aquatic animals by weight Trawling Pair trawling Midwater trawling Bottom trawling Seining Gillnetting Longlining Trolling Dredging Fishing vessels Power block Fish processing Fish factory Factory ship Fish preservation Slurry ice Dried fish Filleted fish Gibbing Salmon cannery Salted fish Smoked fish Kippers more... Fish products Seafood Fish as food Caviar Cod liver oil Fish roe Fish emulsion Fish meal Fish hydrolysate Fish oil Fish protein powder Fish sauce Gravlax Hákarl Lox Lutefisk Rakfisk Shrimp paste Surimi Surströmming Seafood list Sea vegetables Algae Crustaceans Molluscs more... 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Mobutu Sese Seko was the founder of Zaire and its only president .
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[ "( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The following list of national founding figures is a record , by country , of people who were credited with establishing their nation . National founders are typically those who played an influential role in setting up the systems of governance , ( i.e. , political system form of government , and constitution ) , of the country . They can also be military leaders of a war of independence that led to the existence of the country .", "Amílcar Cabral ( var . Amílcar Lopes da Costa Cabral ) ( 12 September 1924 -- 20 January 1973 ) was an agricultural engineer , writer , and a nationalist thinker and political leader . He was also one of Africa 's foremost anti-colonial leaders . Amílcar Cabral led the nationalist movement of Guinea - Bissau and Cape Verde Islands and the ensuing war of independence in Guinea - Bissau . He was assassinated on 20 January 1973 , several months before Guinea - Bissau 's unilateral declaration of independence . He is considered a founder of Cape Verde .", "Patrice Lumumba , Joseph Kasa - Vubu , Albert Kalonji , Jean Bolikango , Cléophas Kamitatu , and Paul Bolya are all considered `` Fathers of Independence '' in the Congo .", "The Founder of Independent Egypt Saad Zaghloul ( 1859 -- August 23 , 1927 ) was a politician who served in many ministries of the Egyptian government , and was imprisoned by the British in Malta , but returned to Egypt to complete the revolution in 1919 . Zaghloul then was able to make the Sultan of Egypt ( later King ) Fuad I convince the British to give Egypt independence with a friendly British - Egyptian relationship and in 1922 , Egypt was proclaimed an independent Kingdom , the Kingdom of Egypt with Saad Zaghloul as its Prime Minister .", "Ahmed Sékou Touré ( var . Ahmed Seku Turay ) ( January 9 , 1922 -- March 26 , 1984 ) was a Guinean political leader and President of Guinea from 1958 to his death in 1984 . Touré was one of the primary Guinean nationalists involved in the independence of the country from France .", "He is with Kwame Kuruma one of the founders of the African Union , and the Guinean Diallo Telly was the first general secretary of the African Union .", "Kwame Nkrumah ( 1909 -- 1972 ) led the nation to its independence from the United Kingdom in 1957 .", "Jomo Kenyatta served as the first Prime Minister ( 1963 -- 1964 ) and President ( 1964 -- 1978 ) of the Republic .", "Joseph Jenkins Roberts ( 1809 -- 1876 ) was born a free man of Black American descent . In 1829 his family moved to Liberia . In 1839 , Roberts became Liberia 's lieutenant governor and afterwards , its governor ( 1841 -- 1848 ) . He is known as the father of Liberia and officially declared Liberia 's independence in 1847 .", "King Idris Al - sanusi , also known as Idris I of Libya , ( 12 March 1889 -- 25 May 1983 ) was the first and only king of Libya , reigning from 1951 to 1969 , and the Chief of the Senussi Muslim order . Idris as - Senussi proclaimed an independent Emirate of Cyrenaica in 1949 . He was also invited to become Emir of Tripolitania , another of the three traditional regions that now constitute modern Libya ( the third being Fezzan ) . By accepting he began the process of uniting Libya under a single monarchy . A constitution was enacted in 1949 and adopted in October 1951 . A National Congress elected Idris as King of Libya , and as Idris I he proclaimed the independence of the United Kingdom of Libya as a sovereign state on 24 December 1951 .", "Dr. Sam Shafiishuna Nujoma Andimba Toivo ya Toivo Hendrik Witbooi ( Namaqua chief )", "Dr. Sam Shafiishuna Nujoma", "Andimba Toivo ya Toivo", "Hendrik Witbooi ( Namaqua chief )", "Herbert Macaulay ( 1864 -- 1946 ) Professor Eyo Ita ( 1904 -- 1980s ) Alvan Ikoku ( 1900 -- 1971 ) Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe ( 1904 -- 1996 ) Chief Obafemi Awolowo ( 1909 -- 1987 ) Al - Haji Sir Ahmadu Bello ( 1910 -- 1966 ) Al - Haji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ( 1912 -- 1966 ) Chief Anthony Enahoro ( 1923 - 2010 ) Sir Egbert Udo Udoma ( 1917 -- 1998 ) General Murtala Mohammed ( 1938 -- 1976 ) Al - Haji Aminu Kano ( 1920 -- 1983 ) Joseph Tarka ( 1932 -- 1980 ) Dennis Osadebay ( 1911 -- 1994 )", "Herbert Macaulay ( 1864 -- 1946 )", "Professor Eyo Ita ( 1904 -- 1980s )", "Alvan Ikoku ( 1900 -- 1971 )", "Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe ( 1904 -- 1996 )", "Chief Obafemi Awolowo ( 1909 -- 1987 )", "Al - Haji Sir Ahmadu Bello ( 1910 -- 1966 )", "Al - Haji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ( 1912 -- 1966 )", "Chief Anthony Enahoro ( 1923 - 2010 )", "Sir Egbert Udo Udoma ( 1917 -- 1998 )", "General Murtala Mohammed ( 1938 -- 1976 )", "Al - Haji Aminu Kano ( 1920 -- 1983 )", "Joseph Tarka ( 1932 -- 1980 )", "Dennis Osadebay ( 1911 -- 1994 )", "are considered founders of Nigeria . The troika of Obafemi Awolowo , Nnamdi Azikiwe , and Ahmadu Bello negotiated Nigeria 's independence from Britain , aided by such figures as Chieftess Funmilayo Ransome - Kuti .", "Freetown , Sierra Leone was founded in part by an African American slave called Thomas Peters in 1792 who convinced British abolitionists to help settle 1,192 Black Americans who fought for the British in return for freedom . Peters alongside other Black Americans David George and Moses Wilkinson were influential in the establishment of Freetown , but it was Peters who is remembered today as the true influential leader and founder of Sierra Leone . A street was named for Thomas Peters in Freetown by the Krio Mayor Winstanley Bankole Johnson .", "Nelson Mandela ( 1918 -- 2013 ) was the former President of South Africa , in office from 1994 to 1999 . He led the negotiations , together with F.W. de Klerk , to racially integrate and unite the country .", "Oliver Tambo Walter Sisulu Govan Mbeki Joe Slovo Ahmed Kathrada Raymond Mhlaba Robert Sobukwe Joe Modise Chris Hani", "Julius Nyerere Key figure in the independence of the country and first President . On the part of Zanzibar the other side of the union there is Sheikh Abeid Aman Karume", "The founder of the modern Tunisia is Habib Bourguiba .", "Rekayi Tangwena Joshua Nkomo Leopold Takawira Simon Muzenda Robert Mugabe Ndabaningi Sithole Herbert Chitepo Josiah Tongogara Enos Nkala Edgar Tekere George Nyandoro James Chikerema Solomon Mujuru Alfred Nikita Mangena Josiah Tungamirai Jason Moyo", "Alfred Nikita Mangena", "Kenneth Kaunda Simon Kapwepwe Harry Nkumbula", "Ahmad Shah Durrani ( 1723 -- 1773 ) unified the Afghan tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747 . His mausoleum is next to the Shrine of the Cloak in Kandahar , Afghanistan , where he is fondly known as Ahmad Shah Baba ( Ahmad Shah the Father ) .", "Aram Manukian is considered the founder of the First Republic of Armenia .", "Aram Manukian is considered the founder of the First Republic of Armenia .", "Mammad Amin Rasulzade is the founder of Azerbaijan . Mehemmed Emin Resulzade ( Azerbaijani : Məhəmməd Əmin Axund Hacı Molla Ələkbər oğlu Rəsulzadə , Turkish : Mehmed Emin Resulzâde ; 31 January 1884 , Novkhana , near Baku -- 6 March 1955 , Ankara ) was an Azerbaijani statesman , scholar , public figure and one of the founding political leaders of Azerbaijan Republic ( 1918 -- 1920 ) . His expression `` Bir kərə yüksələn bayraq , bir daha enməz ! '' ( `` The flag once raised will never fall ! '' ) has become the motto of the independence movement in Azerbaijan in the 20th century .", "The founding fathers of the People 's republic of Bangldesh are Sher - e-Bangla A.K. Fazlul Haq , Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , Mashiur Rahman including several brave military personnel who braved all odds and stood up to the crucial calling of independence were the founders of the People 's Republic of Bangladesh . Since before the British empire dissolved their occupation and departed from South Asia , the Bangla leaders were relentless in their quest for the freedom , empowerment and equaity in the lives of the people in eastern Bangla .", "Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal ( 1594 -- 1651 ) fled Tibet and unified the fiefdoms of Bhutan . He established the dual system of shared power between secular and Buddhist leadership that continues as a tradition to the present .", "Sun Yat - sen is known as the `` Forerunner of the Democratic Revolution '' ( 革命 先行者 ) in the People 's Republic of China . Huangdi is revered as the legendary founder and initiator of Chinese civilization .", "Sun Yat - sen is revered as the founding father ( `` Father of the Nation '' -- 國父 ) of the Republic of China .", "King Pharnavaz I of Iberia ( 302 -- 237 BC ) was the first king of the united Georgian kingdom of Iberia . Bagrat III is considered as the first king of united Georgian Kingdom . Zviad Gamsakhurdia is the first president and founder of modern republic of Georgia .", "Emperor Ashoka , 3rd century BC emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who united much of the Indian subcontinent under his rule forming the largest Indian empire till date .", "Emperor Ashoka , 3rd century BC emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who united much of the Indian subcontinent under his rule forming the largest Indian empire till date .", "B.R. Ambedkar ( 1891 -- 1956 ) is the Founding Father of Modern India and Father of The Indian Constitution . He served as the first Minister of Law and Justice .", "B.R. Ambedkar ( 1891 -- 1956 ) is the Founding Father of Modern India and Father of The Indian Constitution . He served as the first Minister of Law and Justice .", "Other prominent Indian independence activists include Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru who served as the 1st Prime Minister of India ( 1947 -- 64 ) , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel who served as the first Deputy Prime Minister of India and Home Minister of India , C. Rajagopalachari who served as the last Governor - General of India , J.B. Kripalani and Abul Kalam Azad both of whom served as the President of the Indian National Congress .", "Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta are the founders of Indonesia . They both signed the Proclamation of Independence which then read by Sukarno , proclaiming the independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands on 17 August 1945 . A day later , they were elected respectively as the first President and Vice President of Indonesia . As the Netherlands did not recognize the independence , both of them were prominent figures and were seen as symbol of unity among Indonesian people to fight against Dutch during the National Revolution from 1945 to 1949 . In August 1949 , Hatta headed a delegation to the Hague for a Round Table Conference which then led to the recognition of Indonesian independence by the Netherlands on 23 December 1949 .", "Cyrus the Great ( 600 BC -- 530 BC ) was the founder of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty an empire without precedent -- a first world - empire of historical importance .", "Theodor Herzl is considered the founder of the Zionist movement and thus indirectly a founder of Israel . David Ben - Gurion was the founder of the State of Israel and the first Prime Minister of Israel .", "There is no law in the country which officially recognizes a single individual as the `` Father of the Nation '' . Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons , owing to their impact on the country during their respective times :", "Alikhan Bukeikhanov ( March 5 , 1866 -- September 27 , 1937 ) was a Kazakh statesman , politician , publicist , teacher , writer and environmental scientist . He was leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement . He sided with the westernizers in the Kazakh political scene who were promoting the idea of the Western culture into the Kazakh steppe . In 1920 , after the establishment of Soviet hegemony , Bukeikhanov joined the Bolshevik party and returned to scientific life . His earlier political activities caused the authorities to view him with suspicion , leading to arrests in 1926 and 1928 . In 1926 , Bukeikhanov was arrested on the charge of counter-revolutionary activity and put into Butyrka prison in Moscow . But due to the lack of evidence in the criminal case against him , he was released from prison . In 1930 , the authorities banished him to Moscow , where he was arrested a final time in 1937 and executed .", "Dinmukhamed Kunayev ( January 12 , 1912 -- August 22 , 1993 ) was a Kazakh Soviet communist politician . He became first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan again in 1964 when Khrushchev was ousted and replaced by Brezhnev . He kept his position for twenty - two more years . He was an alternate member of the Politburo from 1967 , and a full member from 1971 to 1987 . During Kunayev 's long rule , Kazakhs occupied prominent positions in the bureaucracy , economy and educational institutions . A Brezhnev loyalist , he was removed from office under pressure from Mikhail Gorbachev , who accused him of corruption . On 16 December 1986 the Politburo replaced him with Gennady Kolbin , who had never lived in the Kazakh SSR before . This provoked street riots in Almaty , which were the first signs of ethnic strife during Gorbachev 's tenure . In modern Kazakhstan , this revolt is called Jeltoqsan , meaning December in Kazakh .", "Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected the nation 's first president following its independence from the Soviet Union in December 1991 . In 2010 Parliament of Kazakhstan named him Елбасы ( Elbasy ) which means `` Leader of the Nation '' .", "Emperor Jimmu ( 神武 天皇 , Jinmu - tennō ) ( traditional reign 18 February 660 BC -- 9 April 585 BC ) was the first Emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession . The Japanese national holiday National Foundation Day ( 建国 記念 の 日 , Kenkoku Kinen no Hi ) is celebrated annually on February 11 in commemoration of the founding of the nation of Japan and the ascension of Emperor Jimmu to the imperial throne .", "Kim Il - sung was the first leader of North Korea at the time of the establishment of the country in 1948 .", "Before 1945 , North Korea and South Korea were both one country , sharing the same history .", "Hwanung ( 환웅 / 桓 雄 ) and his son Dangun Wanggeom ( 단군왕검 / 檀 君王 儉 ) , legendary founders of Gojoseon , the first kingdom of Korea as a whole . Hwanung was descended to Baekdu Mountain . Baekdu Mountain is today part of North Korea", "However , Gaecheonjeol is not celebrated and recognized at all , unlike South Korea .", "Tunku Abdul Rahman ( 8 February 1903 -- 6 December 1990 ) usually known as `` the Tunku '' ( a princely title in Malaysia ) , and also called Bapa Kemerdekaan ( Father of Independence ) or Bapa Malaysia ( Father of Malaysia ) , was Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya from 1955 , and the country 's first Prime Minister from independence in 1957 . He remained Prime Minister after Sabah , Sarawak , and Singapore joined in 1963 to form Malaysia . Tun Tan Cheng Lock and Tun V.T. Sambanthan are also considered as the main founders of Malaysia .", "Modu Chanyu , ( c. 234 BC -- 174 BC ) , founded the first Mongolian Xiongnu state .", "Genghis Khan ( c. 1162 -- 1227 ) , who by uniting the nomadic tribes founded the Mongol Empire , is generally regarded as the father of modern - day Mongolia . Although downcast during the communist - era , Genghis Khan 's reputation surged after the democratic revolution in 1990 . Modern Mongolia is often called `` Genghis 's Mongolia '' .", "Anawrahta is considered to be founder of ancient Burmese Kingdom of Pagan . General Aung San is the founder of modern Burma ( also known as Myanmar ) . Although he did not live to see the country 's independence , he is credited in forming the basic structure of the independence movement and government . Aung San started his political career in 1930 as the editor of Rangoon University 's Newspaper -- where he accused one of the British administrators of misconduct . In late 1940 he went to Japanese controlled Taiwan and Xiamen to receive military training , and he led the Burmese National Army , spearheading the Japanese invasion of Burma . Later , he switched sides to the Allies , and helped in the Burma Campaign . After the war , he was appointed to the government of a returning British Administration , and was able to negotiate Burma 's independence . He helped organized the Panglong Agreement in February 1947 , achieving independence for all Burmese territories . However , on Saturday , 19 July 1947 , Aung San , along with his cabinet ministers , was assassinated at the secretariat building in Rangoon .", "Prithvi Narayan Shah was largely responsible for the unification of Nepal , and is considered to be the founder of Nepal . His vision of ruling over a unified Nepal is said to have started when atop a hill near Nepa Valley ( Present day Kathmandu ) , he decided he would like to rule over it . His strategic plan was very successful and his successors continued to build on his progress . Prithvi Narayan Shah 's descendents continued to rule over Nepal for a total of 240 years before the 2006 democracy movement in Nepal toppled the constitutional power exercised by King Gyanendra , before abolishing the monarchy in 2008 .", "Pakistan 's founder is Muhammad Ali Jinnah , who is hailed as Quaid - e-Azam or `` Great Leader '' and Baba - e-Qaum or Father of Nation . Other prominent founders include the poet Allama Iqbal or spiritual Father , believed to be the first person to propagate the idea of a state for India 's Muslims , Fatima Jinnah ( Mother of nation ) and members of Pakistan 's first Cabinet such as Liaquat Ali Khan - Shaheed - e-Millat , Abdul Rab Nishtar , Malik Feroze Khan Noon , Khwaja Nazimuddin and I.I. Chundrigar . Some historians credit the Muslim reformist Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as a founder of Pakistan", "There is no law in the country which officially recognizes a single individual as the `` Father of the Nation '' . Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons , owing to their impact on the country during their respective times : José Rizal ( June 19 , 1861 -- December 30 , 1896 ) was a Filipino nationalist during the tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines . An ophthalmologist by profession , Rizal became a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain . He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after an anti-colonial revolution , inspired in part by his writings , broke out . Though he was not actively involved in its planning or conduct , he ultimately approved of its goals which eventually led to Philippine independence . He is widely considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines , and is implied by Philippine law to be one of the national heroes . He was the author of the novels Noli Me Tángere , and El Filibusterismo , and a number of poems and essays . Andrés Bonifacio ( November 30 , 1863 -- May 10 , 1897 ) De facto President and a leader during the Philippine Revolution in 1896 , which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire . Emilio Aguinaldo ( March 22 , 1869 -- February 6 , 1964 ) Leader of the latter part of the Philippine Revolution and first president of the Philippines through the 1899 Malolos Congress , which oversaw the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution .", "Lee Kuan Yew ( 16 September 1923 -- 23 March 2015 ) often referred to as the Father of Singapore or by the initials LKY , he was the first Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore , governing for three decades . He is also widely recognised as the founder of modern Singapore .", "Prince Vijaya is considered to be the first King of Sri Lanka with King Dutugemunu honored as the first king to unify Sri Lanka . D.S. Senanayake ( 20 October 1883 -- 22 March 1952 ) is widely known as the modern ( post independence ) father of the nation . Sirimavo Bandaranaike ( 17 April 1916 -- 10 October 2000 ) was the first female Prime Minister of Sri Lanka and the modern world 's first female head of government . William Gopallawa ( 17 September 1896 -- 31 January 1981 ) was the first Constitutional President while J.R. Jayewardene ( 17 September 1906 -- 1 November 1996 ) was the first Executive President . Chandrika Kumaratunga ( 29 June 1945 -- Present ) was the first female Executive President of the country .", "By the end of the 14th century , most of Anatolia was controlled by various Anatolian beyliks due to the collapse of the Seljuq dynasty in the area . The Seljuq dynasty had established both the Seljuk Empire , which was founded by Tughril and the Sultanate of Rum , with the first one being responsible for the Turkification of Anatolia . Osman I unified the beyliks under one banner , proclaiming the Ottoman Empire .", "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey . Following the First World War , the huge conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new states . The Turkish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 22 ) , initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues in Anatolia , resulted in the establishment of the modern Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ) in 1923 . He subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of transforming the old Ottoman - Turkish state into a new secular republic .", "Kinh Dương Vương and descendants of the Hồng Bàng dynasty ( reigned between 2879 -- 258 BC ) are revered as the founders of the first Vietnamese state and civilization . Its commemoration , also known as Giỗ Tổ Hùng Vương , is an official public holiday in Vietnam , which is celebrated on the 10th day of the 3rd lunar month .", "Ho Chi Minh is the first President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the founder of the Communist Party of Vietnam . He proclaimed the independence of Vietnam from Japanese and French on September 2 , 1945 . He later led Vietnam through wars against French and American .", "Skanderbeg was a prominent historical figure in the history of Albania and of the Albanian people . He successfully fought against the Ottoman Empire during its apex ( the time of Sultans Murad II and Mehmed II ) and maintained independence for 25 years ( 1443 -- 68 ) until his death . He is the national hero of the Albanians . Ismail Qemali was a distinguished leader of the Albanian national movement at the beginning of the 20th century , founder of the modern Albanian state in 1912 , and its first head of state and government .", "Skanderbeg was a prominent historical figure in the history of Albania and of the Albanian people . He successfully fought against the Ottoman Empire during its apex ( the time of Sultans Murad II and Mehmed II ) and maintained independence for 25 years ( 1443 -- 68 ) until his death . He is the national hero of the Albanians .", "Ismail Qemali was a distinguished leader of the Albanian national movement at the beginning of the 20th century , founder of the modern Albanian state in 1912 , and its first head of state and government .", "Alija Izetbegović , the war - time president of Bosnia , is deemed the national founder of modern Bosniaks .", "Kubrat was the ruler of Old Great Bulgaria in 632 . His son Asparukh migrated to the Balkans and established the First Bulgarian Empire in 681 . Modern day Bulgaria is a direct successor of this state . Asparukh 's brother Kotrag migrated north and founded Volga Bulgaria . Mythical rulers of Bulgaria exist before them , dating back as far as 3rd millennium BC .", "Franjo Tuđman , first President of the Republic of Croatia 1990 -- 99 . Self - proclaimed `` Father of the Nation '' .", "Franjo Tuđman , first President of the Republic of Croatia 1990 -- 99 . Self - proclaimed `` Father of the Nation '' .", "Václav Klaus is a Czech prominent politician , later President , which agreed on dissolution of Czechoslovakia with the Slovaks . Václav Havel was the First President of the Czech Republic ( 1993 -- 2003 ) . Founder of modern Czech statehood is considered the First President of Czechoslovakia Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk ( 1918 -- 1935 ) . The Kingdom of Bohemia was formally established in 1198 by Přemysl Ottokar I , patron Saint is Saint Wenceslaus , which murder is celebrated as Statehood Day .", "Clovis I united all the frankish tribes in Gaul and gave them a common catholic religion .", "Napoleon founded the French Empire . Louis - Napoléon Bonaparte , later known as Napoleon III is the first French President , elected 1848 . Charles de Gaulle is a hero of the French resistance to Germany during World War II , and the first president of the Fifth French Republic .", "Before the national unification of Germany in 1871 , German nationalists sought out multiple legendary founders of the German nation , such as Arminius , Charlemagne and - as championed by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn and Richard Wagner - Henry the Fowler . Otto von Bismarck ( 1815 -- 1898 ) , the `` Iron Chancellor '' , engineered the unification of the numerous states of Germany in 1871 . Modern , democratic Germany was decisively shaped by the `` Fathers of the Basic Law '' in the 1948 Constitutional Convention at Herrenchiemsee , and by the first German Chancellor , Konrad Adenauer . For reunified Germany , the slogan `` Wir sind das Volk ! '' ( `` We are the people ! '' ) became symbolic , thus making all Germans founders of modern Germany .", "Hellen , mythical progenitor of the Greeks , who gives his name to both the people and the country in the Greek language . Theseus , the semi-legendary founder of Athens Solon ( 594 BC ) and Cleisthenes ( 508 / 7 BC ) , the authors of the Athenian democratic constitution . Lycurgus of Sparta , the legendary Sparta lawgiver credited with establishing the city 's constitution and way of life Cadmus , the legendary founder and first King of Thebes .", "Hellen , mythical progenitor of the Greeks , who gives his name to both the people and the country in the Greek language .", "Theseus , the semi-legendary founder of Athens", "Solon ( 594 BC ) and Cleisthenes ( 508 / 7 BC ) , the authors of the Athenian democratic constitution .", "Lycurgus of Sparta , the legendary Sparta lawgiver credited with establishing the city 's constitution and way of life", "Cadmus , the legendary founder and first King of Thebes .", "Constantine the Great , first Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire and founder of Constantinople , Constantine XI Palaiologos , last Byzantine Emperor , and other Byzantine figures revered by the modern Greek population , especially during the period between the Fall of Constantinople and the foundation of the modern state . Adamantios Korais , Theophilos Kairis and other figures of the Greek Enlightenment who contributed to the country 's national awakening leading up to its revolution against the Ottoman Empire Rigas Feraios , writer and revolutionary who is remembered as a national hero and the first victim of the uprising against the Ottomans . Emmanuil Xanthos , Nikolaos Skoufas and Athanasios Tsakalov , the founders of the Filiki Eteria Theodoros Kolokotronis , Georgios Karaiskakis , Andreas Vokos Miaoulis , Laskarina Bouboulina , Yannis Makriyannis and other military leaders of the Greek War of Independence Alexander Ypsilantis , leader of the Filiki Eteria and founder and leader of the Sacred Band Alexandros Mavrokordatos , President of the First National Assembly at Epidaurus , co-author of the Greek Declaration of Independence and first Provisional Constitution and first head of government ( President of the Executive ) of Modern Greece .", "Constantine the Great , first Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire and founder of Constantinople , Constantine XI Palaiologos , last Byzantine Emperor , and other Byzantine figures revered by the modern Greek population , especially during the period between the Fall of Constantinople and the foundation of the modern state .", "Adamantios Korais , Theophilos Kairis and other figures of the Greek Enlightenment who contributed to the country 's national awakening leading up to its revolution against the Ottoman Empire", "Rigas Feraios , writer and revolutionary who is remembered as a national hero and the first victim of the uprising against the Ottomans .", "Emmanuil Xanthos , Nikolaos Skoufas and Athanasios Tsakalov , the founders of the Filiki Eteria", "Theodoros Kolokotronis , Georgios Karaiskakis , Andreas Vokos Miaoulis , Laskarina Bouboulina , Yannis Makriyannis and other military leaders of the Greek War of Independence", "Alexander Ypsilantis , leader of the Filiki Eteria and founder and leader of the Sacred Band", "Alexandros Mavrokordatos , President of the First National Assembly at Epidaurus , co-author of the Greek Declaration of Independence and first Provisional Constitution and first head of government ( President of the Executive ) of Modern Greece .", "According to Anonymus the fejedelem who made the Magyars settle into the Carpathian Basin in 896 A.D. was Árpád . His dynasty reigned over the Hungarian Kingdom from the ninth century until 1301 . In Hungary Stephen I of Hungary is commonly regarded as the founder of the nation . He was Hungary 's first king and united the Magyar people into the Kingdom of Hungary . Amongst others , Lajos Kossuth is supposed to be the Pater Patriae . He is known as the leader of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 against the Habsburgs , and therefore founder of the modern Hungarian Republic .", "The Irish Free State was established after the Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) , in which Éamon de Valera , Cathal Brugha and Michael Collins were key leaders . However , they became antagonists in the Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) , in which Collins and Brugha were killed and de Valera defeated . For decades , the inheritors of the opposing factions bypassed these sensitivities to honour the earlier leaders of the Easter Rising of 1916 , in particular the seven signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic : Patrick Pearse , James Connolly , Éamonn Ceannt , Tom Clarke , Seán Mac Diarmada , Thomas MacDonagh , and Joseph Plunkett .", "Caesar Augustus organized Italia and the Italicus Populus during the Roman Empire . Charlemagne first created a Kingdom of Italy in medieval times . Napoleone Bonaparte was the first to use the title of President of the Italian Republic .", "Caesar Augustus organized Italia and the Italicus Populus during the Roman Empire .", "Charlemagne first created a Kingdom of Italy in medieval times .", "Napoleone Bonaparte was the first to use the title of President of the Italian Republic .", "King Vittorio Emanuele II , Giuseppe Garibaldi , Prime minister Count di Cavour and Giuseppe Mazzini have been referred to as the Four Fathers of the Fatherland . Italy was unified in 1861 and Rome became its capital in 1870 . The members of the Assemblea Costituente ( the Constituent Assembly of 1946 -- 1947 ) are considered the `` fathers '' of the Italian Republic , which replaced the Monarchy after a referendum in 1946 . Prominent members among them included Alcide De Gasperi ( also counted among the founding fathers of the European Union ) , the communist Palmiro Togliatti and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando , the `` premier of victory '' in WWI .", "King Vittorio Emanuele II , Giuseppe Garibaldi , Prime minister Count di Cavour and Giuseppe Mazzini have been referred to as the Four Fathers of the Fatherland . Italy was unified in 1861 and Rome became its capital in 1870 .", "The members of the Assemblea Costituente ( the Constituent Assembly of 1946 -- 1947 ) are considered the `` fathers '' of the Italian Republic , which replaced the Monarchy after a referendum in 1946 . Prominent members among them included Alcide De Gasperi ( also counted among the founding fathers of the European Union ) , the communist Palmiro Togliatti and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando , the `` premier of victory '' in WWI .", "As well respected statesmen in Macedonia are considered Metodija Andonov - Čento ( first president of SR Macedonia ) , Nikola Karev ( president of Kruševo Republic ) and Kiro Gligorov ( first president of independent Macedonia ) . However , often , as `` fathers '' of the nation are considered Gotse Delchev , Krste Misirkov , Georgi Pulevski and Dimitrija Čupovski and other prominent authors and revolutionaries .", "Petar I Petrović - Njegoš ( 1747 -- 1830 ) acquired de facto independence for Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire and created the first Montenegrin law in modern era", "Petar I Petrović - Njegoš ( 1747 -- 1830 ) acquired de facto independence for Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire and created the first Montenegrin law in modern era", "Prince William I of Orange ( 1533 -- 1584 ) or William the Silent , is known as the father of the Netherlands . He led the Dutch in their Revolt against Spain for their independence . Today he is often called Vader des Vaderlands which in English means , Father of the Fatherland .", "King Harald Fairhair , who unified Norway and ruled c. 872 -- 930 , is often considered the founder of the nation .", "Usually the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814 , consisting of 112 men from most of the country , in Norway often referred to as Eidsvoll Men or the Fathers of the Constitution .", "Einar Henry Gerhardsen ( born 10 . May 1897 in Asker as Einar Henry Olsen , dead 19 . September 1987 ) was a Norwegian politician who represented the Labor Party . He was Norway 's prime minister from 1945 to 1951 , from 1955 to 1963 and from 1963 to 1965 . In Norway , Gerhardsen is known as `` landsfaderen '' -- `` the father of the country '' , and he is referred to as one of the main architects behind the Norwegian welfare state that emerged after World War II .", "Mieszko I ( ca . 920 / 45 -- 25 May 992 ) , the first historical ruler of Poland , Mieszko I is considered the de facto creator of the Polish state . He was a Duke of the Polans from about 960 until his death . Mieszko I 's marriage in 965 to the Přemyslid princess Dobrawa and his baptism in 966 put him and his country in the cultural sphere of Western Christianity . According to existing sources , Mieszko I was a wise politician , a talented military leader and charismatic ruler . He successfully used diplomacy , concluding an alliance with Bohemia first , and then with Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire . In foreign policy , he placed the interests of his country foremost , even entering into agreements with former enemies . On his death , he left to his sons a country of greatly expanded territory , with a well - established position in Europe . Mieszko I also appeared as `` Dagome '' in a papal document from about 1085 , called `` Dagome iudex '' , which mentions a gift or dedication of Mieszko 's land to the Pope ( the act took place almost a hundred years earlier ) .", "Viriathus was the most important leader of the Lusitanian people that resisted Roman expansion into western Hispania or Iberia ( as the Greeks called it ) . Today Viriathus is regarded as a national hero and an enduring symbol of Portuguese nationality and independence , portrayed by artists and celebrated by its people throughout the centuries . Henry of Burgundy ( 1066 -- 1112 ) , was appointed Count of Portugal as a reward for military services to Kingdom of León , and with the purpose of expanding the territory southwards . And , more importantly , his son , Count Afonso I of Portugal ( 1109 -- 1185 ) , a Templar Brother who took control of the county after Henry died and was recognized by the Holy See , in 1179 , as the first King of Portugal , through the Manifestis Probatum bull .", "Viriathus was the most important leader of the Lusitanian people that resisted Roman expansion into western Hispania or Iberia ( as the Greeks called it ) . Today Viriathus is regarded as a national hero and an enduring symbol of Portuguese nationality and independence , portrayed by artists and celebrated by its people throughout the centuries .", "Henry of Burgundy ( 1066 -- 1112 ) , was appointed Count of Portugal as a reward for military services to Kingdom of León , and with the purpose of expanding the territory southwards . And , more importantly , his son , Count Afonso I of Portugal ( 1109 -- 1185 ) , a Templar Brother who took control of the county after Henry died and was recognized by the Holy See , in 1179 , as the first King of Portugal , through the Manifestis Probatum bull .", "Decebalus and Trajan are considered to be the fathers of the Romanian people , as Roman veterans were settled on the present - day territory of Romania following Trajan 's Dacian Wars . Michael the Brave was the first Romanian prince to rule over the traditional Romanian provinces ( Wallachia , Moldavia and Transylvania ) in a personal union , albeit briefly . Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected as the first leader of the modern Romanian state . He presided over Wallachia and Moldavia in a personal union , which later became permanent even though he was forced to abdicate .", "Decebalus and Trajan are considered to be the fathers of the Romanian people , as Roman veterans were settled on the present - day territory of Romania following Trajan 's Dacian Wars .", "Michael the Brave was the first Romanian prince to rule over the traditional Romanian provinces ( Wallachia , Moldavia and Transylvania ) in a personal union , albeit briefly .", "Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected as the first leader of the modern Romanian state . He presided over Wallachia and Moldavia in a personal union , which later became permanent even though he was forced to abdicate .", "Boris Yeltsin was the first president of the Russian Federation .", "Saint Marinus was the founder of the world 's oldest surviving republic , San Marino , in 301 . Tradition holds that he was a stonemason by trade who came from the island of Rab on the other side of the Adriatic Sea ( modern Croatia ) , fleeing persecution for his Christian beliefs in the Diocletianic Persecution .", "Stefan Nemanja , Grand Prince of Serbia ( r . 1166 -- 1196 ) . The Serbian Church , under St. Sava , depicted Nemanja as the founder of Serbia . Karađorđe , Grand Leader ( 1804 -- 1813 ) , liberator of Serbia , organizer and leader of the Serbian Revolution .", "Stefan Nemanja , Grand Prince of Serbia ( r . 1166 -- 1196 ) . The Serbian Church , under St. Sava , depicted Nemanja as the founder of Serbia .", "Karađorđe , Grand Leader ( 1804 -- 1813 ) , liberator of Serbia , organizer and leader of the Serbian Revolution .", "The honorific Father of the Fatherland ( Отац Отаџбине ) has been given to Saint Sava , Karađorđe , and Miloš Obrenović , the latter having been given it by the National Assembly during his lifetime .", "Vladimír Mečiar was the main proponent of the Slovak independence in the year 1993 . He has served as prime minister until 1998 , when he narrowly lost the election .", "Many Slovaks see Great Moravia as their ancestors , which would make Mojmír I a founder .", "France Bučar is a Slovenian politician , legal expert and author . Between 1990 and 1992 , he served as the first chairman of the freely elected Slovenian Parliament . He was the one to formally declare the independence of Slovenia on 25 June 1991 . He is considered one of the founders of Slovenian democracy and independence . He is also considered , together with Peter Jambrek , as the main author of the current Slovenian constitution . Jože Pučnik was president of DEMOS and one of the main persons in the Slovenian fight for independence . The largest Slovenian airport is named Letališče Jožeta Pučnika ( Jože Pučnik airport ) . Lojze Peterle was first prime minister of Slovenia and Milan Kučan was the first president .", "Catholic Monarchs in the 15th century were responsible for the unification of Spain , both coming from the noble House of Trastámara . Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor ( 1500 -- 1558 ) was the first monarch of the Spanish Empire .", "While Sweden had existed as a monarchy of sorts long before his time , Birger Jarl , father of and regent for Valdemar , King of Sweden , can be said to have established Sweden as a nation . Birger was Jarl in the years 1248 -- 66 .", "Gustav I of Sweden , who secured Sweden 's independence from Denmark in 1523 , is often considered a father of the nation .", "Both the anonymous Eidgenossen who drew up the Federal Charter of 1291 , or the liberal statesmen who helped found the modern Swiss Confederation in 1848 can be considered the founders of Switzerland . Among the latter , those who became the first members of the Swiss Federal Council were perhaps the most notable : Ulrich Ochsenbein , Jakob Stämpfli , Jonas Furrer , Josef Munzinger , Henri Druey , Friedrich Frey - Herosé , Wilhelm Matthias Naeff and Stefano Franscini .", "Stepan Bandera consider as Ukraine Hero in 20th century . Leonid Kravchuk is the First President of Ukraine in 1992", "As the UK formed over many years , its founders did not live at the same time as each other . They include : Humphrey Wingfield , Speaker of the English House of Commons in 1535 , at the time of England 's union with Wales ; John Smith and James Ogilvy , 4th Earl of Findlater , Speakers of the English and Scottish Parliaments in 1707 , when the Acts of Union united Scotland and England ; Henry Addington and John FitzGibbon , leaders of the British and Irish parliaments at the time of the Acts of Union 1801 , uniting Great Britain and Ireland ; and Prime Minister David Lloyd George and Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill , who both signed the Anglo - Irish Treaty , which allowed most of Ireland to leave the U.K. and become the Irish Free State .", "Northern Ireland had already been established in May 1921 , having been created in the Government of Ireland Act in December 1920 . This Act was guided through the British House of Commons by Sir Hamar Greenwood , M.P. , the Chief Secretary for Ireland at the time . Northern Ireland had been created at the insistence of both Captain Sir James Craig and Sir Edward Carson , the Ulster Unionist leaders .", "Simon Bolivar ( 1783 -- 1830 ) and Antonio José de Sucre ( 1795 -- 1830 ) are considered to be the founders of Bolivia .", "Pedro Álvares Cabral ( 1467 or 1468 -- 1520 ) commander of the first Portuguese fleet to arrive in South America . José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva ( 1763 -- 1838 ) , known as `` Patriarch of Independence '' , is considered the maximum leader of the Independence movement because of his intellectual mentorship and political prominence , and Pedro I of Brazil ( 1798 -- 1834 ) , son of the King João VI of Portugal , the symbol of the `` center of force and union '' , according to the Bonifácio strategy .", "The name `` Fathers of Confederation '' is given to those who attended the Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences in 1864 , and the London Conference of 1866 , to establish the Canadian Confederation . There were 36 original Fathers of Confederation . Queen Victoria , who supported and encouraged this process , is known as the Mother of Confederation . She was the first Monarch under the 1867 Constitution and personally chose Ottawa as Canada 's capital city . The political leaders who brought the other provinces into Confederation after 1867 are also referred to as `` Fathers of Confederation . ''", "Bernardo O'Higgins ( 1778 -- 1842 ) and José Miguel Carrera ( 1785 -- 1821 ) are usually considered the founders of Chile .", "Simón Bolívar , was founder of Gran Colombia , which also included Panama , Ecuador , and Venezuela . Francisco de Paula Santander wrote the first constitution of Colombia . Antonio Nariño ( `` Precursor of the Independence '' ) and Camilo Torres were the most relevant statesmen of the First Republic .", "Juan Mora Fernández , first Head of State of Costa Rica . José María Castro Madriz , First President of the Republic and proclaimed `` Founder of the Republic '' by Congress Juan Rafael Mora Porras , President during Costa Rica 's campaign against William Walker , proclaimed `` Hero and Liberator '' by Congress .", "José Martí is a Cuban national hero .", "Juan Pablo Duarte ( 1813 -- 1876 ) , Francisco del Rosario Sánchez ( 1817 -- 1861 ) and Matías Ramón Mella ( 1816 -- 1864 ) are considered the Fathers of the Country . Duarte is featured on the $1 coin ; Sanchez on the $5 coin and on the now discontinued $5 bill ; Mella on the $10 coin and on the also discontinued $10 bill .", "Toussaint L'Ouverture ( 20 May 1743 -- 8 April 1803 ) and Jean - Jacques Dessalines ( 20 September 1758 -- 17 October 1806 ) were revolutionary and early political leaders of Haiti . Henri Christophe and Alexandre Pétion were also important figures of early Haiti .", "Alexander Bustamante and Norman Washington Manley are considered to be the founders of Jamaica . Alexander Bustamante is credited for his role as an influential union leader and as founder of the Jamaican Labour Party . Bustamante served as the then colony 's first Chief Minister from 1953 to 1955 and later went on to lead Jamaica to independence from the United Kingdom in 1962 , becoming the country 's first Prime Minister . Norman Washington Manley is particularly noted for his role in securing universal suffrage for the country 's population in 1944 along with founding the People 's National Party . Manley also served as Chief Minister of Jamaica from 1955 to 1962 .", "According to the decrees of the Congress of the Union of Mexico issued in 1822 and 1823 , the Mexican founders are Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla ( 1753 -- 1811 ) , Ignacio Allende ( 1769 -- 1811 ) , Juan Aldama ( 1774 -- 1811 ) , Mariano Abasolo ( 1783 -- 1816 ) , José María Morelos ( 1765 -- 1815 ) , Mariano Matamoros ( 1770 -- 1814 ) , Leonardo Bravo ( 1764 -- 1812 ) , Miguel Bravo ( unknown - 1814 ) , Hermenegildo Galeana ( 1762 -- 1814 ) , Mariano Jiménez ( 1781 -- 1811 ) , Xavier Mina ( 1789 -- 1817 ) , Pedro Moreno ( 1775 -- 1817 ) , and Víctor Rosales ( 1776 -- 1817 ) .", "Nine of the thirteen founders are buried in the Monument to the Independence in Mexico City .", "José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar led Peru to independence and forged the country .", "José de San Martín , Simón Bolívar , Antonio José de Sucre , Francisco de Paula Santander , Francisco de Miranda have been referred to as the founding fathers of the region comprising modern day Venezuela , Colombia , Peru , Ecuador , Bolivia and Panama .", "José Artigas is considered to be the founder of Uruguay .", "Within the large group known as `` the Founding Fathers '' , there are two key subsets , the Signers ( who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 ) and the Framers ( who were delegates to the Federal Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States ) . Some historians have suggested a revised definition of the `` Founding Fathers '' , including a significantly broader group of not only the Signers and the Framers but also all those who , whether as politicians or jurists or statesmen or soldiers or diplomats or ordinary citizens , took part in winning US independence and creating the United States of America . Eminent American historian Richard B. Morris , in his 1973 book Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny : The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries , identified the following seven figures as the key founders : John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , Alexander Hamilton , John Jay , Thomas Jefferson , James Madison , and George Washington .", "Simón Bolívar ( 1783 -- 1830 ) is considered to be the founder not only of Venezuela , but of many of the region 's countries as the Gran Colombia , which also included Panama , Ecuador , and Colombia and Bolivia . José Antonio Páez led the separation of Venezuela from the Gran Colombia and formed the modern statehood of the country .", "Sir Henry Parkes ( 1815 -- 1896 ) is often regarded as the `` Father of Federation '' in Australia . During the late 19th century , he was the strongest proponent for a federation of Australian territories . However , he died before Australia federated , and was never able to see his plan come to fruition . Various other `` founders '' of Australia have also been unofficially recognised : Captain Arthur Phillip , the first governor of New South Wales and founder of the first British colony ; and Sir Edmund Barton , the first Australian Prime Minister .", "Andrew Inglis Clark is another founding father of Australia . He largely wrote the Australian Constitution in addition to developing the Hare - Clark system of voting and pushing for universal adult suffrage and other progressive ideals that would become law early in Australia 's history .", "Chief Justice Andon Amaraich is regarded as `` one of the founding fathers of the Federated States of Micronesia '' .", "Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara is widely viewed as the `` Founding Father '' of an independent Fiji .", "James Busby drafted the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand and co-authored with William Hobson the Treaty of Waitangi , which is considered by some to be the founding document of the nation of New Zealand . The Treaty of Waitangi was not however the basis for either the British annexation of New Zealand , or the development of representative government in the colony .", "Grand Chief Sir Michael Somare is viewed as the `` Founding Father '' of Papua New Guinea . The leading figure during the country 's transition to independence from Australia , he was Papua New Guinea 's first Prime Minister .", "King George Tupou I , who united his country and established the contemporary Kingdom of Tonga , has been described as Tonga 's `` founding father '' .", "Although the first known ruler of Bohemia was Bořivoj I , Duke of Bohemia , the real unifier of various Slavic tribes in Bohemia and creator of nation was Duke Boleslaus I , Duke of Bohemia . Charles IV , Holy Roman Emperor is regarded as the `` Father of the Homeland '' in the Czech Republic , because during his time the Kingdom of Bohemia experienced the greatest prosperity . Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk ( 1850 -- 1937 ) is widely revered as the Liberator President who played the chief role in the 1918 melding of Bohemia , Moravia , Slovakia and Ruthenia into the Czechoslovak Republic , and who served as President of the Republic from 1918 to 1935 .", "Sun Yat - sen is revered as the founding father ( `` Father of the Country '' -- 國父 ) of the Republic of China . Huangdi ( reigned between 2698 and 2598 BC ) is revered as the legendary founder and initiator of Chinese civilization .", "Sun Yat - sen is revered as the founding father ( `` Father of the Country '' -- 國父 ) of the Republic of China .", "Huangdi ( reigned between 2698 and 2598 BC ) is revered as the legendary founder and initiator of Chinese civilization .", "Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk , first President of Czechoslovakia , known as President Liberator .", "Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk , first President of Czechoslovakia , known as President Liberator .", "It was King Athelstan ( 893 / 895 -- 939 AD ) who united the several Anglo - Saxon kingdoms of England around the year 927 , when he became King of the English as opposed to his previous title , King of the West Saxons . However , his fame is often overshadowed by his predecessor and grandfather Alfred the Great ( 871 - 899 AD ) , who set in motion the unification of the English kingdoms and could also claim to be the nation 's founder .", "For ancient Korea , Hwanung ( 환웅 / 桓 雄 ) and his son Dangun Wanggeom ( 단군왕검 / 檀 君王 儉 ) are legendary founders of Gojoseon , the first kingdom of Korea . The founding date is usually calculated as 3 October 2333 BC ; 3 October is a South Korean national holiday known as Gaecheonjeol ( 개천절 / 開 天 節 , `` Festival of the Opening of Heaven '' ) .", "Rurik - Varangian prince and Prince of Novgorod beginning around 862 AD Oleg , Rurik 's kinsman and successor ; extended his realm from Novgorod south to the Dnieper River valley and later moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev , where he established Kievan Rus ' ( the modern peoples of Belarus , Ukraine , and Russia all have Kievan Rus ' as their cultural heritage ) . Ivan the Terrible , Grand Prince of Moscow ( also Prince of Novgorod ) from 1533 to 1547 and Tsar of All the Russias from 1547 until his death in 1584 . Ivan also claimed the historical title `` Grand Prince of Kiev '' for himself , but this was more of a flourish , since Kiev had never formed part of his realm and Moscow would not control the Kievan region until the Truce of Andrusovo ( 1667 ) , but Kiev remained an important city in early Slavic history and culture . Peter the Great , Tsar from 1682 , officially proclaimed the establishment of the Russian Empire in 1721 , following the Treaty of Nystad , and himself its first emperor . He instituted sweeping reforms and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power , re-organising the state in the Western style . Founder of Saint - Petersburg Vladimir the Great was the first Christian Prince of Kievan Rus .", "Rurik - Varangian prince and Prince of Novgorod beginning around 862 AD", "Oleg , Rurik 's kinsman and successor ; extended his realm from Novgorod south to the Dnieper River valley and later moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev , where he established Kievan Rus ' ( the modern peoples of Belarus , Ukraine , and Russia all have Kievan Rus ' as their cultural heritage ) .", "Ivan the Terrible , Grand Prince of Moscow ( also Prince of Novgorod ) from 1533 to 1547 and Tsar of All the Russias from 1547 until his death in 1584 . Ivan also claimed the historical title `` Grand Prince of Kiev '' for himself , but this was more of a flourish , since Kiev had never formed part of his realm and Moscow would not control the Kievan region until the Truce of Andrusovo ( 1667 ) , but Kiev remained an important city in early Slavic history and culture .", "Peter the Great , Tsar from 1682 , officially proclaimed the establishment of the Russian Empire in 1721 , following the Treaty of Nystad , and himself its first emperor . He instituted sweeping reforms and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power , re-organising the state in the Western style . Founder of Saint - Petersburg", "Vladimir the Great was the first Christian Prince of Kievan Rus .", "The fictionalising medieval poem The Wallace ( c. 1477 ) celebrated William Wallace ( died 1305 ) as one of the founder - heroes of Scotland 's struggle to preserve / re-establish independence from Plantagenet England .", "Vladimir Lenin - Officially one among many equal founders of the country , Lenin was , de facto , the paramount leader , founder of the Soviet Union and the CPSU , the party that ruled it via one - party rule as well as the founding father of the modern Russian state . He died soon after the country 's founding and retained a special status of secular apotheosis for the rest of the country 's history .", "Vladimir Lenin - Officially one among many equal founders of the country , Lenin was , de facto , the paramount leader , founder of the Soviet Union and the CPSU , the party that ruled it via one - party rule as well as the founding father of the modern Russian state . He died soon after the country 's founding and retained a special status of secular apotheosis for the rest of the country 's history .", "Magnus Maximus ( ca . 335 -- 28 August 388 ) . According to Welsh tradition , Magnus Maximus ( Welsh : Macsen - Wledig ) was a Roman General who was proclaimed Emperor of Rome by his soldiers in Britain in 383 . As such , he was the first `` Romano - Britain '' ruler of Britain and Rome itself . His mytho - heroic founding of Wales is celebrated in the modern Welsh anthem Yma o Hyd by Dafydd Iwan .", "Magnus Maximus ( ca . 335 -- 28 August 388 ) . According to Welsh tradition , Magnus Maximus ( Welsh : Macsen - Wledig ) was a Roman General who was proclaimed Emperor of Rome by his soldiers in Britain in 383 . As such , he was the first `` Romano - Britain '' ruler of Britain and Rome itself . His mytho - heroic founding of Wales is celebrated in the modern Welsh anthem Yma o Hyd by Dafydd Iwan .", "Hywel Dda ( c. 880 -- 950 ) was responsible for the codification of traditional Welsh Law , which , according to historian John Davies , `` was a powerful symbol of ( Welsh ) unity and identity , as powerful , indeed , as their language '' .", "Hywel Dda ( c. 880 -- 950 ) was responsible for the codification of traditional Welsh Law , which , according to historian John Davies , `` was a powerful symbol of ( Welsh ) unity and identity , as powerful , indeed , as their language '' .", "Gruffydd ap Llywelyn ( r . 1039 -- 63 ) was the first Welsh king to rule over the entire territory of Wales , from about 1057 until his death in 1063 .", "Gruffydd ap Llywelyn ( r . 1039 -- 63 ) was the first Welsh king to rule over the entire territory of Wales , from about 1057 until his death in 1063 .", "King Alexander I of Yugoslavia , known as Alexander the Unifier", "King Alexander I of Yugoslavia , known as Alexander the Unifier", "Josip Broz Tito , Marshal of Yugoslavia ( 1943 -- 80 )", "Josip Broz Tito , Marshal of Yugoslavia ( 1943 -- 80 )", "Mobutu Sese Seko was the founder of Zaire and its only president .", "Mobutu Sese Seko was the founder of Zaire and its only president ." ]
List of national founders - wikipedia List of national founders Jump to: navigation , search `` Founding fathers'' redirects here. For the founding fathers of the United States, see Founding Fathers of the United States . For the founding fathers of the European Union, see Founding fathers of the European Union . `` Founding Father'' redirects here. For the short story by Isaac Asimov, see Founding Father (short story) . Further information: Father of the Country and Father of the Nation ( hide ) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2008) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following list of national founding figures is a record, by country, of people who were credited with establishing their nation. National founders are typically those who played an influential role in setting up the systems of governance, (i.e., political system form of government, and constitution), of the country. They can also be military leaders of a war of independence that led to the existence of the country. Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa Union 1.1 Cape Verde 1.2 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1.3 Egypt 1.4 Guinea 1.5 Ghana 1.6 Kenya 1.7 Liberia 1.8 Libya 1.9 Namibia 1.10 Nigeria 1.11 Sierra Leone 1.12 South Africa 1.13 Tanzania 1.14 Tunisia 1.15 Zimbabwe 1.16 Zambia 2 Asia 2.1 Afghanistan 2.2 Armenia 2.3 Azerbaijan 2.4 Bangladesh 2.5 Bhutan 2.6 People's Republic of China 2.7 Republic of China 2.8 Georgia 2.9 India 2.9.1 Ancient 2.9.2 Modern 2.10 Indonesia 2.11 Iran 2.12 Israel 2.13 Kazakhstan 2.14 Japan 2.15 North Korea 2.16 South Korea 2.17 Malaysia 2.18 Mongolia 2.19 Myanmar 2.20 Nepal 2.21 Pakistan 2.22 Philippines 2.23 Singapore 2.24 Sri Lanka 2.25 Turkey 2.26 Vietnam 3 Europe 3.1 Albania 3.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.3 Bulgaria 3.4 Croatia 3.5 Czech Republic 3.6 France 3.7 Germany 3.8 Greece 3.8.1 Ancient 3.8.2 Modern 3.9 Hungary 3.10 Ireland 3.11 Italy 3.11.1 Before 1861 3.11.2 Modern Italy 3.12 Macedonia 3.13 Montenegro 3.14 Netherlands 3.15 Norway 3.16 Poland 3.17 Portugal 3.18 Romania 3.19 Russian Federation 3.20 San Marino 3.21 Serbia 3.22 Slovakia 3.23 Slovenia 3.24 Spain 3.25 Sweden 3.26 Switzerland 3.27 Ukraine 3.28 United Kingdom 4 Americas 4.1 Bolivia 4.2 Brazil 4.3 Canada 4.4 Chile 4.5 Colombia 4.6 Costa Rica 4.7 Cuba 4.8 Dominican Republic 4.9 Haiti 4.10 Jamaica 4.11 Mexico 4.12 Peru 4.13 South America 4.14 Uruguay 4.15 United States 4.16 Venezuela 5 Oceania 5.1 Australia 5.2 Federated States of Micronesia 5.3 Fiji 5.4 New Zealand 5.5 Papua New Guinea 5.6 Tonga 6 Former states and other territories 6.1 Bohemia 6.2 Republic of China 6.3 Czechoslovakia 6.4 England 6.5 Korea 6.6 Russian Empire 6.7 Scotland 6.8 Soviet Union 6.9 Wales 6.10 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 6.11 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 6.12 Zaire 7 References Africa Union ( edit ) Amílcar Cabral was a revolutionary and nationalist leader of Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau . Saad Zaghloul was the founder of independent Egypt. `` Zaeem al Ummah (Leader of the Nation)'' Jan van Riebeeck of South Africa Cape Verde ( edit ) Amílcar Cabral (var. Amílcar Lopes da Costa Cabral) (12 September 1924 -- 20 January 1973) was an agricultural engineer, writer, and a nationalist thinker and political leader. He was also one of Africa's foremost anti-colonial leaders. Amílcar Cabral led the nationalist movement of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde Islands and the ensuing war of independence in Guinea-Bissau. He was assassinated on 20 January 1973, several months before Guinea-Bissau's unilateral declaration of independence. He is considered a founder of Cape Verde. Democratic Republic of the Congo ( edit ) Patrice Lumumba , Joseph Kasa-Vubu , Albert Kalonji , Jean Bolikango , Cléophas Kamitatu , and Paul Bolya are all considered `` Fathers of Independence'' in the Congo. Egypt ( edit ) The Founder of Independent Egypt Saad Zaghloul (1859-- August 23, 1927) was a politician who served in many ministries of the Egyptian government, and was imprisoned by the British in Malta, but returned to Egypt to complete the revolution in 1919 . Zaghloul then was able to make the Sultan of Egypt (later King) Fuad I convince the British to give Egypt independence with a friendly British-Egyptian relationship and in 1922, Egypt was proclaimed an independent Kingdom, the Kingdom of Egypt with Saad Zaghloul as its Prime Minister. Guinea ( edit ) Ahmed Sékou Touré (var. Ahmed Seku Turay) (January 9, 1922 -- March 26, 1984) was a Guinean political leader and President of Guinea from 1958 to his death in 1984. Touré was one of the primary Guinean nationalists involved in the independence of the country from France. He is with Kwame Kuruma one of the founders of the African Union, and the Guinean Diallo Telly was the first general secretary of the African Union. Ghana ( edit ) Kwame Nkrumah (1909-- 1972) led the nation to its independence from the United Kingdom in 1957. Kenya ( edit ) Jomo Kenyatta served as the first Prime Minister (1963-- 1964) and President (1964-- 1978) of the Republic. Liberia ( edit ) Joseph Jenkins Roberts (1809-- 1876) was born a free man of Black American descent. In 1829 his family moved to Liberia. In 1839, Roberts became Liberia's lieutenant governor and afterwards, its governor (1841-- 1848). He is known as the father of Liberia and officially declared Liberia's independence in 1847. Libya ( edit ) King Idris Al-sanusi , also known as Idris I of Libya, (12 March 1889 -- 25 May 1983) was the first and only king of Libya, reigning from 1951 to 1969, and the Chief of the Senussi Muslim order. Idris as-Senussi proclaimed an independent Emirate of Cyrenaica in 1949. He was also invited to become Emir of Tripolitania , another of the three traditional regions that now constitute modern Libya (the third being Fezzan). By accepting he began the process of uniting Libya under a single monarchy. A constitution was enacted in 1949 and adopted in October 1951. A National Congress elected Idris as King of Libya, and as Idris I he proclaimed the independence of the United Kingdom of Libya as a sovereign state on 24 December 1951. Namibia ( edit ) Dr. Sam Shafiishuna Nujoma Andimba Toivo ya Toivo Hendrik Witbooi (Namaqua chief) Nigeria ( edit ) Herbert Macaulay (1864-- 1946) Professor Eyo Ita (1904-- 1980s) Alvan Ikoku (1900-- 1971) Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe (1904-- 1996) Chief Obafemi Awolowo (1909-- 1987) Al-Haji Sir Ahmadu Bello (1910-- 1966) Al-Haji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (1912-- 1966) Chief Anthony Enahoro (1923-2010) Sir Egbert Udo Udoma (1917-- 1998) General Murtala Mohammed (1938-- 1976) Al-Haji Aminu Kano (1920-- 1983) Joseph Tarka (1932-- 1980) Dennis Osadebay (1911-- 1994) are considered founders of Nigeria. The troika of Obafemi Awolowo, Nnamdi Azikiwe, and Ahmadu Bello negotiated Nigeria's independence from Britain, aided by such figures as Chieftess Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti . Sierra Leone ( edit ) Freetown, Sierra Leone was founded in part by an African American slave called Thomas Peters in 1792 who convinced British abolitionists to help settle 1,192 Black Americans who fought for the British in return for freedom. Peters alongside other Black Americans David George and Moses Wilkinson were influential in the establishment of Freetown, but it was Peters who is remembered today as the true influential leader and founder of Sierra Leone. A street was named for Thomas Peters in Freetown by the Krio Mayor Winstanley Bankole Johnson . South Africa ( edit ) Nelson Mandela (1918-- 2013) was the former President of South Africa , in office from 1994 to 1999. He led the negotiations, together with F.W. de Klerk , to racially integrate and unite the country. Oliver Tambo Walter Sisulu Govan Mbeki Joe Slovo Ahmed Kathrada Raymond Mhlaba Robert Sobukwe Joe Modise Chris Hani Tanzania ( edit ) Mwalimu Nyerere Julius Nyerere Key figure in the independence of the country and first President. On the part of Zanzibar the other side of the union there is Sheikh Abeid Aman Karume Tunisia ( edit ) The founder of the modern Tunisia is Habib Bourguiba . Zimbabwe ( edit ) Rekayi Tangwena Joshua Nkomo Leopold Takawira Simon Muzenda Robert Mugabe Ndabaningi Sithole Herbert Chitepo Josiah Tongogara Enos Nkala Edgar Tekere George Nyandoro James Chikerema Solomon Mujuru Alfred Nikita Mangena Josiah Tungamirai Jason Moyo Zambia ( edit ) Kenneth Kaunda Simon Kapwepwe Harry Nkumbula Asia ( edit ) Afghanistan ( edit ) Ahmad Shah Durrani , founder of Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Durrani (1723-- 1773) unified the Afghan tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747. His mausoleum is next to the Shrine of the Cloak in Kandahar , Afghanistan, where he is fondly known as Ahmad Shah Baba ( Ahmad Shah the Father ). Sheikh Mujibur Rahman of Bangladesh Armenia ( edit ) Aram Manukian is considered the founder of the First Republic of Armenia . Azerbaijan ( edit ) Mammad Amin Rasulzade is the founder of Azerbaijan. Mehemmed Emin Resulzade (Azerbaijani: Məhəmməd Əmin Axund Hacı Molla Ələkbər oğlu Rəsulzadə , Turkish: Mehmed Emin Resulzâde ; 31 January 1884, Novkhana, near Baku -- 6 March 1955, Ankara) was an Azerbaijani statesman, scholar, public figure and one of the founding political leaders of Azerbaijan Republic (1918-- 1920). His expression `` Bir kərə yüksələn bayraq, bir daha enməz !'' (`` The flag once raised will never fall!'' ) has become the motto of the independence movement in Azerbaijan in the 20th century. Bangladesh ( edit ) The founding fathers of the People's republic of Bangldesh are Sher-e-Bangla A.K. Fazlul Haq , Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , Mashiur Rahman including several brave military personnel who braved all odds and stood up to the crucial calling of independence were the founders of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Since before the British empire dissolved their occupation and departed from South Asia, the Bangla leaders were relentless in their quest for the freedom, empowerment and equaity in the lives of the people in eastern Bangla. Bhutan ( edit ) Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal (1594-- 1651) fled Tibet and unified the fiefdoms of Bhutan. He established the dual system of shared power between secular and Buddhist leadership that continues as a tradition to the present. People's Republic of China ( edit ) Sun Yat-sen is known as the `` Forerunner of the Democratic Revolution'' (革命 先行者 ) in the People's Republic of China. Huangdi is revered as the legendary founder and initiator of Chinese civilization. Republic of China ( edit ) Sun Yat-sen , founding father of the Republic of China . Sun Yat-sen is revered as the founding father (`` Father of the Nation'' -- 國父 ) of the Republic of China. Georgia ( edit ) King Pharnavaz I of Iberia (302-- 237 BC) was the first king of the united Georgian kingdom of Iberia . Bagrat III is considered as the first king of united Georgian Kingdom. Zviad Gamsakhurdia is the first president and founder of modern republic of Georgia. India ( edit ) Founding father of modern India - Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (left) and father of India - Mohandas K. Gandhi (right) Ancient ( edit ) Emperor Ashoka , 3rd century BC emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who united much of the Indian subcontinent under his rule forming the largest Indian empire till date. Modern ( edit ) B.R. Ambedkar (1891-- 1956) is the Founding Father of Modern India and Father of The Indian Constitution . He served as the first Minister of Law and Justice . Other prominent Indian independence activists include Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru who served as the 1st Prime Minister of India (1947-- 64), Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel who served as the first Deputy Prime Minister of India and Home Minister of India , C. Rajagopalachari who served as the last Governor-General of India , J.B. Kripalani and Abul Kalam Azad both of whom served as the President of the Indian National Congress . Indonesia ( edit ) Sukarno , Founder of Indonesia Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta are the founders of Indonesia. They both signed the Proclamation of Independence which then read by Sukarno, proclaiming the independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands on 17 August 1945. A day later, they were elected respectively as the first President and Vice President of Indonesia. As the Netherlands did not recognize the independence, both of them were prominent figures and were seen as symbol of unity among Indonesian people to fight against Dutch during the National Revolution from 1945 to 1949. In August 1949, Hatta headed a delegation to the Hague for a Round Table Conference which then led to the recognition of Indonesian independence by the Netherlands on 23 December 1949. Iran ( edit ) Cyrus the Great (600 BC-- 530 BC) was the founder of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty an empire without precedent-- a first world-empire of historical importance. Israel ( edit ) Theodor Herzl is considered the founder of the Zionist movement and thus indirectly a founder of Israel. David Ben-Gurion was the founder of the State of Israel and the first Prime Minister of Israel . Kazakhstan ( edit ) Alikhan Bokeikhanov , leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement. There is no law in the country which officially recognizes a single individual as the `` Father of the Nation'' . Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons, owing to their impact on the country during their respective times: Alikhan Bukeikhanov (March 5, 1866 -- September 27, 1937) was a Kazakh statesman, politician, publicist, teacher, writer and environmental scientist. He was leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement. He sided with the westernizers in the Kazakh political scene who were promoting the idea of the Western culture into the Kazakh steppe . In 1920, after the establishment of Soviet hegemony, Bukeikhanov joined the Bolshevik party and returned to scientific life. His earlier political activities caused the authorities to view him with suspicion, leading to arrests in 1926 and 1928. In 1926, Bukeikhanov was arrested on the charge of counter-revolutionary activity and put into Butyrka prison in Moscow . But due to the lack of evidence in the criminal case against him, he was released from prison. In 1930, the authorities banished him to Moscow, where he was arrested a final time in 1937 and executed. Dinmukhamed Kunayev (January 12, 1912 -- August 22, 1993) was a Kazakh Soviet communist politician . He became first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan again in 1964 when Khrushchev was ousted and replaced by Brezhnev. He kept his position for twenty-two more years. He was an alternate member of the Politburo from 1967, and a full member from 1971 to 1987. During Kunayev's long rule, Kazakhs occupied prominent positions in the bureaucracy, economy and educational institutions. A Brezhnev loyalist, he was removed from office under pressure from Mikhail Gorbachev , who accused him of corruption. On 16 December 1986 the Politburo replaced him with Gennady Kolbin , who had never lived in the Kazakh SSR before. This provoked street riots in Almaty, which were the first signs of ethnic strife during Gorbachev's tenure. In modern Kazakhstan, this revolt is called Jeltoqsan , meaning December in Kazakh . Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected the nation's first president following its independence from the Soviet Union in December 1991. In 2010 Parliament of Kazakhstan named him Елбасы (Elbasy) which means `` Leader of the Nation'' . Japan ( edit ) Emperor Jimmu ( 神武 天皇 , Jinmu- tennō ) (traditional reign 18 February 660 BC-- 9 April 585 BC) was the first Emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession . The Japanese national holiday National Foundation Day ( 建国 記念 の 日 , Kenkoku Kinen no Hi ) is celebrated annually on February 11 in commemoration of the founding of the nation of Japan and the ascension of Emperor Jimmu to the imperial throne. North Korea ( edit ) Kim Il-sung was the first leader of North Korea at the time of the establishment of the country in 1948. South Korea ( edit ) Before 1945, North Korea and South Korea were both one country, sharing the same history. Hwanung (환웅 / 桓 雄 ) and his son Dangun Wanggeom (단군왕검 / 檀 君王 儉 ), legendary founders of Gojoseon , the first kingdom of Korea as a whole. Hwanung was descended to Baekdu Mountain . Baekdu Mountain is today part of North Korea However, Gaecheonjeol is not celebrated and recognized at all, unlike South Korea. Malaysia ( edit ) Tunku Abdul Rahman (8 February 1903 -- 6 December 1990) usually known as `` the Tunku'' (a princely title in Malaysia), and also called Bapa Kemerdekaan (Father of Independence) or Bapa Malaysia (Father of Malaysia), was Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya from 1955, and the country's first Prime Minister from independence in 1957. He remained Prime Minister after Sabah , Sarawak , and Singapore joined in 1963 to form Malaysia. Tun Tan Cheng Lock and Tun V.T. Sambanthan are also considered as the main founders of Malaysia. Genghis Khan posthumous portrait Mongolia ( edit ) Modu Chanyu , (c. 234 BC-- 174 BC), founded the first Mongolian Xiongnu state. Genghis Khan (c. 1162-- 1227), who by uniting the nomadic tribes founded the Mongol Empire , is generally regarded as the father of modern-day Mongolia. Although downcast during the communist-era , Genghis Khan's reputation surged after the democratic revolution in 1990 . Modern Mongolia is often called `` Genghis's Mongolia'' . Myanmar ( edit ) Anawrahta is considered to be founder of ancient Burmese Kingdom of Pagan . General Aung San is the founder of modern Burma (also known as Myanmar). Although he did not live to see the country's independence, he is credited in forming the basic structure of the independence movement and government. Aung San started his political career in 1930 as the editor of Rangoon University's Newspaper -- where he accused one of the British administrators of misconduct. In late 1940 he went to Japanese controlled Taiwan and Xiamen to receive military training, and he led the Burmese National Army , spearheading the Japanese invasion of Burma . Later, he switched sides to the Allies, and helped in the Burma Campaign . After the war, he was appointed to the government of a returning British Administration, and was able to negotiate Burma's independence. He helped organized the Panglong Agreement in February 1947, achieving independence for all Burmese territories. However, on Saturday, 19 July 1947, Aung San, along with his cabinet ministers, was assassinated at the secretariat building in Rangoon . Nepal ( edit ) Prithvi Narayan Shah of Nepal Prithvi Narayan Shah was largely responsible for the unification of Nepal , and is considered to be the founder of Nepal . His vision of ruling over a unified Nepal is said to have started when atop a hill near Nepa Valley (Present day Kathmandu ), he decided he would like to rule over it. His strategic plan was very successful and his successors continued to build on his progress. Prithvi Narayan Shah's descendents continued to rule over Nepal for a total of 240 years before the 2006 democracy movement in Nepal toppled the constitutional power exercised by King Gyanendra , before abolishing the monarchy in 2008. Pakistan ( edit ) Muhammad Ali Jinnah , the founder of Pakistan Pakistan's founder is Muhammad Ali Jinnah , who is hailed as Quaid-e-Azam or `` Great Leader'' and Baba-e-Qaum or Father of Nation. Other prominent founders include the poet Allama Iqbal or spiritual Father, believed to be the first person to propagate the idea of a state for India's Muslims, Fatima Jinnah (Mother of nation) and members of Pakistan's first Cabinet such as Liaquat Ali Khan - Shaheed-e-Millat , Abdul Rab Nishtar , Malik Feroze Khan Noon , Khwaja Nazimuddin and I.I. Chundrigar . Some historians credit the Muslim reformist Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as a founder of Pakistan Philippines ( edit ) José Rizal of the Philippines There is no law in the country which officially recognizes a single individual as the `` Father of the Nation'' . Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons, owing to their impact on the country during their respective times: José Rizal (June 19, 1861 -- December 30, 1896) was a Filipino nationalist during the tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain. He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after an anti-colonial revolution, inspired in part by his writings, broke out. Though he was not actively involved in its planning or conduct, he ultimately approved of its goals which eventually led to Philippine independence. He is widely considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines, and is implied by Philippine law to be one of the national heroes. He was the author of the novels Noli Me Tángere , and El Filibusterismo , and a number of poems and essays. Andrés Bonifacio (November 30, 1863 -- May 10, 1897) De facto President and a leader during the Philippine Revolution in 1896, which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire. Emilio Aguinaldo (March 22, 1869 -- February 6, 1964) Leader of the latter part of the Philippine Revolution and first president of the Philippines through the 1899 Malolos Congress , which oversaw the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution . Singapore ( edit ) Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore . Lee Kuan Yew (16 September 1923 -- 23 March 2015) often referred to as the Father of Singapore or by the initials LKY , he was the first Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore, governing for three decades. He is also widely recognised as the founder of modern Singapore. Sri Lanka ( edit ) Official Photographic Portrait of Don Stephen Senanayaka (1884-- 1952) Prince Vijaya is considered to be the first King of Sri Lanka with King Dutugemunu honored as the first king to unify Sri Lanka. D.S. Senanayake (20 October 1883 -- 22 March 1952) is widely known as the modern (post independence) father of the nation . Sirimavo Bandaranaike (17 April 1916 -- 10 October 2000) was the first female Prime Minister of Sri Lanka and the modern world's first female head of government. William Gopallawa (17 September 1896 -- 31 January 1981) was the first Constitutional President while J.R. Jayewardene (17 September 1906 -- 1 November 1996) was the first Executive President. Chandrika Kumaratunga (29 June 1945-- Present) was the first female Executive President of the country. Turkey ( edit ) By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various Anatolian beyliks due to the collapse of the Seljuq dynasty in the area. The Seljuq dynasty had established both the Seljuk Empire , which was founded by Tughril and the Sultanate of Rum , with the first one being responsible for the Turkification of Anatolia. Osman I unified the beyliks under one banner, proclaiming the Ottoman Empire . Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey . Following the First World War, the huge conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new states. The Turkish War of Independence (1919-- 22), initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues in Anatolia, resulted in the establishment of the modern Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ) in 1923. He subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of transforming the old Ottoman-Turkish state into a new secular republic. Vietnam ( edit ) Ho Chi Minh of Vietnam Kinh Dương Vương and descendants of the Hồng Bàng dynasty (reigned between 2879-- 258 BC) are revered as the founders of the first Vietnamese state and civilization. Its commemoration, also known as Giỗ Tổ Hùng Vương , is an official public holiday in Vietnam, which is celebrated on the 10th day of the 3rd lunar month. Ho Chi Minh is the first President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the founder of the Communist Party of Vietnam . He proclaimed the independence of Vietnam from Japanese and French on September 2, 1945. He later led Vietnam through wars against French and American. Europe ( edit ) Albania ( edit ) Skanderbeg was a prominent historical figure in the history of Albania and of the Albanian people. He successfully fought against the Ottoman Empire during its apex (the time of Sultans Murad II and Mehmed II ) and maintained independence for 25 years (1443-- 68) until his death. He is the national hero of the Albanians . Ismail Qemali was a distinguished leader of the Albanian national movement at the beginning of the 20th century, founder of the modern Albanian state in 1912, and its first head of state and government. Bosnia and herzegovina ( edit ) Alija Izetbegović , the war-time president of Bosnia, is deemed the national founder of modern Bosniaks . Bulgaria ( edit ) Kubrat was the ruler of Old Great Bulgaria in 632. His son Asparukh migrated to the Balkans and established the First Bulgarian Empire in 681. Modern day Bulgaria is a direct successor of this state. Asparukh's brother Kotrag migrated north and founded Volga Bulgaria . Mythical rulers of Bulgaria exist before them, dating back as far as 3rd millennium BC. Croatia ( edit ) Franjo Tuđman , first President of the Republic of Croatia 1990-- 99. Self-proclaimed `` Father of the Nation'' . Czech Republic ( edit ) Václav Klaus is a Czech prominent politician, later President, which agreed on dissolution of Czechoslovakia with the Slovaks. Václav Havel was the First President of the Czech Republic (1993-- 2003). Founder of modern Czech statehood is considered the First President of Czechoslovakia Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1918-- 1935). The Kingdom of Bohemia was formally established in 1198 by Přemysl Ottokar I , patron Saint is Saint Wenceslaus , which murder is celebrated as Statehood Day. France ( edit ) Clovis I united all the frankish tribes in Gaul and gave them a common catholic religion. Napoleon founded the French Empire. Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, later known as Napoleon III is the first French President, elected 1848. Charles de Gaulle is a hero of the French resistance to Germany during World War II, and the first president of the Fifth French Republic. Germany ( edit ) Before the national unification of Germany in 1871 , German nationalists sought out multiple legendary founders of the German nation, such as Arminius , Charlemagne and - as championed by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn and Richard Wagner - Henry the Fowler . Otto von Bismarck (1815-- 1898), the `` Iron Chancellor'' , engineered the unification of the numerous states of Germany in 1871. Modern, democratic Germany was decisively shaped by the `` Fathers of the Basic Law '' in the 1948 Constitutional Convention at Herrenchiemsee , and by the first German Chancellor , Konrad Adenauer . For reunified Germany, the slogan `` Wir sind das Volk! '' ( `` We are the people!'' ) became symbolic, thus making all Germans founders of modern Germany . Greece ( edit ) Ancient ( edit ) Hellen , mythical progenitor of the Greeks , who gives his name to both the people and the country in the Greek language . Theseus , the semi-legendary founder of Athens Solon (594 BC) and Cleisthenes (508/7 BC), the authors of the Athenian democratic constitution . Lycurgus of Sparta , the legendary Sparta lawgiver credited with establishing the city's constitution and way of life Cadmus , the legendary founder and first King of Thebes . Modern ( edit ) Constantine the Great , first Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire and founder of Constantinople , Constantine XI Palaiologos , last Byzantine Emperor, and other Byzantine figures revered by the modern Greek population, especially during the period between the Fall of Constantinople and the foundation of the modern state. Adamantios Korais , Theophilos Kairis and other figures of the Greek Enlightenment who contributed to the country's national awakening leading up to its revolution against the Ottoman Empire Rigas Feraios , writer and revolutionary who is remembered as a national hero and the first victim of the uprising against the Ottomans . Emmanuil Xanthos , Nikolaos Skoufas and Athanasios Tsakalov , the founders of the Filiki Eteria Theodoros Kolokotronis , Georgios Karaiskakis , Andreas Vokos Miaoulis , Laskarina Bouboulina , Yannis Makriyannis and other military leaders of the Greek War of Independence Alexander Ypsilantis , leader of the Filiki Eteria and founder and leader of the Sacred Band Alexandros Mavrokordatos , President of the First National Assembly at Epidaurus , co-author of the Greek Declaration of Independence and first Provisional Constitution and first head of government (President of the Executive) of Modern Greece. Hungary ( edit ) According to Anonymus the fejedelem who made the Magyars settle into the Carpathian Basin in 896 A.D. was Árpád . His dynasty reigned over the Hungarian Kingdom from the ninth century until 1301. In Hungary Stephen I of Hungary is commonly regarded as the founder of the nation. He was Hungary's first king and united the Magyar people into the Kingdom of Hungary . Amongst others, Lajos Kossuth is supposed to be the Pater Patriae . He is known as the leader of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 against the Habsburgs, and therefore founder of the modern Hungarian Republic. Ireland ( edit ) The Irish Free State was established after the Irish War of Independence (1919-- 21), in which Éamon de Valera , Cathal Brugha and Michael Collins were key leaders. However, they became antagonists in the Irish Civil War (1922-- 23), in which Collins and Brugha were killed and de Valera defeated. For decades, the inheritors of the opposing factions bypassed these sensitivities to honour the earlier leaders of the Easter Rising of 1916, in particular the seven signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic : Patrick Pearse , James Connolly , Éamonn Ceannt , Tom Clarke , Seán Mac Diarmada , Thomas MacDonagh , and Joseph Plunkett . Italy ( edit ) Before 1861 ( edit ) Caesar Augustus organized Italia and the Italicus Populus during the Roman Empire . Charlemagne first created a Kingdom of Italy in medieval times. Napoleone Bonaparte was the first to use the title of President of the Italian Republic . Modern Italy ( edit ) King Vittorio Emanuele II , Giuseppe Garibaldi , Prime minister Count di Cavour and Giuseppe Mazzini have been referred to as the Four Fathers of the Fatherland . Italy was unified in 1861 and Rome became its capital in 1870. The members of the Assemblea Costituente (the Constituent Assembly of 1946-- 1947) are considered the `` fathers'' of the Italian Republic , which replaced the Monarchy after a referendum in 1946 . Prominent members among them included Alcide De Gasperi (also counted among the founding fathers of the European Union ), the communist Palmiro Togliatti and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando , the `` premier of victory'' in WWI. Macedonia ( edit ) As well respected statesmen in Macedonia are considered Metodija Andonov-Čento (first president of SR Macedonia ), Nikola Karev (president of Kruševo Republic ) and Kiro Gligorov (first president of independent Macedonia). However, often, as `` fathers'' of the nation are considered Gotse Delchev , Krste Misirkov , Georgi Pulevski and Dimitrija Čupovski and other prominent authors and revolutionaries. Montenegro ( edit ) Petar I Petrović -Njegoš (1747-- 1830) acquired de facto independence for Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire and created the first Montenegrin law in modern era Netherlands ( edit ) Prince William I of Orange (1533-- 1584) or William the Silent , is known as the father of the Netherlands. He led the Dutch in their Revolt against Spain for their independence. Today he is often called Vader des Vaderlands which in English means, Father of the Fatherland . Norway ( edit ) King Harald Fairhair , who unified Norway and ruled c. 872-- 930, is often considered the founder of the nation. Usually the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814, consisting of 112 men from most of the country, in Norway often referred to as Eidsvoll Men or the Fathers of the Constitution . Einar Henry Gerhardsen (born 10. May 1897 in Asker as Einar Henry Olsen , dead 19. September 1987) was a Norwegian politician who represented the Labor Party. He was Norway's prime minister from 1945 to 1951, from 1955 to 1963 and from 1963 to 1965. In Norway, Gerhardsen is known as `` landsfaderen'' -- `` the father of the country'' , and he is referred to as one of the main architects behind the Norwegian welfare state that emerged after World War II. Poland ( edit ) Mieszko I of Poland Mieszko I (ca. 920/45-- 25 May 992), the first historical ruler of Poland, Mieszko I is considered the de facto creator of the Polish state. He was a Duke of the Polans from about 960 until his death. Mieszko I's marriage in 965 to the Přemyslid princess Dobrawa and his baptism in 966 put him and his country in the cultural sphere of Western Christianity. According to existing sources, Mieszko I was a wise politician, a talented military leader and charismatic ruler. He successfully used diplomacy, concluding an alliance with Bohemia first, and then with Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire . In foreign policy, he placed the interests of his country foremost, even entering into agreements with former enemies. On his death, he left to his sons a country of greatly expanded territory, with a well-established position in Europe. Mieszko I also appeared as `` Dagome'' in a papal document from about 1085, called `` Dagome iudex '' , which mentions a gift or dedication of Mieszko's land to the Pope (the act took place almost a hundred years earlier). Portugal ( edit ) Viriathus was the most important leader of the Lusitanian people that resisted Roman expansion into western Hispania or Iberia (as the Greeks called it). Today Viriathus is regarded as a national hero and an enduring symbol of Portuguese nationality and independence, portrayed by artists and celebrated by its people throughout the centuries. Henry of Burgundy (1066-- 1112), was appointed Count of Portugal as a reward for military services to Kingdom of León , and with the purpose of expanding the territory southwards. And, more importantly, his son, Count Afonso I of Portugal (1109-- 1185), a Templar Brother who took control of the county after Henry died and was recognized by the Holy See , in 1179, as the first King of Portugal , through the Manifestis Probatum bull. Romania ( edit ) Decebalus and Trajan are considered to be the fathers of the Romanian people, as Roman veterans were settled on the present-day territory of Romania following Trajan's Dacian Wars . Michael the Brave was the first Romanian prince to rule over the traditional Romanian provinces ( Wallachia , Moldavia and Transylvania ) in a personal union, albeit briefly. Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected as the first leader of the modern Romanian state. He presided over Wallachia and Moldavia in a personal union, which later became permanent even though he was forced to abdicate. Russian Federation ( edit ) Boris Yeltsin was the first president of the Russian Federation. San Marino ( edit ) Saint Marinus was the founder of the world's oldest surviving republic, San Marino, in 301. Tradition holds that he was a stonemason by trade who came from the island of Rab on the other side of the Adriatic Sea (modern Croatia), fleeing persecution for his Christian beliefs in the Diocletianic Persecution . Serbia ( edit ) Stefan Nemanja , Grand Prince of Serbia (r. 1166-- 1196). The Serbian Church, under St. Sava , depicted Nemanja as the founder of Serbia. Karađorđe , Grand Leader (1804-- 1813), liberator of Serbia, organizer and leader of the Serbian Revolution . The honorific Father of the Fatherland (Отац Отаџбине ) has been given to Saint Sava , Karađorđe , and Miloš Obrenović , the latter having been given it by the National Assembly during his lifetime. Slovakia ( edit ) Vladimír Mečiar was the main proponent of the Slovak independence in the year 1993. He has served as prime minister until 1998, when he narrowly lost the election. Many Slovaks see Great Moravia as their ancestors, which would make Mojmír I a founder. Slovenia ( edit ) France Bučar is a Slovenian politician, legal expert and author. Between 1990 and 1992, he served as the first chairman of the freely elected Slovenian Parliament . He was the one to formally declare the independence of Slovenia on 25 June 1991. He is considered one of the founders of Slovenian democracy and independence. He is also considered, together with Peter Jambrek , as the main author of the current Slovenian constitution. Jože Pučnik was president of DEMOS and one of the main persons in the Slovenian fight for independence. The largest Slovenian airport is named Letališče Jožeta Pučnika (Jože Pučnik airport). Lojze Peterle was first prime minister of Slovenia and Milan Kučan was the first president. Spain ( edit ) Catholic Monarchs in the 15th century were responsible for the unification of Spain, both coming from the noble House of Trastámara . Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500-- 1558) was the first monarch of the Spanish Empire . Sweden ( edit ) While Sweden had existed as a monarchy of sorts long before his time, Birger Jarl , father of and regent for Valdemar, King of Sweden , can be said to have established Sweden as a nation. Birger was Jarl in the years 1248-- 66. Gustav I of Sweden , who secured Sweden's independence from Denmark in 1523, is often considered a father of the nation. Switzerland ( edit ) Both the anonymous Eidgenossen who drew up the Federal Charter of 1291 , or the liberal statesmen who helped found the modern Swiss Confederation in 1848 can be considered the founders of Switzerland. Among the latter, those who became the first members of the Swiss Federal Council were perhaps the most notable: Ulrich Ochsenbein , Jakob Stämpfli , Jonas Furrer , Josef Munzinger , Henri Druey , Friedrich Frey-Herosé , Wilhelm Matthias Naeff and Stefano Franscini . Ukraine ( edit ) Stepan Bandera consider as Ukraine Hero in 20th century. Leonid Kravchuk is the First President of Ukraine in 1992 United Kingdom ( edit ) As the UK formed over many years, its founders did not live at the same time as each other. They include: Humphrey Wingfield , Speaker of the English House of Commons in 1535, at the time of England's union with Wales; John Smith and James Ogilvy, 4th Earl of Findlater , Speakers of the English and Scottish Parliaments in 1707, when the Acts of Union united Scotland and England; Henry Addington and John FitzGibbon , leaders of the British and Irish parliaments at the time of the Acts of Union 1801, uniting Great Britain and Ireland ; and Prime Minister David Lloyd George and Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill , who both signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty , which allowed most of Ireland to leave the U.K. and become the Irish Free State . Northern Ireland had already been established in May 1921, having been created in the Government of Ireland Act in December 1920. This Act was guided through the British House of Commons by Sir Hamar Greenwood , M.P. , the Chief Secretary for Ireland at the time. Northern Ireland had been created at the insistence of both Captain Sir James Craig and Sir Edward Carson , the Ulster Unionist leaders. Americas ( edit ) Bolivia ( edit ) Simon Bolivar (1783-- 1830) and Antonio José de Sucre (1795-- 1830) are considered to be the founders of Bolivia . Brazil ( edit ) Pedro I , founder and first Emperor of Brazil Pedro Álvares Cabral (1467 or 1468-- 1520) commander of the first Portuguese fleet to arrive in South America. José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (1763-- 1838), known as `` Patriarch of Independence'' , is considered the maximum leader of the Independence movement because of his intellectual mentorship and political prominence, and Pedro I of Brazil (1798-- 1834), son of the King João VI of Portugal , the symbol of the `` center of force and union'' , according to the Bonifácio strategy. Canada ( edit ) Main article: Fathers of Confederation Canadian Fathers of Confederation The name `` Fathers of Confederation '' is given to those who attended the Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences in 1864, and the London Conference of 1866 , to establish the Canadian Confederation . There were 36 original Fathers of Confederation. Queen Victoria , who supported and encouraged this process, is known as the Mother of Confederation. She was the first Monarch under the 1867 Constitution and personally chose Ottawa as Canada's capital city. The political leaders who brought the other provinces into Confederation after 1867 are also referred to as `` Fathers of Confederation.'' Chile ( edit ) Bernardo O'Higgins (1778-- 1842) and José Miguel Carrera (1785-- 1821) are usually considered the founders of Chile. Colombia ( edit ) Simón Bolívar , was founder of Gran Colombia , which also included Panama , Ecuador , and Venezuela . Francisco de Paula Santander wrote the first constitution of Colombia . Antonio Nariño (`` Precursor of the Independence'' ) and Camilo Torres were the most relevant statesmen of the First Republic. Costa Rica ( edit ) Juan Mora Fernández , first Head of State of Costa Rica. José María Castro Madriz , First President of the Republic and proclaimed `` Founder of the Republic'' by Congress Juan Rafael Mora Porras , President during Costa Rica's campaign against William Walker , proclaimed `` Hero and Liberator'' by Congress. Cuba ( edit ) José Martí is a Cuban national hero. Dominican Republic ( edit ) Juan Pablo Duarte (1813-- 1876), Francisco del Rosario Sánchez (1817-- 1861) and Matías Ramón Mella (1816-- 1864) are considered the Fathers of the Country. Duarte is featured on the $1 coin; Sanchez on the $5 coin and on the now discontinued $5 bill; Mella on the $10 coin and on the also discontinued $10 bill. Haiti ( edit ) Toussaint L'Ouverture (20 May 1743 -- 8 April 1803) and Jean-Jacques Dessalines (20 September 1758 -- 17 October 1806) were revolutionary and early political leaders of Haiti . Henri Christophe and Alexandre Pétion were also important figures of early Haiti. Jamaica ( edit ) Alexander Bustamante and Norman Washington Manley are considered to be the founders of Jamaica. Alexander Bustamante is credited for his role as an influential union leader and as founder of the Jamaican Labour Party . Bustamante served as the then colony's first Chief Minister from 1953 to 1955 and later went on to lead Jamaica to independence from the United Kingdom in 1962, becoming the country's first Prime Minister. Norman Washington Manley is particularly noted for his role in securing universal suffrage for the country's population in 1944 along with founding the People's National Party . Manley also served as Chief Minister of Jamaica from 1955 to 1962. Mexico ( edit ) According to the decrees of the Congress of the Union of Mexico issued in 1822 and 1823, the Mexican founders are Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753-- 1811), Ignacio Allende (1769-- 1811), Juan Aldama (1774-- 1811), Mariano Abasolo (1783-- 1816), José María Morelos (1765-- 1815), Mariano Matamoros (1770-- 1814), Leonardo Bravo (1764-- 1812), Miguel Bravo (unknown-1814), Hermenegildo Galeana (1762-- 1814), Mariano Jiménez (1781-- 1811), Xavier Mina (1789-- 1817), Pedro Moreno (1775-- 1817), and Víctor Rosales (1776-- 1817). Nine of the thirteen founders are buried in the Monument to the Independence in Mexico City . Peru ( edit ) José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar led Peru to independence and forged the country. South America ( edit ) Simón Bolívar of Venezuela José de San Martín , Simón Bolívar , Antonio José de Sucre , Francisco de Paula Santander , Francisco de Miranda have been referred to as the founding fathers of the region comprising modern day Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Panama. Uruguay ( edit ) José Artigas is considered to be the founder of Uruguay . United States ( edit ) George Washington, chief among the founders of the United States Main article: Founding Fathers of the United States Within the large group known as `` the Founding Fathers'' , there are two key subsets, the Signers (who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776) and the Framers (who were delegates to the Federal Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States ). Some historians have suggested a revised definition of the `` Founding Fathers'' , including a significantly broader group of not only the Signers and the Framers but also all those who, whether as politicians or jurists or statesmen or soldiers or diplomats or ordinary citizens, took part in winning US independence and creating the United States of America. Eminent American historian Richard B. Morris , in his 1973 book Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries, identified the following seven figures as the key founders: John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , Alexander Hamilton , John Jay , Thomas Jefferson , James Madison , and George Washington . Venezuela ( edit ) Simón Bolívar (1783-- 1830) is considered to be the founder not only of Venezuela , but of many of the region's countries as the Gran Colombia , which also included Panama , Ecuador , and Colombia and Bolivia . José Antonio Páez led the separation of Venezuela from the Gran Colombia and formed the modern statehood of the country. Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Sir Henry Parkes (1815-- 1896) is often regarded as the `` Father of Federation'' in Australia. During the late 19th century, he was the strongest proponent for a federation of Australian territories. However, he died before Australia federated, and was never able to see his plan come to fruition. Various other `` founders'' of Australia have also been unofficially recognised: Captain Arthur Phillip , the first governor of New South Wales and founder of the first British colony; and Sir Edmund Barton , the first Australian Prime Minister. Andrew Inglis Clark is another founding father of Australia. He largely wrote the Australian Constitution in addition to developing the Hare-Clark system of voting and pushing for universal adult suffrage and other progressive ideals that would become law early in Australia's history. Federated States of Micronesia ( edit ) Chief Justice Andon Amaraich is regarded as `` one of the founding fathers of the Federated States of Micronesia'' . Fiji ( edit ) Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara is widely viewed as the `` Founding Father'' of an independent Fiji. New Zealand ( edit ) James Busby drafted the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand and co-authored with William Hobson the Treaty of Waitangi , which is considered by some to be the founding document of the nation of New Zealand . The Treaty of Waitangi was not however the basis for either the British annexation of New Zealand, or the development of representative government in the colony. Papua New Guinea ( edit ) Grand Chief Sir Michael Somare is viewed as the `` Founding Father'' of Papua New Guinea. The leading figure during the country's transition to independence from Australia, he was Papua New Guinea's first Prime Minister . Tonga ( edit ) George Tupou I founded the modern Kingdom of Tonga King George Tupou I , who united his country and established the contemporary Kingdom of Tonga, has been described as Tonga's `` founding father'' . Former States and other territories ( edit ) Bohemia ( edit ) Although the first known ruler of Bohemia was Bořivoj I, Duke of Bohemia , the real unifier of various Slavic tribes in Bohemia and creator of nation was Duke Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia . Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor is regarded as the `` Father of the Homeland '' in the Czech Republic, because during his time the Kingdom of Bohemia experienced the greatest prosperity. Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850-- 1937) is widely revered as the Liberator President who played the chief role in the 1918 melding of Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia and Ruthenia into the Czechoslovak Republic, and who served as President of the Republic from 1918 to 1935. Republic of China ( edit ) Sun Yat-sen is revered as the founding father (`` Father of the Country'' -- 國父 ) of the Republic of China. Huangdi (reigned between 2698 and 2598 BC) is revered as the legendary founder and initiator of Chinese civilization. Czechoslovakia ( edit ) Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk , first President of Czechoslovakia, known as President Liberator. England ( edit ) It was King Athelstan (893/895-- 939 AD) who united the several Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England around the year 927, when he became King of the English as opposed to his previous title, King of the West Saxons . However, his fame is often overshadowed by his predecessor and grandfather Alfred the Great (871-899 AD), who set in motion the unification of the English kingdoms and could also claim to be the nation's founder. Korea ( edit ) For ancient Korea, Hwanung (환웅 / 桓 雄 ) and his son Dangun Wanggeom (단군왕검 / 檀 君王 儉 ) are legendary founders of Gojoseon , the first kingdom of Korea. The founding date is usually calculated as 3 October 2333 BC; 3 October is a South Korean national holiday known as Gaecheonjeol (개천절 / 開 天 節 , `` Festival of the Opening of Heaven'' ). Russian Empire ( edit ) Rurik - Varangian prince and Prince of Novgorod beginning around 862 AD Oleg , Rurik's kinsman and successor; extended his realm from Novgorod south to the Dnieper River valley and later moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev , where he established Kievan Rus' (the modern peoples of Belarus , Ukraine , and Russia all have Kievan Rus' as their cultural heritage). Ivan the Terrible , Grand Prince of Moscow (also Prince of Novgorod) from 1533 to 1547 and Tsar of All the Russias from 1547 until his death in 1584. Ivan also claimed the historical title `` Grand Prince of Kiev '' for himself, but this was more of a flourish, since Kiev had never formed part of his realm and Moscow would not control the Kievan region until the Truce of Andrusovo (1667), but Kiev remained an important city in early Slavic history and culture. Peter the Great , Tsar from 1682, officially proclaimed the establishment of the Russian Empire in 1721, following the Treaty of Nystad , and himself its first emperor. He instituted sweeping reforms and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power, re-organising the state in the Western style. Founder of Saint-Petersburg Vladimir the Great was the first Christian Prince of Kievan Rus. Scotland ( edit ) The fictionalising medieval poem The Wallace ( c. 1477) celebrated William Wallace (died 1305) as one of the founder-heroes of Scotland's struggle to preserve/re-establish independence from Plantagenet England . Soviet Union ( edit ) Vladimir Lenin - Officially one among many equal founders of the country, Lenin was, de facto , the paramount leader, founder of the Soviet Union and the CPSU , the party that ruled it via one-party rule as well as the founding father of the modern Russian state. He died soon after the country's founding and retained a special status of secular apotheosis for the rest of the country's history. Wales ( edit ) Magnus Maximus (ca. 335-- 28 August 388). According to Welsh tradition, Magnus Maximus (Welsh: Macsen-Wledig) was a Roman General who was proclaimed Emperor of Rome by his soldiers in Britain in 383. As such, he was the first `` Romano-Britain'' ruler of Britain and Rome itself. His mytho-heroic founding of Wales is celebrated in the modern Welsh anthem Yma o Hyd by Dafydd Iwan . Hywel Dda (c.880-- 950) was responsible for the codification of traditional Welsh Law , which, according to historian John Davies , `` was a powerful symbol of (Welsh) unity and identity, as powerful, indeed, as their language'' . Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (r. 1039-- 63) was the first Welsh king to rule over the entire territory of Wales, from about 1057 until his death in 1063. Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( edit ) King Alexander I of Yugoslavia , known as Alexander the Unifier Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( edit ) Josip Broz Tito , Marshal of Yugoslavia (1943-- 80) Zaire ( edit ) Mobutu Sese Seko was the founder of Zaire and its only president. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Congo Celebrates 50th Anniversary of Independence'' . Congo Planet . Congo News Agency. 30 June 2010 . Retrieved 20 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Joseph Roberts, Liberia's first President! The African American Registry Jump up ^ Diller, Daniel; Moore, John (1995). The Middle East . Congressional Quarterly. p. 308. Jump up ^ Université Laval, University of Toronto/. `` Biography -- PETERS, THOMAS -- Volume IV (1771-1800) -- Dictionary of Canadian Biography'' . biographi.ca . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency'' . Cia.gov . Jump up ^ Hovannisian, Richard (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918-- 1919 . University of California Press. p. 147. ISBN 9780520018051 . Aram pasha, as he was known to friend and foe alike, had been a veritable founder of the Armenian republic. Jump up ^ Libaridian, Gerard J. (1991). Armenia at the crossroads: democracy and nationhood in the post-Soviet era: essays, interviews, and speeches by the leaders of the national democratic movement in Armenia . Watertown, Massachusetts: Blue Crane Nooks. p. 19. ISBN 9780962871511 . Aram Manukian (1879-- 1919), a leading member of the Dashnaktustiune, organized the defense of Van in 1915 and Yerevan in 1918. He is considered the founder of the Republic of Armenia in 1918. Jump up ^ Asryan, Armen (2005). `` Արամ Մանուկյանը հայոց մեծ ողբերգության տարիներին (Aram Manukyan in the Years of the Great Armenian Tragedy)'' . Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian) (1): 54. ISSN 0135-0536 . Jump up ^ Virabyan, Amatuni, ed. (2009). Արամ Մանուկյան . Փաստաթղթեր եւ նյութերի ժողովածու (Aram Manukian: Collection of documents and materials) (PDF) (in Armenian). Yerevan: National Archives of Armenia . p. 2. Archived from the original on 20 September 2014: `` ...20-րդ դարասկզբի հայոց ազգային -ազատագրական շարժման ականավոր ղեկավար , Վանի ինքնապաշտպանության ղեկավար , 1918թ . մայիսյան հերոսամարերի կազմակերպիչ , Հայաստանի Հանրապետության կերտող Արամ Մանուկյանի ...'' CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Harutyunyan, Arpi; Barseghyan, Haykuhi (16 March 2012). `` Derision at `` Servile'' Putin Fan Club in Armenia'' (634). Institute for War and Peace Reporting . Archived from the original on 18 September 2014. `` ...an Armenian national figure like Aram Manukyan, founder of the (1918) First Republic,'' Levon Shirinyan, who holds the chair of politics and history at Yerevan's teacher-training university. Jump up ^ `` Sun Yat-sen'' . baike.com . Retrieved 2017-06-07 . Jump up ^ `` Bhimrao Ambedkar'' . c250.columbia.edu . Jump up ^ H.J. Van Mook (1949). `` Indonesia'' . Royal Institute of International Affairs . 25 (3): 274-- 285. JSTOR 3016666 . ; Charles Bidien (5 December 1945). `` Independence the Issue'' . Far Eastern Survey . 14 (24): 345-- 348. doi : 10.1525/as.1945.14.24.01p17062 . JSTOR 3023219 . ; Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and History . Yale University Press. p. 325. ISBN 0-300-10518-5 . ; Reid (1973), page 30 Jump up ^ Schmitt Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty) Jump up ^ Imperial Household Agency ( Kunaichō ): 神武 天皇 (1) Jump up ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 28-- 29. Jump up ^ Hardacre, Helen. (1989). Shinto and the State, 1868-- 1988, pp. 101-102. Jump up ^ `` Turkey - Location, Geography, People, Economy, Culture, & History'' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2017-08-10 . Jump up ^ Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim; Mirza, Mahan (28 November 2012). `` The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought'' . Princeton University Press -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Tarik Kulenović (2008). Politički islam: osnovni pojmovi, autori i skupine jednog modernog političkog pokreta . V.B.Z. ISBN 978-953-201-838-7 . Otac nacije naslov je koji Izetbegović zasluženo može nositi, jer je pod njegovim vodstvom dovršen proces nacionalnog formiranja Bošnjaka . Političku slavu Izetbegović je stekao kao predsjednik Predsjedništva Bosne Jump up ^ Predrag Matvejević ; Vidosav Stevanović ; Zlatko Dizdarević (1999). Gospodari rata i mira . Feral Tribune. p. 64. Jump up ^ James Minahan (1 January 2000). One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-313-30984-7 . On 15 June 1997 Franjo Tudjman, the self-proclaimed `` Father of the Nation,'' was elected for another five-year term Jump up ^ Carl A.P. Ruck and Danny Staples, The World of Classical Myth (Carolina Academic Press, 1994), ch. ix `` Theseus:Making the New Athens'' pp 203-- 22 Jump up ^ V. Creation of the Italian Kingdom Archived 7 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Small Planet Named After Willem the Silent, Astronomie.nl (in Dutch) Jump up ^ `` Why did the Norwegian constitution of 1814 become a part of positive law in the nineteenth century?'' . Blogit.helsinki.fi . Retrieved 2017-08-10 . Jump up ^ John V.A. Fine; John Van Antwerp Fine (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest . University of Michigan Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-472-08260-4 . Jump up ^ Walter Rothholz (2003). Political culture in the Baltic Sea Region and in Eastern Europe . Aland-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-936402-04-9 . The founder of the Serbian Orthodox Church (SPC) was Saint Sava (1169-- 1236), the son of the great Serbian national leader Stefan Nemanja. Jump up ^ Vasilije Krestić (2004). Great Serbia: truth, misconceptions, abuses : papers presented at the International Scientific Meeting held in the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgrade, October 24-26, 2002 . SANU. pp. 236, 250. ISBN 978-86-7025-377-3 . In fact, the work is dedicated to the ashes of the Father of Serbia, that is, to Karadjordje, whom he compares with the greatest men of the 19th century. Throughout the work, Njegos asks the Serbs to live up to the model set by the heroes of ... Jump up ^ Yugoslavia. Narodna skupština (1936). Stenografske beleške Narodne skupštine Kraljevine Jugoslavije . p. 1284. Караћорће бити оснивач Србије Jump up ^ `` VELIKA MRLJA U ISTORIJI SRBIJE: Dan kad je ubijen otac nacije - vožd Karađorđe ! (VIDEO)'' . Telegraf.rs . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Branko Pešić (1988). Spomen hram Sv. Save na Vračaru u Beogradu: 1895-1988 . Sveti arhijerejski sinod Srpske pravoslavne crkve. Отац Отаџбине Св . Сава је надахнуо Немањи - ну државу идеалима хришћанског патриотизма и створио слободну цркву у слободној држави . Држа - ва је Отечество - земља мојих ота - ца . Држава не сме да буде импери - ја , јер где ... Jump up ^ Durde Jelenić (1923). Nova Srbija i Jugoslavija, 1788-1921 . p. 56. ОТАЦ ОТАЏБИНЕ - КАРАЂОРЂЕ ПЕТРОВИЋ Jump up ^ Milutin D. Nešić (1920). Knez Mihailo . Štamparija braće grujić i prometnog D.D. С државнога балкона у згради Народне Скупштине (Велика пивара ) читаше се прокламација народу српском , да је повраћен па престо отац отаџбине Велики Милош . Ко је видео како је та одлука за час угасила оне упаљене ... Jump up ^ Library and Archives Canada. Fathers of Confederation . Collections Canada: Canadian Confederation. Jump up ^ Canada History: Fathers of Confederation . Access History Web Company: The History Project. Jump up ^ `` Juan Mora Fernández '' . Guiascostarica.com. 27 June 2013 . Retrieved 2017-08-10 . Jump up ^ `` Francisco María Oreamuno Badilla'' . Guiascostarica.com. 27 June 2013 . Retrieved 2017-08-10 . Jump up ^ es:República Dominicana#Independencia nacional Jump up ^ `` Colección Muro de Honor'' (PDF) . MX: H. Congreso de la Unión , México. 2008 . Retrieved Oct 30, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monumento de la Independencia'' (PDF) . MX: INAH, México . Retrieved Oct 28, 2012 . Jump up ^ Timothy Anna, The fall of the royal government in Peru , pp. 237-- 238. Jump up ^ `` Central & South America'' . Gosouthamerica.about.com . Retrieved 2017-08-10 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Venezuela's founding father unveiled in Tehran in presence of Chavez'' . Payvand.com . Jump up ^ `` Bentham Project'' . Ucl.ac.uk . Jump up ^ `` Francisco de Miranda and Andrés Bello lectures at The Bolívar Hall'' . Venezlon.co.uk . Retrieved 2017-08-10 . Jump up ^ R.B. Bernstein, The Founding Fathers Reconsidered (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009). Jump up ^ (1) Jump up ^ `` The Federated States of Micronesia Mourns the loss of one of its Founding Fathers: Chief Justice Andon Amaraich'' , Government of the F.S. Micronesia, 28 January 2010 Jump up ^ `` FSM chief justice dies in Hawaii'' . Radio New Zealand International . 28 January 2010 . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Biography on Fiji's founding father released'' , Fiji Daily Post , 14 October 2009 Jump up ^ `` Fiji's founding father, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, to be buried on home island today'' . Radio New Zealand International . 2 May 2004 . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara - prime minister of Fiji'' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2017-08-10 . Jump up ^ `` Fiji profile - timeline'' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Fiji founding father, Ratu Mara, dies'' , Australian Broadcasting Corporation , 19 April 2004 Jump up ^ Speech in honour of Sir Michael Somare by President Gloria Arroyo of the Philippines Jump up ^ `` Somare returns as PNG leader'' . Radio New Zealand International . 6 August 2002 . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ (2) `` Prime Minister opens student admin building named after him'' , Divine Word University Jump up ^ `` Step aside Chief!'' , Papua New Guinea Post-Courier , 14 September 2007 Jump up ^ `` Uncertain Times: Sailors, Beachcombers and Castaways as `` Missionaries'' and Cultural Mediators in Tonga (Polynesia)`` , Françoise Douaire-Marsaudon, in Margaret Jolly, Serge Tcherkézoff & Darrell Tryon (eds.) Oceanic Encounters: Exchange, Desire, Violence , July 2009, ISBN 978-1-921536-28-1 Jump up ^ `` Tonga: Two contemporary tendencies'' , Peter Lyon, The Pacific Review , vol.4, n° 3, 1991 Jump up ^ Rurik (Norse leader) Britannica Online Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Rurik Dynasty (medieval Russian rulers) Britannica Online Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Plokhy, Serhii (2006). The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus (PDF) . New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 10-- 15. ISBN 978-0-521-86403-9 . Retrieved 2010-04-27 . For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus' , the medieval East Slavic state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine. Jump up ^ Lynch, Michael , ed. (2007). `` Culture'' . The Oxford Companion to Scottish History . Oxford Reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 130. ISBN 9780199234820 . Retrieved 2017-07-03 . The Wallace ( c. 1477) by Blind Harry (fl. 1470-92) mythologized a national founder-hero in decasyllabic couplets mixed with stanzaical, lyrical verse. Jump up ^ Davies, John (1994). A History of Wales . London: Penguin. pp. 84 & 86. ISBN 0-14-014581-8 . Jump up ^ Davies, John (1994). A History of Wales . London: Penguin. p. 100. ISBN 0-14-014581-8 . ( hide ) National symbols ( list ) Topics Coat of arms Colour Dish Emblem Epic Flower Myth Patron saint Personification National poetry Poets Sport Lists Animals Birds Anthems Dances Founders Fruits Instruments Liquors Mottos Parks Trees Galleries Country coats of arms State flags Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_founders&oldid=809983168 '' Categories : Political terminology National founders Lists of national symbols Hidden categories: CS1 Armenian-language sources (hy) CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Use dmy dates from November 2010 Incomplete lists from April 2012 Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Articles containing Japanese-language text Articles containing Korean-language text Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Polski Русский Slovenčina TürkçeEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon12November2017,at18:52.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia
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when is the new periphery album coming out
`` Marigold '' 2016 Wes Richardson Periphery III : Select Difficulty
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[ "Periphery Periphery 's logo on the stage behind the drum kit . Background information Origin Washington , D.C. , United States Genres Progressive metal , djent , progressive metalcore Years active 2005 -- present Labels 3DOT Recordings Sumerian Distort Roadrunner Century Media Website periphery.net Members Misha Mansoor Jake Bowen Matt Halpern Spencer Sotelo Mark Holcomb Past members Anthony Marshall Adam `` Nolly '' Getgood Jason S. Berlin Jake Veredika Travis Orbin Alex Bois Tom Murphy Casey Sabol Chris Barretto", "Periphery", "Periphery 's logo on the stage behind the drum kit .", "Background information", "Origin Washington , D.C. , United States", "Genres Progressive metal , djent , progressive metalcore", "Years active 2005 -- present", "Labels 3DOT Recordings Sumerian Distort Roadrunner Century Media", "3DOT Recordings Sumerian Distort Roadrunner Century Media", "Website periphery.net", "Members Misha Mansoor Jake Bowen Matt Halpern Spencer Sotelo Mark Holcomb", "Misha Mansoor Jake Bowen Matt Halpern Spencer Sotelo Mark Holcomb", "Past members Anthony Marshall Adam `` Nolly '' Getgood Jason S. Berlin Jake Veredika Travis Orbin Alex Bois Tom Murphy Casey Sabol Chris Barretto", "Anthony Marshall Adam `` Nolly '' Getgood Jason S. Berlin Jake Veredika Travis Orbin Alex Bois Tom Murphy Casey Sabol Chris Barretto", "Adam `` Nolly '' Getgood", "Jason S. Berlin", "Periphery is an American progressive metal band based in Washington , D.C. , formed in 2005 . Their musical style has been described as progressive metal , djent , and progressive metalcore . They are considered one of the pioneers of the djent movement within progressive metal . The band consists of vocalist Spencer Sotelo , guitarists Misha Mansoor , Mark Holcomb , Jake Bowen , and drummer Matt Halpern . Periphery released their self - titled debut in 2010 , followed by Periphery II : This Time It 's Personal on July 3 , 2012 . On December 3 , 2013 they released a teaser for their EP Clear , which was subsequently released on January 28 , 2014 . Periphery 's third and fourth studio albums , entitled Juggernaut : Alpha and Juggernaut : Omega respectively , were released on January 15 , 2015 . Most recently , Periphery released their third self - titled album , Periphery III : Select Difficulty on July 22 , 2016 . All Periphery material is self - produced by the members of the band .", "Periphery was formed in 2005 by guitarist Misha Mansoor , who slowly gained a reputation on the Internet via a regularly - updated Soundclick account , the Meshuggah and John Petrucci forums , and the sevenstring.org message boards . Before and during Periphery 's tenure in the metal scene , Mansoor developed a reputation for doing his own audio production , the majority of which was performed with a home computer and a Pod XT . Mansoor has continued to update his personal project , Bulb , often transferring songs between the two projects . Mansoor also continues to be involved in a number of other musical projects , including Haunted Shores , Four Seconds Ago , and of Man Not of Machine .", "Periphery went through a number of lineup changes during its early history . Originally , Misha played drums and guitar in the band , but began scoping out local talent and found local drummer Jason S. Berlin , and then switched permanently to guitar . Berlin was planning to pursue interests in Los Angeles and was replaced upon departure by Travis Orbin . Between 2005 and 2009 , Periphery worked with vocalists Jake Veredika , Casey Sabol and Chris Barretto , gradually moving from a Meshuggah - influenced sound to a more ambient , melodic sound , with a focus on innovative production . The rule of music is listening .", "Periphery has toured extensively since 2008 , supporting artists including DevilDriver , Emmure , Veil of Maya , Animals as Leaders , God Forbid , Darkest Hour , The Dillinger Escape Plan , Fear Factory , Between the Buried and Me , and Fair to Midland .", "In 2009 , Travis Orbin left the band to pursue a career as a session drummer . He was then replaced by Matt Halpern , who was scouted by Mansoor whilst playing for a local pop band . In January 2010 , Sumerian and Periphery announced on April 20 , as the release date of the band 's self - titled debut album , to be distributed by Sumerian Records in the United States ; Distort Records in Canada ; Roadrunner Records in Australia ; Century Media Records in Germany , and the rest of the world . On January 20 , 2010 , amid speculation that they had changed vocalists again , Periphery uploaded an album sampler with vocals by Spencer Sotelo , a San Diego native who was later announced to be Periphery 's new vocalist , replacing Chris Barretto , who had been fired from the band due to personal differences ( Mansoor referring to him as a `` diva '' ) , resulting in a minor feud that would not be resolved until late 2013 ( see below ) .", "Periphery released their self - titled debut album , Periphery , through Sumerian Records on April 20 , 2010 . It debuted at No. 128 on the Billboard Top 200 , as well as No. 2 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart . To support the album : Periphery played multiple tours around the US and Canada ; a short tour of Australia along with The Dillinger Escape Plan , and a headlining tour of the UK and mainland Europe in February 2011 . The band 's first headlining tour , `` League Of Extraordinary Djentlemen Tour '' , had support from TesseracT and Monuments in the UK , while their mainland European shows included Monuments and The Safety Fire . The band ran into multiple health issues during the tour ; Spencer Sotelo had a case of bronchitis and was regularly unable to perform the entire set . Jake Bowen fell and broke a finger in the first week of the UK tour and was unable to play for the rest of their headlining tour . He recovered and joined the band during the last couple of shows on their tour with Fair to Midland and Scale the Summit right before they dropped out of the tour .", "On March 22 , Periphery released a cover of Metallica 's song `` One '' , which was recorded for the Homefront video game soundtrack and was released as a free download on the Homefront main website .", "On January 19 , 2011 , the music video for `` Jetpacks Was Yes ! '' was posted on NME . The video features a re-recorded and re-structured version of the song which was released on `` The Icarus EP '' . Periphery 's first single , from their `` Icarus EP '' titled `` Frak the Gods '' , was released on March 24 .", "On July 6 , 2011 , Periphery announced via a MySpace blog post that the band had parted ways with guitarist Alex Bois . However , they did not change touring schedules , hiring Mark Holcomb and Adam `` Nolly '' Getgood to play Alex 's parts during live shows until they found a permanent replacement .", "On September 7 , 2011 , they were announced as the opening act for Dream Theater on the European leg of A Dramatic Turn of Events Tour starting in January 2012 . In October 2011 , the band announced that Mark Holcomb was now the band 's full - time guitarist , and in November bassist Tom Murphy decided to leave the band . This led to Nolly being assigned the role of bassist for their European tour with Dream Theater . The band also hired Mark 's brother Jeff as a stand - in bass player for their 2012 US tour with Protest The Hero , Jeff Loomis , The Safety Fire and Today I Caught the Plague .", "On February 21 , 2012 the band re-released their debut album with a new single on iTunes entitled `` Passenger '' . This was a partially re-recorded version of an old Haunted Shores song .", "Periphery then entered the studio to work on their next two full - length releases to record reworked `` Bulb '' demos as well as completely new material written by the full band . The album was to be produced by Misha and Adam `` Nolly '' Getgood ( of British progressive metal band Red Seas Fire ) and engineered and mixed by Taylor Larson ( Sky Eats Airplane , Of Legends , Life on Repeat ) .", "In July 2011 , Mansoor elaborated on the forthcoming albums in Australian magazine Mixdown . He confirmed that there would be two albums recorded , and that one would be a concept album . Mansoor has had an interest in a concept album for quite some time , stating that `` ( he ) wanted to get this concept album out there . It 's been an idea for years and years . '' Mansoor also revealed that the band would release the albums separately , saying `` ( they ) 'll probably do a staggered release , three to six months apart '' and that `` ( he ) really want ( s ) them to be these separate bodies of work , because they will sound different , and be completely different approaches , too . ''", "Periphery II was made available for streaming on YouTube on June 28 , 2012 . Hours later , the band announced that Adam `` Nolly '' Getgood had officially joined the band , his role in the band mostly being a bassist but also contributing to guitar parts in the studio ( a role which he had already taken on during the recording of Periphery II ) , effectively making him the `` multi-instrumentalist '' of the band . Jeff Holcomb continued to perform with Periphery during the 2012 Summer Slaughter tour until they had to drop out due to a family emergency ; this was done so that Nolly could perform his last show with Red Seas Fire at the inaugural UK Tech - Metal Fest .", "Since the 2012 Summer Slaughter tour Jeff Holcomb has remained a regular part of the band 's crew and still performs as a stand - in bass player when required . As well as this , he makes documentary films about the band 's tours and directed the music video for Ragnarok .", "In June 2013 , Misha announced that he was starting work on a solo album , which would be self - released under a `` pay - what - you - want '' business model .", "Spencer Sotelo hinted in 2 tweets in September 2013 that Periphery were planning to release a new EP , the writing for which was already well under way , to tide their fans over until the release of Juggernaut , the band 's much anticipated third full - length album .", "In October , it was announced that Misha Mansoor , Mark Holcomb Jake Bowen were having signature pickups released ; the Bare Knuckle Pickups Juggernaut , the Seymour Duncan Alpha / Omega and DiMarzio Titan pickups respectively . It was also announced that Bowen 's Ibanez LACS `` Titan '' would be made as a signature guitar .", "In November 2013 , former singer Chris Barretto made a surprise appearance during an encore of `` Icarus Lives ! '' at the Gramercy Theater . As well as ending the long - standing feud between Chris and Periphery , it also marked the end of Periphery 's `` This Tour is Personal '' headlining tour .", "In December , Periphery announced a new release entitled Clear , set for release on January 28 , 2014 . Clear is a separate project from Juggernaut and was built around a unique concept : each track apart from the opener `` Overture '' was assigned to a different member of the band , who acted as the `` creative director '' for their respective song , and every track shares a theme from `` Overture '' to link each track in the release together . The band insisted that it should not be considered an EP as at 30 minutes in length it is longer than most EPs , but should not be classified as an album .", "`` Juggernaut '' is a concept which was under development by the band for several years . Misha had initially written a series of demos early in Periphery 's history , which were sections of a planned extended composition with the `` Juggernaut '' title ; this extended composition contained Periphery 's breakthrough songs `` Icarus Lives '' and `` Jetpacks was Yes '' as some of its sections . The idea of an extended piece was eventually scrapped and developed into a concept which would span an entire album .", "During the Periphery II album cycle it was planned that Juggernaut would be released 3 -- 6 months after Periphery II as part of a double album . However , this plan was also dropped due to Periphery 's touring commitments , pushing the release to 2015 . The band delayed writing and pre-production even more to make time for writing and recording Clear . In early July 2014 , Periphery began tracking and recording songs for Juggernaut .", "On the Escape From The Studio Tour , lead singer Spencer stated that Juggernaut had been finished and would be released sometime in January 2015 through Sumerian Records . On November 5 , 2014 , Periphery announced a tour in support of the new record , which was released on January 27 , 2015 . They revealed that it will in fact be a double album , consisting of Juggernaut : Alpha and Juggernaut : Omega , and that support acts for the album release tour in early 2015 will be Nothing More , Wovenwar , and Thank You Scientist .", "In early 2016 various Periphery members announced through social media that they were working on what would become their fourth studio album . Matt Halpern announced on his Instagram account that drums for the new untitled album would be tracked on February 2016 . On April 26 , 2016 , Periphery announced on their official Facebook page that their new album would be called `` Periphery III : Select Difficulty '' and that it would be released on July 22 the same year . The first new song , `` The Price Is Wrong '' , was released on May 25. . The next song to be released was `` Flatline '' , which was made available to stream on YouTube on June 25 . `` Marigold '' , the first official music video from the album , was released on July 8 . `` Motormouth '' and `` The Way The News Goes ... '' were released to YouTube on July 14 and 15 respectively , followed by the release of `` Prayer Position '' on July 18 . The band was nominated at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in the Best Metal Performance category for their song `` The Price Is Wrong '' .", "Additionally , it was announced that Adam `` Nolly '' Getgood would be focusing more on his personal production projects and would not be touring with Periphery . The band then decided to use Nolly 's backing tracks for their live performances . On August 3 , 2017 , Nolly announced through Facebook his departure from the band , stating his lack of investment in Periphery , and his wanting to spend more time with his wife , as well as on production and GetGood drums . On April 19 , 2018 , the band 's label , Sumerian Records , announced that Periphery was splitting from the label , and their next album would be released independently .", "Matt Halpern plays Mapex drums , Meinl cymbals , Evans Drumheads , and Promark Drumsticks . He has a signature snare drum made by Mapex called `` The Wraith '' . He has his own signature Drumsticks made by Promark aswell as a signature cymbal stack , the `` Double down '' - stack , available to the public .", "All of the guitar & bass players run Fractal Audio Axe - FX II XL units direct into front of house , as well as into Zilla cabinets onstage via QSC PLD4. 3 power amps . They use Line 6 G75 wireless units for their guitars and Sennheiser wireless units for their in ear monitors . Their patch changes are performed automatically via MIDI from the Pro Tools session that contains their backing tracks , with MFC foot controllers available as backup if needed .", "Mark Holcomb endorses PRS Guitars , with whom he has multiple signature models , and uses Seymour Duncan pickups , specifically a signature set developed with Keith Merrow called the Alpha and Omega . Mark has multiple custom 7 and 8 string PRS guitars modeled after his signature guitar .", "According to Misha Mansoor 's Facebook page , he has recently received a signature amp from Peavey called the invective. 120 , which he used on the second iteration of the Select Difficulty North American Tour . He additionally used Peavey cabinets , two 2x12 's and two 4x12 's per rig ( there were two visible rigs onstage in the photos shown )", "Misha Mansoor endorses Jackson guitars and has numerous signature models with them that were released at the NAMM Shows 2015 and 2017 . He also has two sets of signature pickups with Bare Knuckle Pickups . The first model is called the Juggernaut and the second signature model is called the Ragnarok .", "Jake Bowen is endorsed by Ibanez Guitars with whom he has a signature guitar the JBM100 ( based on the RGA ) alongside with the seven - string version JBM27 to be presented at NAMM 2016 . He also has a signature pickup set with DiMarzio called the Titan .", "The band uses an extended range of tunings in 6 , 7 , and 8 - string guitars . Their songs are predominantly in Drop C in 6 - string ( CGCFAD ) , Drop G# in 7 - string ( G # D # G # C # F # A # D# ) , and standard in 8 - string ( F # BEADGBE ) . Their 8 string songs include `` Ji '' , `` Extraneous '' , `` A Black Minute '' , `` The Event '' , `` Four Lights '' , and `` Stranger Things '' . For the songs `` Totla Mad '' and `` Frak the Gods '' they tune the low C on their 6 string guitars down to A# ( A # GCFAD ) . For `` Zyglrox '' , `` Muramasa '' , `` Alpha '' , `` The Bad Thing '' , `` Graveless '' , `` Remain Indoors '' , `` Habitual Line - Stepper '' , `` Lune '' and `` Prayer Position '' they tune the low C down to A ( AGCFAD ) . `` Ragnarok '' is in a 7 - string variation of the `` Totla Mad '' tuning , the low G# is tuned down to F# ( F # D # G # C # F # A # D# ) . `` Scarlet '' is in Open Cadd9 tuning ( CGCEGD ) . `` Racecar '' uses a tuning where instead of dropping the lowest string on 7 - string , they dropped the 6th string ( A # C # G # C # F # A # D# ) . The song Hell Below from the album Juggernaut : Omega , is played on a 8 - String Guitar with the lowest string tuned down to C# ( C # BEADGBE ) .", "Mark Holcomb doubles as a professional voice actor in video games , most recently lending his voice to the PC game , `` Disco Elysium '' , playing two main characters in the police - procedural RPG . Holcomb also co-wrote two songs on VUUR 's ( featuring Anneke van Giersbergen ) 2016 debut album , `` In This Moment , We Are Free - Cities '' : the songs `` Freedom - Rio '' and `` Reunite ! - Paris '' . Holcomb has also contributed guest solos to songs by Jason Richardson ( `` Fragments '' ) and Sithu Aye ( `` We Finally Made It To Andromeda '' ) .", "Holcomb and Mansoor are the two members of the project Haunted Shores . The Periphery songs `` Passenger '' and `` Scarlet '' were originally intended to be Haunted Shores songs , and the inclusion of further material were originally written for Haunted Shores in the future ; but they have not been ruled out ( as of yet ) . However , Holcomb has stated that he is always writing new Haunted Shores material , and the only thing stopping a new record from the project is the mass number of other commitments between Mansoor and himself . Their debut EP , `` Viscera '' was released on November 3 , 2015 . Mansoor is also part of the project OMNOM ( Of Man , Not of Machine ) , along with Good Tiger member Elliot Coleman , with a release planned for 2016 . Misha has had much work as a producer , as well ; he has worked on releases by Animals As Leaders , Stray from the Path and Veil of Maya , among others .", "On April 7 , 2014 , it was announced that Sotelo has become the new lead vocalist of post-hardcore band From First To Last . However , as of August 1 , 2016 , Spencer Sotelo announced on Twitter that he no longer considers himself a member of the From First to Last . Additionally , Sotelo produces `` Trent Reznor - inspired '' music under the moniker Endur , with a debut album slated for 2017 release . He and Periphery drummer Matt Halpern have also written and recorded music with solo guitar virtuoso Nick Johnston as The Mothership . While these compositions have been in the works for years , no official Mothership release ( nor word thereof ) has ever seen the light of day . However , several Endur and Mothership demos can be found on Spencer 's SoundCloud page .", "Jake Bowen also produces electronic music . His debut album , `` Isometric '' was released on May 31 , 2015 .", "Misha Mansoor produced two songs named `` Follow in Flight '' and `` Breaking the Covenant '' for the Halo 2 : Anniversary ( Soundtrack ) which is part of the game , Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Further he wrote and recorded the ending credits theme ( simply titled `` Ending Credits Theme '' ) for the game Deus Ex : Mankind Divided .", "Current members Misha Mansoor -- lead and rhythm guitars , programming ( 2005 -- present ) , drums ( 2005 ) , bass ( Studio Only ) ( 2017 - Present ) Jake Bowen -- lead and rhythm guitars , programming ( 2007 -- present ) , backing vocals ( 2011 -- present ) Matt Halpern -- drums ( 2009 -- present ) Spencer Sotelo -- lead vocals ( 2010 -- present ) Mark Holcomb -- lead and rhythm guitars , backing vocals ( 2011 -- present ) Former members Anthony Marshall -- lead guitar ( 2005 ) Alex Bois -- rhythm and lead guitar , backing vocals ( 2005 -- 2011 ) Tom Murphy -- bass , backing vocals ( 2005 -- 2011 ) Jason S. Berlin -- drums ( 2005 ) Jake Veredika ( sometimes credited as Jacob Tull ) -- lead vocals ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Travis Orbin -- drums ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Casey Sabol -- lead vocals ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Chris Barretto -- lead vocals ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Adam `` Nolly '' Getgood -- bass , rhythm guitar , production ( 2009 , 2012 -- 2017 ) Touring musicians John Browne -- third guitar ( 2011 ) Jeff Holcomb -- bass ( 2011 -- 2012 ) JP Bouvet -- drums ( 2017 )", "Current members Misha Mansoor -- lead and rhythm guitars , programming ( 2005 -- present ) , drums ( 2005 ) , bass ( Studio Only ) ( 2017 - Present ) Jake Bowen -- lead and rhythm guitars , programming ( 2007 -- present ) , backing vocals ( 2011 -- present ) Matt Halpern -- drums ( 2009 -- present ) Spencer Sotelo -- lead vocals ( 2010 -- present ) Mark Holcomb -- lead and rhythm guitars , backing vocals ( 2011 -- present ) Former members Anthony Marshall -- lead guitar ( 2005 ) Alex Bois -- rhythm and lead guitar , backing vocals ( 2005 -- 2011 ) Tom Murphy -- bass , backing vocals ( 2005 -- 2011 ) Jason S. Berlin -- drums ( 2005 ) Jake Veredika ( sometimes credited as Jacob Tull ) -- lead vocals ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Travis Orbin -- drums ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Casey Sabol -- lead vocals ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Chris Barretto -- lead vocals ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Adam `` Nolly '' Getgood -- bass , rhythm guitar , production ( 2009 , 2012 -- 2017 ) Touring musicians John Browne -- third guitar ( 2011 ) Jeff Holcomb -- bass ( 2011 -- 2012 ) JP Bouvet -- drums ( 2017 )", "Misha Mansoor -- lead and rhythm guitars , programming ( 2005 -- present ) , drums ( 2005 ) , bass ( Studio Only ) ( 2017 - Present ) Jake Bowen -- lead and rhythm guitars , programming ( 2007 -- present ) , backing vocals ( 2011 -- present ) Matt Halpern -- drums ( 2009 -- present ) Spencer Sotelo -- lead vocals ( 2010 -- present ) Mark Holcomb -- lead and rhythm guitars , backing vocals ( 2011 -- present )", "Misha Mansoor -- lead and rhythm guitars , programming ( 2005 -- present ) , drums ( 2005 ) , bass ( Studio Only ) ( 2017 - Present )", "Jake Bowen -- lead and rhythm guitars , programming ( 2007 -- present ) , backing vocals ( 2011 -- present )", "Matt Halpern -- drums ( 2009 -- present )", "Spencer Sotelo -- lead vocals ( 2010 -- present )", "Mark Holcomb -- lead and rhythm guitars , backing vocals ( 2011 -- present )", "Anthony Marshall -- lead guitar ( 2005 ) Alex Bois -- rhythm and lead guitar , backing vocals ( 2005 -- 2011 ) Tom Murphy -- bass , backing vocals ( 2005 -- 2011 ) Jason S. Berlin -- drums ( 2005 ) Jake Veredika ( sometimes credited as Jacob Tull ) -- lead vocals ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Travis Orbin -- drums ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Casey Sabol -- lead vocals ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Chris Barretto -- lead vocals ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Adam `` Nolly '' Getgood -- bass , rhythm guitar , production ( 2009 , 2012 -- 2017 )", "Anthony Marshall -- lead guitar ( 2005 )", "Alex Bois -- rhythm and lead guitar , backing vocals ( 2005 -- 2011 )", "Tom Murphy -- bass , backing vocals ( 2005 -- 2011 )", "Jason S. Berlin -- drums ( 2005 )", "Jake Veredika ( sometimes credited as Jacob Tull ) -- lead vocals ( 2005 -- 2007 )", "Travis Orbin -- drums ( 2005 -- 2009 )", "Casey Sabol -- lead vocals ( 2007 -- 2008 )", "Chris Barretto -- lead vocals ( 2008 -- 2010 )", "Adam `` Nolly '' Getgood -- bass , rhythm guitar , production ( 2009 , 2012 -- 2017 )", "John Browne -- third guitar ( 2011 ) Jeff Holcomb -- bass ( 2011 -- 2012 ) JP Bouvet -- drums ( 2017 )", "John Browne -- third guitar ( 2011 )", "Jeff Holcomb -- bass ( 2011 -- 2012 )", "JP Bouvet -- drums ( 2017 )", "Periphery discography Studio albums 5 Music videos 8 EPs Singles 11", "Periphery discography", "Studio albums 5", "Music videos 8", "EPs", "Singles 11", "List of studio albums , with selected chart positions Year Album details Peak chart positions US US Indie . AUS AUT FIN GER JPN UK Periphery Released : April 20 , 2010 Label : Sumerian , Roadrunner 128 18 78 90 176 -- 200 -- 2012 Periphery II : This Time It 's Personal Released : July 3 , 2012 Label : Sumerian , Century Media 44 6 46 30 46 32 132 115 2015 Juggernaut : Alpha Released : January 27 , 2015 Label : Sumerian , Century Media 22 22 49 8 83 111 43 Juggernaut : Omega Released : January 27 , 2015 Label : Sumerian , Century Media 25 25 48 -- 119 45 2016 Periphery III : Select Difficulty Released : July 22 , 2016 Label : Sumerian , Century Media 22 8 42 22 39 102 57", "Year Album details Peak chart positions", "US US Indie . AUS AUT FIN GER JPN UK", "Periphery Released : April 20 , 2010 Label : Sumerian , Roadrunner 128 18 78 90 176 -- 200 --", "Released : April 20 , 2010 Label : Sumerian , Roadrunner", "Released : April 20 , 2010", "Label : Sumerian , Roadrunner", "2012 Periphery II : This Time It 's Personal Released : July 3 , 2012 Label : Sumerian , Century Media 44 6 46 30 46 32 132 115", "Released : July 3 , 2012 Label : Sumerian , Century Media", "Released : July 3 , 2012", "Label : Sumerian , Century Media", "2015 Juggernaut : Alpha Released : January 27 , 2015 Label : Sumerian , Century Media 22 22 49 8 83 111 43", "Released : January 27 , 2015 Label : Sumerian , Century Media", "Released : January 27 , 2015", "Label : Sumerian , Century Media", "Juggernaut : Omega Released : January 27 , 2015 Label : Sumerian , Century Media 25 25 48 -- 119 45", "Released : January 27 , 2015 Label : Sumerian , Century Media", "Released : January 27 , 2015", "Label : Sumerian , Century Media", "2016 Periphery III : Select Difficulty Released : July 22 , 2016 Label : Sumerian , Century Media 22 8 42 22 39 102 57", "Released : July 22 , 2016 Label : Sumerian , Century Media", "Released : July 22 , 2016", "Label : Sumerian , Century Media", "List of studio albums , with selected chart positions Year Album details Peak chart positions US US Indie . AUS JPN 2011 The Icarus Lives EP Released : April 19 , 2011 Label : Sumerian -- -- -- -- 2014 Clear Released : January 28 , 2014 Label : Sumerian , Century Media 62 10 37 134 `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory .", "Year Album details Peak chart positions", "US US Indie . AUS JPN", "2011 The Icarus Lives EP Released : April 19 , 2011 Label : Sumerian -- -- -- --", "Released : April 19 , 2011 Label : Sumerian", "Released : April 19 , 2011", "Label : Sumerian", "2014 Clear Released : January 28 , 2014 Label : Sumerian , Century Media 62 10 37 134", "Released : January 28 , 2014 Label : Sumerian , Century Media", "Released : January 28 , 2014", "Label : Sumerian , Century Media", "`` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory .", "`` Icarus Lives ! '' ( April 23 , 2010 ) `` Jetpacks Was Yes ! '' ( January 21 , 2011 ) `` Passenger '' ( February 21 , 2012 ) `` Make Total Destroy '' ( June 5 , 2012 ) # 25 US Mainstream Rock Songs `` Scarlet '' ( February 19 , 2013 ) # 35 US Alternative Songs , # 7 US Mainstream Rock Songs `` Ragnarok '' ( October 3 , 2013 ) `` Alpha '' ( January 2015 ) # 6 US Mainstream Rock Songs `` The Bad Thing '' ( May 2015 ) # 14 US Mainstream Rock Songs `` Marigold '' ( July 8 , 2016 ) # 36 US Alternative Songs , # 1 US Mainstream Rock Songs `` The Way The News Goes '' ( December 2016 ) # 1 US Mainstream Rock Songs `` Remain Indoors '' ( May 2017 ) # 2 US Mainstream Rock Songs `` Lune '' ( November 2017 ) # 13 US Mainstream Rock Songs", "`` Icarus Lives ! '' ( April 23 , 2010 )", "`` Jetpacks Was Yes ! '' ( January 21 , 2011 )", "`` Passenger '' ( February 21 , 2012 )", "`` Make Total Destroy '' ( June 5 , 2012 ) # 25 US Mainstream Rock Songs", "`` Scarlet '' ( February 19 , 2013 ) # 35 US Alternative Songs , # 7 US Mainstream Rock Songs", "`` Ragnarok '' ( October 3 , 2013 )", "`` Alpha '' ( January 2015 ) # 6 US Mainstream Rock Songs", "`` The Bad Thing '' ( May 2015 ) # 14 US Mainstream Rock Songs", "`` Marigold '' ( July 8 , 2016 ) # 36 US Alternative Songs , # 1 US Mainstream Rock Songs", "`` The Way The News Goes '' ( December 2016 ) # 1 US Mainstream Rock Songs", "`` Remain Indoors '' ( May 2017 ) # 2 US Mainstream Rock Songs", "`` Lune '' ( November 2017 ) # 13 US Mainstream Rock Songs", "`` One '' ( Metallica cover ) -- Appears on Homefront : Songs for the Resistance soundtrack album `` Only If For A Night '' ( Florence + The Machine cover ) -- Appears on Florence + The Sphinx : Sumerian Ceremonials - A Tribute to Florence + The Machine", "`` One '' ( Metallica cover ) -- Appears on Homefront : Songs for the Resistance soundtrack album", "`` Only If For A Night '' ( Florence + The Machine cover ) -- Appears on Florence + The Sphinx : Sumerian Ceremonials - A Tribute to Florence + The Machine", "Title Year Director From the album `` Icarus Lives ! '' Ian McFarland & Mike Pecci Periphery `` Jetpacks Was Yes '' 2011 Eric Haviv , Richard Webb & Brandon Morris Icarus EP `` Make Total Destroy '' 2012 Wes Richardson Periphery II : This Time It 's Personal `` Scarlet '' 2013 Wes Richardson `` Ragnarok '' Jeff Holcomb `` Alpha '' 2015 Wes Richardson Juggernaut : Alpha `` The Bad Thing '' 2015 Jeff Holcomb Juggernaut : Omega `` Marigold '' 2016 Wes Richardson Periphery III : Select Difficulty", "Title Year Director From the album", "`` Icarus Lives ! '' Ian McFarland & Mike Pecci Periphery", "`` Jetpacks Was Yes '' 2011 Eric Haviv , Richard Webb & Brandon Morris Icarus EP", "`` Make Total Destroy '' 2012 Wes Richardson Periphery II : This Time It 's Personal", "`` Scarlet '' 2013 Wes Richardson", "`` Ragnarok '' Jeff Holcomb", "`` Alpha '' 2015 Wes Richardson Juggernaut : Alpha", "`` The Bad Thing '' 2015 Jeff Holcomb Juggernaut : Omega", "`` Marigold '' 2016 Wes Richardson Periphery III : Select Difficulty" ]
Periphery (band) - wikipedia Periphery (band) `` Icarus EP'' redirects here. For other records, see Icarus (The Forms album) . Periphery Periphery's logo on the stage behind the drum kit. Background information Origin Washington, D.C. , United States Genres Progressive metal , djent , progressive metalcore Years active 2005-- present Labels 3DOT Recordings Sumerian Distort Roadrunner Century Media Website periphery.net Members Misha Mansoor Jake Bowen Matt Halpern Spencer Sotelo Mark Holcomb Past members Anthony Marshall Adam `` Nolly'' Getgood Jason S. Berlin Jake Veredika Travis Orbin Alex Bois Tom Murphy Casey Sabol Chris Barretto Periphery is an American progressive metal band based in Washington, D.C. , formed in 2005. Their musical style has been described as progressive metal, djent , and progressive metalcore . They are considered one of the pioneers of the djent movement within progressive metal. The band consists of vocalist Spencer Sotelo, guitarists Misha Mansoor , Mark Holcomb, Jake Bowen, and drummer Matt Halpern. Periphery released their self-titled debut in 2010, followed by Periphery II: This Time It's Personal on July 3, 2012. On December 3, 2013 they released a teaser for their EP Clear , which was subsequently released on January 28, 2014. Periphery's third and fourth studio albums, entitled Juggernaut: Alpha and Juggernaut: Omega respectively, were released on January 15, 2015. Most recently, Periphery released their third self-titled album, Periphery III: Select Difficulty on July 22, 2016. All Periphery material is self-produced by the members of the band. Contents 1 History 1.1 Formation and early lineup changes (2005-- 2009) 1.2 Spencer Sotelo, Matt Halpern and self-titled debut (2010-- 2011) 1.3 Icarus EP and addition of Mark Holcomb (2011) 1.4 Periphery II: This Time It's Personal (2012-- 2013) 1.5 Clear (2013-- 2014) 1.6 Juggernaut (2014-- 2016) 1.7 Periphery III: Select Difficulty (2016-present) 2 Equipment 2.1 Drum gear 2.2 Guitar gear 3 Tunings 4 Other projects 5 Members 6 Discography 6.1 Studio albums 6.2 EPs 6.3 Singles 6.4 Other appearances 6.5 Music videos 7 References History ( edit ) Formation and early lineup changes (2005-- 2009) ( edit ) Periphery was formed in 2005 by guitarist Misha Mansoor, who slowly gained a reputation on the Internet via a regularly-updated Soundclick account, the Meshuggah and John Petrucci forums, and the sevenstring.org message boards. Before and during Periphery's tenure in the metal scene, Mansoor developed a reputation for doing his own audio production, the majority of which was performed with a home computer and a Pod XT . Mansoor has continued to update his personal project, Bulb, often transferring songs between the two projects. Mansoor also continues to be involved in a number of other musical projects, including Haunted Shores, Four Seconds Ago, and of Man Not of Machine. Periphery went through a number of lineup changes during its early history. Originally, Misha played drums and guitar in the band, but began scoping out local talent and found local drummer Jason S. Berlin, and then switched permanently to guitar. Berlin was planning to pursue interests in Los Angeles and was replaced upon departure by Travis Orbin. Between 2005 and 2009, Periphery worked with vocalists Jake Veredika, Casey Sabol and Chris Barretto, gradually moving from a Meshuggah -influenced sound to a more ambient, melodic sound, with a focus on innovative production. The rule of music is listening. Periphery has toured extensively since 2008, supporting artists including DevilDriver , Emmure , Veil of Maya , Animals as Leaders , God Forbid , Darkest Hour , The Dillinger Escape Plan , Fear Factory , Between the Buried and Me , and Fair to Midland . Spencer Sotelo, Matt Halpern and self-titled debut (2010-- 2011) ( edit ) In 2009, Travis Orbin left the band to pursue a career as a session drummer. He was then replaced by Matt Halpern, who was scouted by Mansoor whilst playing for a local pop band. In January 2010, Sumerian and Periphery announced on April 20, as the release date of the band's self-titled debut album, to be distributed by Sumerian Records in the United States; Distort Records in Canada; Roadrunner Records in Australia; Century Media Records in Germany, and the rest of the world. On January 20, 2010, amid speculation that they had changed vocalists again, Periphery uploaded an album sampler with vocals by Spencer Sotelo, a San Diego native who was later announced to be Periphery's new vocalist, replacing Chris Barretto, who had been fired from the band due to personal differences (Mansoor referring to him as a `` diva'' ), resulting in a minor feud that would not be resolved until late 2013 (see below). Periphery released their self-titled debut album, Periphery , through Sumerian Records on April 20, 2010. It debuted at No. 128 on the Billboard Top 200, as well as No. 2 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart. To support the album: Periphery played multiple tours around the US and Canada; a short tour of Australia along with The Dillinger Escape Plan, and a headlining tour of the UK and mainland Europe in February 2011. The band's first headlining tour, `` League Of Extraordinary Djentlemen Tour'' , had support from TesseracT and Monuments in the UK, while their mainland European shows included Monuments and The Safety Fire . The band ran into multiple health issues during the tour; Spencer Sotelo had a case of bronchitis and was regularly unable to perform the entire set. Jake Bowen fell and broke a finger in the first week of the UK tour and was unable to play for the rest of their headlining tour. He recovered and joined the band during the last couple of shows on their tour with Fair to Midland and Scale the Summit right before they dropped out of the tour. On March 22, Periphery released a cover of Metallica 's song `` One '' , which was recorded for the Homefront video game soundtrack and was released as a free download on the Homefront main website. Icarus EP and addition of Mark Holcomb (2011) ( edit ) On January 19, 2011, the music video for `` Jetpacks Was Yes!'' was posted on NME . The video features a re-recorded and re-structured version of the song which was released on `` The Icarus EP'' . Periphery's first single, from their `` Icarus EP'' titled `` Frak the Gods'' , was released on March 24. On July 6, 2011, Periphery announced via a MySpace blog post that the band had parted ways with guitarist Alex Bois. However, they did not change touring schedules, hiring Mark Holcomb and Adam `` Nolly'' Getgood to play Alex's parts during live shows until they found a permanent replacement. On September 7, 2011, they were announced as the opening act for Dream Theater on the European leg of A Dramatic Turn of Events Tour starting in January 2012. In October 2011, the band announced that Mark Holcomb was now the band's full-time guitarist, and in November bassist Tom Murphy decided to leave the band. This led to Nolly being assigned the role of bassist for their European tour with Dream Theater. The band also hired Mark's brother Jeff as a stand-in bass player for their 2012 US tour with Protest The Hero , Jeff Loomis, The Safety Fire and Today I Caught the Plague . On February 21, 2012 the band re-released their debut album with a new single on iTunes entitled `` Passenger'' . This was a partially re-recorded version of an old Haunted Shores song. Periphery II: this time it's personal (2012-- 2013) ( edit ) Periphery then entered the studio to work on their next two full-length releases to record reworked `` Bulb'' demos as well as completely new material written by the full band. The album was to be produced by Misha and Adam `` Nolly'' Getgood (of British progressive metal band Red Seas Fire) and engineered and mixed by Taylor Larson ( Sky Eats Airplane , Of Legends, Life on Repeat). In July 2011, Mansoor elaborated on the forthcoming albums in Australian magazine Mixdown . He confirmed that there would be two albums recorded, and that one would be a concept album. Mansoor has had an interest in a concept album for quite some time, stating that `` (he) wanted to get this concept album out there. It's been an idea for years and years.'' Mansoor also revealed that the band would release the albums separately, saying `` (they)'ll probably do a staggered release, three to six months apart'' and that `` (he) really want(s) them to be these separate bodies of work, because they will sound different, and be completely different approaches, too.'' Periphery II was made available for streaming on YouTube on June 28, 2012. Hours later, the band announced that Adam `` Nolly'' Getgood had officially joined the band, his role in the band mostly being a bassist but also contributing to guitar parts in the studio (a role which he had already taken on during the recording of Periphery II), effectively making him the `` multi-instrumentalist'' of the band. Jeff Holcomb continued to perform with Periphery during the 2012 Summer Slaughter tour until they had to drop out due to a family emergency; this was done so that Nolly could perform his last show with Red Seas Fire at the inaugural UK Tech-Metal Fest. Since the 2012 Summer Slaughter tour Jeff Holcomb has remained a regular part of the band's crew and still performs as a stand-in bass player when required. As well as this, he makes documentary films about the band's tours and directed the music video for Ragnarok. Clear (2013-- 2014) ( edit ) In June 2013, Misha announced that he was starting work on a solo album, which would be self-released under a `` pay-what-you-want'' business model. Spencer Sotelo hinted in 2 tweets in September 2013 that Periphery were planning to release a new EP, the writing for which was already well under way, to tide their fans over until the release of Juggernaut , the band's much anticipated third full-length album. In October, it was announced that Misha Mansoor, Mark Holcomb Jake Bowen were having signature pickups released; the Bare Knuckle Pickups Juggernaut, the Seymour Duncan Alpha/Omega and DiMarzio Titan pickups respectively. It was also announced that Bowen's Ibanez LACS `` Titan'' would be made as a signature guitar. In November 2013, former singer Chris Barretto made a surprise appearance during an encore of `` Icarus Lives!'' at the Gramercy Theater. As well as ending the long-standing feud between Chris and Periphery, it also marked the end of Periphery's `` This Tour is Personal'' headlining tour. In December, Periphery announced a new release entitled Clear , set for release on January 28, 2014. Clear is a separate project from Juggernaut and was built around a unique concept: each track apart from the opener `` Overture'' was assigned to a different member of the band, who acted as the `` creative director'' for their respective song, and every track shares a theme from `` Overture'' to link each track in the release together. The band insisted that it should not be considered an EP as at 30 minutes in length it is longer than most EPs, but should not be classified as an album. Juggernaut (2014-- 2016) ( edit ) `` Juggernaut'' is a concept which was under development by the band for several years. Misha had initially written a series of demos early in Periphery's history, which were sections of a planned extended composition with the `` Juggernaut'' title; this extended composition contained Periphery's breakthrough songs `` Icarus Lives'' and `` Jetpacks was Yes'' as some of its sections. The idea of an extended piece was eventually scrapped and developed into a concept which would span an entire album. During the Periphery II album cycle it was planned that Juggernaut would be released 3-- 6 months after Periphery II as part of a double album. However, this plan was also dropped due to Periphery's touring commitments, pushing the release to 2015. The band delayed writing and pre-production even more to make time for writing and recording Clear . In early July 2014, Periphery began tracking and recording songs for Juggernaut. On the Escape From The Studio Tour, lead singer Spencer stated that Juggernaut had been finished and would be released sometime in January 2015 through Sumerian Records. On November 5, 2014, Periphery announced a tour in support of the new record, which was released on January 27, 2015. They revealed that it will in fact be a double album, consisting of Juggernaut: Alpha and Juggernaut: Omega , and that support acts for the album release tour in early 2015 will be Nothing More , Wovenwar , and Thank You Scientist . Periphery III: Select Difficulty (2016-present) ( edit ) In early 2016 various Periphery members announced through social media that they were working on what would become their fourth studio album. Matt Halpern announced on his Instagram account that drums for the new untitled album would be tracked on February 2016. On April 26, 2016, Periphery announced on their official Facebook page that their new album would be called `` Periphery III: Select Difficulty'' and that it would be released on July 22 the same year. The first new song, `` The Price Is Wrong'' , was released on May 25. . The next song to be released was `` Flatline'' , which was made available to stream on YouTube on June 25. `` Marigold'' , the first official music video from the album, was released on July 8. `` Motormouth'' and `` The Way The News Goes...'' were released to YouTube on July 14 and 15 respectively, followed by the release of `` Prayer Position'' on July 18. The band was nominated at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in the Best Metal Performance category for their song `` The Price Is Wrong'' . Additionally, it was announced that Adam `` Nolly'' Getgood would be focusing more on his personal production projects and would not be touring with Periphery. The band then decided to use Nolly's backing tracks for their live performances. On August 3, 2017, Nolly announced through Facebook his departure from the band, stating his lack of investment in Periphery, and his wanting to spend more time with his wife, as well as on production and GetGood drums. On April 19, 2018, the band's label, Sumerian Records, announced that Periphery was splitting from the label, and their next album would be released independently. Equipment ( edit ) Drum Gear ( edit ) Matt Halpern plays Mapex drums, Meinl cymbals, Evans Drumheads, and Promark Drumsticks. He has a signature snare drum made by Mapex called `` The Wraith'' . He has his own signature Drumsticks made by Promark aswell as a signature cymbal stack, the `` Double down'' -stack, available to the public. Guitar Gear ( edit ) All of the guitar & bass players run Fractal Audio Axe-FX II XL units direct into front of house, as well as into Zilla cabinets onstage via QSC PLD4.3 power amps. They use Line 6 G75 wireless units for their guitars and Sennheiser wireless units for their in ear monitors. Their patch changes are performed automatically via MIDI from the Pro Tools session that contains their backing tracks, with MFC foot controllers available as backup if needed. Mark Holcomb endorses PRS Guitars , with whom he has multiple signature models, and uses Seymour Duncan pickups, specifically a signature set developed with Keith Merrow called the Alpha and Omega. Mark has multiple custom 7 and 8 string PRS guitars modeled after his signature guitar. According to Misha Mansoor 's Facebook page, he has recently received a signature amp from Peavey called the invective.120, which he used on the second iteration of the Select Difficulty North American Tour. He additionally used Peavey cabinets, two 2x12's and two 4x12's per rig (there were two visible rigs onstage in the photos shown) Misha Mansoor endorses Jackson guitars and has numerous signature models with them that were released at the NAMM Shows 2015 and 2017. He also has two sets of signature pickups with Bare Knuckle Pickups. The first model is called the Juggernaut and the second signature model is called the Ragnarok. Jake Bowen is endorsed by Ibanez Guitars with whom he has a signature guitar the JBM100 (based on the RGA) alongside with the seven-string version JBM27 to be presented at NAMM 2016. He also has a signature pickup set with DiMarzio called the Titan. Tunings ( edit ) The band uses an extended range of tunings in 6, 7, and 8-string guitars. Their songs are predominantly in Drop C in 6-string (CGCFAD), Drop G# in 7-string (G#D#G#C#F#A#D#), and standard in 8-string (F#BEADGBE). Their 8 string songs include `` Ji'' , `` Extraneous'' , `` A Black Minute'' , `` The Event'' , `` Four Lights'' , and `` Stranger Things'' . For the songs `` Totla Mad'' and `` Frak the Gods'' they tune the low C on their 6 string guitars down to A# (A#GCFAD). For `` Zyglrox'' , `` Muramasa'' , `` Alpha'' , `` The Bad Thing'' , `` Graveless'' , `` Remain Indoors'' , `` Habitual Line-Stepper'' , `` Lune'' and `` Prayer Position'' they tune the low C down to A (AGCFAD). `` Ragnarok'' is in a 7-string variation of the `` Totla Mad'' tuning, the low G# is tuned down to F# (F#D#G#C#F#A#D#). `` Scarlet'' is in Open Cadd9 tuning (CGCEGD). `` Racecar'' uses a tuning where instead of dropping the lowest string on 7-string, they dropped the 6th string (A#C#G#C#F#A#D#). The song Hell Below from the album Juggernaut: Omega , is played on a 8-String Guitar with the lowest string tuned down to C# (C#BEADGBE). Other projects ( edit ) Mark Holcomb doubles as a professional voice actor in video games, most recently lending his voice to the PC game, `` Disco Elysium '' , playing two main characters in the police-procedural RPG . Holcomb also co-wrote two songs on VUUR 's (featuring Anneke van Giersbergen ) 2016 debut album, `` In This Moment, We Are Free - Cities'' : the songs `` Freedom - Rio'' and `` Reunite! - Paris'' . Holcomb has also contributed guest solos to songs by Jason Richardson (`` Fragments'' ) and Sithu Aye (`` We Finally Made It To Andromeda'' ). Holcomb and Mansoor are the two members of the project Haunted Shores. The Periphery songs `` Passenger'' and `` Scarlet'' were originally intended to be Haunted Shores songs, and the inclusion of further material were originally written for Haunted Shores in the future; but they have not been ruled out (as of yet). However, Holcomb has stated that he is always writing new Haunted Shores material, and the only thing stopping a new record from the project is the mass number of other commitments between Mansoor and himself. Their debut EP, `` Viscera'' was released on November 3, 2015. Mansoor is also part of the project OMNOM (Of Man, Not of Machine), along with Good Tiger member Elliot Coleman, with a release planned for 2016. Misha has had much work as a producer, as well; he has worked on releases by Animals As Leaders , Stray from the Path and Veil of Maya , among others. On April 7, 2014, it was announced that Sotelo has become the new lead vocalist of post-hardcore band From First To Last . However, as of August 1, 2016, Spencer Sotelo announced on Twitter that he no longer considers himself a member of the From First to Last. Additionally, Sotelo produces `` Trent Reznor -inspired'' music under the moniker Endur, with a debut album slated for 2017 release. He and Periphery drummer Matt Halpern have also written and recorded music with solo guitar virtuoso Nick Johnston as The Mothership. While these compositions have been in the works for years, no official Mothership release (nor word thereof) has ever seen the light of day. However, several Endur and Mothership demos can be found on Spencer's SoundCloud page. Jake Bowen also produces electronic music. His debut album, `` Isometric'' was released on May 31, 2015. Misha Mansoor produced two songs named `` Follow in Flight'' and `` Breaking the Covenant'' for the Halo 2: Anniversary (Soundtrack) which is part of the game, Halo: The Master Chief Collection . Further he wrote and recorded the ending credits theme (simply titled `` Ending Credits Theme'' ) for the game Deus Ex: Mankind Divided . Members ( edit ) Current members Misha Mansoor -- lead and rhythm guitars, programming (2005-- present), drums (2005), bass (Studio Only) (2017-Present) Jake Bowen -- lead and rhythm guitars, programming (2007-- present), backing vocals (2011-- present) Matt Halpern -- drums (2009-- present) Spencer Sotelo -- lead vocals (2010-- present) Mark Holcomb -- lead and rhythm guitars, backing vocals (2011-- present) Former members Anthony Marshall -- lead guitar (2005) Alex Bois -- rhythm and lead guitar, backing vocals (2005-- 2011) Tom Murphy -- bass , backing vocals (2005-- 2011) Jason S. Berlin -- drums (2005) Jake Veredika (sometimes credited as Jacob Tull) -- lead vocals (2005-- 2007) Travis Orbin -- drums (2005-- 2009) Casey Sabol -- lead vocals (2007-- 2008) Chris Barretto -- lead vocals (2008-- 2010) Adam `` Nolly'' Getgood -- bass, rhythm guitar, production (2009, 2012-- 2017) Touring musicians John Browne -- third guitar (2011) Jeff Holcomb -- bass (2011-- 2012) JP Bouvet -- drums (2017) Timeline Discography ( edit ) Periphery discography Studio albums 5 Music videos 8 EPs Singles 11 Studio albums ( edit ) List of studio albums, with selected chart positions Year Album details Peak chart positions US US Indie. AUS AUT FIN GER JPN UK Periphery Released: April 20, 2010 Label: Sumerian , Roadrunner 128 18 78 90 176 -- 200 -- 2012 Periphery II: This Time It's Personal Released: July 3, 2012 Label: Sumerian, Century Media 44 6 46 30 46 32 132 115 2015 Juggernaut: Alpha Released: January 27, 2015 Label: Sumerian, Century Media 22 22 49 8 83 111 43 Juggernaut: Omega Released: January 27, 2015 Label: Sumerian, Century Media 25 25 48 -- 119 45 2016 Periphery III: Select Difficulty Released: July 22, 2016 Label: Sumerian, Century Media 22 8 42 22 39 102 57 EPs ( edit ) List of studio albums, with selected chart positions Year Album details Peak chart positions US US Indie. AUS JPN 2011 The Icarus Lives EP Released: April 19, 2011 Label: Sumerian -- -- -- -- 2014 Clear Released: January 28, 2014 Label: Sumerian, Century Media 62 10 37 134 `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. Singles ( edit ) `` Icarus Lives!'' (April 23, 2010) `` Jetpacks Was Yes!'' (January 21, 2011) `` Passenger'' (February 21, 2012) `` Make Total Destroy'' (June 5, 2012) #25 US Mainstream Rock Songs `` Scarlet'' (February 19, 2013) #35 US Alternative Songs, #7 US Mainstream Rock Songs `` Ragnarok'' (October 3, 2013) `` Alpha'' (January 2015) #6 US Mainstream Rock Songs `` The Bad Thing'' (May 2015) #14 US Mainstream Rock Songs `` Marigold'' (July 8, 2016) #36 US Alternative Songs, #1 US Mainstream Rock Songs `` The Way The News Goes'' (December 2016) #1 US Mainstream Rock Songs `` Remain Indoors'' (May 2017) #2 US Mainstream Rock Songs `` Lune'' (November 2017) #13 US Mainstream Rock Songs Other appearances ( edit ) `` One'' (Metallica cover) -- Appears on Homefront: Songs for the Resistance soundtrack album `` Only If For A Night'' (Florence + The Machine cover) -- Appears on Florence + The Sphinx: Sumerian Ceremonials - A Tribute to Florence + The Machine Music videos ( edit ) Title Year Director From the album `` Icarus Lives!'' Ian McFarland & Mike Pecci Periphery `` Jetpacks Was Yes'' 2011 Eric Haviv, Richard Webb & Brandon Morris Icarus EP `` Make Total Destroy'' 2012 Wes Richardson Periphery II: This Time It's Personal `` Scarlet'' 2013 Wes Richardson `` Ragnarok'' Jeff Holcomb `` Alpha'' 2015 Wes Richardson Juggernaut: Alpha `` The Bad Thing'' 2015 Jeff Holcomb Juggernaut: Omega `` Marigold'' 2016 Wes Richardson Periphery III: Select Difficulty References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Currin, Grayson Haver (February 19, 2015). `` How Periphery Scored Two Top 25 LPs in a Week With a Prog-Metal Opera'' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 20, 2015 ... Maryland progressive-metal band Periphery... ^ Jump up to: Bienstock, Richard (September 22, 2014). `` Misha Mansoor's Tech-Metal Makes a Big Djent'' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 20, 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharp, Tyler (2016-04-26). `` PERIPHERY ANNOUNCE NEW ALBUM, ' PERIPHERY III: SELECT DIFFICULTY ' '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved 2018-07-30 . Jump up ^ `` Djent -- the founding fathers watch their djenre grow up'' . March 4, 2011. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016 . Retrieved December 10, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guitar Messenger -- Haunted Shores Releases ' Passenger' and ' My The Man' , Announce Partial Lineup of Vocalists (updated)'' . Guitarmessenger.com. Jump up ^ `` Four Seconds Ago'' . Myspace.com . Retrieved February 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Of Man Not of Machine: new track ' Metal Gear' (updated)'' . got-djent.com. April 2, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Divine Heresy: First Footage With New Touring Singer Available'' . Roadrunnerrecords.com. May 11, 2008. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Jump up ^ Ivan Chopik (April 24, 2010). `` Guitar Messenger -- Misha Mansoor Interview (Periphery)'' . Guitarmessenger.com. Jump up ^ Vince Neilstein (March 1, 2010). `` New Periphery Singer Sounds Like The Old Periphery Singer Who Sounds Like The Current Haunted Shores Singer Who Sounds Like...'' . MetalSucks. Jump up ^ `` Devildriver, Emmure: ' Thrash And Burn Tour' Dates Announced'' . Roadrunnerrecords.com. June 3, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Animals As Leaders To Support Veil of Maya on Tour - in Metal News'' . Metal Underground.com. December 23, 2009. Jump up ^ Ryan Minic (January 14, 2010). `` Kittie, God Forbid Confirm Tour Dates, Gwen Stacy and Periphery Support'' . Ryansrockshow.com. Jump up ^ `` Darkest Hour Announce Tour with Veil of Maya and Periphery Tour Dates'' . Metal Injection. September 9, 2010. ^ Jump up to: `` Periphery Added to the Dillinger Escape Plan'S Australian Tour'' . Roadrunnerrecords.com. April 8, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Fear Factory, Winds of Plague, Periphery tour // News // Lambgoat'' . Lambgoat.com. February 23, 2010. ^ Jump up to: `` Periphery Announce Dates with Fair To Midland, Scale The Summit Tour Dates'' . Metal Injection. January 19, 2010. Jump up ^ Axl Rosenberg (January 20, 2010). `` Yep, Periphery Have Another New Singer'' . MetalSucks. Jump up ^ `` Periphery : First-Week Sales Revealed'' . Roadrunnerrecords.com. April 28, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Periphery Announce UK Tour'' . Roadrunnerrecords.co.uk. November 9, 2010. Jump up ^ `` An Album of Metal Covers for My E-mail Address? Deal!'' . Metal Injection. March 22, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Periphery - ' Jetpacks Was Yes! ' '' . Nme.Com. January 19, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Periphery Streams New Track ' Frak The Gods ' '' . Guitarmessenger.com. March 24, 2011. Jump up ^ Vince Neilstein (July 6, 2011). `` Periphery Lose Guitarist Alex Bois'' . MetalSucks. Jump up ^ `` Dream Theater To Tour Europe With Periphery'' . Roadrunnerrecords.com. September 7, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Periphery Officially Announce Mark Holcomb As New Guitarist'' . Allaxess.com. October 19, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Periphery Bassist Is Over It'' . www.metalinjection.net. November 16, 2011. Jump up ^ `` - Periphery'' . Killyourscene.info. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015 . Retrieved February 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Hughes (July 28, 2011). `` Sonisphere UK 2011 Interview: Periphery -- Jake Bowen'' . Espy Rock. Jump up ^ Peter Hodgson (July 2011). `` Periphery: A league of extraordinary djentlemen'' . Mixdown (207). p. 30. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Jump up ^ `` Periphery Guitarist Misha Mansoor Begins Work on Solo Album'' . Metal Injection . Retrieved February 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Periphery Frontman Hints at New Material Being Imminent'' . Metal Injection . Retrieved February 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Barretto with Periphery - Icarus Lives- November 2013'' . YouTube . November 21, 2013 . Retrieved February 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Periphery -- Clear'' . YouTube . December 3, 2013 . Retrieved February 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Periphery Announce Tracklist For Upcoming Digital Special Edition of Their First Album To Be Released on 6 Feb 2012...'' Roadrunner Records UK . Retrieved February 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Periphery Announce Two ' Juggernaut' Albums and North American Tour'' . Guitar World . November 5, 2014 . Retrieved November 30, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Periphery'' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved July 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Periphery - The Price Is Wrong - YouTube'' . www.youtube.com . Retrieved July 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Periphery - Flatline - YouTube'' . www.youtube.com . Retrieved July 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Periphery - Marigold (Official Music Video) - YouTube'' . www.youtube.com . Retrieved July 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Periphery - Motormouth - YouTube'' . www.youtube.com . Retrieved July 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Periphery - The Way The News Goes... - YouTube'' . www.youtube.com . Retrieved July 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Periphery - Prayer Position - YouTube'' . www.youtube.com . Retrieved July 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PERIPHERY Announces ' Select Difficulty' Album, ' Sonic Unrest' U.S. Tour'' . BLABBERMOUTH.NET. April 26, 2016 . Retrieved August 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KNAC.COM - News - ' Periphery III: Select Difficulty' Details'' . www.knac.com . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Juggernaut: Omega by Periphery on iTunes'' . iTunes . Retrieved November 14, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Juggernaut: Alpha by Periphery on iTunes'' . iTunes . Retrieved November 14, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: brownypaul (August 3, 2017). `` Periphery bassist Nolly departs band'' . Wall of Sound . Retrieved August 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Periphery'' . www.facebook.com . August 3, 2017 . Retrieved August 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Periphery leaving Sumerian Records'' . MetalSucks. April 19, 2018 . Retrieved July 24, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rig Rundown - Periphery's Misha `` Bulb'' Mansoor, Jake Bowen, Mark Holcomb, and Adam Getgood`` . YouTube . October 7, 2014 . Retrieved February 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PRS Guitars - Mark Holcomb Limited Edition'' . Prsguitars.com . Retrieved February 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ Mansoor, Misha. `` Misha Mansoor Facebook Page'' . Facebook . Misha Mansoor . Retrieved May 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bare Knuckle Pickups Unveil Misha Mansoor Juggernaut Pickups'' . Premierguitar.com . Retrieved February 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bare Knuckle Pickups Releases the Ragnarok'' . Jump up ^ (1) Archived May 8, 2014, at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` DiMarzio Releases New Titan Humbuckers'' . Premierguitar.com . Retrieved February 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Misha Mansoor, Alex Bois & Jake Bowen Talk About The Tunings They Use'' . YouTube . December 30, 2010 . Retrieved February 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Holcomb - Periphery / Haunted Shores: GuitarMessenger.com Masterclass 2 of 2'' . YouTube . February 15, 2011 . Retrieved February 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Periphery - Muramasa'' . YouTube . July 9, 2012 . Retrieved February 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive: From First To Last recruit Periphery's Spencer Sotelo as new vocalist'' . Alternative Press . Retrieved February 15, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Periphery -- Chart History: Billboard 200'' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 17, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Periphery -- Chart History: Independent Albums'' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 17, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Discography Periphery'' . australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 17, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Discographie Periphery'' . austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 17, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Periphery'' . finnishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 17, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charterfolge von Periphery'' . officialcharts.de . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved February 17, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Periphery'' . oricon ME inc . Retrieved May 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Periphery -- Artist'' . Official Charts . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 17, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Musiikkituottajat - Tilastot - Suomen virallinen lista - Albumit'' . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Periphery (band) . Periphery Misha Mansoor Jake Bowen Matt Halpern Spencer Sotelo Mark Holcomb Studio albums Periphery (2010) Periphery II: This Time It's Personal (2012) Juggernaut: Alpha (2015) Juggernaut: Omega (2015) Periphery III: Select Difficulty (2016) EPs Icarus (2011) Clear (2014) BNF : cb162479172 (data) ISNI : 0000 0001 0806 7398 MusicBrainz : a0cef17a-4574-44f4-9f97-fd068615dac6 VIAF : 144992153 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periphery_(band)&oldid=853718665 '' Categories : American progressive metal musical groups Djent Heavy metal musical groups from Washington, D.C. 2005 establishments in Washington, D.C. Musical groups established in 2005 Sumerian Records artists Roadrunner Records artists Hidden categories: Pages using Timeline All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template archiveis links Use mdy dates from February 2018 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018, at 15:21 (UTC) . 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Port of Mobile Mobile , on Mobile Bay Gulf of Mexico
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[ "State of Alabama Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Yellowhammer State , The Heart of Dixie , and The Cotton State Motto ( s ) : Latin : Audemus jura nostra defendere We dare defend our rights Official language English Spoken languages As of 2010 English 95.1 % Spanish 3.1 % Demonym Alabamian Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Largest metro Birmingham metropolitan area Area Ranked 30th Total 52,419 sq mi ( 135,765 km ) Width 190 miles ( 305 km ) Length 330 miles ( 531 km ) % water 3.20 Latitude 30 ° 11 ′ N to 35 ° N Longitude 84 ° 53 ′ W to 88 ° 28 ′ W Population Ranked 24th Total 4,863,300 ( 2016 est . ) Density 94.7 ( 2011 est . ) / sq mi ( 36.5 ( 2011 est . ) / km ) Ranked 27th Median household income $44,509 ( 47th ) Elevation Highest point Mount Cheaha 2,413 ft ( 735.5 m ) Mean 500 ft ( 150 m ) Lowest point Gulf of Mexico Sea level Before statehood Alabama Territory Admission to Union December 14 , 1819 ( 22nd ) Governor Kay Ivey ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Vacant Legislature Alabama Legislature Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Richard Shelby ( R ) Doug Jones ( D ) U.S. House delegation 6 Republicans 1 Democrat ( list ) Time zones most of state Central : UTC − 6 / − 5 Phenix City area Eastern : UTC − 5 / − 4 ISO 3166 US - AL Abbreviations AL , Ala . Website alabama.gov", "State of Alabama", "Flag Seal", "Flag Seal", "", "Flag Seal", "Nickname ( s ) : The Yellowhammer State , The Heart of Dixie , and The Cotton State", "Motto ( s ) : Latin : Audemus jura nostra defendere We dare defend our rights", "Official language English", "Spoken languages As of 2010 English 95.1 % Spanish 3.1 %", "As of 2010", "English 95.1 % Spanish 3.1 %", "English 95.1 %", "Spanish 3.1 %", "Demonym Alabamian", "Capital Montgomery", "Largest city Birmingham", "Largest metro Birmingham metropolitan area", "Area Ranked 30th", "Total 52,419 sq mi ( 135,765 km )", "Width 190 miles ( 305 km )", "Length 330 miles ( 531 km )", "% water 3.20", "Latitude 30 ° 11 ′ N to 35 ° N", "Longitude 84 ° 53 ′ W to 88 ° 28 ′ W", "Population Ranked 24th", "Total 4,863,300 ( 2016 est . )", "Density 94.7 ( 2011 est . ) / sq mi ( 36.5 ( 2011 est . ) / km ) Ranked 27th", "Median household income $44,509 ( 47th )", "Elevation", "Highest point Mount Cheaha 2,413 ft ( 735.5 m )", "Mean 500 ft ( 150 m )", "Lowest point Gulf of Mexico Sea level", "Before statehood Alabama Territory", "Admission to Union December 14 , 1819 ( 22nd )", "Governor Kay Ivey ( R )", "Lieutenant Governor Vacant", "Legislature Alabama Legislature", "Upper house Senate", "Lower house House of Representatives", "U.S. Senators Richard Shelby ( R ) Doug Jones ( D )", "U.S. House delegation 6 Republicans 1 Democrat ( list )", "Time zones", "most of state Central : UTC − 6 / − 5", "Phenix City area Eastern : UTC − 5 / − 4", "ISO 3166 US - AL", "Abbreviations AL , Ala .", "Website alabama.gov", "show Alabama state symbols The Flag of Alabama The Seal of Alabama Living insignia Amphibian Red Hills salamander Bird Yellowhammer , wild turkey Butterfly Eastern tiger swallowtail Fish Largemouth bass , fighting tarpon Flower Camellia , oak - leaf hydrangea Horse breed Racking horse Insect Monarch butterfly Mammal American black bear Reptile Alabama red - bellied turtle Tree Longleaf pine Inanimate insignia Beverage Conecuh Ridge Whiskey Colors Red , white Dance Square dance Food Pecan , blackberry , peach Fossil Basilosaurus Gemstone Star blue quartz Mineral Hematite Rock Marble Shell Johnstone 's junonia Slogan Share The Wonder , Alabama the beautiful , Where America finds its voice , Sweet Home Alabama , `` Heart of Dixie '' Soil Bama Song `` Alabama '' State route marker State quarter Released in 2003 Lists of United States state symbols", "show Alabama state symbols", "The Flag of Alabama", "The Seal of Alabama", "Living insignia", "Amphibian Red Hills salamander", "Bird Yellowhammer , wild turkey", "Butterfly Eastern tiger swallowtail", "Fish Largemouth bass , fighting tarpon", "Flower Camellia , oak - leaf hydrangea", "Horse breed Racking horse", "Insect Monarch butterfly", "Mammal American black bear", "Reptile Alabama red - bellied turtle", "Tree Longleaf pine", "Inanimate insignia", "Beverage Conecuh Ridge Whiskey", "Colors Red , white", "Dance Square dance", "Food Pecan , blackberry , peach", "Fossil Basilosaurus", "Gemstone Star blue quartz", "Mineral Hematite", "Rock Marble", "Shell Johnstone 's junonia", "Slogan Share The Wonder , Alabama the beautiful , Where America finds its voice , Sweet Home Alabama , `` Heart of Dixie ''", "Soil Bama", "Song `` Alabama ''", "State route marker", "State quarter", "Released in 2003", "Lists of United States state symbols", "Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States . It is bordered by Tennessee to the north , Georgia to the east , Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south , and Mississippi to the west . Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states . With a total of 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) of inland waterways , Alabama has among the most of any state .", "Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State , after the state bird . Alabama is also known as the `` Heart of Dixie '' and the `` Cotton State '' . The state tree is the longleaf pine , and the state flower is the camellia . Alabama 's capital is Montgomery . The largest city by population is Birmingham , which has long been the most industrialized city ; the largest city by land area is Huntsville . The oldest city is Mobile , founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana .", "From the American Civil War until World War II , Alabama , like many states in the southern U.S. , suffered economic hardship , in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture . Similar to other former slave states , Alabamian legislators employed Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise and otherwise discriminate against African Americans from the end of the Reconstruction Era up until at least the 1970s . Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers , white rural interests dominated the state legislature from 1901 to the 1960s . During this time , urban interests and African Americans were markedly under - represented . Following World War II , Alabama grew as the state 's economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests . The state 's economy in the 21st century is based on management , automotive , finance , manufacturing , aerospace , mineral extraction , healthcare , education , retail , and technology .", "The European - American naming of the Alabama River and state was derived from the Alabama people , a Muskogean - speaking tribe whose members lived just below the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers on the upper reaches of the river . In the Alabama language , the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo ( or variously Albaama or Albàamo in different dialects ; the plural form is Albaamaha ) . The suggestion that `` Alabama '' was borrowed from the Choctaw language is unlikely . The word 's spelling varies significantly among historical sources . The first usage appears in three accounts of the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1540 : Garcilaso de la Vega used Alibamo , while the Knight of Elvas and Rodrigo Ranjel wrote Alibamu and Limamu , respectively , in transliterations of the term . As early as 1702 , the French called the tribe the Alibamon , with French maps identifying the river as Rivière des Alibamons . Other spellings of the name have included Alibamu , Alabamo , Albama , Alebamon , Alibama , Alibamou , Alabamu , Allibamou .", "Sources disagree on the word 's meaning . Some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba ( meaning `` plants '' or `` weeds '' ) and amo ( meaning `` to cut '' , `` to trim '' , or `` to gather '' ) . The meaning may have been `` clearers of the thicket '' or `` herb gatherers '' , referring to clearing land for cultivation or collecting medicinal plants . The state has numerous place names of Native American origin . However , there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language .", "An 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant `` Here We Rest . '' This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek . Experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation .", "Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization . Trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period ( 1000 BC -- AD 700 ) and continued until European contact .", "The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD , with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville , Alabama . This is the second - largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era , after Cahokia in present - day Illinois , which was the center of the culture . Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars ' formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex ( SECC ) . Contrary to popular belief , the SECC appears to have no direct links to Mesoamerican culture , but developed independently . The Ceremonial Complex represents a major component of the religion of the Mississippian peoples ; it is one of the primary means by which their religion is understood .", "Among the historical tribes of Native American people living in present - day Alabama at the time of European contact were the Cherokee , an Iroquoian language people ; and the Muskogean - speaking Alabama ( Alibamu ) , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek , and Koasati . While part of the same large language family , the Muskogee tribes developed distinct cultures and languages .", "With exploration in the 16th century , the Spanish were the first Europeans to reach Alabama . The expedition of Hernando de Soto passed through Mabila and other parts of the state in 1540 . More than 160 years later , the French founded the region 's first European settlement at Old Mobile in 1702 . The city was moved to the current site of Mobile in 1711 . This area was claimed by the French from 1702 to 1763 as part of La Louisiane .", "After the French lost to the British in the Seven Years ' War , it became part of British West Florida from 1763 to 1783 . After the United States victory in the American Revolutionary War , the territory was divided between the United States and Spain . The latter retained control of this western territory from 1783 until the surrender of the Spanish garrison at Mobile to U.S. forces on April 13 , 1813 .", "Thomas Bassett , a loyalist to the British monarchy during the Revolutionary era , was one of the earliest white settlers in the state outside Mobile . He settled in the Tombigbee District during the early 1770s . The district 's boundaries were roughly limited to the area within a few miles of the Tombigbee River and included portions of what is today southern Clarke County , northernmost Mobile County , and most of Washington County .", "What is now the counties of Baldwin and Mobile became part of Spanish West Florida in 1783 , part of the independent Republic of West Florida in 1810 , and was finally added to the Mississippi Territory in 1812 . Most of what is now the northern two - thirds of Alabama was known as the Yazoo lands beginning during the British colonial period . It was claimed by the Province of Georgia from 1767 onwards . Following the Revolutionary War , it remained a part of Georgia , although heavily disputed .", "With the exception of the area around Mobile and the Yazoo lands , what is now the lower one - third Alabama was made part of the Mississippi Territory when it was organized in 1798 . The Yazoo lands were added to the territory in 1804 , following the Yazoo land scandal . Spain kept a claim on its former Spanish West Florida territory in what would become the coastal counties until the Adams -- Onís Treaty officially ceded it to the United States in 1819 .", "Before Mississippi 's admission to statehood on December 10 , 1817 , the more sparsely settled eastern half of the territory was separated and named the Alabama Territory . The United States Congress created the Alabama Territory on March 3 , 1817 . St. Stephens , now abandoned , served as the territorial capital from 1817 to 1819 .", "Alabama was admitted as the 22nd state on December 14 , 1819 , with Congress selecting Huntsville as the site for the first Constitutional Convention . From July 5 to August 2 , 1819 , delegates met to prepare the new state constitution . Huntsville served as temporary capital from 1819 to 1820 , when the seat of government moved to Cahaba in Dallas County .", "Cahaba , now a ghost town , was the first permanent state capital from 1820 to 1825 . Alabama Fever was underway when the state was admitted to the Union , with settlers and land speculators pouring into the state to take advantage of fertile land suitable for cotton cultivation . Part of the frontier in the 1820s and 1830s , its constitution provided for universal suffrage for white men .", "Southeastern planters and traders from the Upper South brought slaves with them as the cotton plantations in Alabama expanded . The economy of the central Black Belt ( named for its dark , productive soil ) was built around large cotton plantations whose owners ' wealth grew mainly from slave labor . The area also drew many poor , disfranchised people who became subsistence farmers . Alabama had an estimated population of under 10,000 people in 1810 , but it increased to more than 300,000 people by 1830 . Most Native American tribes were completely removed from the state within a few years of the passage of the Indian Removal Act by Congress in 1830 .", "From 1826 to 1846 , Tuscaloosa served as Alabama 's capital . On January 30 , 1846 , the Alabama legislature announced it had voted to move the capital city from Tuscaloosa to Montgomery . The first legislative session in the new capital met in December 1847 . A new capitol building was erected under the direction of Stephen Decatur Button of Philadelphia . The first structure burned down in 1849 , but was rebuilt on the same site in 1851 . This second capitol building in Montgomery remains to the present day . It was designed by Barachias Holt of Exeter , Maine .", "By 1860 , the population had increased to 964,201 people , of which nearly half , 435,080 , were enslaved African Americans , and 2,690 were free people of color . On January 11 , 1861 , Alabama declared its secession from the Union . After remaining an independent republic for a few days , it joined the Confederate States of America . The Confederacy 's capital was initially at Montgomery . Alabama was heavily involved in the American Civil War . Although comparatively few battles were fought in the state , Alabama contributed about 120,000 soldiers to the war effort .", "A company of cavalry soldiers from Huntsville , Alabama , joined Nathan Bedford Forrest 's battalion in Hopkinsville , Kentucky . The company wore new uniforms with yellow trim on the sleeves , collar and coat tails . This led to them being greeted with `` Yellowhammer '' , and the name later was applied to all Alabama troops in the Confederate Army .", "Alabama 's slaves were freed by the 13th Amendment in 1865 . Alabama was under military rule from the end of the war in May 1865 until its official restoration to the Union in 1868 . From 1867 to 1874 , with most white citizens barred temporarily from voting and freedmen enfranchised , many African Americans emerged as political leaders in the state . Alabama was represented in Congress during this period by three African - American congressmen : Jeremiah Haralson , Benjamin S. Turner , and James T. Rapier .", "Following the war , the state remained chiefly agricultural , with an economy tied to cotton . During Reconstruction , state legislators ratified a new state constitution in 1868 that created the state 's first public school system and expanded women 's rights . Legislators funded numerous public road and railroad projects , although these were plagued with allegations of fraud and misappropriation . Organized insurgent , resistance groups tried to suppress the freedmen and Republicans . Besides the short - lived original Ku Klux Klan , these included the Pale Faces , Knights of the White Camellia , Red Shirts , and the White League .", "Reconstruction in Alabama ended in 1874 , when the Democrats regained control of the legislature and governor 's office through an election dominated by fraud and violence . They wrote another constitution in 1875 , and the legislature passed the Blaine Amendment , prohibiting public money from being used to finance religious - affiliated schools . The same year , legislation was approved that called for racially segregated schools . Railroad passenger cars were segregated in 1891 . After disfranchising most African Americans and many poor whites in the 1901 constitution , the Alabama legislature passed more Jim Crow laws at the beginning of the 20th century to impose segregation in everyday life .", "The new 1901 Constitution of Alabama included provisions for voter registration that effectively disenfranchised large portions of the population , including nearly all African Americans and Native Americans , and tens of thousands of poor whites , through making voter registration difficult , requiring a poll tax and literacy test . The 1901 constitution required racial segregation of public schools . By 1903 , only 2,980 African Americans were registered in Alabama , although at least 74,000 were literate . This compared to more than 181,000 African Americans eligible to vote in 1900 . The numbers dropped even more in later decades . The state legislature passed additional racial segregation laws related to public facilities into the 1950s : jails were segregated in 1911 ; hospitals in 1915 ; toilets , hotels , and restaurants in 1928 ; and bus stop waiting rooms in 1945 .", "While the planter class had persuaded poor whites to vote for this legislative effort to suppress black voting , the new restrictions resulted in their disenfranchisement as well , due mostly to the imposition of a cumulative poll tax . By 1941 , whites constituted a slight majority of those disenfranchised by these laws : 600,000 whites vs. 520,000 African - Americans . Nearly all African Americans had lost the ability to vote . Despite numerous legal challenges that succeeded in overturning certain provisions , the state legislature would create new ones to maintain disenfranchisement . The exclusion of blacks from the political system persisted until after passage of federal civil rights legislation in 1965 to enforce their constitutional rights as citizens .", "The rural - dominated Alabama legislature consistently underfunded schools and services for the disenfranchised African Americans , but it did not relieve them of paying taxes . Partially as a response to chronic underfunding of education for African Americans in the South , the Rosenwald Fund began funding the construction of what came to be known as Rosenwald Schools . In Alabama these schools were designed and the construction partially financed with Rosenwald funds , which paid one - third of the construction costs . The fund required the local community and state to raise matching funds to pay the rest . Black residents effectively taxed themselves twice , by raising additional monies to supply matching funds for such schools , which were built in many rural areas . They often donated land and labor as well .", "Beginning in 1913 , the first 80 Rosenwald Schools were built in Alabama for African - American children . A total of 387 schools , seven teachers ' houses , and several vocational buildings were completed by 1937 in the state . Several of the surviving school buildings in the state are now listed on the National Register of Historic Places .", "Continued racial discrimination and lynchings , agricultural depression , and the failure of the cotton crops due to boll weevil infestation led tens of thousands of African Americans from rural Alabama and other states to seek opportunities in northern and midwestern cities during the early decades of the 20th century as part of the Great Migration out of the South . Reflecting this emigration , the population growth rate in Alabama ( see `` historical populations '' table below ) dropped by nearly half from 1910 to 1920 .", "At the same time , many rural people migrated to the city of Birmingham to work in new industrial jobs . Birmingham experienced such rapid growth that it was called the `` Magic City '' . By 1920 , Birmingham was the 36th - largest city in the United States . Heavy industry and mining were the basis of its economy . Its residents were under - represented for decades in the state legislature , which refused to redistrict after each decennial census according to population changes , as it was required by the state constitution . This did not change until the late 1960s following a lawsuit and court order .", "Beginning in the 1940s , when the courts started taking the first steps to recognize the voting rights of black voters , the Alabama legislature took several counter-steps designed to disfranchise black voters . The legislature passed , and the voters ratified ( as these were mostly white voters ) , a state constitutional amendment that gave local registrars greater latitude to disqualify voter registration applicants . Black citizens in Mobile successfully challenged this amendment as a violation of the Fifteenth Amendment . The legislature also changed the boundaries of Tuskegee to a 28 - sided figure designed to fence out blacks from the city limits . The Supreme Court unanimously held that this racial `` gerrymandering '' violated the Constitution . In 1961 , ... the Alabama legislature also intentionally diluted the effect of the black vote by instituting numbered place requirements for local elections .", "Industrial development related to the demands of World War II brought a level of prosperity to the state not seen since before the civil war . Rural workers poured into the largest cities in the state for better jobs and a higher standard of living . One example of this massive influx of workers occurred in Mobile . Between 1940 and 1943 , more than 89,000 people moved into the city to work for war - related industries . Cotton and other cash crops faded in importance as the state developed a manufacturing and service base .", "Despite massive population changes in the state from 1901 to 1961 , the rural - dominated legislature refused to reapportion House and Senate seats based on population , as required by the state constitution to follow the results of decennial censuses . They held on to old representation to maintain political and economic power in agricultural areas . One result was that Jefferson County , containing Birmingham 's industrial and economic powerhouse , contributed more than one - third of all tax revenue to the state , but did not receive a proportional amount in services . Urban interests were consistently underrepresented in the legislature . A 1960 study noted that because of rural domination , `` a minority of about 25 per cent of the total state population is in majority control of the Alabama legislature . ''", "In the United States Supreme Court cases of Baker v. Carr ( 1962 ) and Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ) , the court ruled ruled that the principle of `` one man , one vote '' needed to be the basis of both houses of state legislatures as well , and that their districts had to be based on population , rather than geographic counties , as Alabama had used for its senate .", "In 1972 , for the first time since 1901 , the legislature completed the congressional redistricting based on the decennial census . This benefited the urban areas that had developed , as well as all in the population who had been underrepresented for more than 60 years . Other changes were made to implement representative state house and senate districts .", "African Americans continued to press in the 1950s and 1960s to end disenfranchisement and segregation in the state through the civil rights movement , including legal challenges . In 1954 , the US Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that public schools had to be desegregated , but Alabama was slow to comply . During the 1960s , under Governor George Wallace , Alabama resisted compliance with federal demands for desegregation . The civil rights movement had notable events in Alabama , including the Montgomery Bus Boycott ( 1955 -- 56 ) , Freedom Rides in 1961 , and 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches . These contributed to Congressional passage and enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 by the U.S. Congress .", "Legal segregation ended in the states in 1964 , but Jim Crow customs often continued until specifically challenged in court . According to the New York Times , by 2017 , many of Alabama 's African - Americans were living in Alabama 's `` cities , particularly Birmingham and Montgomery . In addition , the rural Black Belt ( called that for its soil ) that stretches across the middle of the state is home to largely poor counties that are predominantly African - American . These counties include Dallas , Lowndes , Marengo and Perry . ''", "Alabama has made some changes since the late 20th century and has used new types of voting to increase representation . In the 1980s , an omnibus redistricting case , Dillard v. Crenshaw County , challenged the at - large voting for representative seats of 180 Alabama jurisdictions , including counties and school boards . At - large voting had diluted the votes of any minority in a county , as the majority tended to take all seats . Despite African Americans making up a significant minority in the state , they had been unable to elect any representatives in most of the at - large jurisdictions .", "As part of settlement of this case , five Alabama cities and counties , including Chilton County , adopted a system of cumulative voting for election of representatives in multi-seat jurisdictions . This has resulted in more proportional representation for voters . In another form of proportional representation , 23 jurisdictions use limited voting , as in Conecuh County . In 1982 , limited voting was first tested in Conecuh County . Together use of these systems has increased the number of African Americans and women being elected to local offices , resulting in governments that are more representative of their citizens .", "Alabama is the thirtieth - largest state in the United States with 52,419 square miles ( 135,760 km ) of total area : 3.2 % of the area is water , making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water , also giving it the second - largest inland waterway system in the United States . About three - fifths of the land area is a gentle plain with a general descent towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico . The North Alabama region is mostly mountainous , with the Tennessee River cutting a large valley and creating numerous creeks , streams , rivers , mountains , and lakes .", "Alabama is bordered by the states of Tennessee to the north , Georgia to the east , Florida to the south , and Mississippi to the west . Alabama has coastline at the Gulf of Mexico , in the extreme southern edge of the state . The state ranges in elevation from sea level at Mobile Bay to over 1,800 feet ( 550 m ) in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast .", "The highest point is Mount Cheaha , at a height of 2,413 ft ( 735 m ) . Alabama 's land consists of 22 million acres ( 89,000 km ) of forest or 67 % of total land area . Suburban Baldwin County , along the Gulf Coast , is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area .", "Areas in Alabama administered by the National Park Service include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park near Alexander City ; Little River Canyon National Preserve near Fort Payne ; Russell Cave National Monument in Bridgeport ; Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in Tuskegee ; and Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site near Tuskegee .", "Additionally , Alabama has four National Forests : Conecuh , Talladega , Tuskegee , and William B. Bankhead . Alabama also contains the Natchez Trace Parkway , the Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail , and the Trail Of Tears National Historic Trail . A notable natural wonder in Alabama is `` Natural Bridge '' rock , the longest natural bridge east of the Rockies , located just south of Haleyville .", "A 5 - mile ( 8 km ) - wide meteorite impact crater is located in Elmore County , just north of Montgomery . This is the Wetumpka crater , the site of `` Alabama 's greatest natural disaster . '' A 1,000 - foot ( 300 m ) - wide meteorite hit the area about 80 million years ago . The hills just east of downtown Wetumpka showcase the eroded remains of the impact crater that was blasted into the bedrock , with the area labeled the Wetumpka crater or astrobleme ( `` star - wound '' ) because of the concentric rings of fractures and zones of shattered rock that can be found beneath the surface . In 2002 , Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna published evidence and established the site as the 157th recognized impact crater on Earth .", "The state is classified as humid subtropical ( Cfa ) under the Koppen Climate Classification . The average annual temperature is 64 ° F ( 18 ° C ) . Temperatures tend to be warmer in the southern part of the state with its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico , while the northern parts of the state , especially in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast , tend to be slightly cooler . Generally , Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year . Alabama receives an average of 56 inches ( 1,400 mm ) of rainfall annually and enjoys a lengthy growing season of up to 300 days in the southern part of the state .", "Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the U.S. , with high temperatures averaging over 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) throughout the summer in some parts of the state . Alabama is also prone to tropical storms and even hurricanes . Areas of the state far away from the Gulf are not immune to the effects of the storms , which often dump tremendous amounts of rain as they move inland and weaken .", "South Alabama reports many thunderstorms . The Gulf Coast , around Mobile Bay , averages between 70 and 80 days per year with thunder reported . This activity decreases somewhat further north in the state , but even the far north of the state reports thunder on about 60 days per year . Occasionally , thunderstorms are severe with frequent lightning and large hail ; the central and northern parts of the state are most vulnerable to this type of storm . Alabama ranks ninth in the number of deaths from lightning and tenth in the number of deaths from lightning strikes per capita .", "Alabama , along with Oklahoma , has the most reported EF5 tornadoes of any state , according to statistics from the National Climatic Data Center for the period January 1 , 1950 , to June 2013 . Several long - tracked F5 / EF5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama reporting more tornado fatalities than any other state . The state was affected by the 1974 Super Outbreak and was devastated tremendously by the 2011 Super Outbreak . The 2011 Super Outbreak produced a record amount of tornadoes in the state . The tally reached 62 .", "The peak season for tornadoes varies from the northern to southern parts of the state . Alabama is one of the few places in the world that has a secondary tornado season in November and December , along with the spring severe weather season . The northern part of the state -- along the Tennessee Valley -- is one of the areas in the U.S. most vulnerable to violent tornadoes . The area of Alabama and Mississippi most affected by tornadoes is sometimes referred to as Dixie Alley , as distinct from the Tornado Alley of the Southern Plains .", "Winters are generally mild in Alabama , as they are throughout most of the Southeastern United States , with average January low temperatures around 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in Mobile and around 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) in Birmingham . Although snow is a rare event in much of Alabama , areas of the state north of Montgomery may receive a dusting of snow a few times every winter , with an occasional moderately heavy snowfall every few years . Historic snowfall events include New Year 's Eve 1963 snowstorm and the 1993 Storm of the Century . The annual average snowfall for the Birmingham area is 2 inches ( 51 mm ) per year . In the southern Gulf coast , snowfall is less frequent , sometimes going several years without any snowfall .", "Alabama 's highest temperature of 112 ° F ( 44 ° C ) was recorded on September 5 , 1925 , in the unincorporated community of Centerville . The record low of − 27 ° F ( − 33 ° C ) occurred on January 30 , 1966 , in New Market .", "( show ) Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Alabama cities ( ° F ( ° C ) ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Huntsville Birmingham Montgomery Mobile Cities in Alabama Huntsville Average high 48.9 ( 9.4 ) 54.6 ( 12.6 ) 63.4 ( 17.4 ) 72.3 ( 22.4 ) 79.6 ( 26.4 ) 86.5 ( 30.3 ) 89.4 ( 31.9 ) 89.0 ( 31.7 ) 83.0 ( 28.3 ) 72.9 ( 22.7 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 52.4 ( 11.3 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) Average low 30.7 ( - 0.7 ) 34.0 ( 1.1 ) 41.2 ( 5.1 ) 48.4 ( 9.1 ) 57.5 ( 14.2 ) 65.4 ( 18.6 ) 69.5 ( 20.8 ) 68.1 ( 20.1 ) 61.7 ( 16.5 ) 49.6 ( 9.8 ) 40.7 ( 4.8 ) 33.8 ( 1.0 ) 50.1 ( 10.1 ) Birmingham Average high 52.8 ( 11.6 ) 58.3 ( 14.6 ) 66.5 ( 19.2 ) 74.1 ( 23.4 ) 81.0 ( 27.2 ) 87.5 ( 30.8 ) 90.6 ( 32.6 ) 90.2 ( 32.3 ) 84.6 ( 29.2 ) 74.9 ( 23.8 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) 56.0 ( 13.3 ) 73.4 ( 23.0 ) Average low 32.3 ( 0.2 ) 35.4 ( 1.9 ) 42.4 ( 5.8 ) 48.4 ( 9.1 ) 57.6 ( 14.2 ) 65.4 ( 18.6 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 68.9 ( 20.5 ) 63.0 ( 17.2 ) 50.9 ( 10.5 ) 41.8 ( 5.4 ) 35.2 ( 1.8 ) 50.9 ( 10.5 ) Montgomery Average high 57.6 ( 14.2 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) 70.5 ( 21.4 ) 77.5 ( 25.3 ) 84.6 ( 29.2 ) 90.6 ( 32.6 ) 92.7 ( 33.7 ) 92.2 ( 33.4 ) 87.7 ( 30.9 ) 78.7 ( 25.9 ) 68.7 ( 20.4 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 77.0 ( 25.0 ) Average low 35.5 ( 1.9 ) 38.6 ( 3.7 ) 45.4 ( 7.4 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) 60.1 ( 15.6 ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 70.9 ( 21.6 ) 70.1 ( 21.2 ) 64.9 ( 18.3 ) 52.2 ( 11.2 ) 43.5 ( 6.4 ) 37.6 ( 3.1 ) 53.2 ( 11.8 ) Mobile Average high 60.7 ( 15.9 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) 71.2 ( 21.8 ) 77.4 ( 25.2 ) 84.2 ( 29.0 ) 89.4 ( 31.9 ) 91.2 ( 32.9 ) 90.8 ( 32.7 ) 86.8 ( 30.4 ) 79.2 ( 26.2 ) 70.1 ( 21.2 ) 62.9 ( 17.2 ) 77.4 ( 25.2 ) Average low 39.5 ( 4.2 ) 42.4 ( 5.8 ) 49.2 ( 9.6 ) 54.8 ( 12.7 ) 62.8 ( 17.1 ) 69.2 ( 20.7 ) 71.8 ( 22.1 ) 71.7 ( 22.0 ) 67.6 ( 19.8 ) 56.3 ( 13.5 ) 47.8 ( 8.8 ) 41.6 ( 5.3 ) 56.2 ( 13.4 ) Source : NOAA", "( show ) Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Alabama cities ( ° F ( ° C ) )", "Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Huntsville Birmingham Montgomery Mobile Cities in Alabama", "Huntsville Average high 48.9 ( 9.4 ) 54.6 ( 12.6 ) 63.4 ( 17.4 ) 72.3 ( 22.4 ) 79.6 ( 26.4 ) 86.5 ( 30.3 ) 89.4 ( 31.9 ) 89.0 ( 31.7 ) 83.0 ( 28.3 ) 72.9 ( 22.7 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 52.4 ( 11.3 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 )", "Average low 30.7 ( - 0.7 ) 34.0 ( 1.1 ) 41.2 ( 5.1 ) 48.4 ( 9.1 ) 57.5 ( 14.2 ) 65.4 ( 18.6 ) 69.5 ( 20.8 ) 68.1 ( 20.1 ) 61.7 ( 16.5 ) 49.6 ( 9.8 ) 40.7 ( 4.8 ) 33.8 ( 1.0 ) 50.1 ( 10.1 )", "Birmingham Average high 52.8 ( 11.6 ) 58.3 ( 14.6 ) 66.5 ( 19.2 ) 74.1 ( 23.4 ) 81.0 ( 27.2 ) 87.5 ( 30.8 ) 90.6 ( 32.6 ) 90.2 ( 32.3 ) 84.6 ( 29.2 ) 74.9 ( 23.8 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) 56.0 ( 13.3 ) 73.4 ( 23.0 )", "Average low 32.3 ( 0.2 ) 35.4 ( 1.9 ) 42.4 ( 5.8 ) 48.4 ( 9.1 ) 57.6 ( 14.2 ) 65.4 ( 18.6 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 68.9 ( 20.5 ) 63.0 ( 17.2 ) 50.9 ( 10.5 ) 41.8 ( 5.4 ) 35.2 ( 1.8 ) 50.9 ( 10.5 )", "Montgomery Average high 57.6 ( 14.2 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) 70.5 ( 21.4 ) 77.5 ( 25.3 ) 84.6 ( 29.2 ) 90.6 ( 32.6 ) 92.7 ( 33.7 ) 92.2 ( 33.4 ) 87.7 ( 30.9 ) 78.7 ( 25.9 ) 68.7 ( 20.4 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 77.0 ( 25.0 )", "Average low 35.5 ( 1.9 ) 38.6 ( 3.7 ) 45.4 ( 7.4 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) 60.1 ( 15.6 ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 70.9 ( 21.6 ) 70.1 ( 21.2 ) 64.9 ( 18.3 ) 52.2 ( 11.2 ) 43.5 ( 6.4 ) 37.6 ( 3.1 ) 53.2 ( 11.8 )", "Mobile Average high 60.7 ( 15.9 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) 71.2 ( 21.8 ) 77.4 ( 25.2 ) 84.2 ( 29.0 ) 89.4 ( 31.9 ) 91.2 ( 32.9 ) 90.8 ( 32.7 ) 86.8 ( 30.4 ) 79.2 ( 26.2 ) 70.1 ( 21.2 ) 62.9 ( 17.2 ) 77.4 ( 25.2 )", "Average low 39.5 ( 4.2 ) 42.4 ( 5.8 ) 49.2 ( 9.6 ) 54.8 ( 12.7 ) 62.8 ( 17.1 ) 69.2 ( 20.7 ) 71.8 ( 22.1 ) 71.7 ( 22.0 ) 67.6 ( 19.8 ) 56.3 ( 13.5 ) 47.8 ( 8.8 ) 41.6 ( 5.3 ) 56.2 ( 13.4 )", "Source : NOAA", "Alabama is home to a diverse array of flora and fauna , due largely to a variety of habitats that range from the Tennessee Valley , Appalachian Plateau , and Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians of the north to the Piedmont , Canebrake and Black Belt of the central region to the Gulf Coastal Plain and beaches along the Gulf of Mexico in the south . The state is usually ranked among the top in nation for its range of overall biodiversity .", "Alabama is in the subtropical coniferous forest biome and once boasted huge expanses of pine forest , which still form the largest proportion of forests in the state . It currently ranks fifth in the nation for the diversity of its flora . It is home to nearly 4,000 pteridophyte and spermatophyte plant species .", "Indigenous animal species in the state include 62 mammal species , 93 reptile species , 73 amphibian species , roughly 307 native freshwater fish species , and 420 bird species that spend at least part of their year within the state . Invertebrates include 97 crayfish species and 383 mollusk species . 113 of these mollusk species have never been collected outside the state .", "Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1800 1,250 -- 1810 9,046 623.7 % 1820 127,901 1,313.9 % 1830 309,527 142.0 % 1840 590,756 90.9 % 1850 771,623 30.6 % 1860 964,201 25.0 % 1870 996,992 3.4 % 1880 1,262,505 26.6 % 1890 1,513,401 19.9 % 1900 1,828,697 20.8 % 1910 2,138,093 16.9 % 1920 2,348,174 9.8 % 1930 2,646,248 12.7 % 1940 2,832,961 7.1 % 1950 3,061,743 8.1 % 1960 3,266,740 6.7 % 1970 3,444,165 5.4 % 1980 3,893,888 13.1 % 1990 4,040,587 3.8 % 2000 4,447,100 10.1 % 4,779,745 7.5 % Est. 2017 4,874,747 2.0 % Sources : 1910 -- 2010 2015 estimate", "Historical population", "Census Pop . % ±", "1800 1,250 --", "1810 9,046 623.7 %", "1820 127,901 1,313.9 %", "1830 309,527 142.0 %", "1840 590,756 90.9 %", "1850 771,623 30.6 %", "1860 964,201 25.0 %", "1870 996,992 3.4 %", "1880 1,262,505 26.6 %", "1890 1,513,401 19.9 %", "1900 1,828,697 20.8 %", "1910 2,138,093 16.9 %", "1920 2,348,174 9.8 %", "1930 2,646,248 12.7 %", "1940 2,832,961 7.1 %", "1950 3,061,743 8.1 %", "1960 3,266,740 6.7 %", "1970 3,444,165 5.4 %", "1980 3,893,888 13.1 %", "1990 4,040,587 3.8 %", "2000 4,447,100 10.1 %", "4,779,745 7.5 %", "Est. 2017 4,874,747 2.0 %", "Sources : 1910 -- 2010 2015 estimate", "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Alabama was 4,858,979 on July 1 , 2015 , which represents an increase of 79,243 , or 1.66 % , since the 2010 Census . This includes a natural increase since the last census of 121,054 people ( that is 502,457 births minus 381,403 deaths ) and an increase due to net migration of 104,991 people into the state .", "Immigration from outside the U.S. resulted in a net increase of 31,180 people , and migration within the country produced a net gain of 73,811 people . The state had 108,000 foreign - born ( 2.4 % of the state population ) , of which an estimated 22.2 % were undocumented ( 24,000 ) .", "The center of population of Alabama is located in Chilton County , outside the town of Jemison .", "According to the 2010 Census , Alabama had a population of 4,779,736 . The racial composition of the state was 68.5 % White ( 67.0 % Non-Hispanic White and 1.5 % Hispanic White ) , 26.2 % Black or African American , 3.9 % Hispanic or Latino of any race , 1.1 % Asian , 0.6 % American Indian and Alaska Native , 0.1 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander , 2.0 % from Some Other Race , and 1.5 % from Two or More Races . In 2011 , 46.6 % of Alabama 's population younger than age 1 were minorities .", "The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama are : African ( 26.2 % ) , English ( 23.6 % ) , Irish ( 7.7 % ) , German ( 5.7 % ) , and Scots - Irish ( 2.0 % ) . Those citing `` American '' ancestry in Alabama are generally of English or British ancestry ; many Anglo - Americans identify as having American ancestry because their roots have been in North America for so long , in some cases since the 1600s . Demographers estimate that a minimum of 20 -- 23 % of people in Alabama are of predominantly English ancestry and that the figure is likely higher . In the 1980 census , 41 % of the people in Alabama identified as being of English ancestry , making them the largest ethnic group at the time .", "Alabama racial population breakdown ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 White 73.6 % 71.1 % 68.5 % Black 25.3 % 26.0 % 26.2 % Asian 0.5 % 0.7 % 1.1 % Native 0.4 % 0.5 % 0.6 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- -- 0.1 % Other race 0.1 % 0.6 % 2.0 % Two or more races -- 1.0 % 1.5 %", "( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000", "White 73.6 % 71.1 % 68.5 %", "Black 25.3 % 26.0 % 26.2 %", "Asian 0.5 % 0.7 % 1.1 %", "Native 0.4 % 0.5 % 0.6 %", "Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- -- 0.1 %", "Other race 0.1 % 0.6 % 2.0 %", "Two or more races -- 1.0 % 1.5 %", "Based on historic migration and settlement patterns in the southern colonies and states , demographers estimated there are more people in Alabama of Scots - Irish origins than self - reported . Many people in Alabama claim Irish ancestry because of the term Scots - Irish but , based on historic immigration and settlement , their ancestors were more likely Protestant Scots - Irish coming from northern Ireland , where they had been for a few generations as part of the English colonization . The Scots - Irish were the largest non-English immigrant group from the British Isles before the American Revolution , and many settled in the South , later moving into the Deep South as it was developed .", "In 1984 , under the Davis -- Strong Act , the state legislature established the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission . Native American groups within the state had increasingly been demanding recognition as ethnic groups and seeking an end to discrimination . Given the long history of slavery and associated racial segregation , the Native American peoples , who have sometimes been of mixed race , have insisted on having their cultural identification respected . In the past , their self - identification was often overlooked as the state tried to impose a binary breakdown of society into white and black .", "The state has officially recognized nine American Indian tribes in the state , descended mostly from the Five Civilized Tribes of the American Southeast . These are :", "Poarch Band of Creek Indians ( who also have federal recognition ) , MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians , Star Clan of Muscogee Creeks , Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama , Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama , Cher - O - Creek Intra Tribal Indians , Ma - Chis Lower Creek Indian Tribe , Piqua Shawnee Tribe , and Ani - Yun - Wiya Nation .", "Poarch Band of Creek Indians ( who also have federal recognition ) ,", "MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians ,", "Star Clan of Muscogee Creeks ,", "Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama ,", "Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama ,", "Cher - O - Creek Intra Tribal Indians ,", "Ma - Chis Lower Creek Indian Tribe ,", "Piqua Shawnee Tribe , and", "Ani - Yun - Wiya Nation .", "The state government has promoted recognition of Native American contributions to the state , including the designation in 2000 for Columbus Day to be jointly celebrated as American Indian Heritage Day .", "Combined statistical areas Rank Combined statistical area Population ( 2016 estimate ) Population ( 2010 Census ) Birmingham -- Hoover -- Talladega 1,361,299 1,302,283 Chattanooga -- Cleveland -- Dalton 954,228 923,460 Huntsville -- Decatur -- Albertville 768,033 664,441 Mobile -- Daphne -- Fairhope 623,399 595,257 5 Columbus -- Auburn -- Opelika 501,589 469,327 6 Dothan -- Enterprise -- Ozark 248,286 245,838", "Rank Combined statistical area Population ( 2016 estimate ) Population ( 2010 Census )", "Birmingham -- Hoover -- Talladega 1,361,299 1,302,283", "Chattanooga -- Cleveland -- Dalton 954,228 923,460", "Huntsville -- Decatur -- Albertville 768,033 664,441", "Mobile -- Daphne -- Fairhope 623,399 595,257", "5 Columbus -- Auburn -- Opelika 501,589 469,327", "6 Dothan -- Enterprise -- Ozark 248,286 245,838", "Jump up ^ In Alabama , only Jackson County ( 2016 population : 52,138 ; 2010 population : 53,227 ) is included in the Chattanooga CSA ) Jump up ^ In Alabama , only Lee , Russell , and Chambers Counties ( total 2016 population : 251,006 ; total 2010 population : 227,409 ) are included in the Columbus CSA )", "Jump up ^ In Alabama , only Jackson County ( 2016 population : 52,138 ; 2010 population : 53,227 ) is included in the Chattanooga CSA )", "Jump up ^ In Alabama , only Lee , Russell , and Chambers Counties ( total 2016 population : 251,006 ; total 2010 population : 227,409 ) are included in the Columbus CSA )", "Metropolitan areas Rank Metropolitan area Population ( 2016 estimate ) Population ( 2010 Census ) Birmingham -- Hoover 1,147,417 1,128,047 Huntsville 449,720 417,593 Mobile 414,836 412,992 Montgomery 374,000 374,536 5 Tuscaloosa 241,378 230,162 6 Daphne -- Fairhope -- Foley 208,563 182,265 7 Decatur 152,256 153,829 8 Dothan 147,834 145,639 9 Auburn -- Opelika 158,991 140,247 10 Florence -- Muscle Shoals 146,534 147,137 11 Anniston -- Oxford -- Jacksonville 114,611 118,572 12 Gadsden 102,564 104,430", "Rank Metropolitan area Population ( 2016 estimate ) Population ( 2010 Census )", "Birmingham -- Hoover 1,147,417 1,128,047", "Huntsville 449,720 417,593", "Mobile 414,836 412,992", "Montgomery 374,000 374,536", "5 Tuscaloosa 241,378 230,162", "6 Daphne -- Fairhope -- Foley 208,563 182,265", "7 Decatur 152,256 153,829", "8 Dothan 147,834 145,639", "9 Auburn -- Opelika 158,991 140,247", "10 Florence -- Muscle Shoals 146,534 147,137", "11 Anniston -- Oxford -- Jacksonville 114,611 118,572", "12 Gadsden 102,564 104,430", "Largest cities Rank City Population ( 2016 census estimates ) County Birmingham 212,157 Jefferson Shelby Montgomery 200,022 Montgomery Huntsville 193,079 Madison Limestone Mobile 192,904 Mobile 5 Tuscaloosa 99,543 Tuscaloosa 6 Hoover 84,978 Jefferson Shelby 7 Dothan 68,468 Houston 8 Auburn 63,118 Lee 9 Decatur 55,072 Morgan Limestone 10 Madison 47,959 Madison Limestone 11 Florence 39,959 Lauderdale 12 Phenix City 37,132 Russell 13 Gadsden 35,837 Etowah 14 Prattville 35,606 Autauga 15 Vestavia Hills 34,688 Jefferson Shelby", "Rank City Population ( 2016 census estimates ) County", "Birmingham 212,157 Jefferson Shelby", "Montgomery 200,022 Montgomery", "Huntsville 193,079 Madison Limestone", "Mobile 192,904 Mobile", "5 Tuscaloosa 99,543 Tuscaloosa", "6 Hoover 84,978 Jefferson Shelby", "7 Dothan 68,468 Houston", "8 Auburn 63,118 Lee", "9 Decatur 55,072 Morgan Limestone", "10 Madison 47,959 Madison Limestone", "11 Florence 39,959 Lauderdale", "12 Phenix City 37,132 Russell", "13 Gadsden 35,837 Etowah", "14 Prattville 35,606 Autauga", "15 Vestavia Hills 34,688 Jefferson Shelby", "95.1 % of all Alabama residents five years old or older spoke only English at home in 2010 , a minor decrease from 96.1 % in 2000 . Alabama English is predominantly Southern , and is related to South Midland speech which was taken across the border from Tennessee . In the major Southern speech region , there is the decreasing loss of the final / r / , for example the / boyd / pronunciation of ' bird ' . In the northern third of the state , there is a South Midland ' arm ' and ' barb ' rhyming with ' form ' and ' orb ' . Unique words in Alabama English include : redworm ( earthworm ) , peckerwood ( woodpecker ) , snake doctor and snake feeder ( dragonfly ) , tow sack ( burlap bag ) , plum peach ( clingstone ) , French harp ( harmonica ) , and dog irons ( andirons ) .", "Top non-English languages spoken in Alabama Language Percentage of population ( as of 2010 ) Spanish 2.2 % German 0.4 % French ( incl . Patois , Cajun ) 0.3 % Chinese , Vietnamese , Korean , Arabic , African languages , Japanese , and Italian ( tied ) 0.1 %", "Language Percentage of population ( as of 2010 )", "Spanish 2.2 %", "German 0.4 %", "French ( incl . Patois , Cajun ) 0.3 %", "Chinese , Vietnamese , Korean , Arabic , African languages , Japanese , and Italian ( tied ) 0.1 %", "In the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey , 86 % of Alabama respondents reported their religion as Christian , including 6 % Catholic , with 11 % as having no religion . The composition of other traditions is 0.5 % Mormon , 0.5 % Jewish , 0.5 % Muslim , 0.5 % Buddhist , and 0.5 % Hindu .", "Religious affiliation in Alabama ( 2014 ) Affiliation % of population Christian 86 86 Protestant 78 78 Evangelical Protestant 49 49 Mainline Protestant 13 13 Black church 16 16 Catholic 7 7 Mormon Jehovah 's Witnesses 0.1 0.1 Eastern Orthodox 0.1 0.1 Other Christian 0.1 0.1 Unaffiliated 12 12 Nothing in particular 9 9 Agnostic Atheist Non-Christian faiths Jewish 0.2 0.2 Muslim 0.2 0.2 Buddhist 0.2 0.2 Hindu 0.2 0.2 Other Non-Christian faiths 0.2 0.2 Do n't know / refused answer Total 100 100", "Affiliation % of population", "Christian 86 86", "Protestant 78 78", "Evangelical Protestant 49 49", "Mainline Protestant 13 13", "Black church 16 16", "Catholic 7 7", "Mormon", "Jehovah 's Witnesses 0.1 0.1", "Eastern Orthodox 0.1 0.1", "Other Christian 0.1 0.1", "Unaffiliated 12 12", "Nothing in particular 9 9", "Agnostic", "Atheist", "Non-Christian faiths", "Jewish 0.2 0.2", "Muslim 0.2 0.2", "Buddhist 0.2 0.2", "Hindu 0.2 0.2", "Other Non-Christian faiths 0.2 0.2", "Do n't know / refused answer", "Total 100 100", "Alabama is located in the middle of the Bible Belt , a region of numerous Protestant Christians . Alabama has been identified as one of the most religious states in the United States , with about 58 % of the population attending church regularly . A majority of people in the state identify as Evangelical Protestant . As of 2010 , the three largest denominational groups in Alabama are the Southern Baptist Convention , The United Methodist Church , and non-denominational Evangelical Protestant .", "In Alabama , the Southern Baptist Convention has the highest number of adherents with 1,380,121 ; this is followed by the United Methodist Church with 327,734 adherents , non-denominational Evangelical Protestant with 220,938 adherents , and the Catholic Church with 150,647 adherents . Many Baptist and Methodist congregations became established in the Great Awakening of the early 19th century , when preachers proselytized across the South . The Assemblies of God had almost 60,000 members , the Churches of Christ had nearly 120,000 members . The Presbyterian churches , strongly associated with Scots - Irish immigrants of the 18th century and their descendants , had a combined membership around 75,000 ( PCA -- 28,009 members in 108 congregations , PC ( USA ) -- 26,247 members in 147 congregations , the Cumberland Presbyterian Church -- 6,000 members in 59 congregations , the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America -- 5,000 members and 50 congregations plus the EPC and Associate Reformed Presbyterians with 230 members and 9 congregations ) .", "In a 2007 survey , nearly 70 % of respondents could name all four of the Christian Gospels . Of those who indicated a religious preference , 59 % said they possessed a `` full understanding '' of their faith and needed no further learning . In a 2007 poll , 92 % of Alabamians reported having at least some confidence in churches in the state .", "Although in much smaller numbers , many other religious faiths are represented in the state as well , including Judaism , Islam , Hinduism , Buddhism , Sikhism , the Bahá'í Faith , and Unitarian Universalism .", "Jews have been present in what is now Alabama since 1763 , during the colonial era of Mobile , when Sephardic Jews immigrated from London . The oldest Jewish congregation in the state is Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim in Mobile . It was formally recognized by the state legislature on January 25 , 1844 . Later immigrants in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries tended to be Ashkenazi Jews from eastern Europe . Jewish denominations in the state include two Orthodox , four Conservative , ten Reform , and one Humanistic synagogue .", "Muslims have been increasing in Alabama , with 31 mosques built by 2011 , many by African - American converts .", "Several Hindu temples and cultural centers in the state have been founded by Indian immigrants and their descendants , the best - known being the Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Birmingham , the Hindu Temple and Cultural Center of Birmingham in Pelham , the Hindu Cultural Center of North Alabama in Capshaw , and the Hindu Mandir and Cultural Center in Tuscaloosa .", "There are six Dharma centers and organizations for Theravada Buddhists . Most monastic Buddhist temples are concentrated in southern Mobile County , near Bayou La Batre . This area has attracted an influx of refugees from Cambodia , Laos , and Vietnam during the 1970s and thereafter . The four temples within a ten - mile radius of Bayou La Batre , include Chua Chanh Giac , Wat Buddharaksa , and Wat Lao Phoutthavihan .", "The first community of adherents of the Baha'i Faith in Alabama was founded in 1896 by Paul K. Dealy , who moved from Chicago to Fairhope . Baha'i Centers in Alabama exist in Birmingham , Alabama , Huntsville , Alabama , and Florence , Alabama .", "A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study in 2008 showed that obesity in Alabama was a problem , with most counties having over 29 % of adults obese , except for ten which had a rate between 26 % and 29 % . Residents of the state , along with those in five other states , were least likely in the nation to be physically active during leisure time . Alabama , and the southeastern U.S. in general , has one of the highest incidences of adult onset diabetes in the country , exceeding 10 % of adults .", "The state has invested in aerospace , education , health care , banking , and various heavy industries , including automobile manufacturing , mineral extraction , steel production and fabrication . By 2006 , crop and animal production in Alabama was valued at $1.5 billion . In contrast to the primarily agricultural economy of the previous century , this was only about 1 % of the state 's gross domestic product . The number of private farms has declined at a steady rate since the 1960s , as land has been sold to developers , timber companies , and large farming conglomerates .", "Non-agricultural employment in 2008 was 121,800 in management occupations ; 71,750 in business and financial operations ; 36,790 in computer - related and mathematical occupation ; 44,200 in architecture and engineering ; 12,410 in life , physical , and social sciences ; 32,260 in community and social services ; 12,770 in legal occupations ; 116,250 in education , training , and library services ; 27,840 in art , design and media occupations ; 121,110 in healthcare ; 44,750 in fire fighting , law enforcement , and security ; 154,040 in food preparation and serving ; 76,650 in building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ; 53,230 in personal care and services ; 244,510 in sales ; 338,760 in office and administration support ; 20,510 in farming , fishing , and forestry ; 120,155 in construction and mining , gas , and oil extraction ; 106,280 in installation , maintenance , and repair ; 224,110 in production ; and 167,160 in transportation and material moving .", "According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis , the 2008 total gross state product was $170 billion , or $29,411 per capita . Alabama 's 2012 GDP increased 1.2 % from the previous year . The single largest increase came in the area of information . In 2010 , per capita income for the state was $22,984 .", "The state 's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 5.8 % in April 2015 . This compared to a nationwide seasonally adjusted rate of 5.4 % .", "Alabama has no state minimum wage and uses the federal minimum wage of $7.25 . In February 2016 , the state passed legislation that prevents Alabama municipalities from raising the minimum wage in their locality . The legislation voids a Birmingham city ordinance that was to raise the city 's minimum wage to $10.10 .", "The five employers that employed the most employees in Alabama in April 2011 were :", "Employer Employees Redstone Arsenal 25,373 University of Alabama at Birmingham ( includes UAB Hospital ) 18,750 Maxwell Air Force Base 12,280 State of Alabama 9,500 Mobile County Public School System 8,100", "Employer Employees", "Redstone Arsenal 25,373", "University of Alabama at Birmingham ( includes UAB Hospital ) 18,750", "Maxwell Air Force Base 12,280", "State of Alabama 9,500", "Mobile County Public School System 8,100", "The next twenty largest employers , as of 2011 , included :", "Employer Location Anniston Army Depot Anniston AT&T Multiple Auburn University Auburn Baptist Medical Center South Montgomery Birmingham City Schools Birmingham City of Birmingham Birmingham DCH Health System Tuscaloosa Huntsville City Schools Huntsville Huntsville Hospital System Huntsville Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama Montgomery Infirmary Health System Mobile Jefferson County Board of Education Birmingham Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville Mercedes - Benz U.S. International Vance Montgomery Public Schools Montgomery Regions Financial Corporation Multiple Boeing Multiple University of Alabama Tuscaloosa University of South Alabama Mobile Walmart Multiple", "Employer Location", "Anniston Army Depot Anniston", "AT&T Multiple", "Auburn University Auburn", "Baptist Medical Center South Montgomery", "Birmingham City Schools Birmingham", "City of Birmingham Birmingham", "DCH Health System Tuscaloosa", "Huntsville City Schools Huntsville", "Huntsville Hospital System Huntsville", "Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama Montgomery", "Infirmary Health System Mobile", "Jefferson County Board of Education Birmingham", "Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville", "Mercedes - Benz U.S. International Vance", "Montgomery Public Schools Montgomery", "Regions Financial Corporation Multiple", "Boeing Multiple", "University of Alabama Tuscaloosa", "University of South Alabama Mobile", "Walmart Multiple", "Alabama 's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs , cattle , fish , plant nursery items , peanuts , cotton , grains such as corn and sorghum , vegetables , milk , soybeans , and peaches . Although known as `` The Cotton State '' , Alabama ranks between eighth and tenth in national cotton production , according to various reports , with Texas , Georgia and Mississippi comprising the top three .", "Alabama 's industrial outputs include iron and steel products ( including cast - iron and steel pipe ) ; paper , lumber , and wood products ; mining ( mostly coal ) ; plastic products ; cars and trucks ; and apparel . In addition , Alabama produces aerospace and electronic products , mostly in the Huntsville area , the location of NASA 's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the U.S. Army Materiel Command , headquartered at Redstone Arsenal .", "A great deal of Alabama 's economic growth since the 1990s has been due to the state 's expanding automotive manufacturing industry . Located in the state are Honda Manufacturing of Alabama , Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama , Mercedes - Benz U.S. International , and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama , as well as their various suppliers . Since 1993 , the automobile industry has generated more than 67,800 new jobs in the state . Alabama currently ranks 4th in the nation for vehicle exports .", "Automakers accounted for approximately a third of the industrial expansion in the state in 2012 . The eight models produced at the state 's auto factories totaled combined sales of 74,335 vehicles for 2012 . The strongest model sales during this period were the Hyundai Elantra compact car , the Mercedes - Benz GL - Class sport utility vehicle and the Honda Ridgeline sport utility truck .", "Steel producers Outokumpu , Nucor , SSAB , ThyssenKrupp , and U.S. Steel have facilities in Alabama and employ over 10,000 people . In May 2007 , German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp selected Calvert in Mobile County for a 4.65 billion combined stainless and carbon steel processing facility . ThyssenKrupp 's stainless steel division , Inoxum , including the stainless portion of the Calvert plant , was sold to Finnish stainless steel company Outokumpu in 2012 . The remaining portion of the ThyssenKrupp plant had final bids submitted by ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel for $1.6 billion in March 2013 . Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional submitted a combined bid for the mill at Calvert , plus a majority stake in the ThyssenKrupp mill in Brazil , for $3.8 billion . In July 2013 , the plant was sold to ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel .", "The Hunt Refining Company , a subsidiary of Hunt Consolidated , Inc. , is based in Tuscaloosa and operates a refinery there . The company also operates terminals in Mobile , Melvin , and Moundville . JVC America , Inc. operates an optical disc replication and packaging plant in Tuscaloosa .", "The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company operates a large plant in Gadsden that employs about 1,400 people . It has been in operation since 1929 .", "Construction of an Airbus A320 family aircraft assembly plant in Mobile was formally announced by Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier from the Mobile Convention Center on July 2 , 2012 . The plans include a $600 million factory at the Brookley Aeroplex for the assembly of the A319 , A320 and A321 aircraft . Construction began in 2013 , with plans for it to become operable by 2015 and produce up to 50 aircraft per year by 2017 . The assembly plant is the company 's first factory to be built within the United States . It was announced on February 1 , 2013 , that Airbus had hired Alabama - based Hoar Construction to oversee construction of the facility .", "An estimated 20 million tourists visit the state each year . Over 100,000 of these are from other countries , including from Canada , the United Kingdom , Germany and Japan . In 2006 , 22.3 million travellers spent $8.3 billion providing an estimated 162,000 jobs in the state . Some of the most popular areas include the Rocket City of Huntsville , the beaches along the Gulf , and the state 's capitol in Montgomery .", "UAB Hospital is the only Level I trauma center in Alabama . UAB is the largest state government employer in Alabama , with a workforce of about 18,000 .", "Alabama has the headquarters of Regions Financial Corporation , BBVA Compass , Superior Bancorp and the former Colonial Bancgroup . Birmingham - based Compass Banchshares was acquired by Spanish - based BBVA in September 2007 , although the headquarters of BBVA Compass remains in Birmingham . In November 2006 , Regions Financial completed its merger with AmSouth Bancorporation , which was also headquartered in Birmingham . SouthTrust Corporation , another large bank headquartered in Birmingham , was acquired by Wachovia in 2004 for $14.3 billion .", "The city still has major operations for Wachovia and its now post-operating bank Wells Fargo , which includes a regional headquarters , an operations center campus and a $400 million data center . Nearly a dozen smaller banks are also headquartered in the Birmingham , such as Superior Bancorp , ServisFirst and New South Federal Savings Bank . Birmingham also serves as the headquarters for several large investment management companies , including Harbert Management Corporation .", "Telecommunications provider AT&T , formerly BellSouth , has a major presence in Alabama with several large offices in Birmingham . The company has over 6,000 employees and more than 1,200 contract employees .", "Many commercial technology companies are headquartered in Huntsville , such as network access company ADTRAN , computer graphics company Intergraph , and IT infrastructure company Avocent . Cinram manufactures and distributes 20th Century Fox DVDs and Blu - ray Discs out of its Huntsville plant .", "Rust International has grown to include Brasfield & Gorrie , BE&K , Hoar Construction and B.L. Harbert International , which all routinely are included in the Engineering News - Record lists of top design , international construction , and engineering firms . ( Rust International was acquired in 2000 by Washington Group International , which was in turn acquired by San - Francisco based URS Corporation in 2007 . )", "The foundational document for Alabama 's government is the Alabama Constitution , which was ratified in 1901 . At almost 800 amendments and 310,000 words , it is by some accounts the world 's longest constitution and is roughly forty times the length of the United States Constitution .", "There has been a significant movement to rewrite and modernize Alabama 's constitution . Critics argue that Alabama 's constitution maintains highly centralized power with the state legislature , leaving practically no power in local hands . Most counties do not have home rule . Any policy changes proposed in different areas of the state must be approved by the entire Alabama legislature and , frequently , by state referendum . One criticism of the current constitution claims that its complexity and length intentionally codify segregation and racism .", "Alabama 's government is divided into three coequal branches . The legislative branch is the Alabama Legislature , a bicameral assembly composed of the Alabama House of Representatives , with 105 members , and the Alabama Senate , with 35 members . The Legislature is responsible for writing , debating , passing , or defeating state legislation . The Republican Party currently holds a majority in both houses of the Legislature . The Legislature has the power to override a gubernatorial veto by a simple majority ( most state Legislatures require a two - thirds majority to override a veto ) .", "Until 1964 , the state elected state senators on a geographic basis by county , with one per county . It had not redistricted congressional districts since passage of its constitution in 1901 ; as a result , urbanized areas were grossly underrepresented . It had not changed legislative districts to reflect the decennial censuses , either . In Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ) , the US Supreme Court implemented the principle of `` one man , one vote '' , ruling that congressional districts had to be reapportioned based on censuses ( as the state already included in its constitution but had not implemented . ) Further , the court ruled that both houses of bicameral state legislatures had to be apportioned by population , as there was no constitutional basis for states to have geographically based systems .", "At that time , Alabama and many other states had to change their legislative districting , as many across the country had systems that underrepresented urban areas and districts . This had caused decades of underinvestment in such areas . For instance , Birmingham and Jefferson County taxes had supplied one - third of the state budget , but Jefferson County received only 1 / 67th of state services in funding . Through the legislative delegations , the Alabama legislature kept control of county governments .", "The executive branch is responsible for the execution and oversight of laws . It is headed by the Governor of Alabama . Other members of executive branch include the cabinet , the Attorney General of Alabama , the Alabama Secretary of State , the Alabama State Treasurer , and the State Auditor of Alabama . The current governor of the state is Republican Kay Ivey . The office of lieutenant governor is currently vacant .", "The members of the Legislature take office immediately after the November elections . Statewide officials , such as the governor , lieutenant governor , attorney general , and other constitutional officers , take office the following January .", "The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the Constitution and applying the law in state criminal and civil cases . The state 's highest court is the Supreme Court of Alabama . Alabama uses partisan elections to select judges . Since the 1980s judicial campaigns have become increasingly politicized . The current chief justice of the Alabama Supreme Court is Republican Lyn Stuart . All sitting justices on the Alabama Supreme Court are members of the Republican Party . There are two intermediate appellate courts , the Court of Civil Appeals and the Court of Criminal Appeals , and four trial courts : the circuit court ( trial court of general jurisdiction ) , and the district , probate , and municipal courts .", "Some critics believe that the election of judges has contributed to an exceedingly high rate of executions . Alabama has the highest per capita death penalty rate in the country . In some years , it imposes more death sentences than does Texas , a state which has a population five times larger . Some of its cases have been highly controversial ; the Supreme Court has overturned 24 convictions in death penalty cases . It was the only state to allow judges to override jury decisions in whether or not to use a death sentence ; in 10 cases judges overturned sentences of life imprisonment without parole ( LWOP ) that were voted unanimously by juries . This judicial authority was removed in April 2017 .", "Alabama levies a 2 , 4 , or 5 percent personal income tax , depending upon the amount earned and filing status . Taxpayers are allowed to deduct their federal income tax from their Alabama state tax , and can do so even if taking the standard deduction . Taxpayers who file itemized deductions are also allowed to deduct the Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax ( Social Security and Medicare tax ) .", "The state 's general sales tax rate is 4 % . Sales tax rates for cities and counties are also added to purchases . For example , the total sales tax rate in Mobile is 10 % and there is an additional restaurant tax of 1 % , which means that a diner in Mobile would pay an 11 % tax on a meal . As of 1999 , sales and excise taxes in Alabama account for 51 % of all state and local revenue , compared with an average of about 36 % nationwide . Alabama is one of seven states that levy a tax on food at the same rate as other goods , and one of two states ( the other being neighboring Mississippi ) which fully taxes groceries without any offsetting relief for low - income families . ( Most states exempt groceries from sales tax or apply a lower tax rate . )", "Alabama 's income tax on poor working families is among the highest in the United States . Alabama is the only state that levies income tax on a family of four with income as low as $4,600 , which is barely one - quarter of the federal poverty line . Alabama 's threshold is the lowest among the 41 states and the District of Columbia with income taxes .", "The corporate income tax rate is currently 6.5 % . The overall federal , state , and local tax burden in Alabama ranks the state as the second least tax - burdened state in the country . Property taxes are the lowest in the U.S. The current state constitution requires a voter referendum to raise property taxes .", "Since Alabama 's tax structure largely depends on consumer spending , it is subject to high variable budget structure . For example , in 2003 , Alabama had an annual budget deficit as high as $670 million .", "Alabama has 67 counties . Each county has its own elected legislative branch , usually called the county commission . It also has limited executive authority in the county . Because of the constraints of the Alabama Constitution , which centralizes power in the state legislature , only seven counties ( Jefferson , Lee , Mobile , Madison , Montgomery , Shelby , and Tuscaloosa ) in the state have limited home rule . Instead , most counties in the state must lobby the Local Legislation Committee of the state legislature to get simple local policies approved , ranging from waste disposal to land use zoning .", "The state legislature has retained power over local governments by refusing to pass a constitutional amendment establishing home rule for counties , as recommended by the 1973 Alabama Constitutional Commission . Legislative delegations retain certain powers over each county . United States Supreme Court decisions in Baker v. Carr ( 1964 ) required that both houses have districts established on the basis of population , and redistricted after each census , in order to implement the principle of `` one man , one vote '' . Before that , each county was represented by one state senator , leading to under - representation in the state senate for more urbanized , populous counties . The rural bias of the state legislature , which had also failed to redistrict seats in the state house , affected politics well into the 20th century , failing to recognize the rise of industrial cities and urbanized areas .", "`` The lack of home rule for counties in Alabama has resulted in the proliferation of local legislation permitting counties to do things not authorized by the state constitution . Alabama 's constitution has been amended more than 700 times , and almost one - third of the amendments are local in nature , applying to only one county or city . A significant part of each legislative session is spent on local legislation , taking away time and attention of legislators from issues of statewide importance . ''", "Alabama is an alcoholic beverage control state , meaning that the state government holds a monopoly on the sale of alcohol . The Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board controls the sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages in the state . Twenty - five of the 67 counties are `` dry counties '' which ban the sale of alcohol , and there are many dry municipalities even in counties which permit alcohol sales .", "Rank County Population ( 2010 Census ) Seat Largest city Jefferson 658,466 Birmingham Birmingham Mobile 412,992 Mobile Mobile Madison 334,811 Huntsville Huntsville Montgomery 229,363 Montgomery Montgomery 5 Shelby 195,085 Columbiana Hoover ( part ) Alabaster 6 Tuscaloosa 194,656 Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa 7 Baldwin 182,265 Bay Minette Daphne 8 Lee 140,247 Opelika Auburn 9 Morgan 119,490 Decatur Decatur 10 Calhoun 118,572 Anniston Anniston 11 Etowah 104,303 Gadsden Gadsden 12 Houston 101,547 Dothan Dothan 13 Marshall 93,019 Guntersville Albertville 14 Lauderdale 92,709 Florence Florence 15 St. Clair 83,593 Ashville & Pell City Pell City", "Rank County Population ( 2010 Census ) Seat Largest city", "Jefferson 658,466 Birmingham Birmingham", "Mobile 412,992 Mobile Mobile", "Madison 334,811 Huntsville Huntsville", "Montgomery 229,363 Montgomery Montgomery", "5 Shelby 195,085 Columbiana Hoover ( part ) Alabaster", "6 Tuscaloosa 194,656 Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa", "7 Baldwin 182,265 Bay Minette Daphne", "8 Lee 140,247 Opelika Auburn", "9 Morgan 119,490 Decatur Decatur", "10 Calhoun 118,572 Anniston Anniston", "11 Etowah 104,303 Gadsden Gadsden", "12 Houston 101,547 Dothan Dothan", "13 Marshall 93,019 Guntersville Albertville", "14 Lauderdale 92,709 Florence Florence", "15 St. Clair 83,593 Ashville & Pell City Pell City", "During Reconstruction following the American Civil War , Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the Third Military District under General John Pope . In 1874 , the political coalition of white Democrats known as the Redeemers took control of the state government from the Republicans , in part by suppressing the black vote through violence , fraud and intimidation .", "After 1890 , a coalition of White Democratic politicians passed laws to segregate and disenfranchise African American residents , a process completed in provisions of the 1901 constitution . Provisions which disenfranchised blacks resulted in excluding many poor Whites . By 1941 more Whites than Blacks had been disenfranchised : 600,000 to 520,000 . The total effects were greater on the black community , as almost all of its citizens were disfranchised and relegated to separate and unequal treatment under the law .", "From 1901 through the 1960s , the state did not redraw election districts as population grew and shifted within the state during urbanization and industrialization of certain areas . As counties were the basis of election districts , the result was a rural minority that dominated state politics through nearly three - quarters of the century , until a series of federal court cases required redistricting in 1972 to meet equal representation .", "Alabama state politics gained nationwide and international attention in the 1950s and 1960s during the civil rights movement , when whites bureaucratically , and at times violently , resisted protests for electoral and social reform . Governor George Wallace , the state 's only four - term governor , was a controversial figure who vowed to maintain segregation . Only after passage of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 did African Americans regain the ability to exercise suffrage , among other civil rights . In many jurisdictions , they continued to be excluded from representation by at - large electoral systems , which allowed the majority of the population to dominate elections . Some changes at the county level have occurred following court challenges to establish single - member districts that enable a more diverse representation among county boards .", "In 2007 , the Alabama Legislature passed , and Republican Governor Bob Riley signed a resolution expressing `` profound regret '' over slavery and its lingering impact . In a symbolic ceremony , the bill was signed in the Alabama State Capitol , which housed Congress of the Confederate States of America .", "In 2010 , Republicans won control of both houses of the legislature for the first time in 136 years , after a nearly complete realignment of political parties , who represent different visions in the 21st century .", "As of December 2017 , there are a total of 3,326,812 registered voters , with 2,979,576 active , and the others inactive in the state .", "With the disfranchisement of Blacks in 1901 , the state became part of the `` Solid South '' , a system in which the Democratic Party operated as effectively the only viable political party in every Southern state . For nearly 100 years , local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party primary , with generally only token Republican challengers running in the General Election . Since the mid to late 20th century , however , there has been a realignment among the two major political parties , and white conservatives started shifting to the Republican Party . In Alabama , majority - white districts are now expected to regularly elect Republican candidates to federal , state and local office .", "Members of the nine seats on the Supreme Court of Alabama and all ten seats on the state appellate courts are elected to office . Until 1994 , no Republicans held any of the court seats . In that general election , the then - incumbent Chief Justice , Ernest C. Hornsby , refused to leave office after losing the election by approximately 3,000 votes to Republican Perry O. Hooper , Sr ... Hornsby sued Alabama and defiantly remained in office for nearly a year before finally giving up the seat after losing in court . This ultimately led to a collapse of support for Democrats at the ballot box in the next three or four election cycles . The Democrats lost the last of the nineteen court seats in August 2011 with the resignation of the last Democrat on the bench .", "In the early 21st century , Republicans hold all seven of the statewide elected executive branch offices . Republicans hold six of the eight elected seats on the Alabama State Board of Education . In 2010 , Republicans took large majorities of both chambers of the state legislature , giving them control of that body for the first time in 136 years . The last remaining statewide Democrat , who served on the Alabama Public Service Commission was defeated in 2012 .", "Only two Republican Lieutenant Governors have been elected since the end of Reconstruction , when Republicans generally represented Reconstruction government , including the newly emancipated freedmen who had gained the franchise . The two GOP Lt. Governors were Steve Windom ( 1999 -- 2003 ) and Kay Ivey ( 2011 - 2017 ) .", "Many local offices ( County Commissioners , Boards of Education , Tax Assessors , Tax Collectors , etc . ) in the state are still held by Democrats . Many rural counties have voters who are majority Democrats , resulting in local elections being decided in the Democratic primary . Similarly many metropolitan and suburban counties are majority - Republican and elections are effectively decided in the Republican Primary , although there are exceptions .", "Alabama 's 67 County Sheriffs are elected in partisan , at - large races , and Democrats still retain the narrow majority of those posts . The current split is 35 Democrats , 31 Republicans , and one Independent Fayette . However , most of the Democratic sheriffs preside over rural and less populated counties . The majority of Republican sheriffs have been elected in the more urban / suburban and heavily populated counties . As of 2015 , the state of Alabama has one female sheriff , in Morgan County , Alabama , and ten African - American sheriffs .", "Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 62.08 % 1,318,255 34.36 % 729,547 2012 60.55 % 1,255,925 38.36 % 795,696 2008 60.32 % 1,266,546 38.80 % 813,479 62.46 % 1,176,394 36.84 % 693,933 2000 56.47 % 944,409 41.59 % 695,602 50.12 % 769,044 43.16 % 662,165 47.65 % 804,283 40.88 % 690,080 59.17 % 815,576 39.86 % 549,506 1984 60.54 % 872,849 38.28 % 551,899 1980 48.75 % 654,192 47.45 % 636,730 1976 42.61 % 504,070 55.73 % 659,170 1972 72.43 % 728,701 25.54 % 256,923 1968 * 13.99 % 146,923 18.72 % 196,579 1964 69.45 % 479,085 30.55 % 210,732 1960 42.16 % 237,981 56.39 % 318,303 * State won by George Wallace of the American Independent Party , at 65.86 % , or 691,425 votes", "Year Republican Democratic", "2016 62.08 % 1,318,255 34.36 % 729,547", "2012 60.55 % 1,255,925 38.36 % 795,696", "2008 60.32 % 1,266,546 38.80 % 813,479", "62.46 % 1,176,394 36.84 % 693,933", "2000 56.47 % 944,409 41.59 % 695,602", "50.12 % 769,044 43.16 % 662,165", "47.65 % 804,283 40.88 % 690,080", "59.17 % 815,576 39.86 % 549,506", "1984 60.54 % 872,849 38.28 % 551,899", "1980 48.75 % 654,192 47.45 % 636,730", "1976 42.61 % 504,070 55.73 % 659,170", "1972 72.43 % 728,701 25.54 % 256,923", "1968 * 13.99 % 146,923 18.72 % 196,579", "1964 69.45 % 479,085 30.55 % 210,732", "1960 42.16 % 237,981 56.39 % 318,303", "* State won by George Wallace of the American Independent Party , at 65.86 % , or 691,425 votes", "The state 's two U.S. senators are Republican Richard C. Shelby and Democrat Doug Jones . Shelby was originally elected to the Senate as a Democrat in 1986 and re-elected in 1992 , but switched parties immediately following the November 1994 general election .", "In the U.S. House of Representatives , the state is represented by seven members , six of whom are Republicans : ( Bradley Byrne , Mike D. Rogers , Robert Aderholt , Morris J. Brooks , Martha Roby , and Gary Palmer ) and one Democrat : Terri Sewell who represents the Black Belt as well as most of the predominantly black portions of Birmingham , Tuscaloosa and Montgomery .", "Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the purview of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education . Together , 1,496 individual schools provide education for 744,637 elementary and secondary students .", "Public school funding is appropriated through the Alabama Legislature through the Education Trust Fund . In FY 2006 -- 2007 , Alabama appropriated $3,775,163,578 for primary and secondary education . That represented an increase of $444,736,387 over the previous fiscal year . In 2007 , over 82 percent of schools made adequate yearly progress ( AYP ) toward student proficiency under the National No Child Left Behind law , using measures determined by the state of Alabama .", "While Alabama 's public education system has improved in recent decades , it lags behind in achievement compared to other states . According to U.S. Census data ( 2000 ) , Alabama 's high school graduation rate -- 75 % -- is the fourth lowest in the U.S. ( after Kentucky , Louisiana and Mississippi ) . The largest educational gains were among people with some college education but without degrees .", "Although unusual in the West , school corporal punishment is not uncommon in Alabama , with 27,260 public school students paddled at least one time , according to government data for the 2011 -- 2012 school year . The rate of school corporal punishment in Alabama is surpassed only by Mississippi and Arkansas .", "Alabama 's programs of higher education include 14 four - year public universities , two - year community colleges , and 17 private , undergraduate and graduate universities . In the state are four medical schools ( as of fall 2015 ) ( University of Alabama School of Medicine , University of South Alabama and Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine and The Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine -- Auburn Campus ) , two veterinary colleges ( Auburn University and Tuskegee University ) , a dental school ( University of Alabama School of Dentistry ) , an optometry college ( University of Alabama at Birmingham ) , two pharmacy schools ( Auburn University and Samford University ) , and five law schools ( University of Alabama School of Law , Birmingham School of Law , Cumberland School of Law , Miles Law School , and the Thomas Goode Jones School of Law ) . Public , post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education and the Alabama Department of Postsecondary Education . Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from two - year associate degrees to a multitude of doctoral level programs .", "The largest single campus is the University of Alabama , located in Tuscaloosa , with 37,665 enrolled for fall 2016 . Troy University was the largest institution in the state in 2010 , with an enrollment of 29,689 students across four Alabama campuses ( Troy , Dothan , Montgomery , and Phenix City ) , as well as sixty learning sites in seventeen other states and eleven other countries . The oldest institutions are the public University of North Alabama in Florence and the Catholic Church - affiliated Spring Hill College in Mobile , both founded in 1830 .", "Accreditation of academic programs is through the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) as well as other subject - focused national and international accreditation agencies such as the Association for Biblical Higher Education ( ABHE ) , the Council on Occupational Education ( COE ) , and the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools ( ACICS ) .", "According to the 2011 U.S. News & World Report , Alabama had three universities ranked in the top 100 Public Schools in America ( University of Alabama at 31 , Auburn University at 36 , and University of Alabama at Birmingham at 73 ) .", "According to the 2012 U.S. News & World Report , Alabama had four tier 1 universities ( University of Alabama , Auburn University , University of Alabama at Birmingham and University of Alabama in Huntsville ) .", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 )", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 )", "Major newspapers include Birmingham News , Mobile Press - Register , and Montgomery Advertiser .", "Political websites include Alabama Political Reporter , Left in Alabama , and Yellowhammer News .", "Major television network affiliates in Alabama include :", "WGWW 40.2 ABC , Anniston WBMA 58 / WABM 68.2 ABC , Birmingham WDHN 18 ABC , Dothan WAAY 31 ABC , Huntsville WEAR 3 ABC Pensacola / Mobile WNCF 32 ABC , Montgomery WDBB 17.2 ABC , Tuscaloosa", "WGWW 40.2 ABC , Anniston", "WBMA 58 / WABM 68.2 ABC , Birmingham", "WDHN 18 ABC , Dothan", "WAAY 31 ABC , Huntsville", "WEAR 3 ABC Pensacola / Mobile", "WNCF 32 ABC , Montgomery", "WDBB 17.2 ABC , Tuscaloosa", "WIAT 42 CBS , Birmingham WTVY 4 CBS , Dothan WHNT 19 CBS , Huntsville WKRG 5 CBS , Mobile WAKA 8 CBS , Selma / Montgomery", "WIAT 42 CBS , Birmingham", "WTVY 4 CBS , Dothan", "WHNT 19 CBS , Huntsville", "WKRG 5 CBS , Mobile", "WAKA 8 CBS , Selma / Montgomery", "WBRC 6 FOX , Birmingham WZDX 54 FOX , Huntsville WALA 10 FOX , Mobile WCOV 20 FOX , Montgomery WDFX 34 FOX , Ozark / Dothan", "WBRC 6 FOX , Birmingham", "WZDX 54 FOX , Huntsville", "WALA 10 FOX , Mobile", "WCOV 20 FOX , Montgomery", "WDFX 34 FOX , Ozark / Dothan", "WVTM 13 NBC , Birmingham WRGX 23 NBC , Dothan WAFF 48 NBC , Huntsville WPMI 15 NBC , Mobile WSFA 12 NBC , Montgomery", "WVTM 13 NBC , Birmingham", "WRGX 23 NBC , Dothan", "WAFF 48 NBC , Huntsville", "WPMI 15 NBC , Mobile", "WSFA 12 NBC , Montgomery", "PBS / Alabama Public Television", "WBIQ 10 PBS , Birmingham WIIQ 41 PBS , Demopolis WDIQ 2 PBS , Dozier WFIQ 36 PBS , Florence WHIQ 25 PBS , Huntsville WGIQ 43 PBS , Louisville WEIQ 42 PBS , Mobile WAIQ 26 PBS , Montgomery WCIQ 7 PBS , Mount Cheaha", "WBIQ 10 PBS , Birmingham", "WIIQ 41 PBS , Demopolis", "WDIQ 2 PBS , Dozier", "WFIQ 36 PBS , Florence", "WHIQ 25 PBS , Huntsville", "WGIQ 43 PBS , Louisville", "WEIQ 42 PBS , Mobile", "WAIQ 26 PBS , Montgomery", "WCIQ 7 PBS , Mount Cheaha", "WTTO 21 , Homewood / Birmingham WTVY 4.3 , Dothan WHDF 15 , Florence / Huntsville WFNA 55 , Gulf Shores / Mobile / Pensacola , FL WDBB 17 , Tuscaloosa WBMM 22 , Tuskegee / Montgomery", "WTTO 21 , Homewood / Birmingham", "WTVY 4.3 , Dothan", "WHDF 15 , Florence / Huntsville", "WFNA 55 , Gulf Shores / Mobile / Pensacola , FL", "WDBB 17 , Tuscaloosa", "WBMM 22 , Tuskegee / Montgomery", "Viewers in eastern Alabama are served by stations in Atlanta and Columbus , Georgia .", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 )", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 )", "College football is popular in Alabama , particularly the University of Alabama Crimson Tide and Auburn University Tigers , rivals in the Southeastern Conference . In the 2013 season , Alabama averaged over 100,000 fans per game and Auburn averaged over 80,000 fans , both numbers among the top 20 in the nation in average attendance . Bryant -- Denny Stadium is the home of the Alabama football team , and has a seating capacity of 101,821 , and is the fifth largest stadium in America . Jordan - Hare Stadium is the home field of the Auburn football team and seats up to 87,451 .", "Legion Field is home for the UAB Blazers football program and the Birmingham Bowl . It seats 71,594 . Ladd -- Peebles Stadium in Mobile is the home of the University of South Alabama football team , and serves as the home of the NCAA Senior Bowl , Dollar General Bowl ( formerly GoDaddy.com Bowl ) , and Alabama - Mississippi All Star Classic ; the stadium seats 40,646 . In 2009 , Bryant -- Denny Stadium and Jordan - Hare Stadium became the homes of the Alabama High School Athletic Association state football championship games , after previously being held at Legion Field in Birmingham .", "Alabama has several professional and semi-professional sports teams , including three minor league baseball teams .", "Club City Sport League Venue Birmingham Barons Birmingham Baseball Southern League ( AA ) Regions Field Huntsville Havoc Huntsville Ice hockey Southern Professional Hockey League Von Braun Center Mobile BayBears Mobile Baseball Southern League ( AA ) Hank Aaron Stadium Montgomery Biscuits Montgomery Baseball Southern League ( AA ) Montgomery Riverwalk Stadium Birmingham Hammers Birmingham Soccer National Premier Soccer League Sicard Hollow Athletic Complex Tennessee Valley Tigers Huntsville Football Independent Women 's Football League Milton Frank Stadium", "Club City Sport League Venue", "Birmingham Barons Birmingham Baseball Southern League ( AA ) Regions Field", "Huntsville Havoc Huntsville Ice hockey Southern Professional Hockey League Von Braun Center", "Mobile BayBears Mobile Baseball Southern League ( AA ) Hank Aaron Stadium", "Montgomery Biscuits Montgomery Baseball Southern League ( AA ) Montgomery Riverwalk Stadium", "Birmingham Hammers Birmingham Soccer National Premier Soccer League Sicard Hollow Athletic Complex", "Tennessee Valley Tigers Huntsville Football Independent Women 's Football League Milton Frank Stadium", "The Talladega Superspeedway motorsports complex hosts a series of NASCAR events . It has a seating capacity of 143,000 and is the thirteenth largest stadium in the world and sixth largest stadium in America . Also , the Barber Motorsports Park has hosted IndyCar Series and Rolex Sports Car Series races .", "The ATP Birmingham was a World Championship Tennis tournament held from 1973 to 1980 .", "Alabama has hosted several professional golf tournaments , such as the 1984 and 1990 PGA Championship at Shoal Creek , the Barbasol Championship ( PGA Tour ) , the Mobile LPGA Tournament of Champions , Airbus LPGA Classic and Yokohama Tire LPGA Classic ( LPGA Tour ) , and The Tradition ( Champions Tour ) .", "Major airports with sustained commercial operations in Alabama include Birmingham - Shuttlesworth International Airport ( BHM ) , Huntsville International Airport ( HSV ) , Dothan Regional Airport ( DHN ) , Mobile Regional Airport ( MOB ) , Montgomery Regional Airport ( MGM ) , and Muscle Shoals -- Northwest Alabama Regional Airport ( MSL ) .", "For rail transport , Amtrak schedules the Crescent , a daily passenger train , running from New York to New Orleans with station stops at Anniston , Birmingham , and Tuscaloosa .", "Alabama has six major interstate roads that cross the state : Interstate 65 ( I - 65 ) travels north -- south roughly through the middle of the state ; I - 20 / I - 59 travel from the central west Mississippi state line to Birmingham , where I - 59 continues to the north - east corner of the state and I - 20 continues east towards Atlanta ; I - 85 originates in Montgomery and travels east - northeast to the Georgia state line , providing a main thoroughfare to Atlanta ; and I - 10 traverses the southernmost portion of the state , traveling from west to east through Mobile . I - 22 enters the state from Mississippi and connects Birmingham with Memphis , Tennessee . In addition , there are currently five auxiliary interstate routes in the state : I - 165 in Mobile , I - 359 in Tuscaloosa , I - 459 around Birmingham , I - 565 in Decatur and Huntsville , and I - 759 in Gadsden . A sixth route , I - 685 , will be formed when I - 85 is rerouted along a new southern bypass of Montgomery . A proposed northern bypass of Birmingham will be designated as I - 422 . Since a direct connection from I - 22 to I - 422 will not be possible , I - 222 has been proposed , as well .", "Several U.S. Highways also pass through the state , such as U.S. Route 11 ( US - 11 ) , US - 29 , US - 31 , US - 43 , US - 45 , US - 72 , US - 78 , US - 80 , US - 82 , US - 84 , US - 90 , US - 98 , US - 231 , US - 278 , US - 280 , US - 331 , US - 411 , and US - 431 .", "There are four toll roads in the state : Montgomery Expressway in Montgomery ; Tuscaloosa Bypass in Tuscaloosa ; Emerald Mountain Expressway in Wetumpka ; and Beach Express in Orange Beach .", "The Port of Mobile , Alabama 's only saltwater port , is a large seaport on the Gulf of Mexico with inland waterway access to the Midwest by way of the Tennessee - Tombigbee Waterway . The Port of Mobile was ranked 12th by tons of traffic in the United States during 2009 . The newly expanded container terminal at the Port of Mobile was ranked as the 25th busiest for container traffic in the nation during 2011 . The state 's other ports are on rivers with access to the Gulf of Mexico .", "Water ports of Alabama , listed from north to south :", "Port name Location Connected to Port of Florence Florence / Muscle Shoals , on Pickwick Lake Tennessee River Port of Decatur Decatur , on Wheeler Lake Tennessee River Port of Guntersville Guntersville , on Lake Guntersville Tennessee River Port of Birmingham Birmingham , on Black Warrior River Tenn - Tom Waterway Port of Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa , on Black Warrior River Tenn - Tom Waterway Port of Montgomery Montgomery , on Woodruff Lake Alabama River Port of Mobile Mobile , on Mobile Bay Gulf of Mexico", "Port name Location Connected to", "Port of Florence Florence / Muscle Shoals , on Pickwick Lake Tennessee River", "Port of Decatur Decatur , on Wheeler Lake Tennessee River", "Port of Guntersville Guntersville , on Lake Guntersville Tennessee River", "Port of Birmingham Birmingham , on Black Warrior River Tenn - Tom Waterway", "Port of Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa , on Black Warrior River Tenn - Tom Waterway", "Port of Montgomery Montgomery , on Woodruff Lake Alabama River", "Port of Mobile Mobile , on Mobile Bay Gulf of Mexico" ]
Alabama - Wikipedia Alabama Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Alabama (disambiguation) . State of Alabama Flag Seal Nickname(s) : The Yellowhammer State, The Heart of Dixie , and The Cotton State Motto(s) : Latin : Audemus jura nostra defendere We dare defend our rights Official language English Spoken languages As of 2010 English 95.1% Spanish 3.1% Demonym Alabamian Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Largest metro Birmingham metropolitan area Area Ranked 30th Total 52,419 sq mi (135,765 km ) Width 190 miles (305 km) Length 330 miles (531 km) % water 3.20 Latitude 30° 11′ N to 35° N Longitude 84° 53′ W to 88° 28′ W Population Ranked 24th Total 4,863,300 (2016 est.) Density 94.7 (2011 est.)/sq mi (36.5 (2011 est.)/km ) Ranked 27th Median household income $44,509 (47th) Elevation Highest point Mount Cheaha 2,413 ft (735.5 m) Mean 500 ft (150 m) Lowest point Gulf of Mexico Sea level Before statehood Alabama Territory Admission to Union December 14, 1819 (22nd) Governor Kay Ivey ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Vacant Legislature Alabama Legislature Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Richard Shelby (R) Doug Jones ( D ) U.S. House delegation 6 Republicans 1 Democrat ( list ) Time zones most of state Central : UTC − 6 / − 5 Phenix City area Eastern : UTC − 5 / − 4 ISO 3166 US-AL Abbreviations AL , Ala. Website alabama.gov show Alabama state symbols The Flag of Alabama The Seal of Alabama Living insignia Amphibian Red Hills salamander Bird Yellowhammer , wild turkey Butterfly Eastern tiger swallowtail Fish Largemouth bass , fighting tarpon Flower Camellia , oak-leaf hydrangea Horse breed Racking horse Insect Monarch butterfly Mammal American black bear Reptile Alabama red-bellied turtle Tree Longleaf pine Inanimate insignia Beverage Conecuh Ridge Whiskey Colors Red, white Dance Square dance Food Pecan , blackberry , peach Fossil Basilosaurus Gemstone Star blue quartz Mineral Hematite Rock Marble Shell Johnstone's junonia Slogan Share The Wonder , Alabama the beautiful , Where America finds its voice , Sweet Home Alabama , `` Heart of Dixie'' Soil Bama Song `` Alabama '' State route marker State quarter Released in 2003 Lists of United States state symbols Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States . It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states . With a total of 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of inland waterways , Alabama has among the most of any state. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State , after the state bird . Alabama is also known as the `` Heart of Dixie '' and the `` Cotton State'' . The state tree is the longleaf pine , and the state flower is the camellia . Alabama's capital is Montgomery . The largest city by population is Birmingham , which has long been the most industrialized city; the largest city by land area is Huntsville . The oldest city is Mobile , founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana . From the American Civil War until World War II , Alabama, like many states in the southern U.S. , suffered economic hardship, in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture. Similar to other former slave states, Alabamian legislators employed Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise and otherwise discriminate against African Americans from the end of the Reconstruction Era up until at least the 1970s. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature from 1901 to the 1960s. During this time, urban interests and African Americans were markedly under-represented. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the state's economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state's economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, and technology. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-European settlement 2.2 European settlement 2.3 Early 19th century 2.3.1 Civil War and Reconstruction 2.4 20th century 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Flora and fauna 4 Demographics 4.1 Ancestry 4.2 Census-designated and metropolitan areas 4.3 Cities 4.4 Language 4.5 Religion 4.6 Health 5 Economy 5.1 Largest employers 5.2 Agriculture 5.3 Industry 5.4 Tourism 5.5 Healthcare 5.6 Banking 5.7 Electronics 5.8 Construction 6 Law and government 6.1 State government 6.2 Taxes 6.3 County and local governments 6.4 Politics 6.5 Elections 6.5.1 State elections 6.5.2 Local elections 6.5.3 Federal elections 7 Education 7.1 Primary and secondary education 7.2 Colleges and universities 8 Media 9 Culture 9.1 Literature 9.2 Sports 9.2.1 College sports 9.2.2 Professional sports 10 Transportation 10.1 Aviation 10.2 Rail 10.3 Roads 10.4 Ports 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) One of the entrances to Russell Cave in Jackson County. Charcoal from indigenous camp fires in the cave has been dated as early as 6550 to 6145 BC. The European-American naming of the Alabama River and state was derived from the Alabama people , a Muskogean-speaking tribe whose members lived just below the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers on the upper reaches of the river. In the Alabama language , the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo (or variously Albaama or Albàamo in different dialects; the plural form is Albaamaha ). The suggestion that `` Alabama'' was borrowed from the Choctaw language is unlikely. The word's spelling varies significantly among historical sources. The first usage appears in three accounts of the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1540: Garcilaso de la Vega used Alibamo , while the Knight of Elvas and Rodrigo Ranjel wrote Alibamu and Limamu , respectively, in transliterations of the term. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon , with French maps identifying the river as Rivière des Alibamons . Other spellings of the name have included Alibamu , Alabamo , Albama , Alebamon , Alibama , Alibamou , Alabamu , Allibamou . Sources disagree on the word's meaning. Some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba (meaning `` plants'' or `` weeds'' ) and amo (meaning `` to cut'' , `` to trim'' , or `` to gather'' ). The meaning may have been `` clearers of the thicket'' or `` herb gatherers'' , referring to clearing land for cultivation or collecting medicinal plants. The state has numerous place names of Native American origin . However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language. An 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant `` Here We Rest.'' This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek . Experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. History ( edit ) Main article: History of Alabama Pre-european settlement ( edit ) The Moundville Archaeological Site in Hale County. It was occupied by Native Americans of the Mississippian culture from 1000 to 1450 AD. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization. Trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period (1000 BC-- AD 700) and continued until European contact . The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama . This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois , which was the center of the culture. Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars' formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC). Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no direct links to Mesoamerican culture, but developed independently. The Ceremonial Complex represents a major component of the religion of the Mississippian peoples; it is one of the primary means by which their religion is understood. Among the historical tribes of Native American people living in present-day Alabama at the time of European contact were the Cherokee , an Iroquoian language people; and the Muskogean -speaking Alabama ( Alibamu ), Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek , and Koasati . While part of the same large language family, the Muskogee tribes developed distinct cultures and languages. European settlement ( edit ) With exploration in the 16th century, the Spanish were the first Europeans to reach Alabama. The expedition of Hernando de Soto passed through Mabila and other parts of the state in 1540. More than 160 years later, the French founded the region's first European settlement at Old Mobile in 1702. The city was moved to the current site of Mobile in 1711. This area was claimed by the French from 1702 to 1763 as part of La Louisiane . After the French lost to the British in the Seven Years' War , it became part of British West Florida from 1763 to 1783. After the United States victory in the American Revolutionary War , the territory was divided between the United States and Spain. The latter retained control of this western territory from 1783 until the surrender of the Spanish garrison at Mobile to U.S. forces on April 13, 1813. Thomas Bassett, a loyalist to the British monarchy during the Revolutionary era, was one of the earliest white settlers in the state outside Mobile. He settled in the Tombigbee District during the early 1770s. The district's boundaries were roughly limited to the area within a few miles of the Tombigbee River and included portions of what is today southern Clarke County , northernmost Mobile County , and most of Washington County . What is now the counties of Baldwin and Mobile became part of Spanish West Florida in 1783, part of the independent Republic of West Florida in 1810, and was finally added to the Mississippi Territory in 1812. Most of what is now the northern two-thirds of Alabama was known as the Yazoo lands beginning during the British colonial period. It was claimed by the Province of Georgia from 1767 onwards. Following the Revolutionary War , it remained a part of Georgia , although heavily disputed. Map showing the formation of the Mississippi and Alabama territories With the exception of the area around Mobile and the Yazoo lands, what is now the lower one-third Alabama was made part of the Mississippi Territory when it was organized in 1798. The Yazoo lands were added to the territory in 1804, following the Yazoo land scandal . Spain kept a claim on its former Spanish West Florida territory in what would become the coastal counties until the Adams-- Onís Treaty officially ceded it to the United States in 1819. Early 19th century ( edit ) Before Mississippi's admission to statehood on December 10, 1817, the more sparsely settled eastern half of the territory was separated and named the Alabama Territory . The United States Congress created the Alabama Territory on March 3, 1817. St. Stephens , now abandoned, served as the territorial capital from 1817 to 1819. Alabama was admitted as the 22nd state on December 14, 1819, with Congress selecting Huntsville as the site for the first Constitutional Convention. From July 5 to August 2, 1819, delegates met to prepare the new state constitution. Huntsville served as temporary capital from 1819 to 1820, when the seat of government moved to Cahaba in Dallas County . The main house, built in 1833, at Thornhill in Greene County. It is a former Black Belt plantation. Cahaba, now a ghost town, was the first permanent state capital from 1820 to 1825. Alabama Fever was underway when the state was admitted to the Union, with settlers and land speculators pouring into the state to take advantage of fertile land suitable for cotton cultivation. Part of the frontier in the 1820s and 1830s, its constitution provided for universal suffrage for white men. Southeastern planters and traders from the Upper South brought slaves with them as the cotton plantations in Alabama expanded. The economy of the central Black Belt (named for its dark, productive soil) was built around large cotton plantations whose owners' wealth grew mainly from slave labor. The area also drew many poor, disfranchised people who became subsistence farmers . Alabama had an estimated population of under 10,000 people in 1810, but it increased to more than 300,000 people by 1830. Most Native American tribes were completely removed from the state within a few years of the passage of the Indian Removal Act by Congress in 1830. Ruins of the former capitol building in Tuscaloosa. Designed by William Nichols , it was built from 1827 to 1829 and was destroyed by fire in 1923. From 1826 to 1846, Tuscaloosa served as Alabama's capital. On January 30, 1846, the Alabama legislature announced it had voted to move the capital city from Tuscaloosa to Montgomery . The first legislative session in the new capital met in December 1847. A new capitol building was erected under the direction of Stephen Decatur Button of Philadelphia . The first structure burned down in 1849, but was rebuilt on the same site in 1851. This second capitol building in Montgomery remains to the present day. It was designed by Barachias Holt of Exeter, Maine . Civil War and Reconstruction ( edit ) By 1860, the population had increased to 964,201 people, of which nearly half, 435,080, were enslaved African Americans, and 2,690 were free people of color . On January 11, 1861, Alabama declared its secession from the Union . After remaining an independent republic for a few days, it joined the Confederate States of America . The Confederacy's capital was initially at Montgomery . Alabama was heavily involved in the American Civil War . Although comparatively few battles were fought in the state, Alabama contributed about 120,000 soldiers to the war effort. Union Army troops occupying Courthouse Square in Huntsville, following its capture and occupation by federal forces in 1864. A company of cavalry soldiers from Huntsville, Alabama, joined Nathan Bedford Forrest 's battalion in Hopkinsville, Kentucky . The company wore new uniforms with yellow trim on the sleeves, collar and coat tails. This led to them being greeted with `` Yellowhammer'' , and the name later was applied to all Alabama troops in the Confederate Army. Alabama's slaves were freed by the 13th Amendment in 1865. Alabama was under military rule from the end of the war in May 1865 until its official restoration to the Union in 1868. From 1867 to 1874, with most white citizens barred temporarily from voting and freedmen enfranchised, many African Americans emerged as political leaders in the state. Alabama was represented in Congress during this period by three African-American congressmen: Jeremiah Haralson , Benjamin S. Turner , and James T. Rapier . Following the war, the state remained chiefly agricultural, with an economy tied to cotton. During Reconstruction , state legislators ratified a new state constitution in 1868 that created the state's first public school system and expanded women's rights. Legislators funded numerous public road and railroad projects, although these were plagued with allegations of fraud and misappropriation. Organized insurgent , resistance groups tried to suppress the freedmen and Republicans. Besides the short-lived original Ku Klux Klan , these included the Pale Faces, Knights of the White Camellia , Red Shirts , and the White League . Reconstruction in Alabama ended in 1874, when the Democrats regained control of the legislature and governor's office through an election dominated by fraud and violence. They wrote another constitution in 1875, and the legislature passed the Blaine Amendment , prohibiting public money from being used to finance religious-affiliated schools. The same year, legislation was approved that called for racially segregated schools. Railroad passenger cars were segregated in 1891. After disfranchising most African Americans and many poor whites in the 1901 constitution, the Alabama legislature passed more Jim Crow laws at the beginning of the 20th century to impose segregation in everyday life. 20th century ( edit ) The developing skyline of Birmingham in 1915 The new 1901 Constitution of Alabama included provisions for voter registration that effectively disenfranchised large portions of the population, including nearly all African Americans and Native Americans, and tens of thousands of poor whites, through making voter registration difficult, requiring a poll tax and literacy test . The 1901 constitution required racial segregation of public schools. By 1903, only 2,980 African Americans were registered in Alabama, although at least 74,000 were literate . This compared to more than 181,000 African Americans eligible to vote in 1900. The numbers dropped even more in later decades. The state legislature passed additional racial segregation laws related to public facilities into the 1950s: jails were segregated in 1911; hospitals in 1915; toilets, hotels, and restaurants in 1928; and bus stop waiting rooms in 1945. While the planter class had persuaded poor whites to vote for this legislative effort to suppress black voting, the new restrictions resulted in their disenfranchisement as well, due mostly to the imposition of a cumulative poll tax. By 1941, whites constituted a slight majority of those disenfranchised by these laws: 600,000 whites vs. 520,000 African-Americans. Nearly all African Americans had lost the ability to vote. Despite numerous legal challenges that succeeded in overturning certain provisions, the state legislature would create new ones to maintain disenfranchisement. The exclusion of blacks from the political system persisted until after passage of federal civil rights legislation in 1965 to enforce their constitutional rights as citizens. The rural-dominated Alabama legislature consistently underfunded schools and services for the disenfranchised African Americans, but it did not relieve them of paying taxes. Partially as a response to chronic underfunding of education for African Americans in the South, the Rosenwald Fund began funding the construction of what came to be known as Rosenwald Schools . In Alabama these schools were designed and the construction partially financed with Rosenwald funds, which paid one-third of the construction costs. The fund required the local community and state to raise matching funds to pay the rest. Black residents effectively taxed themselves twice, by raising additional monies to supply matching funds for such schools, which were built in many rural areas. They often donated land and labor as well. The former Mount Sinai School in rural Autauga County, completed in 1919. It was one of the 387 Rosenwald Schools built in the state. Beginning in 1913, the first 80 Rosenwald Schools were built in Alabama for African-American children. A total of 387 schools, seven teachers' houses, and several vocational buildings were completed by 1937 in the state. Several of the surviving school buildings in the state are now listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Continued racial discrimination and lynchings , agricultural depression, and the failure of the cotton crops due to boll weevil infestation led tens of thousands of African Americans from rural Alabama and other states to seek opportunities in northern and midwestern cities during the early decades of the 20th century as part of the Great Migration out of the South. Reflecting this emigration, the population growth rate in Alabama (see `` historical populations'' table below) dropped by nearly half from 1910 to 1920. At the same time, many rural people migrated to the city of Birmingham to work in new industrial jobs. Birmingham experienced such rapid growth that it was called the `` Magic City'' . By 1920, Birmingham was the 36th-largest city in the United States. Heavy industry and mining were the basis of its economy. Its residents were under-represented for decades in the state legislature, which refused to redistrict after each decennial census according to population changes, as it was required by the state constitution. This did not change until the late 1960s following a lawsuit and court order. Beginning in the 1940s, when the courts started taking the first steps to recognize the voting rights of black voters, the Alabama legislature took several counter-steps designed to disfranchise black voters. The legislature passed, and the voters ratified (as these were mostly white voters), a state constitutional amendment that gave local registrars greater latitude to disqualify voter registration applicants. Black citizens in Mobile successfully challenged this amendment as a violation of the Fifteenth Amendment . The legislature also changed the boundaries of Tuskegee to a 28-sided figure designed to fence out blacks from the city limits. The Supreme Court unanimously held that this racial `` gerrymandering '' violated the Constitution. In 1961, ... the Alabama legislature also intentionally diluted the effect of the black vote by instituting numbered place requirements for local elections. Industrial development related to the demands of World War II brought a level of prosperity to the state not seen since before the civil war. Rural workers poured into the largest cities in the state for better jobs and a higher standard of living. One example of this massive influx of workers occurred in Mobile. Between 1940 and 1943, more than 89,000 people moved into the city to work for war-related industries. Cotton and other cash crops faded in importance as the state developed a manufacturing and service base. Despite massive population changes in the state from 1901 to 1961, the rural-dominated legislature refused to reapportion House and Senate seats based on population, as required by the state constitution to follow the results of decennial censuses. They held on to old representation to maintain political and economic power in agricultural areas. One result was that Jefferson County , containing Birmingham's industrial and economic powerhouse, contributed more than one-third of all tax revenue to the state, but did not receive a proportional amount in services. Urban interests were consistently underrepresented in the legislature. A 1960 study noted that because of rural domination, `` a minority of about 25 per cent of the total state population is in majority control of the Alabama legislature.'' In the United States Supreme Court cases of Baker v. Carr (1962) and Reynolds v. Sims (1964), the court ruled ruled that the principle of `` one man, one vote '' needed to be the basis of both houses of state legislatures as well, and that their districts had to be based on population, rather than geographic counties, as Alabama had used for its senate. In 1972, for the first time since 1901, the legislature completed the congressional redistricting based on the decennial census. This benefited the urban areas that had developed, as well as all in the population who had been underrepresented for more than 60 years. Other changes were made to implement representative state house and senate districts. African Americans continued to press in the 1950s and 1960s to end disenfranchisement and segregation in the state through the civil rights movement , including legal challenges. In 1954, the US Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that public schools had to be desegregated, but Alabama was slow to comply. During the 1960s, under Governor George Wallace , Alabama resisted compliance with federal demands for desegregation . The civil rights movement had notable events in Alabama, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-- 56), Freedom Rides in 1961, and 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches . These contributed to Congressional passage and enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 by the U.S. Congress. Legal segregation ended in the states in 1964, but Jim Crow customs often continued until specifically challenged in court. According to the New York Times , by 2017, many of Alabama's African-Americans were living in Alabama's `` cities, particularly Birmingham and Montgomery. In addition, the rural Black Belt (called that for its soil) that stretches across the middle of the state is home to largely poor counties that are predominantly African-American. These counties include Dallas , Lowndes , Marengo and Perry .'' Alabama has made some changes since the late 20th century and has used new types of voting to increase representation. In the 1980s, an omnibus redistricting case, Dillard v. Crenshaw County , challenged the at-large voting for representative seats of 180 Alabama jurisdictions, including counties and school boards. At-large voting had diluted the votes of any minority in a county, as the majority tended to take all seats. Despite African Americans making up a significant minority in the state, they had been unable to elect any representatives in most of the at-large jurisdictions. As part of settlement of this case, five Alabama cities and counties, including Chilton County , adopted a system of cumulative voting for election of representatives in multi-seat jurisdictions. This has resulted in more proportional representation for voters. In another form of proportional representation, 23 jurisdictions use limited voting, as in Conecuh County . In 1982, limited voting was first tested in Conecuh County . Together use of these systems has increased the number of African Americans and women being elected to local offices, resulting in governments that are more representative of their citizens. Geography ( edit ) A general map of Alabama Main article: Geography of Alabama See also: List of Alabama counties and Geology of Alabama Alabama is the thirtieth-largest state in the United States with 52,419 square miles (135,760 km ) of total area: 3.2% of the area is water, making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second-largest inland waterway system in the United States. About three-fifths of the land area is a gentle plain with a general descent towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico . The North Alabama region is mostly mountainous, with the Tennessee River cutting a large valley and creating numerous creeks, streams, rivers, mountains, and lakes. Alabama is bordered by the states of Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama has coastline at the Gulf of Mexico, in the extreme southern edge of the state. The state ranges in elevation from sea level at Mobile Bay to over 1,800 feet (550 m) in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast. The highest point is Mount Cheaha , at a height of 2,413 ft (735 m). Alabama's land consists of 22 million acres (89,000 km ) of forest or 67% of total land area. Suburban Baldwin County , along the Gulf Coast, is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area. Areas in Alabama administered by the National Park Service include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park near Alexander City ; Little River Canyon National Preserve near Fort Payne ; Russell Cave National Monument in Bridgeport ; Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in Tuskegee ; and Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site near Tuskegee. Additionally, Alabama has four National Forests : Conecuh , Talladega , Tuskegee , and William B. Bankhead . Alabama also contains the Natchez Trace Parkway , the Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail , and the Trail Of Tears National Historic Trail . A notable natural wonder in Alabama is `` Natural Bridge'' rock, the longest natural bridge east of the Rockies , located just south of Haleyville . A 5-mile (8 km)-wide meteorite impact crater is located in Elmore County , just north of Montgomery. This is the Wetumpka crater , the site of `` Alabama's greatest natural disaster.'' A 1,000-foot (300 m)-wide meteorite hit the area about 80 million years ago. The hills just east of downtown Wetumpka showcase the eroded remains of the impact crater that was blasted into the bedrock, with the area labeled the Wetumpka crater or astrobleme (`` star-wound'' ) because of the concentric rings of fractures and zones of shattered rock that can be found beneath the surface. In 2002, Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna published evidence and established the site as the 157th recognized impact crater on Earth. Climate ( edit ) Main article: Climate of Alabama Autumn tree in Birmingham The state is classified as humid subtropical ( Cfa ) under the Koppen Climate Classification . The average annual temperature is 64 ° F (18 ° C). Temperatures tend to be warmer in the southern part of the state with its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, while the northern parts of the state, especially in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast, tend to be slightly cooler. Generally, Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year. Alabama receives an average of 56 inches (1,400 mm) of rainfall annually and enjoys a lengthy growing season of up to 300 days in the southern part of the state. Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the U.S., with high temperatures averaging over 90 ° F (32 ° C) throughout the summer in some parts of the state. Alabama is also prone to tropical storms and even hurricanes . Areas of the state far away from the Gulf are not immune to the effects of the storms, which often dump tremendous amounts of rain as they move inland and weaken. South Alabama reports many thunderstorms . The Gulf Coast, around Mobile Bay, averages between 70 and 80 days per year with thunder reported. This activity decreases somewhat further north in the state, but even the far north of the state reports thunder on about 60 days per year. Occasionally, thunderstorms are severe with frequent lightning and large hail ; the central and northern parts of the state are most vulnerable to this type of storm. Alabama ranks ninth in the number of deaths from lightning and tenth in the number of deaths from lightning strikes per capita. Tornado damage in Phil Campbell following the statewide April 27, 2011, tornado outbreak . Alabama, along with Oklahoma , has the most reported EF5 tornadoes of any state, according to statistics from the National Climatic Data Center for the period January 1, 1950, to June 2013. Several long-tracked F5/EF5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama reporting more tornado fatalities than any other state. The state was affected by the 1974 Super Outbreak and was devastated tremendously by the 2011 Super Outbreak . The 2011 Super Outbreak produced a record amount of tornadoes in the state. The tally reached 62. Snowfall outside Birmingham City Hall in February 2010 The peak season for tornadoes varies from the northern to southern parts of the state. Alabama is one of the few places in the world that has a secondary tornado season in November and December, along with the spring severe weather season. The northern part of the state-- along the Tennessee Valley-- is one of the areas in the U.S. most vulnerable to violent tornadoes. The area of Alabama and Mississippi most affected by tornadoes is sometimes referred to as Dixie Alley , as distinct from the Tornado Alley of the Southern Plains. Winters are generally mild in Alabama, as they are throughout most of the Southeastern United States , with average January low temperatures around 40 ° F (4 ° C) in Mobile and around 32 ° F (0 ° C) in Birmingham. Although snow is a rare event in much of Alabama, areas of the state north of Montgomery may receive a dusting of snow a few times every winter, with an occasional moderately heavy snowfall every few years. Historic snowfall events include New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm and the 1993 Storm of the Century . The annual average snowfall for the Birmingham area is 2 inches (51 mm) per year. In the southern Gulf coast, snowfall is less frequent, sometimes going several years without any snowfall. Alabama's highest temperature of 112 ° F (44 ° C) was recorded on September 5, 1925, in the unincorporated community of Centerville . The record low of − 27 ° F (− 33 ° C) occurred on January 30, 1966, in New Market . ( show ) Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Alabama cities (° F (° C)) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Huntsville Birmingham Montgomery Mobile Cities in Alabama Huntsville Average high 48.9 (9.4) 54.6 (12.6) 63.4 (17.4) 72.3 (22.4) 79.6 (26.4) 86.5 (30.3) 89.4 (31.9) 89.0 (31.7) 83.0 (28.3) 72.9 (22.7) 61.6 (16.4) 52.4 (11.3) 71.1 (21.7) Average low 30.7 (-0.7) 34.0 (1.1) 41.2 (5.1) 48.4 (9.1) 57.5 (14.2) 65.4 (18.6) 69.5 (20.8) 68.1 (20.1) 61.7 (16.5) 49.6 (9.8) 40.7 (4.8) 33.8 (1.0) 50.1 (10.1) Birmingham Average high 52.8 (11.6) 58.3 (14.6) 66.5 (19.2) 74.1 (23.4) 81.0 (27.2) 87.5 (30.8) 90.6 (32.6) 90.2 (32.3) 84.6 (29.2) 74.9 (23.8) 64.5 (18.1) 56.0 (13.3) 73.4 (23.0) Average low 32.3 (0.2) 35.4 (1.9) 42.4 (5.8) 48.4 (9.1) 57.6 (14.2) 65.4 (18.6) 69.7 (20.9) 68.9 (20.5) 63.0 (17.2) 50.9 (10.5) 41.8 (5.4) 35.2 (1.8) 50.9 (10.5) Montgomery Average high 57.6 (14.2) 62.4 (16.9) 70.5 (21.4) 77.5 (25.3) 84.6 (29.2) 90.6 (32.6) 92.7 (33.7) 92.2 (33.4) 87.7 (30.9) 78.7 (25.9) 68.7 (20.4) 60.3 (15.7) 77.0 (25.0) Average low 35.5 (1.9) 38.6 (3.7) 45.4 (7.4) 52.1 (11.2) 60.1 (15.6) 67.3 (19.6) 70.9 (21.6) 70.1 (21.2) 64.9 (18.3) 52.2 (11.2) 43.5 (6.4) 37.6 (3.1) 53.2 (11.8) Mobile Average high 60.7 (15.9) 64.5 (18.1) 71.2 (21.8) 77.4 (25.2) 84.2 (29.0) 89.4 (31.9) 91.2 (32.9) 90.8 (32.7) 86.8 (30.4) 79.2 (26.2) 70.1 (21.2) 62.9 (17.2) 77.4 (25.2) Average low 39.5 (4.2) 42.4 (5.8) 49.2 (9.6) 54.8 (12.7) 62.8 (17.1) 69.2 (20.7) 71.8 (22.1) 71.7 (22.0) 67.6 (19.8) 56.3 (13.5) 47.8 (8.8) 41.6 (5.3) 56.2 (13.4) Source: NOAA Flora and fauna ( edit ) A stand of Cahaba lilies ( Hymenocallis coronaria ) in the Cahaba River , within the Cahaba River National Wildlife Refuge . Main articles: List of amphibians of Alabama , List of mammals of Alabama , List of reptiles of Alabama , and Trees of Alabama Alabama is home to a diverse array of flora and fauna , due largely to a variety of habitats that range from the Tennessee Valley , Appalachian Plateau , and Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians of the north to the Piedmont , Canebrake and Black Belt of the central region to the Gulf Coastal Plain and beaches along the Gulf of Mexico in the south. The state is usually ranked among the top in nation for its range of overall biodiversity . Alabama is in the subtropical coniferous forest biome and once boasted huge expanses of pine forest, which still form the largest proportion of forests in the state. It currently ranks fifth in the nation for the diversity of its flora. It is home to nearly 4,000 pteridophyte and spermatophyte plant species. Indigenous animal species in the state include 62 mammal species , 93 reptile species, 73 amphibian species, roughly 307 native freshwater fish species, and 420 bird species that spend at least part of their year within the state. Invertebrates include 97 crayfish species and 383 mollusk species. 113 of these mollusk species have never been collected outside the state. Demographics ( edit ) Alabama's population density Main article: Demographics of Alabama Historical population Census Pop. %± 1800 1,250 -- 1810 9,046 623.7% 1820 127,901 1,313.9% 1830 309,527 142.0% 1840 590,756 90.9% 1850 771,623 30.6% 1860 964,201 25.0% 1870 996,992 3.4% 1880 1,262,505 26.6% 1890 1,513,401 19.9% 1900 1,828,697 20.8% 1910 2,138,093 16.9% 1920 2,348,174 9.8% 1930 2,646,248 12.7% 1940 2,832,961 7.1% 1950 3,061,743 8.1% 1960 3,266,740 6.7% 1970 3,444,165 5.4% 1980 3,893,888 13.1% 1990 4,040,587 3.8% 2000 4,447,100 10.1% 4,779,745 7.5% Est. 2017 4,874,747 2.0% Sources: 1910-- 2010 2015 estimate The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Alabama was 4,858,979 on July 1, 2015, which represents an increase of 79,243, or 1.66%, since the 2010 Census . This includes a natural increase since the last census of 121,054 people (that is 502,457 births minus 381,403 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 104,991 people into the state. Immigration from outside the U.S. resulted in a net increase of 31,180 people, and migration within the country produced a net gain of 73,811 people. The state had 108,000 foreign-born (2.4% of the state population), of which an estimated 22.2% were undocumented (24,000). The center of population of Alabama is located in Chilton County , outside the town of Jemison . Ancestry ( edit ) According to the 2010 Census , Alabama had a population of 4,779,736. The racial composition of the state was 68.5% White (67.0% Non-Hispanic White and 1.5% Hispanic White ), 26.2% Black or African American , 3.9% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 1.1% Asian, 0.6% American Indian and Alaska Native , 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander , 2.0% from Some Other Race, and 1.5% from Two or More Races. In 2011, 46.6% of Alabama's population younger than age 1 were minorities. The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama are: African (26.2%), English (23.6%), Irish (7.7%), German (5.7%), and Scots-Irish (2.0%). Those citing `` American'' ancestry in Alabama are generally of English or British ancestry; many Anglo-Americans identify as having American ancestry because their roots have been in North America for so long, in some cases since the 1600s. Demographers estimate that a minimum of 20-- 23% of people in Alabama are of predominantly English ancestry and that the figure is likely higher. In the 1980 census, 41% of the people in Alabama identified as being of English ancestry, making them the largest ethnic group at the time. Alabama racial population breakdown ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 White 73.6% 71.1% 68.5% Black 25.3% 26.0% 26.2% Asian 0.5% 0.7% 1.1% Native 0.4% 0.5% 0.6% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- -- 0.1% Other race 0.1% 0.6% 2.0% Two or more races -- 1.0% 1.5% Based on historic migration and settlement patterns in the southern colonies and states, demographers estimated there are more people in Alabama of Scots-Irish origins than self-reported. Many people in Alabama claim Irish ancestry because of the term Scots-Irish but, based on historic immigration and settlement, their ancestors were more likely Protestant Scots-Irish coming from northern Ireland, where they had been for a few generations as part of the English colonization. The Scots-Irish were the largest non-English immigrant group from the British Isles before the American Revolution, and many settled in the South, later moving into the Deep South as it was developed. In 1984, under the Davis-- Strong Act, the state legislature established the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission . Native American groups within the state had increasingly been demanding recognition as ethnic groups and seeking an end to discrimination. Given the long history of slavery and associated racial segregation, the Native American peoples, who have sometimes been of mixed race, have insisted on having their cultural identification respected. In the past, their self-identification was often overlooked as the state tried to impose a binary breakdown of society into white and black. The state has officially recognized nine American Indian tribes in the state, descended mostly from the Five Civilized Tribes of the American Southeast. These are: Poarch Band of Creek Indians (who also have federal recognition), MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians , Star Clan of Muscogee Creeks , Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama , Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama , Cher-O-Creek Intra Tribal Indians, Ma-Chis Lower Creek Indian Tribe, Piqua Shawnee Tribe, and Ani-Yun-Wiya Nation. The state government has promoted recognition of Native American contributions to the state, including the designation in 2000 for Columbus Day to be jointly celebrated as American Indian Heritage Day. Census-designated and metropolitan areas ( edit ) Main article: List of metropolitan areas of Alabama Birmingham , largest city and largest metropolitan area Montgomery , second-largest city and fourth-largest metropolitan area Huntsville , third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area Mobile , fourth-largest city and third-largest metropolitan area Combined statistical areas Rank Combined statistical area Population (2016 estimate) Population (2010 Census) Birmingham-- Hoover-- Talladega 1,361,299 1,302,283 Chattanooga-- Cleveland-- Dalton 954,228 923,460 Huntsville-- Decatur-- Albertville 768,033 664,441 Mobile-- Daphne-- Fairhope 623,399 595,257 5 Columbus-- Auburn-- Opelika 501,589 469,327 6 Dothan-- Enterprise-- Ozark 248,286 245,838 Jump up ^ In Alabama, only Jackson County (2016 population: 52,138; 2010 population: 53,227) is included in the Chattanooga CSA) Jump up ^ In Alabama, only Lee, Russell, and Chambers Counties (total 2016 population: 251,006; total 2010 population: 227,409) are included in the Columbus CSA) Metropolitan areas Rank Metropolitan area Population (2016 estimate) Population (2010 Census) Birmingham-- Hoover 1,147,417 1,128,047 Huntsville 449,720 417,593 Mobile 414,836 412,992 Montgomery 374,000 374,536 5 Tuscaloosa 241,378 230,162 6 Daphne-- Fairhope-- Foley 208,563 182,265 7 Decatur 152,256 153,829 8 Dothan 147,834 145,639 9 Auburn-- Opelika 158,991 140,247 10 Florence-- Muscle Shoals 146,534 147,137 11 Anniston-- Oxford-- Jacksonville 114,611 118,572 12 Gadsden 102,564 104,430 Cities ( edit ) Main article: List of cities and towns in Alabama Largest cities Rank City Population (2016 census estimates) County Birmingham 212,157 Jefferson Shelby Montgomery 200,022 Montgomery Huntsville 193,079 Madison Limestone Mobile 192,904 Mobile 5 Tuscaloosa 99,543 Tuscaloosa 6 Hoover 84,978 Jefferson Shelby 7 Dothan 68,468 Houston 8 Auburn 63,118 Lee 9 Decatur 55,072 Morgan Limestone 10 Madison 47,959 Madison Limestone 11 Florence 39,959 Lauderdale 12 Phenix City 37,132 Russell 13 Gadsden 35,837 Etowah 14 Prattville 35,606 Autauga 15 Vestavia Hills 34,688 Jefferson Shelby Language ( edit ) 95.1% of all Alabama residents five years old or older spoke only English at home in 2010, a minor decrease from 96.1% in 2000. Alabama English is predominantly Southern , and is related to South Midland speech which was taken across the border from Tennessee . In the major Southern speech region, there is the decreasing loss of the final /r/, for example the /boyd/ pronunciation of ' bird' . In the northern third of the state, there is a South Midland ' arm' and ' barb' rhyming with ' form' and ' orb' . Unique words in Alabama English include: redworm (earthworm), peckerwood (woodpecker), snake doctor and snake feeder (dragonfly), tow sack (burlap bag), plum peach (clingstone), French harp (harmonica), and dog irons (andirons). Top non-English languages spoken in Alabama Language Percentage of population (as of 2010 ) Spanish 2.2% German 0.4% French (incl. Patois, Cajun) 0.3% Chinese, Vietnamese , Korean , Arabic , African languages , Japanese, and Italian (tied) 0.1% Religion ( edit ) Highlands United Methodist Church in Birmingham, part of the Five Points South Historic District Temple B'Nai Sholom in Huntsville, established in 1876. It is the oldest synagogue building in continuous use in the state. The Islamic Center of Tuscaloosa, one of the Islamic centers that contain a mosque and facilities for the cultural needs of Muslims in the state. In the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey , 86% of Alabama respondents reported their religion as Christian, including 6% Catholic, with 11% as having no religion. The composition of other traditions is 0.5% Mormon, 0.5% Jewish, 0.5% Muslim, 0.5% Buddhist, and 0.5% Hindu. Religious affiliation in Alabama (2014) Affiliation % of population Christian 86 86 Protestant 78 78 Evangelical Protestant 49 49 Mainline Protestant 13 13 Black church 16 16 Catholic 7 7 Mormon Jehovah's Witnesses 0.1 0.1 Eastern Orthodox 0.1 0.1 Other Christian 0.1 0.1 Unaffiliated 12 12 Nothing in particular 9 9 Agnostic Atheist Non-Christian faiths Jewish 0.2 0.2 Muslim 0.2 0.2 Buddhist 0.2 0.2 Hindu 0.2 0.2 Other Non-Christian faiths 0.2 0.2 Don't know/refused answer Total 100 100 Further information on Christianity in Alabama: History of Baptists in Alabama , List of Baptist churches in Alabama , Episcopal Diocese of Alabama , Episcopal Diocese of the Central Gulf Coast , Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mobile , Roman Catholic Diocese of Birmingham in Alabama , and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Alabama Alabama is located in the middle of the Bible Belt , a region of numerous Protestant Christians. Alabama has been identified as one of the most religious states in the United States, with about 58% of the population attending church regularly. A majority of people in the state identify as Evangelical Protestant. As of 2010 , the three largest denominational groups in Alabama are the Southern Baptist Convention , The United Methodist Church , and non-denominational Evangelical Protestant. In Alabama, the Southern Baptist Convention has the highest number of adherents with 1,380,121; this is followed by the United Methodist Church with 327,734 adherents, non-denominational Evangelical Protestant with 220,938 adherents, and the Catholic Church with 150,647 adherents. Many Baptist and Methodist congregations became established in the Great Awakening of the early 19th century, when preachers proselytized across the South. The Assemblies of God had almost 60,000 members, the Churches of Christ had nearly 120,000 members. The Presbyterian churches , strongly associated with Scots-Irish immigrants of the 18th century and their descendants, had a combined membership around 75,000 ( PCA -- 28,009 members in 108 congregations, PC(USA) -- 26,247 members in 147 congregations, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church -- 6,000 members in 59 congregations, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America -- 5,000 members and 50 congregations plus the EPC and Associate Reformed Presbyterians with 230 members and 9 congregations). In a 2007 survey, nearly 70% of respondents could name all four of the Christian Gospels . Of those who indicated a religious preference, 59% said they possessed a `` full understanding'' of their faith and needed no further learning. In a 2007 poll, 92% of Alabamians reported having at least some confidence in churches in the state. Although in much smaller numbers, many other religious faiths are represented in the state as well, including Judaism , Islam , Hinduism , Buddhism , Sikhism , the Bahá'í Faith , and Unitarian Universalism . Jews have been present in what is now Alabama since 1763, during the colonial era of Mobile, when Sephardic Jews immigrated from London. The oldest Jewish congregation in the state is Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim in Mobile. It was formally recognized by the state legislature on January 25, 1844. Later immigrants in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries tended to be Ashkenazi Jews from eastern Europe. Jewish denominations in the state include two Orthodox , four Conservative , ten Reform , and one Humanistic synagogue. Muslims have been increasing in Alabama, with 31 mosques built by 2011, many by African-American converts. Several Hindu temples and cultural centers in the state have been founded by Indian immigrants and their descendants, the best-known being the Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Birmingham , the Hindu Temple and Cultural Center of Birmingham in Pelham , the Hindu Cultural Center of North Alabama in Capshaw , and the Hindu Mandir and Cultural Center in Tuscaloosa . There are six Dharma centers and organizations for Theravada Buddhists . Most monastic Buddhist temples are concentrated in southern Mobile County, near Bayou La Batre . This area has attracted an influx of refugees from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam during the 1970s and thereafter. The four temples within a ten-mile radius of Bayou La Batre, include Chua Chanh Giac, Wat Buddharaksa, and Wat Lao Phoutthavihan. The first community of adherents of the Baha'i Faith in Alabama was founded in 1896 by Paul K. Dealy, who moved from Chicago to Fairhope . Baha'i Centers in Alabama exist in Birmingham, Alabama , Huntsville, Alabama , and Florence, Alabama . Health ( edit ) A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study in 2008 showed that obesity in Alabama was a problem, with most counties having over 29% of adults obese, except for ten which had a rate between 26% and 29%. Residents of the state, along with those in five other states, were least likely in the nation to be physically active during leisure time. Alabama, and the southeastern U.S. in general, has one of the highest incidences of adult onset diabetes in the country, exceeding 10% of adults. Economy ( edit ) See also: Alabama locations by per capita income The state has invested in aerospace, education, health care, banking, and various heavy industries, including automobile manufacturing, mineral extraction, steel production and fabrication . By 2006, crop and animal production in Alabama was valued at $1.5 billion. In contrast to the primarily agricultural economy of the previous century, this was only about 1% of the state's gross domestic product. The number of private farms has declined at a steady rate since the 1960s, as land has been sold to developers, timber companies, and large farming conglomerates. Non-agricultural employment in 2008 was 121,800 in management occupations; 71,750 in business and financial operations; 36,790 in computer-related and mathematical occupation; 44,200 in architecture and engineering; 12,410 in life, physical, and social sciences; 32,260 in community and social services; 12,770 in legal occupations; 116,250 in education, training, and library services; 27,840 in art, design and media occupations; 121,110 in healthcare; 44,750 in fire fighting, law enforcement, and security; 154,040 in food preparation and serving; 76,650 in building and grounds cleaning and maintenance; 53,230 in personal care and services; 244,510 in sales; 338,760 in office and administration support; 20,510 in farming, fishing, and forestry; 120,155 in construction and mining, gas, and oil extraction; 106,280 in installation, maintenance, and repair; 224,110 in production; and 167,160 in transportation and material moving. According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis , the 2008 total gross state product was $170 billion, or $29,411 per capita. Alabama's 2012 GDP increased 1.2% from the previous year. The single largest increase came in the area of information. In 2010, per capita income for the state was $22,984. The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 5.8% in April 2015. This compared to a nationwide seasonally adjusted rate of 5.4%. Alabama has no state minimum wage and uses the federal minimum wage of $7.25. In February 2016, the state passed legislation that prevents Alabama municipalities from raising the minimum wage in their locality. The legislation voids a Birmingham city ordinance that was to raise the city's minimum wage to $10.10. Largest employers ( edit ) The Space Shuttle Enterprise being tested at Marshall Space Flight Center in 1978. Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama in Montgomery in 2010 Shelby Hall, School of Computing, at the University of South Alabama in Mobile The five employers that employed the most employees in Alabama in April 2011 were: Employer Employees Redstone Arsenal 25,373 University of Alabama at Birmingham (includes UAB Hospital ) 18,750 Maxwell Air Force Base 12,280 State of Alabama 9,500 Mobile County Public School System 8,100 The next twenty largest employers, as of 2011 , included: Employer Location Anniston Army Depot Anniston AT&T Multiple Auburn University Auburn Baptist Medical Center South Montgomery Birmingham City Schools Birmingham City of Birmingham Birmingham DCH Health System Tuscaloosa Huntsville City Schools Huntsville Huntsville Hospital System Huntsville Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama Montgomery Infirmary Health System Mobile Jefferson County Board of Education Birmingham Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville Mercedes-Benz U.S. International Vance Montgomery Public Schools Montgomery Regions Financial Corporation Multiple Boeing Multiple University of Alabama Tuscaloosa University of South Alabama Mobile Walmart Multiple Agriculture ( edit ) Alabama's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs, cattle, fish, plant nursery items, peanuts, cotton, grains such as corn and sorghum , vegetables, milk, soybeans , and peaches. Although known as `` The Cotton State '' , Alabama ranks between eighth and tenth in national cotton production , according to various reports, with Texas , Georgia and Mississippi comprising the top three. Industry ( edit ) Alabama's industrial outputs include iron and steel products (including cast-iron and steel pipe); paper, lumber , and wood products; mining (mostly coal); plastic products; cars and trucks; and apparel . In addition, Alabama produces aerospace and electronic products, mostly in the Huntsville area, the location of NASA 's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the U.S. Army Materiel Command , headquartered at Redstone Arsenal . Mercedes-Benz U.S. International in Tuscaloosa County was the first automotive facility to locate within the state. A great deal of Alabama's economic growth since the 1990s has been due to the state's expanding automotive manufacturing industry. Located in the state are Honda Manufacturing of Alabama , Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama , Mercedes-Benz U.S. International , and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama , as well as their various suppliers. Since 1993, the automobile industry has generated more than 67,800 new jobs in the state. Alabama currently ranks 4th in the nation for vehicle exports. Automakers accounted for approximately a third of the industrial expansion in the state in 2012. The eight models produced at the state's auto factories totaled combined sales of 74,335 vehicles for 2012. The strongest model sales during this period were the Hyundai Elantra compact car, the Mercedes-Benz GL-Class sport utility vehicle and the Honda Ridgeline sport utility truck. Airbus Mobile Engineering Center at the Brookley Aeroplex in Mobile Steel producers Outokumpu , Nucor , SSAB , ThyssenKrupp , and U.S. Steel have facilities in Alabama and employ over 10,000 people. In May 2007, German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp selected Calvert in Mobile County for a 4.65 billion combined stainless and carbon steel processing facility. ThyssenKrupp's stainless steel division, Inoxum, including the stainless portion of the Calvert plant, was sold to Finnish stainless steel company Outokumpu in 2012. The remaining portion of the ThyssenKrupp plant had final bids submitted by ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel for $1.6 billion in March 2013. Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional submitted a combined bid for the mill at Calvert, plus a majority stake in the ThyssenKrupp mill in Brazil, for $3.8 billion. In July 2013, the plant was sold to ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel. The Hunt Refining Company , a subsidiary of Hunt Consolidated, Inc., is based in Tuscaloosa and operates a refinery there. The company also operates terminals in Mobile, Melvin, and Moundville . JVC America, Inc. operates an optical disc replication and packaging plant in Tuscaloosa. The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company operates a large plant in Gadsden that employs about 1,400 people. It has been in operation since 1929. Construction of an Airbus A320 family aircraft assembly plant in Mobile was formally announced by Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier from the Mobile Convention Center on July 2, 2012. The plans include a $600 million factory at the Brookley Aeroplex for the assembly of the A319, A320 and A321 aircraft. Construction began in 2013, with plans for it to become operable by 2015 and produce up to 50 aircraft per year by 2017. The assembly plant is the company's first factory to be built within the United States. It was announced on February 1, 2013, that Airbus had hired Alabama-based Hoar Construction to oversee construction of the facility. Tourism ( edit ) Alabama's beaches are one of the state's major tourist destinations. An estimated 20 million tourists visit the state each year. Over 100,000 of these are from other countries, including from Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan. In 2006, 22.3 million travellers spent $8.3 billion providing an estimated 162,000 jobs in the state. Some of the most popular areas include the Rocket City of Huntsville, the beaches along the Gulf, and the state's capitol in Montgomery. Healthcare ( edit ) UAB Hospital is the only Level I trauma center in Alabama. UAB is the largest state government employer in Alabama, with a workforce of about 18,000. Banking ( edit ) Regions-Harbert Plaza , Regions Center , and Wells Fargo Tower in Birmingham's financial district. Alabama has the headquarters of Regions Financial Corporation , BBVA Compass , Superior Bancorp and the former Colonial Bancgroup . Birmingham-based Compass Banchshares was acquired by Spanish-based BBVA in September 2007, although the headquarters of BBVA Compass remains in Birmingham. In November 2006, Regions Financial completed its merger with AmSouth Bancorporation , which was also headquartered in Birmingham. SouthTrust Corporation , another large bank headquartered in Birmingham, was acquired by Wachovia in 2004 for $14.3 billion. The city still has major operations for Wachovia and its now post-operating bank Wells Fargo , which includes a regional headquarters, an operations center campus and a $400 million data center. Nearly a dozen smaller banks are also headquartered in the Birmingham, such as Superior Bancorp, ServisFirst and New South Federal Savings Bank. Birmingham also serves as the headquarters for several large investment management companies, including Harbert Management Corporation . Electronics ( edit ) Telecommunications provider AT&T , formerly BellSouth , has a major presence in Alabama with several large offices in Birmingham. The company has over 6,000 employees and more than 1,200 contract employees. Many commercial technology companies are headquartered in Huntsville, such as network access company ADTRAN , computer graphics company Intergraph , and IT infrastructure company Avocent . Cinram manufactures and distributes 20th Century Fox DVDs and Blu-ray Discs out of its Huntsville plant. Construction ( edit ) Rust International has grown to include Brasfield & Gorrie , BE&K , Hoar Construction and B.L. Harbert International , which all routinely are included in the Engineering News-Record lists of top design, international construction, and engineering firms. (Rust International was acquired in 2000 by Washington Group International , which was in turn acquired by San-Francisco based URS Corporation in 2007.) Law and government ( edit ) State government ( edit ) The State Capitol Building in Montgomery, completed in 1851 Main article: Government of Alabama The foundational document for Alabama's government is the Alabama Constitution , which was ratified in 1901. At almost 800 amendments and 310,000 words, it is by some accounts the world's longest constitution and is roughly forty times the length of the United States Constitution . There has been a significant movement to rewrite and modernize Alabama's constitution. Critics argue that Alabama's constitution maintains highly centralized power with the state legislature, leaving practically no power in local hands. Most counties do not have home rule. Any policy changes proposed in different areas of the state must be approved by the entire Alabama legislature and, frequently, by state referendum. One criticism of the current constitution claims that its complexity and length intentionally codify segregation and racism. The Heflin-Torbert Judicial Building in Montgomery. It houses the Supreme Court of Alabama , Alabama Court of Civil Appeals , and Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals . Alabama's government is divided into three coequal branches. The legislative branch is the Alabama Legislature , a bicameral assembly composed of the Alabama House of Representatives , with 105 members, and the Alabama Senate , with 35 members. The Legislature is responsible for writing, debating, passing, or defeating state legislation. The Republican Party currently holds a majority in both houses of the Legislature . The Legislature has the power to override a gubernatorial veto by a simple majority (most state Legislatures require a two-thirds majority to override a veto). Until 1964, the state elected state senators on a geographic basis by county, with one per county. It had not redistricted congressional districts since passage of its constitution in 1901; as a result, urbanized areas were grossly underrepresented. It had not changed legislative districts to reflect the decennial censuses, either. In Reynolds v. Sims (1964), the US Supreme Court implemented the principle of `` one man, one vote '' , ruling that congressional districts had to be reapportioned based on censuses (as the state already included in its constitution but had not implemented.) Further, the court ruled that both houses of bicameral state legislatures had to be apportioned by population, as there was no constitutional basis for states to have geographically based systems. At that time, Alabama and many other states had to change their legislative districting, as many across the country had systems that underrepresented urban areas and districts. This had caused decades of underinvestment in such areas. For instance, Birmingham and Jefferson County taxes had supplied one-third of the state budget, but Jefferson County received only 1/67th of state services in funding. Through the legislative delegations, the Alabama legislature kept control of county governments. Governor Kay Ivey is the current and second female Governor of Alabama . She is the only Republican female Governor in the state's history. The executive branch is responsible for the execution and oversight of laws. It is headed by the Governor of Alabama . Other members of executive branch include the cabinet, the Attorney General of Alabama , the Alabama Secretary of State , the Alabama State Treasurer , and the State Auditor of Alabama . The current governor of the state is Republican Kay Ivey . The office of lieutenant governor is currently vacant. The members of the Legislature take office immediately after the November elections. Statewide officials, such as the governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, and other constitutional officers, take office the following January. The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the Constitution and applying the law in state criminal and civil cases. The state's highest court is the Supreme Court of Alabama . Alabama uses partisan elections to select judges. Since the 1980s judicial campaigns have become increasingly politicized. The current chief justice of the Alabama Supreme Court is Republican Lyn Stuart . All sitting justices on the Alabama Supreme Court are members of the Republican Party. There are two intermediate appellate courts , the Court of Civil Appeals and the Court of Criminal Appeals, and four trial courts : the circuit court (trial court of general jurisdiction), and the district, probate, and municipal courts. Some critics believe that the election of judges has contributed to an exceedingly high rate of executions. Alabama has the highest per capita death penalty rate in the country. In some years, it imposes more death sentences than does Texas , a state which has a population five times larger. Some of its cases have been highly controversial; the Supreme Court has overturned 24 convictions in death penalty cases. It was the only state to allow judges to override jury decisions in whether or not to use a death sentence; in 10 cases judges overturned sentences of life imprisonment without parole (LWOP) that were voted unanimously by juries. This judicial authority was removed in April 2017. Taxes ( edit ) Alabama levies a 2, 4, or 5 percent personal income tax , depending upon the amount earned and filing status. Taxpayers are allowed to deduct their federal income tax from their Alabama state tax, and can do so even if taking the standard deduction . Taxpayers who file itemized deductions are also allowed to deduct the Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax (Social Security and Medicare tax). The state's general sales tax rate is 4%. Sales tax rates for cities and counties are also added to purchases. For example, the total sales tax rate in Mobile is 10% and there is an additional restaurant tax of 1%, which means that a diner in Mobile would pay an 11% tax on a meal. As of 1999 , sales and excise taxes in Alabama account for 51% of all state and local revenue, compared with an average of about 36% nationwide. Alabama is one of seven states that levy a tax on food at the same rate as other goods, and one of two states (the other being neighboring Mississippi) which fully taxes groceries without any offsetting relief for low-income families. (Most states exempt groceries from sales tax or apply a lower tax rate.) Alabama's income tax on poor working families is among the highest in the United States. Alabama is the only state that levies income tax on a family of four with income as low as $4,600, which is barely one-quarter of the federal poverty line. Alabama's threshold is the lowest among the 41 states and the District of Columbia with income taxes. The corporate income tax rate is currently 6.5%. The overall federal, state, and local tax burden in Alabama ranks the state as the second least tax-burdened state in the country. Property taxes are the lowest in the U.S. The current state constitution requires a voter referendum to raise property taxes. Since Alabama's tax structure largely depends on consumer spending, it is subject to high variable budget structure. For example, in 2003, Alabama had an annual budget deficit as high as $670 million. County and local governments ( edit ) Alabama counties (clickable map) See also: List of counties in Alabama Treemap of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election. Alabama has 67 counties . Each county has its own elected legislative branch, usually called the county commission. It also has limited executive authority in the county. Because of the constraints of the Alabama Constitution , which centralizes power in the state legislature, only seven counties (Jefferson, Lee, Mobile, Madison, Montgomery, Shelby, and Tuscaloosa) in the state have limited home rule . Instead, most counties in the state must lobby the Local Legislation Committee of the state legislature to get simple local policies approved, ranging from waste disposal to land use zoning. The state legislature has retained power over local governments by refusing to pass a constitutional amendment establishing home rule for counties, as recommended by the 1973 Alabama Constitutional Commission. Legislative delegations retain certain powers over each county. United States Supreme Court decisions in Baker v. Carr (1964) required that both houses have districts established on the basis of population, and redistricted after each census, in order to implement the principle of `` one man, one vote'' . Before that, each county was represented by one state senator, leading to under-representation in the state senate for more urbanized, populous counties. The rural bias of the state legislature, which had also failed to redistrict seats in the state house, affected politics well into the 20th century, failing to recognize the rise of industrial cities and urbanized areas. `` The lack of home rule for counties in Alabama has resulted in the proliferation of local legislation permitting counties to do things not authorized by the state constitution. Alabama's constitution has been amended more than 700 times, and almost one-third of the amendments are local in nature, applying to only one county or city. A significant part of each legislative session is spent on local legislation, taking away time and attention of legislators from issues of statewide importance.'' Alabama is an alcoholic beverage control state , meaning that the state government holds a monopoly on the sale of alcohol. The Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board controls the sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages in the state. Twenty-five of the 67 counties are `` dry counties '' which ban the sale of alcohol, and there are many dry municipalities even in counties which permit alcohol sales. Rank County Population (2010 Census) Seat Largest city Jefferson 658,466 Birmingham Birmingham Mobile 412,992 Mobile Mobile Madison 334,811 Huntsville Huntsville Montgomery 229,363 Montgomery Montgomery 5 Shelby 195,085 Columbiana Hoover (part) Alabaster 6 Tuscaloosa 194,656 Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa 7 Baldwin 182,265 Bay Minette Daphne 8 Lee 140,247 Opelika Auburn 9 Morgan 119,490 Decatur Decatur 10 Calhoun 118,572 Anniston Anniston 11 Etowah 104,303 Gadsden Gadsden 12 Houston 101,547 Dothan Dothan 13 Marshall 93,019 Guntersville Albertville 14 Lauderdale 92,709 Florence Florence 15 St. Clair 83,593 Ashville & Pell City Pell City Politics ( edit ) During Reconstruction following the American Civil War , Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the Third Military District under General John Pope . In 1874, the political coalition of white Democrats known as the Redeemers took control of the state government from the Republicans, in part by suppressing the black vote through violence, fraud and intimidation. After 1890, a coalition of White Democratic politicians passed laws to segregate and disenfranchise African American residents, a process completed in provisions of the 1901 constitution. Provisions which disenfranchised blacks resulted in excluding many poor Whites. By 1941 more Whites than Blacks had been disenfranchised: 600,000 to 520,000. The total effects were greater on the black community, as almost all of its citizens were disfranchised and relegated to separate and unequal treatment under the law. From 1901 through the 1960s, the state did not redraw election districts as population grew and shifted within the state during urbanization and industrialization of certain areas. As counties were the basis of election districts, the result was a rural minority that dominated state politics through nearly three-quarters of the century, until a series of federal court cases required redistricting in 1972 to meet equal representation. Alabama state politics gained nationwide and international attention in the 1950s and 1960s during the civil rights movement , when whites bureaucratically, and at times violently, resisted protests for electoral and social reform. Governor George Wallace , the state's only four-term governor, was a controversial figure who vowed to maintain segregation. Only after passage of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 did African Americans regain the ability to exercise suffrage, among other civil rights. In many jurisdictions, they continued to be excluded from representation by at-large electoral systems, which allowed the majority of the population to dominate elections. Some changes at the county level have occurred following court challenges to establish single-member districts that enable a more diverse representation among county boards. In 2007, the Alabama Legislature passed, and Republican Governor Bob Riley signed a resolution expressing `` profound regret'' over slavery and its lingering impact. In a symbolic ceremony, the bill was signed in the Alabama State Capitol , which housed Congress of the Confederate States of America . In 2010, Republicans won control of both houses of the legislature for the first time in 136 years, after a nearly complete realignment of political parties, who represent different visions in the 21st century. As of December 2017, there are a total of 3,326,812 registered voters, with 2,979,576 active, and the others inactive in the state. Elections ( edit ) Main article: Elections in Alabama State elections ( edit ) With the disfranchisement of Blacks in 1901, the state became part of the `` Solid South '' , a system in which the Democratic Party operated as effectively the only viable political party in every Southern state. For nearly 100 years, local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party primary , with generally only token Republican challengers running in the General Election. Since the mid to late 20th century, however, there has been a realignment among the two major political parties, and white conservatives started shifting to the Republican Party. In Alabama, majority-white districts are now expected to regularly elect Republican candidates to federal, state and local office. Members of the nine seats on the Supreme Court of Alabama and all ten seats on the state appellate courts are elected to office. Until 1994, no Republicans held any of the court seats. In that general election, the then-incumbent Chief Justice, Ernest C. Hornsby , refused to leave office after losing the election by approximately 3,000 votes to Republican Perry O. Hooper, Sr... Hornsby sued Alabama and defiantly remained in office for nearly a year before finally giving up the seat after losing in court. This ultimately led to a collapse of support for Democrats at the ballot box in the next three or four election cycles. The Democrats lost the last of the nineteen court seats in August 2011 with the resignation of the last Democrat on the bench. In the early 21st century, Republicans hold all seven of the statewide elected executive branch offices. Republicans hold six of the eight elected seats on the Alabama State Board of Education . In 2010, Republicans took large majorities of both chambers of the state legislature, giving them control of that body for the first time in 136 years. The last remaining statewide Democrat, who served on the Alabama Public Service Commission was defeated in 2012. Only two Republican Lieutenant Governors have been elected since the end of Reconstruction, when Republicans generally represented Reconstruction government, including the newly emancipated freedmen who had gained the franchise. The two GOP Lt. Governors were Steve Windom (1999-- 2003) and Kay Ivey (2011-2017). Local elections ( edit ) Many local offices (County Commissioners, Boards of Education, Tax Assessors, Tax Collectors, etc.) in the state are still held by Democrats. Many rural counties have voters who are majority Democrats, resulting in local elections being decided in the Democratic primary. Similarly many metropolitan and suburban counties are majority-Republican and elections are effectively decided in the Republican Primary, although there are exceptions. Alabama's 67 County Sheriffs are elected in partisan, at-large races, and Democrats still retain the narrow majority of those posts. The current split is 35 Democrats , 31 Republicans , and one Independent Fayette. However, most of the Democratic sheriffs preside over rural and less populated counties. The majority of Republican sheriffs have been elected in the more urban/suburban and heavily populated counties. As of 2015 , the state of Alabama has one female sheriff, in Morgan County, Alabama , and ten African-American sheriffs. Federal elections ( edit ) Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 62.08% 1,318,255 34.36% 729,547 2012 60.55% 1,255,925 38.36% 795,696 2008 60.32% 1,266,546 38.80% 813,479 62.46% 1,176,394 36.84% 693,933 2000 56.47% 944,409 41.59% 695,602 50.12% 769,044 43.16% 662,165 47.65% 804,283 40.88% 690,080 59.17% 815,576 39.86% 549,506 1984 60.54% 872,849 38.28% 551,899 1980 48.75% 654,192 47.45% 636,730 1976 42.61% 504,070 55.73% 659,170 1972 72.43% 728,701 25.54% 256,923 1968 * 13.99% 146,923 18.72% 196,579 1964 69.45% 479,085 30.55% 210,732 1960 42.16% 237,981 56.39% 318,303 *State won by George Wallace of the American Independent Party , at 65.86%, or 691,425 votes The state's two U.S. senators are Republican Richard C. Shelby and Democrat Doug Jones . Shelby was originally elected to the Senate as a Democrat in 1986 and re-elected in 1992, but switched parties immediately following the November 1994 general election. In the U.S. House of Representatives , the state is represented by seven members, six of whom are Republicans: ( Bradley Byrne , Mike D. Rogers , Robert Aderholt , Morris J. Brooks , Martha Roby , and Gary Palmer ) and one Democrat: Terri Sewell who represents the Black Belt as well as most of the predominantly black portions of Birmingham , Tuscaloosa and Montgomery . Further information: United States presidential election in Alabama, 2016 Education ( edit ) Main article: Education in Alabama Primary and secondary Education ( edit ) Vestavia Hills High School in the suburbs of Birmingham Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the purview of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education. Together, 1,496 individual schools provide education for 744,637 elementary and secondary students. Public school funding is appropriated through the Alabama Legislature through the Education Trust Fund. In FY 2006-- 2007, Alabama appropriated $3,775,163,578 for primary and secondary education. That represented an increase of $444,736,387 over the previous fiscal year. In 2007, over 82 percent of schools made adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward student proficiency under the National No Child Left Behind law, using measures determined by the state of Alabama. While Alabama's public education system has improved in recent decades, it lags behind in achievement compared to other states. According to U.S. Census data (2000), Alabama's high school graduation rate-- 75%-- is the fourth lowest in the U.S. (after Kentucky , Louisiana and Mississippi ). The largest educational gains were among people with some college education but without degrees. Although unusual in the West, school corporal punishment is not uncommon in Alabama, with 27,260 public school students paddled at least one time, according to government data for the 2011-- 2012 school year. The rate of school corporal punishment in Alabama is surpassed only by Mississippi and Arkansas. Colleges and universities ( edit ) Main article: List of colleges and universities in Alabama Harrison Plaza at the University of North Alabama in Florence. The school was chartered as LaGrange College by the Alabama Legislature in 1830. Alabama's programs of higher education include 14 four-year public universities, two-year community colleges, and 17 private, undergraduate and graduate universities. In the state are four medical schools (as of fall 2015) ( University of Alabama School of Medicine , University of South Alabama and Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine and The Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine -- Auburn Campus), two veterinary colleges ( Auburn University and Tuskegee University ), a dental school ( University of Alabama School of Dentistry ), an optometry college ( University of Alabama at Birmingham ), two pharmacy schools ( Auburn University and Samford University ), and five law schools ( University of Alabama School of Law , Birmingham School of Law , Cumberland School of Law , Miles Law School , and the Thomas Goode Jones School of Law ). Public, post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education and the Alabama Department of Postsecondary Education . Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from two-year associate degrees to a multitude of doctoral level programs. William J. Samford Hall at Auburn University in Auburn The largest single campus is the University of Alabama , located in Tuscaloosa , with 37,665 enrolled for fall 2016. Troy University was the largest institution in the state in 2010, with an enrollment of 29,689 students across four Alabama campuses ( Troy , Dothan , Montgomery , and Phenix City ), as well as sixty learning sites in seventeen other states and eleven other countries. The oldest institutions are the public University of North Alabama in Florence and the Catholic Church-affiliated Spring Hill College in Mobile , both founded in 1830. Accreditation of academic programs is through the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) as well as other subject-focused national and international accreditation agencies such as the Association for Biblical Higher Education (ABHE), the Council on Occupational Education (COE), and the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS). According to the 2011 U.S. News & World Report , Alabama had three universities ranked in the top 100 Public Schools in America (University of Alabama at 31, Auburn University at 36, and University of Alabama at Birmingham at 73). According to the 2012 U.S. News & World Report , Alabama had four tier 1 universities ( University of Alabama , Auburn University , University of Alabama at Birmingham and University of Alabama in Huntsville ). Media ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (March 2017) See also: Category:Alabama media and List of newspapers in Alabama Major newspapers include Birmingham News , Mobile Press-Register , and Montgomery Advertiser . Political websites include Alabama Political Reporter , Left in Alabama , and Yellowhammer News . Major television network affiliates in Alabama include: ABC WGWW 40.2 ABC, Anniston WBMA 58 / WABM 68.2 ABC, Birmingham WDHN 18 ABC, Dothan WAAY 31 ABC, Huntsville WEAR 3 ABC Pensacola/Mobile WNCF 32 ABC, Montgomery WDBB 17.2 ABC, Tuscaloosa CBS WIAT 42 CBS, Birmingham WTVY 4 CBS, Dothan WHNT 19 CBS, Huntsville WKRG 5 CBS, Mobile WAKA 8 CBS, Selma/Montgomery Fox WBRC 6 FOX, Birmingham WZDX 54 FOX, Huntsville WALA 10 FOX, Mobile WCOV 20 FOX, Montgomery WDFX 34 FOX, Ozark/Dothan NBC WVTM 13 NBC, Birmingham WRGX 23 NBC, Dothan WAFF 48 NBC, Huntsville WPMI 15 NBC, Mobile WSFA 12 NBC, Montgomery PBS / Alabama Public Television WBIQ 10 PBS, Birmingham WIIQ 41 PBS, Demopolis WDIQ 2 PBS, Dozier WFIQ 36 PBS, Florence WHIQ 25 PBS, Huntsville WGIQ 43 PBS, Louisville WEIQ 42 PBS, Mobile WAIQ 26 PBS, Montgomery WCIQ 7 PBS, Mount Cheaha The CW WTTO 21, Homewood/Birmingham WTVY 4.3, Dothan WHDF 15, Florence/Huntsville WFNA 55, Gulf Shores /Mobile/Pensacola, FL WDBB 17, Tuscaloosa WBMM 22, Tuskegee/Montgomery Viewers in eastern Alabama are served by stations in Atlanta and Columbus, Georgia . Culture ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (March 2017) Literature ( edit ) Main article: Alabama literature Sports ( edit ) College sports ( edit ) Bryant-- Denny Stadium at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa College football is popular in Alabama, particularly the University of Alabama Crimson Tide and Auburn University Tigers , rivals in the Southeastern Conference . In the 2013 season, Alabama averaged over 100,000 fans per game and Auburn averaged over 80,000 fans, both numbers among the top 20 in the nation in average attendance. Bryant-- Denny Stadium is the home of the Alabama football team, and has a seating capacity of 101,821, and is the fifth largest stadium in America. Jordan-Hare Stadium is the home field of the Auburn football team and seats up to 87,451. Legion Field is home for the UAB Blazers football program and the Birmingham Bowl . It seats 71,594. Ladd-- Peebles Stadium in Mobile is the home of the University of South Alabama football team, and serves as the home of the NCAA Senior Bowl , Dollar General Bowl (formerly GoDaddy.com Bowl), and Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic; the stadium seats 40,646. In 2009, Bryant-- Denny Stadium and Jordan-Hare Stadium became the homes of the Alabama High School Athletic Association state football championship games, after previously being held at Legion Field in Birmingham. Professional sports ( edit ) Main article: List of professional sports teams in Alabama Regions Field in Birmingham Hank Aaron Stadium in Mobile Alabama has several professional and semi-professional sports teams, including three minor league baseball teams. Club City Sport League Venue Birmingham Barons Birmingham Baseball Southern League (AA) Regions Field Huntsville Havoc Huntsville Ice hockey Southern Professional Hockey League Von Braun Center Mobile BayBears Mobile Baseball Southern League (AA) Hank Aaron Stadium Montgomery Biscuits Montgomery Baseball Southern League (AA) Montgomery Riverwalk Stadium Birmingham Hammers Birmingham Soccer National Premier Soccer League Sicard Hollow Athletic Complex Tennessee Valley Tigers Huntsville Football Independent Women's Football League Milton Frank Stadium The Talladega Superspeedway motorsports complex hosts a series of NASCAR events. It has a seating capacity of 143,000 and is the thirteenth largest stadium in the world and sixth largest stadium in America. Also, the Barber Motorsports Park has hosted IndyCar Series and Rolex Sports Car Series races. The ATP Birmingham was a World Championship Tennis tournament held from 1973 to 1980. Alabama has hosted several professional golf tournaments, such as the 1984 and 1990 PGA Championship at Shoal Creek , the Barbasol Championship ( PGA Tour ), the Mobile LPGA Tournament of Champions , Airbus LPGA Classic and Yokohama Tire LPGA Classic ( LPGA Tour ), and The Tradition ( Champions Tour ). Transportation ( edit ) Terminal at the Montgomery Regional Airport in Montgomery. Interstate 59 (co-signed with Interstate 20 ) approaching Interstate 65 in downtown Birmingham. Aerial view of the port of Mobile. Main article: Transportation in Alabama Aviation ( edit ) Main article: Aviation in Alabama Major airports with sustained commercial operations in Alabama include Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport (BHM), Huntsville International Airport (HSV), Dothan Regional Airport (DHN), Mobile Regional Airport (MOB), Montgomery Regional Airport (MGM), and Muscle Shoals -- Northwest Alabama Regional Airport (MSL). Rail ( edit ) For rail transport, Amtrak schedules the Crescent , a daily passenger train, running from New York to New Orleans with station stops at Anniston , Birmingham , and Tuscaloosa . Roads ( edit ) Alabama has six major interstate roads that cross the state: Interstate 65 (I-65) travels north-- south roughly through the middle of the state; I-20 / I-59 travel from the central west Mississippi state line to Birmingham, where I-59 continues to the north-east corner of the state and I-20 continues east towards Atlanta; I-85 originates in Montgomery and travels east-northeast to the Georgia state line, providing a main thoroughfare to Atlanta; and I-10 traverses the southernmost portion of the state, traveling from west to east through Mobile. I-22 enters the state from Mississippi and connects Birmingham with Memphis, Tennessee . In addition, there are currently five auxiliary interstate routes in the state: I-165 in Mobile, I-359 in Tuscaloosa, I-459 around Birmingham, I-565 in Decatur and Huntsville, and I-759 in Gadsden. A sixth route, I-685 , will be formed when I-85 is rerouted along a new southern bypass of Montgomery. A proposed northern bypass of Birmingham will be designated as I-422 . Since a direct connection from I-22 to I-422 will not be possible, I-222 has been proposed, as well. Several U.S. Highways also pass through the state, such as U.S. Route 11 (US-11), US-29 , US-31 , US-43 , US-45 , US-72 , US-78 , US-80 , US-82 , US-84 , US-90 , US-98 , US-231 , US-278 , US-280 , US-331 , US-411 , and US-431 . There are four toll roads in the state: Montgomery Expressway in Montgomery ; Tuscaloosa Bypass in Tuscaloosa ; Emerald Mountain Expressway in Wetumpka ; and Beach Express in Orange Beach . Ports ( edit ) The Port of Mobile , Alabama's only saltwater port, is a large seaport on the Gulf of Mexico with inland waterway access to the Midwest by way of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway . The Port of Mobile was ranked 12th by tons of traffic in the United States during 2009. The newly expanded container terminal at the Port of Mobile was ranked as the 25th busiest for container traffic in the nation during 2011. The state's other ports are on rivers with access to the Gulf of Mexico. Water ports of Alabama, listed from north to south: Port name Location Connected to Port of Florence Florence / Muscle Shoals , on Pickwick Lake Tennessee River Port of Decatur Decatur , on Wheeler Lake Tennessee River Port of Guntersville Guntersville , on Lake Guntersville Tennessee River Port of Birmingham Birmingham , on Black Warrior River Tenn-Tom Waterway Port of Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa , on Black Warrior River Tenn-Tom Waterway Port of Montgomery Montgomery , on Woodruff Lake Alabama River Port of Mobile Mobile , on Mobile Bay Gulf of Mexico See also ( edit ) Alabama portal Outline of Alabama -- organized list of topics about Alabama Index of Alabama-related articles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephens, Challen (19 October 2015). `` A look at the languages spoken in Alabama and the drop in the Spanish speaking population'' . AL.com . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State of Alabama'' . The Battle of Gettysburg . Retrieved July 21, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates'' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 22, 2017 . Retrieved June 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income'' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cheehahaw'' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved October 20, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: `` Elevations and Distances in the United States'' . United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011 . Retrieved October 21, 2011 . Jump up ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Transportation Overview'' (PDF) . Economic Development Partnership of Alabama . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama'' . QuickFacts . United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012 . Retrieved September 22, 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomason, Michael (2001). Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City . Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 2-- 21. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 . ^ Jump up to: `` Alabama Occupational Projections 2008-2018'' (PDF) . Alabama Department of Industrial Relations . State of Alabama. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2013 . Retrieved September 22, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Read, William A. (1984). Indian Place Names in Alabama . University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0231-X . OCLC 10724679 . Jump up ^ Sylestine, Cora; Hardy; Heather; and Montler, Timothy (1993). Dictionary of the Alabama Language . Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-73077-2 . OCLC 26590560 . Archived from the original on October 24, 2008. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Alabama, n. and adj.'' . OED Online. March 2016. Oxford University Press. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/248152?redirectedFrom=alabama& (accessed April 22, 2016) ^ Jump up to: `` Alabama: The State Name'' . All About Alabama . Alabama Department of Archives and History. Archived from the original on June 28, 2007 . Retrieved August 2, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: Wills, Charles A. (1995). A Historical Album of Alabama . The Millbrook Press. ISBN 1-56294-591-2 . OCLC 32242468 . Jump up ^ Griffith, Lucille (1972). Alabama: A Documentary History to 1900 . University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0371-5 . OCLC 17530914 . Jump up ^ and possibly Alabahmu . The use of state names derived from Native American languages is common in the US; an estimated 27 states have names of Native American origin. Weiss, Sonia (1999). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Baby Names . Mcmillan USA. ISBN 0-02-863367-9 . OCLC 222611214 . ^ Jump up to: Rogers, William W.; Robert D. Ward; Leah R. Atkins; Wayne Flynt (1994). Alabama: the History of a Deep South State . University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0712-5 . OCLC 28634588 . ^ Jump up to: Swanton, John R. (1953). `` The Indian Tribes of North America'' . Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin . 145 : 153-- 174. hdl : 2027/mdp.39015005395804 . Archived from the original on August 4, 2007 . Retrieved August 2, 2007 . ^ Jump up to: Swanton, John R. (1937). `` Review of Read, Indian Place Names of Alabama'' . American Speech. 12 (12): 212-- 215. doi : 10.2307/452431 . JSTOR 452431 . Jump up ^ William A. Read (1994). `` Southeastern Indian Place Names in what is now Alabama'' (PDF) . Indian Place Names in Alabama . Alabama Department of Archives and History . Retrieved October 3, 2011 . Jump up ^ Bright, William (2004). Native American placenames of the United States . University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 29-- 559. ISBN 0-8061-3576-X . Jump up ^ `` Alabama'' . The New York Times Almanac 2004 . August 11, 2006. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013 . Retrieved September 23, 2006 . Jump up ^ Welch, Paul D. (1991). Moundville's Economy . University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0512-2 . OCLC 21330955 . Jump up ^ Walthall, John A. (1990). Prehistoric Indians of the Southeast-Archaeology of Alabama and the Middle South . University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0552-1 . OCLC 26656858 . Jump up ^ Townsend, Richard F. (2004). Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand . Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10601-7 . OCLC 56633574 . Jump up ^ edited by F. Kent Reilly III and James F. Garber ; foreword by Vincas P. Steponaitis. (2004). F. Kent Reilly and James Garber, eds. Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms . University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71347-5 . OCLC 70335213 . CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Alabama Indian Tribes'' . Indian Tribal Records . AccessGenealogy.com. 2006. Archived from the original on October 12, 2006 . Retrieved September 23, 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama State History'' . theUS50.com. Archived from the original on August 25, 2006 . Retrieved September 23, 2006 . ^ Jump up to: `` Alabama History Timeline'' . Alabama Department of Archives and History . Retrieved July 27, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Thomason, Michael (2001). Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City . Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. p. 61. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Historical Association Marker Program: Washington County'' . Archives.state.al.us. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011 . Retrieved June 1, 2011 . Jump up ^ Clark, Thomas D.; John D.W. Guice (1989). The Old Southwest 1795-- 1830: Frontiers in Conflict . Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 44-- 65, 210-- 257. ISBN 0-8061-2836-4 . Jump up ^ Hamilton, Peter Joseph (1910). Colonial Mobile: An Historical Study of the Alabama-Tombigbee Basin and the Old South West from the Discovery of the Spiritu Sancto in 1519 until the Demolition of Fort Charlotte in 1821 . Boston: Hougthon Mifflin. pp. 241-- 244. OCLC 49073155 . Jump up ^ Cadle, Farris W (1991). Georgia Land Surveying History and Law . Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press. ^ Jump up to: Pickett, Albert James (1851). History of Alabama and incidentally of Georgia and Mississippi, from the earliest period . Charleston: Walker and James. pp. 408-- 428. Jump up ^ `` The Pine Barrens Speculation and Yazoo Land Fraud'' . About North Georgia . Retrieved July 27, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Old St. Stephens'' . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Auburn University . Retrieved June 21, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Huntsville'' . The Encyclopedia of Alabama . Alabama Humanities Foundation . Retrieved January 22, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Old Cahawba, Alabama's first state capital, 1820 to 1826'' . Old Cahawba: A Cahawba Advisory Committee Project . Retrieved September 22, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: LeeAnna Keith (October 13, 2011). `` Alabama Fever'' . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Auburn University . Retrieved September 22, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Fever'' . Alabama Department of Archives and History . State of Alabama. 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Jump up ^ Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama, State Bird of Alabama, Yellowhammer . Alabama State Archives Jump up ^ `` 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865)'' . Historical Documents . HistoricalDocuments.com. 2005. Archived from the original on October 31, 2006 . Retrieved September 23, 2006 . ^ Jump up to: `` Reconstruction in Alabama: A Quick Summary'' . Alabama Moments in American History . Alabama Department of Archives and History . Retrieved September 22, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Blaine Amendment Update (July 00)'' . Schoolreport.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011 . Retrieved June 1, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: `` Jim Crow Laws in Alabama'' . Emmett Till, It All Began with a Whistle . Classroomhelp . Retrieved September 22, 2012 . Jump up ^ Morgan Kousser. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South , New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974 ^ Jump up to: Glenn Feldman. The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama . Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004, p. 136. Jump up ^ `` Segregation (Jim Crow)'' . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Retrieved 2018-05-26 . ^ Jump up to: `` The Rosenwald School Building Fund and Associated Buildings MPS'' . `` National Register Information System'' . Retrieved October 3, 2012 . Jump up ^ Hine, Darlene; Hine, William; Harrold, Stanley (2012). African Americans: A Concise History (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. pp. 388-- 389. ISBN 9780205806270 . Jump up ^ `` Great Migration African-American history'' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2018-05-26 . ^ Jump up to: Resident Population Data. `` Resident Population Data -- 2010 Census'' . 2010.census.gov. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011 . Retrieved January 31, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham Encyclopedia of Alabama'' . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Retrieved 2018-05-26 . 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Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. pp. 1-- 3, 60. ISBN 978-0-81735-1304 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Wildlife and their Conservation Status'' . Outdoor Alabama . Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012 . Retrieved October 16, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the Atlas'' . Alabama Plant Atlas . Alabama Herbarium Consortium and University of West Alabama . Retrieved October 16, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mammals'' . Outdoor Alabama . Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Jump up ^ `` Reptiles'' . Outdoor Alabama . Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Jump up ^ `` Amphibians'' . Outdoor Alabama . Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Jump up ^ `` Birds'' . Outdoor Alabama . Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Jump up ^ `` Alabama Snails and Mussels'' . Outdoor Alabama . Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. 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Mobile, Alabama: Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim. pp. 1-- 7. Jump up ^ `` Synagogues in Alabama'' . Kosher Delight . Retrieved September 8, 2012 . Jump up ^ Kay Campbell (February 29, 2012). `` Survey: U.S. Muslims grow by 30 percent since 2000'' . The Huntsville Times . Retrieved September 8, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hindu Temples in the South East: catering to the needs of NRI and Indians in US'' . GaramChai . Retrieved September 22, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of Hindu Mandir & Cultural Center'' . Hindu Mandir & Cultural Center . Retrieved September 22, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dharma Centers and Organizations in Alabama'' . Manjushri Buddhist Community . AcuMaestro . Retrieved September 22, 2012 . Jump up ^ Frye Gaillard (December 2007). `` After the Storms: Tradition and Change in Bayou La Batre'' . Journal of American History . Organization of American Historians. Archived from the original on December 1, 2012 . Retrieved September 22, 2012 . 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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010. Archived from the original on October 18, 2011. Jump up ^ `` CDC national chart on diabetes'' . Apps.nccd.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011 . Retrieved June 1, 2011 . Jump up ^ Ijaz, Ahmad; Addy, Samuel N. (July 6, 2009). `` Food Production in Alabama'' . The Encyclopedia of Alabama . Auburn University . Retrieved September 22, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GDP by State (2008)'' . Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Accounts . June 2, 2009 . Retrieved October 9, 2009 . full release with tables Jump up ^ `` United States Census Bureau'' . State and County Quick Facts . Archived from the original on February 26, 2012 . Retrieved February 25, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Local Area Unemployment Statistics -- Alabama'' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved June 15, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Labor Statistics Data'' . United States Department of Labor . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kasperkevic, Jana (February 26, 2016). `` Alabama passes law banning cities and towns from increasing minimum wage'' -- via The Guardian. Jump up ^ Aneesa McMillan. `` Top of the List: Alabama's largest employers '' (April 22, 2011). Birmingham Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` Alabama's Largest Employers'' . Birmingham Business Journal . American Registry. April 2011 . Retrieved September 19, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama and CBER: 75 Years of Change'' (PDF) . Alabama Business . Center for Business and Economic Research, Culverhouse College of Commerce, The University of Alabama. 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2006 . Retrieved September 23, 2006 . Jump up ^ `` State Highlights for 2004-- 2005'' (PDF) . Alabama Cooperative Extension System . USDA, NASS, Alabama Statistical Office. 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2006 . Retrieved September 23, 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Vehicle Technologies Program: Fact #539: October 6, 2008, Light Vehicle Production by State'' ...eere.energy.gov. October 6, 2008. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008 . Retrieved October 24, 2010 . Jump up ^ McCreless, Patrick (October 31, 2012). `` Automakers account for about a third of the state's industrial expansion'' . The Anniston Star . Archived from the original on October 22, 2013 . Retrieved June 15, 2013 . Jump up ^ Kent, Dawn (April 2, 2013). `` U.S. auto sales see gains in March, as Alabama-made models rise 4 percent'' . AL.com . Retrieved June 15, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ThyssenKrupp's Alabama incentive package tops $811 million'' . Press-Register . May 11, 2007. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011 . Retrieved July 22, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New owners of ThyssenKrupp stainless steel division plan visit in June'' . Press-Register . May 31, 2012 . Retrieved June 15, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Report: ThyssenKrupp gets final bids for Steel Americas plants'' . AL.com. March 1, 2013 . Retrieved June 15, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama: Ende 2014 bei voller Kapazität - stahl-online.de'' . stahl-online.de . Retrieved July 21, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hunt Refining Company .'' Linkedin. Jump up ^ `` Company Overview .'' JVC America, Inc. Jump up ^ Melissa Nelson-Gabriel (July 2, 2012). `` Airbus to Build 1st US Assembly Plant in Alabama'' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 2, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Airbus confirms its first US factory to build A320 jet'' . BBC News . July 2, 2012 . Retrieved July 2, 2012 . Jump up ^ Nicola Clark. `` EADS to Build United States Assembly Line for Airbus A320'' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 2, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Airbus Appoints Program Manager for its Mobile Assembly Line'' . Airbus . Retrieved February 7, 2013 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Alabama . Alabama Tourism Department (ATD) Jump up ^ Fahrenthold, David A. (May 2, 2010). `` Obama to survey environmental damage in gulf'' . Washington, DC: Washington Pose. p. A6. Jump up ^ `` Planning Your Alabama Visit'' . alabama.travel.com . Sweet Home Alabama . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Verified Trauma Centers'' . American College of Surgeons, Verified Trauma Centers . December 30, 2010 . Retrieved January 9, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` College Research Data'' . University of Texas . Archived from the original on April 4, 2012 . Retrieved April 18, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UAB -- Human Resources -- Home'' . uab.edu . Retrieved July 21, 2015 . Jump up ^ Tim Lockette, Is the Alabama Constitution the longest constitution in the world?Truth Rating: 4 out of 5 , Anniston Star . Jump up ^ Campbell Robertson, Alabama Simmers Before Vote on Its Constitution's Racist Language , New York Times , October 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Roig-Franzia, Manuel (November 28, 2004). `` Alabama Vote Opens Old Racial Wounds'' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 10, 2012 . Retrieved September 22, 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Alabama -- 1901'' . The Alabama Legislative Information System . Archived from the original on September 23, 2006 . Retrieved September 22, 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Citizens for Constitutional Reform'' . Constitutionalreform.org. Archived from the original on September 15, 2010 . Retrieved October 24, 2010 . Jump up ^ Lee, McDowell (2009). `` Alabama's Legislative Process'' . State of Alabama. Archived from the original on January 2, 2011. ^ Jump up to: Judicial Selection in the States: Alabama Archived October 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. , American Judicature Society. Jump up ^ SARA RIMER, `` Questions of Death Row Justice For Poor People in Alabama'' . New York Times , 1 March 2000. Accessed 11 March 2017. ^ Jump up to: Rebecca Buckwalter-Poza (2014-07-27). `` With Judges Overriding Death Penalty Cases, Alabama Is An Outlier'' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2016-07-21 . 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CensusScope.org Jump up ^ This figure refers to only the number of students paddled, and does not refer to the number of instances of corporal punishment, which would be higher. ^ Jump up to: Farrell, Colin (February 2016). `` Corporal punishment in US schools'' . World Corporal Punishment Research . Retrieved April 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Directory of Alabama Colleges and Universities'' . Alabama Commission on Higher Education. Archived from the original on October 11, 2013 . Retrieved July 28, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The University of Alabama'' . www.ua.edu . Jump up ^ `` History in the making'' . University of North Alabama. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011 . Retrieved July 22, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Mission Statement of Spring Hill College: History'' . Spring Hill College. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011 . Retrieved July 22, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Members'' . Association for Biblical Higher Education. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011 . Retrieved June 24, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Membership Directory'' (PDF) . Council on Operational Education. November 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 5, 2011 . Retrieved August 5, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ACICS Website Directory'' (PDF) . Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools. July 20, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 5, 2011 . Retrieved August 5, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Public Schools'' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on September 18, 2011 . Retrieved September 17, 2011 . Jump up ^ National University Rankings Top National Universities US News Best Colleges . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved on July 12, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Alabama'' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved March 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` APT -- WGIQ Channel 43 Television'' . www.stationindex.com . Retrieved 2017-05-12 . Jump up ^ 2013 NATIONAL COLLEGE FOOTBALL ATTENDANCE , NCAA.org. Retrieved August 18, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Bryant-- Denny Stadium'' . RollTide.com . University of Alabama . Retrieved July 28, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium List: 100 000+ Stadiums'' . World Stadiums . Retrieved February 10, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan-Hare Stadium'' . Auburn Athletics . Auburn University . Retrieved July 28, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Legion Field'' . UABSports.com . University of Alabama at Birmingham. Archived from the original on May 25, 2013 . Retrieved July 28, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Ladd Peebles Stadium'' . Laddpeeblesstadium.com. January 23, 2012 . Retrieved February 10, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Super 6 leaving Birmingham for Bryant-Denny, Jordan-Hare stadiums al.com'' . Blog.al.com . Retrieved February 10, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1086. Top U.S. Ports by Tons of Traffic: 2009'' (PDF) . U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Retrieved July 22, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Waterborne Container Traffic by Port/Waterway in 2011 (Loaded and Empty TEUS)'' . U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Retrieved July 22, 2013 . `` Alabama - History and Culture.'' Adventure Tourism -- Experiential Travel Guides. Accessed: March 31, 2017. Further reading ( edit ) For a detailed bibliography, see the History of Alabama . Atkins, Leah Rawls, Wayne Flynt, William Warren Rogers, and David Ward. Alabama: The History of a Deep South State (1994) Flynt, Wayne. Alabama in the Twentieth Century (2004) Owen Thomas M. History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography 4 vols. 1921. Jackson, Harvey H. Inside Alabama: A Personal History of My State (2004) Mohl, Raymond A. `` Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late-twentieth-century Alabama'' Alabama Review 2002 55(4): 243-- 274. ISSN 0002-4341 Peirce, Neal R. The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States (1974). Information on politics and economics 1960-- 72. Williams, Benjamin Buford. A Literary History of Alabama: The Nineteenth Century 1979. WPA. Guide to Alabama (1939) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAlabamaat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Alabama at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) Alabama State Guide, from the Library of Congress All About Alabama , at the Alabama Department of Archives and History Code of Alabama 1975 -- at the Alabama Legislature site USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Alabama Alabama QuickFacts from the U.S. Census Bureau Alabama State Fact Sheet from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Geographic data related to Alabama at OpenStreetMap Preceded by Illinois List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Admitted on December 14, 1819 (22nd) Succeeded by Maine ( hide ) Topics related to Alabama The Yellowhammer State , The Heart of Dixie , The Cotton State ( hide ) State of Alabama Montgomery (capital) Topics Index Aviation Climate Delegations Geography Geology Government Governors History National Register of Historic Places Media Newspapers Radio TV People Sports Symbols Transportation Seal of Alabama Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Elections Politics Regions North Alabama Central Alabama South Alabama Birmingham District Black Belt Canebrake Cumberland Plateau Eastern Shore Gulf Coastal Plain Piedmont Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians Tennessee Valley Wiregrass Flora and fauna Amphibians Gardens Mammals Reptiles Trees Largest cities Birmingham Montgomery Mobile Huntsville Tuscaloosa Hoover Dothan Auburn Decatur Madison Metros Birmingham-- Hoover Huntsville Mobile Montgomery Tuscaloosa Daphne-Fairhope-Foley Decatur Auburn-Opelika Dothan Florence-Muscle Shoals Anniston-Oxford-Jacksonville Gadsden Counties Autauga Baldwin Barbour Bibb Blount Bullock Butler Calhoun Chambers Cherokee Chilton Choctaw Clarke Clay Cleburne Coffee Colbert Conecuh Coosa Covington Crenshaw Cullman Dale Dallas DeKalb Elmore Escambia Etowah Fayette Franklin Geneva Greene Hale Henry Houston Jackson Jefferson Lamar Lauderdale Lawrence Lee Limestone Lowndes Macon Madison Marengo Marion Marshall Mobile Monroe Montgomery Morgan Perry Pickens Pike Randolph Russell Shelby St. Clair Sumter Talladega Tallapoosa Tuscaloosa Walker Washington Wilcox Winston Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Alabama Randall Woodfin (D) ( Birmingham ) Todd Strange (R) ( Montgomery ) Sandy Stimpson (R) ( Mobile ) Tommy Battle (R) ( Huntsville ) Protected areas of Alabama Federal National Parks and Historic Sites Horseshoe Bend Tuskegee Airmen Tuskegee Institute National Monuments Birmingham Civil Rights Freedom Riders Russell Cave National Forests Conecuh Talladega Tuskegee William B. Bankhead National Wildlife Refuges Bon Secour Cahaba River Choctaw Eufaula Fern Cave Key Cave Mountain Longleaf Sauta Cave Watercress Darter Wheeler Wilderness areas Cheaha Wilderness Dugger Mountain Wilderness Sipsey Wilderness National Wild and Scenic Rivers Sipsey Fork Other protected areas Little River Canyon National Preserve Natchez Trace Trail Pinhoti National Recreation Trail Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail Weeks Bay Reserve State State Parks Bladon Springs Blue Springs Buck's Pocket Cathedral Caverns Chattahoochee Cheaha Chewacla Chickasaw DeSoto Florala Frank Jackson Gulf Joe Wheeler Lake Guntersville Lake Lurleen Lakepoint Meaher Monte Sano Oak Mountain Paul M. Grist Rickwood Caverns Roland Cooper Wind Creek State Forests Choccolocco Hauss Geneva Little River Macon Weogufka Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources ( web ) Southern United States Topics Culture Cuisine Geography Economy Government and Politics History Sports States Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Major cities Atlanta Birmingham Charleston Charleston(WV) Charlotte Columbia Dallas Fort Worth Greensboro Houston Jacksonville Little Rock Louisville Memphis Miami Nashville New Orleans Norfolk Oklahoma City Orlando Raleigh Richmond Tampa Tulsa State capitals Atlanta Austin Baton Rouge Charleston Charleston(WV) Columbia Jackson Little Rock Montgomery Nashville Raleigh Richmond Oklahoma City Tallahassee New Spain (1521-- 1821) Conflicts Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire → Spanish conquest of Guatemala → Spanish conquest of Yucatán → Anglo-Spanish War (1585-- 1604) → Anglo-Spanish War (1625-- 30) → Dutch Revolt → Anglo-Spanish War (1654-- 60) → Piracy in the Caribbean → Queen Anne's War → War of Jenkins' Ear → Seven Years' War → Spanish involvement in the American Revolutionary War Conflicts with indigenous peoples during colonial rule Mixtón War → Yaqui Wars → Chichimeca War → Philippine revolts against Spain → Acaxee Rebellion → Spanish-- Moro conflict → Acoma Massacre → Tepehuán Revolt → Tzeltal Rebellion → Pueblo Revolt → Pima Revolt → Spanish American wars of independence Government and administration Central government Habsburg Spain Charles I Joanna of Castile Philip II Philp III Philip IV Charles II Bourbon Spain Philip V ( also reigned after Louis I ) Louis I Ferdinand VI Charles III Charles IV Ferdinand VII of Spain ( also reigned after Joseph I ) Viceroys of New Spain List of viceroys of New Spain Audiencias Guadalajara Captaincy General of Guatemala Manila Mexico Santo Domingo Captancies General Cuba Guatemala Philippines Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Yucatán Provincias Internas Intendancy Havana New Orleans State of Mexico Chiapas Comayagua Nicaragua Camagüey Santiago de Cuba Guanajuato Valladolid Guadalajara Zacatecas San Luis Potosí Veracruz Puebla Oaxaca Durango Sonora Mérida , Yucatán Politics Viceroy Gobernaciones Adelantado Captain general Corregidor (position) Cabildo Encomienda Treaties Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Zaragoza Peace of Westphalia Treaty of Ryswick Treaty of Utrecht Congress of Breda Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762) Treaty of Paris (1783) Treaty of Córdoba Adams-- Onís Treaty Notable cities, provinces, & territories Cities Mexico City Veracruz Xalapa Puebla Toluca Cuernavaca Oaxaca Morelia Acapulco Campeche Mérida Guadalajara Durango Monterrey León Guanajuato Zacatecas Pachuca Querétaro Saltillo San Luis Potosí Los Ángeles Yerba Buena (San Francisco) San José San Diego Santa Fe Albuquerque El Paso Los Adaes San Antonio Tucson Pensacola St. Augustine Havana Santo Domingo San Juan Antigua Guatemala Cebu Manila Provinces & territories La Florida Las Californias Santa Fe de Nuevo México Alta California Baja California Tejas Nueva Galicia Nueva Vizcaya Nueva Extremadura New Kingdom of León Cebu Bulacan Pampanga Other areas Spanish Formosa Explorers, adventurers & conquistadors Pre-New Spain explorers Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastián Elcano Vasco Núñez de Balboa Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Explorers & conquistadors Hernán Cortés Juan Ponce de León Nuño de Guzmán Bernal Díaz del Castillo Pedro de Alvarado Pánfilo de Narváez Hernando de Soto Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo Miguel López de Legazpi Ángel de Villafañe Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Luis de Carabajal y Cueva Juan de Oñate Juan José Pérez Hernández Gaspar de Portolà Manuel Quimper Cristóbal de Oñate Andrés de Urdaneta Ruy López de Villalobos Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador) Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua) Gil González Dávila Francisco de Ulloa Juan José Pérez Hernández Dionisio Alcalá Galiano Bruno de Heceta Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra Alonso de León Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán José de Bustamante y Guerra José María Narváez Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa Antonio Gil Y'Barbo Alexander von Humboldt Thomas Gage Catholic Church in New Spain Spanish missions in the Americas Spanish missions in Arizona Spanish missions in Baja California Spanish missions in California Spanish missions in the Carolinas Spanish missions in Florida Spanish missions in Georgia Spanish missions in Louisiana Spanish missions in Mexico Spanish missions in New Mexico Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert Spanish missions in Texas Spanish missions in Virginia Spanish missions in Trinidad Friars, fathers, priests, & bishops Pedro de Gante Gerónimo de Aguilar Toribio de Benavente Motolinia Bernardino de Sahagún Juan de Zumárraga Alonso de Montúfar Vasco de Quiroga Bartolomé de las Casas Alonso de Molina Diego Durán Diego de Landa Gerónimo de Mendieta Juan de Torquemada Juan de Palafox y Mendoza Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora Eusebio Kino Francisco Javier Clavijero Junípero Serra Francisco Palóu Fermín Lasuén Esteban Tápis José Francisco de Paula Señan Mariano Payeras Sebastián Montero Marcos de Niza Francisco de Ayeta Antonio Margil Francisco Marroquín Manuel Abad y Queipo Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla José María Morelos Other events Suppression of the Jesuits California mission clash of cultures Cargo system Indian Reductions Society and culture Indigenous peoples Mesoamerican Aztec Maya Huastec Mixtec P'urhépecha Totonac Pipil Kowoj K'iche ' Kaqchikel Zapotec Poqomam Mam Caribbean Arawak Ciboney Guanajatabey California Mission Indians Cahuilla Chumash Cupeño Juaneño Kumeyaay Luiseño Miwok Mohave Ohlone Serrano Tongva Southwestern Apache Coahuiltecan Cocopa Comanche Hopi Hualapai La Junta Navajo Pima Puebloan Quechan Solano Yaqui Zuni North-Northwest Mexico Acaxee Chichimeca 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Towns Acadia ( Port Royal ) Canada Quebec Trois-Rivières Montreal Détroit Île Royale Louisbourg Louisiana Mobile Biloxi New Orleans Newfoundland Plaisance List of towns Forts Fort Rouillé Fort Michilimackinac Fort de Buade Fort de Chartres Fort Detroit Fort Carillon Fort Condé Fort Duquesne Fortress of Louisbourg Castle Hill Fort St. Louis (Illinois) Fort St. Louis (Texas) List of Forts Government Canada Governor General Intendant Sovereign Council Bishop of Quebec Governor of Trois-Rivières Governor of Montreal Acadia Governor Lieutenant-General Newfoundland Governor Lieutenant-General Louisiana Governor Intendant Superior Council Île Royale Governor Intendant Superior Council Law Intendancy Superior Council Admiralty court Provostship Officiality Seigneurial court Bailiff Maréchaussée Code Noir Economy Seigneurial system Fur trade Company of 100 Associates Crozat's Company Mississippi Company Compagnie de l'Occident Chemin du Roy Coureur des bois Voyageurs Society Population 1666 census Habitants King's Daughters Casquette girls Métis Amerindians Slavery Plaçage Gens de couleur libres Religious orders Jesuit missions Récollets Grey Nuns Ursulines Sulpicians War and peace Military of New France Intercolonial Wars French and Iroquois Wars Great Upheaval Great Peace of Montreal Schenectady massacre Deerfield massacre Related French colonization of the Americas French colonial empire History of Quebec History of the Acadians History of the French-Americans French West Indies Carib Expulsion Atlantic slave trade Portal Commons Political divisions of the Confederate States (1861-- 65) States Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia States in exile Kentucky Missouri Territory Arizona Territory Admitted to the Union June 20, 1863. Organized January 18, 1862. Political divisions of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington, D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Indian reservations List of Indian reservations Coordinates : 32° 42′ N 86° 42′ W  /  32.7° N 86.7° W  / 32.7; -86.7 BNE : XX450675 BNF : cb12065837f (data) GND : 4084839-5 ISNI : 0000 0004 0405 8517 LCCN : n79027034 NARA : 10044371 NDL : 00795011 NLA : 36524757 SELIBR : 139062 SUDOC : 176550216 VIAF : 131885589 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama&oldid=843413172 '' Categories : Alabama 1819 establishments in the United States Southern United States States and territories established in 1819 States of the Confederate States States of the Gulf Coast of the United States States of the United States U.S. states with multiple time zones Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2016 Articles containing Latin-language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1999 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Articles to be expanded from March 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца )‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 客家 語 /Hak-kâ -ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ /inuktitut Iñupiak Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кырык мары Ladino لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs La .lojban. 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-2610078505928254520
island nation woth a cross on its flag crossword
The Colony of Tasmania bordered only by the Colony of Victoria ( on Boundary Islet ) , until the creation of the commonwealth of Australia .
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[ "The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for stand - alone lists . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` List of countries that border only one other country '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for stand - alone lists . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` List of countries that border only one other country '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This is the list of countries that border only one other country , with only land borders being counted . Some of these countries have several neighbours `` across the sea '' . As an example Denmark `` borders '' Sweden and Norway by sea , and Canada has sea boundaries with Denmark ( between Baffin Island and Greenland ) and France ( between the island of Newfoundland and the territory of St. Pierre and Miquelon ) . Other countries , such as Sri Lanka , border only one other country by sea .", "There are generally three possible arrangements by which a country can have a single border . The first is with a divided island such a Haiti and the Dominican Republic , or Ireland and the United Kingdom . The second is a peninsular relationship , where the first country borders the second and is otherwise surrounded by sea , while the second country borders other countries , as with Portugal and Spain , Denmark and Germany , or Canada and the United States . The third is the circumstance where the first country is a small country that is landlocked and completely surrounded by the second , larger country , as with The Vatican and Italy , or Lesotho and South Africa .", "Territory leased or ceded by one country to another for perpetual use , but not in sovereignty , such as Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba , or memorials , such as the American Cemetery in France , do not constitute true territorial borders , because the land occupied remains a formal part of the host country .", "This list is based on the Correlates of War Direct Contiguity data set , with causeways and bridges not being counted .", "Country Neighbour Border length ( km ) Border length ( mi ) Notes Brunei Malaysia 381 237 Canada United States 8,893 5,526 Denmark Germany 68 42 Dominican Republic Haiti 360 220 The Gambia Senegal 740 460 Haiti Dominican Republic 360 220 Ireland United Kingdom 360 220 Lesotho South Africa 909 565 Monaco France 4.4 2.7 Papua New Guinea Indonesia 820 510 Portugal Spain 1,214 754 Qatar Saudi Arabia 60 37 San Marino Italy 39 24 South Korea North Korea 238 148 Timor - Leste Indonesia 228 142 United Kingdom Ireland 360 220 Vatican City Italy 3.2 2.0", "Country Neighbour Border length ( km ) Border length ( mi ) Notes", "Brunei Malaysia 381 237", "Canada United States 8,893 5,526", "Denmark Germany 68 42", "Dominican Republic Haiti 360 220", "The Gambia Senegal 740 460", "Haiti Dominican Republic 360 220", "Ireland United Kingdom 360 220", "Lesotho South Africa 909 565", "Monaco France 4.4 2.7", "Papua New Guinea Indonesia 820 510", "Portugal Spain 1,214 754", "Qatar Saudi Arabia 60 37", "San Marino Italy 39 24", "South Korea North Korea 238 148", "Timor - Leste Indonesia 228 142", "United Kingdom Ireland 360 220", "Vatican City Italy 3.2 2.0", "Borders relevant to this list may include short borders in the middle of man - made constructions . Artificial islands and causeways are permanent geographic features .", "Denmark : in addition to its border with Germany , technically also has an extremely short border with Sweden across the Øresund Bridge . Singapore : although an island nation with no natural land borders , is connected to Malaysia by the Johor Causeway and the Malaysia -- Singapore Second Link . United Kingdom : in addition to its border with Ireland , has a border with France in the Channel Tunnel . Bahrain : although an island nation with no natural land borders , it is connected to Saudi Arabia by the King Fahd Causeway at Passport Island .", "Denmark : in addition to its border with Germany , technically also has an extremely short border with Sweden across the Øresund Bridge .", "Singapore : although an island nation with no natural land borders , is connected to Malaysia by the Johor Causeway and the Malaysia -- Singapore Second Link .", "United Kingdom : in addition to its border with Ireland , has a border with France in the Channel Tunnel .", "Bahrain : although an island nation with no natural land borders , it is connected to Saudi Arabia by the King Fahd Causeway at Passport Island .", "In some cases , a dependent territory of one nation borders another nation .", "Akrotiri and Dhekelia : British sovereign base areas , border the Republic of Cyprus . Dhekelia also borders the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , but the latter is recognised only by Turkey . French Southern and Antarctic Lands : Adélie Land , France 's ( largely unrecognised ) claim in Antarctica borders only the Australian Antarctic Territory . ( It also touches other claims at the South Pole . ) Gibraltar : a British overseas territory , occupies a small peninsula and has a 1.2 km ( 0.75 mi ) land border with Spain . Greenland : a constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark , has a border dispute with Canada around the area of Hans Island . Canada recognises the international border as crossing through the middle of the Island . Hong Kong : comprising a continental portion and more than 200 islands in the South China Sea , was formerly ceded and leased by Qing China to the United Kingdom . It was returned to the People 's Republic of China in 1997 , but has since then operated with its own judicial system under the policy of `` One Country , Two Systems '' . The land border and coastline , although no longer one between two states , are still controlled as though Hong Kong were an international exclave . Macau : comprises a peninsula and one island in the South China Sea , 60 km ( 37 mi ) west of Hong Kong , and like Hong Kong was formerly administered by a colonial power ( in this case , Portugal ) but returned to the People 's Republic of China in 1999 . It too has its own judicial system and retains border and coastal controls similar to those of an exclave . Ross Dependency : New Zealand 's ( largely unrecognised ) territorial claim in Antarctica borders only the Australian Antarctic Territory and the unclaimed Marie Byrd Land . ( It also touches other claims at the South Pole . ) / Saint Martin : The island is split between two island territories : the northern half , Saint - Martin , is a French overseas collectivity ; the southern half , Sint Maarten , is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands .", "Akrotiri and Dhekelia : British sovereign base areas , border the Republic of Cyprus . Dhekelia also borders the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , but the latter is recognised only by Turkey .", "French Southern and Antarctic Lands : Adélie Land , France 's ( largely unrecognised ) claim in Antarctica borders only the Australian Antarctic Territory . ( It also touches other claims at the South Pole . )", "Gibraltar : a British overseas territory , occupies a small peninsula and has a 1.2 km ( 0.75 mi ) land border with Spain .", "Greenland : a constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark , has a border dispute with Canada around the area of Hans Island . Canada recognises the international border as crossing through the middle of the Island .", "Hong Kong : comprising a continental portion and more than 200 islands in the South China Sea , was formerly ceded and leased by Qing China to the United Kingdom . It was returned to the People 's Republic of China in 1997 , but has since then operated with its own judicial system under the policy of `` One Country , Two Systems '' . The land border and coastline , although no longer one between two states , are still controlled as though Hong Kong were an international exclave .", "Macau : comprises a peninsula and one island in the South China Sea , 60 km ( 37 mi ) west of Hong Kong , and like Hong Kong was formerly administered by a colonial power ( in this case , Portugal ) but returned to the People 's Republic of China in 1999 . It too has its own judicial system and retains border and coastal controls similar to those of an exclave .", "Ross Dependency : New Zealand 's ( largely unrecognised ) territorial claim in Antarctica borders only the Australian Antarctic Territory and the unclaimed Marie Byrd Land . ( It also touches other claims at the South Pole . )", "/ Saint Martin : The island is split between two island territories : the northern half , Saint - Martin , is a French overseas collectivity ; the southern half , Sint Maarten , is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands .", "There were many countries that historically had only one neighbour . Some no longer exist while others now have either no land borders or borders with more than one nation due to border changes .", "Korea bordered only China for several hundred years before 1860 , after which a second international border with Russia appeared ( approx. 17 km ( 11 mi ) long ) , according to the Convention of Peking . Following the division of Korea in 1945 only North Korea now shares this border . Ciskei , one of the South African `` independent '' homelands , reincorporated on April 27 , 1994 . Venda , one of the South African `` independent '' homelands , was a true enclave bordering only South Africa and separated narrowly from Zimbabwe by the Madimbo corridor to the north ; reincorporated on April 27 , 1994 . Dominion of Newfoundland , with Canada , until March 31 , 1949 when it became the Canadian province of Newfoundland ( now named Newfoundland and Labrador ) . The Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England bordered each other until 1707 when Scotland and England were united by the Acts of Union , see Anglo - Scottish border . Japan bordered Russia on the island of Sakhalin from 1905 until 1910 , when a second border with Manchuria ( China ) and the Russian Far East appeared upon Japan 's annexation of Korea . Both Sakhalin and Korea were relinquished in 1945 . ( See Karafuto Prefecture and Empire of Japan ) . Weihaiwei , 1898 -- 1930 , British colony on a leased territory from Manchu Qing Empire . Transferred to the Republic of China in 1930 . The Colony of Tasmania bordered only by the Colony of Victoria ( on Boundary Islet ) , until the creation of the commonwealth of Australia .", "Korea bordered only China for several hundred years before 1860 , after which a second international border with Russia appeared ( approx. 17 km ( 11 mi ) long ) , according to the Convention of Peking . Following the division of Korea in 1945 only North Korea now shares this border .", "Ciskei , one of the South African `` independent '' homelands , reincorporated on April 27 , 1994 .", "Venda , one of the South African `` independent '' homelands , was a true enclave bordering only South Africa and separated narrowly from Zimbabwe by the Madimbo corridor to the north ; reincorporated on April 27 , 1994 .", "Dominion of Newfoundland , with Canada , until March 31 , 1949 when it became the Canadian province of Newfoundland ( now named Newfoundland and Labrador ) .", "The Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England bordered each other until 1707 when Scotland and England were united by the Acts of Union , see Anglo - Scottish border .", "Japan bordered Russia on the island of Sakhalin from 1905 until 1910 , when a second border with Manchuria ( China ) and the Russian Far East appeared upon Japan 's annexation of Korea . Both Sakhalin and Korea were relinquished in 1945 . ( See Karafuto Prefecture and Empire of Japan ) .", "Weihaiwei , 1898 -- 1930 , British colony on a leased territory from Manchu Qing Empire . Transferred to the Republic of China in 1930 .", "The Colony of Tasmania bordered only by the Colony of Victoria ( on Boundary Islet ) , until the creation of the commonwealth of Australia ." ]
List of countries that border only one other country - Wikipedia List of countries that border only one other country Jump to: navigation , search The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for stand-alone lists . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources: `` List of countries that border only one other country'' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR (July 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is the list of countries that border only one other country , with only land borders being counted. Some of these countries have several neighbours `` across the sea'' . As an example Denmark `` borders'' Sweden and Norway by sea, and Canada has sea boundaries with Denmark (between Baffin Island and Greenland ) and France (between the island of Newfoundland and the territory of St. Pierre and Miquelon ). Other countries, such as Sri Lanka, border only one other country by sea. There are generally three possible arrangements by which a country can have a single border. The first is with a divided island such a Haiti and the Dominican Republic , or Ireland and the United Kingdom . The second is a peninsular relationship, where the first country borders the second and is otherwise surrounded by sea, while the second country borders other countries, as with Portugal and Spain , Denmark and Germany , or Canada and the United States . The third is the circumstance where the first country is a small country that is landlocked and completely surrounded by the second, larger country, as with The Vatican and Italy , or Lesotho and South Africa . Territory leased or ceded by one country to another for perpetual use, but not in sovereignty, such as Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba , or memorials, such as the American Cemetery in France, do not constitute true territorial borders, because the land occupied remains a formal part of the host country. This list is based on the Correlates of War Direct Contiguity data set, with causeways and bridges not being counted. Contents ( hide ) 1 Countries bordering only one other country 2 Causeways, bridges, and tunnels 3 Dependent territories 4 Historical 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Countries bordering only one other country ( edit ) Country Neighbour Border length (km) Border length (mi) Notes Brunei Malaysia 381 237 Canada United States 8,893 5,526 Denmark Germany 68 42 Dominican Republic Haiti 360 220 The Gambia Senegal 740 460 Haiti Dominican Republic 360 220 Ireland United Kingdom 360 220 Lesotho South Africa 909 565 Monaco France 4.4 2.7 Papua New Guinea Indonesia 820 510 Portugal Spain 1,214 754 Qatar Saudi Arabia 60 37 San Marino Italy 39 24 South Korea North Korea 238 148 Timor-Leste Indonesia 228 142 United Kingdom Ireland 360 220 Vatican City Italy 3.2 2.0 Causeways, bridges, and tunnels ( edit ) Passport Island, site of the land border between Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, is seen at the far left. Each nation has a border checkpoint on the island on opposite sides of the border. Borders relevant to this list may include short borders in the middle of man-made constructions. Artificial islands and causeways are permanent geographic features. Denmark : in addition to its border with Germany , technically also has an extremely short border with Sweden across the Øresund Bridge . Singapore : although an island nation with no natural land borders, is connected to Malaysia by the Johor Causeway and the Malaysia-- Singapore Second Link . United Kingdom : in addition to its border with Ireland , has a border with France in the Channel Tunnel . Bahrain : although an island nation with no natural land borders, it is connected to Saudi Arabia by the King Fahd Causeway at Passport Island . Dependent territories ( edit ) In some cases, a dependent territory of one nation borders another nation. Akrotiri and Dhekelia : British sovereign base areas, border the Republic of Cyprus . Dhekelia also borders the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , but the latter is recognised only by Turkey. French Southern and Antarctic Lands : Adélie Land , France 's (largely unrecognised) claim in Antarctica borders only the Australian Antarctic Territory . (It also touches other claims at the South Pole .) Gibraltar : a British overseas territory , occupies a small peninsula and has a 1.2 km (0.75 mi) land border with Spain . Greenland : a constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark, has a border dispute with Canada around the area of Hans Island . Canada recognises the international border as crossing through the middle of the Island. Hong Kong : comprising a continental portion and more than 200 islands in the South China Sea , was formerly ceded and leased by Qing China to the United Kingdom . It was returned to the People's Republic of China in 1997, but has since then operated with its own judicial system under the policy of `` One Country, Two Systems '' . The land border and coastline, although no longer one between two states, are still controlled as though Hong Kong were an international exclave. Macau : comprises a peninsula and one island in the South China Sea , 60 km (37 mi) west of Hong Kong, and like Hong Kong was formerly administered by a colonial power (in this case, Portugal ) but returned to the People's Republic of China in 1999. It too has its own judicial system and retains border and coastal controls similar to those of an exclave. Ross Dependency : New Zealand 's (largely unrecognised) territorial claim in Antarctica borders only the Australian Antarctic Territory and the unclaimed Marie Byrd Land . (It also touches other claims at the South Pole .) / Saint Martin : The island is split between two island territories: the northern half, Saint-Martin , is a French overseas collectivity ; the southern half, Sint Maarten , is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . Historical ( edit ) There were many countries that historically had only one neighbour. Some no longer exist while others now have either no land borders or borders with more than one nation due to border changes. Korea bordered only China for several hundred years before 1860, after which a second international border with Russia appeared (approx. 17 km (11 mi) long), according to the Convention of Peking . Following the division of Korea in 1945 only North Korea now shares this border. Ciskei , one of the South African `` independent'' homelands , reincorporated on April 27, 1994. Venda , one of the South African `` independent'' homelands , was a true enclave bordering only South Africa and separated narrowly from Zimbabwe by the Madimbo corridor to the north; reincorporated on April 27, 1994. Dominion of Newfoundland , with Canada , until March 31, 1949 when it became the Canadian province of Newfoundland (now named Newfoundland and Labrador ). The Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England bordered each other until 1707 when Scotland and England were united by the Acts of Union , see Anglo-Scottish border . Japan bordered Russia on the island of Sakhalin from 1905 until 1910, when a second border with Manchuria (China) and the Russian Far East appeared upon Japan's annexation of Korea. Both Sakhalin and Korea were relinquished in 1945. (See Karafuto Prefecture and Empire of Japan ). Weihaiwei , 1898-- 1930, British colony on a leased territory from Manchu Qing Empire. Transferred to the Republic of China in 1930. The Colony of Tasmania bordered only by the Colony of Victoria (on Boundary Islet ), until the creation of the commonwealth of Australia. See also ( edit ) Enclave and exclave Island country Land borders Landlocked country List of countries and territories by land and maritime borders List of enclaves and exclaves List of island countries List of divided islands List of political and geographic borders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Borders the Malaysian state of Sarawak on the island of Borneo . Jump up ^ The border around the area of Hans Island between Canada and Greenland (a constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark) is disputed and undefined. Canada also shares a small maritime border with the French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon . Jump up ^ Since 1999, Denmark is connected to Sweden via the Øresund Bridge , which was opened in the year 2000. ^ Jump up to: On the island of Hispaniola . Jump up ^ The Republic of the Gambia is bordered north, south and east by Senegal. Jump up ^ The Republic of Ireland borders Northern Ireland, a constituent country of the United Kingdom, on the island of Ireland . Jump up ^ Lesotho is an enclave which is entirely surrounded by South Africa. Jump up ^ On the island of New Guinea . Jump up ^ The planned Qatar-- Bahrain Friendship Bridge would connect Qatar to Bahrain . Jump up ^ San Marino is an enclave entirely surrounded by Italy. Jump up ^ On the Korean Peninsula , at the Demarcation Line . The two countries are separated by a 4 km wide Demilitarized Zone . Jump up ^ On the island of Timor . Jump up ^ On the island of Ireland . The British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Akrotiri and Dhekelia border Spain and Cyprus respectively, but these territories are not part of the United Kingdom proper (see #Dependent territories section). Jump up ^ The Vatican is an enclave entirely surrounded by Italy. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Direct Contiguity Data, 1816-2016. Version 3.2'' . Correlates of War Project . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_that_border_only_one_other_country&oldid=840508938 '' Categories : Lists of countries by geography Border-related lists Hidden categories: Articles with topics of unclear notability from July 2010 All articles with topics of unclear notability All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2012 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Norsk Português Suomi తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018, at 10:33. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who did we fight in world war one
Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days )
[ [ "28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "World War I Clockwise from the top : The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme , Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line , HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles , a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme , Albatros D. III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11 Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days ) Location Europe , Africa , the Middle East , the Pacific Islands , China , Indian Ocean , and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied victory Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... ) Belligerents Allied Powers France British Empire Russia ( until 1917 ) Serbia Montenegro Belgium Japan Italy ( 1915 -- 18 ) Portugal ( 1916 -- 18 ) Romania ( 1916 -- 18 ) Hejaz ( 1916 -- 18 ) United States ( 1917 -- 18 ) Greece ( 1917 -- 18 ) Siam ( 1917 -- 18 ) ... and others Central Powers German Empire Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria ( 1915 -- 18 ) ... and co-belligerents Commanders and leaders Allied leaders Georges Clemenceau Raymond Poincaré H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Vittorio Orlando Victor Emmanuel III Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I ... and others Central Powers leaders Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I † Karl I Mehmed V † Three Pashas Ferdinand I ... and others Strength 12,000,000 8,841,541 8,660,000 5,615,140 4,743,826 1,234,000 800,000 707,343 380,000 250,000 50,000 Total : 42,959,850 13,250,000 7,800,000 2,998,321 1,200,000 Total : 25,248,321 Casualties and losses Military dead : 5,525,000 Military wounded : 12,831,500 Military missing : 4,121,000 Total : 22,477,500 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details . Military dead : 4,386,000 Military wounded : 8,388,000 Military missing : 3,629,000 Total : 16,403,000 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details . Theatres of World War I European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean", "World War I Clockwise from the top : The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme , Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line , HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles , a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme , Albatros D. III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11 Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days ) Location Europe , Africa , the Middle East , the Pacific Islands , China , Indian Ocean , and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied victory Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... ) Belligerents Allied Powers France British Empire Russia ( until 1917 ) Serbia Montenegro Belgium Japan Italy ( 1915 -- 18 ) Portugal ( 1916 -- 18 ) Romania ( 1916 -- 18 ) Hejaz ( 1916 -- 18 ) United States ( 1917 -- 18 ) Greece ( 1917 -- 18 ) Siam ( 1917 -- 18 ) ... and others Central Powers German Empire Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria ( 1915 -- 18 ) ... and co-belligerents Commanders and leaders Allied leaders Georges Clemenceau Raymond Poincaré H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Vittorio Orlando Victor Emmanuel III Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I ... and others Central Powers leaders Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I † Karl I Mehmed V † Three Pashas Ferdinand I ... and others Strength 12,000,000 8,841,541 8,660,000 5,615,140 4,743,826 1,234,000 800,000 707,343 380,000 250,000 50,000 Total : 42,959,850 13,250,000 7,800,000 2,998,321 1,200,000 Total : 25,248,321 Casualties and losses Military dead : 5,525,000 Military wounded : 12,831,500 Military missing : 4,121,000 Total : 22,477,500 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details . Military dead : 4,386,000 Military wounded : 8,388,000 Military missing : 3,629,000 Total : 16,403,000 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details .", "World War I Clockwise from the top : The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme , Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line , HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles , a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme , Albatros D. III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11 Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days ) Location Europe , Africa , the Middle East , the Pacific Islands , China , Indian Ocean , and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied victory Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... ) Belligerents Allied Powers France British Empire Russia ( until 1917 ) Serbia Montenegro Belgium Japan Italy ( 1915 -- 18 ) Portugal ( 1916 -- 18 ) Romania ( 1916 -- 18 ) Hejaz ( 1916 -- 18 ) United States ( 1917 -- 18 ) Greece ( 1917 -- 18 ) Siam ( 1917 -- 18 ) ... and others Central Powers German Empire Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria ( 1915 -- 18 ) ... and co-belligerents Commanders and leaders Allied leaders Georges Clemenceau Raymond Poincaré H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Vittorio Orlando Victor Emmanuel III Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I ... and others Central Powers leaders Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I † Karl I Mehmed V † Three Pashas Ferdinand I ... and others Strength 12,000,000 8,841,541 8,660,000 5,615,140 4,743,826 1,234,000 800,000 707,343 380,000 250,000 50,000 Total : 42,959,850 13,250,000 7,800,000 2,998,321 1,200,000 Total : 25,248,321 Casualties and losses Military dead : 5,525,000 Military wounded : 12,831,500 Military missing : 4,121,000 Total : 22,477,500 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details . Military dead : 4,386,000 Military wounded : 8,388,000 Military missing : 3,629,000 Total : 16,403,000 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details .", "World War I", "Clockwise from the top : The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme , Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line , HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles , a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme , Albatros D. III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11", "Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days ) Location Europe , Africa , the Middle East , the Pacific Islands , China , Indian Ocean , and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied victory Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... )", "Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days ) Location Europe , Africa , the Middle East , the Pacific Islands , China , Indian Ocean , and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied victory Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... )", "Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days )", "Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days )", "Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months )", "Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days )", "Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days )", "Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week )", "Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days )", "United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days )", "United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days )", "United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day )", "Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days )", "Location Europe , Africa , the Middle East , the Pacific Islands , China , Indian Ocean , and off the coast of South and North America", "Result Allied victory Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... )", "Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... )", "Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front", "Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires", "Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union", "Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East", "Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers", "Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... )", "Belligerents", "Allied Powers France British Empire Russia ( until 1917 ) Serbia Montenegro Belgium Japan Italy ( 1915 -- 18 ) Portugal ( 1916 -- 18 ) Romania ( 1916 -- 18 ) Hejaz ( 1916 -- 18 ) United States ( 1917 -- 18 ) Greece ( 1917 -- 18 ) Siam ( 1917 -- 18 ) ... and others Central Powers German Empire Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria ( 1915 -- 18 ) ... and co-belligerents", "France British Empire Russia ( until 1917 ) Serbia Montenegro Belgium Japan Italy ( 1915 -- 18 ) Portugal ( 1916 -- 18 ) Romania ( 1916 -- 18 ) Hejaz ( 1916 -- 18 ) United States ( 1917 -- 18 ) Greece ( 1917 -- 18 ) Siam ( 1917 -- 18 ) ... and others", "Russia ( until 1917 )", "Italy ( 1915 -- 18 )", "Portugal ( 1916 -- 18 )", "Romania ( 1916 -- 18 )", "Hejaz ( 1916 -- 18 )", "United States ( 1917 -- 18 )", "Greece ( 1917 -- 18 )", "Siam ( 1917 -- 18 )", "... and others", "German Empire Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria ( 1915 -- 18 ) ... and co-belligerents", "Austria - Hungary", "Bulgaria ( 1915 -- 18 )", "... and co-belligerents", "Commanders and leaders", "Allied leaders Georges Clemenceau Raymond Poincaré H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Vittorio Orlando Victor Emmanuel III Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I ... and others Central Powers leaders Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I † Karl I Mehmed V † Three Pashas Ferdinand I ... and others", "Georges Clemenceau Raymond Poincaré H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Vittorio Orlando Victor Emmanuel III Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I ... and others", "David Lloyd George", "Victor Emmanuel III", "... and others", "Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I † Karl I Mehmed V † Three Pashas Ferdinand I ... and others", "Franz Joseph I †", "Mehmed V †", "... and others", "Strength", "12,000,000 8,841,541 8,660,000 5,615,140 4,743,826 1,234,000 800,000 707,343 380,000 250,000 50,000 Total : 42,959,850 13,250,000 7,800,000 2,998,321 1,200,000 Total : 25,248,321", "12,000,000 8,841,541 8,660,000 5,615,140 4,743,826 1,234,000 800,000 707,343 380,000 250,000 50,000", "13,250,000 7,800,000 2,998,321 1,200,000", "Casualties and losses", "Military dead : 5,525,000 Military wounded : 12,831,500 Military missing : 4,121,000 Total : 22,477,500 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details . Military dead : 4,386,000 Military wounded : 8,388,000 Military missing : 3,629,000 Total : 16,403,000 KIA , WIA or MIA ... further details .", "Military dead : 5,525,000 Military wounded : 12,831,500 Military missing : 4,121,000 Total : 22,477,500 KIA , WIA or MIA", "Military dead : 5,525,000", "Military wounded : 12,831,500", "Military missing : 4,121,000", "Total : 22,477,500 KIA , WIA or MIA", "Military dead : 4,386,000 Military wounded : 8,388,000 Military missing : 3,629,000 Total : 16,403,000 KIA , WIA or MIA", "Military dead : 4,386,000", "Military wounded : 8,388,000", "Military missing : 3,629,000", "Total : 16,403,000 KIA , WIA or MIA", "Theatres of World War I European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean", "Theatres of World War I European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean", "Theatres of World War I", "", "European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean", "European", "Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans", "Middle Eastern", "Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia", "Sinai and Palestine", "African", "South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa", "South - West Africa", "Asian and Pacific theatre", "Asian and Pacific theatre", "Naval theaters", "U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean", "Events leading to World War I Triple Alliance 1882 Franco - Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo - German naval arms race 1898 -- 1912 Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902 - 1903 Entente Cordiale 1904 Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905 First Moroccan Crisis 1905 -- 1906 Anglo - Russian Entente 1907 Bosnian crisis 1908 -- 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 Italo - Turkish War 1911 -- 1912 Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914", "Events leading to World War I", "Triple Alliance 1882 Franco - Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo - German naval arms race 1898 -- 1912 Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902 - 1903 Entente Cordiale 1904 Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905 First Moroccan Crisis 1905 -- 1906 Anglo - Russian Entente 1907 Bosnian crisis 1908 -- 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 Italo - Turkish War 1911 -- 1912 Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914", "Triple Alliance 1882 Franco - Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo - German naval arms race 1898 -- 1912 Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902 - 1903 Entente Cordiale 1904 Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905 First Moroccan Crisis 1905 -- 1906 Anglo - Russian Entente 1907 Bosnian crisis 1908 -- 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 Italo - Turkish War 1911 -- 1912 Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914", "Triple Alliance 1882", "Franco - Russian Alliance 1894", "Anglo - German naval arms race 1898 -- 1912", "Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902 - 1903", "Entente Cordiale 1904", "Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905", "First Moroccan Crisis 1905 -- 1906", "Anglo - Russian Entente 1907", "Bosnian crisis 1908 -- 1909", "Agadir Crisis 1911", "Italo - Turkish War 1911 -- 1912", "Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913", "Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914", "July Crisis 1914", "", "", "World War I ( WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War , the Great War , or the War to End All Wars , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . More than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history . Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war ( including the victims of a number of genocides ) , a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication , and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare . It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history , and paved the way for major political changes , including revolutions in many of the nations involved . Unresolved rivalries still extant at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War only twenty - one years later .", "The war drew in all the world 's economic great powers , assembled in two opposing alliances : the Allies ( based on the Triple Entente of the Russian Empire , the French Third Republic , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ) versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria - Hungary . Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance alongside Germany and Austria - Hungary , it did not join the Central Powers , as Austria - Hungary had taken the offensive against the terms of the alliance . These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war : Italy , Japan and the United States joined the Allies , while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers .", "The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , heir to the throne of Austria - Hungary , by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 . This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria - Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia , and entangled international alliances formed over the previous decades were invoked . Within weeks , the major powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world .", "On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July the Austro - Hungarians declared war on Serbia . Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise , and when this was refused , declared war on Russia on 1 August . Being outnumbered on the Eastern Front , Russia urged its Triple Entente ally France to open up a second front in the west . Over forty years earlier in 1870 , the Franco - Prussian War had ended the Second French Empire and France had ceded the provinces of Alsace - Lorraine to a unified Germany . Bitterness over that defeat and the determination to retake Alsace - Lorraine made the acceptance of Russia 's plea for help an easy choice , so France began full mobilisation on 1 August and , on 3 August , Germany declared war on France . The border between France and Germany was heavily fortified on both sides so , according to the Schlieffen Plan , Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France from the north , leading the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany on 4 August due to their violation of Belgian neutrality . After the German march on Paris was halted in the Battle of the Marne , what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition , with a trench line that changed little until 1917 . On the Eastern Front , the Russian army led a successful campaign against the Austro - Hungarians , but the Germans stopped its invasion of East Prussia in the battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes . In November 1914 , the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers , opening fronts in the Caucasus , Mesopotamia and the Sinai . In 1915 , Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers ; Romania joined the Allies in 1916 , as did the United States in 1917 .", "The Russian government collapsed in March 1917 , and a revolution in November followed by a further military defeat brought the Russians to terms with the Central Powers via the Treaty of Brest Litovsk , which granted the Germans a significant victory . After a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918 , the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives . On 4 November 1918 , the Austro - Hungarian empire agreed to an armistice , and Germany , which had its own trouble with revolutionaries , agreed to an armistice on 11 November 1918 , ending the war in victory for the Allies .", "By the end of the war or soon after , the German Empire , Russian Empire , Austro - Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ceased to exist . National borders were redrawn , with several independent nations restored or created , and Germany 's colonies were parceled out among the victors . During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , the Big Four ( Britain , France , the United States and Italy ) imposed their terms in a series of treaties . The League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict . This effort failed , and economic depression , renewed nationalism , weakened successor states , and feelings of humiliation ( particularly in Germany ) eventually contributed to the start of World War II .", "From the time of its start until the approach of World War II , the First World War was called simply the World War or the Great War and thereafter the First World War or World War I . At the time , it was also sometimes called `` the war to end war '' or `` the war to end all wars '' due to its then - unparalleled scale and devastation .", "In Canada , Maclean 's magazine in October 1914 wrote , `` Some wars name themselves . This is the Great War . '' During the interwar period ( 1918 -- 1939 ) , the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English - speaking countries .", "The term `` First World War '' was first used in September 1914 by the German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel , who claimed that `` there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared ' European War ' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word , '' citing a wire service report in The Indianapolis Star on 20 September 1914 . After the onset of the Second World War in 1939 , the terms World War I or the First World War became standard , with British and Canadian historians favouring the First World War , and Americans World War I .", "During the 19th century , the major European powers went to great lengths to maintain a balance of power throughout Europe , resulting in the existence of a complex network of political and military alliances throughout the continent by 1900 . These began in 1815 , with the Holy Alliance between Prussia , Russia , and Austria . When Germany was united in 1871 , Prussia became part of the new German nation . Soon after , in October 1873 , German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors ( German : Dreikaiserbund ) between the monarchs of Austria - Hungary , Russia and Germany . This agreement failed because Austria - Hungary and Russia could not agree over Balkan policy , leaving Germany and Austria - Hungary in an alliance formed in 1879 , called the Dual Alliance . This was seen as a method of countering Russian influence in the Balkans as the Ottoman Empire continued to weaken . This alliance expanded in 1882 to include Italy , in what became the Triple Alliance .", "Bismarck had especially worked to hold Russia at Germany 's side in an effort to avoid a two - front war with France and Russia . When Wilhelm II ascended to the throne as German Emperor ( Kaiser ) , Bismarck was compelled to retire and his system of alliances was gradually de-emphasised . For example , the Kaiser refused , in 1890 , to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia . Two years later , the Franco - Russian Alliance was signed to counteract the force of the Triple Alliance . In 1904 , Britain signed a series of agreements with France , the Entente Cordiale , and in 1907 , Britain and Russia signed the Anglo - Russian Convention . While these agreements did not formally ally Britain with France or Russia , they made British entry into any future conflict involving France or Russia a possibility , and the system of interlocking bilateral agreements became known as the Triple Entente .", "German industrial and economic power had grown greatly after unification and the foundation of the Empire in 1871 following the Franco - Prussian War . From the mid-1890s on , the government of Wilhelm II used this base to devote significant economic resources for building up the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial German Navy ) , established by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , in rivalry with the British Royal Navy for world naval supremacy . As a result , each nation strove to out - build the other in capital ships . With the launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906 , the British Empire expanded on its significant advantage over its German rival . The arms race between Britain and Germany eventually extended to the rest of Europe , with all the major powers devoting their industrial base to producing the equipment and weapons necessary for a pan-European conflict . Between 1908 and 1913 , the military spending of the European powers increased by 50 % .", "Austria - Hungary precipitated the Bosnian crisis of 1908 -- 1909 by officially annexing the former Ottoman territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina , which it had occupied since 1878 . This angered the Kingdom of Serbia and its patron , the Pan-Slavic and Orthodox Russian Empire . Russian political manoeuvring in the region destabilised peace accords that were already fracturing in the Balkans , which came to be known as the `` powder keg of Europe . '' In 1912 and 1913 , the First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan League and the fracturing Ottoman Empire . The resulting Treaty of London further shrank the Ottoman Empire , creating an independent Albanian state while enlarging the territorial holdings of Bulgaria , Serbia , Montenegro , and Greece . When Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913 , it lost most of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece , and Southern Dobruja to Romania in the 33 - day Second Balkan War , further destabilising the region . The Great Powers were able to keep these Balkan conflicts contained , but the next one would spread throughout Europe and beyond .", "On 28 June 1914 , Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited the Bosnian capital , Sarajevo . A group of six assassins ( Cvjetko Popović , Gavrilo Princip , Muhamed Mehmedbašić , Nedeljko Čabrinović , Trifko Grabež , Vaso Čubrilović ) from the Yugoslavist group Mlada Bosna , supplied by the Serbian Black Hand , had gathered on the street where the Archduke 's motorcade would pass , with the intention of assassinating him . Čabrinović threw a grenade at the car , but missed . Some nearby were injured by the blast , but Ferdinand 's convoy carried on . The other assassins failed to act as the cars drove past them .", "About an hour later , when Ferdinand was returning from a visit at the Sarajevo Hospital with those wounded in the assassination attempt , the convoy took a wrong turn into a street where , by coincidence , Princip stood . With a pistol , Princip shot and killed Ferdinand and his wife Sophie . The reaction among the people in Austria was mild , almost indifferent . As historian Zbyněk Zeman later wrote , `` the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever . On Sunday and Monday ( 28 and 29 June ) , the crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine , as if nothing had happened . '' . Nevertheless , the political impact of the murder of the heir to the throne was significant and has been described as a `` 9 / 11 effect , a terrorist event charged with historic meaning , transforming the political chemistry in Vienna . And although they were not personally close , the Emperor Franz Joseph was profoundly shocked and upset .", "The Austro - Hungarian authorities encouraged the subsequent anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , in which Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks killed two Bosnian Serbs and damaged numerous Serb - owned buildings . Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were also organized outside Sarajevo , in other cities in Austro - Hungarian - controlled Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia . Austro - Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned and extradited approximately 5,500 prominent Serbs , 700 to 2,200 of whom died in prison . A further 460 Serbs were sentenced to death . A predominantly Bosniak special militia known as the Schutzkorps was established and carried out the persecution of Serbs .", "The assassination led to a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria - Hungary , Germany , Russia , France and Britain , called the July Crisis . Believing correctly that Serbian officials ( especially the officers of the Black Hand ) were involved in the plot to murder the Archduke , and wanting to finally end Serbian interference in Bosnia , Austria - Hungary delivered to Serbia on 23 July the July Ultimatum , a series of ten demands that were made intentionally unacceptable , in an effort to provoke a war with Serbia . The next day , after the Council of Ministers of Russia was held under the chairmanship of the Tsar at Krasnoe Selo , Russia ordered general mobilization for Odessa , Kiev , Kazan and Moscow military districts , and fleets of the Baltic and the Black Sea . They also asked other regions to accelerate preparations for general mobilization . Serbia decreed general mobilization on the 25th . The Serbs drafted their reply to the ultimatum in such a way as to give the impression of making significant concessions but , as Christopher Clark states , `` this was a highly perfumed rejection on most points '' . This included article six , which demanded that Austrian delegates be allowed in Serbia for the purpose of participation in the investigation into the assassination . Following this , Austria broke off diplomatic relations with Serbia and , the next day ordered a partial mobilization . Finally , on 28 July 1914 , Austria - Hungary declared war on Serbia .", "On 25 July , Russia , in support of its Serb protégé , unilaterally declared -- outside of the conciliation procedure provided by the Franco - Russian military agreements -- partial mobilization against Austria - Hungary . On the 30th , Russia ordered general mobilization against Germany . German Chancellor Bethmann - Hollweg waited until the 31st for an appropriate response , when Germany declared a `` state of danger of war '' . Kaiser Wilhelm II asked his cousin , Tsar Nicolas II , to suspend the Russian general mobilization . When he refused , Germany issued an ultimatum demanding its mobilization be stopped , and a commitment not to support Serbia . Another was sent to France , asking her not to support Russia if it were to come to the defence of Serbia . On 1 August , after the Russian response , Germany mobilized and declared war on Russia . This also led to the general mobilization in Austria - Hungary on 4 August .", "The German government issued demands to France that it remain neutral as they had to decide which deployment plan to implement , it being difficult if not impossible to change the deployment whilst it was underway . The modified German Schlieffen Plan , Aufmarsch II West , would deploy 80 % of the army in the west , and Aufmarsch I Ost and Aufmarsch II Ost would deploy 60 % in the west and 40 % in the east as this was the maximum that the East Prussian railway infrastructure could carry . The French did not respond , but sent a mixed message by ordering their troops to withdraw 10 km ( 6 mi ) from the border to avoid any incidents , and at the same time ordered the mobilisation of her reserves . Germany responded by mobilising its own reserves and implementing Aufmarsch II West . On 1 August Wilhelm ordered General Moltke to `` march the whole of the ... army to the East '' after he had been wrongly informed that the British would remain neutral as long as France was not attacked . The General convinced the Kaiser that improvising the redeployment of a million men was unthinkable and that making it possible for the French to attack the Germans `` in the rear '' might prove disastrous . Yet Wilhelm insisted that the German army should not march into Luxembourg until he received a telegram sent by his cousin George V , who made it clear that there had been a misunderstanding . Eventually the Kaiser told Molkte , `` Now you can do what you want . '' Germany attacked Luxembourg on 2 August , and on 3 August declared war on France . On 4 August , after Belgium refused to permit German troops to cross its borders into France , Germany declared war on Belgium as well . Britain declared war on Germany at 19 : 00 UTC on 4 August 1914 ( effective from 11 pm ) , following an `` unsatisfactory reply '' to the British ultimatum that Belgium must be kept neutral .", "The strategy of the Central Powers suffered from miscommunication . Germany had promised to support Austria - Hungary 's invasion of Serbia , but interpretations of what this meant differed . Previously tested deployment plans had been replaced early in 1914 , but those had never been tested in exercises . Austro - Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank against Russia . Germany , however , envisioned Austria - Hungary directing most of its troops against Russia , while Germany dealt with France . This confusion forced the Austro - Hungarian Army to divide its forces between the Russian and Serbian fronts .", "Austria invaded and fought the Serbian army at the Battle of Cer and Battle of Kolubara beginning on 12 August . Over the next two weeks , Austrian attacks were thrown back with heavy losses , which marked the first major Allied victories of the war and dashed Austro - Hungarian hopes of a swift victory . As a result , Austria had to keep sizable forces on the Serbian front , weakening its efforts against Russia . Serbia 's defeat of the Austro - Hungarian invasion of 1914 counts among the major upset victories of the twentieth century .", "At the outbreak of World War I , 80 % of the German army was deployed as seven field armies in the west according to the plan Aufmarsch II West . However , they were then assigned to execute the retired deployment plan Aufmarsch I West , also known as the Schlieffen Plan . This would march German armies through northern Belgium and into France , in an attempt to encircle the French army and then breach the ' second defensive area ' of the fortresses of Verdun and Paris and the Marne river .", "Aufmarsch I West was one of four deployment plans available to the German General Staff in 1914 . Each plan favoured certain operations , but did not specify exactly how those operations were to be carried out , leaving the commanding officers to carry those out at their own initiative and with minimal oversight . Aufmarsch I West , designed for a one - front war with France , had been retired once it became clear it was irrelevant to the wars Germany could expect to face ; both Russia and Britain were expected to help France , and there was no possibility of Italian nor Austro - Hungarian troops being available for operations against France . But despite its unsuitability , and the availability of more sensible and decisive options , it retained a certain allure due to its offensive nature and the pessimism of pre-war thinking , which expected offensive operations to be short - lived , costly in casualties , and unlikely to be decisive . Accordingly , the Aufmarsch II West deployment was changed for the offensive of 1914 , despite its unrealistic goals and the insufficient forces Germany had available for decisive success . Moltke took Schlieffen 's plan and modified the deployment of forces on the western front by reducing the right wing , the one to advance through Belgium , from 85 % to 70 % . In the end , the Schlieffen plan was so radically modified by Moltke , that it could be more properly called the Moltke Plan .", "The plan called for the right flank of the German advance to bypass the French armies concentrated on the Franco - German border , defeat the French forces closer to Luxembourg and Belgium and move south to Paris . Initially the Germans were successful , particularly in the Battle of the Frontiers ( 14 -- 24 August ) . By 12 September , the French , with assistance from the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) , halted the German advance east of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne ( 5 -- 12 September ) and pushed the German forces back some 50 km ( 31 mi ) . The French offensive into southern Alsace , launched on 20 August with the Battle of Mulhouse , had limited success .", "In the east , Russia invaded with two armies . In response , Germany rapidly moved the 8th Field Army from its previous role as reserve for the invasion of France to East Prussia by rail across the German Empire . This army , led by general Paul von Hindenburg , defeated Russia in a series of battles collectively known as the First Battle of Tannenberg ( 17 August -- 2 September ) . While the Russian invasion failed , it caused the diversion of German troops to the east , allowing the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne . This meant Germany failed to achieve its objective of avoiding a long , two - front war . However , the German army had fought its way into a good defensive position inside France and effectively halved France 's supply of coal . It had also killed or permanently crippled 230,000 more French and British troops than it itself had lost . Despite this , communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of a more decisive outcome .", "New Zealand occupied German Samoa ( later Western Samoa ) on 30 August 1914 . On 11 September , the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force landed on the island of Neu Pommern ( later New Britain ) , which formed part of German New Guinea . On 28 October , the German cruiser SMS Emden sank the Russian cruiser Zhemchug in the Battle of Penang . Japan seized Germany 's Micronesian colonies and , after the Siege of Tsingtao , the German coaling port of Qingdao on the Chinese Shandong peninsula . As Vienna refused to withdraw the Austro - Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth from Tsingtao , Japan declared war not only on Germany , but also on Austria - Hungary ; the ship participated in the defense of Tsingtao where it was sunk in November 1914 . Within a few months , the Allied forces had seized all the German territories in the Pacific ; only isolated commerce raiders and a few holdouts in New Guinea remained .", "Some of the first clashes of the war involved British , French , and German colonial forces in Africa . On 6 -- 7 August , French and British troops invaded the German protectorate of Togoland and Kamerun . On 10 August , German forces in South - West Africa attacked South Africa ; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the rest of the war . The German colonial forces in German East Africa , led by Colonel Paul von Lettow - Vorbeck , fought a guerrilla warfare campaign during World War I and only surrendered two weeks after the armistice took effect in Europe .", "Germany attempted to use Indian nationalism and pan-Islamism to its advantage , instigating uprisings in India , and sending a mission that urged Afghanistan to join the war on the side of Central powers . However , contrary to British fears of a revolt in India , the outbreak of the war saw an unprecedented outpouring of loyalty and goodwill towards Britain . Indian political leaders from the Indian National Congress and other groups were eager to support the British war effort , since they believed that strong support for the war effort would further the cause of Indian Home Rule . The Indian Army in fact outnumbered the British Army at the beginning of the war ; about 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe , Africa , and the Middle East , while the central government and the princely states sent large supplies of food , money , and ammunition . In all , 140,000 men served on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 in the Middle East . Casualties of Indian soldiers totalled 47,746 killed and 65,126 wounded during World War I . The suffering engendered by the war , as well as the failure of the British government to grant self - government to India after the end of hostilities , bred disillusionment and fuelled the campaign for full independence that would be led by Mohandas K. Gandhi and others .", "Military tactics developed before World War I failed to keep pace with advances in technology and had become obsolete . These advances had allowed the creation of strong defensive systems , which out - of - date military tactics could not break through for most of the war . Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances , while artillery , vastly more lethal than in the 1870s , coupled with machine guns , made crossing open ground extremely difficult . Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties . In time , however , technology began to produce new offensive weapons , such as gas warfare and the tank .", "Just after the First Battle of the Marne ( 5 -- 12 September 1914 ) , Entente and German forces repeatedly attempted manoeuvring to the north in an effort to outflank each other : this series of manoeuvres became known as the `` Race to the Sea '' . When these outflanking efforts failed , the opposing forces soon found themselves facing an uninterrupted line of entrenched positions from Lorraine to Belgium 's coast . Britain and France sought to take the offensive , while Germany defended the occupied territories . Consequently , German trenches were much better constructed than those of their enemy ; Anglo - French trenches were only intended to be `` temporary '' before their forces broke through the German defences .", "Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances . On 22 April 1915 , at the Second Battle of Ypres , the Germans ( violating the Hague Convention ) used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front . Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides , and though it never proved a decisive , battle - winning weapon , poison gas became one of the most - feared and best - remembered horrors of the war . Tanks were developed by Britain and France , and were first used in combat by the British during the Battle of Flers -- Courcelette ( part of the Battle of the Somme ) on 15 September 1916 , with only partial success . However , their effectiveness would grow as the war progressed ; the Allies built tanks in large numbers , whilst the Germans employed only a few of their own design , supplemented by captured Allied tanks .", "Neither side proved able to deliver a decisive blow for the next two years . Throughout 1915 -- 17 , the British Empire and France suffered more casualties than Germany , because of both the strategic and tactical stances chosen by the sides . Strategically , while the Germans only mounted one major offensive , the Allies made several attempts to break through the German lines .", "In February 1916 the Germans attacked the French defensive positions at Verdun . Lasting until December 1916 , the battle saw initial German gains , before French counter-attacks returned matters to near their starting point . Casualties were greater for the French , but the Germans bled heavily as well , with anywhere from 700,000 to 975,000 casualties suffered between the two combatants . Verdun became a symbol of French determination and self - sacrifice .", "The Battle of the Somme was an Anglo - French offensive of July to November 1916 . The opening of this offensive ( 1 July 1916 ) saw the British Army endure the bloodiest day in its history , suffering 57,470 casualties , including 19,240 dead , on the first day alone . The entire Somme offensive cost the British Army some 420,000 casualties . The French suffered another estimated 200,000 casualties and the Germans an estimated 500,000 .", "Protracted action at Verdun throughout 1916 , combined with the bloodletting at the Somme , brought the exhausted French army to the brink of collapse . Futile attempts using frontal assault came at a high price for both the British and the French and led to the widespread French Army Mutinies , after the failure of the costly Nivelle Offensive of April -- May 1917 . The concurrent British Battle of Arras was more limited in scope , and more successful , although ultimately of little strategic value . A smaller part of the Arras offensive , the capture of Vimy Ridge by the Canadian Corps , became highly significant to that country : the idea that Canada 's national identity was born out of the battle is an opinion widely held in military and general histories of Canada .", "The last large - scale offensive of this period was a British attack ( with French support ) at Passchendaele ( July -- November 1917 ) . This offensive opened with great promise for the Allies , before bogging down in the October mud . Casualties , though disputed , were roughly equal , at some 200,000 -- 400,000 per side .", "These years of trench warfare in the West saw no major exchanges of territory and , as a result , are often thought of as static and unchanging . However , throughout this period , British , French , and German tactics constantly evolved to meet new battlefield challenges .", "At the start of the war , the German Empire had cruisers scattered across the globe , some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied merchant shipping . The British Royal Navy systematically hunted them down , though not without some embarrassment from its inability to protect Allied shipping . For example , the German detached light cruiser SMS Emden , part of the East - Asia squadron stationed at Qingdao , seized or destroyed 15 merchantmen , as well as sinking a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer . However , most of the German East - Asia squadron -- consisting of the armoured cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , light cruisers Nürnberg and Leipzig and two transport ships -- did not have orders to raid shipping and was instead underway to Germany when it met British warships . The German flotilla and Dresden sank two armoured cruisers at the Battle of Coronel , but was virtually destroyed at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914 , with only Dresden and a few auxiliaries escaping , but after the Battle of Más a Tierra these too had been destroyed or interned .", "Soon after the outbreak of hostilities , Britain began a naval blockade of Germany . The strategy proved effective , cutting off vital military and civilian supplies , although this blockade violated accepted international law codified by several international agreements of the past two centuries . Britain mined international waters to prevent any ships from entering entire sections of ocean , causing danger to even neutral ships . Since there was limited response to this tactic of the British , Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare .", "The Battle of Jutland ( German : Skagerrakschlacht , or `` Battle of the Skagerrak '' ) developed into the largest naval battle of the war . It was the only full - scale clash of battleships during the war , and one of the largest in history . The Kaiserliche Marine 's High Seas Fleet , commanded by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer , fought the Royal Navy 's Grand Fleet , led by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe . The engagement was a stand off , as the Germans were outmanoeuvred by the larger British fleet , but managed to escape and inflicted more damage to the British fleet than they received . Strategically , however , the British asserted their control of the sea , and the bulk of the German surface fleet remained confined to port for the duration of the war .", "German U-boats attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain . The nature of submarine warfare meant that attacks often came without warning , giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival . The United States launched a protest , and Germany changed its rules of engagement . After the sinking of the passenger ship RMS Lusitania in 1915 , Germany promised not to target passenger liners , while Britain armed its merchant ships , placing them beyond the protection of the `` cruiser rules '' , which demanded warning and movement of crews to `` a place of safety '' ( a standard that lifeboats did not meet ) . Finally , in early 1917 , Germany adopted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare , realising that the Americans would eventually enter the war . Germany sought to strangle Allied sea lanes before the United States could transport a large army overseas , but after initial successes eventually failed to do so .", "The U-boat threat lessened in 1917 , when merchant ships began travelling in convoys , escorted by destroyers . This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets , which significantly lessened losses ; after the hydrophone and depth charges were introduced , accompanying destroyers could attack a submerged submarine with some hope of success . Convoys slowed the flow of supplies , since ships had to wait as convoys were assembled . The solution to the delays was an extensive program of building new freighters . Troopships were too fast for the submarines and did not travel the North Atlantic in convoys . The U-boats had sunk more than 5,000 Allied ships , at a cost of 199 submarines . World War I also saw the first use of aircraft carriers in combat , with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a successful raid against the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in July 1918 , as well as blimps for antisubmarine patrol .", "Faced with Russia , Austria - Hungary could spare only one - third of its army to attack Serbia . After suffering heavy losses , the Austrians briefly occupied the Serbian capital , Belgrade . A Serbian counter-attack in the Battle of Kolubara succeeded in driving them from the country by the end of 1914 . For the first ten months of 1915 , Austria - Hungary used most of its military reserves to fight Italy . German and Austro - Hungarian diplomats , however , scored a coup by persuading Bulgaria to join the attack on Serbia . The Austro - Hungarian provinces of Slovenia , Croatia and Bosnia provided troops for Austria - Hungary , in the fight with Serbia , Russia and Italy . Montenegro allied itself with Serbia .", "Bulgaria declared war on Serbia , 12 October and joined in the attack by the Austro - Hungarian army under Mackensen 's army of 250,000 that was already underway . Serbia was conquered in a little more than a month , as the Central Powers , now including Bulgaria , sent in 600,000 troops total . The Serbian army , fighting on two fronts and facing certain defeat , retreated into northern Albania . The Serbs suffered defeat in the Battle of Kosovo . Montenegro covered the Serbian retreat towards the Adriatic coast in the Battle of Mojkovac in 6 -- 7 January 1916 , but ultimately the Austrians also conquered Montenegro . The surviving Serbian soldiers were evacuated by ship to Greece . After conquest , Serbia was divided between Austro - Hungary and Bulgaria .", "In late 1915 , a Franco - British force landed at Salonica in Greece , to offer assistance and to pressure its government to declare war against the Central Powers . However , the pro-German King Constantine I dismissed the pro-Allied government of Eleftherios Venizelos before the Allied expeditionary force arrived . The friction between the King of Greece and the Allies continued to accumulate with the National Schism , which effectively divided Greece between regions still loyal to the king and the new provisional government of Venizelos in Salonica . After intense negotiations and an armed confrontation in Athens between Allied and royalist forces ( an incident known as Noemvriana ) , the King of Greece resigned and his second son Alexander took his place ; Greece then officially joined the war on the side of the Allies .", "In the beginning , the Macedonian Front was mostly static . French and Serbian forces retook limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing Bitola on 19 November 1916 following the costly Monastir Offensive , which brought stabilization of the front .", "Serbian and French troops finally made a breakthrough in September 1918 , after most of the German and Austro - Hungarian troops had been withdrawn . The Bulgarians suffered their only defeat of the war at the Battle of Dobro Pole . Bulgaria capitulated two weeks later , on 29 September 1918 . The German high command responded by despatching troops to hold the line , but these forces were far too weak to reestablish a front .", "The disappearance of the Macedonian Front meant that the road to Budapest and Vienna was now opened to Allied forces . Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly against the Central Powers and , a day after the Bulgarian collapse , insisted on an immediate peace settlement .", "The Ottomans threatened Russia 's Caucasian territories and Britain 's communications with India via the Suez Canal . As the conflict progressed , the Ottoman Empire took advantage of the European powers ' preoccupation with the war and conducted large - scale ethnic cleansing of the indigenous Armenian , Greek , and Assyrian Christian populations , known as the Armenian Genocide , Greek Genocide , and Assyrian Genocide .", "The British and French opened overseas fronts with the Gallipoli ( 1915 ) and Mesopotamian campaigns ( 1914 ) . In Gallipoli , the Ottoman Empire successfully repelled the British , French , and Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZACs ) . In Mesopotamia , by contrast , after the defeat of the British defenders in the Siege of Kut by the Ottomans ( 1915 -- 16 ) , British Imperial forces reorganised and captured Baghdad in March 1917 . The British were aided in Mesopotamia by local Arab and Assyrian tribesmen , while the Ottomans employed local Kurdish and Turcoman tribes .", "Further to the west , the Suez Canal was defended from Ottoman attacks in 1915 and 1916 ; in August , a German and Ottoman force was defeated at the Battle of Romani by the ANZAC Mounted Division and the 52nd ( Lowland ) Infantry Division . Following this victory , an Egyptian Expeditionary Force advanced across the Sinai Peninsula , pushing Ottoman forces back in the Battle of Magdhaba in December and the Battle of Rafa on the border between the Egyptian Sinai and Ottoman Palestine in January 1917 .", "Russian armies generally saw success in the Caucasus . Enver Pasha , supreme commander of the Ottoman armed forces , was ambitious and dreamed of re-conquering central Asia and areas that had been lost to Russia previously . He was , however , a poor commander . He launched an offensive against the Russians in the Caucasus in December 1914 with 100,000 troops , insisting on a frontal attack against mountainous Russian positions in winter . He lost 86 % of his force at the Battle of Sarikamish .", "The Ottoman Empire , with German support , invaded Persia ( modern Iran ) in December 1914 in an effort to cut off British and Russian access to petroleum reservoirs around Baku near the Caspian Sea . Persia , ostensibly neutral , had long been under the spheres of British and Russian influence . The Ottomans and Germans were aided by Kurdish and Azeri forces , together with a large number of major Iranian tribes , such as the Qashqai , Tangistanis , Luristanis , and Khamseh , while the Russians and British had the support of Armenian and Assyrian forces . The Persian Campaign was to last until 1918 and end in failure for the Ottomans and their allies . However the Russian withdrawal from the war in 1917 led to Armenian and Assyrian forces , who had hitherto inflicted a series of defeats upon the forces of the Ottomans and their allies , being cut off from supply lines , outnumbered , outgunned and isolated , forcing them to fight and flee towards British lines in northern Mesopotamia .", "General Yudenich , the Russian commander from 1915 to 1916 , drove the Turks out of most of the southern Caucasus with a string of victories . In 1917 , Russian Grand Duke Nicholas assumed command of the Caucasus front . Nicholas planned a railway from Russian Georgia to the conquered territories , so that fresh supplies could be brought up for a new offensive in 1917 . However , in March 1917 ( February in the pre-revolutionary Russian calendar ) , the Czar abdicated in the course of the February Revolution and the Russian Caucasus Army began to fall apart .", "The Arab Revolt , instigated by the Arab bureau of the British Foreign Office , started June 1916 with the Battle of Mecca , led by Sherif Hussein of Mecca , and ended with the Ottoman surrender of Damascus . Fakhri Pasha , the Ottoman commander of Medina , resisted for more than two and half years during the Siege of Medina before surrendering .", "The Senussi tribe , along the border of Italian Libya and British Egypt , incited and armed by the Turks , waged a small - scale guerrilla war against Allied troops . The British were forced to dispatch 12,000 troops to oppose them in the Senussi Campaign . Their rebellion was finally crushed in mid-1916 .", "Total Allied casualties on the Ottoman fronts amounted 650,000 men . Total Ottoman casualties were 725,000 ( 325,000 dead and 400,000 wounded ) .", "Italy had been allied with the German and Austro - Hungarian Empires since 1882 as part of the Triple Alliance . However , the nation had its own designs on Austrian territory in Trentino , the Austrian Littoral , Fiume ( Rijeka ) and Dalmatia . Rome had a secret 1902 pact with France , effectively nullifying its part in the Triple Alliance . At the start of hostilities , Italy refused to commit troops , arguing that the Triple Alliance was defensive and that Austria - Hungary was an aggressor . The Austro - Hungarian government began negotiations to secure Italian neutrality , offering the French colony of Tunisia in return . The Allies made a counter-offer in which Italy would receive the Southern Tyrol , Austrian Littoral and territory on the Dalmatian coast after the defeat of Austria - Hungary . This was formalised by the Treaty of London . Further encouraged by the Allied invasion of Turkey in April 1915 , Italy joined the Triple Entente and declared war on Austria - Hungary on 23 May . Fifteen months later , Italy declared war on Germany .", "The Italians had numerical superiority but this advantage was lost , not only because of the difficult terrain in which the fighting took place , but also because of the strategies and tactics employed . Field Marshal Luigi Cadorna , a staunch proponent of the frontal assault , had dreams of breaking into the Slovenian plateau , taking Ljubljana and threatening Vienna .", "On the Trentino front , the Austro - Hungarians took advantage of the mountainous terrain , which favoured the defender . After an initial strategic retreat , the front remained largely unchanged , while Austrian Kaiserschützen and Standschützen engaged Italian Alpini in bitter hand - to - hand combat throughout the summer . The Austro - Hungarians counterattacked in the Altopiano of Asiago , towards Verona and Padua , in the spring of 1916 ( Strafexpedition ) , but made little progress .", "Beginning in 1915 , the Italians under Cadorna mounted eleven offensives on the Isonzo front along the Isonzo ( Soča ) River , northeast of Trieste . All eleven offensives were repelled by the Austro - Hungarians , who held the higher ground . In the summer of 1916 , after the Battle of Doberdò , the Italians captured the town of Gorizia . After this minor victory , the front remained static for over a year , despite several Italian offensives , centred on the Banjšice and Karst Plateau east of Gorizia .", "The Central Powers launched a crushing offensive on 26 October 1917 , spearheaded by the Germans . They achieved a victory at Caporetto ( Kobarid ) . The Italian Army was routed and retreated more than 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) to reorganise , stabilising the front at the Piave River . Since the Italian Army had suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Caporetto , the Italian Government called to arms the so - called ' 99 Boys ( Ragazzi del ' 99 ) : that is , all males born 1899 and prior , and so were 18 years old or older . In 1918 , the Austro - Hungarians failed to break through in a series of battles on the Piave and were finally decisively defeated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto in October of that year . On 1 November , the Italian Navy destroyed much of the Austro - Hungarian fleet stationed in Pula , preventing it from being handed over to the new State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . On 3 November , the Italians invaded Trieste from the sea . On the same day , the Armistice of Villa Giusti was signed . By mid-November 1918 , the Italian military occupied the entire former Austrian Littoral and had seized control of the portion of Dalmatia that had been guaranteed to Italy by the London Pact . By the end of hostilities in November 1918 , Admiral Enrico Millo declared himself Italy 's Governor of Dalmatia . Austria - Hungary surrendered on 11 November 1918 .", "Romania had been allied with the Central Powers since 1882 . When the war began , however , it declared its neutrality , arguing that because Austria - Hungary had itself declared war on Serbia , Romania was under no obligation to join the war . When the Entente Powers promised Romania Transylvania and Banat , large territories of eastern Hungary , in exchange for Romania 's declaring war on the Central Powers , the Romanian government renounced its neutrality . On 27 August 1916 , the Romanian Army launched an attack against Austria - Hungary , with limited Russian support . The Romanian offensive was initially successful , against the Austro - Hungarian troops in Transylvania , but a counterattack by the forces of the Central Powers drove them back . As a result of the Battle of Bucharest , the Central Powers occupied Bucharest on 6 December 1916 . Fighting in Moldova continued in 1917 , resulting in a costly stalemate for the Central Powers . Russian withdrawal from the war in late 1917 as a result of the October Revolution meant that Romania was forced to sign an armistice with the Central Powers on 9 December 1917 .", "In January 1918 , Romanian forces established control over Bessarabia as the Russian Army abandoned the province . Although a treaty was signed by the Romanian and the Bolshevik Russian governments following talks between 5 and 9 March 1918 on the withdrawal of Romanian forces from Bessarabia within two months , on 27 March 1918 Romania attached Bessarabia to its territory , formally based on a resolution passed by the local assembly of that territory on its unification with Romania .", "Romania officially made peace with the Central Powers by signing the Treaty of Bucharest on 7 May 1918 . Under that treaty , Romania was obliged to end the war with the Central Powers and make small territorial concessions to Austria - Hungary , ceding control of some passes in the Carpathian Mountains , and to grant oil concessions to Germany . In exchange , the Central Powers recognised the sovereignty of Romania over Bessarabia . The treaty was renounced in October 1918 by the Alexandru Marghiloman government , and Romania nominally re-entered the war on 10 November 1918 . The next day , the Treaty of Bucharest was nullified by the terms of the Armistice of Compiègne . Total Romanian deaths from 1914 to 1918 , military and civilian , within contemporary borders , were estimated at 748,000 .", "While the Western Front had reached stalemate , the war continued in East Europe . Initial Russian plans called for simultaneous invasions of Austrian Galicia and East Prussia . Although Russia 's initial advance into Galicia was largely successful , it was driven back from East Prussia by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at the Battle of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes in August and September 1914 . Russia 's less developed industrial base and ineffective military leadership were instrumental in the events that unfolded . By the spring of 1915 , the Russians had retreated to Galicia , and , in May , the Central Powers achieved a remarkable breakthrough on Poland 's southern frontiers . On 5 August , they captured Warsaw and forced the Russians to withdraw from Poland .", "Count Ottokar von Czernin Richard von Kühlmann Vasil Radoslavov", "Count Ottokar von Czernin", "Richard von Kühlmann", "Despite Russia 's success with the June 1916 Brusilov Offensive in eastern Galicia , dissatisfaction with the Russian government 's conduct of the war grew . The offensive 's success was undermined by the reluctance of other generals to commit their forces to support the victory . Allied and Russian forces were revived only temporarily by Romania 's entry into the war on 27 August . German forces came to the aid of embattled Austro - Hungarian units in Transylvania while a German - Bulgarian force attacked from the south , and Bucharest was retaken by the Central Powers on 6 December . Meanwhile , unrest grew in Russia , as the Tsar remained at the front . Empress Alexandra 's increasingly incompetent rule drew protests and resulted in the murder of her favourite , Rasputin , at the end of 1916 .", "In March 1917 , demonstrations in Petrograd culminated in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the appointment of a weak Provisional Government , which shared power with the Petrograd Soviet socialists . This arrangement led to confusion and chaos both at the front and at home . The army became increasingly ineffective .", "Following the Tsar 's abdication , Vladimir Lenin was ushered by train from Switzerland into Russia 16 April 1917 . He was financed by Jacob Schiff . Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in the popularity of the Bolshevik Party , led by Lenin , which demanded an immediate end to the war . The Revolution of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany . At first , the Bolsheviks refused the German terms , but when German troops began marching across Ukraine unopposed , the new government acceded to the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk on 3 March 1918 . The treaty ceded vast territories , including Finland , the Baltic provinces , parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers . Despite this enormous apparent German success , the manpower required for German occupation of former Russian territory may have contributed to the failure of the Spring Offensive and secured relatively little food or other materiel for the Central Powers war effort .", "With the adoption of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , the Entente no longer existed . The Allied powers led a small - scale invasion of Russia , partly to stop Germany from exploiting Russian resources , and to a lesser extent , to support the `` Whites '' ( as opposed to the `` Reds '' ) in the Russian Civil War . Allied troops landed in Arkhangelsk and in Vladivostok as part of the North Russia Intervention .", "The Czechoslovak Legion fought with the Entente ; their goal was to win support for the independence of Czechoslovakia . The Legion in Russia was established in September 1914 , in December 1917 in France ( including volunteers from America ) and in April 1918 in Italy . Czechoslovak Legion troops defeated the Austro - Hungarian army at the Ukrainian village of Zborov , in July 1917 . After this success , the number of Czechoslovak legionaries increased , as well as Czechoslovak military power . In the Battle of Bakhmach , the Legion defeated the Germans and forced them to make a truce .", "In Russia , they were heavily involved in the Russian Civil War , siding with the Whites against the Bolsheviks , at times controlling most of the Trans - Siberian railway and conquering all the major cities of Siberia . The presence of the Czechoslovak Legion near Yekaterinburg appears to have been one of the motivations for the Bolshevik execution of the Tsar and his family in July 1918 . Legionaries arrived less than a week afterwards and captured the city . Because Russia 's European ports were not safe , the corps was evacuated by a long detour via the port of Vladivostok . The last transport was the American ship Heffron in September 1920 .", "In December 1916 , after ten brutal months of the Battle of Verdun and a successful offensive against Romania , the Germans attempted to negotiate a peace with the Allies . Soon after , the U.S. President , Woodrow Wilson , attempted to intervene as a peacemaker , asking in a note for both sides to state their demands . Lloyd George 's War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions amongst the Allies . After initial outrage and much deliberation , they took Wilson 's note as a separate effort , signalling that the United States was on the verge of entering the war against Germany following the `` submarine outrages '' . While the Allies debated a response to Wilson 's offer , the Germans chose to rebuff it in favour of `` a direct exchange of views '' . Learning of the German response , the Allied governments were free to make clear demands in their response of 14 January . They sought restoration of damages , the evacuation of occupied territories , reparations for France , Russia and Romania , and a recognition of the principle of nationalities . This included the liberation of Italians , Slavs , Romanians , Czecho - Slovaks , and the creation of a `` free and united Poland '' . On the question of security , the Allies sought guarantees that would prevent or limit future wars , complete with sanctions , as a condition of any peace settlement . The negotiations failed and the Entente powers rejected the German offer , because Germany did not state any specific proposals . The Entente powers stated to Wilson that they would not start peace negotiations until the Central powers evacuated all occupied Allied territories and provided indemnities for all damage that had been done .", "Events of 1917 proved decisive in ending the war , although their effects were not fully felt until 1918 .", "The British naval blockade began to have a serious impact on Germany . In response , in February 1917 , the German General Staff convinced Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann - Hollweg to declare unrestricted submarine warfare , with the goal of starving Britain out of the war . German planners estimated that unrestricted submarine warfare would cost Britain a monthly shipping loss of 600,000 tons . The General Staff acknowledged that the policy would almost certainly bring the United States into the conflict , but calculated that British shipping losses would be so high that they would be forced to sue for peace after 5 to 6 months , before American intervention could make an impact . In reality , tonnage sunk rose above 500,000 tons per month from February to July . It peaked at 860,000 tons in April . After July , the newly re-introduced convoy system became effective in reducing the U-boat threat . Britain was safe from starvation , while German industrial output fell and the United States joined the war far earlier than Germany had anticipated .", "On 3 May 1917 , during the Nivelle Offensive , the French 2nd Colonial Division , veterans of the Battle of Verdun , refused orders , arriving drunk and without their weapons . Their officers lacked the means to punish an entire division , and harsh measures were not immediately implemented . The French Army Mutinies eventually spread to a further 54 French divisions and saw 20,000 men desert . However , appeals to patriotism and duty , as well as mass arrests and trials , encouraged the soldiers to return to defend their trenches , although the French soldiers refused to participate in further offensive action . Robert Nivelle was removed from command by 15 May , replaced by General Philippe Pétain , who suspended bloody large - scale attacks .", "The victory of the Central Powers at the Battle of Caporetto led the Allies to convene the Rapallo Conference at which they formed the Supreme War Council to coordinate planning . Previously , British and French armies had operated under separate commands .", "In December , the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia , thus freeing large numbers of German troops for use in the west . With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in , the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front . The Central Powers knew that they could not win a protracted war , but they held high hopes for success based on a final quick offensive . Furthermore , both sides became increasingly fearful of social unrest and revolution in Europe . Thus , both sides urgently sought a decisive victory .", "In 1917 , Emperor Charles I of Austria secretly attempted separate peace negotiations with Clemenceau , through his wife 's brother Sixtus in Belgium as an intermediary , without the knowledge of Germany . Italy opposed the proposals . When the negotiations failed , his attempt was revealed to Germany , resulting in a diplomatic catastrophe .", "In March and April 1917 , at the First and Second Battles of Gaza , German and Ottoman forces stopped the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force , which had begun in August 1916 at the Battle of Romani . At the end of October , the Sinai and Palestine Campaign resumed , when General Edmund Allenby 's XXth Corps , XXI Corps and Desert Mounted Corps won the Battle of Beersheba . Two Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the Battle of Mughar Ridge and , early in December , Jerusalem was captured following another Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Jerusalem ( 1917 ) . About this time , Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein was relieved of his duties as the Eighth Army 's commander , replaced by Djevad Pasha , and a few months later the commander of the Ottoman Army in Palestine , Erich von Falkenhayn , was replaced by Otto Liman von Sanders .", "In early 1918 , the front line was extended and the Jordan Valley was occupied , following the First Transjordan and the Second Transjordan attack by British Empire forces in March and April 1918 . In March , most of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force 's British infantry and Yeomanry cavalry were sent to the Western Front as a consequence of the Spring Offensive . They were replaced by Indian Army units . During several months of reorganisation and training of the summer , a number of attacks were carried out on sections of the Ottoman front line . These pushed the front line north to more advantageous positions for the Entente in preparation for an attack and to acclimatise the newly arrived Indian Army infantry . It was not until the middle of September that the integrated force was ready for large - scale operations .", "The reorganised Egyptian Expeditionary Force , with an additional mounted division , broke Ottoman forces at the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918 . In two days the British and Indian infantry , supported by a creeping barrage , broke the Ottoman front line and captured the headquarters of the Eighth Army ( Ottoman Empire ) at Tulkarm , the continuous trench lines at Tabsor , Arara and the Seventh Army ( Ottoman Empire ) headquarters at Nablus . The Desert Mounted Corps rode through the break in the front line created by the infantry and , during virtually continuous operations by Australian Light Horse , British mounted Yeomanry , Indian Lancers and New Zealand Mounted Rifle brigades in the Jezreel Valley , they captured Nazareth , Afulah and Beisan , Jenin , along with Haifa on the Mediterranean coast and Daraa east of the Jordan River on the Hejaz railway . Samakh and Tiberias on the Sea of Galilee , were captured on the way northwards to Damascus . Meanwhile , Chaytor 's Force of Australian light horse , New Zealand mounted rifles , Indian , British West Indies and Jewish infantry captured the crossings of the Jordan River , Es Salt , Amman and at Ziza most of the Fourth Army ( Ottoman Empire ) . The Armistice of Mudros , signed at the end of October , ended hostilities with the Ottoman Empire when fighting was continuing north of Aleppo .", "On or shortly before 15 August 1917 Pope Benedict XV made a peace proposal suggesting :", "No annexations No indemnities , except to compensate for severe war damage in Belgium and parts of France and of Serbia . A solution to the problems of Alsace - Lorraine and Trentino and Trieste Restoration of the Kingdom of Poland Germany to pull out of Belgium and France Germany 's overseas colonies to be returned to Germany General disarmament A Supreme Court of arbitration to settle future disputes between nations The freedom of the seas Abolish all retaliatory economic conflicts No point in ordering reparations , because so much damage had been caused to all belligerents", "No indemnities , except to compensate for severe war damage in Belgium and parts of France and of Serbia .", "A solution to the problems of Alsace - Lorraine and Trentino and Trieste", "Restoration of the Kingdom of Poland", "Germany to pull out of Belgium and France", "Germany 's overseas colonies to be returned to Germany", "A Supreme Court of arbitration to settle future disputes between nations", "The freedom of the seas", "Abolish all retaliatory economic conflicts", "No point in ordering reparations , because so much damage had been caused to all belligerents", "At the outbreak of the war , the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention , avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace . When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 Americans among the dead , President Woodrow Wilson insisted that `` America is too proud to fight '' but demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships . Germany complied . Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement . However , he also repeatedly warned that the United States would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare , in violation of international law . Former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced German acts as `` piracy '' . Wilson was narrowly reelected in 1916 as his supporters emphasized `` he kept us out of war '' .", "In January 1917 , Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare , realizing it would mean American entry . The German Foreign Minister , in the Zimmermann Telegram , invited Mexico to join the war as Germany 's ally against the United States . In return , the Germans would finance Mexico 's war and help it recover the territories of Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona . The United Kingdom intercepted the message and presented it to the U.S. embassy in the U.K. From there it made its way to President Wilson who released the Zimmermann note to the public , and Americans saw it as casus belli . Wilson called on antiwar elements to end all wars , by winning this one and eliminating militarism from the globe . He argued that the war was so important that the U.S. had to have a voice in the peace conference . After the sinking of seven U.S. merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmermann telegram , Wilson called for war on Germany , which the U.S. Congress declared on 6 April 1917 .", "The United States was never formally a member of the Allies but became a self - styled `` Associated Power '' . The United States had a small army , but , after the passage of the Selective Service Act , it drafted 2.8 million men , and , by summer 1918 , was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day . In 1917 , the U.S. Congress granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans to allow them to be drafted to participate in World War I , as part of the Jones -- Shafroth Act . If Germany believed it would be many more months before American soldiers would arrive and that their arrival could be stopped by U-boats , it had miscalculated .", "The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet , destroyers to Queenstown , Ireland , and submarines to help guard convoys . Several regiments of U.S. Marines were also dispatched to France . The British and French wanted American units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies . General John J. Pershing , American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) commander , refused to break up American units to be used as filler material . As an exception , he did allow African - American combat regiments to be used in French divisions . The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division , and earned a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Château - Thierry , Belleau Wood , and Sechault . AEF doctrine called for the use of frontal assaults , which had long since been discarded by British Empire and French commanders due to the large loss of life that resulted .", "Ludendorff drew up plans ( codenamed Operation Michael ) for the 1918 offensive on the Western Front . The Spring Offensive sought to divide the British and French forces with a series of feints and advances . The German leadership hoped to end the war before significant U.S. forces arrived . The operation commenced on 21 March 1918 , with an attack on British forces near Saint - Quentin . German forces achieved an unprecedented advance of 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) .", "British and French trenches were penetrated using novel infiltration tactics , also named Hutier tactics , after General Oskar von Hutier , by specially trained units called stormtroopers . Previously , attacks had been characterised by long artillery bombardments and massed assaults . However , in the Spring Offensive of 1918 , Ludendorff used artillery only briefly and infiltrated small groups of infantry at weak points . They attacked command and logistics areas and bypassed points of serious resistance . More heavily armed infantry then destroyed these isolated positions . This German success relied greatly on the element of surprise .", "The front moved to within 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) of Paris . Three heavy Krupp railway guns fired 183 shells on the capital , causing many Parisians to flee . The initial offensive was so successful that Kaiser Wilhelm II declared 24 March a national holiday . Many Germans thought victory was near . After heavy fighting , however , the offensive was halted . Lacking tanks or motorised artillery , the Germans were unable to consolidate their gains . The problems of re-supply were also exacerbated by increasing distances that now stretched over terrain that was shell - torn and often impassable to traffic .", "General Foch pressed to use the arriving American troops as individual replacements , whereas Pershing sought to field American units as an independent force . These units were assigned to the depleted French and British Empire commands on 28 March . A Supreme War Council of Allied forces was created at the Doullens Conference on 5 November 1917 . General Foch was appointed as supreme commander of the Allied forces . Haig , Petain , and Pershing retained tactical control of their respective armies ; Foch assumed a coordinating rather than a directing role , and the British , French , and U.S. commands operated largely independently .", "Following Operation Michael , Germany launched Operation Georgette against the northern English Channel ports . The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany . The German Army to the south then conducted Operations Blücher and Yorck , pushing broadly towards Paris . Germany launched Operation Marne ( Second Battle of the Marne ) 15 July , in an attempt to encircle Reims . The resulting counterattack , which started the Hundred Days Offensive , marked the first successful Allied offensive of the war .", "By 20 July , the Germans had retreated across the Marne to their starting lines , having achieved little , and the German Army never regained the initiative . German casualties between March and April 1918 were 270,000 , including many highly trained storm troopers .", "Meanwhile , Germany was falling apart at home . Anti-war marches became frequent and morale in the army fell . Industrial output was half the 1913 levels .", "In the late spring of 1918 , three new states were formed in the South Caucasus : the First Republic of Armenia , the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , and the Democratic Republic of Georgia , which declared their independence from the Russian Empire . Two other minor entities were established , the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and South West Caucasian Republic ( the former was liquidated by Azerbaijan in the autumn of 1918 and the latter by a joint Armenian - British task force in early 1919 ) . With the withdrawal of the Russian armies from the Caucasus front in the winter of 1917 -- 18 , the three major republics braced for an imminent Ottoman advance , which commenced in the early months of 1918 . Solidarity was briefly maintained when the Transcaucasian Federative Republic was created in the spring of 1918 , but this collapsed in May , when the Georgians asked for and received protection from Germany and the Azerbaijanis concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that was more akin to a military alliance . Armenia was left to fend for itself and struggled for five months against the threat of a full - fledged occupation by the Ottoman Turks before defeating them at the Battle of Sardarabad .", "The Allied counteroffensive , known as the Hundred Days Offensive , began on 8 August 1918 , with the Battle of Amiens . The battle involved over 400 tanks and 120,000 British , Dominion , and French troops , and by the end of its first day a gap 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) long had been created in the German lines . The defenders displayed a marked collapse in morale , causing Ludendorff to refer to this day as the `` Black Day of the German army '' . After an advance as far as 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) , German resistance stiffened , and the battle was concluded on 12 August .", "Rather than continuing the Amiens battle past the point of initial success , as had been done so many times in the past , the Allies shifted their attention elsewhere . Allied leaders had now realised that to continue an attack after resistance had hardened was a waste of lives , and it was better to turn a line than to try to roll over it . They began to undertake attacks in quick order to take advantage of successful advances on the flanks , then broke them off when each attack lost its initial impetus .", "British and Dominion forces launched the next phase of the campaign with the Battle of Albert on 21 August . The assault was widened by French and then further British forces in the following days . During the last week of August the Allied pressure along a 110 - kilometre ( 68 mi ) front against the enemy was heavy and unrelenting . From German accounts , `` Each day was spent in bloody fighting against an ever and again on - storming enemy , and nights passed without sleep in retirements to new lines . ''", "Faced with these advances , on 2 September the German Supreme Army Command issued orders to withdraw to the Hindenburg Line in the south . This ceded without a fight the salient seized the previous April . According to Ludendorff `` We had to admit the necessity ... to withdraw the entire front from the Scarpe to the Vesle .", "September saw the Allies advance to the Hindenburg Line in the north and centre . The Germans continued to fight strong rear - guard actions and launched numerous counterattacks on lost positions , but only a few succeeded , and those only temporarily . Contested towns , villages , heights , and trenches in the screening positions and outposts of the Hindenburg Line continued to fall to the Allies , with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September . On 24 September an assault by both the British and French came within 3 kilometres ( 2 mi ) of St. Quentin . The Germans had now retreated to positions along or behind the Hindenburg Line .", "In nearly four weeks of fighting beginning on 8 August , over 100,000 German prisoners were taken . As of `` The Black Day of the German Army '' , the German High Command realised that the war was lost and made attempts to reach a satisfactory end . The day after that battle , Ludendorff said : `` We can not win the war any more , but we must not lose it either . '' On 11 August he offered his resignation to the Kaiser , who refused it , replying , `` I see that we must strike a balance . We have nearly reached the limit of our powers of resistance . The war must be ended . '' On 13 August , at Spa , Hindenburg , Ludendorff , the Chancellor , and Foreign Minister Hintz agreed that the war could not be ended militarily and , on the following day , the German Crown Council decided that victory in the field was now most improbable . Austria and Hungary warned that they could only continue the war until December , and Ludendorff recommended immediate peace negotiations . Prince Rupprecht warned Prince Max of Baden : `` Our military situation has deteriorated so rapidly that I no longer believe we can hold out over the winter ; it is even possible that a catastrophe will come earlier . '' On 10 September Hindenburg urged peace moves to Emperor Charles of Austria , and Germany appealed to the Netherlands for mediation . On 14 September Austria sent a note to all belligerents and neutrals suggesting a meeting for peace talks on neutral soil , and on 15 September Germany made a peace offer to Belgium . Both peace offers were rejected , and on 24 September Supreme Army Command informed the leaders in Berlin that armistice talks were inevitable .", "The final assault on the Hindenburg Line began with the Meuse - Argonne Offensive , launched by French and American troops on 26 September . The following week , cooperating French and American units broke through in Champagne at the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge , forcing the Germans off the commanding heights , and closing towards the Belgian frontier . On 8 October the line was pierced again by British and Dominion troops at the Battle of Cambrai . The German army had to shorten its front and use the Dutch frontier as an anchor to fight rear - guard actions as it fell back towards Germany .", "When Bulgaria signed a separate armistice on 29 September , Ludendorff , having been under great stress for months , suffered something similar to a breakdown . It was evident that Germany could no longer mount a successful defence .", "News of Germany 's impending military defeat spread throughout the German armed forces . The threat of mutiny was rife . Admiral Reinhard Scheer and Ludendorff decided to launch a last attempt to restore the `` valour '' of the German Navy . Knowing the government of Prince Maximilian of Baden would veto any such action , Ludendorff decided not to inform him . Nonetheless , word of the impending assault reached sailors at Kiel . Many , refusing to be part of a naval offensive , which they believed to be suicidal , rebelled and were arrested . Ludendorff took the blame ; the Kaiser dismissed him on 26 October . The collapse of the Balkans meant that Germany was about to lose its main supplies of oil and food . Its reserves had been used up , even as U.S. troops kept arriving at the rate of 10,000 per day . The Americans supplied more than 80 % of Allied oil during the war , and there was no shortage .", "With the military faltering and with widespread loss of confidence in the Kaiser , Germany moved towards surrender . Prince Maximilian of Baden took charge of a new government as Chancellor of Germany to negotiate with the Allies . Negotiations with President Wilson began immediately , in the hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French . Wilson demanded a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary control over the German military . There was no resistance when the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann on 9 November declared Germany to be a republic . The Kaiser , kings and other hereditary rulers all were removed from power and Wilhelm fled to exile in the Netherlands . Imperial Germany was dead ; a new Germany had been born as the Weimar Republic .", "The collapse of the Central Powers came swiftly . Bulgaria was the first to sign an armistice , on 29 September 1918 at Saloniki . On 30 October , the Ottoman Empire capitulated , signing the Armistice of Mudros .", "On 24 October , the Italians began a push that rapidly recovered territory lost after the Battle of Caporetto . This culminated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto , which marked the end of the Austro - Hungarian Army as an effective fighting force . The offensive also triggered the disintegration of the Austro - Hungarian Empire . During the last week of October , declarations of independence were made in Budapest , Prague , and Zagreb . On 29 October , the imperial authorities asked Italy for an armistice , but the Italians continued advancing , reaching Trento , Udine , and Trieste . On 3 November , Austria - Hungary sent a flag of truce to ask for an armistice ( Armistice of Villa Giusti ) . The terms , arranged by telegraph with the Allied Authorities in Paris , were communicated to the Austrian commander and accepted . The Armistice with Austria was signed in the Villa Giusti , near Padua , on 3 November . Austria and Hungary signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the Habsburg Monarchy . In the following days the Italian Army occupied Innsbruck and all Tyrol with 20 to 22,000 soldiers .", "On 11 November , at 5 : 00 am , an armistice with Germany was signed in a railroad carriage at Compiègne . At 11 am on 11 November 1918 -- `` the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month '' -- a ceasefire came into effect . During the six hours between the signing of the armistice and its taking effect , opposing armies on the Western Front began to withdraw from their positions , but fighting continued along many areas of the front , as commanders wanted to capture territory before the war ended .", "The occupation of the Rhineland took place following the Armistice . The occupying armies consisted of American , Belgian , British and French forces .", "In November 1918 , the Allies had ample supplies of men and materiel to invade Germany . Yet at the time of the armistice , no Allied force had crossed the German frontier ; the Western Front was still some 720 kilometres ( 450 mi ) from Berlin ; and the Kaiser 's armies had retreated from the battlefield in good order . These factors enabled Hindenburg and other senior German leaders to spread the story that their armies had not really been defeated . This resulted in the stab - in - the - back legend , which attributed Germany 's defeat not to its inability to continue fighting ( even though up to a million soldiers were suffering from the 1918 flu pandemic and unfit to fight ) , but to the public 's failure to respond to its `` patriotic calling '' and the supposed intentional sabotage of the war effort , particularly by Jews , Socialists , and Bolsheviks .", "The Allies had much more potential wealth they could spend on the war . One estimate ( using 1913 U.S. dollars ) is that the Allies spent $58 billion on the war and the Central Powers only $25 billion . Among the Allies , the UK spent $21 billion and the U.S. $17 billion ; among the Central Powers Germany spent $20 billion .", "In the aftermath of the war , four empires disappeared : the German , Austro - Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian . Numerous nations regained their former independence , and new ones were created . Four dynasties , together with their ancillary aristocracies , all fell as a result of the war : the Romanovs , the Hohenzollerns , the Habsburgs , and the Ottomans . Belgium and Serbia were badly damaged , as was France , with 1.4 million soldiers dead , not counting other casualties . Germany and Russia were similarly affected .", "A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months , until the signing of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany on 28 June 1919 . The United States Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it , and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the Knox -- Porter Resolution was signed on 2 July 1921 by President Warren G. Harding . For the United Kingdom and the British Empire , the state of war ceased under the provisions of the Termination of the Present War ( Definition ) Act 1918 with respect to :", "Germany on 10 January 1920 . Austria on 16 July 1920 . Bulgaria on 9 August 1920 . Hungary on 26 July 1921 . Turkey on 6 August 1924 .", "Germany on 10 January 1920 . Austria on 16 July 1920 . Bulgaria on 9 August 1920 . Hungary on 26 July 1921 . Turkey on 6 August 1924 .", "Germany on 10 January 1920 . Austria on 16 July 1920 . Bulgaria on 9 August 1920 . Hungary on 26 July 1921 . Turkey on 6 August 1924 .", "Germany on 10 January 1920 .", "Austria on 16 July 1920 .", "Bulgaria on 9 August 1920 .", "Hungary on 26 July 1921 .", "Turkey on 6 August 1924 .", "After the Treaty of Versailles , treaties with Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria , and the Ottoman Empire were signed . However , the negotiation of the latter treaty with the Ottoman Empire was followed by strife , and a final peace treaty between the Allied Powers and the country that would shortly become the Republic of Turkey was not signed until 24 July 1923 , at Lausanne .", "Some war memorials date the end of the war as being when the Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919 , which was when many of the troops serving abroad finally returned to their home countries ; by contrast , most commemorations of the war 's end concentrate on the armistice of 11 November 1918 . Legally , the formal peace treaties were not complete until the last , the Treaty of Lausanne , was signed . Under its terms , the Allied forces left Constantinople on 23 August 1923 .", "After the war , the Paris Peace Conference imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers officially ending the war . The 1919 Treaty of Versailles dealt with Germany and , building on Wilson 's 14th point , brought into being the League of Nations on 28 June 1919 .", "The Central Powers had to acknowledge responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by '' their aggression . In the Treaty of Versailles , this statement was Article 231 . This article became known as the War Guilt clause as the majority of Germans felt humiliated and resentful . Overall the Germans felt they had been unjustly dealt with by what they called the `` diktat of Versailles '' . Schulze said the Treaty placed Germany `` under legal sanctions , deprived of military power , economically ruined , and politically humiliated . '' Belgian historian Laurence Van Ypersele emphasizes the central role played by memory of the war and the Versailles Treaty in German politics in the 1920s and 1930s :", "Active denial of war guilt in Germany and German resentment at both reparations and continued Allied occupation of the Rhineland made widespread revision of the meaning and memory of the war problematic . The legend of the `` stab in the back '' and the wish to revise the `` Versailles diktat '' , and the belief in an international threat aimed at the elimination of the German nation persisted at the heart of German politics . Even a man of peace such as ( Gustav ) Stresemann publicly rejected German guilt . As for the Nazis , they waved the banners of domestic treason and international conspiracy in an attempt to galvanize the German nation into a spirit of revenge . Like a Fascist Italy , Nazi Germany sought to redirect the memory of the war to the benefit of its own policies .", "Meanwhile , new nations liberated from German rule viewed the treaty as recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by much larger aggressive neighbors . The Peace Conference required all the defeated powers to pay reparations for all the damage done to civilians . However , owing to economic difficulties and Germany being the only defeated power with an intact economy , the burden fell largely on Germany .", "Austria - Hungary was partitioned into several successor states , including Austria , Hungary , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia , largely but not entirely along ethnic lines . Transylvania was shifted from Hungary to Greater Romania . The details were contained in the Treaty of Saint - Germain and the Treaty of Trianon . As a result of the Treaty of Trianon , 3.3 million Hungarians came under foreign rule . Although the Hungarians made up 54 % of the population of the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary , only 32 % of its territory was left to Hungary . Between 1920 and 1924 , 354,000 Hungarians fled former Hungarian territories attached to Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia .", "The Russian Empire , which had withdrawn from the war in 1917 after the October Revolution , lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent nations of Estonia , Finland , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland were carved from it . Romania took control of Bessarabia in April 1918 .", "The Ottoman Empire disintegrated , with much of its Levant territory awarded to various Allied powers as protectorates . The Turkish core in Anatolia was reorganised as the Republic of Turkey . The Ottoman Empire was to be partitioned by the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920 . This treaty was never ratified by the Sultan and was rejected by the Turkish National Movement , leading to the victorious Turkish War of Independence and the much less stringent 1923 Treaty of Lausanne .", "Poland reemerged as an independent country , after more than a century . The Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty , as a `` minor Entente nation '' and the country with the most casualties per capita , became the backbone of a new multinational state , the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , later renamed Yugoslavia . Czechoslovakia , combining the Kingdom of Bohemia with parts of the Kingdom of Hungary , became a new nation . Russia became the Soviet Union and lost Finland , Estonia , Lithuania , and Latvia , which became independent countries . The Ottoman Empire was soon replaced by Turkey and several other countries in the Middle East .", "In the British Empire , the war unleashed new forms of nationalism . In Australia and New Zealand the Battle of Gallipoli became known as those nations ' `` Baptism of Fire '' . It was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought , and it was one of the first times that Australian troops fought as Australians , not just subjects of the British Crown . Anzac Day , commemorating the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps , celebrates this defining moment .", "After the Battle of Vimy Ridge , where the Canadian divisions fought together for the first time as a single corps , Canadians began to refer to theirs as a nation `` forged from fire '' . Having succeeded on the same battleground where the `` mother countries '' had previously faltered , they were for the first time respected internationally for their own accomplishments . Canada entered the war as a Dominion of the British Empire and remained so , although it emerged with a greater measure of independence . When Britain declared war in 1914 , the dominions were automatically at war ; at the conclusion , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa were individual signatories of the Treaty of Versailles .", "The establishment of the modern state of Israel and the roots of the continuing Israeli -- Palestinian conflict are partially found in the unstable power dynamics of the Middle East that resulted from World War I. Before the end of the war , the Ottoman Empire had maintained a modest level of peace and stability throughout the Middle East . With the fall of the Ottoman government , power vacuums developed and conflicting claims to land and nationhood began to emerge . The political boundaries drawn by the victors of World War I were quickly imposed , sometimes after only cursory consultation with the local population . These continue to be problematic in the 21st - century struggles for national identity . While the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I was pivotal in contributing to the modern political situation of the Middle East , including the Arab - Israeli conflict , the end of Ottoman rule also spawned lesser known disputes over water and other natural resources .", "The war had profound consequences on the health of soldiers . Of the 60 million European military personnel who were mobilized from 1914 to 1918 , 8 million were killed , 7 million were permanently disabled , and 15 million were seriously injured . Germany lost 15.1 % of its active male population , Austria - Hungary lost 17.1 % , and France lost 10.5 % . In Germany , civilian deaths were 474,000 higher than in peacetime , due in large part to food shortages and malnutrition that weakened resistance to disease . By the end of the war , starvation caused by famine had killed approximately 100,000 people in Lebanon . Between 5 and 10 million people died in the Russian famine of 1921 . By 1922 , there were between 4.5 million and 7 million homeless children in Russia as a result of nearly a decade of devastation from World War I , the Russian Civil War , and the subsequent famine of 1920 -- 1922 . Numerous anti-Soviet Russians fled the country after the Revolution ; by the 1930s , the northern Chinese city of Harbin had 100,000 Russians . Thousands more emigrated to France , England , and the United States .", "In Australia , the effects of the war on the economy were no less severe . The Australian prime minister , Billy Hughes , wrote to the British prime minister , Lloyd George , `` You have assured us that you can not get better terms . I much regret it , and hope even now that some way may be found of securing agreement for demanding reparation commensurate with the tremendous sacrifices made by the British Empire and her Allies . '' Australia received ₤ 5,571,720 war reparations , but the direct cost of the war to Australia had been ₤ 376,993,052 , and , by the mid-1930s , repatriation pensions , war gratuities , interest and sinking fund charges were ₤ 831,280,947 . Of about 416,000 Australians who served , about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded .", "Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions . In 1914 alone , louse - borne epidemic typhus killed 200,000 in Serbia . From 1918 to 1922 , Russia had about 25 million infections and 3 million deaths from epidemic typhus . In 1923 , 13 million Russians contracted malaria , a sharp increase from the pre-war years . In addition , a major influenza epidemic spread around the world . Overall , the 1918 flu pandemic killed at least 50 million people .", "Lobbying by Chaim Weizmann and fear that American Jews would encourage the United States to support Germany culminated in the British government 's Balfour Declaration of 1917 , endorsing creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine . A total of more than 1,172,000 Jewish soldiers served in the Allied and Central Power forces in World War I , including 275,000 in Austria - Hungary and 450,000 in Tsarist Russia .", "The social disruption and widespread violence of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War sparked more than 2,000 pogroms in the former Russian Empire , mostly in Ukraine . An estimated 60,000 -- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities .", "In the aftermath of World War I , Greece fought against Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal , a war that eventually resulted in a massive population exchange between the two countries under the Treaty of Lausanne . According to various sources , several hundred thousand Greeks died during this period , which was tied in with the Greek Genocide .", "World War I began as a clash of 20th - century technology and 19th - century tactics , with the inevitably large ensuing casualties . By the end of 1917 , however , the major armies , now numbering millions of men , had modernised and were making use of telephone , wireless communication , armoured cars , tanks , and aircraft . Infantry formations were reorganised , so that 100 - man companies were no longer the main unit of manoeuvre ; instead , squads of 10 or so men , under the command of a junior NCO , were favoured .", "Artillery also underwent a revolution . In 1914 , cannons were positioned in the front line and fired directly at their targets . By 1917 , indirect fire with guns ( as well as mortars and even machine guns ) was commonplace , using new techniques for spotting and ranging , notably aircraft and the often overlooked field telephone . Counter-battery missions became commonplace , also , and sound detection was used to locate enemy batteries .", "Germany was far ahead of the Allies in utilising heavy indirect fire . The German Army employed 150 mm ( 6 in ) and 210 mm ( 8 in ) howitzers in 1914 , when typical French and British guns were only 75 mm ( 3 in ) and 105 mm ( 4 in ) . The British had a 6 - inch ( 152 mm ) howitzer , but it was so heavy it had to be hauled to the field in pieces and assembled . The Germans also fielded Austrian 305 mm ( 12 in ) and 420 mm ( 17 in ) guns and , even at the beginning of the war , had inventories of various calibers of Minenwerfer , which were ideally suited for trench warfare .", "In 1917 , on 27 June the Germans used their biggest gun of the world Batterie Pommern , nicknamed `` Lange Max '' . This gun from Krupp was able to shoot 750 kg shells from Koekelare to Dunkirk , which is about 50 km away .", "Much of the combat involved trench warfare , in which hundreds often died for each metre gained . Many of the deadliest battles in history occurred during World War I. Such battles include Ypres , the Marne , Cambrai , the Somme , Verdun , and Gallipoli . The Germans employed the Haber process of nitrogen fixation to provide their forces with a constant supply of gunpowder despite the British naval blockade . Artillery was responsible for the largest number of casualties and consumed vast quantities of explosives . The large number of head wounds caused by exploding shells and fragmentation forced the combatant nations to develop the modern steel helmet , led by the French , who introduced the Adrian helmet in 1915 . It was quickly followed by the Brodie helmet , worn by British Imperial and US troops , and in 1916 by the distinctive German Stahlhelm , a design , with improvements , still in use today .", "Gas ! GAS ! Quick , boys ! -- An ecstasy of fumbling , Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time ; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling , And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime ... Dim , through the misty panes and thick green light , As under a green sea , I saw him drowning .", "The widespread use of chemical warfare was a distinguishing feature of the conflict . Gases used included chlorine , mustard gas and phosgene . Few war casualties were caused by gas , as effective countermeasures to gas attacks were quickly created , such as gas masks . The use of chemical warfare and small - scale strategic bombing were both outlawed by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 , and both proved to be of limited effectiveness , though they captured the public imagination .", "The most powerful land - based weapons were railway guns , weighing dozens of tons apiece . The German ones were nicknamed Big Berthas , even though the namesake was not a railway gun . Germany developed the Paris Gun , able to bombard Paris from over 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) , though shells were relatively light at 94 kilograms ( 210 lb ) .", "Trenches , machine guns , air reconnaissance , barbed wire , and modern artillery with fragmentation shells helped bring the battle lines of World War I to a stalemate . The British and the French sought a solution with the creation of the tank and mechanised warfare . The British first tanks were used during the Battle of the Somme on 15 September 1916 . Mechanical reliability was an issue , but the experiment proved its worth . Within a year , the British were fielding tanks by the hundreds , and they showed their potential during the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 , by breaking the Hindenburg Line , while combined arms teams captured 8,000 enemy soldiers and 100 guns . Meanwhile , the French introduced the first tanks with a rotating turret , the Renault FT , which became a decisive tool of the victory . The conflict also saw the introduction of light automatic weapons and submachine guns , such as the Lewis Gun , the Browning automatic rifle , and the Bergmann MP18 .", "Another new weapon , the flamethrower , was first used by the German army and later adopted by other forces . Although not of high tactical value , the flamethrower was a powerful , demoralising weapon that caused terror on the battlefield .", "Trench railways evolved to supply the enormous quantities of food , water , and ammunition required to support large numbers of soldiers in areas where conventional transportation systems had been destroyed . Internal combustion engines and improved traction systems for automobiles and trucks / lorries eventually rendered trench railways obsolete .", "Germany deployed U-boats ( submarines ) after the war began . Alternating between restricted and unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic , the Kaiserliche Marine employed them to deprive the British Isles of vital supplies . The deaths of British merchant sailors and the seeming invulnerability of U-boats led to the development of depth charges ( 1916 ) , hydrophones ( passive sonar , 1917 ) , blimps , hunter - killer submarines ( HMS R - 1 , 1917 ) , forward - throwing anti-submarine weapons , and dipping hydrophones ( the latter two both abandoned in 1918 ) . To extend their operations , the Germans proposed supply submarines ( 1916 ) . Most of these would be forgotten in the interwar period until World War II revived the need .", "Fixed - wing aircraft were first used militarily by the Italians in Libya on 23 October 1911 during the Italo - Turkish War for reconnaissance , soon followed by the dropping of grenades and aerial photography the next year . By 1914 , their military utility was obvious . They were initially used for reconnaissance and ground attack . To shoot down enemy planes , anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft were developed . Strategic bombers were created , principally by the Germans and British , though the former used Zeppelins as well . Towards the end of the conflict , aircraft carriers were used for the first time , with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a raid to destroy the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in 1918 .", "Manned observation balloons , floating high above the trenches , were used as stationary reconnaissance platforms , reporting enemy movements and directing artillery . Balloons commonly had a crew of two , equipped with parachutes , so that if there was an enemy air attack the crew could parachute to safety . At the time , parachutes were too heavy to be used by pilots of aircraft ( with their marginal power output ) , and smaller versions were not developed until the end of the war ; they were also opposed by the British leadership , who feared they might promote cowardice .", "Recognised for their value as observation platforms , balloons were important targets for enemy aircraft . To defend them against air attack , they were heavily protected by antiaircraft guns and patrolled by friendly aircraft ; to attack them , unusual weapons such as air - to - air rockets were tried . Thus , the reconnaissance value of blimps and balloons contributed to the development of air - to - air combat between all types of aircraft , and to the trench stalemate , because it was impossible to move large numbers of troops undetected . The Germans conducted air raids on England during 1915 and 1916 with airships , hoping to damage British morale and cause aircraft to be diverted from the front lines , and indeed the resulting panic led to the diversion of several squadrons of fighters from France .", "On 19 August 1915 , the German submarine U-27 was sunk by the British Q - ship HMS Baralong . All German survivors were summarily executed by Baralong 's crew on the orders of Lieutenant Godfrey Herbert , the captain of the ship . The shooting was reported to the media by American citizens who were on board the Nicosia , a British freighter loaded with war supplies , which was stopped by U-27 just minutes before the incident .", "On 24 September , Baralong destroyed U-41 , which was in the process of sinking the cargo ship Urbino . According to Karl Goetz , the submarine 's commander , Baralong continued to fly the U.S. flag after firing on U-41 and then rammed the lifeboat -- carrying the German survivors -- sinking it .", "The Canadian hospital ship HMHS Llandovery Castle was torpedoed by the German submarine SM U-86 on 27 June 1918 in violation of international law . Only 24 of the 258 medical personnel , patients , and crew survived . Survivors reported that the U-boat surfaced and ran down the lifeboats , machine - gunning survivors in the water . The U-boat captain , Helmut Patzig , was charged with war crimes in Germany following the war , but escaped prosecution by going to the Free City of Danzig , beyond the jurisdiction of German courts .", "The first successful use of poison gas as a weapon of warfare occurred during the Second Battle of Ypres ( 22 April -- 25 May 1915 ) . Gas was soon used by all major belligerents throughout the war . It is estimated that the use of chemical weapons employed by both sides throughout the war had inflicted 1.3 million casualties . For example , the British had over 180,000 chemical weapons casualties during the war , and up to one - third of American casualties were caused by them . The Russian Army reportedly suffered roughly 500,000 chemical weapon casualties in World War I . The use of chemical weapons in warfare was in direct violation of the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare , which prohibited their use .", "The effect of poison gas was not limited to combatants . Civilians were at risk from the gases as winds blew the poison gases through their towns , and rarely received warnings or alerts of potential danger . In addition to absent warning systems , civilians often did not have access to effective gas masks . An estimated 100,000 -- 260,000 civilian casualties were caused by chemical weapons during the conflict and tens of thousands more ( along with military personnel ) died from scarring of the lungs , skin damage , and cerebral damage in the years after the conflict ended . Many commanders on both sides knew such weapons would cause major harm to civilians but nonetheless continued to use them . British Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig wrote in his diary , `` My officers and I were aware that such weapons would cause harm to women and children living in nearby towns , as strong winds were common in the battlefront . However , because the weapon was to be directed against the enemy , none of us were overly concerned at all . ''", "The ethnic cleansing of the Ottoman Empire 's Armenian population , including mass deportations and executions , during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is considered genocide . The Ottomans carried out organized and systematic massacres of the Armenian population at the beginning of the war and portrayed deliberately provoked acts of Armenian resistance as rebellions to justify further extermination . In early 1915 , a number of Armenians volunteered to join the Russian forces and the Ottoman government used this as a pretext to issue the Tehcir Law ( Law on Deportation ) , which authorized the deportation of Armenians from the Empire 's eastern provinces to Syria between 1915 and 1918 . The Armenians were intentionally marched to death and a number were attacked by Ottoman brigands . While an exact number of deaths is unknown , the International Association of Genocide Scholars estimates 1.5 million . The government of Turkey has consistently denied the genocide , arguing that those who died were victims of inter-ethnic fighting , famine , or disease during World War I ; these claims are rejected by most historians . Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period , including Assyrians and Greeks , and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination .", "Many pogroms accompanied the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War . 60,000 -- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities throughout the former Russian Empire ( mostly within the Pale of Settlement in present - day Ukraine ) .", "The German invaders treated any resistance -- such as sabotaging rail lines -- as illegal and immoral , and shot the offenders and burned buildings in retaliation . In addition , they tended to suspect that most civilians were potential francs - tireurs ( guerrillas ) and , accordingly , took and sometimes killed hostages from among the civilian population . The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914 , usually in near - random large - scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers . The German Army destroyed 15,000 -- 20,000 buildings -- most famously the university library at Louvain -- and generated a wave of refugees of over a million people . Over half the German regiments in Belgium were involved in major incidents . Thousands of workers were shipped to Germany to work in factories . British propaganda dramatizing the Rape of Belgium attracted much attention in the United States , while Berlin said it was both lawful and necessary because of the threat of franc - tireurs like those in France in 1870 . The British and French magnified the reports and disseminated them at home and in the United States , where they played a major role in dissolving support for Germany .", "The British soldiers of the war were initially volunteers but increasingly were conscripted into service . Surviving veterans , returning home , often found that they could only discuss their experiences amongst themselves . Grouping together , they formed `` veterans ' associations '' or `` Legions '' . A small number of personal accounts of American veterans have been collected by the Library of Congress Veterans History Project .", "About eight million men surrendered and were held in POW camps during the war . All nations pledged to follow the Hague Conventions on fair treatment of prisoners of war , and the survival rate for POWs was generally much higher than that of their peers at the front . Individual surrenders were uncommon ; large units usually surrendered en masse . At the siege of Maubeuge about 40,000 French soldiers surrendered , at the battle of Galicia Russians took about 100,000 to 120,000 Austrian captives , at the Brusilov Offensive about 325,000 to 417,000 Germans and Austrians surrendered to Russians , and at the Battle of Tannenberg 92,000 Russians surrendered . When the besieged garrison of Kaunas surrendered in 1915 , some 20,000 Russians became prisoners , at the battle near Przasnysz ( February -- March 1915 ) 14,000 Germans surrendered to Russians , and at the First Battle of the Marne about 12,000 Germans surrendered to the Allies. 25 -- 31 % of Russian losses ( as a proportion of those captured , wounded , or killed ) were to prisoner status ; for Austria - Hungary 32 % , for Italy 26 % , for France 12 % , for Germany 9 % ; for Britain 7 % . Prisoners from the Allied armies totalled about 1.4 million ( not including Russia , which lost 2.5 -- 3.5 million men as prisoners ) . From the Central Powers about 3.3 million men became prisoners ; most of them surrendered to Russians . Germany held 2.5 million prisoners ; Russia held 2.2 -- 2.9 million ; while Britain and France held about 720,000 . Most were captured just before the Armistice . The United States held 48,000 . The most dangerous moment was the act of surrender , when helpless soldiers were sometimes gunned down . Once prisoners reached a camp , conditions were , in general , satisfactory ( and much better than in World War II ) , thanks in part to the efforts of the International Red Cross and inspections by neutral nations . However , conditions were terrible in Russia : starvation was common for prisoners and civilians alike ; about 15 -- 20 % of the prisoners in Russia died and in Central Powers imprisonment -- 8 % of Russians . In Germany , food was scarce , but only 5 % died .", "The Ottoman Empire often treated POWs poorly . Some 11,800 British Empire soldiers , most of them Indians , became prisoners after the Siege of Kut in Mesopotamia in April 1916 ; 4,250 died in captivity . Although many were in a poor condition when captured , Ottoman officers forced them to march 1,100 kilometres ( 684 mi ) to Anatolia . A survivor said : `` We were driven along like beasts ; to drop out was to die . '' The survivors were then forced to build a railway through the Taurus Mountains .", "In Russia , when the prisoners from the Czech Legion of the Austro - Hungarian army were released in 1917 , they re-armed themselves and briefly became a military and diplomatic force during the Russian Civil War .", "While the Allied prisoners of the Central Powers were quickly sent home at the end of active hostilities , the same treatment was not granted to Central Power prisoners of the Allies and Russia , many of whom served as forced labor , e.g. , in France until 1920 . They were released only after many approaches by the Red Cross to the Allied Supreme Council . German prisoners were still being held in Russia as late as 1924 .", "Military and civilian observers from every major power closely followed the course of the war . Many were able to report on events from a perspective somewhat akin to modern `` embedded '' positions within the opposing land and naval forces .", "In the Balkans , Yugoslav nationalists such as the leader , Ante Trumbić , strongly supported the war , desiring the freedom of Yugoslavs from Austria - Hungary and other foreign powers and the creation of an independent Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav Committee was formed in Paris on 30 April 1915 but shortly moved its office to London ; Trumbić led the Committee . In April 1918 , the Rome Congress of Oppressed Nationalities met , including Czechoslovak , Italian , Polish , Transylvanian , and Yugoslav representatives who urged the Allies to support national self - determination for the peoples residing within Austria - Hungary .", "In the Middle East , Arab nationalism soared in Ottoman territories in response to the rise of Turkish nationalism during the war , with Arab nationalist leaders advocating the creation of a pan-Arab state . In 1916 , the Arab Revolt began in Ottoman - controlled territories of the Middle East in an effort to achieve independence .", "In East Africa , Iyasu V of Ethiopia was supporting the Dervish state who were at war with the British in the Somaliland Campaign . Von Syburg , the German envoy in Addis Ababa , said , `` now the time has come for Ethiopia to regain the coast of the Red Sea driving the Italians home , to restore the Empire to its ancient size . '' The Ethiopian Empire was on the verge of entering World War I on the side of the Central Powers before Iyasu 's overthrow due to Allied pressure on the Ethiopian aristocracy .", "A number of socialist parties initially supported the war when it began in August 1914 . But European socialists split on national lines , with the concept of class conflict held by radical socialists such as Marxists and syndicalists being overborne by their patriotic support for war . Once the war began , Austrian , British , French , German , and Russian socialists followed the rising nationalist current by supporting their countries ' intervention in the war .", "Italian nationalism was stirred by the outbreak of the war and was initially strongly supported by a variety of political factions . One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was Gabriele d'Annunzio , who promoted Italian irredentism and helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war . The Italian Liberal Party , under the leadership of Paolo Boselli , promoted intervention in the war on the side of the Allies and utilised the Dante Alighieri Society to promote Italian nationalism . Italian socialists were divided on whether to support the war or oppose it ; some were militant supporters of the war , including Benito Mussolini and Leonida Bissolati . However , the Italian Socialist Party decided to oppose the war after anti-militarist protestors were killed , resulting in a general strike called Red Week . The Italian Socialist Party purged itself of pro-war nationalist members , including Mussolini . Mussolini , a syndicalist who supported the war on grounds of irredentist claims on Italian - populated regions of Austria - Hungary , formed the pro-interventionist Il Popolo d'Italia and the Fasci Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista ( `` Revolutionary Fasci for International Action '' ) in October 1914 that later developed into the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919 , the origin of fascism . Mussolini 's nationalism enabled him to raise funds from Ansaldo ( an armaments firm ) and other companies to create Il Popolo d'Italia to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war .", "Once war was declared , many socialists and trade unions backed their governments . Among the exceptions were the Bolsheviks , the Socialist Party of America , and the Italian Socialist Party , and individuals such as Karl Liebknecht , Rosa Luxemburg , and their followers in Germany .", "Benedict XV , elected to the papacy less than three months into World War I , made the war and its consequences the main focus of his early pontificate . In stark contrast to his predecessor , five days after his election he spoke of his determination to do what he could to bring peace . His first encyclical , Ad beatissimi Apostolorum , given 1 November 1914 , was concerned with this subject . Benedict XV found his abilities and unique position as a religious emissary of peace ignored by the belligerent powers . The 1915 Treaty of London between Italy and the Triple Entente included secret provisions whereby the Allies agreed with Italy to ignore papal peace moves towards the Central Powers . Consequently , the publication of Benedict 's proposed seven - point Peace Note of August 1917 was roundly ignored by all parties except Austria - Hungary .", "In Britain , in 1914 , the Public Schools Officers ' Training Corps annual camp was held at Tidworth Pennings , near Salisbury Plain . Head of the British Army , Lord Kitchener , was to review the cadets , but the imminence of the war prevented him . General Horace Smith - Dorrien was sent instead . He surprised the two - or - three thousand cadets by declaring ( in the words of Donald Christopher Smith , a Bermudian cadet who was present ) ,", "that war should be avoided at almost any cost , that war would solve nothing , that the whole of Europe and more besides would be reduced to ruin , and that the loss of life would be so large that whole populations would be decimated . In our ignorance I , and many of us , felt almost ashamed of a British General who uttered such depressing and unpatriotic sentiments , but during the next four years , those of us who survived the holocaust -- probably not more than one - quarter of us -- learned how right the General 's prognosis was and how courageous he had been to utter it .", "Voicing these sentiments did not hinder Smith - Dorrien 's career , or prevent him from doing his duty in World War I to the best of his abilities .", "Many countries jailed those who spoke out against the conflict . These included Eugene Debs in the United States and Bertrand Russell in Britain . In the US , the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 made it a federal crime to oppose military recruitment or make any statements deemed `` disloyal '' . Publications at all critical of the government were removed from circulation by postal censors , and many served long prison sentences for statements of fact deemed unpatriotic .", "A number of nationalists opposed intervention , particularly within states that the nationalists were hostile to . Although the vast majority of Irish people consented to participate in the war in 1914 and 1915 , a minority of advanced Irish nationalists staunchly opposed taking part . The war began amid the Home Rule crisis in Ireland that had resurfaced in 1912 and , by July 1914 , there was a serious possibility of an outbreak of civil war in Ireland . Irish nationalists and Marxists attempted to pursue Irish independence , culminating in the Easter Rising of 1916 , with Germany sending 20,000 rifles to Ireland to stir unrest in Britain . The UK government placed Ireland under martial law in response to the Easter Rising ; although , once the immediate threat of revolution had dissipated , the authorities did try to make concessions to nationalist feeling . However , opposition to involvement in the war increased in Ireland , resulting in the Conscription Crisis of 1918 .", "Other opposition came from conscientious objectors -- some socialist , some religious -- who refused to fight . In Britain , 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status . Some of them , most notably prominent peace activist Stephen Henry Hobhouse , refused both military and alternative service . Many suffered years of prison , including solitary confinement and bread and water diets . Even after the war , in Britain many job advertisements were marked `` No conscientious objectors need apply '' .", "The Central Asian Revolt started in the summer of 1916 , when the Russian Empire government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service .", "In 1917 , a series of French Army Mutinies led to dozens of soldiers being executed and many more imprisoned .", "In Milan , in May 1917 , Bolshevik revolutionaries organised and engaged in rioting calling for an end to the war , and managed to close down factories and stop public transportation . The Italian army was forced to enter Milan with tanks and machine guns to face Bolsheviks and anarchists , who fought violently until 23 May when the army gained control of the city . Almost 50 people ( including three Italian soldiers ) were killed and over 800 people arrested .", "In September 1917 , Russian soldiers in France began questioning why they were fighting for the French at all and mutinied . In Russia , opposition to the war led to soldiers also establishing their own revolutionary committees , which helped foment the October Revolution of 1917 , with the call going up for `` bread , land , and peace '' . The Bolsheviks agreed to a peace treaty with Germany , the peace of Brest - Litovsk , despite its harsh conditions .", "In northern Germany , the end of October 1918 saw the beginning of the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 . Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last , large - scale operation in a war they saw as good as lost ; this initiated the uprising . The sailors ' revolt , which then ensued in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven and Kiel , spread across the whole country within days and led to the proclamation of a republic on 9 November 1918 and shortly thereafter to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II .", "Conscription was common in most European countries . However it was controversial in English speaking countries . It was especially unpopular among minority ethnic groups -- especially the Irish Catholics in Ireland and Australia , and the French Catholics in Canada .", "In Canada the issue produced a major political crisis that permanently alienated the Francophiles . It opened a political gap between French Canadians , who believed their true loyalty was to Canada and not to the British Empire , and members of the Anglophone majority , who saw the war as a duty to their British heritage .", "In Australia , a sustained pro-conscription campaign by Billy Hughes , the Prime Minister , caused a split in the Australian Labor Party , so Hughes formed the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917 to pursue the matter . Farmers , the labour movement , the Catholic Church , and the Irish Catholics successfully opposed Hughes ' push , which was rejected in two plebiscites .", "In Britain , conscription resulted in the calling up of nearly every physically fit man in Britain -- six of ten million eligible . Of these , about 750,000 lost their lives . Most deaths were to young unmarried men ; however , 160,000 wives lost husbands and 300,000 children lost fathers . In the United States , conscription began in 1917 and was generally well received , with a few pockets of opposition in isolated rural areas .", "The non-military diplomatic and propaganda interactions among the nations were designed to build support for the cause , or to undermine support for the enemy . For the most part , wartime diplomacy focused on five issues : propaganda campaigns ; defining and redefining the war goals , which became harsher as the war went on ; luring neutral nations ( Italy , Ottoman Empire , Bulgaria , Romania ) into the coalition by offering slices of enemy territory ; and encouragement by the Allies of nationalistic minority movements inside the Central Powers , especially among Czechs , Poles , and Arabs . In addition , there were multiple peace proposals coming from neutrals , or one side or the other ; none of them progressed very far .", "... `` Strange , friend , '' I said , `` Here is no cause to mourn . '' `` None , '' said the other , `` Save the undone years '' ...", "The War was an unprecedented triumph for natural science . ( Francis ) Bacon had promised that knowledge would be power , and power it was : power to destroy the bodies and souls of men more rapidly than had ever been done by human agency before . This triumph paved the way to other triumphs : improvements in transport , in sanitation , in surgery , medicine , and psychiatry , in commerce and industry , and , above all , in preparations for the next war .", "The first tentative efforts to comprehend the meaning and consequences of modern warfare began during the initial phases of the war , and this process continued throughout and after the end of hostilities , and is still underway , more than a century later .", "Historian Heather Jones argues that the historiography has been reinvigorated by the cultural turn in recent years . Scholars have raised entirely new questions regarding military occupation , radicalization of politics , race , and the male body . Furthermore , new research has revised our understanding of five major topics that historians have long debated . These are : Why did the war begin ? Why did the Allies win ? Were the generals to blame for the high casualty rates ? How did the soldiers endure the horrors of trench warfare ? To what extent did the civilian homefront accept and endorse the war effort ?", "Memorials were erected in thousands of villages and towns . Close to battlefields , those buried in improvised burial grounds were gradually moved to formal graveyards under the care of organisations such as the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , the American Battle Monuments Commission , the German War Graves Commission , and Le Souvenir français . Many of these graveyards also have central monuments to the missing or unidentified dead , such as the Menin Gate memorial and the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme .", "In 1915 John McCrae , a Canadian army doctor , wrote the poem In Flanders Fields as a salute to those who perished in the Great War . Published in Punch on 8 December 1915 , it is still recited today , especially on Remembrance Day and Memorial Day .", "National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City , Missouri , is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War I . The Liberty Memorial was dedicated on 1 November 1921 , when the supreme Allied commanders spoke to a crowd of more than 100,000 people .", "The UK Government has budgeted substantial resources to the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to 2018 . The lead body is the Imperial War Museum . On 3 August 2014 , French President Francois Hollande and German President Joachim Gauck together marked the centenary of Germany 's declaration of war on France by laying the first stone of a memorial in Vieil Armand , known in German as Hartmannswillerkopf , for French and German soldiers killed in the war .", "The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Britain and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Britain and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "World War I had a lasting impact on social memory . It was seen by many in Britain as signalling the end of an era of stability stretching back to the Victorian period , and across Europe many regarded it as a watershed . Historian Samuel Hynes explained :", "A generation of innocent young men , their heads full of high abstractions like Honour , Glory and England , went off to war to make the world safe for democracy . They were slaughtered in stupid battles planned by stupid generals . Those who survived were shocked , disillusioned and embittered by their war experiences , and saw that their real enemies were not the Germans , but the old men at home who had lied to them . They rejected the values of the society that had sent them to war , and in doing so separated their own generation from the past and from their cultural inheritance .", "This has become the most common perception of World War I , perpetuated by the art , cinema , poems , and stories published subsequently . Films such as All Quiet on the Western Front , Paths of Glory and King & Country have perpetuated the idea , while war - time films including Camrades , Poppies of Flanders , and Shoulder Arms indicate that the most contemporary views of the war were overall far more positive . Likewise , the art of Paul Nash , John Nash , Christopher Nevinson , and Henry Tonks in Britain painted a negative view of the conflict in keeping with the growing perception , while popular war - time artists such as Muirhead Bone painted more serene and pleasant interpretations subsequently rejected as inaccurate . Several historians like John Terraine , Niall Ferguson and Gary Sheffield have challenged these interpretations as partial and polemical views :", "These beliefs did not become widely shared because they offered the only accurate interpretation of wartime events . In every respect , the war was much more complicated than they suggest . In recent years , historians have argued persuasively against almost every popular cliché of World War I. It has been pointed out that , although the losses were devastating , their greatest impact was socially and geographically limited . The many emotions other than horror experienced by soldiers in and out of the front line , including comradeship , boredom , and even enjoyment , have been recognised . The war is not now seen as a ' fight about nothing ' , but as a war of ideals , a struggle between aggressive militarism and more or less liberal democracy . It has been acknowledged that British generals were often capable men facing difficult challenges , and that it was under their command that the British army played a major part in the defeat of the Germans in 1918 : a great forgotten victory .", "Though these views have been discounted as `` myths '' , they are common . They have dynamically changed according to contemporary influences , reflecting in the 1950s perceptions of the war as `` aimless '' following the contrasting Second World War and emphasising conflict within the ranks during times of class conflict in the 1960s . The majority of additions to the contrary are often rejected .", "The social trauma caused by unprecedented rates of casualties manifested itself in different ways , which have been the subject of subsequent historical debate .", "The optimism of la belle époque was destroyed , and those who had fought in the war were referred to as the Lost Generation . For years afterwards , people mourned the dead , the missing , and the many disabled . Many soldiers returned with severe trauma , suffering from shell shock ( also called neurasthenia , a condition related to posttraumatic stress disorder ) . Many more returned home with few after - effects ; however , their silence about the war contributed to the conflict 's growing mythological status . Though many participants did not share in the experiences of combat or spend any significant time at the front , or had positive memories of their service , the images of suffering and trauma became the widely shared perception . Such historians as Dan Todman , Paul Fussell , and Samuel Heyns have all published works since the 1990s arguing that these common perceptions of the war are factually incorrect .", "The rise of Nazism and Fascism included a revival of the nationalist spirit and a rejection of many post-war changes . Similarly , the popularity of the stab - in - the - back legend ( German : Dolchstoßlegende ) was a testament to the psychological state of defeated Germany and was a rejection of responsibility for the conflict . This conspiracy theory of betrayal became common , and the German populace came to see themselves as victims . The widespread acceptance of the `` stab - in - the - back '' theory delegitimized the Weimar government and destabilized the system , opening it to extremes of right and left .", "Communist and fascist movements around Europe drew strength from this theory and enjoyed a new level of popularity . These feelings were most pronounced in areas directly or harshly affected by the war . Adolf Hitler was able to gain popularity by utilising German discontent with the still controversial Treaty of Versailles . World War II was in part a continuation of the power struggle never fully resolved by World War I. Furthermore , it was common for Germans in the 1930s to justify acts of aggression due to perceived injustices imposed by the victors of World War I. American historian William Rubinstein wrote that :", "The ' Age of Totalitarianism ' included nearly all of the infamous examples of genocide in modern history , headed by the Jewish Holocaust , but also comprising the mass murders and purges of the Communist world , other mass killings carried out by Nazi Germany and its allies , and also the Armenian Genocide of 1915 . All these slaughters , it is argued here , had a common origin , the collapse of the elite structure and normal modes of government of much of central , eastern and southern Europe as a result of World War I , without which surely neither Communism nor Fascism would have existed except in the minds of unknown agitators and crackpots .", "One of the most dramatic effects of the war was the expansion of governmental powers and responsibilities in Britain , France , the United States , and the Dominions of the British Empire . To harness all the power of their societies , governments created new ministries and powers . New taxes were levied and laws enacted , all designed to bolster the war effort ; many have lasted to this day . Similarly , the war strained the abilities of some formerly large and bureaucratised governments , such as in Austria - Hungary and Germany .", "Gross domestic product ( GDP ) increased for three Allies ( Britain , Italy , and the United States ) , but decreased in France and Russia , in neutral Netherlands , and in the three main Central Powers . The shrinkage in GDP in Austria , Russia , France , and the Ottoman Empire ranged between 30 % and 40 % . In Austria , for example , most pigs were slaughtered , so at war 's end there was no meat .", "In all nations , the government 's share of GDP increased , surpassing 50 % in both Germany and France and nearly reaching that level in Britain . To pay for purchases in the United States , Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began borrowing heavily on Wall Street . President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916 , but allowed a great increase in U.S. government lending to the Allies . After 1919 , the U.S. demanded repayment of these loans . The repayments were , in part , funded by German reparations that , in turn , were supported by American loans to Germany . This circular system collapsed in 1931 and the loans were never repaid . Britain still owed the United States $4.4 billion of World War I debt in 1934 , and this money was never repaid .", "Macro - and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war . Families were altered by the departure of many men . With the death or absence of the primary wage earner , women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers . At the same time , industry needed to replace the lost labourers sent to war . This aided the struggle for voting rights for women .", "World War I further compounded the gender imbalance , adding to the phenomenon of surplus women . The deaths of nearly one million men during the war in Britain increased the gender gap by almost a million : from 670,000 to 1,700,000 . The number of unmarried women seeking economic means grew dramatically . In addition , demobilisation and economic decline following the war caused high unemployment . The war increased female employment ; however , the return of demobilised men displaced many from the workforce , as did the closure of many of the wartime factories .", "In Britain , rationing was finally imposed in early 1918 , limited to meat , sugar , and fats ( butter and margarine ) , but not bread . The new system worked smoothly . From 1914 to 1918 , trade union membership doubled , from a little over four million to a little over eight million .", "Britain turned to her colonies for help in obtaining essential war materials whose supply from traditional sources had become difficult . Geologists such as Albert Ernest Kitson were called on to find new resources of precious minerals in the African colonies . Kitson discovered important new deposits of manganese , used in munitions production , in the Gold Coast .", "Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles ( the so - called `` war guilt '' clause ) stated Germany accepted responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies . '' It was worded as such to lay a legal basis for reparations , and a similar clause was inserted in the treaties with Austria and Hungary . However neither of them interpreted it as an admission of war guilt . '' In 1921 , the total reparation sum was placed at 132 billion gold marks . However , `` Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay '' this sum . The total sum was divided into three categories , with the third being `` deliberately designed to be chimerical '' and its `` primary function was to mislead public opinion ... into believing the `` total sum was being maintained . '' Thus , 50 billion gold marks ( 12.5 billion dollars ) `` represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay '' and `` therefore ... represented the total German reparations '' figure that had to be paid .", "This figure could be paid in cash or in kind ( coal , timber , chemical dyes , etc . ) . In addition , some of the territory lost -- via the treaty of Versailles -- was credited towards the reparation figure as were other acts such as helping to restore the Library of Louvain . By 1929 , the Great Depression arrived , causing political chaos throughout the world . In 1932 the payment of reparations was suspended by the international community , by which point Germany had only paid the equivalent of 20.598 billion gold marks in reparations . With the rise of Adolf Hitler , all bonds and loans that had been issued and taken out during the 1920s and early 1930s were cancelled . David Andelman notes `` refusing to pay does n't make an agreement null and void . The bonds , the agreement , still exist . '' Thus , following the Second World War , at the London Conference in 1953 , Germany agreed to resume payment on the money borrowed . On 3 October 2010 , Germany made the final payment on these bonds .", "The war contributed to the evolution of the wristwatch from women 's jewelry to a practical everyday item , replacing the pocketwatch , which requires a free hand to operate . Military funding of advancements in radio contributed to the postwar popularity of the medium ." ]
World War I - wikipedia World War I Jump to: navigation , search `` World War One'' , `` Great War'' , and `` WW1'' redirect here. For other uses, see World War One (disambiguation) , Great War (disambiguation) , and WW1 (album) . World War I Clockwise from the top : The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme , Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line , HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles , a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme, Albatros D.III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11 Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914-07-28 -- 1918-11-11 ) (4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks) Peace treaties (show) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 (4 years and 11 months) Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye Signed 10 September 1919 (5 years, 1 month, 1 week and 6 days) Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine Signed 27 November 1919 (4 years, 1 month, 1 week and 6 days) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 (5 years, 10 months and 1 week) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 (6 years, 1 week and 6 days) United States-- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 (3 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 3 days) United States-- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 (4 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 5 days) United States-- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 (3 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 1 day) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 (8 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 4 days) Location Europe, Africa, the Middle East, the Pacific Islands , China, Indian Ocean, and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied victory Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro-Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more... ) Belligerents Allied Powers France British Empire Russia (until 1917) Serbia Montenegro Belgium Japan Italy (1915-- 18) Portugal (1916-- 18) Romania (1916-- 18) Hejaz (1916-- 18) United States (1917-- 18) Greece (1917-- 18) Siam (1917-- 18) ... and others Central Powers German Empire Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria (1915-- 18) ... and co-belligerents Commanders and leaders Allied leaders Georges Clemenceau Raymond Poincaré H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Vittorio Orlando Victor Emmanuel III Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I ... and others Central Powers leaders Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I † Karl I Mehmed V † Three Pashas Ferdinand I ... and others Strength 12,000,000 8,841,541 8,660,000 5,615,140 4,743,826 1,234,000 800,000 707,343 380,000 250,000 50,000 Total: 42,959,850 13,250,000 7,800,000 2,998,321 1,200,000 Total: 25,248,321 Casualties and losses Military dead: 5,525,000 Military wounded: 12,831,500 Military missing: 4,121,000 Total: 22,477,500 KIA, WIA or MIA ... further details . Military dead: 4,386,000 Military wounded: 8,388,000 Military missing: 3,629,000 Total: 16,403,000 KIA, WIA or MIA ... further details . Theatres of World War I European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South-West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Events leading to World War I Triple Alliance 1882 Franco-Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo-German naval arms race 1898-- 1912 Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902-1903 Entente Cordiale 1904 Russo-Japanese War 1904-- 1905 First Moroccan Crisis 1905-- 1906 Anglo-Russian Entente 1907 Bosnian crisis 1908-- 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 Italo-Turkish War 1911-- 1912 Balkan Wars 1912-- 1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914 World War I ( WWI or WW1 ), also known as the First World War , the Great War , or the War to End All Wars , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides ), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication , and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare . It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history , and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries still extant at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War only twenty-one years later. The war drew in all the world's economic great powers , assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the Russian Empire , the French Third Republic , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ) versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary . Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance alongside Germany and Austria-Hungary, it did not join the Central Powers, as Austria-Hungary had taken the offensive against the terms of the alliance. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war: Italy, Japan and the United States joined the Allies, while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers. The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia , and entangled international alliances formed over the previous decades were invoked. Within weeks, the major powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia. Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Being outnumbered on the Eastern Front , Russia urged its Triple Entente ally France to open up a second front in the west. Over forty years earlier in 1870, the Franco-Prussian War had ended the Second French Empire and France had ceded the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to a unified Germany. Bitterness over that defeat and the determination to retake Alsace-Lorraine made the acceptance of Russia's plea for help an easy choice, so France began full mobilisation on 1 August and, on 3 August, Germany declared war on France. The border between France and Germany was heavily fortified on both sides so, according to the Schlieffen Plan , Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France from the north, leading the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany on 4 August due to their violation of Belgian neutrality. After the German march on Paris was halted in the Battle of the Marne , what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition , with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front , the Russian army led a successful campaign against the Austro-Hungarians, but the Germans stopped its invasion of East Prussia in the battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes. In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus , Mesopotamia and the Sinai . In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers; Romania joined the Allies in 1916, as did the United States in 1917. The Russian government collapsed in March 1917 , and a revolution in November followed by a further military defeat brought the Russians to terms with the Central Powers via the Treaty of Brest Litovsk , which granted the Germans a significant victory. After a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives . On 4 November 1918 , the Austro-Hungarian empire agreed to an armistice, and Germany, which had its own trouble with revolutionaries , agreed to an armistice on 11 November 1918, ending the war in victory for the Allies. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ceased to exist. National borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germany's colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , the Big Four (Britain, France, the United States and Italy) imposed their terms in a series of treaties. The League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation (particularly in Germany) eventually contributed to the start of World War II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Background 2.1 Political and military alliances 2.2 Arms race 2.3 Conflicts in the Balkans 3 Prelude 3.1 Sarajevo assassination 3.2 Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.3 July Crisis 4 Progress of the war 4.1 Opening hostilities 4.1.1 Confusion among the Central Powers 4.1.2 Serbian campaign 4.1.3 German forces in Belgium and France 4.1.4 Asia and the Pacific 4.1.5 African campaigns 4.1.6 Indian support for the Allies 4.2 Western Front 4.2.1 Trench warfare begins 4.2.2 Continuation of trench warfare 4.3 Naval war 4.4 Southern theatres 4.4.1 War in the Balkans 4.4.2 Ottoman Empire 4.4.3 Italian participation 4.4.4 Romanian participation 4.5 Eastern Front 4.5.1 Initial actions 4.5.2 Russian Revolution 4.5.3 Czechoslovak Legion 4.6 Central Powers peace overtures 4.7 1917-- 1918 4.7.1 Developments in 1917 4.7.2 Ottoman Empire conflict, 1917-- 1918 4.7.3 15 August 1917: Peace offer by the Pope 4.7.4 Entry of the United States 4.7.5 German Spring Offensive of 1918 4.7.6 New states under war zone 4.8 Allied victory: summer 1918 onwards 4.8.1 Hundred Days Offensive 4.8.2 Armistices and capitulations 5 Aftermath 5.1 Formal end of the war 5.2 Peace treaties and national boundaries 5.3 National identities 5.4 Health effects 6 Technology 6.1 Ground warfare 6.2 Naval 6.3 Aviation 7 War crimes 7.1 Baralong incidents 7.2 Torpedoing of HMHS Llandovery Castle 7.3 Chemical weapons in warfare 7.4 Genocide and ethnic cleansing 7.4.1 Russian Empire 7.5 Rape of Belgium 8 Soldiers' experiences 8.1 Prisoners of war 8.2 Military attachés and war correspondents 9 Support and opposition to the war 9.1 Support 9.2 Opposition 9.2.1 Conscription 9.2.2 Conscription in Canada 9.2.3 Conscription in Australia 9.2.4 Conscription in Britain 9.3 Diplomacy 10 Legacy and memory 10.1 Historiography 10.2 Memorials 10.3 Cultural memory 10.4 Social trauma 10.5 Discontent in Germany 10.6 Economic effects 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 Bibliography 14.1 Primary sources 14.2 Historiography and memory 15 External links 15.1 Animated maps 15.2 Library guides Names From the time of its start until the approach of World War II , the First World War was called simply the World War or the Great War and thereafter the First World War or World War I. At the time, it was also sometimes called `` the war to end war '' or `` the war to end all wars'' due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Maclean's magazine in October 1914 wrote, `` Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War.'' During the interwar period (1918-- 1939), the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. The term `` First World War'' was first used in September 1914 by the German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel , who claimed that `` there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared ' European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word,'' citing a wire service report in The Indianapolis Star on 20 September 1914. After the onset of the Second World War in 1939, the terms World War I or the First World War became standard, with British and Canadian historians favouring the First World War , and Americans World War I . Background Main article: Causes of World War I Rival military coalitions in 1914; Triple Entente in green; Triple Alliance in brown. Only the Triple Alliance was a formal `` alliance'' ; the others listed were informal patterns of support. Political and military alliances During the 19th century, the major European powers went to great lengths to maintain a balance of power throughout Europe, resulting in the existence of a complex network of political and military alliances throughout the continent by 1900. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia , Russia, and Austria. When Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors (German: Dreikaiserbund ) between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany. This agreement failed because Austria-Hungary and Russia could not agree over Balkan policy, leaving Germany and Austria-Hungary in an alliance formed in 1879, called the Dual Alliance . This was seen as a method of countering Russian influence in the Balkans as the Ottoman Empire continued to weaken . This alliance expanded in 1882 to include Italy, in what became the Triple Alliance . Bismarck had especially worked to hold Russia at Germany's side in an effort to avoid a two-front war with France and Russia. When Wilhelm II ascended to the throne as German Emperor ( Kaiser ), Bismarck was compelled to retire and his system of alliances was gradually de-emphasised. For example, the Kaiser refused, in 1890, to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia. Two years later, the Franco-Russian Alliance was signed to counteract the force of the Triple Alliance. In 1904, Britain signed a series of agreements with France, the Entente Cordiale , and in 1907, Britain and Russia signed the Anglo-Russian Convention . While these agreements did not formally ally Britain with France or Russia, they made British entry into any future conflict involving France or Russia a possibility, and the system of interlocking bilateral agreements became known as the Triple Entente . SMS Rheinland , a Nassau -class battleship, Germany's first response to Dreadnought . Arms race German industrial and economic power had grown greatly after unification and the foundation of the Empire in 1871 following the Franco-Prussian War . From the mid-1890s on, the government of Wilhelm II used this base to devote significant economic resources for building up the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial German Navy ), established by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , in rivalry with the British Royal Navy for world naval supremacy. As a result, each nation strove to out-build the other in capital ships . With the launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906, the British Empire expanded on its significant advantage over its German rival. The arms race between Britain and Germany eventually extended to the rest of Europe, with all the major powers devoting their industrial base to producing the equipment and weapons necessary for a pan-European conflict. Between 1908 and 1913, the military spending of the European powers increased by 50%. Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the Austrian annexation in 1908 Conflicts in the Balkans Austria-Hungary precipitated the Bosnian crisis of 1908-- 1909 by officially annexing the former Ottoman territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which it had occupied since 1878 . This angered the Kingdom of Serbia and its patron, the Pan-Slavic and Orthodox Russian Empire . Russian political manoeuvring in the region destabilised peace accords that were already fracturing in the Balkans, which came to be known as the `` powder keg of Europe .'' In 1912 and 1913, the First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan League and the fracturing Ottoman Empire. The resulting Treaty of London further shrank the Ottoman Empire, creating an independent Albanian state while enlarging the territorial holdings of Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece. When Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913, it lost most of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece, and Southern Dobruja to Romania in the 33-day Second Balkan War , further destabilising the region. The Great Powers were able to keep these Balkan conflicts contained, but the next one would spread throughout Europe and beyond. Prelude Sarajevo assassination Main article: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria This picture is usually associated with the arrest of Gavrilo Princip , although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander. On 28 June 1914, Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo . A group of six assassins ( Cvjetko Popović , Gavrilo Princip , Muhamed Mehmedbašić , Nedeljko Čabrinović , Trifko Grabež , Vaso Čubrilović ) from the Yugoslavist group Mlada Bosna , supplied by the Serbian Black Hand , had gathered on the street where the Archduke's motorcade would pass, with the intention of assassinating him. Čabrinović threw a grenade at the car, but missed. Some nearby were injured by the blast, but Ferdinand's convoy carried on. The other assassins failed to act as the cars drove past them. About an hour later, when Ferdinand was returning from a visit at the Sarajevo Hospital with those wounded in the assassination attempt, the convoy took a wrong turn into a street where, by coincidence, Princip stood. With a pistol, Princip shot and killed Ferdinand and his wife Sophie . The reaction among the people in Austria was mild, almost indifferent. As historian Zbyněk Zeman later wrote, `` the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever. On Sunday and Monday (28 and 29 June), the crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine, as if nothing had happened.'' . Nevertheless, the political impact of the murder of the heir to the throne was significant and has been described as a `` 9/11 effect, a terrorist event charged with historic meaning, transforming the political chemistry in Vienna. And although they were not personally close, the Emperor Franz Joseph was profoundly shocked and upset. Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina The Austro-Hungarian authorities encouraged the subsequent anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , in which Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks killed two Bosnian Serbs and damaged numerous Serb-owned buildings. Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were also organized outside Sarajevo, in other cities in Austro-Hungarian-controlled Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia. Austro-Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned and extradited approximately 5,500 prominent Serbs, 700 to 2,200 of whom died in prison. A further 460 Serbs were sentenced to death. A predominantly Bosniak special militia known as the Schutzkorps was established and carried out the persecution of Serbs. July crisis Main article: July Crisis Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , 29 June 1914 Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910. Bosnia-Herzegovina was annexed in 1908. The assassination led to a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France and Britain, called the July Crisis . Believing correctly that Serbian officials (especially the officers of the Black Hand) were involved in the plot to murder the Archduke, and wanting to finally end Serbian interference in Bosnia, Austria-Hungary delivered to Serbia on 23 July the July Ultimatum , a series of ten demands that were made intentionally unacceptable, in an effort to provoke a war with Serbia. The next day, after the Council of Ministers of Russia was held under the chairmanship of the Tsar at Krasnoe Selo, Russia ordered general mobilization for Odessa, Kiev, Kazan and Moscow military districts, and fleets of the Baltic and the Black Sea. They also asked other regions to accelerate preparations for general mobilization. Serbia decreed general mobilization on the 25th. The Serbs drafted their reply to the ultimatum in such a way as to give the impression of making significant concessions but, as Christopher Clark states, `` this was a highly perfumed rejection on most points'' . This included article six, which demanded that Austrian delegates be allowed in Serbia for the purpose of participation in the investigation into the assassination. Following this, Austria broke off diplomatic relations with Serbia and, the next day ordered a partial mobilization. Finally, on 28 July 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. On 25 July, Russia, in support of its Serb protégé , unilaterally declared-- outside of the conciliation procedure provided by the Franco-Russian military agreements-- partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary. On the 30th, Russia ordered general mobilization against Germany. German Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg waited until the 31st for an appropriate response, when Germany declared a `` state of danger of war'' . Kaiser Wilhelm II asked his cousin, Tsar Nicolas II, to suspend the Russian general mobilization. When he refused, Germany issued an ultimatum demanding its mobilization be stopped, and a commitment not to support Serbia. Another was sent to France, asking her not to support Russia if it were to come to the defence of Serbia. On 1 August, after the Russian response, Germany mobilized and declared war on Russia. This also led to the general mobilization in Austria-Hungary on 4 August. The German government issued demands to France that it remain neutral as they had to decide which deployment plan to implement, it being difficult if not impossible to change the deployment whilst it was underway. The modified German Schlieffen Plan , Aufmarsch II West , would deploy 80% of the army in the west, and Aufmarsch I Ost and Aufmarsch II Ost would deploy 60% in the west and 40% in the east as this was the maximum that the East Prussian railway infrastructure could carry. The French did not respond, but sent a mixed message by ordering their troops to withdraw 10 km (6 mi) from the border to avoid any incidents, and at the same time ordered the mobilisation of her reserves. Germany responded by mobilising its own reserves and implementing Aufmarsch II West . On 1 August Wilhelm ordered General Moltke to `` march the whole of the ... army to the East'' after he had been wrongly informed that the British would remain neutral as long as France was not attacked. The General convinced the Kaiser that improvising the redeployment of a million men was unthinkable and that making it possible for the French to attack the Germans `` in the rear'' might prove disastrous. Yet Wilhelm insisted that the German army should not march into Luxembourg until he received a telegram sent by his cousin George V, who made it clear that there had been a misunderstanding. Eventually the Kaiser told Molkte, `` Now you can do what you want.'' Germany attacked Luxembourg on 2 August, and on 3 August declared war on France. On 4 August, after Belgium refused to permit German troops to cross its borders into France, Germany declared war on Belgium as well. Britain declared war on Germany at 19:00 UTC on 4 August 1914 (effective from 11 pm), following an `` unsatisfactory reply'' to the British ultimatum that Belgium must be kept neutral . Progress of the War Further information: Diplomatic history of World War I Opening hostilities Confusion among the Central Powers The strategy of the Central Powers suffered from miscommunication. Germany had promised to support Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia, but interpretations of what this meant differed. Previously tested deployment plans had been replaced early in 1914, but those had never been tested in exercises. Austro-Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank against Russia. Germany, however, envisioned Austria-Hungary directing most of its troops against Russia, while Germany dealt with France. This confusion forced the Austro-Hungarian Army to divide its forces between the Russian and Serbian fronts. Serbian Campaign Serbian Army Blériot XI `` Oluj'' , 1915 Main article: Serbian Campaign of World War I Austria invaded and fought the Serbian army at the Battle of Cer and Battle of Kolubara beginning on 12 August. Over the next two weeks, Austrian attacks were thrown back with heavy losses, which marked the first major Allied victories of the war and dashed Austro-Hungarian hopes of a swift victory. As a result, Austria had to keep sizable forces on the Serbian front, weakening its efforts against Russia. Serbia's defeat of the Austro-Hungarian invasion of 1914 counts among the major upset victories of the twentieth century. German forces in Belgium and France Main article: Western Front (World War I) German soldiers in a railway goods wagon on the way to the front in 1914. Early in the war, all sides expected the conflict to be a short one. At the outbreak of World War I, 80% of the German army was deployed as seven field armies in the west according to the plan Aufmarsch II West . However, they were then assigned to execute the retired deployment plan Aufmarsch I West , also known as the Schlieffen Plan. This would march German armies through northern Belgium and into France, in an attempt to encircle the French army and then breach the ' second defensive area' of the fortresses of Verdun and Paris and the Marne river. Aufmarsch I West was one of four deployment plans available to the German General Staff in 1914. Each plan favoured certain operations, but did not specify exactly how those operations were to be carried out, leaving the commanding officers to carry those out at their own initiative and with minimal oversight. Aufmarsch I West , designed for a one-front war with France, had been retired once it became clear it was irrelevant to the wars Germany could expect to face; both Russia and Britain were expected to help France, and there was no possibility of Italian nor Austro-Hungarian troops being available for operations against France. But despite its unsuitability, and the availability of more sensible and decisive options, it retained a certain allure due to its offensive nature and the pessimism of pre-war thinking, which expected offensive operations to be short-lived, costly in casualties, and unlikely to be decisive. Accordingly, the Aufmarsch II West deployment was changed for the offensive of 1914, despite its unrealistic goals and the insufficient forces Germany had available for decisive success. Moltke took Schlieffen's plan and modified the deployment of forces on the western front by reducing the right wing, the one to advance through Belgium, from 85% to 70%. In the end, the Schlieffen plan was so radically modified by Moltke, that it could be more properly called the Moltke Plan. The plan called for the right flank of the German advance to bypass the French armies concentrated on the Franco-German border, defeat the French forces closer to Luxembourg and Belgium and move south to Paris. Initially the Germans were successful, particularly in the Battle of the Frontiers (14-- 24 August). By 12 September, the French, with assistance from the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), halted the German advance east of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne (5-- 12 September) and pushed the German forces back some 50 km (31 mi). The French offensive into southern Alsace, launched on 20 August with the Battle of Mulhouse , had limited success. In the east, Russia invaded with two armies. In response, Germany rapidly moved the 8th Field Army from its previous role as reserve for the invasion of France to East Prussia by rail across the German Empire. This army, led by general Paul von Hindenburg , defeated Russia in a series of battles collectively known as the First Battle of Tannenberg (17 August -- 2 September). While the Russian invasion failed, it caused the diversion of German troops to the east, allowing the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne. This meant Germany failed to achieve its objective of avoiding a long, two-front war. However, the German army had fought its way into a good defensive position inside France and effectively halved France's supply of coal. It had also killed or permanently crippled 230,000 more French and British troops than it itself had lost. Despite this, communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of a more decisive outcome. Asia and the Pacific Main article: Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I Military recruitment in Melbourne , Australia , 1914 New Zealand occupied German Samoa (later Western Samoa) on 30 August 1914. On 11 September, the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force landed on the island of Neu Pommern (later New Britain), which formed part of German New Guinea . On 28 October, the German cruiser SMS Emden sank the Russian cruiser Zhemchug in the Battle of Penang . Japan seized Germany's Micronesian colonies and, after the Siege of Tsingtao , the German coaling port of Qingdao on the Chinese Shandong peninsula. As Vienna refused to withdraw the Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth from Tsingtao, Japan declared war not only on Germany, but also on Austria-Hungary; the ship participated in the defense of Tsingtao where it was sunk in November 1914. Within a few months, the Allied forces had seized all the German territories in the Pacific; only isolated commerce raiders and a few holdouts in New Guinea remained. African campaigns Main article: African theatre of World War I Military recruitment near Tiberias , Ottoman Empire , 1914 Some of the first clashes of the war involved British, French, and German colonial forces in Africa. On 6-- 7 August, French and British troops invaded the German protectorate of Togoland and Kamerun . On 10 August, German forces in South-West Africa attacked South Africa; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the rest of the war. The German colonial forces in German East Africa , led by Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck , fought a guerrilla warfare campaign during World War I and only surrendered two weeks after the armistice took effect in Europe. Indian support for the Allies Further information: Hindu-- German Conspiracy , Niedermayer-- Hentig Expedition , and Third Anglo-Afghan War Germany attempted to use Indian nationalism and pan-Islamism to its advantage, instigating uprisings in India , and sending a mission that urged Afghanistan to join the war on the side of Central powers. However, contrary to British fears of a revolt in India, the outbreak of the war saw an unprecedented outpouring of loyalty and goodwill towards Britain. Indian political leaders from the Indian National Congress and other groups were eager to support the British war effort, since they believed that strong support for the war effort would further the cause of Indian Home Rule . The Indian Army in fact outnumbered the British Army at the beginning of the war; about 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while the central government and the princely states sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. In all, 140,000 men served on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 in the Middle East. Casualties of Indian soldiers totalled 47,746 killed and 65,126 wounded during World War I. The suffering engendered by the war, as well as the failure of the British government to grant self-government to India after the end of hostilities, bred disillusionment and fuelled the campaign for full independence that would be led by Mohandas K. Gandhi and others. Western front Main article: Western Front (World War I) Trench warfare begins Royal Irish Rifles in a communications trench, first day on the Somme , 1916 Military tactics developed before World War I failed to keep pace with advances in technology and had become obsolete. These advances had allowed the creation of strong defensive systems, which out-of-date military tactics could not break through for most of the war. Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances, while artillery , vastly more lethal than in the 1870s, coupled with machine guns , made crossing open ground extremely difficult. Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties. In time, however, technology began to produce new offensive weapons, such as gas warfare and the tank . Just after the First Battle of the Marne (5-- 12 September 1914), Entente and German forces repeatedly attempted manoeuvring to the north in an effort to outflank each other: this series of manoeuvres became known as the `` Race to the Sea '' . When these outflanking efforts failed, the opposing forces soon found themselves facing an uninterrupted line of entrenched positions from Lorraine to Belgium's coast. Britain and France sought to take the offensive, while Germany defended the occupied territories. Consequently, German trenches were much better constructed than those of their enemy; Anglo-French trenches were only intended to be `` temporary'' before their forces broke through the German defences. Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances. On 22 April 1915, at the Second Battle of Ypres , the Germans (violating the Hague Convention ) used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front. Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides, and though it never proved a decisive, battle-winning weapon, poison gas became one of the most-feared and best-remembered horrors of the war. Tanks were developed by Britain and France, and were first used in combat by the British during the Battle of Flers-- Courcelette (part of the Battle of the Somme) on 15 September 1916, with only partial success. However, their effectiveness would grow as the war progressed; the Allies built tanks in large numbers, whilst the Germans employed only a few of their own design, supplemented by captured Allied tanks. Continuation of trench warfare French 87th regiment near Verdun, 1916 King George V ( front left ) and a group of officials inspect a British munitions factory in 1917 Canadian troops advancing with a British Mark II tank at the Battle of Vimy Ridge , 1917 Neither side proved able to deliver a decisive blow for the next two years. Throughout 1915-- 17, the British Empire and France suffered more casualties than Germany, because of both the strategic and tactical stances chosen by the sides. Strategically, while the Germans only mounted one major offensive, the Allies made several attempts to break through the German lines. In February 1916 the Germans attacked the French defensive positions at Verdun . Lasting until December 1916, the battle saw initial German gains, before French counter-attacks returned matters to near their starting point. Casualties were greater for the French, but the Germans bled heavily as well, with anywhere from 700,000 to 975,000 casualties suffered between the two combatants. Verdun became a symbol of French determination and self-sacrifice. The Battle of the Somme was an Anglo-French offensive of July to November 1916. The opening of this offensive (1 July 1916) saw the British Army endure the bloodiest day in its history, suffering 57,470 casualties, including 19,240 dead, on the first day alone. The entire Somme offensive cost the British Army some 420,000 casualties. The French suffered another estimated 200,000 casualties and the Germans an estimated 500,000. Protracted action at Verdun throughout 1916, combined with the bloodletting at the Somme, brought the exhausted French army to the brink of collapse. Futile attempts using frontal assault came at a high price for both the British and the French and led to the widespread French Army Mutinies , after the failure of the costly Nivelle Offensive of April-- May 1917. The concurrent British Battle of Arras was more limited in scope, and more successful, although ultimately of little strategic value. A smaller part of the Arras offensive, the capture of Vimy Ridge by the Canadian Corps , became highly significant to that country: the idea that Canada's national identity was born out of the battle is an opinion widely held in military and general histories of Canada. The last large-scale offensive of this period was a British attack (with French support) at Passchendaele (July-- November 1917). This offensive opened with great promise for the Allies, before bogging down in the October mud. Casualties, though disputed, were roughly equal, at some 200,000-- 400,000 per side. These years of trench warfare in the West saw no major exchanges of territory and, as a result, are often thought of as static and unchanging. However, throughout this period, British, French, and German tactics constantly evolved to meet new battlefield challenges. Naval War Main article: Naval warfare of World War I Battleships of the Hochseeflotte , 1917 At the start of the war, the German Empire had cruisers scattered across the globe, some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied merchant shipping . The British Royal Navy systematically hunted them down, though not without some embarrassment from its inability to protect Allied shipping. For example, the German detached light cruiser SMS Emden , part of the East-Asia squadron stationed at Qingdao, seized or destroyed 15 merchantmen, as well as sinking a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer. However, most of the German East-Asia squadron -- consisting of the armoured cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , light cruisers Nürnberg and Leipzig and two transport ships-- did not have orders to raid shipping and was instead underway to Germany when it met British warships. The German flotilla and Dresden sank two armoured cruisers at the Battle of Coronel , but was virtually destroyed at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914, with only Dresden and a few auxiliaries escaping, but after the Battle of Más a Tierra these too had been destroyed or interned. Soon after the outbreak of hostilities, Britain began a naval blockade of Germany . The strategy proved effective, cutting off vital military and civilian supplies, although this blockade violated accepted international law codified by several international agreements of the past two centuries. Britain mined international waters to prevent any ships from entering entire sections of ocean, causing danger to even neutral ships. Since there was limited response to this tactic of the British, Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare. The Battle of Jutland (German: Skagerrakschlacht , or `` Battle of the Skagerrak '' ) developed into the largest naval battle of the war. It was the only full-scale clash of battleships during the war, and one of the largest in history. The Kaiserliche Marine's High Seas Fleet, commanded by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer , fought the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet , led by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe . The engagement was a stand off, as the Germans were outmanoeuvred by the larger British fleet, but managed to escape and inflicted more damage to the British fleet than they received. Strategically, however, the British asserted their control of the sea, and the bulk of the German surface fleet remained confined to port for the duration of the war. U-155 exhibited near Tower Bridge in London, after the 1918 Armistice. German U-boats attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain. The nature of submarine warfare meant that attacks often came without warning, giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival. The United States launched a protest, and Germany changed its rules of engagement. After the sinking of the passenger ship RMS Lusitania in 1915, Germany promised not to target passenger liners, while Britain armed its merchant ships, placing them beyond the protection of the `` cruiser rules '' , which demanded warning and movement of crews to `` a place of safety'' (a standard that lifeboats did not meet). Finally, in early 1917, Germany adopted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare , realising that the Americans would eventually enter the war. Germany sought to strangle Allied sea lanes before the United States could transport a large army overseas, but after initial successes eventually failed to do so. The U-boat threat lessened in 1917, when merchant ships began travelling in convoys , escorted by destroyers . This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets, which significantly lessened losses; after the hydrophone and depth charges were introduced, accompanying destroyers could attack a submerged submarine with some hope of success. Convoys slowed the flow of supplies, since ships had to wait as convoys were assembled. The solution to the delays was an extensive program of building new freighters. Troopships were too fast for the submarines and did not travel the North Atlantic in convoys. The U-boats had sunk more than 5,000 Allied ships, at a cost of 199 submarines. World War I also saw the first use of aircraft carriers in combat, with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a successful raid against the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in July 1918, as well as blimps for antisubmarine patrol. Southern theatres War in the Balkans Main articles: Balkans Campaign (World War I) , Bulgaria during World War I , Serbian Campaign (World War I) , and Macedonian Front Austro-Hungarian troops executing captured Serbians, 1917. Serbia lost about 850,000 people during the war, a quarter of its pre-war population. Bulgarian soldiers in a trench, preparing to fire against an incoming airplane. Refugee transport from Serbia in Leibnitz , Styria , 1914 Faced with Russia, Austria-Hungary could spare only one-third of its army to attack Serbia. After suffering heavy losses, the Austrians briefly occupied the Serbian capital, Belgrade . A Serbian counter-attack in the Battle of Kolubara succeeded in driving them from the country by the end of 1914. For the first ten months of 1915, Austria-Hungary used most of its military reserves to fight Italy. German and Austro-Hungarian diplomats, however, scored a coup by persuading Bulgaria to join the attack on Serbia. The Austro-Hungarian provinces of Slovenia , Croatia and Bosnia provided troops for Austria-Hungary, in the fight with Serbia, Russia and Italy. Montenegro allied itself with Serbia. Bulgaria declared war on Serbia, 12 October and joined in the attack by the Austro-Hungarian army under Mackensen's army of 250,000 that was already underway. Serbia was conquered in a little more than a month, as the Central Powers, now including Bulgaria, sent in 600,000 troops total. The Serbian army, fighting on two fronts and facing certain defeat, retreated into northern Albania . The Serbs suffered defeat in the Battle of Kosovo . Montenegro covered the Serbian retreat towards the Adriatic coast in the Battle of Mojkovac in 6-- 7 January 1916, but ultimately the Austrians also conquered Montenegro. The surviving Serbian soldiers were evacuated by ship to Greece. After conquest, Serbia was divided between Austro-Hungary and Bulgaria. In late 1915, a Franco-British force landed at Salonica in Greece, to offer assistance and to pressure its government to declare war against the Central Powers. However, the pro-German King Constantine I dismissed the pro-Allied government of Eleftherios Venizelos before the Allied expeditionary force arrived. The friction between the King of Greece and the Allies continued to accumulate with the National Schism , which effectively divided Greece between regions still loyal to the king and the new provisional government of Venizelos in Salonica. After intense negotiations and an armed confrontation in Athens between Allied and royalist forces (an incident known as Noemvriana ), the King of Greece resigned and his second son Alexander took his place; Greece then officially joined the war on the side of the Allies. In the beginning, the Macedonian Front was mostly static. French and Serbian forces retook limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing Bitola on 19 November 1916 following the costly Monastir Offensive , which brought stabilization of the front. Serbian and French troops finally made a breakthrough in September 1918 , after most of the German and Austro-Hungarian troops had been withdrawn. The Bulgarians suffered their only defeat of the war at the Battle of Dobro Pole . Bulgaria capitulated two weeks later, on 29 September 1918. The German high command responded by despatching troops to hold the line, but these forces were far too weak to reestablish a front. The disappearance of the Macedonian Front meant that the road to Budapest and Vienna was now opened to Allied forces. Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly against the Central Powers and, a day after the Bulgarian collapse, insisted on an immediate peace settlement. Ottoman Empire Main article: History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I See also: Middle Eastern theatre of World War I Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench during the Gallipoli Campaign Mehmed V greeting Wilhelm II on his arrival at Constantinople Kaiser Wilhelm II inspecting Turkish troops of the 15th Corps in East Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Poland). Prince Leopold of Bavaria, the Supreme Commander of the German Army on the Eastern Front, is second from the left. Russian forest trench at the Battle of Sarikamish , 1914-- 1915 The Ottomans threatened Russia's Caucasian territories and Britain's communications with India via the Suez Canal . As the conflict progressed, the Ottoman Empire took advantage of the European powers' preoccupation with the war and conducted large-scale ethnic cleansing of the indigenous Armenian , Greek , and Assyrian Christian populations, known as the Armenian Genocide , Greek Genocide , and Assyrian Genocide . The British and French opened overseas fronts with the Gallipoli (1915) and Mesopotamian campaigns (1914). In Gallipoli, the Ottoman Empire successfully repelled the British, French, and Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs). In Mesopotamia , by contrast, after the defeat of the British defenders in the Siege of Kut by the Ottomans (1915-- 16), British Imperial forces reorganised and captured Baghdad in March 1917. The British were aided in Mesopotamia by local Arab and Assyrian tribesmen, while the Ottomans employed local Kurdish and Turcoman tribes. Further to the west, the Suez Canal was defended from Ottoman attacks in 1915 and 1916; in August, a German and Ottoman force was defeated at the Battle of Romani by the ANZAC Mounted Division and the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division . Following this victory, an Egyptian Expeditionary Force advanced across the Sinai Peninsula , pushing Ottoman forces back in the Battle of Magdhaba in December and the Battle of Rafa on the border between the Egyptian Sinai and Ottoman Palestine in January 1917. Russian armies generally saw success in the Caucasus. Enver Pasha , supreme commander of the Ottoman armed forces, was ambitious and dreamed of re-conquering central Asia and areas that had been lost to Russia previously. He was, however, a poor commander. He launched an offensive against the Russians in the Caucasus in December 1914 with 100,000 troops, insisting on a frontal attack against mountainous Russian positions in winter. He lost 86% of his force at the Battle of Sarikamish . The Ottoman Empire, with German support, invaded Persia (modern Iran ) in December 1914 in an effort to cut off British and Russian access to petroleum reservoirs around Baku near the Caspian Sea . Persia, ostensibly neutral, had long been under the spheres of British and Russian influence. The Ottomans and Germans were aided by Kurdish and Azeri forces, together with a large number of major Iranian tribes, such as the Qashqai , Tangistanis , Luristanis , and Khamseh , while the Russians and British had the support of Armenian and Assyrian forces. The Persian Campaign was to last until 1918 and end in failure for the Ottomans and their allies. However the Russian withdrawal from the war in 1917 led to Armenian and Assyrian forces, who had hitherto inflicted a series of defeats upon the forces of the Ottomans and their allies, being cut off from supply lines, outnumbered, outgunned and isolated, forcing them to fight and flee towards British lines in northern Mesopotamia. General Yudenich , the Russian commander from 1915 to 1916, drove the Turks out of most of the southern Caucasus with a string of victories. In 1917, Russian Grand Duke Nicholas assumed command of the Caucasus front. Nicholas planned a railway from Russian Georgia to the conquered territories, so that fresh supplies could be brought up for a new offensive in 1917. However, in March 1917 (February in the pre-revolutionary Russian calendar), the Czar abdicated in the course of the February Revolution and the Russian Caucasus Army began to fall apart. The Arab Revolt , instigated by the Arab bureau of the British Foreign Office , started June 1916 with the Battle of Mecca , led by Sherif Hussein of Mecca , and ended with the Ottoman surrender of Damascus. Fakhri Pasha , the Ottoman commander of Medina , resisted for more than two and half years during the Siege of Medina before surrendering. The Senussi tribe, along the border of Italian Libya and British Egypt, incited and armed by the Turks, waged a small-scale guerrilla war against Allied troops. The British were forced to dispatch 12,000 troops to oppose them in the Senussi Campaign . Their rebellion was finally crushed in mid-1916. Total Allied casualties on the Ottoman fronts amounted 650,000 men. Total Ottoman casualties were 725,000 (325,000 dead and 400,000 wounded). Italian participation Main articles: Italian Front (World War I) and Albania during World War I Further information: Battles of the Isonzo A pro-war demonstration in Bologna , 1914. Italy had been allied with the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires since 1882 as part of the Triple Alliance. However, the nation had its own designs on Austrian territory in Trentino , the Austrian Littoral , Fiume (Rijeka) and Dalmatia . Rome had a secret 1902 pact with France, effectively nullifying its part in the Triple Alliance. At the start of hostilities, Italy refused to commit troops, arguing that the Triple Alliance was defensive and that Austria-Hungary was an aggressor. The Austro-Hungarian government began negotiations to secure Italian neutrality, offering the French colony of Tunisia in return. The Allies made a counter-offer in which Italy would receive the Southern Tyrol , Austrian Littoral and territory on the Dalmatian coast after the defeat of Austria-Hungary. This was formalised by the Treaty of London . Further encouraged by the Allied invasion of Turkey in April 1915, Italy joined the Triple Entente and declared war on Austria-Hungary on 23 May. Fifteen months later, Italy declared war on Germany. Austro-Hungarian troops, Tyrol. The Italians had numerical superiority but this advantage was lost, not only because of the difficult terrain in which the fighting took place, but also because of the strategies and tactics employed. Field Marshal Luigi Cadorna , a staunch proponent of the frontal assault, had dreams of breaking into the Slovenian plateau, taking Ljubljana and threatening Vienna. On the Trentino front, the Austro-Hungarians took advantage of the mountainous terrain, which favoured the defender. After an initial strategic retreat, the front remained largely unchanged, while Austrian Kaiserschützen and Standschützen engaged Italian Alpini in bitter hand-to-hand combat throughout the summer. The Austro-Hungarians counterattacked in the Altopiano of Asiago , towards Verona and Padua, in the spring of 1916 ( Strafexpedition ), but made little progress. Beginning in 1915, the Italians under Cadorna mounted eleven offensives on the Isonzo front along the Isonzo (Soča ) River, northeast of Trieste . All eleven offensives were repelled by the Austro-Hungarians, who held the higher ground. In the summer of 1916, after the Battle of Doberdò , the Italians captured the town of Gorizia . After this minor victory, the front remained static for over a year, despite several Italian offensives, centred on the Banjšice and Karst Plateau east of Gorizia. Depiction of the Battle of Doberdò , fought in August 1916 between the Italian and the Austro-Hungarian armies The Central Powers launched a crushing offensive on 26 October 1917, spearheaded by the Germans. They achieved a victory at Caporetto ( Kobarid ). The Italian Army was routed and retreated more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) to reorganise, stabilising the front at the Piave River . Since the Italian Army had suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Caporetto, the Italian Government called to arms the so-called ' 99 Boys ( Ragazzi del ' 99 ): that is, all males born 1899 and prior, and so were 18 years old or older. In 1918, the Austro-Hungarians failed to break through in a series of battles on the Piave and were finally decisively defeated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto in October of that year. On 1 November, the Italian Navy destroyed much of the Austro-Hungarian fleet stationed in Pula , preventing it from being handed over to the new State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs . On 3 November, the Italians invaded Trieste from the sea. On the same day, the Armistice of Villa Giusti was signed. By mid-November 1918, the Italian military occupied the entire former Austrian Littoral and had seized control of the portion of Dalmatia that had been guaranteed to Italy by the London Pact. By the end of hostilities in November 1918, Admiral Enrico Millo declared himself Italy's Governor of Dalmatia. Austria-Hungary surrendered on 11 November 1918. Romanian participation Main article: Romania during World War I Marshal Joffre inspecting Romanian troops, 1916 Romanian troops during the Battle of Mărăşeşti , 1917 Romania had been allied with the Central Powers since 1882. When the war began, however, it declared its neutrality, arguing that because Austria-Hungary had itself declared war on Serbia, Romania was under no obligation to join the war. When the Entente Powers promised Romania Transylvania and Banat , large territories of eastern Hungary, in exchange for Romania's declaring war on the Central Powers, the Romanian government renounced its neutrality. On 27 August 1916, the Romanian Army launched an attack against Austria-Hungary, with limited Russian support. The Romanian offensive was initially successful, against the Austro-Hungarian troops in Transylvania, but a counterattack by the forces of the Central Powers drove them back. As a result of the Battle of Bucharest , the Central Powers occupied Bucharest on 6 December 1916. Fighting in Moldova continued in 1917 , resulting in a costly stalemate for the Central Powers. Russian withdrawal from the war in late 1917 as a result of the October Revolution meant that Romania was forced to sign an armistice with the Central Powers on 9 December 1917. In January 1918, Romanian forces established control over Bessarabia as the Russian Army abandoned the province. Although a treaty was signed by the Romanian and the Bolshevik Russian governments following talks between 5 and 9 March 1918 on the withdrawal of Romanian forces from Bessarabia within two months, on 27 March 1918 Romania attached Bessarabia to its territory, formally based on a resolution passed by the local assembly of that territory on its unification with Romania. Romania officially made peace with the Central Powers by signing the Treaty of Bucharest on 7 May 1918. Under that treaty, Romania was obliged to end the war with the Central Powers and make small territorial concessions to Austria-Hungary, ceding control of some passes in the Carpathian Mountains , and to grant oil concessions to Germany. In exchange, the Central Powers recognised the sovereignty of Romania over Bessarabia. The treaty was renounced in October 1918 by the Alexandru Marghiloman government, and Romania nominally re-entered the war on 10 November 1918. The next day, the Treaty of Bucharest was nullified by the terms of the Armistice of Compiègne . Total Romanian deaths from 1914 to 1918, military and civilian, within contemporary borders, were estimated at 748,000. Eastern front Main article: Eastern Front (World War I) Heir presumptive Karl visiting the fortress of Przemyśl after the first siege. The Russian Siege of Przemyśl was the longest siege of the war. Initial actions While the Western Front had reached stalemate, the war continued in East Europe. Initial Russian plans called for simultaneous invasions of Austrian Galicia and East Prussia. Although Russia's initial advance into Galicia was largely successful, it was driven back from East Prussia by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at the Battle of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes in August and September 1914. Russia's less developed industrial base and ineffective military leadership were instrumental in the events that unfolded. By the spring of 1915, the Russians had retreated to Galicia, and, in May, the Central Powers achieved a remarkable breakthrough on Poland's southern frontiers. On 5 August, they captured Warsaw and forced the Russians to withdraw from Poland. Russian Revolution Main article: Russian Revolution Allied troops parade through Vladivostok in armed support of the anti-communist White Army , September 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk , 1918. Count Ottokar von Czernin Richard von Kühlmann Vasil Radoslavov Despite Russia's success with the June 1916 Brusilov Offensive in eastern Galicia, dissatisfaction with the Russian government's conduct of the war grew. The offensive's success was undermined by the reluctance of other generals to commit their forces to support the victory. Allied and Russian forces were revived only temporarily by Romania's entry into the war on 27 August. German forces came to the aid of embattled Austro-Hungarian units in Transylvania while a German-Bulgarian force attacked from the south, and Bucharest was retaken by the Central Powers on 6 December. Meanwhile, unrest grew in Russia, as the Tsar remained at the front. Empress Alexandra's increasingly incompetent rule drew protests and resulted in the murder of her favourite, Rasputin , at the end of 1916. In March 1917, demonstrations in Petrograd culminated in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the appointment of a weak Provisional Government , which shared power with the Petrograd Soviet socialists. This arrangement led to confusion and chaos both at the front and at home. The army became increasingly ineffective. Following the Tsar's abdication, Vladimir Lenin was ushered by train from Switzerland into Russia 16 April 1917. He was financed by Jacob Schiff . Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in the popularity of the Bolshevik Party, led by Lenin, which demanded an immediate end to the war. The Revolution of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany. At first, the Bolsheviks refused the German terms, but when German troops began marching across Ukraine unopposed, the new government acceded to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918. The treaty ceded vast territories, including Finland, the Baltic provinces , parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers. Despite this enormous apparent German success, the manpower required for German occupation of former Russian territory may have contributed to the failure of the Spring Offensive and secured relatively little food or other materiel for the Central Powers war effort. With the adoption of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Entente no longer existed. The Allied powers led a small-scale invasion of Russia, partly to stop Germany from exploiting Russian resources, and to a lesser extent, to support the `` Whites'' (as opposed to the `` Reds'' ) in the Russian Civil War . Allied troops landed in Arkhangelsk and in Vladivostok as part of the North Russia Intervention . Czechoslovak Legion Czechoslovak Legion , Vladivostok, 1918. Main article: Czechoslovak Legion The Czechoslovak Legion fought with the Entente; their goal was to win support for the independence of Czechoslovakia . The Legion in Russia was established in September 1914, in December 1917 in France (including volunteers from America) and in April 1918 in Italy . Czechoslovak Legion troops defeated the Austro-Hungarian army at the Ukrainian village of Zborov , in July 1917. After this success, the number of Czechoslovak legionaries increased, as well as Czechoslovak military power. In the Battle of Bakhmach , the Legion defeated the Germans and forced them to make a truce. In Russia, they were heavily involved in the Russian Civil War, siding with the Whites against the Bolsheviks , at times controlling most of the Trans-Siberian railway and conquering all the major cities of Siberia . The presence of the Czechoslovak Legion near Yekaterinburg appears to have been one of the motivations for the Bolshevik execution of the Tsar and his family in July 1918. Legionaries arrived less than a week afterwards and captured the city. Because Russia's European ports were not safe, the corps was evacuated by a long detour via the port of Vladivostok. The last transport was the American ship Heffron in September 1920. Central Powers peace overtures `` They shall not pass '' , a phrase typically associated with the defense of Verdun. In December 1916, after ten brutal months of the Battle of Verdun and a successful offensive against Romania , the Germans attempted to negotiate a peace with the Allies. Soon after, the U.S. President, Woodrow Wilson, attempted to intervene as a peacemaker, asking in a note for both sides to state their demands. Lloyd George's War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions amongst the Allies. After initial outrage and much deliberation, they took Wilson's note as a separate effort, signalling that the United States was on the verge of entering the war against Germany following the `` submarine outrages'' . While the Allies debated a response to Wilson's offer, the Germans chose to rebuff it in favour of `` a direct exchange of views'' . Learning of the German response, the Allied governments were free to make clear demands in their response of 14 January. They sought restoration of damages, the evacuation of occupied territories, reparations for France, Russia and Romania, and a recognition of the principle of nationalities. This included the liberation of Italians, Slavs, Romanians, Czecho-Slovaks, and the creation of a `` free and united Poland'' . On the question of security, the Allies sought guarantees that would prevent or limit future wars, complete with sanctions, as a condition of any peace settlement. The negotiations failed and the Entente powers rejected the German offer, because Germany did not state any specific proposals. The Entente powers stated to Wilson that they would not start peace negotiations until the Central powers evacuated all occupied Allied territories and provided indemnities for all damage that had been done. 1917-- 1918 Developments in 1917 French Army lookout at his observation post, Haut-Rhin , France, 1917. German film crew recording the action. Events of 1917 proved decisive in ending the war, although their effects were not fully felt until 1918. The British naval blockade began to have a serious impact on Germany. In response, in February 1917, the German General Staff convinced Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg to declare unrestricted submarine warfare, with the goal of starving Britain out of the war. German planners estimated that unrestricted submarine warfare would cost Britain a monthly shipping loss of 600,000 tons. The General Staff acknowledged that the policy would almost certainly bring the United States into the conflict, but calculated that British shipping losses would be so high that they would be forced to sue for peace after 5 to 6 months, before American intervention could make an impact. In reality, tonnage sunk rose above 500,000 tons per month from February to July. It peaked at 860,000 tons in April. After July, the newly re-introduced convoy system became effective in reducing the U-boat threat. Britain was safe from starvation, while German industrial output fell and the United States joined the war far earlier than Germany had anticipated. On 3 May 1917, during the Nivelle Offensive, the French 2nd Colonial Division, veterans of the Battle of Verdun, refused orders, arriving drunk and without their weapons. Their officers lacked the means to punish an entire division, and harsh measures were not immediately implemented. The French Army Mutinies eventually spread to a further 54 French divisions and saw 20,000 men desert. However, appeals to patriotism and duty, as well as mass arrests and trials, encouraged the soldiers to return to defend their trenches, although the French soldiers refused to participate in further offensive action. Robert Nivelle was removed from command by 15 May, replaced by General Philippe Pétain , who suspended bloody large-scale attacks. The victory of the Central Powers at the Battle of Caporetto led the Allies to convene the Rapallo Conference at which they formed the Supreme War Council to coordinate planning. Previously, British and French armies had operated under separate commands. In December, the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia, thus freeing large numbers of German troops for use in the west. With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in, the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front. The Central Powers knew that they could not win a protracted war, but they held high hopes for success based on a final quick offensive. Furthermore, both sides became increasingly fearful of social unrest and revolution in Europe. Thus, both sides urgently sought a decisive victory. In 1917, Emperor Charles I of Austria secretly attempted separate peace negotiations with Clemenceau, through his wife's brother Sixtus in Belgium as an intermediary, without the knowledge of Germany. Italy opposed the proposals. When the negotiations failed, his attempt was revealed to Germany, resulting in a diplomatic catastrophe. Ottoman Empire conflict, 1917-- 1918 Main article: Sinai and Palestine Campaign 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09 and Ottoman artillerymen at Hareira in 1917 before the Southern Palestine offensive. Ottoman troops during Mesopotamian campaign . British artillery battery on Mount Scopus in the Battle of Jerusalem , 1917. Foreground, a battery of 16 heavy guns. Background, conical tents and support vehicles. British troops on the march during Mesopotamian campaign , 1917 In March and April 1917, at the First and Second Battles of Gaza , German and Ottoman forces stopped the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, which had begun in August 1916 at the Battle of Romani. At the end of October, the Sinai and Palestine Campaign resumed, when General Edmund Allenby 's XXth Corps , XXI Corps and Desert Mounted Corps won the Battle of Beersheba . Two Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the Battle of Mughar Ridge and, early in December, Jerusalem was captured following another Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Jerusalem (1917) . About this time, Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein was relieved of his duties as the Eighth Army's commander, replaced by Djevad Pasha , and a few months later the commander of the Ottoman Army in Palestine, Erich von Falkenhayn , was replaced by Otto Liman von Sanders . In early 1918, the front line was extended and the Jordan Valley was occupied, following the First Transjordan and the Second Transjordan attack by British Empire forces in March and April 1918. In March, most of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force's British infantry and Yeomanry cavalry were sent to the Western Front as a consequence of the Spring Offensive. They were replaced by Indian Army units. During several months of reorganisation and training of the summer, a number of attacks were carried out on sections of the Ottoman front line. These pushed the front line north to more advantageous positions for the Entente in preparation for an attack and to acclimatise the newly arrived Indian Army infantry. It was not until the middle of September that the integrated force was ready for large-scale operations. The reorganised Egyptian Expeditionary Force, with an additional mounted division, broke Ottoman forces at the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918. In two days the British and Indian infantry, supported by a creeping barrage, broke the Ottoman front line and captured the headquarters of the Eighth Army (Ottoman Empire) at Tulkarm , the continuous trench lines at Tabsor , Arara and the Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire) headquarters at Nablus . The Desert Mounted Corps rode through the break in the front line created by the infantry and, during virtually continuous operations by Australian Light Horse , British mounted Yeomanry, Indian Lancers and New Zealand Mounted Rifle brigades in the Jezreel Valley , they captured Nazareth , Afulah and Beisan , Jenin , along with Haifa on the Mediterranean coast and Daraa east of the Jordan River on the Hejaz railway. Samakh and Tiberias on the Sea of Galilee , were captured on the way northwards to Damascus . Meanwhile, Chaytor's Force of Australian light horse, New Zealand mounted rifles, Indian, British West Indies and Jewish infantry captured the crossings of the Jordan River , Es Salt , Amman and at Ziza most of the Fourth Army (Ottoman Empire) . The Armistice of Mudros , signed at the end of October, ended hostilities with the Ottoman Empire when fighting was continuing north of Aleppo . 15 August 1917: peace offer by the Pope See also: Pope Benedict XV § Peace efforts On or shortly before 15 August 1917 Pope Benedict XV made a peace proposal suggesting: No annexations No indemnities, except to compensate for severe war damage in Belgium and parts of France and of Serbia. A solution to the problems of Alsace-Lorraine and Trentino and Trieste Restoration of the Kingdom of Poland Germany to pull out of Belgium and France Germany's overseas colonies to be returned to Germany General disarmament A Supreme Court of arbitration to settle future disputes between nations The freedom of the seas Abolish all retaliatory economic conflicts No point in ordering reparations, because so much damage had been caused to all belligerents Entry of the United States Main article: American entry into World War I President Wilson before Congress, announcing the break in official relations with Germany on 3 February 1917 At the outbreak of the war, the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention , avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace. When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 Americans among the dead, President Woodrow Wilson insisted that `` America is too proud to fight'' but demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied. Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement. However, he also repeatedly warned that the United States would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare, in violation of international law. Former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced German acts as `` piracy'' . Wilson was narrowly reelected in 1916 as his supporters emphasized `` he kept us out of war'' . In January 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare, realizing it would mean American entry. The German Foreign Minister, in the Zimmermann Telegram , invited Mexico to join the war as Germany's ally against the United States. In return, the Germans would finance Mexico's war and help it recover the territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The United Kingdom intercepted the message and presented it to the U.S. embassy in the U.K. From there it made its way to President Wilson who released the Zimmermann note to the public, and Americans saw it as casus belli . Wilson called on antiwar elements to end all wars, by winning this one and eliminating militarism from the globe. He argued that the war was so important that the U.S. had to have a voice in the peace conference. After the sinking of seven U.S. merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmermann telegram, Wilson called for war on Germany, which the U.S. Congress declared on 6 April 1917 . The United States was never formally a member of the Allies but became a self-styled `` Associated Power'' . The United States had a small army, but, after the passage of the Selective Service Act , it drafted 2.8 million men, and, by summer 1918, was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day. In 1917, the U.S. Congress granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans to allow them to be drafted to participate in World War I, as part of the Jones-- Shafroth Act . If Germany believed it would be many more months before American soldiers would arrive and that their arrival could be stopped by U-boats, it had miscalculated. The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet, destroyers to Queenstown , Ireland , and submarines to help guard convoys. Several regiments of U.S. Marines were also dispatched to France. The British and French wanted American units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies. General John J. Pershing , American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) commander, refused to break up American units to be used as filler material. As an exception, he did allow African-American combat regiments to be used in French divisions. The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division, and earned a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Château -Thierry , Belleau Wood , and Sechault. AEF doctrine called for the use of frontal assaults, which had long since been discarded by British Empire and French commanders due to the large loss of life that resulted. German spring offensive of 1918 Main article: Spring Offensive British 55th Division soldiers, blinded by tear gas during the Battle of Estaires , 10 April 1918 French soldiers under General Gouraud , with machine guns amongst the ruins of a cathedral near the Marne , 1918. Ludendorff drew up plans ( codenamed Operation Michael ) for the 1918 offensive on the Western Front. The Spring Offensive sought to divide the British and French forces with a series of feints and advances. The German leadership hoped to end the war before significant U.S. forces arrived. The operation commenced on 21 March 1918, with an attack on British forces near Saint-Quentin . German forces achieved an unprecedented advance of 60 kilometres (37 mi). British and French trenches were penetrated using novel infiltration tactics , also named Hutier tactics, after General Oskar von Hutier , by specially trained units called stormtroopers . Previously, attacks had been characterised by long artillery bombardments and massed assaults. However, in the Spring Offensive of 1918, Ludendorff used artillery only briefly and infiltrated small groups of infantry at weak points. They attacked command and logistics areas and bypassed points of serious resistance. More heavily armed infantry then destroyed these isolated positions. This German success relied greatly on the element of surprise. The front moved to within 120 kilometres (75 mi) of Paris. Three heavy Krupp railway guns fired 183 shells on the capital, causing many Parisians to flee. The initial offensive was so successful that Kaiser Wilhelm II declared 24 March a national holiday . Many Germans thought victory was near. After heavy fighting, however, the offensive was halted. Lacking tanks or motorised artillery , the Germans were unable to consolidate their gains. The problems of re-supply were also exacerbated by increasing distances that now stretched over terrain that was shell-torn and often impassable to traffic. General Foch pressed to use the arriving American troops as individual replacements, whereas Pershing sought to field American units as an independent force. These units were assigned to the depleted French and British Empire commands on 28 March. A Supreme War Council of Allied forces was created at the Doullens Conference on 5 November 1917. General Foch was appointed as supreme commander of the Allied forces. Haig, Petain, and Pershing retained tactical control of their respective armies; Foch assumed a coordinating rather than a directing role, and the British, French, and U.S. commands operated largely independently. Following Operation Michael, Germany launched Operation Georgette against the northern English Channel ports. The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany. The German Army to the south then conducted Operations Blücher and Yorck , pushing broadly towards Paris. Germany launched Operation Marne ( Second Battle of the Marne ) 15 July, in an attempt to encircle Reims . The resulting counterattack, which started the Hundred Days Offensive , marked the first successful Allied offensive of the war. By 20 July, the Germans had retreated across the Marne to their starting lines, having achieved little, and the German Army never regained the initiative. German casualties between March and April 1918 were 270,000, including many highly trained storm troopers. Meanwhile, Germany was falling apart at home. Anti-war marches became frequent and morale in the army fell. Industrial output was half the 1913 levels. New States under War zone In the late spring of 1918, three new states were formed in the South Caucasus : the First Republic of Armenia , the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , and the Democratic Republic of Georgia , which declared their independence from the Russian Empire. Two other minor entities were established, the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and South West Caucasian Republic (the former was liquidated by Azerbaijan in the autumn of 1918 and the latter by a joint Armenian-British task force in early 1919). With the withdrawal of the Russian armies from the Caucasus front in the winter of 1917-- 18, the three major republics braced for an imminent Ottoman advance, which commenced in the early months of 1918. Solidarity was briefly maintained when the Transcaucasian Federative Republic was created in the spring of 1918, but this collapsed in May, when the Georgians asked for and received protection from Germany and the Azerbaijanis concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that was more akin to a military alliance. Armenia was left to fend for itself and struggled for five months against the threat of a full-fledged occupation by the Ottoman Turks before defeating them at the Battle of Sardarabad . Allied victory: summer 1918 onwards Between April and November 1918, the Allies increased their front-line rifle strength while German strength fell by half. Hundred days offensive Main articles: Hundred Days Offensive and Weimar Republic Aerial view of ruins of Vaux-devant-Damloup , France, 1918 The Allied counteroffensive, known as the Hundred Days Offensive, began on 8 August 1918, with the Battle of Amiens . The battle involved over 400 tanks and 120,000 British, Dominion , and French troops, and by the end of its first day a gap 24 kilometres (15 mi) long had been created in the German lines. The defenders displayed a marked collapse in morale, causing Ludendorff to refer to this day as the `` Black Day of the German army'' . After an advance as far as 23 kilometres (14 mi), German resistance stiffened, and the battle was concluded on 12 August. Rather than continuing the Amiens battle past the point of initial success, as had been done so many times in the past, the Allies shifted their attention elsewhere. Allied leaders had now realised that to continue an attack after resistance had hardened was a waste of lives, and it was better to turn a line than to try to roll over it. They began to undertake attacks in quick order to take advantage of successful advances on the flanks, then broke them off when each attack lost its initial impetus. Canadian Scottish , advancing during the Battle of the Canal du Nord , 1918 British and Dominion forces launched the next phase of the campaign with the Battle of Albert on 21 August. The assault was widened by French and then further British forces in the following days. During the last week of August the Allied pressure along a 110-kilometre (68 mi) front against the enemy was heavy and unrelenting. From German accounts, `` Each day was spent in bloody fighting against an ever and again on-storming enemy, and nights passed without sleep in retirements to new lines.'' Faced with these advances, on 2 September the German Supreme Army Command issued orders to withdraw to the Hindenburg Line in the south. This ceded without a fight the salient seized the previous April. According to Ludendorff `` We had to admit the necessity ... to withdraw the entire front from the Scarpe to the Vesle. September saw the Allies advance to the Hindenburg Line in the north and centre. The Germans continued to fight strong rear-guard actions and launched numerous counterattacks on lost positions, but only a few succeeded, and those only temporarily. Contested towns, villages, heights, and trenches in the screening positions and outposts of the Hindenburg Line continued to fall to the Allies, with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September. On 24 September an assault by both the British and French came within 3 kilometres (2 mi) of St. Quentin. The Germans had now retreated to positions along or behind the Hindenburg Line. An American major, piloting an observation balloon near the front, 1918 In nearly four weeks of fighting beginning on 8 August, over 100,000 German prisoners were taken. As of `` The Black Day of the German Army'' , the German High Command realised that the war was lost and made attempts to reach a satisfactory end. The day after that battle, Ludendorff said: `` We cannot win the war any more, but we must not lose it either.'' On 11 August he offered his resignation to the Kaiser, who refused it, replying, `` I see that we must strike a balance. We have nearly reached the limit of our powers of resistance. The war must be ended.'' On 13 August, at Spa , Hindenburg, Ludendorff, the Chancellor, and Foreign Minister Hintz agreed that the war could not be ended militarily and, on the following day, the German Crown Council decided that victory in the field was now most improbable. Austria and Hungary warned that they could only continue the war until December, and Ludendorff recommended immediate peace negotiations. Prince Rupprecht warned Prince Max of Baden: `` Our military situation has deteriorated so rapidly that I no longer believe we can hold out over the winter; it is even possible that a catastrophe will come earlier.'' On 10 September Hindenburg urged peace moves to Emperor Charles of Austria, and Germany appealed to the Netherlands for mediation. On 14 September Austria sent a note to all belligerents and neutrals suggesting a meeting for peace talks on neutral soil, and on 15 September Germany made a peace offer to Belgium. Both peace offers were rejected, and on 24 September Supreme Army Command informed the leaders in Berlin that armistice talks were inevitable. The final assault on the Hindenburg Line began with the Meuse-Argonne Offensive , launched by French and American troops on 26 September. The following week, cooperating French and American units broke through in Champagne at the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge , forcing the Germans off the commanding heights, and closing towards the Belgian frontier. On 8 October the line was pierced again by British and Dominion troops at the Battle of Cambrai . The German army had to shorten its front and use the Dutch frontier as an anchor to fight rear-guard actions as it fell back towards Germany. When Bulgaria signed a separate armistice on 29 September, Ludendorff, having been under great stress for months, suffered something similar to a breakdown. It was evident that Germany could no longer mount a successful defence. Men of U.S. 64th Regiment, 7th Infantry Division , celebrate the news of the Armistice, 11 November 1918. News of Germany's impending military defeat spread throughout the German armed forces. The threat of mutiny was rife. Admiral Reinhard Scheer and Ludendorff decided to launch a last attempt to restore the `` valour'' of the German Navy. Knowing the government of Prince Maximilian of Baden would veto any such action, Ludendorff decided not to inform him. Nonetheless, word of the impending assault reached sailors at Kiel . Many, refusing to be part of a naval offensive, which they believed to be suicidal, rebelled and were arrested. Ludendorff took the blame; the Kaiser dismissed him on 26 October. The collapse of the Balkans meant that Germany was about to lose its main supplies of oil and food. Its reserves had been used up, even as U.S. troops kept arriving at the rate of 10,000 per day. The Americans supplied more than 80% of Allied oil during the war, and there was no shortage. With the military faltering and with widespread loss of confidence in the Kaiser, Germany moved towards surrender. Prince Maximilian of Baden took charge of a new government as Chancellor of Germany to negotiate with the Allies. Negotiations with President Wilson began immediately, in the hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French. Wilson demanded a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary control over the German military. There was no resistance when the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann on 9 November declared Germany to be a republic. The Kaiser, kings and other hereditary rulers all were removed from power and Wilhelm fled to exile in the Netherlands . Imperial Germany was dead; a new Germany had been born as the Weimar Republic . Armistices and capitulations Main article: Armistice of 11 November 1918 The New York Times of 11 November 1918 Ferdinand Foch , second from right, pictured outside the carriage in Compiègne after agreeing to the armistice that ended the war there. The carriage was later chosen by Nazi Germany as the symbolic setting of Pétain 's June 1940 armistice. The collapse of the Central Powers came swiftly. Bulgaria was the first to sign an armistice, on 29 September 1918 at Saloniki . On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated, signing the Armistice of Mudros. On 24 October, the Italians began a push that rapidly recovered territory lost after the Battle of Caporetto . This culminated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, which marked the end of the Austro-Hungarian Army as an effective fighting force. The offensive also triggered the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. During the last week of October, declarations of independence were made in Budapest, Prague, and Zagreb. On 29 October, the imperial authorities asked Italy for an armistice, but the Italians continued advancing, reaching Trento, Udine, and Trieste. On 3 November, Austria-Hungary sent a flag of truce to ask for an armistice ( Armistice of Villa Giusti ). The terms, arranged by telegraph with the Allied Authorities in Paris, were communicated to the Austrian commander and accepted. The Armistice with Austria was signed in the Villa Giusti, near Padua , on 3 November. Austria and Hungary signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the Habsburg Monarchy . In the following days the Italian Army occupied Innsbruck and all Tyrol with 20 to 22,000 soldiers. On 11 November, at 5:00 am, an armistice with Germany was signed in a railroad carriage at Compiègne . At 11 am on 11 November 1918-- `` the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month'' -- a ceasefire came into effect. During the six hours between the signing of the armistice and its taking effect, opposing armies on the Western Front began to withdraw from their positions, but fighting continued along many areas of the front, as commanders wanted to capture territory before the war ended. The occupation of the Rhineland took place following the Armistice. The occupying armies consisted of American, Belgian, British and French forces. In November 1918, the Allies had ample supplies of men and materiel to invade Germany. Yet at the time of the armistice, no Allied force had crossed the German frontier; the Western Front was still some 720 kilometres (450 mi) from Berlin; and the Kaiser's armies had retreated from the battlefield in good order. These factors enabled Hindenburg and other senior German leaders to spread the story that their armies had not really been defeated. This resulted in the stab-in-the-back legend , which attributed Germany's defeat not to its inability to continue fighting (even though up to a million soldiers were suffering from the 1918 flu pandemic and unfit to fight), but to the public's failure to respond to its `` patriotic calling'' and the supposed intentional sabotage of the war effort, particularly by Jews, Socialists, and Bolsheviks. The Allies had much more potential wealth they could spend on the war. One estimate (using 1913 U.S. dollars) is that the Allies spent $58 billion on the war and the Central Powers only $25 billion. Among the Allies, the UK spent $21 billion and the U.S. $17 billion; among the Central Powers Germany spent $20 billion. Aftermath Main article: Aftermath of World War I The French military cemetery at the Douaumont ossuary , which contains the remains of more than 130,000 unknown soldiers In the aftermath of the war, four empires disappeared: the German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian. Numerous nations regained their former independence, and new ones were created. Four dynasties, together with their ancillary aristocracies, all fell as a result of the war: the Romanovs , the Hohenzollerns , the Habsburgs , and the Ottomans . Belgium and Serbia were badly damaged, as was France, with 1.4 million soldiers dead, not counting other casualties. Germany and Russia were similarly affected. Formal end of the War A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months, until the signing of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany on 28 June 1919. The United States Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it, and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the Knox-- Porter Resolution was signed on 2 July 1921 by President Warren G. Harding . For the United Kingdom and the British Empire, the state of war ceased under the provisions of the Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act 1918 with respect to: Germany on 10 January 1920. Austria on 16 July 1920. Bulgaria on 9 August 1920. Hungary on 26 July 1921. Turkey on 6 August 1924. After the Treaty of Versailles, treaties with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire were signed. However, the negotiation of the latter treaty with the Ottoman Empire was followed by strife, and a final peace treaty between the Allied Powers and the country that would shortly become the Republic of Turkey was not signed until 24 July 1923, at Lausanne . Some war memorials date the end of the war as being when the Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919, which was when many of the troops serving abroad finally returned to their home countries; by contrast, most commemorations of the war's end concentrate on the armistice of 11 November 1918. Legally, the formal peace treaties were not complete until the last, the Treaty of Lausanne, was signed. Under its terms, the Allied forces left Constantinople on 23 August 1923. Peace treaties and National boundaries Greek prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sèvres The signing of peace in the Hall of Mirrors , Versailles, 28 June 1919 After the war, the Paris Peace Conference imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers officially ending the war. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles dealt with Germany and, building on Wilson's 14th point , brought into being the League of Nations on 28 June 1919. The Central Powers had to acknowledge responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by'' their aggression. In the Treaty of Versailles, this statement was Article 231 . This article became known as the War Guilt clause as the majority of Germans felt humiliated and resentful. Overall the Germans felt they had been unjustly dealt with by what they called the `` diktat of Versailles'' . Schulze said the Treaty placed Germany `` under legal sanctions, deprived of military power, economically ruined, and politically humiliated.'' Belgian historian Laurence Van Ypersele emphasizes the central role played by memory of the war and the Versailles Treaty in German politics in the 1920s and 1930s: Active denial of war guilt in Germany and German resentment at both reparations and continued Allied occupation of the Rhineland made widespread revision of the meaning and memory of the war problematic. The legend of the `` stab in the back '' and the wish to revise the `` Versailles diktat'' , and the belief in an international threat aimed at the elimination of the German nation persisted at the heart of German politics. Even a man of peace such as ( Gustav ) Stresemann publicly rejected German guilt. As for the Nazis, they waved the banners of domestic treason and international conspiracy in an attempt to galvanize the German nation into a spirit of revenge. Like a Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany sought to redirect the memory of the war to the benefit of its own policies. Meanwhile, new nations liberated from German rule viewed the treaty as recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by much larger aggressive neighbors. The Peace Conference required all the defeated powers to pay reparations for all the damage done to civilians. However, owing to economic difficulties and Germany being the only defeated power with an intact economy, the burden fell largely on Germany. Austria-Hungary was partitioned into several successor states, including Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia , largely but not entirely along ethnic lines. Transylvania was shifted from Hungary to Greater Romania . The details were contained in the Treaty of Saint-Germain and the Treaty of Trianon. As a result of the Treaty of Trianon , 3.3 million Hungarians came under foreign rule. Although the Hungarians made up 54% of the population of the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary , only 32% of its territory was left to Hungary. Between 1920 and 1924, 354,000 Hungarians fled former Hungarian territories attached to Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. The Russian Empire, which had withdrawn from the war in 1917 after the October Revolution, lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent nations of Estonia , Finland , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland were carved from it. Romania took control of Bessarabia in April 1918. The Ottoman Empire disintegrated, with much of its Levant territory awarded to various Allied powers as protectorates. The Turkish core in Anatolia was reorganised as the Republic of Turkey. The Ottoman Empire was to be partitioned by the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920. This treaty was never ratified by the Sultan and was rejected by the Turkish National Movement , leading to the victorious Turkish War of Independence and the much less stringent 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. National identities Further information: Sykes-- Picot Agreement Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I (as of 1923) Poland reemerged as an independent country, after more than a century. The Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty, as a `` minor Entente nation'' and the country with the most casualties per capita, became the backbone of a new multinational state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , later renamed Yugoslavia. Czechoslovakia, combining the Kingdom of Bohemia with parts of the Kingdom of Hungary , became a new nation. Russia became the Soviet Union and lost Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia, which became independent countries. The Ottoman Empire was soon replaced by Turkey and several other countries in the Middle East. In the British Empire, the war unleashed new forms of nationalism. In Australia and New Zealand the Battle of Gallipoli became known as those nations' `` Baptism of Fire'' . It was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought, and it was one of the first times that Australian troops fought as Australians, not just subjects of the British Crown . Anzac Day , commemorating the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps , celebrates this defining moment. After the Battle of Vimy Ridge , where the Canadian divisions fought together for the first time as a single corps, Canadians began to refer to theirs as a nation `` forged from fire'' . Having succeeded on the same battleground where the `` mother countries'' had previously faltered, they were for the first time respected internationally for their own accomplishments. Canada entered the war as a Dominion of the British Empire and remained so, although it emerged with a greater measure of independence. When Britain declared war in 1914, the dominions were automatically at war; at the conclusion, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa were individual signatories of the Treaty of Versailles . The establishment of the modern state of Israel and the roots of the continuing Israeli-- Palestinian conflict are partially found in the unstable power dynamics of the Middle East that resulted from World War I. Before the end of the war, the Ottoman Empire had maintained a modest level of peace and stability throughout the Middle East. With the fall of the Ottoman government, power vacuums developed and conflicting claims to land and nationhood began to emerge. The political boundaries drawn by the victors of World War I were quickly imposed, sometimes after only cursory consultation with the local population. These continue to be problematic in the 21st-century struggles for national identity . While the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I was pivotal in contributing to the modern political situation of the Middle East, including the Arab-Israeli conflict , the end of Ottoman rule also spawned lesser known disputes over water and other natural resources. Health effects Transporting Ottoman wounded at Sirkeci Emergency military hospital during the Spanish flu pandemic, which killed about 675,000 people in the United States alone. Camp Funston, Kansas, 1918. The war had profound consequences on the health of soldiers. Of the 60 million European military personnel who were mobilized from 1914 to 1918, 8 million were killed , 7 million were permanently disabled, and 15 million were seriously injured. Germany lost 15.1% of its active male population, Austria-Hungary lost 17.1%, and France lost 10.5%. In Germany, civilian deaths were 474,000 higher than in peacetime, due in large part to food shortages and malnutrition that weakened resistance to disease. By the end of the war, starvation caused by famine had killed approximately 100,000 people in Lebanon. Between 5 and 10 million people died in the Russian famine of 1921 . By 1922, there were between 4.5 million and 7 million homeless children in Russia as a result of nearly a decade of devastation from World War I, the Russian Civil War, and the subsequent famine of 1920-- 1922. Numerous anti-Soviet Russians fled the country after the Revolution; by the 1930s, the northern Chinese city of Harbin had 100,000 Russians. Thousands more emigrated to France, England, and the United States. In Australia, the effects of the war on the economy were no less severe. The Australian prime minister, Billy Hughes , wrote to the British prime minister, Lloyd George , `` You have assured us that you cannot get better terms. I much regret it, and hope even now that some way may be found of securing agreement for demanding reparation commensurate with the tremendous sacrifices made by the British Empire and her Allies.'' Australia received ₤ 5,571,720 war reparations, but the direct cost of the war to Australia had been ₤ 376,993,052, and, by the mid-1930s, repatriation pensions, war gratuities, interest and sinking fund charges were ₤ 831,280,947. Of about 416,000 Australians who served, about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded. Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions. In 1914 alone, louse-borne epidemic typhus killed 200,000 in Serbia. From 1918 to 1922, Russia had about 25 million infections and 3 million deaths from epidemic typhus. In 1923, 13 million Russians contracted malaria, a sharp increase from the pre-war years. In addition, a major influenza epidemic spread around the world. Overall, the 1918 flu pandemic killed at least 50 million people. Lobbying by Chaim Weizmann and fear that American Jews would encourage the United States to support Germany culminated in the British government's Balfour Declaration of 1917, endorsing creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. A total of more than 1,172,000 Jewish soldiers served in the Allied and Central Power forces in World War I, including 275,000 in Austria-Hungary and 450,000 in Tsarist Russia. The social disruption and widespread violence of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War sparked more than 2,000 pogroms in the former Russian Empire, mostly in Ukraine . An estimated 60,000-- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities. In the aftermath of World War I, Greece fought against Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal , a war that eventually resulted in a massive population exchange between the two countries under the Treaty of Lausanne . According to various sources, several hundred thousand Greeks died during this period, which was tied in with the Greek Genocide . Technology See also: Technology during World War I and Weapons of World War I Ground warfare See also: Tanks in World War I Tanks on parade in London at the end of World War I A Russian armoured car, 1919 World War I began as a clash of 20th-century technology and 19th-century tactics , with the inevitably large ensuing casualties. By the end of 1917, however, the major armies, now numbering millions of men, had modernised and were making use of telephone, wireless communication , armoured cars , tanks , and aircraft. Infantry formations were reorganised, so that 100-man companies were no longer the main unit of manoeuvre; instead, squads of 10 or so men, under the command of a junior NCO, were favoured. Artillery also underwent a revolution. In 1914, cannons were positioned in the front line and fired directly at their targets. By 1917, indirect fire with guns (as well as mortars and even machine guns) was commonplace, using new techniques for spotting and ranging, notably aircraft and the often overlooked field telephone . Counter-battery missions became commonplace, also, and sound detection was used to locate enemy batteries. Germany was far ahead of the Allies in utilising heavy indirect fire. The German Army employed 150 mm (6 in) and 210 mm (8 in) howitzers in 1914, when typical French and British guns were only 75 mm (3 in) and 105 mm (4 in). The British had a 6-inch (152 mm) howitzer, but it was so heavy it had to be hauled to the field in pieces and assembled. The Germans also fielded Austrian 305 mm (12 in) and 420 mm (17 in) guns and, even at the beginning of the war, had inventories of various calibers of Minenwerfer , which were ideally suited for trench warfare. 38-cm `` Lange Max '' of Koekelare (Leugenboom), biggest gun of the world in 1917. In 1917, on 27 June the Germans used their biggest gun of the world Batterie Pommern , nicknamed `` Lange Max '' . This gun from Krupp was able to shoot 750 kg shells from Koekelare to Dunkirk , which is about 50 km away. Much of the combat involved trench warfare , in which hundreds often died for each metre gained. Many of the deadliest battles in history occurred during World War I. Such battles include Ypres , the Marne , Cambrai , the Somme , Verdun , and Gallipoli . The Germans employed the Haber process of nitrogen fixation to provide their forces with a constant supply of gunpowder despite the British naval blockade. Artillery was responsible for the largest number of casualties and consumed vast quantities of explosives. The large number of head wounds caused by exploding shells and fragmentation forced the combatant nations to develop the modern steel helmet , led by the French, who introduced the Adrian helmet in 1915. It was quickly followed by the Brodie helmet , worn by British Imperial and US troops, and in 1916 by the distinctive German Stahlhelm , a design, with improvements, still in use today. Gas! GAS! Quick, boys! -- An ecstasy of fumbling, Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling, And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime ... Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light, As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. -- Wilfred Owen , Dulce et Decorum est , 1917 A Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns, c. 1917-- 1918 The widespread use of chemical warfare was a distinguishing feature of the conflict. Gases used included chlorine , mustard gas and phosgene . Few war casualties were caused by gas, as effective countermeasures to gas attacks were quickly created, such as gas masks . The use of chemical warfare and small-scale strategic bombing were both outlawed by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 , and both proved to be of limited effectiveness, though they captured the public imagination. The most powerful land-based weapons were railway guns , weighing dozens of tons apiece. The German ones were nicknamed Big Berthas , even though the namesake was not a railway gun. Germany developed the Paris Gun , able to bombard Paris from over 100 kilometres (62 mi), though shells were relatively light at 94 kilograms (210 lb). British Vickers machine gun , 1917 Trenches, machine guns, air reconnaissance, barbed wire, and modern artillery with fragmentation shells helped bring the battle lines of World War I to a stalemate. The British and the French sought a solution with the creation of the tank and mechanised warfare . The British first tanks were used during the Battle of the Somme on 15 September 1916. Mechanical reliability was an issue, but the experiment proved its worth. Within a year, the British were fielding tanks by the hundreds, and they showed their potential during the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917, by breaking the Hindenburg Line, while combined arms teams captured 8,000 enemy soldiers and 100 guns. Meanwhile, the French introduced the first tanks with a rotating turret, the Renault FT , which became a decisive tool of the victory. The conflict also saw the introduction of light automatic weapons and submachine guns , such as the Lewis Gun , the Browning automatic rifle , and the Bergmann MP18 . Another new weapon, the flamethrower , was first used by the German army and later adopted by other forces. Although not of high tactical value, the flamethrower was a powerful, demoralising weapon that caused terror on the battlefield. Trench railways evolved to supply the enormous quantities of food, water, and ammunition required to support large numbers of soldiers in areas where conventional transportation systems had been destroyed. Internal combustion engines and improved traction systems for automobiles and trucks/lorries eventually rendered trench railways obsolete. Naval The Moltke -class Ottoman battlecruiser Yavûz Sultân Selîm Germany deployed U-boats ( submarines ) after the war began. Alternating between restricted and unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic, the Kaiserliche Marine employed them to deprive the British Isles of vital supplies. The deaths of British merchant sailors and the seeming invulnerability of U-boats led to the development of depth charges (1916), hydrophones (passive sonar , 1917), blimps , hunter-killer submarines ( HMS R-1 , 1917), forward-throwing anti-submarine weapons , and dipping hydrophones (the latter two both abandoned in 1918). To extend their operations, the Germans proposed supply submarines (1916). Most of these would be forgotten in the interwar period until World War II revived the need. Aviation Main article: Aviation in World War I RAF Sopwith Camel . In April 1917, the average life expectancy of a British pilot on the Western Front was 93 flying hours. Fixed-wing aircraft were first used militarily by the Italians in Libya on 23 October 1911 during the Italo-Turkish War for reconnaissance, soon followed by the dropping of grenades and aerial photography the next year. By 1914, their military utility was obvious. They were initially used for reconnaissance and ground attack . To shoot down enemy planes, anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft were developed. Strategic bombers were created, principally by the Germans and British, though the former used Zeppelins as well. Towards the end of the conflict, aircraft carriers were used for the first time, with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a raid to destroy the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in 1918. Manned observation balloons , floating high above the trenches, were used as stationary reconnaissance platforms, reporting enemy movements and directing artillery. Balloons commonly had a crew of two, equipped with parachutes , so that if there was an enemy air attack the crew could parachute to safety. At the time, parachutes were too heavy to be used by pilots of aircraft (with their marginal power output), and smaller versions were not developed until the end of the war; they were also opposed by the British leadership, who feared they might promote cowardice. Recognised for their value as observation platforms, balloons were important targets for enemy aircraft. To defend them against air attack, they were heavily protected by antiaircraft guns and patrolled by friendly aircraft; to attack them, unusual weapons such as air-to-air rockets were tried. Thus, the reconnaissance value of blimps and balloons contributed to the development of air-to-air combat between all types of aircraft, and to the trench stalemate, because it was impossible to move large numbers of troops undetected. The Germans conducted air raids on England during 1915 and 1916 with airships, hoping to damage British morale and cause aircraft to be diverted from the front lines, and indeed the resulting panic led to the diversion of several squadrons of fighters from France. War crimes Baralong incidents Main article: Baralong incidents HMS Baralong . On 19 August 1915, the German submarine U-27 was sunk by the British Q-ship HMS Baralong . All German survivors were summarily executed by Baralong 's crew on the orders of Lieutenant Godfrey Herbert , the captain of the ship. The shooting was reported to the media by American citizens who were on board the Nicosia , a British freighter loaded with war supplies, which was stopped by U-27 just minutes before the incident. On 24 September, Baralong destroyed U-41 , which was in the process of sinking the cargo ship Urbino . According to Karl Goetz, the submarine's commander, Baralong continued to fly the U.S. flag after firing on U-41 and then rammed the lifeboat -- carrying the German survivors -- sinking it. Torpedoing of HMHS Llandovery Castle The Canadian hospital ship HMHS Llandovery Castle was torpedoed by the German submarine SM U-86 on 27 June 1918 in violation of international law. Only 24 of the 258 medical personnel, patients, and crew survived. Survivors reported that the U-boat surfaced and ran down the lifeboats, machine-gunning survivors in the water. The U-boat captain, Helmut Patzig , was charged with war crimes in Germany following the war, but escaped prosecution by going to the Free City of Danzig , beyond the jurisdiction of German courts. Chemical weapons in warfare Main article: Chemical weapons in World War I French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders The first successful use of poison gas as a weapon of warfare occurred during the Second Battle of Ypres (22 April -- 25 May 1915). Gas was soon used by all major belligerents throughout the war. It is estimated that the use of chemical weapons employed by both sides throughout the war had inflicted 1.3 million casualties. For example, the British had over 180,000 chemical weapons casualties during the war, and up to one-third of American casualties were caused by them. The Russian Army reportedly suffered roughly 500,000 chemical weapon casualties in World War I. The use of chemical weapons in warfare was in direct violation of the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare , which prohibited their use. The effect of poison gas was not limited to combatants. Civilians were at risk from the gases as winds blew the poison gases through their towns, and rarely received warnings or alerts of potential danger. In addition to absent warning systems, civilians often did not have access to effective gas masks. An estimated 100,000-- 260,000 civilian casualties were caused by chemical weapons during the conflict and tens of thousands more (along with military personnel) died from scarring of the lungs, skin damage, and cerebral damage in the years after the conflict ended. Many commanders on both sides knew such weapons would cause major harm to civilians but nonetheless continued to use them. British Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig wrote in his diary, `` My officers and I were aware that such weapons would cause harm to women and children living in nearby towns, as strong winds were common in the battlefront. However, because the weapon was to be directed against the enemy, none of us were overly concerned at all.'' Genocide and ethnic cleansing See also: Armenian Genocide , Assyrian genocide , Greek genocide , and Genocide denial Armenians killed during the Armenian Genocide. Image taken from Ambassador Morgenthau's Story , written by Henry Morgenthau, Sr. and published in 1918. Austro-Hungarian soldiers executing men and women in Serbia, 1916 The ethnic cleansing of the Ottoman Empire's Armenian population, including mass deportations and executions, during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is considered genocide . The Ottomans carried out organized and systematic massacres of the Armenian population at the beginning of the war and portrayed deliberately provoked acts of Armenian resistance as rebellions to justify further extermination. In early 1915, a number of Armenians volunteered to join the Russian forces and the Ottoman government used this as a pretext to issue the Tehcir Law (Law on Deportation), which authorized the deportation of Armenians from the Empire's eastern provinces to Syria between 1915 and 1918. The Armenians were intentionally marched to death and a number were attacked by Ottoman brigands. While an exact number of deaths is unknown, the International Association of Genocide Scholars estimates 1.5 million. The government of Turkey has consistently denied the genocide , arguing that those who died were victims of inter-ethnic fighting, famine, or disease during World War I; these claims are rejected by most historians. Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and Greeks , and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination. Russian Empire Main article: Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire See also: Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia, 1914-- 1915 ; Volhynia ; and Volga Germans Many pogroms accompanied the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War . 60,000-- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities throughout the former Russian Empire (mostly within the Pale of Settlement in present-day Ukraine ). Rape of Belgium Main article: Rape of Belgium The German invaders treated any resistance-- such as sabotaging rail lines-- as illegal and immoral, and shot the offenders and burned buildings in retaliation. In addition, they tended to suspect that most civilians were potential francs-tireurs ( guerrillas ) and, accordingly, took and sometimes killed hostages from among the civilian population. The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914, usually in near-random large-scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers. The German Army destroyed 15,000-- 20,000 buildings-- most famously the university library at Louvain -- and generated a wave of refugees of over a million people. Over half the German regiments in Belgium were involved in major incidents. Thousands of workers were shipped to Germany to work in factories. British propaganda dramatizing the Rape of Belgium attracted much attention in the United States, while Berlin said it was both lawful and necessary because of the threat of franc-tireurs like those in France in 1870. The British and French magnified the reports and disseminated them at home and in the United States, where they played a major role in dissolving support for Germany. Soldiers' experiences Main articles: List of last surviving World War I veterans by country , World War I casualties , Commonwealth War Graves Commission , and American Battle Monuments Commission The First Contingent of the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps to the 1 Lincolns , training in Bermuda for the Western Front, winter 1914-- 1915. The two BVRC contingents suffered 75% casualties. The British soldiers of the war were initially volunteers but increasingly were conscripted into service. Surviving veterans, returning home, often found that they could only discuss their experiences amongst themselves. Grouping together, they formed `` veterans' associations'' or `` Legions'' . A small number of personal accounts of American veterans have been collected by the Library of Congress Veterans History Project . Prisoners of War Main article: World War I prisoners of war in Germany German prisoners in a French prison camp during the later part of the war About eight million men surrendered and were held in POW camps during the war. All nations pledged to follow the Hague Conventions on fair treatment of prisoners of war , and the survival rate for POWs was generally much higher than that of their peers at the front. Individual surrenders were uncommon; large units usually surrendered en masse . At the siege of Maubeuge about 40,000 French soldiers surrendered, at the battle of Galicia Russians took about 100,000 to 120,000 Austrian captives, at the Brusilov Offensive about 325,000 to 417,000 Germans and Austrians surrendered to Russians, and at the Battle of Tannenberg 92,000 Russians surrendered. When the besieged garrison of Kaunas surrendered in 1915, some 20,000 Russians became prisoners, at the battle near Przasnysz (February-- March 1915) 14,000 Germans surrendered to Russians, and at the First Battle of the Marne about 12,000 Germans surrendered to the Allies. 25-- 31% of Russian losses (as a proportion of those captured, wounded, or killed) were to prisoner status; for Austria-Hungary 32%, for Italy 26%, for France 12%, for Germany 9%; for Britain 7%. Prisoners from the Allied armies totalled about 1.4 million (not including Russia, which lost 2.5-- 3.5 million men as prisoners). From the Central Powers about 3.3 million men became prisoners; most of them surrendered to Russians. Germany held 2.5 million prisoners; Russia held 2.2-- 2.9 million; while Britain and France held about 720,000. Most were captured just before the Armistice. The United States held 48,000. The most dangerous moment was the act of surrender, when helpless soldiers were sometimes gunned down. Once prisoners reached a camp, conditions were, in general, satisfactory (and much better than in World War II), thanks in part to the efforts of the International Red Cross and inspections by neutral nations. However, conditions were terrible in Russia: starvation was common for prisoners and civilians alike; about 15-- 20% of the prisoners in Russia died and in Central Powers imprisonment-- 8% of Russians. In Germany, food was scarce, but only 5% died. British prisoners guarded by Ottoman forces after the First Battle of Gaza in 1917. The Ottoman Empire often treated POWs poorly. Some 11,800 British Empire soldiers, most of them Indians, became prisoners after the Siege of Kut in Mesopotamia in April 1916; 4,250 died in captivity. Although many were in a poor condition when captured, Ottoman officers forced them to march 1,100 kilometres (684 mi) to Anatolia . A survivor said: `` We were driven along like beasts; to drop out was to die.'' The survivors were then forced to build a railway through the Taurus Mountains . In Russia, when the prisoners from the Czech Legion of the Austro-Hungarian army were released in 1917, they re-armed themselves and briefly became a military and diplomatic force during the Russian Civil War. While the Allied prisoners of the Central Powers were quickly sent home at the end of active hostilities, the same treatment was not granted to Central Power prisoners of the Allies and Russia, many of whom served as forced labor , e.g., in France until 1920. They were released only after many approaches by the Red Cross to the Allied Supreme Council . German prisoners were still being held in Russia as late as 1924. Military attachés and War correspondents Main article: Military attachés and war correspondents in the First World War Military and civilian observers from every major power closely followed the course of the war. Many were able to report on events from a perspective somewhat akin to modern `` embedded '' positions within the opposing land and naval forces. Support and opposition to the War Support Poster urging women to join the British war effort, published by the Young Women's Christian Association In the Balkans, Yugoslav nationalists such as the leader, Ante Trumbić , strongly supported the war, desiring the freedom of Yugoslavs from Austria-Hungary and other foreign powers and the creation of an independent Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav Committee was formed in Paris on 30 April 1915 but shortly moved its office to London; Trumbić led the Committee. In April 1918, the Rome Congress of Oppressed Nationalities met, including Czechoslovak , Italian , Polish , Transylvanian , and Yugoslav representatives who urged the Allies to support national self-determination for the peoples residing within Austria-Hungary . In the Middle East, Arab nationalism soared in Ottoman territories in response to the rise of Turkish nationalism during the war, with Arab nationalist leaders advocating the creation of a pan-Arab state. In 1916, the Arab Revolt began in Ottoman-controlled territories of the Middle East in an effort to achieve independence. In East Africa, Iyasu V of Ethiopia was supporting the Dervish state who were at war with the British in the Somaliland Campaign . Von Syburg, the German envoy in Addis Ababa , said, `` now the time has come for Ethiopia to regain the coast of the Red Sea driving the Italians home, to restore the Empire to its ancient size.'' The Ethiopian Empire was on the verge of entering World War I on the side of the Central Powers before Iyasu's overthrow due to Allied pressure on the Ethiopian aristocracy. A number of socialist parties initially supported the war when it began in August 1914. But European socialists split on national lines, with the concept of class conflict held by radical socialists such as Marxists and syndicalists being overborne by their patriotic support for war. Once the war began, Austrian, British, French, German, and Russian socialists followed the rising nationalist current by supporting their countries' intervention in the war. Italian nationalism was stirred by the outbreak of the war and was initially strongly supported by a variety of political factions. One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was Gabriele d'Annunzio , who promoted Italian irredentism and helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war. The Italian Liberal Party , under the leadership of Paolo Boselli , promoted intervention in the war on the side of the Allies and utilised the Dante Alighieri Society to promote Italian nationalism. Italian socialists were divided on whether to support the war or oppose it; some were militant supporters of the war, including Benito Mussolini and Leonida Bissolati . However, the Italian Socialist Party decided to oppose the war after anti-militarist protestors were killed, resulting in a general strike called Red Week . The Italian Socialist Party purged itself of pro-war nationalist members, including Mussolini. Mussolini, a syndicalist who supported the war on grounds of irredentist claims on Italian-populated regions of Austria-Hungary, formed the pro-interventionist Il Popolo d'Italia and the Fasci Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista (`` Revolutionary Fasci for International Action'' ) in October 1914 that later developed into the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919, the origin of fascism. Mussolini's nationalism enabled him to raise funds from Ansaldo (an armaments firm) and other companies to create Il Popolo d'Italia to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war. Opposition Main articles: Opposition to World War I and French Army Mutinies Sackville Street (now O'Connell Street ) after the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin The Deserter , 1916. Anti-war cartoon depicting Jesus facing a firing squad with soldiers from five European countries. Once war was declared, many socialists and trade unions backed their governments. Among the exceptions were the Bolsheviks , the Socialist Party of America , and the Italian Socialist Party , and individuals such as Karl Liebknecht , Rosa Luxemburg , and their followers in Germany. Benedict XV , elected to the papacy less than three months into World War I, made the war and its consequences the main focus of his early pontificate. In stark contrast to his predecessor , five days after his election he spoke of his determination to do what he could to bring peace. His first encyclical, Ad beatissimi Apostolorum , given 1 November 1914, was concerned with this subject. Benedict XV found his abilities and unique position as a religious emissary of peace ignored by the belligerent powers. The 1915 Treaty of London between Italy and the Triple Entente included secret provisions whereby the Allies agreed with Italy to ignore papal peace moves towards the Central Powers. Consequently, the publication of Benedict's proposed seven-point Peace Note of August 1917 was roundly ignored by all parties except Austria-Hungary. In Britain , in 1914, the Public Schools Officers' Training Corps annual camp was held at Tidworth Pennings, near Salisbury Plain . Head of the British Army , Lord Kitchener , was to review the cadets , but the imminence of the war prevented him. General Horace Smith-Dorrien was sent instead. He surprised the two-or-three thousand cadets by declaring (in the words of Donald Christopher Smith, a Bermudian cadet who was present), that war should be avoided at almost any cost, that war would solve nothing, that the whole of Europe and more besides would be reduced to ruin, and that the loss of life would be so large that whole populations would be decimated. In our ignorance I, and many of us, felt almost ashamed of a British General who uttered such depressing and unpatriotic sentiments, but during the next four years, those of us who survived the holocaust-- probably not more than one-quarter of us-- learned how right the General's prognosis was and how courageous he had been to utter it. Voicing these sentiments did not hinder Smith-Dorrien's career, or prevent him from doing his duty in World War I to the best of his abilities. Possible execution at Verdun at the time of the mutinies in 1917. The original French text accompanying this photograph notes however that the uniforms are those of 1914/15 and that the execution may be that of a spy at the beginning of the war. Many countries jailed those who spoke out against the conflict. These included Eugene Debs in the United States and Bertrand Russell in Britain. In the US, the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 made it a federal crime to oppose military recruitment or make any statements deemed `` disloyal'' . Publications at all critical of the government were removed from circulation by postal censors, and many served long prison sentences for statements of fact deemed unpatriotic. A number of nationalists opposed intervention, particularly within states that the nationalists were hostile to. Although the vast majority of Irish people consented to participate in the war in 1914 and 1915, a minority of advanced Irish nationalists staunchly opposed taking part. The war began amid the Home Rule crisis in Ireland that had resurfaced in 1912 and, by July 1914, there was a serious possibility of an outbreak of civil war in Ireland. Irish nationalists and Marxists attempted to pursue Irish independence, culminating in the Easter Rising of 1916, with Germany sending 20,000 rifles to Ireland to stir unrest in Britain. The UK government placed Ireland under martial law in response to the Easter Rising; although, once the immediate threat of revolution had dissipated, the authorities did try to make concessions to nationalist feeling. However, opposition to involvement in the war increased in Ireland, resulting in the Conscription Crisis of 1918 . Other opposition came from conscientious objectors -- some socialist, some religious-- who refused to fight. In Britain, 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status. Some of them, most notably prominent peace activist Stephen Henry Hobhouse , refused both military and alternative service . Many suffered years of prison, including solitary confinement and bread and water diets. Even after the war, in Britain many job advertisements were marked `` No conscientious objectors need apply'' . The Central Asian Revolt started in the summer of 1916, when the Russian Empire government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service. In 1917, a series of French Army Mutinies led to dozens of soldiers being executed and many more imprisoned. German Revolution , Kiel, 1918 In Milan , in May 1917, Bolshevik revolutionaries organised and engaged in rioting calling for an end to the war, and managed to close down factories and stop public transportation. The Italian army was forced to enter Milan with tanks and machine guns to face Bolsheviks and anarchists , who fought violently until 23 May when the army gained control of the city. Almost 50 people (including three Italian soldiers) were killed and over 800 people arrested. In September 1917, Russian soldiers in France began questioning why they were fighting for the French at all and mutinied. In Russia, opposition to the war led to soldiers also establishing their own revolutionary committees, which helped foment the October Revolution of 1917, with the call going up for `` bread, land, and peace'' . The Bolsheviks agreed to a peace treaty with Germany, the peace of Brest-Litovsk , despite its harsh conditions. In northern Germany , the end of October 1918 saw the beginning of the German Revolution of 1918-- 1919 . Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last, large-scale operation in a war they saw as good as lost; this initiated the uprising. The sailors' revolt , which then ensued in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven and Kiel , spread across the whole country within days and led to the proclamation of a republic on 9 November 1918 and shortly thereafter to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II . Conscription Young men registering for conscription, New York City , 5 June 1917 Conscription was common in most European countries. However it was controversial in English speaking countries. It was especially unpopular among minority ethnic groups-- especially the Irish Catholics in Ireland and Australia, and the French Catholics in Canada. Conscription in Canada Main article: Conscription Crisis of 1917 In Canada the issue produced a major political crisis that permanently alienated the Francophiles. It opened a political gap between French Canadians , who believed their true loyalty was to Canada and not to the British Empire, and members of the Anglophone majority, who saw the war as a duty to their British heritage. Conscription in Australia Main article: Conscription in Australia In Australia, a sustained pro-conscription campaign by Billy Hughes , the Prime Minister, caused a split in the Australian Labor Party , so Hughes formed the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917 to pursue the matter. Farmers, the labour movement , the Catholic Church, and the Irish Catholics successfully opposed Hughes' push, which was rejected in two plebiscites . Conscription in Britain Main article: Conscription in the United Kingdom In Britain, conscription resulted in the calling up of nearly every physically fit man in Britain-- six of ten million eligible. Of these, about 750,000 lost their lives. Most deaths were to young unmarried men; however, 160,000 wives lost husbands and 300,000 children lost fathers. In the United States, conscription began in 1917 and was generally well received, with a few pockets of opposition in isolated rural areas. Diplomacy Main article: Diplomatic history of World War I The non-military diplomatic and propaganda interactions among the nations were designed to build support for the cause, or to undermine support for the enemy. For the most part, wartime diplomacy focused on five issues: propaganda campaigns; defining and redefining the war goals, which became harsher as the war went on; luring neutral nations (Italy, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Romania) into the coalition by offering slices of enemy territory; and encouragement by the Allies of nationalistic minority movements inside the Central Powers, especially among Czechs, Poles, and Arabs. In addition, there were multiple peace proposals coming from neutrals, or one side or the other; none of them progressed very far. Legacy and memory ... `` Strange, friend,'' I said, `` Here is no cause to mourn.'' `` None,'' said the other, `` Save the undone years'' ... -- Wilfred Owen , Strange Meeting , 1918 The War was an unprecedented triumph for natural science. ( Francis ) Bacon had promised that knowledge would be power, and power it was: power to destroy the bodies and souls of men more rapidly than had ever been done by human agency before. This triumph paved the way to other triumphs: improvements in transport, in sanitation, in surgery, medicine, and psychiatry, in commerce and industry, and, above all, in preparations for the next war. -- R.G. Collingwood , writing in 1939. The first tentative efforts to comprehend the meaning and consequences of modern warfare began during the initial phases of the war, and this process continued throughout and after the end of hostilities, and is still underway, more than a century later. Historiography Historian Heather Jones argues that the historiography has been reinvigorated by the cultural turn in recent years. Scholars have raised entirely new questions regarding military occupation, radicalization of politics, race, and the male body. Furthermore, new research has revised our understanding of five major topics that historians have long debated. These are: Why did the war begin? Why did the Allies win? Were the generals to blame for the high casualty rates? How did the soldiers endure the horrors of trench warfare? To what extent did the civilian homefront accept and endorse the war effort? Memorials A typical village war memorial to soldiers killed in World War I Main article: World War I memorials Memorials were erected in thousands of villages and towns. Close to battlefields, those buried in improvised burial grounds were gradually moved to formal graveyards under the care of organisations such as the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , the American Battle Monuments Commission , the German War Graves Commission , and Le Souvenir français . Many of these graveyards also have central monuments to the missing or unidentified dead, such as the Menin Gate memorial and the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme . In 1915 John McCrae , a Canadian army doctor, wrote the poem In Flanders Fields as a salute to those who perished in the Great War. Published in Punch on 8 December 1915, it is still recited today, especially on Remembrance Day and Memorial Day . National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri , is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War I. The Liberty Memorial was dedicated on 1 November 1921, when the supreme Allied commanders spoke to a crowd of more than 100,000 people. The UK Government has budgeted substantial resources to the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to 2018 . The lead body is the Imperial War Museum . On 3 August 2014, French President Francois Hollande and German President Joachim Gauck together marked the centenary of Germany's declaration of war on France by laying the first stone of a memorial in Vieil Armand, known in German as Hartmannswillerkopf , for French and German soldiers killed in the war. Cultural memory The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Britain and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate. (June 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information: World War I in popular culture Left: John McCrae , author of In Flanders Fields . Right: Siegfried Sassoon World War I had a lasting impact on social memory. It was seen by many in Britain as signalling the end of an era of stability stretching back to the Victorian period , and across Europe many regarded it as a watershed. Historian Samuel Hynes explained: A generation of innocent young men, their heads full of high abstractions like Honour, Glory and England, went off to war to make the world safe for democracy. They were slaughtered in stupid battles planned by stupid generals. Those who survived were shocked, disillusioned and embittered by their war experiences, and saw that their real enemies were not the Germans, but the old men at home who had lied to them. They rejected the values of the society that had sent them to war, and in doing so separated their own generation from the past and from their cultural inheritance. This has become the most common perception of World War I, perpetuated by the art, cinema, poems, and stories published subsequently. Films such as All Quiet on the Western Front , Paths of Glory and King & Country have perpetuated the idea, while war-time films including Camrades , Poppies of Flanders , and Shoulder Arms indicate that the most contemporary views of the war were overall far more positive. Likewise, the art of Paul Nash , John Nash , Christopher Nevinson , and Henry Tonks in Britain painted a negative view of the conflict in keeping with the growing perception, while popular war-time artists such as Muirhead Bone painted more serene and pleasant interpretations subsequently rejected as inaccurate. Several historians like John Terraine, Niall Ferguson and Gary Sheffield have challenged these interpretations as partial and polemical views: These beliefs did not become widely shared because they offered the only accurate interpretation of wartime events. In every respect, the war was much more complicated than they suggest. In recent years, historians have argued persuasively against almost every popular cliché of World War I. It has been pointed out that, although the losses were devastating, their greatest impact was socially and geographically limited. The many emotions other than horror experienced by soldiers in and out of the front line, including comradeship, boredom, and even enjoyment, have been recognised. The war is not now seen as a ' fight about nothing' , but as a war of ideals, a struggle between aggressive militarism and more or less liberal democracy. It has been acknowledged that British generals were often capable men facing difficult challenges, and that it was under their command that the British army played a major part in the defeat of the Germans in 1918: a great forgotten victory. Though these views have been discounted as `` myths'' , they are common. They have dynamically changed according to contemporary influences, reflecting in the 1950s perceptions of the war as `` aimless'' following the contrasting Second World War and emphasising conflict within the ranks during times of class conflict in the 1960s. The majority of additions to the contrary are often rejected. Social trauma A 1919 book for veterans, from the US War Department The social trauma caused by unprecedented rates of casualties manifested itself in different ways, which have been the subject of subsequent historical debate. The optimism of la belle époque was destroyed, and those who had fought in the war were referred to as the Lost Generation . For years afterwards, people mourned the dead, the missing, and the many disabled. Many soldiers returned with severe trauma, suffering from shell shock (also called neurasthenia, a condition related to posttraumatic stress disorder ). Many more returned home with few after-effects; however, their silence about the war contributed to the conflict's growing mythological status. Though many participants did not share in the experiences of combat or spend any significant time at the front, or had positive memories of their service, the images of suffering and trauma became the widely shared perception. Such historians as Dan Todman, Paul Fussell , and Samuel Heyns have all published works since the 1990s arguing that these common perceptions of the war are factually incorrect. Discontent in Germany The rise of Nazism and Fascism included a revival of the nationalist spirit and a rejection of many post-war changes. Similarly, the popularity of the stab-in-the-back legend (German: Dolchstoßlegende ) was a testament to the psychological state of defeated Germany and was a rejection of responsibility for the conflict. This conspiracy theory of betrayal became common, and the German populace came to see themselves as victims. The widespread acceptance of the `` stab-in-the-back'' theory delegitimized the Weimar government and destabilized the system, opening it to extremes of right and left. Communist and fascist movements around Europe drew strength from this theory and enjoyed a new level of popularity. These feelings were most pronounced in areas directly or harshly affected by the war. Adolf Hitler was able to gain popularity by utilising German discontent with the still controversial Treaty of Versailles . World War II was in part a continuation of the power struggle never fully resolved by World War I. Furthermore, it was common for Germans in the 1930s to justify acts of aggression due to perceived injustices imposed by the victors of World War I. American historian William Rubinstein wrote that: The ' Age of Totalitarianism' included nearly all of the infamous examples of genocide in modern history, headed by the Jewish Holocaust, but also comprising the mass murders and purges of the Communist world, other mass killings carried out by Nazi Germany and its allies, and also the Armenian Genocide of 1915. All these slaughters, it is argued here, had a common origin, the collapse of the elite structure and normal modes of government of much of central, eastern and southern Europe as a result of World War I, without which surely neither Communism nor Fascism would have existed except in the minds of unknown agitators and crackpots. Economic effects See also: Economic history of World War I Poster showing women workers, 1915 One of the most dramatic effects of the war was the expansion of governmental powers and responsibilities in Britain, France, the United States, and the Dominions of the British Empire. To harness all the power of their societies, governments created new ministries and powers. New taxes were levied and laws enacted, all designed to bolster the war effort ; many have lasted to this day. Similarly, the war strained the abilities of some formerly large and bureaucratised governments, such as in Austria-Hungary and Germany. Gross domestic product (GDP) increased for three Allies (Britain, Italy, and the United States), but decreased in France and Russia, in neutral Netherlands, and in the three main Central Powers. The shrinkage in GDP in Austria, Russia, France, and the Ottoman Empire ranged between 30% and 40%. In Austria, for example, most pigs were slaughtered, so at war's end there was no meat. In all nations, the government's share of GDP increased, surpassing 50% in both Germany and France and nearly reaching that level in Britain. To pay for purchases in the United States, Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began borrowing heavily on Wall Street . President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916, but allowed a great increase in U.S. government lending to the Allies. After 1919, the U.S. demanded repayment of these loans. The repayments were, in part, funded by German reparations that, in turn, were supported by American loans to Germany. This circular system collapsed in 1931 and the loans were never repaid. Britain still owed the United States $4.4 billion of World War I debt in 1934, and this money was never repaid. Macro- and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war. Families were altered by the departure of many men. With the death or absence of the primary wage earner, women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers. At the same time, industry needed to replace the lost labourers sent to war. This aided the struggle for voting rights for women . World War I further compounded the gender imbalance, adding to the phenomenon of surplus women . The deaths of nearly one million men during the war in Britain increased the gender gap by almost a million: from 670,000 to 1,700,000. The number of unmarried women seeking economic means grew dramatically. In addition, demobilisation and economic decline following the war caused high unemployment. The war increased female employment; however, the return of demobilised men displaced many from the workforce, as did the closure of many of the wartime factories. In Britain, rationing was finally imposed in early 1918, limited to meat, sugar, and fats (butter and margarine), but not bread. The new system worked smoothly. From 1914 to 1918, trade union membership doubled, from a little over four million to a little over eight million. Britain turned to her colonies for help in obtaining essential war materials whose supply from traditional sources had become difficult. Geologists such as Albert Ernest Kitson were called on to find new resources of precious minerals in the African colonies. Kitson discovered important new deposits of manganese , used in munitions production, in the Gold Coast . Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (the so-called `` war guilt'' clause) stated Germany accepted responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.'' It was worded as such to lay a legal basis for reparations , and a similar clause was inserted in the treaties with Austria and Hungary. However neither of them interpreted it as an admission of war guilt.'' In 1921, the total reparation sum was placed at 132 billion gold marks. However, `` Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay'' this sum. The total sum was divided into three categories, with the third being `` deliberately designed to be chimerical'' and its `` primary function was to mislead public opinion ... into believing the `` total sum was being maintained.'' Thus, 50 billion gold marks (12.5 billion dollars) `` represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay'' and `` therefore ... represented the total German reparations'' figure that had to be paid. This figure could be paid in cash or in kind (coal, timber, chemical dyes, etc.). In addition, some of the territory lost-- via the treaty of Versailles-- was credited towards the reparation figure as were other acts such as helping to restore the Library of Louvain. By 1929, the Great Depression arrived, causing political chaos throughout the world. In 1932 the payment of reparations was suspended by the international community, by which point Germany had only paid the equivalent of 20.598 billion gold marks in reparations. With the rise of Adolf Hitler , all bonds and loans that had been issued and taken out during the 1920s and early 1930s were cancelled. David Andelman notes `` refusing to pay doesn't make an agreement null and void. The bonds, the agreement, still exist.'' Thus, following the Second World War , at the London Conference in 1953, Germany agreed to resume payment on the money borrowed. On 3 October 2010, Germany made the final payment on these bonds. The war contributed to the evolution of the wristwatch from women's jewelry to a practical everyday item, replacing the pocketwatch , which requires a free hand to operate. Military funding of advancements in radio contributed to the postwar popularity of the medium. See also Outline of World War I Death rates in the 20th century Diplomatic history of World War I European Civil War List of people associated with World War I Lists of wars List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll Lists of World War I topics Timeline of World War I World War I casualties World War I medal abbreviations Footnotes Jump up ^ The United States did not ratify any of the treaties agreed to at the Paris Peace Conference . Jump up ^ Bulgaria joined the Central Powers on 14 October 1915. Jump up ^ The Ottoman Empire agreed to a secret alliance with Germany on 2 August 1914. It joined the war on the side of the Central Powers on 29 October 1914. Jump up ^ The United States declared war on Austria-Hungary on 7 December 1917. Jump up ^ Austria was considered one of the successor states to Austria-Hungary. Jump up ^ The United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. Jump up ^ Hungary was considered one of the successor states to Austria-Hungary. Jump up ^ Although the Treaty of Sèvres was intended to end the war between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire, the Allies and the Republic of Turkey , the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne. Jump up ^ The World War I officially ended when Germany paid off the final amount of reparations imposed on it by the Allies. References Jump up ^ `` British Army statistics of the Great War'' . 1914-1918.net . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Figures are for the British Empire Jump up ^ Figures are for Metropolitan France and its colonies ^ Jump up to: Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 273 Jump up ^ `` The war to end all wars'' . BBC News. 10 November 1998. Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 8. Jump up ^ Bade & Brown 2003 , pp. 167-- 168. Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 307. Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , pp. 10-- 11. ^ Jump up to: Willmott 2003 , p. 15 ^ Jump up to: Taylor 1998 , pp. 80-- 93 Jump up ^ Djokić 2003 , p. 24. Jump up ^ Evans 2004 , p. 12. Jump up ^ Martel 2003 , p. xii ff. Jump up ^ `` Were they always called World War I and World War II?'' . Ask History . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Braybon 2004 , p. 8. Jump up ^ `` The war to end all wars'' . BBC News. 10 November 1998 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` great, adj., adv., and n.'' . Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Shapiro & Epstein 2006 , p. 329. Jump up ^ Margery Fee and Janice McAlpine, Guide to Canadian English Usage (Oxford UP, 1997) p 210. Jump up ^ Clark 2014 , pp. 121-- 152. Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 52. ^ Jump up to: Willmott 2003 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Prior 1999 , p. 18. Jump up ^ Fromkin 2004 , p. 94. Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , pp. 48-- 49. Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , pp. 2-- 23. Jump up ^ Finestone, Jeffrey; Massie, Robert K. (1981). The last courts of Europe . Dent. p. 247. Jump up ^ Smith 2010 . Jump up ^ `` European powers maintain focus despite killings in Sarajevo -- History.com This Day in History'' . History.com. 30 June 1914 . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 26. Jump up ^ Clark, Christopher (25 June 2014). Month of Madness . BBC Radio 4. Jump up ^ Djordjević , Dimitrije; Spence, Richard B. (1992). Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honor of Dimitrije Djordjević . East European Monographs. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-88033-217-0 . Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. Jump up ^ Reports Service: Southeast Europe series . American Universities Field Staff. 1964. p. 44 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 ... the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo ... Jump up ^ Kröll , Herbert (28 February 2008). Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics . Studienverlag. p. 55. ISBN 978-3-7065-4526-6 . Retrieved 1 September 2013 ... arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. Jump up ^ Tomasevich 2001 , p. 485. Jump up ^ Schindler, John R. (2007). Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida , and the Rise of Global Jihad . Zenith Imprint. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-61673-964-5 . Jump up ^ Velikonja 2003 , p. 141. Jump up ^ Stevenson 1996 , p. 12. Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 27. Jump up ^ Clark 2013 , p. 466. Jump up ^ The Telegraph, First World War centenary: how the events of 1 August 1914 unfolded , http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-one/11002644/First-World-War-centenary-how-events-unfolded-on-August-1-1914.html Jump up ^ McMeekin, Sean, July 1914: Countdown to War, Basic Books, 2014, 480 p., ISBN 978-0465060740 , pp. 342,349 Jump up ^ Crowe 2001 , p. 4-- 5. Jump up ^ Dell, Pamela (2013). A World War I Timeline (Smithsonian War Timelines Series) . Capstone. pp. 10-- 12. 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The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915-- 1919 . London: Faber and Faber. p. 163. Jump up ^ Giuseppe Praga, Franco Luxardo. History of Dalmatia . Giardini, 1993. Pp. 281. ^ Jump up to: Paul O'Brien . Mussolini in the First World War: the Journalist, the Soldier, the Fascist . Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Berg, 2005. Pp. 17. Jump up ^ Hickey 2003 , pp. 60-- 65. Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , pp. 585-- 9. Jump up ^ Michael B. Barrett, Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania (2013) Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Marasti (July 1917)'' . WorldWar2.ro. 22 July 1917 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Cyril Falls, The Great War , p. 285 Jump up ^ Clark, Charles Upson (1927). Bessarabia. New York City: Dodd, Mead. Jump up ^ Béla , Köpeczi . Erdély története . Akadémiai Kiadó . Jump up ^ Béla , Köpeczi . History of Transylvania . Akadémiai Kiadó . ISBN 84-8371-020-X . Jump up ^ Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Потери народонаселения в 20. веке ( The loss of population in the 20th Century ) (in Russian). Moscow: Русская панорама . ISBN 9785931651071 . Jump up ^ Prit Buttar, Collision of Empires: The War on the Eastern Front in 1914 (2014) Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 715. Jump up ^ Meyer 2006 , pp. 152-- 4, 161, 163, 175, 182. ^ Jump up to: Smele Jump up ^ Schindler 2003 . Jump up ^ Cholly Knickerbocker. New York Journal American. 3 February 1949. Jump up ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1956 . Jump up ^ Mawdsley 2008 , pp. 54-- 55. Jump up ^ Kernek 1970 , pp. 721-- 766. Jump up ^ Stracham 1998 , p. 61. Jump up ^ Marshall, 292. Jump up ^ Heyman 1997 , pp. 146-- 147. Jump up ^ Kurlander 2006 . Jump up ^ Shanafelt 1985 , pp. 125-- 30. Jump up ^ Erickson, Edward J. (2001). Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War: Forward by General Hüseyiln Kivrikoglu . No. 201 Contributions in Military Studies. Westport Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 163. OCLC 43481698 . Jump up ^ Moore, A. Briscoe (1920). The Mounted Riflemen in Sinai & Palestine: The Story of New Zealand's Crusaders . Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs. p. 67. OCLC 156767391 . Jump up ^ Falls, Cyril (1930). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War . Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Volume 2 Part I. Maps by A.F. Becke. London: HM Stationery Office. p. 59. OCLC 644354483 . Jump up ^ Wavell, Earl (1968) (1933). `` The Palestine Campaigns'' . In Sheppard, Eric William. A Short History of the British Army (4th ed.). London: Constable & Co. pp. 153-- 5. OCLC 35621223 . Jump up ^ `` Text of the Decree of the Surrender of Jerusalem into British Control'' . First World War.com. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruce, Anthony (2002). The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War . London: John Murray. p. 162. 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Jump up ^ `` Teaching With Documents: Photographs of the 369th Infantry and African Americans during World War I'' . US National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on 4 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Millett & Murray 1988 , p. 143. Jump up ^ Westwell 2004 . Jump up ^ Posen 1984 , pp. 190¿ . Jump up ^ Gray 1991 , p. 86. Jump up ^ Moon 1996 , pp. 495-- 196. Jump up ^ Rickard 2007 . Jump up ^ Hovannisian 1967 , pp. 1-- 39. Jump up ^ Ayers 1919 , p. 104. Jump up ^ Schreiber, Shane B (2004) (1977). Shock Army of the British Empire: The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great War . St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell. ISBN 1-55125-096-9 . OCLC 57063659 . Jump up ^ Rickard 2001 . ^ Jump up to: Pitt 2003 Jump up ^ Terraine 1963 . ^ Jump up to: Gray & Argyle 1990 Jump up ^ Nicholson 1962 . Jump up ^ Ludendorff 1919 . Jump up ^ McLellan , p. 49. Jump up ^ Christie, Norm M (1997). The Canadians at Cambrai and the Canal du Nord, August-- September 1918 . For King and Empire: A Social History and Battlefield Tour. CEF Books. ISBN 1-896979-18-1 . OCLC 166099767 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 , p. 380. Jump up ^ Hull 2006 , pp. 307-- 10. Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 , p. 383. Jump up ^ Painter 2012 , p. 25. Over the course of the war the United States supplied more than 80 percent of Allied oil requirements, and after US entry into the war, the United States helped provide and protect tankers transporting oil to Europe. US oil resources meant that insufficient energy supplies did not hamper the Allies, as they did the Central Powers. Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 , p. 385. Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Clairière de l'Armistice '' (in French). Ville de Compiègne . Archived from the original on 27 August 2007. ^ Jump up to: `` 1918 Timeline'' . League of Nations Photo Archive . Retrieved 20 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrea Di Michele (2014). `` Trento, Bolzano E Innsbruck: L'occupazione Militare Italiana Del Tirolo (1918-1920)'' (Trento, Bolzano and Innsbruck: The Italian Military Occupation of Tyrol (1918-- 1920)) (PDF) . Trento e Trieste. Percorsi degli italiani d'Austria dal ' 48 all'annessione (in Italian). Accademia Roveretana degli Agiati: 436-- 437. La forza numerica del contingente italiano variò con il passare dei mesi e al suo culmine raggiunse i 20-22.000 uomini. (The numerical strength of the Italian contingent varied with the passing of months and at its peak reached 20-22,000 men.) < -- see http://www.agiati.it/ara_context.jsp?ID_LINK=113344&area=196 for metadata --> Jump up ^ Baker 2006 . Jump up ^ Chickering 2004 , pp. 185-- 188. Jump up ^ Gerd Hardach, The First World War, 1914-- 1918 (1977) p 153, using estimated made by H. Menderhausen, The Economics of War (1941) p 305 Jump up ^ `` France's oldest WWI veteran dies'' Archived 28 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC News , 20 January 2008. Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer (2005). Encyclopedia of World War I. ABC-CLIO . p. 273. ISBN 1-85109-420-2 . Jump up ^ Hastedt, Glenn P. (2009). Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy . Infobase Publishing. p. 483. ISBN 1-4381-0989-X . Jump up ^ Murrin, John; Johnson, Paul; McPherson, James; Gerstle, Gary; Fahs, Alice (2010). Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People . II . Cengage Learning. p. 622. ISBN 0-495-90383-3 . Jump up ^ Staff (3 July 1921). `` Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan.'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` No. 31773'' . The London Gazette. 10 February 1920. p. 1671. Jump up ^ `` No. 31991'' . The London Gazette. 23 July 1920. pp. 7765-- 7766. Jump up ^ `` No. 13627'' . The Edinburgh Gazette. 27 August 1920. p. 1924. Jump up ^ `` No. 32421'' . The London Gazette. 12 August 1921. pp. 6371-- 6372. Jump up ^ `` No. 32964'' . The London Gazette. 12 August 1924. pp. 6030-- 6031. Jump up ^ Magliveras 1999 , pp. 8-- 12. Jump up ^ Northedge 1986 , pp. 35-- 36. Jump up ^ Morrow, John H. (2005). The Great War: An Imperial History . London: Routledge. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-415-20440-8 . Jump up ^ Schulze, Hagen (1998). Germany: A New History . Harvard U.P. p. 204. Jump up ^ Ypersele, Laurence Van (2012). Horne, John, ed. Mourning and Memory, 1919 -- 45 . A Companion to World War I. Wiley. p. 584. Jump up ^ `` The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University'' (PDF) . Jump up ^ Kocsis, Károly ; Hodosi, Eszter Kocsisné (1998). Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin . p. 19. ISBN 978-963-7395-84-0 . Jump up ^ Clark 1927 . Jump up ^ `` Appeals to Americans to Pray for Serbians'' . 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Jump up ^ Postwar pulp novels on future `` gas wars'' included Reginald Glossop's 1932 novel Ghastly Dew and Neil Bell's 1931 novel The Gas War of 1940 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy Railroad Artillery'' on YouTube Jump up ^ Lawrence Sondhaus, The Great War at Sea: A Naval History of the First World War (2014). Jump up ^ Lawson, Eric; Lawson, Jane (2002). The First Air Campaign: August 1914-- November 1918 . Da Capo Press. p. 123. ISBN 0-306-81213-4 . ^ Jump up to: Cross 1991 Jump up ^ Cross 1991 , pp. 56-- 57. Jump up ^ Winter 1983 . ^ Jump up to: Johnson 2001 Jump up ^ Halpern, Paul G. (1994). A Naval History of World War I. Routledge, p. 301; ISBN 1-85728-498-4 Jump up ^ Hadley, Michael L. (1995). Count Not the Dead: The Popular Image of the German Submarine. McGill-Queen's Press -- MQUP, p. 36; ISBN 0-7735-1282-9 . Jump up ^ Davies, JD (2013). Britannia's Dragon: A Naval History of Wales . History Press Limited. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-7524-9410-4 . Jump up ^ A German attempt in January on the Russian front failed to cause casualties. Jump up ^ Schneider, Barry R. (28 February 1999). Future War and Counterproliferation: US Military Responses to NBC. Praeger, p. 84; ISBN 0-275-96278-4 Jump up ^ Taylor, Telford (1 November 1993). The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir. Little, Brown and Company . ISBN 0-316-83400-9 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham, Thomas; Lavera, Damien J. (May 2003). Cornerstones of Security: Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era . University of Washington Press . pp. 7-- 9. ISBN 0-295-98296-9 . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Haber, L.F. (20 February 1986). The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War . Clarendon Press . pp. 106-- 108. ISBN 0-19-858142-4 . Jump up ^ Vilensky, Joel A. (20 February 1986). Dew of Death: The Story of Lewisite, America's World War I Weapon of Mass destruction . Indiana University Press . pp. 78-- 80. ISBN 0-253-34612-6 . 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A German officer during the Armenian genocide: a biography of Max von Scheubner-Richter . translated by Alasdair Lean; with a preface by Jorge and a historical introduction by Hilmar. London: Taderon Press for the Gomidas Institute. ISBN 1-903656-81-8 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2006 , p. 177. Jump up ^ `` International Association Of Genocide Scholars'' (PDF) . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Fromkin 1989 , pp. 212-- 215. Jump up ^ International Association of Genocide Scholars. `` Resolution on genocides committed by the Ottoman empire'' (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2008. Jump up ^ Gaunt, David (2006). Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. Jump up ^ Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). `` Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies -- introduction'' . Journal of Genocide Research . 10 (1): 7-- 14. doi : 10.1080/14623520801950820 . Jump up ^ `` Pogroms'' . Encyclopaedia Judaica . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Horne & Kramer 2001 , ch 1-- 2, esp. p. 76. Jump up ^ The claim of franc-tireurs in Belgium has been rejected: Horne & Kramer 2001 , ch 3-- 4 Jump up ^ Horne & Kramer 2001 , ch 5-- 8. Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , pp. 82-- 83. Jump up ^ `` Search Results (+(war:'' worldwari`` )) : Veterans History Project'' . American Folklife Center, Library of Congress . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillimore & Bellot 1919 , pp. 4-- 64. Jump up ^ Ferguson 1999 , pp. 368-- 9. Jump up ^ Blair 2005 . Jump up ^ Cook 2006 , pp. 637-- 665. Jump up ^ `` Максим Оськин -- Неизвестные трагедии Первой мировой Пленные Дезертиры Беженцы -- стр 24 -- Читаем онлайн '' . Profismart.ru. Archived from the original on 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Speed 1990 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 1999 . Jump up ^ Morton 1992 . Jump up ^ Bass 2002 , p. 107. Jump up ^ `` The Mesopotamia campaign'' . British National Archives . Retrieved 10 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoners of Turkey: Men of Kut Driven along like beasts '' . Stolen Years: Australian Prisoners of War . Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ICRC in WWI: overview of activities'' . Icrc.org. Archived from the original on 19 July 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GERMANY: Notes, Sep. 1, 1924'' . Time . 1 September 1924 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 1189. ^ Jump up to: Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 1001 Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 117. Jump up ^ Mukhtar, Mohammed (25 February 2003). Historical Dictionary of Somalia . Scarecrow Press. p. 126 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans'' . BBC News. 25 September 2016 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 1069. Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 884. Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 335. Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 219. Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 209. ^ Jump up to: Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 596 Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 826. Jump up ^ Dennis Mack Smith. 1997. Modern Italy; A Political History . Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. Pp. 284. Jump up ^ Aubert, Roger (1981). `` Chapter 37: The Outbreak of World War I'' . In Hubert Jedin; John Dolan. History of the Church . The Church in the industrial age. 9 . Translated by Resch, Margit. London: Burns & Oates. p. 521. ISBN 0-86012-091-0 . Jump up ^ `` Who's Who -- Pope Benedict XV'' . firstworldwar.com. 22 August 2009. Jump up ^ `` Merely For the Record'' : The Memoirs of Donald Christopher Smith 1894-- 1980 . By Donald Christopher Smith. Edited by John William Cox, Jr. Bermuda. Jump up ^ Pennell, Catriona (2012). A Kingdom United: Popular Responses to the Outbreak of the First World War in Britain and Ireland . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959058-2 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 584. Jump up ^ O'Halpin , Eunan, The Decline of the Union: British Government in Ireland, 1892-- 1920 , (Dublin, 1987) Jump up ^ Lehmann & van der Veer 1999 , p. 62. Jump up ^ Brock, Peter, These Strange Criminals: An Anthology of Prison Memoirs by Conscientious Objectors to Military Service from the Great War to the Cold War , p. 14, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8020-8707-8 Jump up ^ `` Soviet Union -- Uzbeks'' . Country-data.com . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Seton-Watson, Christopher. 1967. Italy from Liberalism to Fascism: 1870 to 1925 . London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. Pp. 471 Jump up ^ Cockfield 1997 , pp. 171-- 237. Jump up ^ Alan J. Ward, `` Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis'' . Historical Journal (1974) 17#1 pp: 107-- 129. Jump up ^ `` The Conscription Crisis'' . CBC. 2001. Jump up ^ J.M. Main, Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901-- 1970 (1970) abstract Archived 7 July 2015 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Havighurst 1985 , p. 131. Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers, To raise an army: The draft comes to modern America (1987). Jump up ^ David Stevenson, The First World War and International Politics (1988). Jump up ^ Z.A.B. Zeman, Diplomatic History of the First World War (1971) Jump up ^ See * Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918 , edited by James Brown Scott. (1921) 515pp online free Jump up ^ R.G. Collingwood An Autobiography , 1939, page 90. Jump up ^ Heather Jones, `` As the centenary approaches: the regeneration of First World War historiography'' . Historical Journal (2013) 56#3 pp: 857-- 878, esp. p. 858 Jump up ^ `` John McCrae'' . Historica. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Jump up ^ David, Evans. `` John McCrae'' . Canadian Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Monumental Undertaking'' . kclibrary.org . Jump up ^ `` Commemoration website'' . 1914.org . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` French, German Presidents Mark World War I Anniversary'' . France News.Net . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheftall, Mark David (2010). Altered Memories of the Great War: Divergent Narratives of Britain, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada . ^ Jump up to: Hynes, Samuel Lynn (1991). A war imagined: the First World War and English culture . Atheneum. pp. i-- xii. ISBN 978-0-689-12128-9 . ^ Jump up to: Todman 2005 , p. 153-221. Jump up ^ Fussell, Paul (2000). The Great War and modern memory . Oxford University Press. pp. 1-- 78. ISBN 978-0-19-513332-5 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to: Todman 2005 , p. xi-- xv. Jump up ^ Roden . Jump up ^ Wohl 1979 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , pp. 108-- 1086. Jump up ^ Kitchen, Martin. `` The Ending of World War One, and the Legacy of Peace'' . BBC. Jump up ^ `` World War II'' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 12 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Baker, Kevin (June 2006). `` Stabbed in the Back! The past and future of a right-wing myth'' . Harper's Magazine . Archived from the original on 15 July 2006. Jump up ^ Chickering 2004 . Jump up ^ Rubinstein, W.D. (2004). Genocide: a history . Pearson Education. p. 7. ISBN 0-582-50601-8 . Jump up ^ 10 in this context -- see Long and short scales Jump up ^ `` What's a little debt between friends? Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine .'' . BBC News. 10 May 2006. Jump up ^ Noakes, Lucy (2006). Women in the British Army: War and the Gentle Sex, 1907-- 1948 . Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 0-415-39056-7 . Jump up ^ Green 1938 , pp. CXXVI. Jump up ^ Anton Kaes et al., eds. (1994). The Weimar Republic Sourcebook . University of California Press. p. 8. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Marls, The Myths of Reparations, pp. 231-- 2 ^ Jump up to: Marks, p. 237 Jump up ^ Marks, pp. 223-- 234 Jump up ^ World War One: A Short History By Norman Stone Jump up ^ Marks, p. 233 Jump up ^ Hall, Allan (28 September 2010). `` First World War officially ends'' . The Telegraph . Berlin . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . The final payment of £ 59.5 million, writes off the crippling debt that was the price for one world war and laid the foundations for another. Jump up ^ Suddath, Claire (4 October 2010). `` Why Did World War I Just End?'' . Time . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . World War I ended over the weekend. Germany made its final reparations-related payment for the Great War on Oct. 3, nearly 92 years after the country's defeat by the Allies. Jump up ^ `` World War I to finally end for Germany this weekend'' . CNN . 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Germany and the Allies can call it even on World War I this weekend. Jump up ^ MacMillan, Margaret (25 December 2010). `` Ending the War to End All Wars'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . NOT many people noticed at the time, but World War I ended this year. ^ Jump up to: `` From Wristwatches To Radio, How World War I Ushered In The Modern World'' . NPR. Bibliography For a comprehensive bibliography see List of books about World War I American Battle Monuments Commission (1938). American Armies and Battlefields in Europe: A History, Guide, and Reference Book . US Government Printing Office. OCLC 59803706 . Army Art of World War I. United States Army Center of Military History : Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History. 1993. OCLC 28608539 . Ayers, Leonard Porter (1919). The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary . Government Printing Office. Bade, Klaus J; Brown, Allison (tr.) (2003). Migration in European History . The making of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-18939-4 . OCLC 52695573 . (translated from the German) Balakian, Peter (2003). The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response . New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019840-4 . OCLC 56822108 . Ball, Alan M (1996). And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918-- 1930 . Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20694-6 . , reviewed in Hegarty, Thomas J (March-- June 1998). `` And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918-- 1930'' . Canadian Slavonic Papers . (via Highbeam.com) Bass, Gary Jonathan (2002). Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 424pp. ISBN 0-691-09278-8 . OCLC 248021790 . Blair, Dale (2005). No Quarter: Unlawful Killing and Surrender in the Australian War Experience, 1915-- 1918 . Charnwood, Australia: Ginninderra Press. ISBN 1-74027-291-9 . OCLC 62514621 . Brands, Henry William (1997). T.R. : The Last Romantic . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-06958-4 . OCLC 36954615 . Braybon, Gail (2004). Evidence, History, and the Great War: Historians and the Impact of 1914-- 18 . Berghahn Books. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-57181-801-0 . Brown, Judith M. (1994). Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy . Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-873113-2 . Chickering, Rodger (2004). Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914-- 1918 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83908-4 . OCLC 55523473 . Clark, Charles Upson (1927). Bessarabia, Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea . New York: Dodd, Mead. OCLC 150789848 . Clark, Christopher (2013). The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 . HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-219922-5 . Clark, Christopher (2014). The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 . New York: Harper Books. ISBN 978-0-06-114666-4 . Cockfield, Jamie H (1997). With snow on their boots : The tragic odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France during World War I. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-22082-0 . Conlon, Joseph M. The historical impact of epidemic typhus (PDF) . Montana State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2009 . Cook, Tim (2006). The politics of surrender: Canadian soldiers and the killing of prisoners in the First World War . The Journal of Military History . 70 . pp. 637-- 665. doi : 10.1353/jmh.2006.0158 . Cross, Wilbur L (1991). Zeppelins of World War I. New York: Paragon Press. ISBN 978-1-55778-382-0 . OCLC 22860189 . Crowe, David (2001). The Essentials of European History: 1914 to 1935, World War I and Europe in crisis . Research and Education Association. ISBN 978-0-87891-710-5 . DiNardo, Richard (2015). Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915 . Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. ISBN 978-1-4408-0092-4 . Djokić , Dejan (2003). Yugoslavism : histories of a failed idea, 1918-- 1992 . London: Hurst. OCLC 51093251 . Doughty, Robert A. (2005). Pyrrhic victory: French strategy and operations in the Great War . Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01880-8 . Duffy, Michael. Somme . First World War.com. ISBN 0-297-84689-2 . Retrieved 25 February 2007 . Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. (1993). The Harper's Encyclopedia of Military History, 4th Edition . Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-270056-8 . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed. 1922) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30-31-32 that cover events since 1911 with thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony. partly online and list of article titles ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY online free . scans of each page of vol 30-31-32 Evans, David (2004). The First World War . Teach yourself. London: Hodder Arnold. ISBN 0-340-88489-4 . OCLC 224332259 . Evans, Leslie (27 May 2005). Future of Iraq, Israel-Palestine Conflict, and Central Asia Weighed at International Conference . UCLA International Institute. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Falls, Cyril Bentham (1960). The First World War . London: Longmans. ISBN 1-84342-272-7 . OCLC 460327352 . Farwell, Byron (1989). The Great War in Africa, 1914-- 1918 . W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-30564-7 . Ferguson, Niall (1999). The Pity of War . New York: Basic Books. pp. 563pp. ISBN 0-465-05711-X . OCLC 41124439 . Ferguson, Niall (2006). The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West . New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 1-59420-100-5 . Fortescue, Granville Roland (28 October 1915). London in Gloom over Gallipoli; Captain Fortescue in Book and Ashmead-Bartlett in Lecture Declare Campaign Lost . New York Times . Fromkin, David (1989). A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East . New York: Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 0-8050-0857-8 . Fromkin, David (2004). Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914? . New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41156-9 . OCLC 53937943 . Gelvin, James L (2005). The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85289-7 . OCLC 59879560 . Grant, R.G. (2005). Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat . DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7566-5578-5 . Gray, Randal; Argyle, Christopher (1990). Chronicle of the First World War . New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-2595-4 . OCLC 19398100 . Gilbert, Martin (1994). First World War . Stoddart Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7737-2848-6 . Gilbert, Martin (2004). The First World War: A Complete History . Clearwater, Florida: Owl Books. p. 306. ISBN 0-8050-7617-4 . OCLC 34792651 . Goodspeed, Donald James (1985). The German Wars 1914-- 1945 . New York: Random House; Bonanza. ISBN 978-0-517-46790-9 . Gray, Randal (1991). Kaiserschlacht 1918: the final German offensive . Osprey. ISBN 978-1-85532-157-1 . Green, John Frederick Norman (1938). `` Obituary: Albert Ernest Kitson '' . Geological Society Quarterly Journal . Geological Society. 94 . Halpern, Paul G (1995). A Naval History of World War I. New York: Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-498-4 . OCLC 60281302 . Harris, J.P. (2008). Douglas Haig and the First World War (2009 ed.). Cambridge: CUP. ISBN 978-0-521-89802-7 . Hartcup, Guy (1988). The War of Invention; Scientific Developments, 1914-- 18 . Brassey's Defence Publishers. ISBN 0-08-033591-8 . Havighurst, Alfred F (1985). Britain in transition: the twentieth century (4 ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31971-1 . Heller, Charles E (1984). Chemical warfare in World War I : the American experience, 1917-- 1918 . Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute. OCLC 123244486 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2007. Heyman, Neil M (1997). World War I. Guides to historic events of the twentieth century. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29880-7 . OCLC 36292837 . Hickey, Michael (2003). The Mediterranean Front 1914-- 1923 . The First World War. 4 . New York: Routledge. pp. 60-- 65. ISBN 0-415-96844-5 . OCLC 52375688 . Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984). Young, Peter, ed. The Campaign in Armenia . Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I. ii . New York: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0-86307-181-3 . Hirschfeld, Gerhard et al. eds. Brill's Encyclopedia of the First World War (2012), 1105pp Holmes, T.M. (April 2014). `` Absolute Numbers: The Schlieffen Plan as a Critique of German Strategy in 1914'' . War in History . London: Edward Arnold. XXI (2): 194, 211. ISSN 1477-0385 . Hooker, Richard (1996). The Ottomans . Washington State University. Archived from the original on 8 October 1999. Hooker, Richard (1996). The Ottomans . Washington State University. Archived from the original on 8 October 1999. Horne, John; Kramer, Alan (2001). German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial . Yale University Press. OCLC 47181922 . Hovannisian, Richard G. (1967). Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918 . Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-00574-0 . Hull, Isabel Virginia (2006). Absolute destruction: military culture and the practices of war in Imperial Germany . Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7293-0 . Humphries, Mark Osborne (2007). `` '' Old Wine in New Bottles`` : A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras'' . In Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike. Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment . Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 65-- 85. ISBN 0-88920-508-6 . Inglis, David (1995). Vimy Ridge: 1917-- 1992, A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years (PDF) . Burnaby: Simon Fraser University. Isaac, Jad; Hosh, Leonardo (7-- 9 May 1992). Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East . University of Waterloo. Archived from the original on 28 September 2006. Jenkins, Burris A (2009). Facing the Hindenburg Line . BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978-1-110-81238-7 . Johnson, James Edgar (2001). Full Circle: The Story of Air Fighting . London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35860-6 . OCLC 45991828 . Jones, Howard (2001). Crucible of Power: A History of US Foreign Relations Since 1897 . Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Books. ISBN 0-8420-2918-4 . OCLC 46640675 . Kaplan, Robert D (February 1993). Syria: Identity Crisis . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Karp, Walter (1979). The Politics of War (1st ed.). ISBN 0-06-012265-X . OCLC 4593327 . , Wilson's maneuvering US into war Keegan, John (1998). The First World War . Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-180178-8 . , general military history Keene, Jennifer D (2006). World War I. Daily Life Through History Series. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-313-33181-2 . OCLC 70883191 . Kernek, Sterling (December 1970). `` The British Government's Reactions to President Wilson's ' Peace' Note of December 1916'' . The Historical Journal . 13 (4): 721-- 766. JSTOR 2637713 . doi : 10.1017/S0018246X00009481 . Kitchen, Martin (2000) (1980). Europe Between the Wars . New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-41869-0 . OCLC 247285240 . Knobler, Stacey L, ed. (2005). The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary . Washington DC: National Academies Press. ISBN 0-309-09504-2 . OCLC 57422232 . Kurlander, Eric (2006). Steffen Bruendel. Volksgemeinschaft oder Volksstaat: Die `` Ideen von 1914'' und die Neuordnung Deutschlands im Ersten Weltkrieg (Book review) . H-net . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Lehmann, Hartmut; van der Veer, Peter, eds. (1999). Nation and religion: perspectives on Europe and Asia . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01232-6 . OCLC 39727826 . Love, Dave (May 1996). `` The Second Battle of Ypres, April 1915'' . Sabretasche. 26 (4). Lyons, Michael J (1999). World War I: A Short History (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-020551-6 . Ludendorff, Erich (1919). My War Memories, 1914-- 1918 . OCLC 60104290 . also published by Harper as `` Ludendorff's Own Story, August 1914 -- November 1918: The Great War from the Siege of Liège to the Signing of the Armistice as Viewed from the Grand Headquarters of the German Army'' OCLC 561160 (original title Meine Kriegserinnerungen, 1914-- 1918 ) Magliveras, Konstantinos D (1999). Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations: The Law and Practice behind Member States' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 90-411-1239-1 . Martel, Gordon (2003). The Origins of the First World War . Pearson Longman, Harlow. Mawdsley, Evan (2008). The Russian Civil War (Edinburgh ed.). Birlinn location. ISBN 1-84341-041-9 . McLellan, Edwin N. The United States Marine Corps in the World War . Meyer, Gerald J (2006). A World Undone: The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918 . Random House. ISBN 978-0-553-80354-9 . Millett, Allan Reed; Murray, Williamson (1988). Military Effectiveness . Boston: Allen Unwin. ISBN 0-04-445053-2 . OCLC 220072268 . Moon, John Ellis van Courtland (July 1996). United States Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II: A Captive of Coalition Policy? . The Journal of Military History . 60 . Society for Military History. pp. 495-- 511. JSTOR 2944522 . doi : 10.2307/2944522 . Morton, Desmond (1992). Silent Battle: Canadian Prisoners of War in Germany, 1914-- 1919 . Toronto: Lester Publishing. ISBN 1-895555-17-5 . OCLC 29565680 . Mosier, John (2001). `` Germany and the Development of Combined Arms Tactics'' . Myth of the Great War: How the Germans Won the Battles and How the Americans Saved the Allies . New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-019676-9 . Muller, Jerry Z (March-- April 2008). `` Us and Them -- The Enduring Power of Ethnic Nationalism'' . Foreign Affairs . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Neiberg, Michael S (2005). Fighting the Great War: A Global History . Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01696-3 . OCLC 56592292 . Nicholson, Gerald WL (1962). Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914-- 1919: Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War (1st ed.). Ottawa: Queens Printer and Controller of Stationary. OCLC 2317262 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2007. Northedge, FS (1986). The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920-- 1946 . New York: Holmes & Meier. ISBN 0-7185-1316-9 . Page, Thomas Nelson. `` Italy and the World War'' . Brigham Young University. Chapter XI. cites `` Cf. articles signed XXX in La Revue de Deux Mondes , 1 and 15 March 1920'' Painter, David S. (2012). `` Oil and the American Century'' (PDF) . The Journal of American History . 99 (1): 24-- 39. doi : 10.1093/jahist/jas073 . Phillimore, George Grenville; Bellot, Hugh HL (1919). `` Treatment of Prisoners of War'' . Transactions of the Grotius Society . 5 : 47-- 64. OCLC 43267276 . Pitt, Barrie (2003). 1918: The Last Act . Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 0-85052-974-3 . OCLC 56468232 . Price, Alfred (1980). Aircraft versus Submarine: the Evolution of the Anti-submarine Aircraft, 1912 to 1980 . London: Jane's Publishing. ISBN 0-7106-0008-9 . OCLC 10324173 . Deals with technical developments, including the first dipping hydrophones Prior, Robin (1999). The First World War . London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35256-X . Raudzens, George (October 1990). `` War-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History'' . The Journal of Military History . Society for Military History. 54 (4): 403-- 434. JSTOR 1986064 . doi : 10.2307/1986064 . Repington, Charles à Court (1920). The First World War, 1914-- 1918 . 2 . London: Constable. ISBN 1-113-19764-1 . Rickard, J (5 March 2001). `` Erich von Ludendorff ( sic ), 1865-- 1937, German General'' . Military History Encyclopedia on the Web . HistoryOfWar.org . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Rickard, J (27 August 2007). `` The Ludendorff Offensives, 21 March-18 July 1918'' . Roden, Mike. `` The Lost Generation -- myth and reality'' . Aftermath -- when the boys came home . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Saadi, Abdul-Ilah (12 February 2009). `` Dreaming of Greater Syria'' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Sachar, Howard Morley (1970). The emergence of the Middle East, 1914-- 1924 . Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-0158-6 . OCLC 153103197 . Salibi, Kamal Suleiman (1993). `` How it all began -- A concise history of Lebanon'' . A House of Many Mansions -- the history of Lebanon reconsidered . I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-091-8 . OCLC 224705916 . Schindler, J (2003). `` Steamrollered in Galicia: The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive, 1916'' . War in History . 10 (1): 27-- 59. doi : 10.1191/0968344503wh260oa . Shanafelt, Gary W (1985). The secret enemy: Austria-Hungary and the German alliance, 1914-- 1918 . East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-080-0 . Shapiro, Fred R; Epstein, Joseph (2006). The Yale Book of Quotations . Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10798-6 . Smith, David James (2010). One Morning In Sarajevo . Hachette UK. ISBN 978-0-297-85608-5 . He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip. But there is no photograph of Gavro's arrest -- this photograph shows the arrest of Behr. Souter, Gavin (2000). Lion & Kangaroo: the initiation of Australia . Melbourne: Text Publishing. OCLC 222801639 . Sisemore, James D (2003). `` The Russo-Japanese War, Lessons Not Learned'' . US Army Command and General Staff College . Smele, Jonathan. `` War and Revolution in Russia 1914-- 1921'' . World Wars in-depth . BBC. Archived from the original on 10 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 November 2009 . Speed, Richard B, III (1990). Prisoners, Diplomats and the Great War: A Study in the Diplomacy of Captivity . New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-26729-4 . OCLC 20694547 . Stevenson, David (1996). Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904-- 1914 . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820208-3 . OCLC 33079190 . Stevenson, David (2004). Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy . New York: Basic Books. pp. 560pp. ISBN 0-465-08184-3 . OCLC 54001282 . Strachan, Hew (2003). The First World War: Volume I: To Arms . New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03295-6 . OCLC 53075929 . Taylor, Alan John Percivale (1963). The First World War: An Illustrated History . Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-399-50260-2 . OCLC 2054370 . Taylor, Alan John Percivale (1998). The First World War and its aftermath, 1914-- 1919 . Century of Conflict, 1848-- 1948. London: Folio Society. OCLC 49988231 . Taylor, John M (Summer 2007). `` Audacious Cruise of the Emden'' . The Quarterly Journal of Military History . 19 (4): 38-- 47. ISSN 0899-3718 . doi :10.1353/jmh.2007.0331 (inactive 2017-01-15). Terraine, John (1963). Ordeal of Victory . Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott. pp. 508pp. ISBN 0-09-068120-7 . OCLC 1345833 . Todman, Dan (2005). The Great War: Myth and Memory . A & C Black. ISBN 978-0-8264-6728-7 . Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941 - 1945 . Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7924-1 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Tschanz, David W. Typhus fever on the Eastern front in World War I. Montana State University. Archived from the original on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 12 November 2009 . Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim (1966). The Zimmermann Telegram (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-620320-0 . OCLC 233392415 . Tucker, Spencer C; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). Encyclopedia of World War I. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. ISBN 1-85109-420-2 . OCLC 61247250 . 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Primary sources Collins, Ross F. ed. World War I: Primary Documents on Events from 1914 to 1919 (Greenwood Press, 2008) online Historiography and memory Baker, Kevin (June 2006). `` Stabbed in the Back! The past and future of a right-wing myth'' . Harper's Magazine . Deak, John. `` The Great War and the Forgotten Realm: The Habsburg Monarchy and the First World War'' Journal of Modern History (2014) 86#2 pp: 336-- 380. Iriye, Akira. `` The Historiographic Impact of the Great War'' . Diplomatic History (July 2014) doi : 10.1093/dh/dhu035 Jones, Heather. `` As the centenary approaches: the regeneration of First World War historiography'' . Historical Journal (2013) 56#3 pp: 857-- 878. Jones, Heather. `` Goodbye to all that?: Memory and meaning in the commemoration of the first world war'' . Juncture (2014) 20#4 pp: 287-- 291. Kitchen, James E., Alisa Miller and Laura Rowe, eds. Other Combatants, Other Fronts: Competing Histories of the First World War (2011) excerpt Kramer, Alan. `` Recent Historiography of the First World War -- Part I'' , Journal of Modern European History (Feb. 2014) 12#1 pp 5-- 27; `` Recent Historiography of the First World War (Part II)'' , (May 2014) 12#2 pp 155-- 174 Mulligan, William. `` The Trial Continues: New Directions in the Study of the Origins of the First World War'' . English Historical Review (2014) 129#538 pp: 639-- 666. Reynolds, David. The Long Shadow: The Legacies of the Great War in the Twentieth Century (2014) Excerpt and text search Sanborn, Joshua. `` Russian Historiography on the Origins of the First World War Since the Fischer Controversy'' . Journal of Contemporary History (2013) 48#2 pp: 350-- 362. Sharp, Heather. `` Representing Australia's Involvement in the First World War: Discrepancies between Public Discourses and School History Textbooks from 1916 to 1936'' . Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society (2014) 6#1 pp: 1-- 23. Trout, Stephen. `` On the Battlefield of Memory: The First World War and American Remembrance, 1919-- 1941 (2013) Turan, Ömer . `` Turkish Historiography of the First World War'' . Middle East Critique (2014) 23#2 pp: 241-- 257. Winter, Jay, ed. The Cambridge History of the First World War (2 vol. Cambridge University Press, 2014) External links Listen to this article (3 parts) (info) Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` World War I '' dated 2006-06-24 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ( Audio help ) More spoken articles 1914-- 1918-online International Encyclopedia of the First World War The Heritage of the Great War / First World War. 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when's the next episode of shadowhunters coming out
No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 34 `` On Infernal Ground '' Matt Hastings Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 267314 - 34 0.49 Clary becomes a fully fledged Shadowhunter but her and Jace are concealing the truth over what happened at Lake Lyn . An owl faced demon starts preying on mundanes . Magnus deals with the fall out of his decision to side with the Seelie Queen . 35 `` The Powers That Be '' Peter DeLuise Peter Binswanger March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 267314 - 35 0.44 Jace asks Clary out on their first proper date but it ends up being an awkward double date . Whilst attending a party Magnus realises the ley lines have been corrupted , he and Alec work together to try and fix it . 36 `` What Lies Beneath '' Amanda Row Alex Schemmer April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 267314 - 36 0.46 Alec hosts a dinner with his mother at Magnus ' in which she reveals news which upsets him . Raphael faces an extremely upsetting personal loss . Simon tries desperately to enter the Seelie Realm and ask about the mysterious mark they gave him . 37 `` Thy Soul Instructed '' Emile Levisetti Jamie Gorenberg April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 267314 - 37 0.35 Jace 's friends and family begin to notice some changes within his personality . Simon happens to bump into the ideal roommate , who might have ulterior motives for befriending Simon . Clary and Izzy pursue a Vampire that is out of control . 38 5 `` Stronger Than Heaven '' Geoff Shotz Brian Millikin April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 267314 - 38 0.30 Alec learns more about Magnus ' past after asking to move in . To try and deal with the owl Clary seeks out Cleophas to see if she has any way to contact the angels . She manages to contact Ithuriel but he is killed by Lilith before he could say anything important . Jace is suspicious of Simons well timed new roommate and it is revealed he is a werewolf . 39 6 `` A Window Into an Empty Room '' Alexis Korycinsk Aisha Porter - Christie April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) 267314 - 39 0.43 Magnus and Alec have a fight about their varying experiences which is left unresolved . Magnus and Clary team up to investigate the demon and a face from Magnus ' past appears to help them . Simon tries to make amends to visitor who wo n't seem to leave him alone . The Lightwoods go out for a meal at the hunters moon . While investigating the demon Clary and Magnus find the owl demon trying to possess Ollie , Luke comes along and helps . The Owls identity is revealed and Ollie has been possessed . 40 7 `` Salt in the Wound '' Joshua Butler Celeste Vasquez May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 267314 - 40 0.42 Following the reveal of the Owl 's identity , Jace and Clary fight upon the roof . Simon helps Clary after she was injured in the fight and takes her to the institute . Here its revealed to everyone that Jace is the owl and Lilith is controlling him . Clary finally reveals her secret about bringing Jace back at Lake Lyn . Magnus and Alec make up as the issues with Jace are more pressing . The shadowhunters head to Alicante to follow him . Alec , Isabelle and Clary tell the inquisitor that Jace has been possessed but it 's too late for her to help as he murders her in her office . They manage to trap Jace and Clary sends them to Magnus ' and allows herself to be taken to the Gard to buy them more time . While this is happening flashbacks show the past relationship of Maia and Jordan ; they dated and eventually he turned her . Simon and Luke investigate Lilith 's lair and the mark of Cain turns two of Lilith 's children to salt . 41 8 `` A Heart of Darkness '' Ari Sandel Jamie Gorenberg May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 267314 - 41 0.42 Clary is questioned by Jia Penhallow regarding her visit to the city and she reveals that she used the angel 's wish to resurrect Jace . After this revelation , Penhallow sentences her to death . Simon , Maia and Jordan manage to locate the location that Lilith was using and try to find clues to her whereabouts . Ollie reveals to Lilith that Simon has the mark of Cain . Knowing that this is one of the only things that can banish her , Lilith goes to the Seelie realm . In order to preserve her life , the Seelie Queen tells Lilith where Jace is . Magnus uses his magic to send Alec and Isabelle into Jace 's mind in hopes breaking Lilith 's control over him . When he is found , Alec sees that he has been forced to kill Clary repeatedly and has tried to kill himself . Jace begs his siblings to kill him rather than remain under Lilith 's control but Alec promises to get him out . Before they can , Lilith arrives . She threatens Magnus and takes back Jace . 42 9 `` Familia Ante Omnia '' Matt Hastings Taylor Mallory May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 267314 - 42 0.37 Jia Penhallow wants to question Valentine about a demon , so Clary resurrects him using a rune . Heidi tricks Simon into returning to his family 's home when he is desperate for blood by holding them hostage ; once there , he feeds on his sister Rebecca , revealing he is a vampire to his mother and sister . Clary deactivates the resurrection rune and Valentine returns to the grave . Jace takes Valentine 's flesh but still needs Clary 's heart for Lilith to resurrect Jonathan . 43 10 `` Erchomai '' Jeff Hunt Bryan Q. Miller May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 267314 - 43 0.31 Magnus goes to Edom to look for his father Asmodeus who can help him save Jace . Simon enchants his mother , making her think that he is dead , but his sister forgives him and offers him help . Jace and Alec fight , but Magnus arrives just in time to free Jace from the possession , revealing that he traded his magic and now it is gone . Simon goads Lilith into attacking him , which triggers his mark and sends her back to Edom , but causes a huge explosion . Just before the explosion , Simon is knocked out of the window and when he regains consciousness , he tells Jace that Clary is dead and that he killed her . 44 11 `` Lost Souls '' Matt Hastings TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 44 TBD 45 12 `` Original Sin '' Matt Hastings TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 45 TBD 46 13 `` Beati Bellicosi '' Paul Wesley TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 46 TBD 47 14 `` A Kiss from a Rose '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Zoe Broad 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 47 TBD 48 15 `` To the Night Children '' Siluck Saysanasy TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 48 TBD 49 16 `` Stay With Me '' Amanda Row Aisha Porter - Christie 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 49 TBD 50 17 `` Heavenly Fire '' Shannon Kohli Celeste Vasquez 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 50 TBD 51 18 `` The Beast Within '' Joshua Butler Taylor Mallory 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 51 TBD 52 19 `` Aku Cinta Kamu '' Todd Slavkin Jamie Gorenberg 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 52 TBD 53 20 `` City of Glass '' Matt Hastings Bryan Q. Miller 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 53 TBD
[ [ "2019" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "Shadowhunters is an American supernatural drama television series . The series is based on the book series The Mortal Instruments by Cassandra Clare , and developed for television by Ed Decter . It premiered in North America on Freeform . In December 2015 , Netflix acquired global rights to Shadowhunters , excluding the U.S. , making the series available as an original series a day after the U.S. premiere .", "Shadowhunters follows Clary Fray ( Katherine McNamara ) , who finds out on her birthday that she is not who she thinks she is but rather comes from a long line of Shadowhunters , human -- angel hybrids who hunt down demons . The series is set in an urban and contemporary New York City . The show received a straight - to - series order on March 30 , 2015 , and premiered on January 12 , 2016 on Freeform .", "In April 2017 , it was announced that the series had been renewed for a third season of 20 episodes . The first half of ten episodes premiered on March 20 , 2018 . In June 2018 , Freeform canceled the series after three seasons , but ordered two extra episodes to properly conclude the series ' story ; the second half of the third season is set to air in early 2019 . As of May 15 , 2018 , 43 episodes of Shadowhunters have aired , concluding the first half of the third season .", "Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 20 10 January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 10 June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) August 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 14 ) 22 10 March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 12 2019 ( 2019 ) 2019 ( 2019 )", "Season Episodes Originally aired", "First aired Last aired", "13 January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 )", "20 10 January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 )", "10 June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) August 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 14 )", "22 10 March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 )", "12 2019 ( 2019 ) 2019 ( 2019 )", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` The Mortal Cup '' McG Ed Decter January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) 267314 - 1 1.82 On Clary Fray 's eighteenth birthday , her mother , Jocelyn , is kidnapped . Soon after , Clary discovers that her mother belongs to a supernatural group called Shadowhunters , a half - angel / half - human race tasked to protect the Downworld ( faeries , werewolves , vampires , and warlocks ) from demons . Clary learns she also belongs to this race , after being saved by a fellow Shadowhunter named Jace -- who then introduces her to his adoptive siblings Alec and Isabelle . Clary overhears her mother 's friend , Luke , claim that he cares nothing about her or her mother . Clary is at a crossroads not knowing who to trust -- her best friend Simon or the Shadowhunters -- to help save Jocelyn from Valentine , a dangerous rogue Shadowhunter . `` The Descent Into Hell Is n't Easy '' Mick Garris Ed Decter & Hollie Overton January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 267314 - 2 1.01 The Circle has returned , as has Valentine . With the Shadowhunters searching for the Mortal Cup , the Institute is on alert . After Hodge tells Clary that Jocelyn was once a Circle member , they realize Clary 's significance in the cause . Jace realizes Clary 's memories are the only way to find Jocelyn and the Cup . Unfortunately , without her memories they are unable to help her or the Shadowhunter team . Thus Jace , Isabelle and a reluctant Alec take Clary and Simon to visit the powerful Silent Brothers in the City of Bones , where Clary fails to retrieve any memories but finds out her biological father is Valentine himself . Meanwhile , Luke is worried about Clary 's whereabouts , while Simon comes to terms with Clary 's new life and gets kidnapped by vampires . `` Dead Man 's Party '' Andy Wolk Marjorie David January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 267314 - 3 0.98 The Shadowhunters plan to rescue Simon , who has been taken captive by vampires in exchange for the Mortal Cup . Jace , Isabelle , Alec and Clary locate Simon 's whereabouts to the Hotel Dumort , where he is being held by Camille Belcourt , Raphael Santiago and the rest of Camille 's outfit . Alec and Jace have a dispute over Clary and her loyalty , since her father is their enemy . Isabelle visits Meliorn , her Seelie lover , in order to extract information about the Hotel Dumort , so the group can get into the building unnoticed . The Shadowhunters retrieve Simon and he is reunited with Clary , but he appears to be turning into a vampire after drinking Camille 's blood . `` Raising Hell '' Tawnia McKiernan Michael Reisz February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 267314 - 4 0.96 Simon quarrels with Jace and leaves the Institute . The Shadowhunters lure warlock Magnus Bane out of hiding with a prized necklace , in order to gain his help in retrieving Clary 's memories . Magnus informs them that he fed the memories to a memory demon for safekeeping . The Shadowhunters track Magnus to his lair , where the Circle has attacked . Magnus transports the group to his loft , where they summon the demon . Alec 's personal insecurities about his feelings for Jace disrupt the ritual when they are each asked to relinquish a beloved memory , forcing Clary to kill the demon before recovering any memories . Meanwhile , Simon is plagued with visions of Camille , and ends up returning to the Hotel Dumort . 5 5 `` Moo Shu to Go '' Kelly Makin Angel Dean Lopez February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 267314 - 5 0.95 The Lightwood family matriarch , Maryse , arrives at the Institute with a Seelie intel mission for Isabelle and Jace . Alec is ordered to watch over Clary , but she escapes the Institute for her old apartment to locate her mother 's secret box -- that once belonged to a `` Jonathan Clark '' . Clary and Simon are subsequently kidnapped by werewolves while searching the apartment , to Alec 's chagrin . Clary is interrogated about the location of the Mortal Cup , and the alpha werewolf threatens to kill Simon if she does not reveal the information . Jace , Isabelle and Alec then head to rescue the two , after Simon calls for help . The Shadowhunters are assisted in their escape by an unlikely ally -- werewolf Luke , who defeats his alpha and assumes the title . 6 6 `` Of Men and Angels '' Oz Scott Y . Shireen Razack February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 267314 - 6 0.98 Clary , Jace and Simon take a mortally wounded Luke to Magnus for help . At Luke 's insistence , Magnus informs Clary of the Circle 's past and her mother 's involvement with the group . Meanwhile , Robert Lightwood arrives at the Institute , and he and Maryse task Isabelle with mending the Seelies ' broken ties with the Clave and restoring the family name . When Isabelle informs Alec that their parents plan to marry him off , he angrily leaves the Institute for Magnus ' loft . There , he , Magnus and the others save Luke 's life with magic . Luke informs Clary that she had a brother , Jonathan Christopher , who died in a fire caused by Valentine . Clary then discovers one of her powers , making her realize she knows the whereabouts of Mortal Cup . 7 7 `` Major Arcana '' J. Miles Dale Peter Binswanger February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 267314 - 7 0.84 Clary reveals that the Cup is hidden in a tarot card that Luke took for safekeeping . When Luke goes to retrieve it from his desk at the precinct , he is detained by internal affairs officers due to demonic murders whose real killer was Valentine . While being questioned about his part in the demonic murders , Luke 's boss is killed by a shapeshifter . Clary , Jace , Isabelle and Alec enact a plan to obtain the Cup , but are tracked by demons . When a demon posing as Jace attempts to take the Cup from Clary , she kills it . Afterward , Clary and the real Jace share a kiss at the Institute . Meanwhile , Simon 's odd behavior worries Maureen and his family , who fear he is on drugs . He returns to the Hotel Dumort looking for answers and is met by Camille . 8 8 `` Bad Blood '' Jeremiah S. Chechik Allison Rymer March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 267314 - 8 0.87 Raphael arrives at the Institute with Simon , who has been attacked and killed by Camille . He informs Clary that , unless Simon is staked or turned before sunset , his soul will be trapped for eternity . An envoy from the Clave , Lydia Branwell , arrives to temporarily take over the Institute . Valentine sends a Forsaken to attack the werewolf pack , but Luke kills it . While retrieving the corpse from Luke , Lydia inadvertently reveals to Alec that his parents are ex-Circle members . Isabelle performs a pathology test on the Forsaken and finds that it has angel blood . Alec decides to restore his family 's honor ( due to the current situation ) by proposing to Lydia . Later , another Forsaken attacks Hodge and Alec at the Institute , but they eventually defeat it . Clary decides to bury Simon in order for him to turn into a vampire , but he emerges thinking of himself as a monster . 9 9 `` Rise Up '' J. Miller Tobin Hollie Overton March 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) 267314 - 9 0.95 Following the Forsaken attack , the Institute is on high alert . Lydia arrests Meliorn for supposedly leaking Shadowhunter information to Valentine . During his interrogation , Meliorn lets slip that Clary is in possession of the Mortal Cup . Jace , Isabelle and Clary decide to take matters into their own hands to prevent the Cup from reaching the Clave . With the help of Magnus , the three Shadowhunters sneak the Cup out of the Institute . Later , Isabelle , Clary , Jace , Simon , Luke and Raphael team up to rescue Meliorn from his impending torture in the City of Bones . Afterward , Meliorn informs Clary that he can help find her father . Meanwhile , Alec 's siding with Lydia and the Clave causes rifts with his personal relationships , and Simon makes peace with his newfound status as a vampire . 10 10 `` This World Inverted '' J. Miles Dale Y . Shireen Razack March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 267314 - 10 0.78 Meliorn takes Clary and Jace to the Seelie realm where he reveals a portal to an alternate dimension . He tells Clary that if she locates another portal within this dimension , she will be transported to her father . However , when Clary arrives , she finds that Shadowhunters have ceased to exist in this peaceful world and may assimilate to Clary from that dimension . Jace and Meliorn protect the entrance to the dimension from demons , but when one slips through , Jace ventures in to stop it . With the help of Magnus , Clary finds the portal at the Institute , and she and Jace step through it . When they arrive at Valentine 's hideout , they discover Jace 's father , Micheal Wayland , assumed to be dead , is being held captive there . Meanwhile , in reality , Isabelle is arrested for the Meliorn mission , much to the anguish of Alec , who tries in vain to prevent her from going on trial . 11 11 `` Blood Calls to Blood '' Mairzee Almas Marjorie David March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 267314 - 11 0.78 Clary , Jace and Michael Wayland head to Luke 's for help . While there , Michael discloses the location of Valentine 's new hideout -- an abandoned hospital in Long Island . Jace , Michael , Luke and Clary go to rescue a still - unconscious Jocelyn , but are surrounded by demons . Michael takes the Mortal Cup to command the demons , but then reveals himself to be Valentine in disguise . Clary subsequently reveals that Valentine is holding a duplicate Cup . Before fleeing through a portal , he informs Clary and Jace that they are siblings . Meanwhile , Isabelle 's trial begins , with Magnus as her defense attorney . During questioning , Lydia states that the trial is nonsense and withdraws the charges , but Inquisitor Herondale states that Isabelle will still be banished from Shadowhunter society if the Clave does not receive the Cup within 24 hours . Jace and Clary arrive back at the Institute with the Cup , dropping the charges against Isabelle . 12 12 `` Malec '' James Marshall Michael Reisz March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 267314 - 12 0.82 Jace is conflicted over his feelings for his sister Clary , and Alec is conflicted over his feelings for Magnus as his wedding approaches . Isabelle throws her brother a bachelor party , where Alec and Jace mend their broken bond . Meanwhile , Jace and Clary are led by Magnus to visit Ragnor Fell , a former friend and warlock , for help on waking Jocelyn , believing that he is the one who created the spell that she is under . A demon follows them and kills Ragnor , but before he dies , he tells them that the Book of the White holds the antidote . Isabelle invites Magnus to Alec 's wedding ; seeing him , Alec realizes that he can not go through with the marriage . After apologizing to an understanding Lydia , he approaches Magnus and kisses him in front of the guests . Later , Maryse expresses her disappointment in Alec at publicly shaming them , though Robert offers support . Magnus finds that the Book of the White is in Camille 's possession . Packing up to head back to Idris , Lydia retrieves the Cup from a safe but is attacked by Hodge . It is revealed that Hodge has stolen the Cup for Valentine in order to be freed from his binding curse . 13 13 `` Morning Star '' J. Miles Dale Peter Binswanger April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 267314 - 13 0.76 The Shadowhunters can not prevent Hodge from giving the Mortal Cup to Valentine , and he proceeds with creating his Shadowhunter army . Valentine betrays Hodge by refusing him protection from the Clave after getting the cup . Jace and Alec hunt down Hodge with Luke 's help , and Jace chops off Hodge 's hand in the ensuing battle . Jace then goes after Valentine with Hodge as guide , sending the others to aid Clary . Meanwhile , Clary , Isabelle and Simon visit the Hotel Dumort to ask Camille ( imprisoned for Simon 's unlawful death ) about the Book of the White . In exchange for her help , Camille demands that they break her out from her prison and provide a signed statement from Simon that he asked her to turn him into a vampire . Magnus , at his warlock loft , drafts the contract . The group then heads to Camille 's apartment , where she believes the book was hidden by Dot . They do find the Book , but are then ambushed by the Circle . Jace arrives to fight Valentine , but they are all captured . Jace agrees to join Valentine for the safe release of his friends . Back at the Institute , the devastated group uses the spell and wakes Jocelyn , who reunites with her daughter and Luke .", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions )", "`` The Mortal Cup '' McG Ed Decter January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) 267314 - 1 1.82", "On Clary Fray 's eighteenth birthday , her mother , Jocelyn , is kidnapped . Soon after , Clary discovers that her mother belongs to a supernatural group called Shadowhunters , a half - angel / half - human race tasked to protect the Downworld ( faeries , werewolves , vampires , and warlocks ) from demons . Clary learns she also belongs to this race , after being saved by a fellow Shadowhunter named Jace -- who then introduces her to his adoptive siblings Alec and Isabelle . Clary overhears her mother 's friend , Luke , claim that he cares nothing about her or her mother . Clary is at a crossroads not knowing who to trust -- her best friend Simon or the Shadowhunters -- to help save Jocelyn from Valentine , a dangerous rogue Shadowhunter .", "`` The Descent Into Hell Is n't Easy '' Mick Garris Ed Decter & Hollie Overton January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 267314 - 2 1.01", "The Circle has returned , as has Valentine . With the Shadowhunters searching for the Mortal Cup , the Institute is on alert . After Hodge tells Clary that Jocelyn was once a Circle member , they realize Clary 's significance in the cause . Jace realizes Clary 's memories are the only way to find Jocelyn and the Cup . Unfortunately , without her memories they are unable to help her or the Shadowhunter team . Thus Jace , Isabelle and a reluctant Alec take Clary and Simon to visit the powerful Silent Brothers in the City of Bones , where Clary fails to retrieve any memories but finds out her biological father is Valentine himself . Meanwhile , Luke is worried about Clary 's whereabouts , while Simon comes to terms with Clary 's new life and gets kidnapped by vampires .", "`` Dead Man 's Party '' Andy Wolk Marjorie David January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 267314 - 3 0.98", "The Shadowhunters plan to rescue Simon , who has been taken captive by vampires in exchange for the Mortal Cup . Jace , Isabelle , Alec and Clary locate Simon 's whereabouts to the Hotel Dumort , where he is being held by Camille Belcourt , Raphael Santiago and the rest of Camille 's outfit . Alec and Jace have a dispute over Clary and her loyalty , since her father is their enemy . Isabelle visits Meliorn , her Seelie lover , in order to extract information about the Hotel Dumort , so the group can get into the building unnoticed . The Shadowhunters retrieve Simon and he is reunited with Clary , but he appears to be turning into a vampire after drinking Camille 's blood .", "`` Raising Hell '' Tawnia McKiernan Michael Reisz February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 267314 - 4 0.96", "Simon quarrels with Jace and leaves the Institute . The Shadowhunters lure warlock Magnus Bane out of hiding with a prized necklace , in order to gain his help in retrieving Clary 's memories . Magnus informs them that he fed the memories to a memory demon for safekeeping . The Shadowhunters track Magnus to his lair , where the Circle has attacked . Magnus transports the group to his loft , where they summon the demon . Alec 's personal insecurities about his feelings for Jace disrupt the ritual when they are each asked to relinquish a beloved memory , forcing Clary to kill the demon before recovering any memories . Meanwhile , Simon is plagued with visions of Camille , and ends up returning to the Hotel Dumort .", "5 5 `` Moo Shu to Go '' Kelly Makin Angel Dean Lopez February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 267314 - 5 0.95", "The Lightwood family matriarch , Maryse , arrives at the Institute with a Seelie intel mission for Isabelle and Jace . Alec is ordered to watch over Clary , but she escapes the Institute for her old apartment to locate her mother 's secret box -- that once belonged to a `` Jonathan Clark '' . Clary and Simon are subsequently kidnapped by werewolves while searching the apartment , to Alec 's chagrin . Clary is interrogated about the location of the Mortal Cup , and the alpha werewolf threatens to kill Simon if she does not reveal the information . Jace , Isabelle and Alec then head to rescue the two , after Simon calls for help . The Shadowhunters are assisted in their escape by an unlikely ally -- werewolf Luke , who defeats his alpha and assumes the title .", "6 6 `` Of Men and Angels '' Oz Scott Y . Shireen Razack February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 267314 - 6 0.98", "Clary , Jace and Simon take a mortally wounded Luke to Magnus for help . At Luke 's insistence , Magnus informs Clary of the Circle 's past and her mother 's involvement with the group . Meanwhile , Robert Lightwood arrives at the Institute , and he and Maryse task Isabelle with mending the Seelies ' broken ties with the Clave and restoring the family name . When Isabelle informs Alec that their parents plan to marry him off , he angrily leaves the Institute for Magnus ' loft . There , he , Magnus and the others save Luke 's life with magic . Luke informs Clary that she had a brother , Jonathan Christopher , who died in a fire caused by Valentine . Clary then discovers one of her powers , making her realize she knows the whereabouts of Mortal Cup .", "7 7 `` Major Arcana '' J. Miles Dale Peter Binswanger February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 267314 - 7 0.84", "Clary reveals that the Cup is hidden in a tarot card that Luke took for safekeeping . When Luke goes to retrieve it from his desk at the precinct , he is detained by internal affairs officers due to demonic murders whose real killer was Valentine . While being questioned about his part in the demonic murders , Luke 's boss is killed by a shapeshifter . Clary , Jace , Isabelle and Alec enact a plan to obtain the Cup , but are tracked by demons . When a demon posing as Jace attempts to take the Cup from Clary , she kills it . Afterward , Clary and the real Jace share a kiss at the Institute . Meanwhile , Simon 's odd behavior worries Maureen and his family , who fear he is on drugs . He returns to the Hotel Dumort looking for answers and is met by Camille .", "8 8 `` Bad Blood '' Jeremiah S. Chechik Allison Rymer March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 267314 - 8 0.87", "Raphael arrives at the Institute with Simon , who has been attacked and killed by Camille . He informs Clary that , unless Simon is staked or turned before sunset , his soul will be trapped for eternity . An envoy from the Clave , Lydia Branwell , arrives to temporarily take over the Institute . Valentine sends a Forsaken to attack the werewolf pack , but Luke kills it . While retrieving the corpse from Luke , Lydia inadvertently reveals to Alec that his parents are ex-Circle members . Isabelle performs a pathology test on the Forsaken and finds that it has angel blood . Alec decides to restore his family 's honor ( due to the current situation ) by proposing to Lydia . Later , another Forsaken attacks Hodge and Alec at the Institute , but they eventually defeat it . Clary decides to bury Simon in order for him to turn into a vampire , but he emerges thinking of himself as a monster .", "9 9 `` Rise Up '' J. Miller Tobin Hollie Overton March 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) 267314 - 9 0.95", "Following the Forsaken attack , the Institute is on high alert . Lydia arrests Meliorn for supposedly leaking Shadowhunter information to Valentine . During his interrogation , Meliorn lets slip that Clary is in possession of the Mortal Cup . Jace , Isabelle and Clary decide to take matters into their own hands to prevent the Cup from reaching the Clave . With the help of Magnus , the three Shadowhunters sneak the Cup out of the Institute . Later , Isabelle , Clary , Jace , Simon , Luke and Raphael team up to rescue Meliorn from his impending torture in the City of Bones . Afterward , Meliorn informs Clary that he can help find her father . Meanwhile , Alec 's siding with Lydia and the Clave causes rifts with his personal relationships , and Simon makes peace with his newfound status as a vampire .", "10 10 `` This World Inverted '' J. Miles Dale Y . Shireen Razack March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 267314 - 10 0.78", "Meliorn takes Clary and Jace to the Seelie realm where he reveals a portal to an alternate dimension . He tells Clary that if she locates another portal within this dimension , she will be transported to her father . However , when Clary arrives , she finds that Shadowhunters have ceased to exist in this peaceful world and may assimilate to Clary from that dimension . Jace and Meliorn protect the entrance to the dimension from demons , but when one slips through , Jace ventures in to stop it . With the help of Magnus , Clary finds the portal at the Institute , and she and Jace step through it . When they arrive at Valentine 's hideout , they discover Jace 's father , Micheal Wayland , assumed to be dead , is being held captive there . Meanwhile , in reality , Isabelle is arrested for the Meliorn mission , much to the anguish of Alec , who tries in vain to prevent her from going on trial .", "11 11 `` Blood Calls to Blood '' Mairzee Almas Marjorie David March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 267314 - 11 0.78", "Clary , Jace and Michael Wayland head to Luke 's for help . While there , Michael discloses the location of Valentine 's new hideout -- an abandoned hospital in Long Island . Jace , Michael , Luke and Clary go to rescue a still - unconscious Jocelyn , but are surrounded by demons . Michael takes the Mortal Cup to command the demons , but then reveals himself to be Valentine in disguise . Clary subsequently reveals that Valentine is holding a duplicate Cup . Before fleeing through a portal , he informs Clary and Jace that they are siblings . Meanwhile , Isabelle 's trial begins , with Magnus as her defense attorney . During questioning , Lydia states that the trial is nonsense and withdraws the charges , but Inquisitor Herondale states that Isabelle will still be banished from Shadowhunter society if the Clave does not receive the Cup within 24 hours . Jace and Clary arrive back at the Institute with the Cup , dropping the charges against Isabelle .", "12 12 `` Malec '' James Marshall Michael Reisz March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 267314 - 12 0.82", "Jace is conflicted over his feelings for his sister Clary , and Alec is conflicted over his feelings for Magnus as his wedding approaches . Isabelle throws her brother a bachelor party , where Alec and Jace mend their broken bond . Meanwhile , Jace and Clary are led by Magnus to visit Ragnor Fell , a former friend and warlock , for help on waking Jocelyn , believing that he is the one who created the spell that she is under . A demon follows them and kills Ragnor , but before he dies , he tells them that the Book of the White holds the antidote . Isabelle invites Magnus to Alec 's wedding ; seeing him , Alec realizes that he can not go through with the marriage . After apologizing to an understanding Lydia , he approaches Magnus and kisses him in front of the guests . Later , Maryse expresses her disappointment in Alec at publicly shaming them , though Robert offers support . Magnus finds that the Book of the White is in Camille 's possession . Packing up to head back to Idris , Lydia retrieves the Cup from a safe but is attacked by Hodge . It is revealed that Hodge has stolen the Cup for Valentine in order to be freed from his binding curse .", "13 13 `` Morning Star '' J. Miles Dale Peter Binswanger April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 267314 - 13 0.76", "The Shadowhunters can not prevent Hodge from giving the Mortal Cup to Valentine , and he proceeds with creating his Shadowhunter army . Valentine betrays Hodge by refusing him protection from the Clave after getting the cup . Jace and Alec hunt down Hodge with Luke 's help , and Jace chops off Hodge 's hand in the ensuing battle . Jace then goes after Valentine with Hodge as guide , sending the others to aid Clary . Meanwhile , Clary , Isabelle and Simon visit the Hotel Dumort to ask Camille ( imprisoned for Simon 's unlawful death ) about the Book of the White . In exchange for her help , Camille demands that they break her out from her prison and provide a signed statement from Simon that he asked her to turn him into a vampire . Magnus , at his warlock loft , drafts the contract . The group then heads to Camille 's apartment , where she believes the book was hidden by Dot . They do find the Book , but are then ambushed by the Circle . Jace arrives to fight Valentine , but they are all captured . Jace agrees to join Valentine for the safe release of his friends . Back at the Institute , the devastated group uses the spell and wakes Jocelyn , who reunites with her daughter and Luke .", "Jump up ^ The second episode , `` The Descent Into Hell Is n't Easy '' , was released online on January 12 , 2016 , after the premiere of the first episode .", "Jump up ^ The second episode , `` The Descent Into Hell Is n't Easy '' , was released online on January 12 , 2016 , after the premiere of the first episode .", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 14 `` This Guilty Blood '' Matt Hastings Michael Reisz January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) 267314 - 14 1.19 Jace is held captive on Valentine 's ship . He attempts to kill Valentine , but his victim turns out to be one of Valentine 's thugs under glamour , and Jace is whipped for disloyalty . Maryse goes behind Lydia 's back to the Clave , and representative Victor Aldertree is instated as the new head of the New York Institute . Clary 's debriefing wrongly convinces him that Jace is in league with Valentine ; Jace is declared a criminal wanted dead or alive , the Institute is put on lockdown , and Clary , Alec , and Isabelle are forbidden to take part in the search , but they do anyway . Clary tells a newly awakened Jocelyn that Jace is her son , and she is shocked having believed that JC ( Jonathan Christopher ) had died in a fire with his father . Magnus and Alec quarrel over how to retrieve Jace , and also about Alec 's motivation in calling off the wedding . Valentine tells Jace that Valentine experimented on him in - vitro using demon blood to make him stronger , this cause self - doubt in Jace . Valentine opens a portal to land , allowing their location to be revealed to the various parties tracking them . He wants Jace to break the accords and execute a rogue vampire , Jace refuses , but the vampire dies in the resulting altercation . When Jocelyn attempts to shoot Jace with a crossbow , Valentine steps in front of the shot . Jace supports a wounded Valentine and they escape . 15 `` A Door Into the Dark '' Andy Wolk Y . Shireen Razack January 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 09 ) 267314 - 15 0.75 Jocelyn defends her attempt on Jace 's life by explaining the effect Valentine 's experiments had on him as a baby . Upset , Clary seeks solace at the Brooklyn Academy of Art where she is kidnapped by Dot and taken to Valentine . With Clary missing , Jocelyn offers her assistance to Isabelle and Alec by providing adamas , a metal that can be used to track Jace using his and Alec 's bond . Meanwhile at Camille 's Indian residence , Simon and Magnus search for the vampire , whom Raphael is being pressured by the Clave to produce , and find some items from Magnus ' past . With Dot 's help , Jace and Clary flee Valentine 's ship , but not before the risky parabatai tracking renders Alec comatose . 16 `` Parabatai Lost '' Gregory Smith Peter Binswanger January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) 267314 - 16 0.81 Magnus works to stabilize a failing Alec with magic , but only Jace can save him . After escaping from Valentine 's ship , Clary loses Jace and returns to the Institute . Meanwhile , Jace is hunted by werewolves , including a girl named Maia , who believe he has killed one of their own . Isabelle makes a deal with Aldertree in order to find Jace and save Alec 's life . Magnus transports Alec to his loft , where Jace arrives to revive him . As the parabatai reunite , Clave representatives appear and arrest Jace for high treason . 17 `` Day of Wrath '' Joe Lazarov Jamie Gorenberg January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) 267314 - 17 0.64 Jace is imprisoned in the City of Bones , where he encounters Hodge . Valentine arrives to break him out , but Jace fights back . Valentine kills Hodge and steals the Soul Sword before disappearing . Clary helps Alec and Isabelle search for a powerful demon with the ability to possess others , but it infiltrates the Institute . Meanwhile , Raphael is tortured by Aldertree for Camille 's whereabouts and goes to Magnus for help . With Camille 's grave dirt found at her house in India , an emotionally conflicted Magnus summons his ex-girlfriend and sends her to the Clave . At the Institute , a possessed Alec kills Jocelyn . The demon then inhabits Isabelle but Clary breaks its hold and succeeds in killing it . 18 5 `` Dust and Shadows '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Zac Hug January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 267314 - 18 0.58 Jace is freed from the City of Bones , but Aldertree , still suspicious of Jace , bans him from the field of duty . Clary seeks the help of a warlock named Iris Rouse to resurrect Jocelyn and swears a blood oath to provide a favor in return for the spell . Isabelle 's wound from her possession is not healing , so Aldertree prescribes a drug named yin fen . Iris traps Clary with the intention of claiming her favor : mating her with a demon in order to create more warlocks . Jace , Isabelle , and Alec arrive to save her , but Clary creates a new rune that helps her escape . Simon struggles with his double life as he moves back home and eventually admits his vampirism to his mother , but his confession goes awry and Raphael wipes his mother 's memory . The Shadowhunters hold a funeral for Jocelyn and some of the deceased Shadowhunters , and a distraught Luke wakes naked in the wilderness . 19 6 `` Iron Sisters '' Mike Rohl Allison Rymer February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 267314 - 19 0.65 Simon and Maia team up to find Luke and begin to form a bond . Alec and Magnus go on their first date and discover a disparity in their romantic pasts . Isabelle and Clary go to the Iron Sisters for help in defeating Valentine and meet Luke 's sister , Cleophas . To enter the Citadel , the two must endure a trial which detects demon impurities ; Clary passes , but Isabelle fails and is informed that yin fen she has been using is made of vampire venom . Maia and Simon find Luke and convince him to return to the pack . Cleophas tells Clary that the Soul Sword has a second purpose : it can kill all demon - blooded creatures , including Downworlders . Clary shows Cleophas her runic power . Magnus and Alec decide to begin a relationship , despite their differences , but are surprised by Jace 's appearance : he has left the Institute due to Aldertree 's treatment and asks to stay with Magnus . Later , Cleophas kills Magdelena , an Iron Sister , and activates a Circle rune , indicating her allegiance to Valentine . 20 7 `` How Are Thou Fallen '' Ben Bray Hollie Overton February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 267314 - 20 0.55 Cleophas tells Valentine of Clary 's rune - creating ability , then approaches Luke and Clary , but her brother is unwilling to trust her . Simon goes on a wholly unsuccessful first date with Maia , and Isabelle , now addicted to yin fen , is caught by Magnus at the Hunter 's Moon seeking the drug . She convinces Magnus her search is for a mission , and he tells her to go straight to the source : vampires themselves . Clary hears strange noises , and is convinced that Valentine is responsible . Alec , after going to Isabelle for advice , finds Magnus at his loft and the two consummate their relationship . Figuring out the noises Clary is hearing are the distress calls of an angel Valentine is holding captive , Jace , Clary , Luke , and Cleophas infiltrate his lair , and Clary creates a rune to free the angel . The angel shows Clary and Jace a vision of a cloaked figure destroying the Soul Sword . 21 8 `` Love is a Devil '' Catriona McKenzie Y . Shireen Razack February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 267314 - 21 0.67 Alec asks Magnus to hold his little brother Max 's Rune Party at his loft , Magnus agrees . Simon confesses his love for Clary and they start dating . Isabelle is now getting her yin fen fix straight from the source by letting Raphael feed on her . Max 's party is in full swing when things take a turn for the worse , and guests begin seeing their fears and insecurities manifest . Magnus determines that they have all been be-spelled by a hostile warlock and undoes the curse . Magnus identifies the culprit as Iris Rouse , captures her and sends her to Idris . However , Iris invokes the blood oath Clary swore her and instructs her to find the warlock child Madzie who has been kidnapped by Valentine . Jace and Clary tell their friends what they have learned of the Soul Sword and of Clary 's runic abilities , which Magnus identifies marks her as angel - blooded , and thus able to activate the Soul Sword herself . Maryse tells Alec and Jace their father has been cheating on her . 22 9 `` Bound by Blood '' Matt Hastings Peter Binswanger February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 267314 - 22 0.52 Clary 's hand suddenly begins to burn and turn to stone , a symptom of blood oath she swore to Iris Rouse . Clary goes to Magnus , who tells her that her only cure lies in finding Madzie . Maia , who fears Clary 's power to activate the Soul Sword and kill all Downworlders , tries to kill her . A Downworlder council meeting takes place where Meliorn and Raphael both agree that Clary must be killed , while Magnus and Luke disagree . Alec is searching for Isabelle , and Magnus , having figured out her yin fen addiction , sends him to Raphael . Alec discovers Isabelle being fed on , and the siblings quarrel ; Magnus also expresses his displeasure with Raphael . Jace tracks Madzie and brings her back to heal Clary , but the young warlock portals Clary to Valentine . Jace and Simon find and save Clary , but Simon is captured by Valentine . 23 10 `` By the Light of Dawn '' Joshua Butler Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 267314 - 23 0.64 Madzie infiltrates the Institute on Valentine 's behalf , killing many Shadowhunters , but sparing Alec . Jace , Clary and Luke take Dot to Magnus ' . She reveals that Valentine believes that Jace can destroy the Soul Sword and Clary receives a video call from Valentine : he slits Simon 's throat to draw her to the Institute . The group head to the Institute , and Clary , who goes to feed Simon to heal him , is revealed to be a glamoured Jace . Magnus finds and comforts Madzie . Jace attempts to destroy the Sword but inadvertently charges it and Valentine activates it as a Downworlder army storms in , killing all of them . Jace and Valentine battle for the Sword outside and it is revealed that Valentine is actually not Jace 's father . Alec frantically searches for Magnus in the aftermath , and upon finding him safe , the two profess their love for each other . Simon discovers he can now be in the sunlight without being burned . Valentine is taken into custody as the Soul Sword disappears and is picked up by a strange figure in black . 24 11 `` Mea Maxima Culpa '' Matt Hastings Michael Reisz June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) 267314 - 24 0.71 The Inquisitor Imogen Herondale arrives at the Institute and tortures Valentine for the whereabouts of The Mortal Cup . The Greater Demon Azazel arrives in town also looking for The Cup . The wolves of the New York pack challenge the leadership of their alpha Luke . Isabelle , in the throes of yin fen withdrawal , seeks out Raphael for help , but he refuses to feed on her . She is attacked by Azazel , but is saved by a new Shadowhunter , Sebastian Verlac . Simon talks to Maia about his new ability to survive sunlight . Raphael tells Magnus and Alec about Isabelle coming to him ; Alec thinks that Isabelle has been taken by Azazel . Jace and Clary go to Valentine for help finding the Greater Demon , and he reveals they are not related . Luke 's new police partner Ollie is suspicious of his actions . Isabelle accompanies Sebastian to his apartment where he gives advice on overcoming yin fen addiction . Upon Alec 's request , Magnus summons Azazel , with Valentine as bait . But the demon manages to escape the summoning circle and appears to cast a spell on Magnus and Valentine . 25 12 `` You Are Not Your Own '' Bille Woodruff Jamie Gorenberg June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) 267314 - 25 0.55 Azazel has cast a body - swapping spell on Magnus and Valentine . Isabelle brings Sebastian back to the institute to help catch the still - at - large Azazel ; Alec heads to Magnus ' loft for help with tracking the demon . When Alec arrives , Azazel attacks him but is vanquished , leaving Valentine and Magnus trapped in one another 's bodies . Magnus , in Valentine 's body , is locked up in the Institute ; he tries to explain the body - swap to Alec , but Alec does not believe him and he is tortured in Valentine 's place for information about the Mortal Cup . Simon fights with Raphael over revealing how he became a daylighter . Imogen prepares to execute Valentine against Clave orders , but Valentine , masquerading as Magnus , has kidnapped Jace and sends a visual message to the cells revealing that Jace is actually a Herondale ; he demands his body be sent to him at Magnus ' loft . The demands are met , and the body - swapping spell is undone . At the last second , Clary pushes Valentine , now back in his own body , through a portal back to the cells at the Institute . Alec tries to comfort Magnus in the aftermath . 26 13 `` Those of Demon Blood '' Michael Goi Zac Hug June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) 267314 - 26 0.59 Several Shadowhunters are killed and their runes cut - off . Imogen Herondale appoints Jace as the head of the New York Institute . Alec goes to Magnus loft to get a DNA sample to prove he is n't involved in the killings ; the two fight and Magnus demands he leave . Imogen suggests micro-chipping all Downworlders to be constantly aware of their whereabouts , Alec vehemently disagrees , but Jace seems amenable to the idea . Max arrives and Isabelle is appointed his tutor . Clary is attacked and injured but Simon rescues her and takes her to the Institute . Jace heads to the Hunter 's Moon to begin chipping werewolves and he and Maia get into a physical fight which results in her being chipped . Luke , angered at the Shadowhunters ' behaviour , tells Jace to leave . An upset and tipsy Magnus spends some time with Dot . Isabelle meets Raphael for help finding the killer , Max follows her and is kidnapped . With Meliorn 's help , they find Max and kill the culprit , a Seelie named Kaelie . Jace appoints Alec head of the Institute . Alec apologises to Magnus , and the two reconcile . Jace , on Alec 's orders , de-chips Maia , and the two sleep together . 27 14 `` The Fair Folk '' Chris Grismer Taylor Mallory June 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 26 ) 267314 - 27 0.67 Alec sends Clary and Jace on a mission to the Seelie Court ; Simon insists on joining them . At the Institute , Alec begins the Downworlder Cabinet , a weekly meeting with representatives from the warlocks , vampires , Seelies , and werewolves . Alec discusses the Institute 's new policy of complete transparency with Magnus , Luke , Meliorn and Raphael . Maryse is back in town ; her and Isabelle discuss her father 's infidelity and Isabelle 's yin fen addiction . They reconcile . At the Seelie Court , the Seelie Queen drives a wedge between Simon and the Shadowhunters by revealing Clary still harbors feelings for Jace . An unknown individual with a plot to execute Valentine contacts Luke . Luke heads down to the Institute cells to kill Valentine , but is foiled by Sebastian and Alec . Alec decides not to press charges . Isabelle asks Raphael to pursue a relationship with her and he refuses . Sebastian plays piano next to several burner phones on a chair . Hearing a noise from a closet , he threatens a bound man he has kept inside . 28 15 `` A Problem of Memory '' Peter DeLuise Allison Rymer July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) 267314 - 28 0.46 Alec is worried about Magnus ' wellbeing , he questions Magnus , but is assured by the warlock nothing is amiss . Simon breaks up with Clary , and Isabelle comforts her . That night Simon is introduced to a Bleeder 's Den , where vampires bite mundanes to get high ; a girl is found dead the next morning and Simon worries he may be the culprit . Sebastian 's cousin , Aline , arrives at the New York Institute ; the man captive in Sebastian 's apartment is revealed to be the real Sebastian . After being arrested by Luke 's police partner Ollie , Simon returns to the Bleeder 's Den and stakes the real murderer of the dead girl . As a result of the torture he suffered in Valentine 's body , Magnus is having flashbacks of the night he found his mother , dead . He finally confesses his struggles to Alec , who consoles him . The real Sebastian escapes and tries to warn Aline , but his captor kills him before he can reach her . The Shadowhunters portal Valentine to Idris , but are circumvented with Valentine ending up at Sebastian 's apartment . Sebastian 's true form is revealed and he calls Valentine `` father '' . 29 16 `` Day of Atonement '' Paul Wesley Peter Binswanger July 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) 267314 - 29 0.59 Sebastian holds Valentine captive ; he intends to send him to Edom as punishment for Valentine doing the same to him . Jace suspects Valentine is hiding in a cabin in Idris where he spent time during his childhood . Clary draws a portal rune and the two are transported to Lake Lyn in Idris . Jace and Clary lose track of each other and Clary hallucinates the Angel Ithuriel who tells her that Jonathan is alive . Alec senses Jace is in trouble through their parabatai bond and with the help of his father Robert , sends Isabelle to find him . Isabelle finds Jace and together they retrieve Clary and cure her of the hallucinogenic effects of the waters of Lake Lyn . The three look for the cabin only to find it deserted . Robert reveals to Alec that the Clave never recovered the Soul Sword and has been lying to the Downworld . Valentine convinces Sebastian to work with him . With information they found at the cabin , Clary realizes that her real brother Jonathan is still alive . 30 17 `` A Dark Reflection '' Jeffrey Hunt Hollie Overton July 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 ) 267314 - 30 0.60 Sebastian is revealed to be in possession of the Soul Sword , thus with two of the three Mortal Instruments , he and Valentine hunt for the Mortal Mirror . Luke receives a message from Cleophas , still Valentine 's captive , that the Clave lied about possessing the Soul Sword ; he shares the information with Magnus . Magnus confronts Alec with the news and is furious that it was kept from him . No longer able to trust the Clave , he debates aligning with the Seelie Queen . Isabelle struggles with the fact that Max is growing up and convinces Maia to give a relationship with Simon a chance . Sebastian is torn about his loyalty to Valentine , as it pits him against his sister , Clary . Jace and Clary find out that her mother had hidden The Mortal Mirror . With the help of Dot , they recover it before being attacked by Sebastian . Dot stays behind to give them a chance to escape . Max uses a hair he found to track Jonathan to Sebastian . He challenges Sebastian with this knowledge . 31 18 `` Awake , Arise , or Be Forever Fallen '' Amanda Row Jamie Gorenberg July 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) 267314 - 31 0.63 Max lies in a coma following Jonathan 's attack and the Institute is put on lockdown when it becomes clear Jonathan is inside . Magnus and Luke meet with the Seelie Queen , who proposes a Downworlder alliance against Valentine , even if it means starting a war with the Shadowhunters . Luke refuses immediately while Magnus is given time to decide . Jonathan steals the Mortal Mirror . Magnus chooses to serve his people over his relationship with Alec and breaks up with him . Clary discovers Sebastian is Jonathan when he fails a test and manages to get the Mirror back before he escapes the Institute . However , her attempt to disarm the Mirror destroys it , and she realizes the real Mirror is Lake Lyn in Idris . 32 19 `` Hail and Farewell '' Matt Hastings Bryan Q. Miller August 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 07 ) 267314 - 32 0.60 Isabelle , Jace and Clary are trying to take out Valentine and Jonathan but get attacked by a possessing demon . Jace kills the demon . Clary tells the Inquisitor that the Mortal Mirror is Lake Lyn in Idris . The Seelie Queen comes to the institute to meet with the Downworld Council but she refuses to give her support to capture and execute Valentine . Maia and Simon are dating . 33 20 `` Beside Still Water '' Matt Hastings Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer August 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 14 ) 267314 - 33 0.59 The dying Jonathan washed ashore on the shore of Manhattan , and using his blood , he summoned the wraith demons . Meanhwhile , Luke and Simon comes to Magnus after Maia 's abduction , and in the final battle , Valentine eventually succedded in summoning Raziel and killed Jace . Clary , in a fit of rage , stabs Valentine , finally killing him . With Raziel 's summoning , Clary wishes for Jace 's resurrection . At the end , Magnus and Alec get back together .", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions )", "14 `` This Guilty Blood '' Matt Hastings Michael Reisz January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) 267314 - 14 1.19", "Jace is held captive on Valentine 's ship . He attempts to kill Valentine , but his victim turns out to be one of Valentine 's thugs under glamour , and Jace is whipped for disloyalty . Maryse goes behind Lydia 's back to the Clave , and representative Victor Aldertree is instated as the new head of the New York Institute . Clary 's debriefing wrongly convinces him that Jace is in league with Valentine ; Jace is declared a criminal wanted dead or alive , the Institute is put on lockdown , and Clary , Alec , and Isabelle are forbidden to take part in the search , but they do anyway . Clary tells a newly awakened Jocelyn that Jace is her son , and she is shocked having believed that JC ( Jonathan Christopher ) had died in a fire with his father . Magnus and Alec quarrel over how to retrieve Jace , and also about Alec 's motivation in calling off the wedding . Valentine tells Jace that Valentine experimented on him in - vitro using demon blood to make him stronger , this cause self - doubt in Jace . Valentine opens a portal to land , allowing their location to be revealed to the various parties tracking them . He wants Jace to break the accords and execute a rogue vampire , Jace refuses , but the vampire dies in the resulting altercation . When Jocelyn attempts to shoot Jace with a crossbow , Valentine steps in front of the shot . Jace supports a wounded Valentine and they escape .", "15 `` A Door Into the Dark '' Andy Wolk Y . Shireen Razack January 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 09 ) 267314 - 15 0.75", "Jocelyn defends her attempt on Jace 's life by explaining the effect Valentine 's experiments had on him as a baby . Upset , Clary seeks solace at the Brooklyn Academy of Art where she is kidnapped by Dot and taken to Valentine . With Clary missing , Jocelyn offers her assistance to Isabelle and Alec by providing adamas , a metal that can be used to track Jace using his and Alec 's bond . Meanwhile at Camille 's Indian residence , Simon and Magnus search for the vampire , whom Raphael is being pressured by the Clave to produce , and find some items from Magnus ' past . With Dot 's help , Jace and Clary flee Valentine 's ship , but not before the risky parabatai tracking renders Alec comatose .", "16 `` Parabatai Lost '' Gregory Smith Peter Binswanger January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) 267314 - 16 0.81", "Magnus works to stabilize a failing Alec with magic , but only Jace can save him . After escaping from Valentine 's ship , Clary loses Jace and returns to the Institute . Meanwhile , Jace is hunted by werewolves , including a girl named Maia , who believe he has killed one of their own . Isabelle makes a deal with Aldertree in order to find Jace and save Alec 's life . Magnus transports Alec to his loft , where Jace arrives to revive him . As the parabatai reunite , Clave representatives appear and arrest Jace for high treason .", "17 `` Day of Wrath '' Joe Lazarov Jamie Gorenberg January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) 267314 - 17 0.64", "Jace is imprisoned in the City of Bones , where he encounters Hodge . Valentine arrives to break him out , but Jace fights back . Valentine kills Hodge and steals the Soul Sword before disappearing . Clary helps Alec and Isabelle search for a powerful demon with the ability to possess others , but it infiltrates the Institute . Meanwhile , Raphael is tortured by Aldertree for Camille 's whereabouts and goes to Magnus for help . With Camille 's grave dirt found at her house in India , an emotionally conflicted Magnus summons his ex-girlfriend and sends her to the Clave . At the Institute , a possessed Alec kills Jocelyn . The demon then inhabits Isabelle but Clary breaks its hold and succeeds in killing it .", "18 5 `` Dust and Shadows '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Zac Hug January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 267314 - 18 0.58", "Jace is freed from the City of Bones , but Aldertree , still suspicious of Jace , bans him from the field of duty . Clary seeks the help of a warlock named Iris Rouse to resurrect Jocelyn and swears a blood oath to provide a favor in return for the spell . Isabelle 's wound from her possession is not healing , so Aldertree prescribes a drug named yin fen . Iris traps Clary with the intention of claiming her favor : mating her with a demon in order to create more warlocks . Jace , Isabelle , and Alec arrive to save her , but Clary creates a new rune that helps her escape . Simon struggles with his double life as he moves back home and eventually admits his vampirism to his mother , but his confession goes awry and Raphael wipes his mother 's memory . The Shadowhunters hold a funeral for Jocelyn and some of the deceased Shadowhunters , and a distraught Luke wakes naked in the wilderness .", "19 6 `` Iron Sisters '' Mike Rohl Allison Rymer February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 267314 - 19 0.65", "Simon and Maia team up to find Luke and begin to form a bond . Alec and Magnus go on their first date and discover a disparity in their romantic pasts . Isabelle and Clary go to the Iron Sisters for help in defeating Valentine and meet Luke 's sister , Cleophas . To enter the Citadel , the two must endure a trial which detects demon impurities ; Clary passes , but Isabelle fails and is informed that yin fen she has been using is made of vampire venom . Maia and Simon find Luke and convince him to return to the pack . Cleophas tells Clary that the Soul Sword has a second purpose : it can kill all demon - blooded creatures , including Downworlders . Clary shows Cleophas her runic power . Magnus and Alec decide to begin a relationship , despite their differences , but are surprised by Jace 's appearance : he has left the Institute due to Aldertree 's treatment and asks to stay with Magnus . Later , Cleophas kills Magdelena , an Iron Sister , and activates a Circle rune , indicating her allegiance to Valentine .", "20 7 `` How Are Thou Fallen '' Ben Bray Hollie Overton February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 267314 - 20 0.55", "Cleophas tells Valentine of Clary 's rune - creating ability , then approaches Luke and Clary , but her brother is unwilling to trust her . Simon goes on a wholly unsuccessful first date with Maia , and Isabelle , now addicted to yin fen , is caught by Magnus at the Hunter 's Moon seeking the drug . She convinces Magnus her search is for a mission , and he tells her to go straight to the source : vampires themselves . Clary hears strange noises , and is convinced that Valentine is responsible . Alec , after going to Isabelle for advice , finds Magnus at his loft and the two consummate their relationship . Figuring out the noises Clary is hearing are the distress calls of an angel Valentine is holding captive , Jace , Clary , Luke , and Cleophas infiltrate his lair , and Clary creates a rune to free the angel . The angel shows Clary and Jace a vision of a cloaked figure destroying the Soul Sword .", "21 8 `` Love is a Devil '' Catriona McKenzie Y . Shireen Razack February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 267314 - 21 0.67", "Alec asks Magnus to hold his little brother Max 's Rune Party at his loft , Magnus agrees . Simon confesses his love for Clary and they start dating . Isabelle is now getting her yin fen fix straight from the source by letting Raphael feed on her . Max 's party is in full swing when things take a turn for the worse , and guests begin seeing their fears and insecurities manifest . Magnus determines that they have all been be-spelled by a hostile warlock and undoes the curse . Magnus identifies the culprit as Iris Rouse , captures her and sends her to Idris . However , Iris invokes the blood oath Clary swore her and instructs her to find the warlock child Madzie who has been kidnapped by Valentine . Jace and Clary tell their friends what they have learned of the Soul Sword and of Clary 's runic abilities , which Magnus identifies marks her as angel - blooded , and thus able to activate the Soul Sword herself . Maryse tells Alec and Jace their father has been cheating on her .", "22 9 `` Bound by Blood '' Matt Hastings Peter Binswanger February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 267314 - 22 0.52", "Clary 's hand suddenly begins to burn and turn to stone , a symptom of blood oath she swore to Iris Rouse . Clary goes to Magnus , who tells her that her only cure lies in finding Madzie . Maia , who fears Clary 's power to activate the Soul Sword and kill all Downworlders , tries to kill her . A Downworlder council meeting takes place where Meliorn and Raphael both agree that Clary must be killed , while Magnus and Luke disagree . Alec is searching for Isabelle , and Magnus , having figured out her yin fen addiction , sends him to Raphael . Alec discovers Isabelle being fed on , and the siblings quarrel ; Magnus also expresses his displeasure with Raphael . Jace tracks Madzie and brings her back to heal Clary , but the young warlock portals Clary to Valentine . Jace and Simon find and save Clary , but Simon is captured by Valentine .", "23 10 `` By the Light of Dawn '' Joshua Butler Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 267314 - 23 0.64", "Madzie infiltrates the Institute on Valentine 's behalf , killing many Shadowhunters , but sparing Alec . Jace , Clary and Luke take Dot to Magnus ' . She reveals that Valentine believes that Jace can destroy the Soul Sword and Clary receives a video call from Valentine : he slits Simon 's throat to draw her to the Institute . The group head to the Institute , and Clary , who goes to feed Simon to heal him , is revealed to be a glamoured Jace . Magnus finds and comforts Madzie . Jace attempts to destroy the Sword but inadvertently charges it and Valentine activates it as a Downworlder army storms in , killing all of them . Jace and Valentine battle for the Sword outside and it is revealed that Valentine is actually not Jace 's father . Alec frantically searches for Magnus in the aftermath , and upon finding him safe , the two profess their love for each other . Simon discovers he can now be in the sunlight without being burned . Valentine is taken into custody as the Soul Sword disappears and is picked up by a strange figure in black .", "24 11 `` Mea Maxima Culpa '' Matt Hastings Michael Reisz June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) 267314 - 24 0.71", "The Inquisitor Imogen Herondale arrives at the Institute and tortures Valentine for the whereabouts of The Mortal Cup . The Greater Demon Azazel arrives in town also looking for The Cup . The wolves of the New York pack challenge the leadership of their alpha Luke . Isabelle , in the throes of yin fen withdrawal , seeks out Raphael for help , but he refuses to feed on her . She is attacked by Azazel , but is saved by a new Shadowhunter , Sebastian Verlac . Simon talks to Maia about his new ability to survive sunlight . Raphael tells Magnus and Alec about Isabelle coming to him ; Alec thinks that Isabelle has been taken by Azazel . Jace and Clary go to Valentine for help finding the Greater Demon , and he reveals they are not related . Luke 's new police partner Ollie is suspicious of his actions . Isabelle accompanies Sebastian to his apartment where he gives advice on overcoming yin fen addiction . Upon Alec 's request , Magnus summons Azazel , with Valentine as bait . But the demon manages to escape the summoning circle and appears to cast a spell on Magnus and Valentine .", "25 12 `` You Are Not Your Own '' Bille Woodruff Jamie Gorenberg June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) 267314 - 25 0.55", "Azazel has cast a body - swapping spell on Magnus and Valentine . Isabelle brings Sebastian back to the institute to help catch the still - at - large Azazel ; Alec heads to Magnus ' loft for help with tracking the demon . When Alec arrives , Azazel attacks him but is vanquished , leaving Valentine and Magnus trapped in one another 's bodies . Magnus , in Valentine 's body , is locked up in the Institute ; he tries to explain the body - swap to Alec , but Alec does not believe him and he is tortured in Valentine 's place for information about the Mortal Cup . Simon fights with Raphael over revealing how he became a daylighter . Imogen prepares to execute Valentine against Clave orders , but Valentine , masquerading as Magnus , has kidnapped Jace and sends a visual message to the cells revealing that Jace is actually a Herondale ; he demands his body be sent to him at Magnus ' loft . The demands are met , and the body - swapping spell is undone . At the last second , Clary pushes Valentine , now back in his own body , through a portal back to the cells at the Institute . Alec tries to comfort Magnus in the aftermath .", "26 13 `` Those of Demon Blood '' Michael Goi Zac Hug June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) 267314 - 26 0.59", "Several Shadowhunters are killed and their runes cut - off . Imogen Herondale appoints Jace as the head of the New York Institute . Alec goes to Magnus loft to get a DNA sample to prove he is n't involved in the killings ; the two fight and Magnus demands he leave . Imogen suggests micro-chipping all Downworlders to be constantly aware of their whereabouts , Alec vehemently disagrees , but Jace seems amenable to the idea . Max arrives and Isabelle is appointed his tutor . Clary is attacked and injured but Simon rescues her and takes her to the Institute . Jace heads to the Hunter 's Moon to begin chipping werewolves and he and Maia get into a physical fight which results in her being chipped . Luke , angered at the Shadowhunters ' behaviour , tells Jace to leave . An upset and tipsy Magnus spends some time with Dot . Isabelle meets Raphael for help finding the killer , Max follows her and is kidnapped . With Meliorn 's help , they find Max and kill the culprit , a Seelie named Kaelie . Jace appoints Alec head of the Institute . Alec apologises to Magnus , and the two reconcile . Jace , on Alec 's orders , de-chips Maia , and the two sleep together .", "27 14 `` The Fair Folk '' Chris Grismer Taylor Mallory June 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 26 ) 267314 - 27 0.67", "Alec sends Clary and Jace on a mission to the Seelie Court ; Simon insists on joining them . At the Institute , Alec begins the Downworlder Cabinet , a weekly meeting with representatives from the warlocks , vampires , Seelies , and werewolves . Alec discusses the Institute 's new policy of complete transparency with Magnus , Luke , Meliorn and Raphael . Maryse is back in town ; her and Isabelle discuss her father 's infidelity and Isabelle 's yin fen addiction . They reconcile . At the Seelie Court , the Seelie Queen drives a wedge between Simon and the Shadowhunters by revealing Clary still harbors feelings for Jace . An unknown individual with a plot to execute Valentine contacts Luke . Luke heads down to the Institute cells to kill Valentine , but is foiled by Sebastian and Alec . Alec decides not to press charges . Isabelle asks Raphael to pursue a relationship with her and he refuses . Sebastian plays piano next to several burner phones on a chair . Hearing a noise from a closet , he threatens a bound man he has kept inside .", "28 15 `` A Problem of Memory '' Peter DeLuise Allison Rymer July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) 267314 - 28 0.46", "Alec is worried about Magnus ' wellbeing , he questions Magnus , but is assured by the warlock nothing is amiss . Simon breaks up with Clary , and Isabelle comforts her . That night Simon is introduced to a Bleeder 's Den , where vampires bite mundanes to get high ; a girl is found dead the next morning and Simon worries he may be the culprit . Sebastian 's cousin , Aline , arrives at the New York Institute ; the man captive in Sebastian 's apartment is revealed to be the real Sebastian . After being arrested by Luke 's police partner Ollie , Simon returns to the Bleeder 's Den and stakes the real murderer of the dead girl . As a result of the torture he suffered in Valentine 's body , Magnus is having flashbacks of the night he found his mother , dead . He finally confesses his struggles to Alec , who consoles him . The real Sebastian escapes and tries to warn Aline , but his captor kills him before he can reach her . The Shadowhunters portal Valentine to Idris , but are circumvented with Valentine ending up at Sebastian 's apartment . Sebastian 's true form is revealed and he calls Valentine `` father '' .", "29 16 `` Day of Atonement '' Paul Wesley Peter Binswanger July 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) 267314 - 29 0.59", "Sebastian holds Valentine captive ; he intends to send him to Edom as punishment for Valentine doing the same to him . Jace suspects Valentine is hiding in a cabin in Idris where he spent time during his childhood . Clary draws a portal rune and the two are transported to Lake Lyn in Idris . Jace and Clary lose track of each other and Clary hallucinates the Angel Ithuriel who tells her that Jonathan is alive . Alec senses Jace is in trouble through their parabatai bond and with the help of his father Robert , sends Isabelle to find him . Isabelle finds Jace and together they retrieve Clary and cure her of the hallucinogenic effects of the waters of Lake Lyn . The three look for the cabin only to find it deserted . Robert reveals to Alec that the Clave never recovered the Soul Sword and has been lying to the Downworld . Valentine convinces Sebastian to work with him . With information they found at the cabin , Clary realizes that her real brother Jonathan is still alive .", "30 17 `` A Dark Reflection '' Jeffrey Hunt Hollie Overton July 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 ) 267314 - 30 0.60", "Sebastian is revealed to be in possession of the Soul Sword , thus with two of the three Mortal Instruments , he and Valentine hunt for the Mortal Mirror . Luke receives a message from Cleophas , still Valentine 's captive , that the Clave lied about possessing the Soul Sword ; he shares the information with Magnus . Magnus confronts Alec with the news and is furious that it was kept from him . No longer able to trust the Clave , he debates aligning with the Seelie Queen . Isabelle struggles with the fact that Max is growing up and convinces Maia to give a relationship with Simon a chance . Sebastian is torn about his loyalty to Valentine , as it pits him against his sister , Clary . Jace and Clary find out that her mother had hidden The Mortal Mirror . With the help of Dot , they recover it before being attacked by Sebastian . Dot stays behind to give them a chance to escape . Max uses a hair he found to track Jonathan to Sebastian . He challenges Sebastian with this knowledge .", "31 18 `` Awake , Arise , or Be Forever Fallen '' Amanda Row Jamie Gorenberg July 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) 267314 - 31 0.63", "Max lies in a coma following Jonathan 's attack and the Institute is put on lockdown when it becomes clear Jonathan is inside . Magnus and Luke meet with the Seelie Queen , who proposes a Downworlder alliance against Valentine , even if it means starting a war with the Shadowhunters . Luke refuses immediately while Magnus is given time to decide . Jonathan steals the Mortal Mirror . Magnus chooses to serve his people over his relationship with Alec and breaks up with him . Clary discovers Sebastian is Jonathan when he fails a test and manages to get the Mirror back before he escapes the Institute . However , her attempt to disarm the Mirror destroys it , and she realizes the real Mirror is Lake Lyn in Idris .", "32 19 `` Hail and Farewell '' Matt Hastings Bryan Q. Miller August 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 07 ) 267314 - 32 0.60", "Isabelle , Jace and Clary are trying to take out Valentine and Jonathan but get attacked by a possessing demon . Jace kills the demon . Clary tells the Inquisitor that the Mortal Mirror is Lake Lyn in Idris . The Seelie Queen comes to the institute to meet with the Downworld Council but she refuses to give her support to capture and execute Valentine . Maia and Simon are dating .", "33 20 `` Beside Still Water '' Matt Hastings Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer August 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 14 ) 267314 - 33 0.59", "The dying Jonathan washed ashore on the shore of Manhattan , and using his blood , he summoned the wraith demons . Meanhwhile , Luke and Simon comes to Magnus after Maia 's abduction , and in the final battle , Valentine eventually succedded in summoning Raziel and killed Jace . Clary , in a fit of rage , stabs Valentine , finally killing him . With Raziel 's summoning , Clary wishes for Jace 's resurrection . At the end , Magnus and Alec get back together .", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 34 `` On Infernal Ground '' Matt Hastings Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 267314 - 34 0.49 Clary becomes a fully fledged Shadowhunter but her and Jace are concealing the truth over what happened at Lake Lyn . An owl faced demon starts preying on mundanes . Magnus deals with the fall out of his decision to side with the Seelie Queen . 35 `` The Powers That Be '' Peter DeLuise Peter Binswanger March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 267314 - 35 0.44 Jace asks Clary out on their first proper date but it ends up being an awkward double date . Whilst attending a party Magnus realises the ley lines have been corrupted , he and Alec work together to try and fix it . 36 `` What Lies Beneath '' Amanda Row Alex Schemmer April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 267314 - 36 0.46 Alec hosts a dinner with his mother at Magnus ' in which she reveals news which upsets him . Raphael faces an extremely upsetting personal loss . Simon tries desperately to enter the Seelie Realm and ask about the mysterious mark they gave him . 37 `` Thy Soul Instructed '' Emile Levisetti Jamie Gorenberg April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 267314 - 37 0.35 Jace 's friends and family begin to notice some changes within his personality . Simon happens to bump into the ideal roommate , who might have ulterior motives for befriending Simon . Clary and Izzy pursue a Vampire that is out of control . 38 5 `` Stronger Than Heaven '' Geoff Shotz Brian Millikin April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 267314 - 38 0.30 Alec learns more about Magnus ' past after asking to move in . To try and deal with the owl Clary seeks out Cleophas to see if she has any way to contact the angels . She manages to contact Ithuriel but he is killed by Lilith before he could say anything important . Jace is suspicious of Simons well timed new roommate and it is revealed he is a werewolf . 39 6 `` A Window Into an Empty Room '' Alexis Korycinsk Aisha Porter - Christie April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) 267314 - 39 0.43 Magnus and Alec have a fight about their varying experiences which is left unresolved . Magnus and Clary team up to investigate the demon and a face from Magnus ' past appears to help them . Simon tries to make amends to visitor who wo n't seem to leave him alone . The Lightwoods go out for a meal at the hunters moon . While investigating the demon Clary and Magnus find the owl demon trying to possess Ollie , Luke comes along and helps . The Owls identity is revealed and Ollie has been possessed . 40 7 `` Salt in the Wound '' Joshua Butler Celeste Vasquez May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 267314 - 40 0.42 Following the reveal of the Owl 's identity , Jace and Clary fight upon the roof . Simon helps Clary after she was injured in the fight and takes her to the institute . Here its revealed to everyone that Jace is the owl and Lilith is controlling him . Clary finally reveals her secret about bringing Jace back at Lake Lyn . Magnus and Alec make up as the issues with Jace are more pressing . The shadowhunters head to Alicante to follow him . Alec , Isabelle and Clary tell the inquisitor that Jace has been possessed but it 's too late for her to help as he murders her in her office . They manage to trap Jace and Clary sends them to Magnus ' and allows herself to be taken to the Gard to buy them more time . While this is happening flashbacks show the past relationship of Maia and Jordan ; they dated and eventually he turned her . Simon and Luke investigate Lilith 's lair and the mark of Cain turns two of Lilith 's children to salt . 41 8 `` A Heart of Darkness '' Ari Sandel Jamie Gorenberg May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 267314 - 41 0.42 Clary is questioned by Jia Penhallow regarding her visit to the city and she reveals that she used the angel 's wish to resurrect Jace . After this revelation , Penhallow sentences her to death . Simon , Maia and Jordan manage to locate the location that Lilith was using and try to find clues to her whereabouts . Ollie reveals to Lilith that Simon has the mark of Cain . Knowing that this is one of the only things that can banish her , Lilith goes to the Seelie realm . In order to preserve her life , the Seelie Queen tells Lilith where Jace is . Magnus uses his magic to send Alec and Isabelle into Jace 's mind in hopes breaking Lilith 's control over him . When he is found , Alec sees that he has been forced to kill Clary repeatedly and has tried to kill himself . Jace begs his siblings to kill him rather than remain under Lilith 's control but Alec promises to get him out . Before they can , Lilith arrives . She threatens Magnus and takes back Jace . 42 9 `` Familia Ante Omnia '' Matt Hastings Taylor Mallory May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 267314 - 42 0.37 Jia Penhallow wants to question Valentine about a demon , so Clary resurrects him using a rune . Heidi tricks Simon into returning to his family 's home when he is desperate for blood by holding them hostage ; once there , he feeds on his sister Rebecca , revealing he is a vampire to his mother and sister . Clary deactivates the resurrection rune and Valentine returns to the grave . Jace takes Valentine 's flesh but still needs Clary 's heart for Lilith to resurrect Jonathan . 43 10 `` Erchomai '' Jeff Hunt Bryan Q. Miller May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 267314 - 43 0.31 Magnus goes to Edom to look for his father Asmodeus who can help him save Jace . Simon enchants his mother , making her think that he is dead , but his sister forgives him and offers him help . Jace and Alec fight , but Magnus arrives just in time to free Jace from the possession , revealing that he traded his magic and now it is gone . Simon goads Lilith into attacking him , which triggers his mark and sends her back to Edom , but causes a huge explosion . Just before the explosion , Simon is knocked out of the window and when he regains consciousness , he tells Jace that Clary is dead and that he killed her . 44 11 `` Lost Souls '' Matt Hastings TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 44 TBD 45 12 `` Original Sin '' Matt Hastings TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 45 TBD 46 13 `` Beati Bellicosi '' Paul Wesley TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 46 TBD 47 14 `` A Kiss from a Rose '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Zoe Broad 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 47 TBD 48 15 `` To the Night Children '' Siluck Saysanasy TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 48 TBD 49 16 `` Stay With Me '' Amanda Row Aisha Porter - Christie 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 49 TBD 50 17 `` Heavenly Fire '' Shannon Kohli Celeste Vasquez 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 50 TBD 51 18 `` The Beast Within '' Joshua Butler Taylor Mallory 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 51 TBD 52 19 `` Aku Cinta Kamu '' Todd Slavkin Jamie Gorenberg 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 52 TBD 53 20 `` City of Glass '' Matt Hastings Bryan Q. Miller 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 53 TBD", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions )", "34 `` On Infernal Ground '' Matt Hastings Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 267314 - 34 0.49", "Clary becomes a fully fledged Shadowhunter but her and Jace are concealing the truth over what happened at Lake Lyn . An owl faced demon starts preying on mundanes . Magnus deals with the fall out of his decision to side with the Seelie Queen .", "35 `` The Powers That Be '' Peter DeLuise Peter Binswanger March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 267314 - 35 0.44", "Jace asks Clary out on their first proper date but it ends up being an awkward double date . Whilst attending a party Magnus realises the ley lines have been corrupted , he and Alec work together to try and fix it .", "36 `` What Lies Beneath '' Amanda Row Alex Schemmer April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 267314 - 36 0.46", "Alec hosts a dinner with his mother at Magnus ' in which she reveals news which upsets him . Raphael faces an extremely upsetting personal loss . Simon tries desperately to enter the Seelie Realm and ask about the mysterious mark they gave him .", "37 `` Thy Soul Instructed '' Emile Levisetti Jamie Gorenberg April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 267314 - 37 0.35", "Jace 's friends and family begin to notice some changes within his personality . Simon happens to bump into the ideal roommate , who might have ulterior motives for befriending Simon . Clary and Izzy pursue a Vampire that is out of control .", "38 5 `` Stronger Than Heaven '' Geoff Shotz Brian Millikin April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 267314 - 38 0.30", "Alec learns more about Magnus ' past after asking to move in . To try and deal with the owl Clary seeks out Cleophas to see if she has any way to contact the angels . She manages to contact Ithuriel but he is killed by Lilith before he could say anything important . Jace is suspicious of Simons well timed new roommate and it is revealed he is a werewolf .", "39 6 `` A Window Into an Empty Room '' Alexis Korycinsk Aisha Porter - Christie April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) 267314 - 39 0.43", "Magnus and Alec have a fight about their varying experiences which is left unresolved . Magnus and Clary team up to investigate the demon and a face from Magnus ' past appears to help them . Simon tries to make amends to visitor who wo n't seem to leave him alone . The Lightwoods go out for a meal at the hunters moon . While investigating the demon Clary and Magnus find the owl demon trying to possess Ollie , Luke comes along and helps . The Owls identity is revealed and Ollie has been possessed .", "40 7 `` Salt in the Wound '' Joshua Butler Celeste Vasquez May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 267314 - 40 0.42", "Following the reveal of the Owl 's identity , Jace and Clary fight upon the roof . Simon helps Clary after she was injured in the fight and takes her to the institute . Here its revealed to everyone that Jace is the owl and Lilith is controlling him . Clary finally reveals her secret about bringing Jace back at Lake Lyn . Magnus and Alec make up as the issues with Jace are more pressing . The shadowhunters head to Alicante to follow him . Alec , Isabelle and Clary tell the inquisitor that Jace has been possessed but it 's too late for her to help as he murders her in her office . They manage to trap Jace and Clary sends them to Magnus ' and allows herself to be taken to the Gard to buy them more time . While this is happening flashbacks show the past relationship of Maia and Jordan ; they dated and eventually he turned her . Simon and Luke investigate Lilith 's lair and the mark of Cain turns two of Lilith 's children to salt .", "41 8 `` A Heart of Darkness '' Ari Sandel Jamie Gorenberg May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 267314 - 41 0.42", "Clary is questioned by Jia Penhallow regarding her visit to the city and she reveals that she used the angel 's wish to resurrect Jace . After this revelation , Penhallow sentences her to death . Simon , Maia and Jordan manage to locate the location that Lilith was using and try to find clues to her whereabouts . Ollie reveals to Lilith that Simon has the mark of Cain . Knowing that this is one of the only things that can banish her , Lilith goes to the Seelie realm . In order to preserve her life , the Seelie Queen tells Lilith where Jace is . Magnus uses his magic to send Alec and Isabelle into Jace 's mind in hopes breaking Lilith 's control over him . When he is found , Alec sees that he has been forced to kill Clary repeatedly and has tried to kill himself . Jace begs his siblings to kill him rather than remain under Lilith 's control but Alec promises to get him out . Before they can , Lilith arrives . She threatens Magnus and takes back Jace .", "42 9 `` Familia Ante Omnia '' Matt Hastings Taylor Mallory May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 267314 - 42 0.37", "Jia Penhallow wants to question Valentine about a demon , so Clary resurrects him using a rune . Heidi tricks Simon into returning to his family 's home when he is desperate for blood by holding them hostage ; once there , he feeds on his sister Rebecca , revealing he is a vampire to his mother and sister . Clary deactivates the resurrection rune and Valentine returns to the grave . Jace takes Valentine 's flesh but still needs Clary 's heart for Lilith to resurrect Jonathan .", "43 10 `` Erchomai '' Jeff Hunt Bryan Q. Miller May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 267314 - 43 0.31", "Magnus goes to Edom to look for his father Asmodeus who can help him save Jace . Simon enchants his mother , making her think that he is dead , but his sister forgives him and offers him help . Jace and Alec fight , but Magnus arrives just in time to free Jace from the possession , revealing that he traded his magic and now it is gone . Simon goads Lilith into attacking him , which triggers his mark and sends her back to Edom , but causes a huge explosion . Just before the explosion , Simon is knocked out of the window and when he regains consciousness , he tells Jace that Clary is dead and that he killed her .", "44 11 `` Lost Souls '' Matt Hastings TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 44 TBD", "45 12 `` Original Sin '' Matt Hastings TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 45 TBD", "46 13 `` Beati Bellicosi '' Paul Wesley TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 46 TBD", "47 14 `` A Kiss from a Rose '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Zoe Broad 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 47 TBD", "48 15 `` To the Night Children '' Siluck Saysanasy TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 48 TBD", "49 16 `` Stay With Me '' Amanda Row Aisha Porter - Christie 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 49 TBD", "50 17 `` Heavenly Fire '' Shannon Kohli Celeste Vasquez 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 50 TBD", "51 18 `` The Beast Within '' Joshua Butler Taylor Mallory 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 51 TBD", "52 19 `` Aku Cinta Kamu '' Todd Slavkin Jamie Gorenberg 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 52 TBD", "53 20 `` City of Glass '' Matt Hastings Bryan Q. Miller 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 53 TBD", "No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Mortal Cup '' January 12 , 2016 0.8 1.82 0.4 0.88 2.70 `` The Descent Into Hell Is n't Easy '' January 19 , 2016 0.4 1.01 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.76 `` Dead Man 's Party '' January 26 , 2016 0.5 0.98 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Raising Hell '' February 2 , 2016 0.4 0.96 0.4 0.93 0.8 1.89 5 `` Moo Shu to Go '' February 9 , 2016 0.4 0.95 0.4 0.75 0.8 1.70 6 `` Of Men and Angels '' February 16 , 2016 0.4 0.98 0.4 N / A 0.8 N / A 7 `` Major Arcana '' February 23 , 2016 0.4 0.84 0.3 0.72 0.7 1.56 8 `` Bad Blood '' March 1 , 2016 0.4 0.87 0.3 0.74 0.7 1.61 9 `` Rise Up '' March 8 , 2016 0.4 0.95 0.3 0.77 0.7 1.72 10 `` This World Inverted '' March 15 , 2016 0.3 0.78 0.4 0.74 0.7 1.52 11 `` Blood Calls to Blood '' March 22 , 2016 0.3 0.78 0.3 N / A 0.6 N / A 12 `` Malec '' March 29 , 2016 0.3 0.82 0.3 N / A 0.6 N / A 13 `` Morning Star '' April 5 , 2016 0.3 0.76 0.3 N / A 0.6 N / A", "No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions )", "`` The Mortal Cup '' January 12 , 2016 0.8 1.82 0.4 0.88 2.70", "`` The Descent Into Hell Is n't Easy '' January 19 , 2016 0.4 1.01 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.76", "`` Dead Man 's Party '' January 26 , 2016 0.5 0.98 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "`` Raising Hell '' February 2 , 2016 0.4 0.96 0.4 0.93 0.8 1.89", "5 `` Moo Shu to Go '' February 9 , 2016 0.4 0.95 0.4 0.75 0.8 1.70", "6 `` Of Men and Angels '' February 16 , 2016 0.4 0.98 0.4 N / A 0.8 N / A", "7 `` Major Arcana '' February 23 , 2016 0.4 0.84 0.3 0.72 0.7 1.56", "8 `` Bad Blood '' March 1 , 2016 0.4 0.87 0.3 0.74 0.7 1.61", "9 `` Rise Up '' March 8 , 2016 0.4 0.95 0.3 0.77 0.7 1.72", "10 `` This World Inverted '' March 15 , 2016 0.3 0.78 0.4 0.74 0.7 1.52", "11 `` Blood Calls to Blood '' March 22 , 2016 0.3 0.78 0.3 N / A 0.6 N / A", "12 `` Malec '' March 29 , 2016 0.3 0.82 0.3 N / A 0.6 N / A", "13 `` Morning Star '' April 5 , 2016 0.3 0.76 0.3 N / A 0.6 N / A", "No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` This Guilty Blood '' January 2 , 2017 0.4 1.19 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` A Door Into the Dark '' January 9 , 2017 0.3 0.75 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Parabatai Lost '' January 16 , 2017 0.3 0.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Day of Wrath '' January 23 , 2017 0.3 0.64 N / A 0.55 N / A 1.19 5 `` Dust and Shadows '' January 30 , 2017 0.2 0.58 0.3 N / A 0.5 N / A 6 `` Iron Sisters '' February 6 , 2017 0.3 0.65 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` How Are Thou Fallen '' February 13 , 2017 0.2 0.55 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Love is the Devil '' February 20 , 2017 0.3 0.67 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` Bound by Blood '' February 27 , 2017 0.2 0.52 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` By the Light of Dawn '' March 6 , 2017 0.3 0.64 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Mea Maxima Culpa '' June 5 , 2017 0.3 0.71 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` You Are Not Your Own '' June 12 , 2017 0.2 0.55 0.2 0.44 0.4 0.99 13 `` Those of Demon Blood '' June 19 , 2017 0.2 0.59 0.2 N / A 0.4 N / A 14 `` The Fair Folk '' June 26 , 2017 0.3 0.67 N / A N / A N / A N / A 15 `` A Problem of Memory '' July 10 , 2017 0.2 0.46 0.2 0.47 0.4 0.92 16 `` Day of Atonement '' July 17 , 2017 0.2 0.59 0.2 N / A 0.4 N / A 17 `` A Dark Reflection '' July 24 , 2017 0.2 0.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 18 `` Awake , Arise , or Be Forever Fallen '' July 31 , 2017 0.3 0.63 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` Hail and Farewell '' August 7 , 2017 0.2 0.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` Beside Still Water '' August 14 , 2017 0.2 0.59 N / A 0.52 N / A 1.11", "No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions )", "`` This Guilty Blood '' January 2 , 2017 0.4 1.19 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "`` A Door Into the Dark '' January 9 , 2017 0.3 0.75 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "`` Parabatai Lost '' January 16 , 2017 0.3 0.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "`` Day of Wrath '' January 23 , 2017 0.3 0.64 N / A 0.55 N / A 1.19", "5 `` Dust and Shadows '' January 30 , 2017 0.2 0.58 0.3 N / A 0.5 N / A", "6 `` Iron Sisters '' February 6 , 2017 0.3 0.65 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "7 `` How Are Thou Fallen '' February 13 , 2017 0.2 0.55 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "8 `` Love is the Devil '' February 20 , 2017 0.3 0.67 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "9 `` Bound by Blood '' February 27 , 2017 0.2 0.52 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "10 `` By the Light of Dawn '' March 6 , 2017 0.3 0.64 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "11 `` Mea Maxima Culpa '' June 5 , 2017 0.3 0.71 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "12 `` You Are Not Your Own '' June 12 , 2017 0.2 0.55 0.2 0.44 0.4 0.99", "13 `` Those of Demon Blood '' June 19 , 2017 0.2 0.59 0.2 N / A 0.4 N / A", "14 `` The Fair Folk '' June 26 , 2017 0.3 0.67 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "15 `` A Problem of Memory '' July 10 , 2017 0.2 0.46 0.2 0.47 0.4 0.92", "16 `` Day of Atonement '' July 17 , 2017 0.2 0.59 0.2 N / A 0.4 N / A", "17 `` A Dark Reflection '' July 24 , 2017 0.2 0.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "18 `` Awake , Arise , or Be Forever Fallen '' July 31 , 2017 0.3 0.63 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "19 `` Hail and Farewell '' August 7 , 2017 0.2 0.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "20 `` Beside Still Water '' August 14 , 2017 0.2 0.59 N / A 0.52 N / A 1.11", "No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` On Infernal Ground '' March 20 , 2018 0.2 0.49 N / A 0.51 N / A 1.01 `` The Powers That Be '' March 27 , 2018 0.2 0.44 N / A 0.43 N / A 0.88 `` What Lies Beneath '' April 3 , 2018 0.2 0.46 0.2 N / A 0.4 N / A `` Thy Soul Instructed '' April 10 , 2018 0.1 0.35 0.2 0.46 0.3 0.81 5 `` Stronger Than Heaven '' April 17 , 2018 0.1 0.30 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` A Window Into an Empty Room '' April 24 , 2018 0.2 0.43 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Salt in the Wound '' May 1 , 2018 0.2 0.42 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` A Heart of Darkness '' May 8 , 2018 0.2 0.42 0.2 0.41 0.4 0.83 9 `` Familia Onte Omnia '' May 15 , 2018 0.1 0.37 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Erchomai '' May 15 , 2018 0.1 0.31 TBD TBD TBD TBD", "No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions )", "`` On Infernal Ground '' March 20 , 2018 0.2 0.49 N / A 0.51 N / A 1.01", "`` The Powers That Be '' March 27 , 2018 0.2 0.44 N / A 0.43 N / A 0.88", "`` What Lies Beneath '' April 3 , 2018 0.2 0.46 0.2 N / A 0.4 N / A", "`` Thy Soul Instructed '' April 10 , 2018 0.1 0.35 0.2 0.46 0.3 0.81", "5 `` Stronger Than Heaven '' April 17 , 2018 0.1 0.30 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "6 `` A Window Into an Empty Room '' April 24 , 2018 0.2 0.43 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "7 `` Salt in the Wound '' May 1 , 2018 0.2 0.42 N / A N / A N / A N / A", "8 `` A Heart of Darkness '' May 8 , 2018 0.2 0.42 0.2 0.41 0.4 0.83", "9 `` Familia Onte Omnia '' May 15 , 2018 0.1 0.37 TBD TBD TBD TBD", "10 `` Erchomai '' May 15 , 2018 0.1 0.31 TBD TBD TBD TBD" ]
List of Shadowhunters episodes - wikipedia List of Shadowhunters episodes Shadowhunters is an American supernatural drama television series . The series is based on the book series The Mortal Instruments by Cassandra Clare , and developed for television by Ed Decter . It premiered in North America on Freeform . In December 2015, Netflix acquired global rights to Shadowhunters , excluding the U.S., making the series available as an original series a day after the U.S. premiere. Shadowhunters follows Clary Fray ( Katherine McNamara ), who finds out on her birthday that she is not who she thinks she is but rather comes from a long line of Shadowhunters, human-- angel hybrids who hunt down demons. The series is set in an urban and contemporary New York City . The show received a straight-to-series order on March 30, 2015, and premiered on January 12, 2016 on Freeform. In April 2017, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a third season of 20 episodes. The first half of ten episodes premiered on March 20, 2018. In June 2018, Freeform canceled the series after three seasons, but ordered two extra episodes to properly conclude the series' story; the second half of the third season is set to air in early 2019. As of May 15, 2018, 43 episodes of Shadowhunters have aired, concluding the first half of the third season. Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 (2016) 2.2 Season 2 (2017) 2.3 Season 3 (2018) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 (2016) 3.2 Season 2 (2017) 3.3 Season 3 (2018) 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 January 12, 2016 ( 2016-01-12 ) April 5, 2016 ( 2016-04-05 ) 20 10 January 2, 2017 ( 2017-01-02 ) March 6, 2017 ( 2017-03-06 ) 10 June 5, 2017 ( 2017-06-05 ) August 14, 2017 ( 2017-08-14 ) 22 10 March 20, 2018 ( 2018-03-20 ) May 15, 2018 ( 2018-05-15 ) 12 2019 ( 2019 ) 2019 ( 2019 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 (2016) ( edit ) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code US viewers (millions) `` The Mortal Cup'' McG Ed Decter January 12, 2016 ( 2016-01-12 ) 267314-1 1.82 On Clary Fray's eighteenth birthday, her mother, Jocelyn, is kidnapped. Soon after, Clary discovers that her mother belongs to a supernatural group called Shadowhunters, a half-angel/half-human race tasked to protect the Downworld (faeries, werewolves, vampires, and warlocks) from demons. Clary learns she also belongs to this race, after being saved by a fellow Shadowhunter named Jace -- who then introduces her to his adoptive siblings Alec and Isabelle. Clary overhears her mother's friend, Luke, claim that he cares nothing about her or her mother. Clary is at a crossroads not knowing who to trust -- her best friend Simon or the Shadowhunters -- to help save Jocelyn from Valentine, a dangerous rogue Shadowhunter. `` The Descent Into Hell Isn't Easy'' Mick Garris Ed Decter & Hollie Overton January 19, 2016 ( 2016-01-19 ) 267314-2 1.01 The Circle has returned, as has Valentine. With the Shadowhunters searching for the Mortal Cup, the Institute is on alert. After Hodge tells Clary that Jocelyn was once a Circle member, they realize Clary's significance in the cause. Jace realizes Clary's memories are the only way to find Jocelyn and the Cup. Unfortunately, without her memories they are unable to help her or the Shadowhunter team. Thus Jace, Isabelle and a reluctant Alec take Clary and Simon to visit the powerful Silent Brothers in the City of Bones, where Clary fails to retrieve any memories but finds out her biological father is Valentine himself. Meanwhile, Luke is worried about Clary's whereabouts, while Simon comes to terms with Clary's new life and gets kidnapped by vampires. `` Dead Man's Party'' Andy Wolk Marjorie David January 26, 2016 ( 2016-01-26 ) 267314-3 0.98 The Shadowhunters plan to rescue Simon, who has been taken captive by vampires in exchange for the Mortal Cup. Jace, Isabelle, Alec and Clary locate Simon's whereabouts to the Hotel Dumort, where he is being held by Camille Belcourt, Raphael Santiago and the rest of Camille's outfit. Alec and Jace have a dispute over Clary and her loyalty, since her father is their enemy. Isabelle visits Meliorn, her Seelie lover, in order to extract information about the Hotel Dumort, so the group can get into the building unnoticed. The Shadowhunters retrieve Simon and he is reunited with Clary, but he appears to be turning into a vampire after drinking Camille's blood. `` Raising Hell'' Tawnia McKiernan Michael Reisz February 2, 2016 ( 2016-02-02 ) 267314-4 0.96 Simon quarrels with Jace and leaves the Institute. The Shadowhunters lure warlock Magnus Bane out of hiding with a prized necklace, in order to gain his help in retrieving Clary's memories. Magnus informs them that he fed the memories to a memory demon for safekeeping. The Shadowhunters track Magnus to his lair, where the Circle has attacked. Magnus transports the group to his loft, where they summon the demon. Alec's personal insecurities about his feelings for Jace disrupt the ritual when they are each asked to relinquish a beloved memory, forcing Clary to kill the demon before recovering any memories. Meanwhile, Simon is plagued with visions of Camille, and ends up returning to the Hotel Dumort. 5 5 `` Moo Shu to Go'' Kelly Makin Angel Dean Lopez February 9, 2016 ( 2016-02-09 ) 267314-5 0.95 The Lightwood family matriarch, Maryse, arrives at the Institute with a Seelie intel mission for Isabelle and Jace. Alec is ordered to watch over Clary, but she escapes the Institute for her old apartment to locate her mother's secret box -- that once belonged to a `` Jonathan Clark'' . Clary and Simon are subsequently kidnapped by werewolves while searching the apartment, to Alec's chagrin. Clary is interrogated about the location of the Mortal Cup, and the alpha werewolf threatens to kill Simon if she does not reveal the information. Jace, Isabelle and Alec then head to rescue the two, after Simon calls for help. The Shadowhunters are assisted in their escape by an unlikely ally -- werewolf Luke, who defeats his alpha and assumes the title. 6 6 `` Of Men and Angels'' Oz Scott Y. Shireen Razack February 16, 2016 ( 2016-02-16 ) 267314-6 0.98 Clary, Jace and Simon take a mortally wounded Luke to Magnus for help. At Luke's insistence, Magnus informs Clary of the Circle's past and her mother's involvement with the group. Meanwhile, Robert Lightwood arrives at the Institute, and he and Maryse task Isabelle with mending the Seelies' broken ties with the Clave and restoring the family name. When Isabelle informs Alec that their parents plan to marry him off, he angrily leaves the Institute for Magnus' loft. There, he, Magnus and the others save Luke's life with magic. Luke informs Clary that she had a brother, Jonathan Christopher, who died in a fire caused by Valentine. Clary then discovers one of her powers, making her realize she knows the whereabouts of Mortal Cup. 7 7 `` Major Arcana'' J. Miles Dale Peter Binswanger February 23, 2016 ( 2016-02-23 ) 267314-7 0.84 Clary reveals that the Cup is hidden in a tarot card that Luke took for safekeeping. When Luke goes to retrieve it from his desk at the precinct, he is detained by internal affairs officers due to demonic murders whose real killer was Valentine. While being questioned about his part in the demonic murders, Luke's boss is killed by a shapeshifter. Clary, Jace, Isabelle and Alec enact a plan to obtain the Cup, but are tracked by demons. When a demon posing as Jace attempts to take the Cup from Clary, she kills it. Afterward, Clary and the real Jace share a kiss at the Institute. Meanwhile, Simon's odd behavior worries Maureen and his family, who fear he is on drugs. He returns to the Hotel Dumort looking for answers and is met by Camille. 8 8 `` Bad Blood'' Jeremiah S. Chechik Allison Rymer March 1, 2016 ( 2016-03-01 ) 267314-8 0.87 Raphael arrives at the Institute with Simon, who has been attacked and killed by Camille. He informs Clary that, unless Simon is staked or turned before sunset, his soul will be trapped for eternity. An envoy from the Clave, Lydia Branwell, arrives to temporarily take over the Institute. Valentine sends a Forsaken to attack the werewolf pack, but Luke kills it. While retrieving the corpse from Luke, Lydia inadvertently reveals to Alec that his parents are ex-Circle members. Isabelle performs a pathology test on the Forsaken and finds that it has angel blood. Alec decides to restore his family's honor (due to the current situation) by proposing to Lydia. Later, another Forsaken attacks Hodge and Alec at the Institute, but they eventually defeat it. Clary decides to bury Simon in order for him to turn into a vampire, but he emerges thinking of himself as a monster. 9 9 `` Rise Up'' J. Miller Tobin Hollie Overton March 8, 2016 ( 2016-03-08 ) 267314-9 0.95 Following the Forsaken attack, the Institute is on high alert. Lydia arrests Meliorn for supposedly leaking Shadowhunter information to Valentine. During his interrogation, Meliorn lets slip that Clary is in possession of the Mortal Cup. Jace, Isabelle and Clary decide to take matters into their own hands to prevent the Cup from reaching the Clave. With the help of Magnus, the three Shadowhunters sneak the Cup out of the Institute. Later, Isabelle, Clary, Jace, Simon, Luke and Raphael team up to rescue Meliorn from his impending torture in the City of Bones. Afterward, Meliorn informs Clary that he can help find her father. Meanwhile, Alec's siding with Lydia and the Clave causes rifts with his personal relationships, and Simon makes peace with his newfound status as a vampire. 10 10 `` This World Inverted'' J. Miles Dale Y. Shireen Razack March 15, 2016 ( 2016-03-15 ) 267314-10 0.78 Meliorn takes Clary and Jace to the Seelie realm where he reveals a portal to an alternate dimension. He tells Clary that if she locates another portal within this dimension, she will be transported to her father. However, when Clary arrives, she finds that Shadowhunters have ceased to exist in this peaceful world and may assimilate to Clary from that dimension. Jace and Meliorn protect the entrance to the dimension from demons, but when one slips through, Jace ventures in to stop it. With the help of Magnus, Clary finds the portal at the Institute, and she and Jace step through it. When they arrive at Valentine's hideout, they discover Jace's father, Micheal Wayland, assumed to be dead, is being held captive there. Meanwhile, in reality, Isabelle is arrested for the Meliorn mission, much to the anguish of Alec, who tries in vain to prevent her from going on trial. 11 11 `` Blood Calls to Blood'' Mairzee Almas Marjorie David March 22, 2016 ( 2016-03-22 ) 267314-11 0.78 Clary, Jace and Michael Wayland head to Luke's for help. While there, Michael discloses the location of Valentine's new hideout -- an abandoned hospital in Long Island. Jace, Michael, Luke and Clary go to rescue a still-unconscious Jocelyn, but are surrounded by demons. Michael takes the Mortal Cup to command the demons, but then reveals himself to be Valentine in disguise. Clary subsequently reveals that Valentine is holding a duplicate Cup. Before fleeing through a portal, he informs Clary and Jace that they are siblings. Meanwhile, Isabelle's trial begins, with Magnus as her defense attorney. During questioning, Lydia states that the trial is nonsense and withdraws the charges, but Inquisitor Herondale states that Isabelle will still be banished from Shadowhunter society if the Clave does not receive the Cup within 24 hours. Jace and Clary arrive back at the Institute with the Cup, dropping the charges against Isabelle. 12 12 `` Malec'' James Marshall Michael Reisz March 29, 2016 ( 2016-03-29 ) 267314-12 0.82 Jace is conflicted over his feelings for his sister Clary, and Alec is conflicted over his feelings for Magnus as his wedding approaches. Isabelle throws her brother a bachelor party, where Alec and Jace mend their broken bond. Meanwhile, Jace and Clary are led by Magnus to visit Ragnor Fell, a former friend and warlock, for help on waking Jocelyn, believing that he is the one who created the spell that she is under. A demon follows them and kills Ragnor, but before he dies, he tells them that the Book of the White holds the antidote. Isabelle invites Magnus to Alec's wedding; seeing him, Alec realizes that he cannot go through with the marriage. After apologizing to an understanding Lydia, he approaches Magnus and kisses him in front of the guests. Later, Maryse expresses her disappointment in Alec at publicly shaming them, though Robert offers support. Magnus finds that the Book of the White is in Camille's possession. Packing up to head back to Idris, Lydia retrieves the Cup from a safe but is attacked by Hodge. It is revealed that Hodge has stolen the Cup for Valentine in order to be freed from his binding curse. 13 13 `` Morning Star'' J. Miles Dale Peter Binswanger April 5, 2016 ( 2016-04-05 ) 267314-13 0.76 The Shadowhunters cannot prevent Hodge from giving the Mortal Cup to Valentine, and he proceeds with creating his Shadowhunter army. Valentine betrays Hodge by refusing him protection from the Clave after getting the cup. Jace and Alec hunt down Hodge with Luke's help, and Jace chops off Hodge's hand in the ensuing battle. Jace then goes after Valentine with Hodge as guide, sending the others to aid Clary. Meanwhile, Clary, Isabelle and Simon visit the Hotel Dumort to ask Camille (imprisoned for Simon's unlawful death) about the Book of the White. In exchange for her help, Camille demands that they break her out from her prison and provide a signed statement from Simon that he asked her to turn him into a vampire. Magnus, at his warlock loft, drafts the contract. The group then heads to Camille's apartment, where she believes the book was hidden by Dot. They do find the Book, but are then ambushed by the Circle. Jace arrives to fight Valentine, but they are all captured. Jace agrees to join Valentine for the safe release of his friends. Back at the Institute, the devastated group uses the spell and wakes Jocelyn, who reunites with her daughter and Luke. Jump up ^ The second episode, `` The Descent Into Hell Isn't Easy'' , was released online on January 12, 2016, after the premiere of the first episode. Season 2 (2017) ( edit ) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code US viewers (millions) 14 `` This Guilty Blood'' Matt Hastings Michael Reisz January 2, 2017 ( 2017-01-02 ) 267314-14 1.19 Jace is held captive on Valentine's ship. He attempts to kill Valentine, but his victim turns out to be one of Valentine's thugs under glamour, and Jace is whipped for disloyalty. Maryse goes behind Lydia's back to the Clave, and representative Victor Aldertree is instated as the new head of the New York Institute. Clary's debriefing wrongly convinces him that Jace is in league with Valentine; Jace is declared a criminal wanted dead or alive, the Institute is put on lockdown, and Clary, Alec, and Isabelle are forbidden to take part in the search, but they do anyway. Clary tells a newly awakened Jocelyn that Jace is her son, and she is shocked having believed that JC (Jonathan Christopher) had died in a fire with his father. Magnus and Alec quarrel over how to retrieve Jace, and also about Alec's motivation in calling off the wedding. Valentine tells Jace that Valentine experimented on him in-vitro using demon blood to make him stronger, this cause self-doubt in Jace. Valentine opens a portal to land, allowing their location to be revealed to the various parties tracking them. He wants Jace to break the accords and execute a rogue vampire, Jace refuses, but the vampire dies in the resulting altercation. When Jocelyn attempts to shoot Jace with a crossbow, Valentine steps in front of the shot. Jace supports a wounded Valentine and they escape. 15 `` A Door Into the Dark'' Andy Wolk Y. Shireen Razack January 9, 2017 ( 2017-01-09 ) 267314-15 0.75 Jocelyn defends her attempt on Jace's life by explaining the effect Valentine's experiments had on him as a baby. Upset, Clary seeks solace at the Brooklyn Academy of Art where she is kidnapped by Dot and taken to Valentine. With Clary missing, Jocelyn offers her assistance to Isabelle and Alec by providing adamas, a metal that can be used to track Jace using his and Alec's bond. Meanwhile at Camille's Indian residence, Simon and Magnus search for the vampire, whom Raphael is being pressured by the Clave to produce, and find some items from Magnus' past. With Dot's help, Jace and Clary flee Valentine's ship, but not before the risky parabatai tracking renders Alec comatose. 16 `` Parabatai Lost'' Gregory Smith Peter Binswanger January 16, 2017 ( 2017-01-16 ) 267314-16 0.81 Magnus works to stabilize a failing Alec with magic, but only Jace can save him. After escaping from Valentine's ship, Clary loses Jace and returns to the Institute. Meanwhile, Jace is hunted by werewolves, including a girl named Maia, who believe he has killed one of their own. Isabelle makes a deal with Aldertree in order to find Jace and save Alec's life. Magnus transports Alec to his loft, where Jace arrives to revive him. As the parabatai reunite, Clave representatives appear and arrest Jace for high treason. 17 `` Day of Wrath'' Joe Lazarov Jamie Gorenberg January 23, 2017 ( 2017-01-23 ) 267314-17 0.64 Jace is imprisoned in the City of Bones, where he encounters Hodge. Valentine arrives to break him out, but Jace fights back. Valentine kills Hodge and steals the Soul Sword before disappearing. Clary helps Alec and Isabelle search for a powerful demon with the ability to possess others, but it infiltrates the Institute. Meanwhile, Raphael is tortured by Aldertree for Camille's whereabouts and goes to Magnus for help. With Camille's grave dirt found at her house in India, an emotionally conflicted Magnus summons his ex-girlfriend and sends her to the Clave. At the Institute, a possessed Alec kills Jocelyn. The demon then inhabits Isabelle but Clary breaks its hold and succeeds in killing it. 18 5 `` Dust and Shadows'' Salli Richardson-Whitfield Zac Hug January 30, 2017 ( 2017-01-30 ) 267314-18 0.58 Jace is freed from the City of Bones, but Aldertree, still suspicious of Jace, bans him from the field of duty. Clary seeks the help of a warlock named Iris Rouse to resurrect Jocelyn and swears a blood oath to provide a favor in return for the spell. Isabelle's wound from her possession is not healing, so Aldertree prescribes a drug named yin fen. Iris traps Clary with the intention of claiming her favor: mating her with a demon in order to create more warlocks. Jace, Isabelle, and Alec arrive to save her, but Clary creates a new rune that helps her escape. Simon struggles with his double life as he moves back home and eventually admits his vampirism to his mother, but his confession goes awry and Raphael wipes his mother's memory. The Shadowhunters hold a funeral for Jocelyn and some of the deceased Shadowhunters, and a distraught Luke wakes naked in the wilderness. 19 6 `` Iron Sisters'' Mike Rohl Allison Rymer February 6, 2017 ( 2017-02-06 ) 267314-19 0.65 Simon and Maia team up to find Luke and begin to form a bond. Alec and Magnus go on their first date and discover a disparity in their romantic pasts. Isabelle and Clary go to the Iron Sisters for help in defeating Valentine and meet Luke's sister, Cleophas. To enter the Citadel, the two must endure a trial which detects demon impurities; Clary passes, but Isabelle fails and is informed that yin fen she has been using is made of vampire venom. Maia and Simon find Luke and convince him to return to the pack. Cleophas tells Clary that the Soul Sword has a second purpose: it can kill all demon-blooded creatures, including Downworlders. Clary shows Cleophas her runic power. Magnus and Alec decide to begin a relationship, despite their differences, but are surprised by Jace's appearance: he has left the Institute due to Aldertree's treatment and asks to stay with Magnus. Later, Cleophas kills Magdelena, an Iron Sister, and activates a Circle rune, indicating her allegiance to Valentine. 20 7 `` How Are Thou Fallen'' Ben Bray Hollie Overton February 13, 2017 ( 2017-02-13 ) 267314-20 0.55 Cleophas tells Valentine of Clary's rune-creating ability, then approaches Luke and Clary, but her brother is unwilling to trust her. Simon goes on a wholly unsuccessful first date with Maia, and Isabelle, now addicted to yin fen, is caught by Magnus at the Hunter's Moon seeking the drug. She convinces Magnus her search is for a mission, and he tells her to go straight to the source: vampires themselves. Clary hears strange noises, and is convinced that Valentine is responsible. Alec, after going to Isabelle for advice, finds Magnus at his loft and the two consummate their relationship. Figuring out the noises Clary is hearing are the distress calls of an angel Valentine is holding captive, Jace, Clary, Luke, and Cleophas infiltrate his lair, and Clary creates a rune to free the angel. The angel shows Clary and Jace a vision of a cloaked figure destroying the Soul Sword. 21 8 `` Love is a Devil'' Catriona McKenzie Y. Shireen Razack February 20, 2017 ( 2017-02-20 ) 267314-21 0.67 Alec asks Magnus to hold his little brother Max's Rune Party at his loft, Magnus agrees. Simon confesses his love for Clary and they start dating. Isabelle is now getting her yin fen fix straight from the source by letting Raphael feed on her. Max's party is in full swing when things take a turn for the worse, and guests begin seeing their fears and insecurities manifest. Magnus determines that they have all been be-spelled by a hostile warlock and undoes the curse. Magnus identifies the culprit as Iris Rouse, captures her and sends her to Idris. However, Iris invokes the blood oath Clary swore her and instructs her to find the warlock child Madzie who has been kidnapped by Valentine. Jace and Clary tell their friends what they have learned of the Soul Sword and of Clary's runic abilities, which Magnus identifies marks her as angel-blooded, and thus able to activate the Soul Sword herself. Maryse tells Alec and Jace their father has been cheating on her. 22 9 `` Bound by Blood'' Matt Hastings Peter Binswanger February 27, 2017 ( 2017-02-27 ) 267314-22 0.52 Clary's hand suddenly begins to burn and turn to stone, a symptom of blood oath she swore to Iris Rouse. Clary goes to Magnus, who tells her that her only cure lies in finding Madzie. Maia, who fears Clary's power to activate the Soul Sword and kill all Downworlders, tries to kill her. A Downworlder council meeting takes place where Meliorn and Raphael both agree that Clary must be killed, while Magnus and Luke disagree. Alec is searching for Isabelle, and Magnus, having figured out her yin fen addiction, sends him to Raphael. Alec discovers Isabelle being fed on, and the siblings quarrel; Magnus also expresses his displeasure with Raphael. Jace tracks Madzie and brings her back to heal Clary, but the young warlock portals Clary to Valentine. Jace and Simon find and save Clary, but Simon is captured by Valentine. 23 10 `` By the Light of Dawn'' Joshua Butler Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer March 6, 2017 ( 2017-03-06 ) 267314-23 0.64 Madzie infiltrates the Institute on Valentine's behalf, killing many Shadowhunters, but sparing Alec. Jace, Clary and Luke take Dot to Magnus' . She reveals that Valentine believes that Jace can destroy the Soul Sword and Clary receives a video call from Valentine: he slits Simon's throat to draw her to the Institute. The group head to the Institute, and Clary, who goes to feed Simon to heal him, is revealed to be a glamoured Jace. Magnus finds and comforts Madzie. Jace attempts to destroy the Sword but inadvertently charges it and Valentine activates it as a Downworlder army storms in, killing all of them. Jace and Valentine battle for the Sword outside and it is revealed that Valentine is actually not Jace's father. Alec frantically searches for Magnus in the aftermath, and upon finding him safe, the two profess their love for each other. Simon discovers he can now be in the sunlight without being burned. Valentine is taken into custody as the Soul Sword disappears and is picked up by a strange figure in black. 24 11 `` Mea Maxima Culpa'' Matt Hastings Michael Reisz June 5, 2017 ( 2017-06-05 ) 267314-24 0.71 The Inquisitor Imogen Herondale arrives at the Institute and tortures Valentine for the whereabouts of The Mortal Cup. The Greater Demon Azazel arrives in town also looking for The Cup. The wolves of the New York pack challenge the leadership of their alpha Luke. Isabelle, in the throes of yin fen withdrawal, seeks out Raphael for help, but he refuses to feed on her. She is attacked by Azazel, but is saved by a new Shadowhunter, Sebastian Verlac. Simon talks to Maia about his new ability to survive sunlight. Raphael tells Magnus and Alec about Isabelle coming to him; Alec thinks that Isabelle has been taken by Azazel. Jace and Clary go to Valentine for help finding the Greater Demon, and he reveals they are not related. Luke's new police partner Ollie is suspicious of his actions. Isabelle accompanies Sebastian to his apartment where he gives advice on overcoming yin fen addiction. Upon Alec's request, Magnus summons Azazel, with Valentine as bait. But the demon manages to escape the summoning circle and appears to cast a spell on Magnus and Valentine. 25 12 `` You Are Not Your Own'' Bille Woodruff Jamie Gorenberg June 12, 2017 ( 2017-06-12 ) 267314-25 0.55 Azazel has cast a body-swapping spell on Magnus and Valentine. Isabelle brings Sebastian back to the institute to help catch the still-at-large Azazel; Alec heads to Magnus' loft for help with tracking the demon. When Alec arrives, Azazel attacks him but is vanquished, leaving Valentine and Magnus trapped in one another's bodies. Magnus, in Valentine's body, is locked up in the Institute; he tries to explain the body-swap to Alec, but Alec does not believe him and he is tortured in Valentine's place for information about the Mortal Cup. Simon fights with Raphael over revealing how he became a daylighter. Imogen prepares to execute Valentine against Clave orders, but Valentine, masquerading as Magnus, has kidnapped Jace and sends a visual message to the cells revealing that Jace is actually a Herondale; he demands his body be sent to him at Magnus' loft. The demands are met, and the body-swapping spell is undone. At the last second, Clary pushes Valentine, now back in his own body, through a portal back to the cells at the Institute. Alec tries to comfort Magnus in the aftermath. 26 13 `` Those of Demon Blood'' Michael Goi Zac Hug June 19, 2017 ( 2017-06-19 ) 267314-26 0.59 Several Shadowhunters are killed and their runes cut-off. Imogen Herondale appoints Jace as the head of the New York Institute. Alec goes to Magnus loft to get a DNA sample to prove he isn't involved in the killings; the two fight and Magnus demands he leave. Imogen suggests micro-chipping all Downworlders to be constantly aware of their whereabouts, Alec vehemently disagrees, but Jace seems amenable to the idea. Max arrives and Isabelle is appointed his tutor. Clary is attacked and injured but Simon rescues her and takes her to the Institute. Jace heads to the Hunter's Moon to begin chipping werewolves and he and Maia get into a physical fight which results in her being chipped. Luke, angered at the Shadowhunters' behaviour, tells Jace to leave. An upset and tipsy Magnus spends some time with Dot. Isabelle meets Raphael for help finding the killer, Max follows her and is kidnapped. With Meliorn's help, they find Max and kill the culprit, a Seelie named Kaelie. Jace appoints Alec head of the Institute. Alec apologises to Magnus, and the two reconcile. Jace, on Alec's orders, de-chips Maia, and the two sleep together. 27 14 `` The Fair Folk'' Chris Grismer Taylor Mallory June 26, 2017 ( 2017-06-26 ) 267314-27 0.67 Alec sends Clary and Jace on a mission to the Seelie Court; Simon insists on joining them. At the Institute, Alec begins the Downworlder Cabinet, a weekly meeting with representatives from the warlocks, vampires, Seelies, and werewolves. Alec discusses the Institute's new policy of complete transparency with Magnus, Luke, Meliorn and Raphael. Maryse is back in town; her and Isabelle discuss her father's infidelity and Isabelle's yin fen addiction. They reconcile. At the Seelie Court, the Seelie Queen drives a wedge between Simon and the Shadowhunters by revealing Clary still harbors feelings for Jace. An unknown individual with a plot to execute Valentine contacts Luke. Luke heads down to the Institute cells to kill Valentine, but is foiled by Sebastian and Alec. Alec decides not to press charges. Isabelle asks Raphael to pursue a relationship with her and he refuses. Sebastian plays piano next to several burner phones on a chair. Hearing a noise from a closet, he threatens a bound man he has kept inside. 28 15 `` A Problem of Memory'' Peter DeLuise Allison Rymer July 10, 2017 ( 2017-07-10 ) 267314-28 0.46 Alec is worried about Magnus' wellbeing, he questions Magnus, but is assured by the warlock nothing is amiss. Simon breaks up with Clary, and Isabelle comforts her. That night Simon is introduced to a Bleeder's Den, where vampires bite mundanes to get high; a girl is found dead the next morning and Simon worries he may be the culprit. Sebastian's cousin, Aline, arrives at the New York Institute; the man captive in Sebastian's apartment is revealed to be the real Sebastian. After being arrested by Luke's police partner Ollie, Simon returns to the Bleeder's Den and stakes the real murderer of the dead girl. As a result of the torture he suffered in Valentine's body, Magnus is having flashbacks of the night he found his mother, dead. He finally confesses his struggles to Alec, who consoles him. The real Sebastian escapes and tries to warn Aline, but his captor kills him before he can reach her. The Shadowhunters portal Valentine to Idris, but are circumvented with Valentine ending up at Sebastian's apartment. Sebastian's true form is revealed and he calls Valentine `` father'' . 29 16 `` Day of Atonement'' Paul Wesley Peter Binswanger July 17, 2017 ( 2017-07-17 ) 267314-29 0.59 Sebastian holds Valentine captive; he intends to send him to Edom as punishment for Valentine doing the same to him. Jace suspects Valentine is hiding in a cabin in Idris where he spent time during his childhood. Clary draws a portal rune and the two are transported to Lake Lyn in Idris. Jace and Clary lose track of each other and Clary hallucinates the Angel Ithuriel who tells her that Jonathan is alive. Alec senses Jace is in trouble through their parabatai bond and with the help of his father Robert, sends Isabelle to find him. Isabelle finds Jace and together they retrieve Clary and cure her of the hallucinogenic effects of the waters of Lake Lyn. The three look for the cabin only to find it deserted. Robert reveals to Alec that the Clave never recovered the Soul Sword and has been lying to the Downworld. Valentine convinces Sebastian to work with him. With information they found at the cabin, Clary realizes that her real brother Jonathan is still alive. 30 17 `` A Dark Reflection'' Jeffrey Hunt Hollie Overton July 24, 2017 ( 2017-07-24 ) 267314-30 0.60 Sebastian is revealed to be in possession of the Soul Sword, thus with two of the three Mortal Instruments, he and Valentine hunt for the Mortal Mirror. Luke receives a message from Cleophas, still Valentine's captive, that the Clave lied about possessing the Soul Sword; he shares the information with Magnus. Magnus confronts Alec with the news and is furious that it was kept from him. No longer able to trust the Clave, he debates aligning with the Seelie Queen. Isabelle struggles with the fact that Max is growing up and convinces Maia to give a relationship with Simon a chance. Sebastian is torn about his loyalty to Valentine, as it pits him against his sister, Clary. Jace and Clary find out that her mother had hidden The Mortal Mirror. With the help of Dot, they recover it before being attacked by Sebastian. Dot stays behind to give them a chance to escape. Max uses a hair he found to track Jonathan to Sebastian. He challenges Sebastian with this knowledge. 31 18 `` Awake, Arise, or Be Forever Fallen'' Amanda Row Jamie Gorenberg July 31, 2017 ( 2017-07-31 ) 267314-31 0.63 Max lies in a coma following Jonathan's attack and the Institute is put on lockdown when it becomes clear Jonathan is inside. Magnus and Luke meet with the Seelie Queen, who proposes a Downworlder alliance against Valentine, even if it means starting a war with the Shadowhunters. Luke refuses immediately while Magnus is given time to decide. Jonathan steals the Mortal Mirror. Magnus chooses to serve his people over his relationship with Alec and breaks up with him. Clary discovers Sebastian is Jonathan when he fails a test and manages to get the Mirror back before he escapes the Institute. However, her attempt to disarm the Mirror destroys it, and she realizes the real Mirror is Lake Lyn in Idris. 32 19 `` Hail and Farewell'' Matt Hastings Bryan Q. Miller August 7, 2017 ( 2017-08-07 ) 267314-32 0.60 Isabelle, Jace and Clary are trying to take out Valentine and Jonathan but get attacked by a possessing demon. Jace kills the demon. Clary tells the Inquisitor that the Mortal Mirror is Lake Lyn in Idris. The Seelie Queen comes to the institute to meet with the Downworld Council but she refuses to give her support to capture and execute Valentine. Maia and Simon are dating. 33 20 `` Beside Still Water'' Matt Hastings Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer August 14, 2017 ( 2017-08-14 ) 267314-33 0.59 The dying Jonathan washed ashore on the shore of Manhattan, and using his blood, he summoned the wraith demons. Meanhwhile, Luke and Simon comes to Magnus after Maia's abduction, and in the final battle, Valentine eventually succedded in summoning Raziel and killed Jace. Clary, in a fit of rage, stabs Valentine, finally killing him. With Raziel's summoning, Clary wishes for Jace's resurrection. At the end, Magnus and Alec get back together. Season 3 (2018) ( edit ) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code US viewers (millions) 34 `` On Infernal Ground'' Matt Hastings Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer March 20, 2018 ( 2018-03-20 ) 267314-34 0.49 Clary becomes a fully fledged Shadowhunter but her and Jace are concealing the truth over what happened at Lake Lyn. An owl faced demon starts preying on mundanes. Magnus deals with the fall out of his decision to side with the Seelie Queen. 35 `` The Powers That Be'' Peter DeLuise Peter Binswanger March 27, 2018 ( 2018-03-27 ) 267314-35 0.44 Jace asks Clary out on their first proper date but it ends up being an awkward double date. Whilst attending a party Magnus realises the ley lines have been corrupted, he and Alec work together to try and fix it. 36 `` What Lies Beneath'' Amanda Row Alex Schemmer April 3, 2018 ( 2018-04-03 ) 267314-36 0.46 Alec hosts a dinner with his mother at Magnus' in which she reveals news which upsets him. Raphael faces an extremely upsetting personal loss. Simon tries desperately to enter the Seelie Realm and ask about the mysterious mark they gave him. 37 `` Thy Soul Instructed'' Emile Levisetti Jamie Gorenberg April 10, 2018 ( 2018-04-10 ) 267314-37 0.35 Jace's friends and family begin to notice some changes within his personality. Simon happens to bump into the ideal roommate, who might have ulterior motives for befriending Simon. Clary and Izzy pursue a Vampire that is out of control. 38 5 `` Stronger Than Heaven'' Geoff Shotz Brian Millikin April 17, 2018 ( 2018-04-17 ) 267314-38 0.30 Alec learns more about Magnus' past after asking to move in. To try and deal with the owl Clary seeks out Cleophas to see if she has any way to contact the angels. She manages to contact Ithuriel but he is killed by Lilith before he could say anything important. Jace is suspicious of Simons well timed new roommate and it is revealed he is a werewolf. 39 6 `` A Window Into an Empty Room'' Alexis Korycinsk Aisha Porter-Christie April 24, 2018 ( 2018-04-24 ) 267314-39 0.43 Magnus and Alec have a fight about their varying experiences which is left unresolved. Magnus and Clary team up to investigate the demon and a face from Magnus' past appears to help them. Simon tries to make amends to visitor who won't seem to leave him alone. The Lightwoods go out for a meal at the hunters moon. While investigating the demon Clary and Magnus find the owl demon trying to possess Ollie, Luke comes along and helps. The Owls identity is revealed and Ollie has been possessed. 40 7 `` Salt in the Wound'' Joshua Butler Celeste Vasquez May 1, 2018 ( 2018-05-01 ) 267314-40 0.42 Following the reveal of the Owl's identity, Jace and Clary fight upon the roof. Simon helps Clary after she was injured in the fight and takes her to the institute. Here its revealed to everyone that Jace is the owl and Lilith is controlling him. Clary finally reveals her secret about bringing Jace back at Lake Lyn. Magnus and Alec make up as the issues with Jace are more pressing. The shadowhunters head to Alicante to follow him. Alec, Isabelle and Clary tell the inquisitor that Jace has been possessed but it's too late for her to help as he murders her in her office. They manage to trap Jace and Clary sends them to Magnus' and allows herself to be taken to the Gard to buy them more time. While this is happening flashbacks show the past relationship of Maia and Jordan; they dated and eventually he turned her. Simon and Luke investigate Lilith's lair and the mark of Cain turns two of Lilith's children to salt. 41 8 `` A Heart of Darkness'' Ari Sandel Jamie Gorenberg May 8, 2018 ( 2018-05-08 ) 267314-41 0.42 Clary is questioned by Jia Penhallow regarding her visit to the city and she reveals that she used the angel's wish to resurrect Jace. After this revelation, Penhallow sentences her to death. Simon, Maia and Jordan manage to locate the location that Lilith was using and try to find clues to her whereabouts. Ollie reveals to Lilith that Simon has the mark of Cain. Knowing that this is one of the only things that can banish her, Lilith goes to the Seelie realm. In order to preserve her life, the Seelie Queen tells Lilith where Jace is. Magnus uses his magic to send Alec and Isabelle into Jace's mind in hopes breaking Lilith's control over him. When he is found, Alec sees that he has been forced to kill Clary repeatedly and has tried to kill himself. Jace begs his siblings to kill him rather than remain under Lilith's control but Alec promises to get him out. Before they can, Lilith arrives. She threatens Magnus and takes back Jace. 42 9 `` Familia Ante Omnia'' Matt Hastings Taylor Mallory May 15, 2018 ( 2018-05-15 ) 267314-42 0.37 Jia Penhallow wants to question Valentine about a demon, so Clary resurrects him using a rune. Heidi tricks Simon into returning to his family's home when he is desperate for blood by holding them hostage; once there, he feeds on his sister Rebecca, revealing he is a vampire to his mother and sister. Clary deactivates the resurrection rune and Valentine returns to the grave. Jace takes Valentine's flesh but still needs Clary's heart for Lilith to resurrect Jonathan. 43 10 `` Erchomai'' Jeff Hunt Bryan Q. Miller May 15, 2018 ( 2018-05-15 ) 267314-43 0.31 Magnus goes to Edom to look for his father Asmodeus who can help him save Jace. Simon enchants his mother, making her think that he is dead, but his sister forgives him and offers him help. Jace and Alec fight, but Magnus arrives just in time to free Jace from the possession, revealing that he traded his magic and now it is gone. Simon goads Lilith into attacking him, which triggers his mark and sends her back to Edom, but causes a huge explosion. Just before the explosion, Simon is knocked out of the window and when he regains consciousness, he tells Jace that Clary is dead and that he killed her. 44 11 `` Lost Souls'' Matt Hastings TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314-44 TBD 45 12 `` Original Sin'' Matt Hastings TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314-45 TBD 46 13 `` Beati Bellicosi'' Paul Wesley TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314-46 TBD 47 14 `` A Kiss from a Rose'' Salli Richardson-Whitfield Zoe Broad 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314-47 TBD 48 15 `` To the Night Children'' Siluck Saysanasy TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314-48 TBD 49 16 `` Stay With Me'' Amanda Row Aisha Porter-Christie 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314-49 TBD 50 17 `` Heavenly Fire'' Shannon Kohli Celeste Vasquez 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314-50 TBD 51 18 `` The Beast Within'' Joshua Butler Taylor Mallory 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314-51 TBD 52 19 `` Aku Cinta Kamu'' Todd Slavkin Jamie Gorenberg 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314-52 TBD 53 20 `` City of Glass'' Matt Hastings Bryan Q. Miller 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314-53 TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 (2016) ( edit ) No. Title Air date Rating (18-- 49) Viewers (millions) DVR (18-- 49) DVR viewers (millions) Total (18-- 49) Total viewers (millions) `` The Mortal Cup '' January 12, 2016 0.8 1.82 0.4 0.88 2.70 `` The Descent Into Hell Isn't Easy '' January 19, 2016 0.4 1.01 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.76 `` Dead Man's Party '' January 26, 2016 0.5 0.98 N/A N/A N/A N/A `` Raising Hell '' February 2, 2016 0.4 0.96 0.4 0.93 0.8 1.89 5 `` Moo Shu to Go '' February 9, 2016 0.4 0.95 0.4 0.75 0.8 1.70 6 `` Of Men and Angels '' February 16, 2016 0.4 0.98 0.4 N/A 0.8 N/A 7 `` Major Arcana '' February 23, 2016 0.4 0.84 0.3 0.72 0.7 1.56 8 `` Bad Blood '' March 1, 2016 0.4 0.87 0.3 0.74 0.7 1.61 9 `` Rise Up '' March 8, 2016 0.4 0.95 0.3 0.77 0.7 1.72 10 `` This World Inverted '' March 15, 2016 0.3 0.78 0.4 0.74 0.7 1.52 11 `` Blood Calls to Blood '' March 22, 2016 0.3 0.78 0.3 N/A 0.6 N/A 12 `` Malec '' March 29, 2016 0.3 0.82 0.3 N/A 0.6 N/A 13 `` Morning Star '' April 5, 2016 0.3 0.76 0.3 N/A 0.6 N/A Season 2 (2017) ( edit ) No. Title Air date Rating (18-- 49) Viewers (millions) DVR (18-- 49) DVR viewers (millions) Total (18-- 49) Total viewers (millions) `` This Guilty Blood '' January 2, 2017 0.4 1.19 N/A N/A N/A N/A `` A Door Into the Dark '' January 9, 2017 0.3 0.75 N/A N/A N/A N/A `` Parabatai Lost '' January 16, 2017 0.3 0.81 N/A N/A N/A N/A `` Day of Wrath '' January 23, 2017 0.3 0.64 N/A 0.55 N/A 1.19 5 `` Dust and Shadows '' January 30, 2017 0.2 0.58 0.3 N/A 0.5 N/A 6 `` Iron Sisters '' February 6, 2017 0.3 0.65 N/A N/A N/A N/A 7 `` How Are Thou Fallen '' February 13, 2017 0.2 0.55 N/A N/A N/A N/A 8 `` Love is the Devil '' February 20, 2017 0.3 0.67 N/A N/A N/A N/A 9 `` Bound by Blood '' February 27, 2017 0.2 0.52 N/A N/A N/A N/A 10 `` By the Light of Dawn '' March 6, 2017 0.3 0.64 N/A N/A N/A N/A 11 `` Mea Maxima Culpa '' June 5, 2017 0.3 0.71 N/A N/A N/A N/A 12 `` You Are Not Your Own '' June 12, 2017 0.2 0.55 0.2 0.44 0.4 0.99 13 `` Those of Demon Blood '' June 19, 2017 0.2 0.59 0.2 N/A 0.4 N/A 14 `` The Fair Folk '' June 26, 2017 0.3 0.67 N/A N/A N/A N/A 15 `` A Problem of Memory '' July 10, 2017 0.2 0.46 0.2 0.47 0.4 0.92 16 `` Day of Atonement '' July 17, 2017 0.2 0.59 0.2 N/A 0.4 N/A 17 `` A Dark Reflection '' July 24, 2017 0.2 0.60 N/A N/A N/A N/A 18 `` Awake, Arise, or Be Forever Fallen '' July 31, 2017 0.3 0.63 N/A N/A N/A N/A 19 `` Hail and Farewell '' August 7, 2017 0.2 0.60 N/A N/A N/A N/A 20 `` Beside Still Water '' August 14, 2017 0.2 0.59 N/A 0.52 N/A 1.11 Season 3 (2018) ( edit ) No. Title Air date Rating (18-- 49) Viewers (millions) DVR (18-- 49) DVR viewers (millions) Total (18-- 49) Total viewers (millions) `` On Infernal Ground '' March 20, 2018 0.2 0.49 N/A 0.51 N/A 1.01 `` The Powers That Be '' March 27, 2018 0.2 0.44 N/A 0.43 N/A 0.88 `` What Lies Beneath '' April 3, 2018 0.2 0.46 0.2 N/A 0.4 N/A `` Thy Soul Instructed '' April 10, 2018 0.1 0.35 0.2 0.46 0.3 0.81 5 `` Stronger Than Heaven '' April 17, 2018 0.1 0.30 N/A N/A N/A N/A 6 `` A Window Into an Empty Room '' April 24, 2018 0.2 0.43 N/A N/A N/A N/A 7 `` Salt in the Wound '' May 1, 2018 0.2 0.42 N/A N/A N/A N/A 8 `` A Heart of Darkness '' May 8, 2018 0.2 0.42 0.2 0.41 0.4 0.83 9 `` Familia Onte Omnia '' May 15, 2018 0.1 0.37 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Erchomai '' May 15, 2018 0.1 0.31 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (March 30, 2015). `` ' The Mortal Instruments' Series: ABC Family Orders ' Shadowhunters ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Lowe, Kinsey (October 10, 2015). `` Shadowhunters to debut January 12 on ABC Family/Freeform -- Comic Con'' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 10, 2015 . Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (April 21, 2017). `` ' Shadowhunters' Renewed for Season 3 at Freeform'' . Variety . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Goldberg, Lesley (June 4, 2018). `` ' Shadowhunters' Canceled at Freeform, Will End With Two-Hour Finale'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 4, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (January 13, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' Pretty Little Liars' returns on top, ' Shadowhunters' had solid debut'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Shadowhunters Episode Two Now In The Freeform App'' . Shadowhunters TV . January 12, 2016 . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (January 21, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' Pretty Little Liars' falls, ' Haves and the Have Nots' holds strong'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (January 27, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' The Curse of Oak Island' stays on top, ' Shadowhunters' rises'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (February 3, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' The People v. O.J. Simpson' premiere soars'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (February 10, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' The People v. O.J. Simpson' leads again'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (February 18, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' The People v. O.J. Simpson' falls, ' Pretty Little Liars' rises'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (February 24, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' The People v. O.J. Simpson' stays steady'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (March 2, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' The People v. O.J. Simpson' falls'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (March 9, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' The People v. O.J. Simpson' rises slightly'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (March 16, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' The People v. O.J. Simpson' and ' Fixer Upper' stay steady'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (March 23, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' Fixer Upper' ticks up, ' If Loving You is Wrong' dips'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (March 30, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' Deadliest Catch' premieres well, ' The People v. O.J. Simpson' dips'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (April 6, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' The People v O.J. Simpson' finale stays on top'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (January 4, 2017). `` Monday cable ratings: Rose Bowl and Sugar Bowl soar high'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (January 10, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.9.2017'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 10, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (January 18, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.16.2017'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 19, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (January 24, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.23.2017'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 25, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (January 31, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.30.2017'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 31, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (February 7, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.6.2017'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 7, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (February 14, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.13.2017'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 14, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (February 22, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.20.2017'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 22, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (February 28, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.27.2017'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 28, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (March 7, 2017). `` UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.6.2017'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 8, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (June 6, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.5.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 6, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (June 13, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.12.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 13, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (June 20, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.19.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 20, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (June 27, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.26.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 27, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (July 11, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.10.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (July 18, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.17.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 18, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (July 25, 2017). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.24.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (August 1, 2017). `` Showbuzzdaily's Top 150 Monday's Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.31.2017'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 1, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (August 8, 2017). `` Showbuzzdaily's Top 150 Monday's Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.7.2017'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 8, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (August 15, 2017). `` SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.14.2017'' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 15, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (March 21, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.20.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 21, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (March 28, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.27.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (April 4, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.3.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 4, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (April 11, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.10.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 11, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (April 18, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.17.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 18, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (April 25, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.24.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 25, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (May 2, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.1.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 2, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (May 9, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.8.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 9, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (May 16, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.15.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 16, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000-0004-1432-002C-9-0000-0000-A Lost Souls (2018 - 60 min )'' . ISAN-IA . Retrieved March 15, 2018 . Jump up ^ Slavkin, Todd (@toddzer1) (February 24, 2018). `` Just finished watching dir cut of 311 and I just...can't ... @mattdirector crushed me and will crush fandom #lostsouls #shadowhunters'' (Tweet) . Retrieved March 3, 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000-0004-1432-002D-7-0000-0000-G Original Sin (2018 - 60 min )'' . ISAN-IA . Retrieved March 15, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Hastings, Matt (@mattdirector) (March 1, 2018). `` Turned in Director's cut of #311, tweaking my cut of #312. Amazing @sallirichardson is shooting #314. Prepping #315 with my pal #Siluck. Doing final color and mixing #308. Just saw insane VFX for #309 from @folksvfx. SO much goodness to share! #cantwait #ShadowhuntersSeason3'' (Tweet) . Retrieved March 28, 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000-0004-1432-002E-5-0000-0000-M Beati Bellicosi (2018 - 60 min )'' . ISAN-IA . Retrieved March 15, 2018 . Jump up ^ Hastings, Matt (@mattdirector) (August 22, 2017). `` paulwesley will be back in the directors chair 3B'' (Tweet) . Retrieved April 4, 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000-0004-1432-002F-3-0000-0000-SA Kiss From a Rose (2018 - 60 min )'' . ISAN-IA . Retrieved March 15, 2018 . Jump up ^ Slavkin, Todd (@toddzer1) (January 29, 2018). `` Wow too many to count. I shared moment I saw dir cut of 205 and was left a sobbing mess @DSwim and I were brand new. Can't wait for @sallirichardson to direct again #314 #greatscript #season3 #shadowhunters'' (Tweet) . Retrieved March 3, 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Broad, Zoe (@ZOmygawd) (March 24, 2018). `` Truly couldn't have asked for a more talented director to direct my first episode of television. Congratulations, @sallirichardson! And ps guys, just wait until you see @ShadowhuntersTV ep 314. Salli CRUSHED it 💕 '' (Tweet) . Retrieved April 25, 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000-0004-1432-0030-T-0000-0000-O To the Night Children (2018 - 60 min )'' . ISAN-IA . Retrieved March 15, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000-0004-1432-0031-R-0000-0000-U Stay With Me (2018 - 60 min )'' . ISAN-IA . Retrieved March 15, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Rakich, John (@johnrakich) (March 2, 2018). `` Once more into the pre-production breech my friends. S3E3016 directed by @AmandaMRow with the amazing writing of @NappyThoughtz #ShadowhuntersSeason3 #shadowhunterstv #locations #filmlife #wemaketv #LMGI twitter.com/johnrakich/status/969321884364963843/photo/1pic.twitter.com/mfv8GtBru9'' (Tweet) . Retrieved March 3, 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000-0004-1432-0032-P-0000-0000-0 Heavenly Fire (2018 - 60 min )'' . ISAN-IA . Retrieved April 19, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Vasquez, Celeste (@trashquez) (March 22, 2018). `` The writers and directors of #Shadowhunters episodes 316 & 317. 👯 ‍ 👯 ‍ #girlpower #setlife #womeninfilm 📷 : @veritymus_prime'' (Tweet) . Retrieved March 23, 2018 -- via Twitter . zero width joiner character in title= at position 66 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000-0004-1432-0033-N-0000-0000-5 The Beast Within (2018 - 60 min )'' . ISAN-IA . Retrieved April 19, 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler, Joshua (@TheJoshuaButler) (March 7, 2018). `` Thank you for remembering, @aleclightwoof! What a wonderful filmmaking memory. Great news is I'm directing another Season 3 @ShadowhuntersTV episode starting in 2 weeks. So look for my work on both #Shadowhunters 3x07 AND 3x18!!! Stay tuned for updates. 😊 #DirectorPride'' (Tweet) . Retrieved March 8, 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Butler, Joshua (@TheJoshuaButler) (March 21, 2018). `` Day 1 of prep on @ShadowhuntersTV 3x18! I am so excited to have the opportunity to direct this inspired script by @TayMals. #Shadowhunters #HalloweenIsComing #DirectorPride'' (Tweet) . Retrieved March 21, 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000-0004-1432-0034-L-0000-0000-B Aku Cinta Kamu (2018 - 60 min )'' . ISAN-IA . Retrieved April 19, 2018 . Jump up ^ Gorenberg, Jamie (@jamiegorenberg) (March 29, 2018). `` Just finished the latest draft of 3x19, and this is the best part. Lucky me to have @toddzer1 at the helm. He's going to take you all on a ride to be remembered! #Malec #Sizzy #Clace #Shadowhuntersseason3'' (Tweet) . Retrieved March 29, 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Gorenberg, Jamie (@jamiegorenberg) (March 15, 2018). `` Working late into the night on Ep 3x19. Hmmm... what should Magnus say next? #ShadowhuntersSeason3 #Malec'' (Tweet) . Retrieved March 19, 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000-0004-1432-0035-J-0000-0000-H City of Glass (2018 - 60 min )'' . ISAN-IA . Retrieved April 19, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Hastings, Matt (@mattdirector) (April 10, 2018). `` Prep day one! #Shadowhunters #SeasonFinale'' (Tweet) . Retrieved April 11, 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 24, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, Jan. 11-17: ' AHS: Hotel' finale more than doubles'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 30, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, Jan. 18-24: ' Gold Rush' moves ahead of ' Love and Hip Hop ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 14, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, Feb. 1-7: ' People v. O.J. Simpson' premiere leads across the board'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 21, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, Feb. 8-14: ' The Walking Dead' now up vs. its last episode'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 28, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, Feb. 15-21: ' Better Call Saul' premiere moves up the charts'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 6, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, Feb. 22-28: ' Walking Dead' has steady growth'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 13, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, Feb. 29-March 6: ' The People v. O.J. Simpson' makes a big jump'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 21, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, March 7-- 13: ' Walking Dead' leads again but comes in lower'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 27, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, March 14-- 20: ' Walking Dead' gets back on track, ' Americans' premiere doubles'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 3, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, March 21-- 27: ' Better Call Saul' jumps up the charts'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 10, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, March 28-April 3: ' Walking Dead' finale scores big'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 18, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, April 4-- 10: ' People v. O.J. Simpson' finale rises the most'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 11, 2017). `` ' Vikings,' ' The New Edition Story' lead the cable Live +7 ratings for Jan. 23-29'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 15, 2017). `` ' Taboo' puts up more big gains in cable Live +7 ratings for Jan. 30-Feb. 5'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 29, 2017). `` ' Better Call Saul' on top again: Cable Live +7 ratings for June 12-- 18'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 7, 2017). `` ' Doctor Who' quadruples in 18-49: Cable Live +7 ratings for June 19-- 25'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 26, 2017). `` ' Game of Thrones,' ' Nashville' and ' Orphan Black' lead the cable Live +7 ratings for July 10-- 16'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 3, 2017). `` ' Game of Thrones,' ' Descendants 2' make big gains in cable Live +7 ratings for July 17-- 23'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 30, 2017). `` ' The Sinner' makes more strong gains in cable Live +7 ratings for Aug. 14-20'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 6, 2018). `` ' Krypton' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live +7 ratings for March 19-- 25'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 11, 2018). `` ' Siren' premiere doubles in cable Live +7 ratings for March 26-April 1'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 19, 2018). `` ' Fixer Upper' finale goes out strong: Cable Live +7 ratings for April 2-- 8'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 26, 2018). `` ' The Last O.G.' scores for TBS in cable Live +7 ratings for April 9-- 15'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 24, 2018). `` ' Atlanta' finale gets a good boost in cable Live +7 ratings for May 7-- 13'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24, 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Shadowhunters episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Shadowhunters_episodes&oldid=848748518 '' Categories : Lists of American fantasy television series episodes Hidden categories: CS1 errors: invisible characters Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Polski Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018, at 01:41 (UTC) . AboutWikipedia
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who is the patron saint of helping others
Zita -- domestic servants , waiters
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[ "This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( December 2006 )", "This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( December 2006 )", "This is a list of patron saints of occupations and activities or of groups of people with a common occupation or activity .", "Adrian of Nicomedia -- arms dealers , butchers , guards , soldiers Agatha -- bakers , bellmaking , nurses Albertus Magnus -- natural scientists Alexander of Comana -- charcoal - burners Alexius -- belt makers and nurses Aloysius Gonzaga -- Catholic students , Jesuit scholastics Amand -- bartenders , brewers , innkeepers , merchants , vine growers , vintners , Ambrose of Milan -- beekeepers , beggars , candle - makers , chandlers , wax - melters and refiners Anastasius the Fuller -- fullers Anastasia of Sirmium -- weavers , healers , martyrs , exorcists Andrew the Apostle -- fishmongers , fishermen Andrew Kim -- clergy of Korea Anne -- miners , mothers , equestrians , cabinet makers , homemakers , teachers , stablemen , French - Canadian voyageurs , and sailors Ansovinus -- gardeners Anthony Mary Claret -- weavers Anthony the Abbot -- basket - makers , gravediggers , butchers , swineherds and motorists Anthony of Padua -- those seeking lost items or people , nomadic travelers , brush makers , women seeking a husband Antipas -- dentists Apollonia -- dentists Arnold of Soissons -- brewers Arnulph -- millers Augustine of Hippo -- printers , brewers and theologians", "Adrian of Nicomedia -- arms dealers , butchers , guards , soldiers", "Agatha -- bakers , bellmaking , nurses", "Albertus Magnus -- natural scientists", "Alexander of Comana -- charcoal - burners", "Alexius -- belt makers and nurses", "Aloysius Gonzaga -- Catholic students , Jesuit scholastics", "Amand -- bartenders , brewers , innkeepers , merchants , vine growers , vintners ,", "Ambrose of Milan -- beekeepers , beggars , candle - makers , chandlers , wax - melters and refiners", "Anastasius the Fuller -- fullers", "Anastasia of Sirmium -- weavers , healers , martyrs , exorcists", "Andrew the Apostle -- fishmongers , fishermen", "Andrew Kim -- clergy of Korea", "Anne -- miners , mothers , equestrians , cabinet makers , homemakers , teachers , stablemen , French - Canadian voyageurs , and sailors", "Ansovinus -- gardeners", "Anthony Mary Claret -- weavers", "Anthony the Abbot -- basket - makers , gravediggers , butchers , swineherds and motorists", "Anthony of Padua -- those seeking lost items or people , nomadic travelers , brush makers , women seeking a husband", "Antipas -- dentists", "Apollonia -- dentists", "Arnold of Soissons -- brewers", "Arnulph -- millers", "Augustine of Hippo -- printers , brewers and theologians", "Barbara -- miners , artillerymen , military engineers and firefighters , Italian marines , architects , builders , foundry workers , fireworks makers , service - men of the Russian Strategic Rocket Forces , mathematicians , geoscientist , stonemasons Bartholomew the Apostle -- leatherworkers , plasterers , tanners , trappers , curriers Basil the Great -- hospital administrators Basilides - Italian prison officers Basilissa - nursing mothers Bede -- historians and English writers Benedict of Nursia -- farmers , farmhands , engineers , architects , Italian speleologists , students , husbandry , heraldry and officers of arms Bénézet -- bridge - builders Benno -- fishermen Bernadette of Lourdes -- shepherds Bernardine of Feltre - pawnbrokers , bankers Bernardine of Siena -- advertisers Bernard of Clairvaux -- bee keepers , chandlers , advertisers , wax melters and refiners Bernard of Menthon -- mountaineers , skiers Bernard of Vienne -- farmers , farmhands , husbandry Bernward of Hildesheim -- architects Blaise -- veterinarians , wool combers and weavers , town criers Boethius -- philosophy Bona of Pisa -- flight attendants , travelers , specifically couriers , guides , pilgrims Botulph -- farmers , farmhands , husbandry Brendan the Navigator -- sailors , navigators , mariners , seafarers , those traveling by sea Brigid of Ireland -- dairy workers , scholars , nuns , medicine / healers", "Barbara -- miners , artillerymen , military engineers and firefighters , Italian marines , architects , builders , foundry workers , fireworks makers , service - men of the Russian Strategic Rocket Forces , mathematicians , geoscientist , stonemasons", "Bartholomew the Apostle -- leatherworkers , plasterers , tanners , trappers , curriers", "Basil the Great -- hospital administrators", "Basilides - Italian prison officers", "Basilissa - nursing mothers", "Bede -- historians and English writers", "Benedict of Nursia -- farmers , farmhands , engineers , architects , Italian speleologists , students , husbandry , heraldry and officers of arms", "Bénézet -- bridge - builders", "Benno -- fishermen", "Bernadette of Lourdes -- shepherds", "Bernardine of Feltre - pawnbrokers , bankers", "Bernardine of Siena -- advertisers", "Bernard of Clairvaux -- bee keepers , chandlers , advertisers , wax melters and refiners", "Bernard of Menthon -- mountaineers , skiers", "Bernard of Vienne -- farmers , farmhands , husbandry", "Bernward of Hildesheim -- architects", "Blaise -- veterinarians , wool combers and weavers , town criers", "Boethius -- philosophy", "Bona of Pisa -- flight attendants , travelers , specifically couriers , guides , pilgrims", "Botulph -- farmers , farmhands , husbandry", "Brendan the Navigator -- sailors , navigators , mariners , seafarers , those traveling by sea", "Brigid of Ireland -- dairy workers , scholars , nuns , medicine / healers", "Cajetan -- unemployed , gamblers , odd lot dealers , and of job seekers Camillus of Lellis -- nurses , hospital workers Cassian of Imola -- shorthand writers , stenographers , school teachers , parish clerks Catherine of Alexandria -- tanners , librarians , students , philosophers , secretaries , scribes , stenographers , preachers , nurses", "Cajetan -- unemployed , gamblers , odd lot dealers , and of job seekers", "Camillus of Lellis -- nurses , hospital workers", "Cassian of Imola -- shorthand writers , stenographers , school teachers , parish clerks", "Catherine of Alexandria -- tanners , librarians , students , philosophers , secretaries , scribes , stenographers , preachers , nurses", "Catherine of Siena -- jurors , Italian nurses Cecilia -- musicians Charles Borromeo -- Catechists , seminarians Christina the Astonishing -- millers , psychiatrists Christopher -- travelers , bookbinders , gardeners , mariners , drivers , surfers , athletes , pilots Clare of Assisi -- theatre performers , embroiderers , gilders , laundry workers , goldsmiths Claude -- sculptors , secretaries Clement -- marble - workers , tanners , mariners , stonecutters Columbanus -- motorcyclists Cosmas -- doctors , pharmacists , surgeons , barbers Crispin -- tanners , shoemakers , cobblers , leatherworkers , curriers , saddle - makers Cuthbert -- shepherds Cuthman -- shepherds", "Catherine of Siena -- jurors , Italian nurses", "Cecilia -- musicians", "Charles Borromeo -- Catechists , seminarians", "Christina the Astonishing -- millers , psychiatrists", "Christopher -- travelers , bookbinders , gardeners , mariners , drivers , surfers , athletes , pilots", "Clare of Assisi -- theatre performers , embroiderers , gilders , laundry workers , goldsmiths", "Claude -- sculptors , secretaries", "Clement -- marble - workers , tanners , mariners , stonecutters", "Columbanus -- motorcyclists", "Cosmas -- doctors , pharmacists , surgeons , barbers", "Crispin -- tanners , shoemakers , cobblers , leatherworkers , curriers , saddle - makers", "Cuthbert -- shepherds", "Cuthman -- shepherds", "Damian -- doctors , pharmacists , surgeons , barbers Dismas -- undertakers Dominic -- astronomers , astronomy , scientists Dominic de la Calzada -- civil engineers Dominic of Silos -- shepherds Dorothea of Caesarea -- florists , horticulture , brewers Drogo of Sebourg -- coffee house keepers , coffee house owners , shepherds Dunstan -- blacksmiths , goldsmiths , musicians , locksmiths Dymphna -- mental health professionals , psychiatrists , therapists", "Damian -- doctors , pharmacists , surgeons , barbers", "Dismas -- undertakers", "Dominic -- astronomers , astronomy , scientists", "Dominic de la Calzada -- civil engineers", "Dominic of Silos -- shepherds", "Dorothea of Caesarea -- florists , horticulture , brewers", "Drogo of Sebourg -- coffee house keepers , coffee house owners , shepherds", "Dunstan -- blacksmiths , goldsmiths , musicians , locksmiths", "Dymphna -- mental health professionals , psychiatrists , therapists", "Edward the Confessor -- kings Eligius -- metal - workers , jewelers , mechanics , taxi drivers , farriers , harness makers , numismatists , Royal Electrical Mechanical Engineers soldiers , veterinarians , farmers , farmhands , husbandry Elisabeth of Hungary -- bakers , beggars , nursing services Elizabeth Seton - sailors Erasmus of Formiae or Elmo -- sailors , pyrotechnicians , steeplejacks , chimney sweeps and anyone who works at great heights Ephrem the Syrian -- spiritual directors and spiritual leaders Eustachius -- hunters , trappers , firefighters", "Edward the Confessor -- kings", "Eligius -- metal - workers , jewelers , mechanics , taxi drivers , farriers , harness makers , numismatists , Royal Electrical Mechanical Engineers soldiers , veterinarians , farmers , farmhands , husbandry", "Elisabeth of Hungary -- bakers , beggars , nursing services", "Elizabeth Seton - sailors", "Erasmus of Formiae or Elmo -- sailors , pyrotechnicians , steeplejacks , chimney sweeps and anyone who works at great heights", "Ephrem the Syrian -- spiritual directors and spiritual leaders", "Eustachius -- hunters , trappers , firefighters", "Ferdinand III -- engineers Fiacre -- taxi - drivers , veterinarians , drivers , gardeners , horticulturists Florian -- firefighters , chimney sweeps Foillan -- dentists , surgeons , truss - makers , children 's nurses Frances of Rome -- automobile drivers Francis de Sales -- writers / authors , journalists Francis of Assisi -- ecologists , merchants , animal welfare , and rights workers Francis Caracciolo -- chefs Francis Xavier - missionary", "Ferdinand III -- engineers", "Fiacre -- taxi - drivers , veterinarians , drivers , gardeners , horticulturists", "Florian -- firefighters , chimney sweeps", "Foillan -- dentists , surgeons , truss - makers , children 's nurses", "Frances of Rome -- automobile drivers", "Francis de Sales -- writers / authors , journalists", "Francis of Assisi -- ecologists , merchants , animal welfare , and rights workers", "Francis Caracciolo -- chefs", "Francis Xavier - missionary", "Archangel Gabriel -- communications workers , postal workers , broadcasters , messengers , radio / television workers , radiologists , diplomats , ambassadors , emergency dispatchers , police dispatchers Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows -- students , seminarians , clerics Gangulphus -- tanners , shoemakers Gemma Galgani -- students , pharmacists Genesius -- actors , comedians , clowns , dancers , theatrical performers of all kinds , also attorneys , barristers , lawyers George -- agricultural workers , archers , armourers , Boy Scouts , butchers , cavalry , soldiers , Crusaders , equestrians , horsemen , husbandry , knights , saddle makers , shepherds , Teutonic Knights ( policemen and firefighters in Brazil ) Germaine Cousin -- shepherdesses Giles -- beggars , spur makers Gregory the Great -- teachers Gottschalk -- linguists , princes , translators Gummarus -- lumberjacks René Goupil -- anaesthesiologists , nurse anesthetists", "Archangel Gabriel -- communications workers , postal workers , broadcasters , messengers , radio / television workers , radiologists , diplomats , ambassadors , emergency dispatchers , police dispatchers", "Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows -- students , seminarians , clerics", "Gangulphus -- tanners , shoemakers", "Gemma Galgani -- students , pharmacists", "Genesius -- actors , comedians , clowns , dancers , theatrical performers of all kinds , also attorneys , barristers , lawyers", "George -- agricultural workers , archers , armourers , Boy Scouts , butchers , cavalry , soldiers , Crusaders , equestrians , horsemen , husbandry , knights , saddle makers , shepherds , Teutonic Knights ( policemen and firefighters in Brazil )", "Germaine Cousin -- shepherdesses", "Giles -- beggars , spur makers", "Gregory the Great -- teachers", "Gottschalk -- linguists , princes , translators", "Gummarus -- lumberjacks", "René Goupil -- anaesthesiologists , nurse anesthetists", "Hervé -- bards , musicians Homobonus -- businessmen , tailors , and clothworkers Honorius of Amiens ( Honoratus ) -- bakers , confectioners , bakers of altar bread , candle - makers , florists , flour merchants , oil refiners , and pastry chefs Hubertus -- hunters , furriers Hunna -- laundresses , laundry workers , washerwomen", "Hervé -- bards , musicians", "Homobonus -- businessmen , tailors , and clothworkers", "Honorius of Amiens ( Honoratus ) -- bakers , confectioners , bakers of altar bread , candle - makers , florists , flour merchants , oil refiners , and pastry chefs", "Hubertus -- hunters , furriers", "Hunna -- laundresses , laundry workers , washerwomen", "Isidore the Farmer -- farmers , farmhands , husbandry , manual laborers Isidore of Seville -- computer scientists , software engineers , computer programmers , computer technicians , computer users , schoolchildren , students Ignatius of Loyola -- Military Ordinariate of the Philippines , Society of Jesus , soldiers , Educators and Education .", "Isidore the Farmer -- farmers , farmhands , husbandry , manual laborers", "Isidore of Seville -- computer scientists , software engineers , computer programmers , computer technicians , computer users , schoolchildren , students", "Ignatius of Loyola -- Military Ordinariate of the Philippines , Society of Jesus , soldiers , Educators and Education .", "Jadwiga of Poland -- queens James , son of Zebedee -- veterinarians , equestrians , furriers , tanners , pharmacists , traveler , pilgrimage James , son of Alphaeus -- pharmacists Jerome -- librarians , translators , spectacle makers Joan of Arc -- Soldiers John the Almoner -- Knights Hospitaller John the Apostle -- tanners John the Baptist -- farriers , bird dealers , Knights Hospitaller John of Damascus -- makers of images of the crucifix John the Evangelist -- editors , authors , art dealers , tanners , and theologians John of God -- hospital workers , nurses , booksellers John Baptist de la Salle -- teachers of youth John Berchmans -- altar servers John Bosco -- apprentices , editors , printers / publishers John Gualbert -- foresters John Vianney -- priests Joseph -- cabinetmakers , carpenters , craftsmen , laborers , traveler , workers , and working people Joseph of Arimathea -- funeral directors , tinsmiths Joseph of Cupertino -- air travelers , aviators , astronauts , test takers , poor students John of Capistrano -- jurists Jude ( also known as Jude Thaddeus ) -- police officers , hospital workers , lost ( or impossible ) causes Julian the Hospitaller -- shepherds , boatmen Justa and Rufina -- potters", "Jadwiga of Poland -- queens", "James , son of Zebedee -- veterinarians , equestrians , furriers , tanners , pharmacists , traveler , pilgrimage", "James , son of Alphaeus -- pharmacists", "Jerome -- librarians , translators , spectacle makers", "Joan of Arc -- Soldiers", "John the Almoner -- Knights Hospitaller", "John the Apostle -- tanners", "John the Baptist -- farriers , bird dealers , Knights Hospitaller", "John of Damascus -- makers of images of the crucifix", "John the Evangelist -- editors , authors , art dealers , tanners , and theologians", "John of God -- hospital workers , nurses , booksellers", "John Baptist de la Salle -- teachers of youth", "John Berchmans -- altar servers", "John Bosco -- apprentices , editors , printers / publishers", "John Gualbert -- foresters", "John Vianney -- priests", "Joseph -- cabinetmakers , carpenters , craftsmen , laborers , traveler , workers , and working people", "Joseph of Arimathea -- funeral directors , tinsmiths", "Joseph of Cupertino -- air travelers , aviators , astronauts , test takers , poor students", "John of Capistrano -- jurists", "Jude ( also known as Jude Thaddeus ) -- police officers , hospital workers , lost ( or impossible ) causes", "Julian the Hospitaller -- shepherds , boatmen", "Justa and Rufina -- potters", "Kateri -- ecologists , environmentalists , thomasites", "Kateri -- ecologists , environmentalists , thomasites", "Lawrence -- librarians , archivists , students , tanners , cooks , comedians . Leodegar -- millers Lidwina -- ice skaters Lucy - authors , cutlers , glaziers , labourers , martyrs , peasants , saddlers , salesmen , stained glass workers . Luke the Evangelist -- doctors , surgeons , artists , painters , notaries", "Lawrence -- librarians , archivists , students , tanners , cooks , comedians .", "Leodegar -- millers", "Lidwina -- ice skaters", "Lucy - authors , cutlers , glaziers , labourers , martyrs , peasants , saddlers , salesmen , stained glass workers .", "Luke the Evangelist -- doctors , surgeons , artists , painters , notaries", "Madeleine Sophie Barat Marcellin Champagnat -- education and teachers Margaret of Antioch -- nurses Martha -- dieticians , cooks Mary Magdalene -- tanners , hairdressers , pharmacists , sex workers . Magnus of Avignon -- fish dealers , fishmongers Albertus Magnus -- chemists , medical technicians Macarius of Unzha , Venerable -- craftsmen , merchants , travelers Malo -- pig - keepers Martin of Tours -- soldiers Matthew -- accountants , tax collectors , bankers , bookkeepers , joiners , custom agents , security guards , perfumers Maturinus -- comic actors , jesters , clowns , sailors ( in Brittany ) , tinmen ( in Paris ) and of plumbers . Maurice and Lydia -- dyers Maurice -- infantrymen Michael the Archangel -- soldiers , paramedics , paratroopers , police officers , security officers", "Madeleine Sophie Barat", "Marcellin Champagnat -- education and teachers", "Margaret of Antioch -- nurses", "Martha -- dieticians , cooks", "Mary Magdalene -- tanners , hairdressers , pharmacists , sex workers .", "Magnus of Avignon -- fish dealers , fishmongers", "Albertus Magnus -- chemists , medical technicians", "Macarius of Unzha , Venerable -- craftsmen , merchants , travelers", "Malo -- pig - keepers", "Martin of Tours -- soldiers", "Matthew -- accountants , tax collectors , bankers , bookkeepers , joiners , custom agents , security guards , perfumers", "Maturinus -- comic actors , jesters , clowns , sailors ( in Brittany ) , tinmen ( in Paris ) and of plumbers .", "Maurice and Lydia -- dyers", "Maurice -- infantrymen", "Michael the Archangel -- soldiers , paramedics , paratroopers , police officers , security officers", "Nicholas of Myra -- sailors , merchants , archers , repentant thieves , the falsely accused , brewers , pawnbrokers and students in various cities and countries around Europe Nicholas of Tolentine -- Mariners Notburga -- farmers , farmhands , husbandry", "Nicholas of Myra -- sailors , merchants , archers , repentant thieves , the falsely accused , brewers , pawnbrokers and students in various cities and countries around Europe", "Nicholas of Tolentine -- Mariners", "Notburga -- farmers , farmhands , husbandry", "Our Lady of Salambao -- fishermen Our Lady of Loreto -- aviators", "Our Lady of Salambao -- fishermen", "Our Lady of Loreto -- aviators", "Pantaleon -- doctors , midwives , physicians Patrick -- engineers Paul the Apostle -- hospital public relations Peter the Apostle -- popes , fishermen , fishmongers , sailors , bakers , harvesters , butchers , glass makers , carpenters , shoemakers , clockmakers , blacksmiths , potters , bridge builders , cloth makers Peter of Alcantara -- guards Peter Damian -- traceurs / freerunners Phocas the Gardener -- farmers , farmhands , husbandry Pope John XXIII -- Papal delegates Pope Celestine V -- bookbinders Piran -- tinners , tin miners Philip -- Special Forces , pastry chefs", "Pantaleon -- doctors , midwives , physicians", "Patrick -- engineers", "Paul the Apostle -- hospital public relations", "Peter the Apostle -- popes , fishermen , fishmongers , sailors , bakers , harvesters , butchers , glass makers , carpenters , shoemakers , clockmakers , blacksmiths , potters , bridge builders , cloth makers", "Peter of Alcantara -- guards", "Peter Damian -- traceurs / freerunners", "Phocas the Gardener -- farmers , farmhands , husbandry", "Pope John XXIII -- Papal delegates", "Pope Celestine V -- bookbinders", "Piran -- tinners , tin miners", "Philip -- Special Forces , pastry chefs", "Quentin -- bombardiers , chaplains , locksmiths , porters , tailors , surgeons", "Quentin -- bombardiers , chaplains , locksmiths , porters , tailors , surgeons", "Raphael the Archangel -- doctors , pharmacists , nurses , shepherds , matchmakers , travelers Raymond Nonnatus -- midwives , obstetricians Raymond of Penyafort -- medical record librarians , Canon lawyers Rebekah -- physicists Regina -- shepherdesses John Regis -- medical social workers Reinold -- Stonemasons Robert Bellarmine -- Catechists Roch -- surgeons , tile - makers , second - hand dealers , gravediggers Rose of Lima -- embroiderers , gardeners", "Raphael the Archangel -- doctors , pharmacists , nurses , shepherds , matchmakers , travelers", "Raymond Nonnatus -- midwives , obstetricians", "Raymond of Penyafort -- medical record librarians , Canon lawyers", "Rebekah -- physicists", "Regina -- shepherdesses", "John Regis -- medical social workers", "Reinold -- Stonemasons", "Robert Bellarmine -- Catechists", "Roch -- surgeons , tile - makers , second - hand dealers , gravediggers", "Rose of Lima -- embroiderers , gardeners", "Sebastian -- soldiers , athletes Severus of Avranches -- silk and wool makers , drapers ; milliners and hatters Simon -- tanners Solange -- shepherdesses Stephen -- bricklayers , casketmakers , deacons , altar servers", "Sebastian -- soldiers , athletes", "Severus of Avranches -- silk and wool makers , drapers ; milliners and hatters", "Simon -- tanners", "Solange -- shepherdesses", "Stephen -- bricklayers , casketmakers , deacons , altar servers", "Tarcisius - altar servers Tatiana of Rome -- students Theobald of Provins -- farmers , winegrowers , shoemakers , beltmakers , charcoal - burners Thérèse of Lisieux -- florists , aviators , missionaries Teresa of Ávila - lace workers , chess Teresa of Calcutta -- missionaries Thomas -- architects , politicians , land surveyors Thomas Aquinas -- students , teachers , academics Thomas Becket -- diocesan priests Thomas More -- politicians , statesmen , lawyers , civil servants , court clerks", "Tarcisius - altar servers", "Tatiana of Rome -- students", "Theobald of Provins -- farmers , winegrowers , shoemakers , beltmakers , charcoal - burners", "Thérèse of Lisieux -- florists , aviators , missionaries", "Teresa of Ávila - lace workers , chess", "Teresa of Calcutta -- missionaries", "Thomas -- architects , politicians , land surveyors", "Thomas Aquinas -- students , teachers , academics", "Thomas Becket -- diocesan priests", "Thomas More -- politicians , statesmen , lawyers , civil servants , court clerks", "Urban of Langres -- vine - growers , vine - dressers , gardeners , vintners , and coopers Ursula -- archers , orphans , students", "Urban of Langres -- vine - growers , vine - dressers , gardeners , vintners , and coopers", "Ursula -- archers , orphans , students", "Valentine -- beekeeping Verena -- lighthouse keepers Veronica -- laundry workers ; photographers Vincent of Saragossa -- winemakers Vincent de Paul -- volunteers Vincent Ferrer -- builders Vitus -- comedians , dancers", "Valentine -- beekeeping", "Verena -- lighthouse keepers", "Veronica -- laundry workers ; photographers", "Vincent of Saragossa -- winemakers", "Vincent de Paul -- volunteers", "Vincent Ferrer -- builders", "Vitus -- comedians , dancers", "Walstan -- farmers , farmhands , husbandry Winnoc -- millers Wolbodo -- students Wolfgang of Regensburg -- woodworkers , woodcarvers", "Walstan -- farmers , farmhands , husbandry", "Winnoc -- millers", "Wolbodo -- students", "Wolfgang of Regensburg -- woodworkers , woodcarvers", "Frances Xavier Cabrini -- hospital administrators . Immigrants", "Frances Xavier Cabrini -- hospital administrators . Immigrants", "Yves -- lawyers", "Yves -- lawyers", "Zeno of Verona -- fishermen Zita -- domestic servants , waiters", "Zeno of Verona -- fishermen", "Zita -- domestic servants , waiters" ]
List of Patron Saints by occupation and activity - wikipedia List of Patron Saints by occupation and activity This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions. (December 2006) This is a list of patron saints of occupations and activities or of groups of people with a common occupation or activity. Contents 0-- 9 J O Q U V X Y Z Adrian of Nicomedia -- arms dealers , butchers, guards , soldiers Agatha -- bakers , bellmaking , nurses Albertus Magnus -- natural scientists Alexander of Comana -- charcoal -burners Alexius -- belt makers and nurses Aloysius Gonzaga -- Catholic students, Jesuit scholastics Amand -- bartenders, brewers, innkeepers, merchants, vine growers , vintners , Ambrose of Milan -- beekeepers , beggars, candle-makers, chandlers , wax-melters and refiners Anastasius the Fuller -- fullers Anastasia of Sirmium -- weavers, healers, martyrs, exorcists Andrew the Apostle -- fishmongers, fishermen Andrew Kim -- clergy of Korea Anne -- miners, mothers, equestrians , cabinet makers , homemakers, teachers, stablemen, French-Canadian voyageurs, and sailors Ansovinus -- gardeners Anthony Mary Claret -- weavers Anthony the Abbot -- basket-makers, gravediggers, butchers, swineherds and motorists Anthony of Padua -- those seeking lost items or people, nomadic travelers, brush makers, women seeking a husband Antipas -- dentists Apollonia -- dentists Arnold of Soissons -- brewers Arnulph -- millers Augustine of Hippo -- printers, brewers and theologians Barbara -- miners, artillerymen, military engineers and firefighters, Italian marines, architects, builders, foundry workers, fireworks makers, service-men of the Russian Strategic Rocket Forces , mathematicians, geoscientist , stonemasons Bartholomew the Apostle -- leatherworkers, plasterers , tanners , trappers , curriers Basil the Great -- hospital administrators Basilides - Italian prison officers Basilissa - nursing mothers Bede -- historians and English writers Benedict of Nursia -- farmers, farmhands, engineers, architects, Italian speleologists , students, husbandry , heraldry and officers of arms Bénézet -- bridge-builders Benno -- fishermen Bernadette of Lourdes -- shepherds Bernardine of Feltre - pawnbrokers , bankers Bernardine of Siena -- advertisers Bernard of Clairvaux -- bee keepers , chandlers, advertisers, wax melters and refiners Bernard of Menthon -- mountaineers, skiers Bernard of Vienne -- farmers, farmhands, husbandry Bernward of Hildesheim -- architects Blaise -- veterinarians, wool combers and weavers, town criers Boethius -- philosophy Bona of Pisa -- flight attendants, travelers, specifically couriers, guides, pilgrims Botulph -- farmers, farmhands, husbandry Brendan the Navigator -- sailors, navigators, mariners, seafarers, those traveling by sea Brigid of Ireland -- dairy workers, scholars, nuns, medicine/healers Cajetan -- unemployed, gamblers, odd lot dealers, and of job seekers Camillus of Lellis -- nurses, hospital workers Cassian of Imola -- shorthand writers, stenographers, school teachers, parish clerks Catherine of Alexandria -- tanners , librarians, students, philosophers, secretaries, scribes, stenographers, preachers, nurses Catherine of Siena -- jurors, Italian nurses Cecilia -- musicians Charles Borromeo -- Catechists, seminarians Christina the Astonishing -- millers, psychiatrists Christopher -- travelers, bookbinders, gardeners, mariners, drivers, surfers, athletes, pilots Clare of Assisi -- theatre performers, embroiderers, gilders , laundry workers, goldsmiths Claude -- sculptors, secretaries Clement -- marble-workers, tanners, mariners, stonecutters Columbanus -- motorcyclists Cosmas -- doctors, pharmacists, surgeons, barbers Crispin -- tanners , shoemakers, cobblers, leatherworkers, curriers , saddle-makers Cuthbert -- shepherds Cuthman -- shepherds Damian -- doctors, pharmacists, surgeons, barbers Dismas -- undertakers Dominic -- astronomers , astronomy , scientists Dominic de la Calzada -- civil engineers Dominic of Silos -- shepherds Dorothea of Caesarea -- florists, horticulture, brewers Drogo of Sebourg -- coffee house keepers, coffee house owners, shepherds Dunstan -- blacksmiths, goldsmiths, musicians, locksmiths Dymphna -- mental health professionals, psychiatrists, therapists Edward the Confessor -- kings Eligius -- metal-workers, jewelers, mechanics, taxi drivers, farriers , harness makers, numismatists , Royal Electrical Mechanical Engineers soldiers, veterinarians, farmers, farmhands, husbandry Elisabeth of Hungary -- bakers, beggars, nursing services Elizabeth Seton - sailors Erasmus of Formiae or Elmo -- sailors, pyrotechnicians , steeplejacks , chimney sweeps and anyone who works at great heights Ephrem the Syrian -- spiritual directors and spiritual leaders Eustachius -- hunters, trappers, firefighters Ferdinand III -- engineers Fiacre -- taxi-drivers, veterinarians, drivers, gardeners, horticulturists Florian -- firefighters, chimney sweeps Foillan -- dentists, surgeons, truss -makers, children's nurses Frances of Rome -- automobile drivers Francis de Sales -- writers/authors, journalists Francis of Assisi -- ecologists, merchants, animal welfare , and rights workers Francis Caracciolo -- chefs Francis Xavier - missionary Archangel Gabriel -- communications workers, postal workers, broadcasters , messengers , radio/television workers, radiologists, diplomats , ambassadors , emergency dispatchers, police dispatchers Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows -- students, seminarians , clerics Gangulphus -- tanners, shoemakers Gemma Galgani -- students, pharmacists Genesius -- actors, comedians, clowns , dancers, theatrical performers of all kinds, also attorneys , barristers , lawyers George -- agricultural workers, archers , armourers , Boy Scouts , butchers, cavalry , soldiers, Crusaders , equestrians , horsemen , husbandry , knights , saddle makers, shepherds, Teutonic Knights (policemen and firefighters in Brazil) Germaine Cousin -- shepherdesses Giles -- beggars , spur makers Gregory the Great -- teachers Gottschalk -- linguists , princes, translators Gummarus -- lumberjacks René Goupil -- anaesthesiologists , nurse anesthetists Hervé -- bards , musicians Homobonus -- businessmen, tailors, and clothworkers Honorius of Amiens (Honoratus) -- bakers, confectioners, bakers of altar bread , candle-makers, florists, flour merchants, oil refiners, and pastry chefs Hubertus -- hunters, furriers Hunna -- laundresses, laundry workers, washerwomen Isidore the Farmer -- farmers, farmhands, husbandry , manual laborers Isidore of Seville -- computer scientists , software engineers, computer programmers , computer technicians , computer users, schoolchildren , students Ignatius of Loyola -- Military Ordinariate of the Philippines, Society of Jesus, soldiers, Educators and Education. J ( edit ) Jadwiga of Poland -- queens James, son of Zebedee -- veterinarians , equestrians , furriers , tanners , pharmacists , traveler , pilgrimage James, son of Alphaeus -- pharmacists Jerome -- librarians, translators, spectacle makers Joan of Arc -- Soldiers John the Almoner -- Knights Hospitaller John the Apostle -- tanners John the Baptist -- farriers , bird dealers, Knights Hospitaller John of Damascus -- makers of images of the crucifix John the Evangelist -- editors, authors, art dealers, tanners, and theologians John of God -- hospital workers, nurses, booksellers John Baptist de la Salle -- teachers of youth John Berchmans -- altar servers John Bosco -- apprentices, editors, printers /publishers John Gualbert -- foresters John Vianney -- priests Joseph -- cabinetmakers, carpenters, craftsmen, laborers, traveler, workers, and working people Joseph of Arimathea -- funeral directors , tinsmiths Joseph of Cupertino -- air travelers , aviators, astronauts, test takers, poor students John of Capistrano -- jurists Jude (also known as Jude Thaddeus) -- police officers , hospital workers, lost (or impossible) causes Julian the Hospitaller -- shepherds, boatmen Justa and Rufina -- potters Kateri -- ecologists, environmentalists, thomasites Lawrence -- librarians, archivists, students, tanners , cooks , comedians. Leodegar -- millers Lidwina -- ice skaters Lucy - authors, cutlers, glaziers, labourers, martyrs, peasants, saddlers, salesmen, stained glass workers. Luke the Evangelist -- doctors , surgeons, artists, painters, notaries Madeleine Sophie Barat Marcellin Champagnat -- education and teachers Margaret of Antioch -- nurses Martha -- dieticians , cooks Mary Magdalene -- tanners , hairdressers, pharmacists , sex workers. Magnus of Avignon -- fish dealers, fishmongers Albertus Magnus -- chemists , medical technicians Macarius of Unzha , Venerable -- craftsmen , merchants , travelers Malo -- pig-keepers Martin of Tours -- soldiers Matthew -- accountants, tax collectors , bankers, bookkeepers , joiners , custom agents , security guards, perfumers Maturinus -- comic actors, jesters, clowns, sailors (in Brittany ), tinmen (in Paris) and of plumbers. Maurice and Lydia -- dyers Maurice -- infantrymen Michael the Archangel -- soldiers, paramedics , paratroopers , police officers, security officers Nicholas of Myra -- sailors, merchants , archers, repentant thieves, the falsely accused, brewers, pawnbrokers and students in various cities and countries around Europe Nicholas of Tolentine -- Mariners Notburga -- farmers, farmhands, husbandry O ( edit ) Our Lady of Salambao -- fishermen Our Lady of Loreto -- aviators Pantaleon -- doctors , midwives, physicians Patrick -- engineers Paul the Apostle -- hospital public relations Peter the Apostle -- popes, fishermen , fishmongers, sailors, bakers, harvesters, butchers, glass makers, carpenters , shoemakers, clockmakers , blacksmiths , potters , bridge builders, cloth makers Peter of Alcantara -- guards Peter Damian -- traceurs / freerunners Phocas the Gardener -- farmers, farmhands, husbandry Pope John XXIII -- Papal delegates Pope Celestine V -- bookbinders Piran -- tinners, tin miners Philip -- Special Forces, pastry chefs Q ( edit ) Quentin -- bombardiers , chaplains, locksmiths , porters , tailors, surgeons Raphael the Archangel -- doctors , pharmacists , nurses, shepherds, matchmakers , travelers Raymond Nonnatus -- midwives , obstetricians Raymond of Penyafort -- medical record librarians, Canon lawyers Rebekah -- physicists Regina -- shepherdesses John Regis -- medical social workers Reinold -- Stonemasons Robert Bellarmine -- Catechists Roch -- surgeons, tile -makers, second-hand dealers, gravediggers Rose of Lima -- embroiderers , gardeners Sebastian -- soldiers, athletes Severus of Avranches -- silk and wool makers, drapers ; milliners and hatters Simon -- tanners Solange -- shepherdesses Stephen -- bricklayers , casketmakers , deacons , altar servers Tarcisius - altar servers Tatiana of Rome -- students Theobald of Provins -- farmers, winegrowers, shoemakers , beltmakers , charcoal -burners Thérèse of Lisieux -- florists, aviators, missionaries Teresa of Ávila - lace workers, chess Teresa of Calcutta -- missionaries Thomas -- architects, politicians, land surveyors Thomas Aquinas -- students, teachers, academics Thomas Becket -- diocesan priests Thomas More -- politicians, statesmen , lawyers, civil servants, court clerks U ( edit ) Urban of Langres -- vine -growers, vine-dressers, gardeners , vintners , and coopers Ursula -- archers, orphans, students V ( edit ) Valentine -- beekeeping Verena -- lighthouse keepers Veronica -- laundry workers; photographers Vincent of Saragossa -- winemakers Vincent de Paul -- volunteers Vincent Ferrer -- builders Vitus -- comedians, dancers Walstan -- farmers, farmhands, husbandry Winnoc -- millers Wolbodo -- students Wolfgang of Regensburg -- woodworkers , woodcarvers X ( edit ) Frances Xavier Cabrini -- hospital administrators. Immigrants Y ( edit ) Yves -- lawyers Z ( edit ) Zeno of Verona -- fishermen Zita -- domestic servants , waiters See also ( edit ) Saints portal Patron saints of ailments, illness, and dangers Patron saints of places Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary Saint symbolism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Saint Adrian of Nicomedia'' . CatholicSaints.Info . SQPN. 1 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Zannoni, Valentina (7 November 2013). `` The Culture of Fashion: Agatha of Sicily'' . Swide . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Wallace, William A. (1970). `` Albertus Magnus, Saint'' (PDF) . In Gillispie, Charles. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 1 . New York: Scribner & American Council of Learned Societies. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9 . ^ Jump up to: Butler, Alban (1987). Walsh, Michael, ed. Butler's Lives of Patron Saints . San Francisco: Harper and Row. ISBN 0-06-069262-6 . OCLC 16998215 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Alexius of Rome'' . CatholicSaints.Info . SQPN. 13 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Richert, Scott P. `` St. Aloysius Gonzaga, the Patron Saint of Youth'' . About.com . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Roman Catholic Patron Saints Saint of the Day AmericanCatholic.org'' . www.americancatholic.org . Retrieved 2015-12-30 . Jump up ^ `` Patron Saints: C - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online'' . www.catholic.org . Retrieved 2015-12-30 . ^ Jump up to: `` Patron Saints'' . www.ourcatholicfaith.org . Retrieved 2015-12-30 . ^ Jump up to: `` Patron Saints: F - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online'' . www.catholic.org . Retrieved 2015-12-30 . ^ Jump up to: `` Saint Charles Borromeo Catholic Church of Picayune, MS - Devotion - Patron Saints - by Patronage'' . www.scborromeo.org . Retrieved 2015-12-30 . ^ Jump up to: `` List of Patron Saints and Patronage'' . www.catholic-saints.info . Retrieved 2015-12-30 . Jump up ^ `` Interfax-Religion'' . ^ Jump up to: `` Patron Saints: M - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online'' . www.catholic.org . Retrieved 2015-12-30 . ^ Jump up to: `` Patron Saints: T - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online'' . www.catholic.org . Retrieved 2015-12-30 . ^ Jump up to: `` Patron Saints: H - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online'' . www.catholic.org . Retrieved 2015-12-30 . ^ Jump up to: `` Patron Saints: W - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online'' . www.catholic.org . Retrieved 2015-12-30 . Jump up ^ `` Patron Saints: H - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online'' . www.catholic.org . Retrieved 2016-01-02 . ^ Jump up to: http://saints.sqpn.com/pst00431.htm ^ Jump up to: `` Patron Saints: N - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online'' . www.catholic.org . Retrieved 2016-01-02 . Jump up ^ `` Patron Saints: G - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online'' . www.catholic.org . Retrieved 2016-01-02 . Jump up ^ `` Patron Saints: U - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online'' . www.catholic.org . Retrieved 2016-01-02 . Jump up ^ `` Patron Saints: C - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online'' . www.catholic.org . Retrieved 2016-01-02 . ^ Jump up to: `` St. Ferdinand III of Castile - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online'' . Catholic Online . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Patron Saints: A - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online'' . www.catholic.org . Retrieved 2016-01-05 . Jump up ^ `` Patron Saints: S - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online'' . www.catholic.org . Retrieved 2016-01-02 . Jump up ^ `` St. Giles, Abbot - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online'' . Catholic Online . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/6986191/ Jump up ^ http://www.aana.com/newsandjournal/Documents/imagining_in_time_0695_p191.pdf Jump up ^ `` Saint Joseph'' . CatholicSaints.Info . SQPN. 3 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Craughwell, Thomas (2005). `` A Patron Saint for Funeral Directors'' . Catholicherald.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Jude Thaddeus'' . CatholicSaints.Info . SQPN. 3 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` St. Leodegarius - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online'' . Catholic Online . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Memorial of St. Lucy, virgin and martyr'' , Catholic Culture Jump up ^ Macarius of Unzha (Introduction by Metropolitan Bishop Nicholas of Nizhny Novgorod and Arzamas ) (in Russian) Jump up ^ `` Saint Mathurin'' . Jump up ^ `` San Maturino'' . Santiebeati.it . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary of Patron Saints' Names'' , Thomas W. Sheehan, p514, Our Sunday Visitor Publishing, 2001, ISBN 0-87973-539-2 Jump up ^ `` Patron Saints: L - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online'' . www.catholic.org . Retrieved 2016-01-02 . Jump up ^ Patron Saints Index: Saint Veronica Archived 13 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` St. Vincent de Paul - www.marypages.com'' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_patron_saints_by_occupation_and_activity&oldid=852748995 '' Categories : Patron saints Hidden categories: Articles with Russian-language external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from December 2006 All articles needing rewrite Use dmy dates from May 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018, at 02:55 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
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what does foo fighters best of you mean
Grohl stated that while many of his songs start with the music and lyrics come last , the words for `` Best of You '' were fast to write . Given the Kerry rallies inspired him to do `` all these songs about breaking away from the things that confine you '' , thus came `` a song of resistance . It 's about the refusal to be taken advantage of by something that 's bigger than you , or someone you 're in love with . It 's the fight in the face of adversity . '' Grohl added that `` Most people think it 's a love song but it 's meant to be more universal , which I think is one of the reasons so many people sing along when we play it . '' The composition had no interest in `` an interesting melody '' , instead featuring `` a rhythm that we 'd never really used on any of the other albums . '' The focus was on a strong performance , where Grohl could `` scream the whole way through '' . During the first rehearsals , Grohl came close to injuring his throat and felt afraid of being unable to perform live , but eventually considered he could pull it off as `` when you go out and sing words from the heart , you scream twice as hard . ''
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[ "`` Best of You '' Single by Foo Fighters from the album In Your Honor Released May 30 , 2005 Format CD digital download Length 4 : 16 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Dave Grohl Taylor Hawkins Nate Mendel Chris Shiflett Producer ( s ) Nick Raskulinecz Foo Fighters Foo Fighters singles chronology `` Have It All '' ( 2003 ) `` Best of You '' ( 2005 ) `` DOA '' ( 2005 ) `` Have It All '' ( 2003 ) `` Best of You '' ( 2005 ) `` DOA '' ( 2005 ) Alternative cover ( CD2 ) Audio sample file help", "`` Best of You ''", "Single by Foo Fighters", "from the album In Your Honor", "Released May 30 , 2005", "Format CD digital download", "CD digital download", "Length 4 : 16", "Label RCA", "Songwriter ( s ) Dave Grohl Taylor Hawkins Nate Mendel Chris Shiflett", "Dave Grohl Taylor Hawkins Nate Mendel Chris Shiflett", "Producer ( s ) Nick Raskulinecz Foo Fighters", "Nick Raskulinecz Foo Fighters", "Foo Fighters singles chronology", "`` Have It All '' ( 2003 ) `` Best of You '' ( 2005 ) `` DOA '' ( 2005 )", "`` Have It All '' ( 2003 ) `` Best of You '' ( 2005 ) `` DOA '' ( 2005 )", "`` Have It All '' ( 2003 ) `` Best of You '' ( 2005 ) `` DOA '' ( 2005 )", "`` Have It All '' ( 2003 ) `` Best of You '' ( 2005 ) `` DOA '' ( 2005 )", "`` Have It All '' ( 2003 ) `` Best of You '' ( 2005 ) `` DOA '' ( 2005 )", "`` Have It All '' ( 2003 ) `` Best of You '' ( 2005 ) `` DOA '' ( 2005 )", "Alternative cover", "( CD2 )", "Audio sample", "file help", "file help", "`` Best of You '' is a song by American alternative rock band Foo Fighters , released as the lead single from the band 's fifth studio album , In Your Honor ( 2005 ) . Dave Grohl notes that the song was written following appearances at 2004 American presidential candidate John Kerry 's campaign trail and is `` about breaking away from the things that confine you '' . To date , it is the band 's only single to reach Platinum status in the US . The song holds the band 's highest chart peaks in the U.S. ( number 18 ) , the UK ( number four ) , and Australia ( number five ) , and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Song . The song won the Kerrang ! Award for Best Single . It also topped Billboard 's Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for four weeks and Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart for seven weeks . Following the band 's performance at Live Earth , the song again entered the UK charts at number 38 .", "`` Best Of You '' was one of the first compositions for In Your Honor , written by Dave Grohl in his garage following his involvement on the campaign trail for John Kerry . Once the Foo Fighters recorded a demo , they shelved it feeling they could do better . It was only brought back for further production by manager John Silva , who felt `` Best of You '' 's absence while listening to what they had recorded that far . Taylor Hawkins declared that it was the only song from the rock disc of that album that remained from the original sessions along with `` No Way Back '' .", "Grohl stated that while many of his songs start with the music and lyrics come last , the words for `` Best of You '' were fast to write . Given the Kerry rallies inspired him to do `` all these songs about breaking away from the things that confine you '' , thus came `` a song of resistance . It 's about the refusal to be taken advantage of by something that 's bigger than you , or someone you 're in love with . It 's the fight in the face of adversity . '' Grohl added that `` Most people think it 's a love song but it 's meant to be more universal , which I think is one of the reasons so many people sing along when we play it . '' The composition had no interest in `` an interesting melody '' , instead featuring `` a rhythm that we 'd never really used on any of the other albums . '' The focus was on a strong performance , where Grohl could `` scream the whole way through '' . During the first rehearsals , Grohl came close to injuring his throat and felt afraid of being unable to perform live , but eventually considered he could pull it off as `` when you go out and sing words from the heart , you scream twice as hard . ''", "The music video was directed by Mark Pellington , best known for his work on the video for `` Jeremy '' by Pearl Jam . He was inspired by the death of his wife a few months prior to the shoot , and was drawn to the song 's notion of dealing with pain in life .", "The video features the band playing on top of the abandoned Linda Vista Community Hospital . Along with the band 's scenes are clips that show pain , depression , or anger :", "Clips with children playing alone or with each other , one scene shows one girl hugging another . A car crash A lion pouncing on its prey , which is a vulture A snake attacking a rodent A zebra kicking another zebra behind itself A snarling wolf Crash test dummies being crushed by a car crash test Men and women showing affection for each other . A nuclear explosion A baby crying A wall covered in writing , including the phrases `` Help me '' and `` They all died in the fire I started . ''", "Clips with children playing alone or with each other , one scene shows one girl hugging another .", "A car crash", "A lion pouncing on its prey , which is a vulture", "A snake attacking a rodent", "A zebra kicking another zebra behind itself", "A snarling wolf", "Crash test dummies being crushed by a car crash test", "Men and women showing affection for each other .", "A nuclear explosion", "A baby crying", "A wall covered in writing , including the phrases `` Help me '' and `` They all died in the fire I started . ''", "This section needs expansion with : Writers and lengths . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2010 )", "This section needs expansion with : Writers and lengths . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2010 )", "CD1 No . Title Length 1 . `` Best of You '' 4 : 16 2 . `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star '' ( The Passions cover ) 4 : 21", "CD1", "No . Title Length", "1 . `` Best of You '' 4 : 16", "2 . `` I 'm in Love with a German Film Star '' ( The Passions cover ) 4 : 21", "CD2 No . Title Length 1 . `` Best of You '' 4 : 16 2 . `` FFL '' 2 : 31 3 . `` Kiss the Bottle '' ( Jawbreaker cover ) 4 : 04 4 . `` What an Honour ( interview video clip ) ''", "CD2", "No . Title Length", "1 . `` Best of You '' 4 : 16", "2 . `` FFL '' 2 : 31", "3 . `` Kiss the Bottle '' ( Jawbreaker cover ) 4 : 04", "4 . `` What an Honour ( interview video clip ) ''", "7 '' vinyl No . Title Length 1 . `` Best of You '' 4 : 16 2 . `` Spill '' 3 : 30", "7 '' vinyl", "No . Title Length", "1 . `` Best of You '' 4 : 16", "2 . `` Spill '' 3 : 30", "Dave Grohl -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar Chris Shiflett -- lead guitar Nate Mendel -- bass guitar Taylor Hawkins -- drums", "Dave Grohl -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar", "Chris Shiflett -- lead guitar", "Nate Mendel -- bass guitar", "Taylor Hawkins -- drums", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 Italy ( FIMI ) 36 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 94 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 38 Norway ( VG - lista ) 23 Poland ( LP3 ) 35 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 41 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Rock and Metal ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 20 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 38 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 74 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 85 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 68 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 62 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 Italy ( FIMI ) 36 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 94 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 38 Norway ( VG - lista ) 23 Poland ( LP3 ) 35 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 41 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Rock and Metal ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 20 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 38 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 74 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 85 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 68 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 62 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 Italy ( FIMI ) 36 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 94 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 38 Norway ( VG - lista ) 23 Poland ( LP3 ) 35 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 41 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Rock and Metal ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 20 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 38", "Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position", "Australia ( ARIA ) 5", "Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders )", "Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 11", "Ireland ( IRMA ) 20", "Italy ( FIMI ) 36", "Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 94", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 38", "Norway ( VG - lista ) 23", "Poland ( LP3 ) 35", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 41", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )", "UK Rock and Metal ( Official Charts Company )", "US Billboard Hot 100 18", "US Alternative Songs ( Billboard )", "US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard )", "US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 20", "US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 38", "Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 74 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 85", "Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position", "Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 74", "Germany ( Official German Charts ) 85", "Chart ( 2005 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 68 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 62", "Chart ( 2005 ) Position", "US Billboard Hot 100 68", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 62", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales", "Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000", "Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000", "Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 10,000", "United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000", "United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000", "shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "Prince covered the song during the halftime show at Super Bowl XLI in Miami , Florida , on February 4 , 2007 . Drummer Taylor Hawkins expressed surprise at the performance , due to Prince 's prior criticism of the band 's desire to release a cover version of his song `` Darling Nikki '' in 2003 . During the Australian X Factor 's fifth season in 2013 , eventual series winner , Dami Im opened the Rock - themed Fifth Live Show with a rousing cover of the song and received an unprecedented fifth consecutive standing ovation . Im 's performance of `` Best of You '' debuted at number 78 on the Australian Singles Chart . Having won the series , Im recorded a version for her self - titled album which debuted at number one in the charts and was certified Platinum eventually . Lena Katina of the Russian pop group t.A.T.u. covered this song in the European Fan Weekend concert in 2013 .", "Prince covered the song during the halftime show at Super Bowl XLI in Miami , Florida , on February 4 , 2007 . Drummer Taylor Hawkins expressed surprise at the performance , due to Prince 's prior criticism of the band 's desire to release a cover version of his song `` Darling Nikki '' in 2003 .", "During the Australian X Factor 's fifth season in 2013 , eventual series winner , Dami Im opened the Rock - themed Fifth Live Show with a rousing cover of the song and received an unprecedented fifth consecutive standing ovation . Im 's performance of `` Best of You '' debuted at number 78 on the Australian Singles Chart . Having won the series , Im recorded a version for her self - titled album which debuted at number one in the charts and was certified Platinum eventually .", "Lena Katina of the Russian pop group t.A.T.u. covered this song in the European Fan Weekend concert in 2013 .", "`` Best of You '' Single by Anastacia from the album It 's a Man 's World Released 2 November 2012 Format Digital download Recorded 2011 -- 12 Genre Rock Length 4 : 20 Label BMG Rough Trade Songwriter ( s ) Dave Grohl Taylor Hawkins Nate Mendel Chris Shiflett Producer ( s ) Glen Ballard Anastacia singles chronology `` Dream On '' ( 2012 ) `` Best of You '' ( 2012 ) `` Stupid Little Things '' ( 2014 ) `` Dream On '' ( 2012 ) `` Best of You '' ( 2012 ) `` Stupid Little Things '' ( 2014 )", "`` Best of You ''", "Single by Anastacia", "from the album It 's a Man 's World", "Released 2 November 2012", "Format Digital download", "Recorded 2011 -- 12", "Genre Rock", "Length 4 : 20", "Label BMG Rough Trade", "BMG Rough Trade", "Songwriter ( s ) Dave Grohl Taylor Hawkins Nate Mendel Chris Shiflett", "Dave Grohl Taylor Hawkins Nate Mendel Chris Shiflett", "Producer ( s ) Glen Ballard", "Anastacia singles chronology", "`` Dream On '' ( 2012 ) `` Best of You '' ( 2012 ) `` Stupid Little Things '' ( 2014 )", "`` Dream On '' ( 2012 ) `` Best of You '' ( 2012 ) `` Stupid Little Things '' ( 2014 )", "`` Dream On '' ( 2012 ) `` Best of You '' ( 2012 ) `` Stupid Little Things '' ( 2014 )", "`` Dream On '' ( 2012 ) `` Best of You '' ( 2012 ) `` Stupid Little Things '' ( 2014 )", "`` Dream On '' ( 2012 ) `` Best of You '' ( 2012 ) `` Stupid Little Things '' ( 2014 )", "`` Dream On '' ( 2012 ) `` Best of You '' ( 2012 ) `` Stupid Little Things '' ( 2014 )", "Anastacia covered the song for her fifth studio album It 's a Man 's World . The song was released as album 's second single , only in Austria , Germany , Switzerland and Italy . The music video was filmed in Barcelona , Spain in October 2012 .", "Region Date Format Austria 2 November 2012 Digital download Germany Switzerland", "Region Date Format", "Austria 2 November 2012 Digital download", "Germany", "Switzerland" ]
Best of You - wikipedia Best of You For the Kenny Thomas song, see The Best of You . `` Best of You'' Single by Foo Fighters from the album In Your Honor Released May 30, 2005 Format CD digital download Length 4 : 16 Label RCA Songwriter(s) Dave Grohl Taylor Hawkins Nate Mendel Chris Shiflett Producer(s) Nick Raskulinecz Foo Fighters Foo Fighters singles chronology `` Have It All '' (2003) `` Best of You '' (2005) `` DOA '' (2005) `` Have It All '' (2003) `` Best of You '' (2005) `` DOA '' (2005) Alternative cover (CD2) Audio sample file help `` Best of You '' is a song by American alternative rock band Foo Fighters , released as the lead single from the band's fifth studio album, In Your Honor (2005). Dave Grohl notes that the song was written following appearances at 2004 American presidential candidate John Kerry 's campaign trail and is `` about breaking away from the things that confine you'' . To date, it is the band's only single to reach Platinum status in the US. The song holds the band's highest chart peaks in the U.S. (number 18), the UK (number four), and Australia (number five), and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Song . The song won the Kerrang! Award for Best Single . It also topped Billboard 's Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for four weeks and Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart for seven weeks. Following the band's performance at Live Earth , the song again entered the UK charts at number 38. Contents 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Track listing 4 Personnel 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year-end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 Covers 7 Anastacia version 7.1 Release history 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) `` Best Of You'' was one of the first compositions for In Your Honor , written by Dave Grohl in his garage following his involvement on the campaign trail for John Kerry . Once the Foo Fighters recorded a demo, they shelved it feeling they could do better. It was only brought back for further production by manager John Silva, who felt `` Best of You'' 's absence while listening to what they had recorded that far. Taylor Hawkins declared that it was the only song from the rock disc of that album that remained from the original sessions along with `` No Way Back '' . Grohl stated that while many of his songs start with the music and lyrics come last, the words for `` Best of You'' were fast to write. Given the Kerry rallies inspired him to do `` all these songs about breaking away from the things that confine you'' , thus came `` a song of resistance. It's about the refusal to be taken advantage of by something that's bigger than you, or someone you're in love with. It's the fight in the face of adversity.'' Grohl added that `` Most people think it's a love song but it's meant to be more universal, which I think is one of the reasons so many people sing along when we play it.'' The composition had no interest in `` an interesting melody'' , instead featuring `` a rhythm that we'd never really used on any of the other albums.'' The focus was on a strong performance, where Grohl could `` scream the whole way through'' . During the first rehearsals, Grohl came close to injuring his throat and felt afraid of being unable to perform live, but eventually considered he could pull it off as `` when you go out and sing words from the heart, you scream twice as hard.'' Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Mark Pellington , best known for his work on the video for `` Jeremy '' by Pearl Jam . He was inspired by the death of his wife a few months prior to the shoot, and was drawn to the song's notion of dealing with pain in life. The video features the band playing on top of the abandoned Linda Vista Community Hospital . Along with the band's scenes are clips that show pain, depression, or anger: Clips with children playing alone or with each other, one scene shows one girl hugging another. A car crash A lion pouncing on its prey, which is a vulture A snake attacking a rodent A zebra kicking another zebra behind itself A snarling wolf Crash test dummies being crushed by a car crash test Men and women showing affection for each other. A nuclear explosion A baby crying A wall covered in writing, including the phrases `` Help me'' and `` They all died in the fire I started.'' Track listing ( edit ) This section needs expansion with: Writers and lengths. You can help by adding to it . (January 2010) CD1 No. Title Length 1. `` Best of You'' 4:16 2. `` I'm in Love with a German Film Star '' ( The Passions cover) 4:21 CD2 No. Title Length 1. `` Best of You'' 4:16 2. `` FFL'' 2:31 3. `` Kiss the Bottle'' ( Jawbreaker cover) 4:04 4. `` What an Honour (interview video clip)'' 7'' vinyl No. Title Length 1. `` Best of You'' 4:16 2. `` Spill'' 3:30 Personnel ( edit ) Dave Grohl -- lead vocals, rhythm guitar Chris Shiflett -- lead guitar Nate Mendel -- bass guitar Taylor Hawkins -- drums Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart (2005) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders) Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 Italy ( FIMI ) 36 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 94 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 38 Norway ( VG-lista ) 23 Poland ( LP3 ) 35 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 41 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) UK Rock and Metal (Official Charts Company) US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 20 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 38 Chart (2012) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 74 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 85 Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (2005) Position US Billboard Hot 100 68 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 62 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units /Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2× Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales+streaming figures based on certification alone Covers ( edit ) Prince covered the song during the halftime show at Super Bowl XLI in Miami , Florida , on February 4, 2007. Drummer Taylor Hawkins expressed surprise at the performance, due to Prince's prior criticism of the band's desire to release a cover version of his song `` Darling Nikki '' in 2003. During the Australian X Factor's fifth season in 2013, eventual series winner, Dami Im opened the Rock-themed Fifth Live Show with a rousing cover of the song and received an unprecedented fifth consecutive standing ovation. Im's performance of `` Best of You'' debuted at number 78 on the Australian Singles Chart. Having won the series, Im recorded a version for her self-titled album which debuted at number one in the charts and was certified Platinum eventually. Lena Katina of the Russian pop group t.A.T.u. covered this song in the European Fan Weekend concert in 2013. Anastacia version ( edit ) `` Best of You'' Single by Anastacia from the album It's a Man's World Released 2 November 2012 Format Digital download Recorded 2011-- 12 Genre Rock Length 4 : 20 Label BMG Rough Trade Songwriter(s) Dave Grohl Taylor Hawkins Nate Mendel Chris Shiflett Producer(s) Glen Ballard Anastacia singles chronology `` Dream On '' (2012) `` Best of You '' (2012) `` Stupid Little Things '' (2014) `` Dream On '' (2012) `` Best of You '' (2012) `` Stupid Little Things '' (2014) Anastacia covered the song for her fifth studio album It's a Man's World . The song was released as album's second single, only in Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Italy. The music video was filmed in Barcelona , Spain in October 2012. Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Austria 2 November 2012 Digital download Germany Switzerland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kerrang! Legends: Foo Fighters pg. 114 Jump up ^ RIAA Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - Foo Fighters singles . RIAA.com. Jump up ^ Foo Fighters On How They Wrote ' Best Of You' Jump up ^ Seven Questions with Taylor Hawkins ^ Jump up to: How To Write A Rock Anthem ^ Jump up to: Tireless Dave Grohl Screams Twice As Hard On Double LP Jump up ^ James Montgomery (2005). `` Foo Fighters Get Serious With Director Of Pearl Jam's ' Jeremy' '' MTV News (May 12, 2005) Jump up ^ Foo Fighters - Best Of You (CD) at Discogs Jump up ^ Foo Fighters - Best Of You (CD) at Discogs Jump up ^ Foo Fighters - Best Of You (Vinyl) at Discogs Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Foo Fighters -- Best of You'' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved December 10, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Foo Fighters -- Best of You'' (in Dutch). Ultratip . Retrieved December 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Foo Fighters -- Best of You'' (in French). Ultratip . Retrieved December 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Best of You'' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Foo Fighters -- Best of You'' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved December 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Foo Fighters -- Best of You'' (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . Retrieved December 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Foo Fighters -- Best of You'' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved December 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Foo Fighters -- Best of You'' . VG-lista . Retrieved December 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` BEST OF YOU'' . Polskie Radio . Retrieved November 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Foo Fighters -- Best of You'' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved December 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters: Artist Chart History'' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Rock & Metal Singles Chart Top 40'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 16, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters Chart History (Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Retrieved December 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters Chart History (Alternative Songs)'' . Billboard . Retrieved December 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters Chart History (Mainstream Rock)'' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters Chart History (Pop Songs)'' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)'' . Billboard . Retrieved December 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Foo Fighters -- Best of You'' (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 1, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Foo Fighters Single-Chartverfolgung'' (in German). Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved February 1, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2005 Year End Charts -- Hot 100 Songs'' . Billboard . November 26, 2005. Archived from the original on May 9, 2012 . Retrieved October 9, 2010 . Jump up ^ End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2005 officialcharts.com. Retrieved January 14, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles'' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Foo Fighters -- Best of You'' . Music Canada . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Foo Fighters -- Best of You'' (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Foo Fighters -- Best of You'' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Select singles in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Enter Best of You in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Foo Fighters -- Best of You'' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . If necessary, click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters ' Have No Idea' Why Prince Covered Their Song At Super Bowl'' . MTV . 2007-02-08 . Retrieved 2009-12-04 . Jump up ^ B, Alicia (22 September 2013). `` The Top 8 Rock X Factor!'' . Throng . Throng Media . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan, Gavin (28 September 2013). `` ARIA Singles: Katy Perry Roar Spends 5th Week at No. 1'' . Noise11 . Noise Network . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2013 Albums'' . Archived from the original on 2014-02-05. External links ( edit ) `` Best of You'' Official music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Foo Fighters Dave Grohl Nate Mendel Pat Smear Taylor Hawkins Chris Shiflett Rami Jaffee William Goldsmith Franz Stahl Studio albums Foo Fighters The Colour and the Shape There Is Nothing Left to Lose One by One In Your Honor Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace Wasting Light Sonic Highways Concrete and Gold EPs Five Songs and a Cover Songs from the Laundry Room Saint Cecilia Live albums Skin and Bones Compilations Greatest Hits Medium Rare Media Everywhere but Home Skin and Bones Live at Wembley Stadium Foo Fighters: Back and Forth Foo Fighters: Sonic Highways Singles `` This Is a Call '' `` I'll Stick Around '' `` For All the Cows '' `` Big Me '' `` Exhausted '' `` Alone + Easy Target '' `` Monkey Wrench '' `` Everlong '' `` My Hero '' `` Walking After You '' `` Learn to Fly '' `` Stacked Actors '' `` Generator '' `` Breakout '' `` Next Year '' `` The One '' `` All My Life '' `` Times Like These '' `` Low '' `` Have It All '' `` Best of You '' `` DOA '' `` Resolve '' `` No Way Back'' /`` Cold Day in the Sun '' `` Miracle '' `` The Pretender '' `` Long Road to Ruin '' `` Cheer Up, Boys (Your Make Up Is Running) '' `` Let It Die '' `` Wheels '' `` Rope '' `` White Limo '' `` Walk '' `` Arlandria '' `` These Days '' `` Bridge Burning '' `` Something from Nothing '' `` The Feast and the Famine '' `` Congregation '' `` What Did I Do? / God as My Witness '' `` Outside '' `` Saint Cecilia '' `` Run '' `` The Sky Is a Neighborhood '' `` The Line '' Other songs `` Friend of a Friend '' `` Marigold '' Concert tours Foo Fighters live performances Sonic Highways World Tour Concrete and Gold Tour Associated acts Nirvana Late! Tenacious D Sunny Day Real Estate The Germs Scream Probot Killing Joke Queens of the Stone Age Nine Inch Nails Taylor Hawkins and the Coattail Riders The Fire Theft Jackson United Me First and the Gimme Gimmes No Use for a Name Them Crooked Vultures The Birds of Satan The Wallflowers Related Discography Songs Awards and nominations Members 24 Hours of Foo Book Kerrang! Award for Best Single `` Tequilla'' by Terrorvision (1999) `` Wait and Bleed '' by Slipknot (2000) `` Bodies '' by Drowning Pool (2001) `` Blurry '' by Puddle of Mudd (2002) `` Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous '' by Good Charlotte (2003) `` Last Train Home '' by Lostprophets (2004) `` Best of You '' by Foo Fighters (2005) `` Tears Don't Fall '' by Bullet for My Valentine (2006) `` The Kill '' by Thirty Seconds to Mars (2007) `` From Yesterday '' by Thirty Seconds to Mars (2008) `` Omen '' by The Prodigy (2009) `` Liquid Confidence '' by You Me at Six (2010) `` Hurricane '' by Thirty Seconds to Mars (2011) `` Rebel Love Song '' by Black Veil Brides (2012) `` The Phoenix '' by Fall Out Boy (2013) `` Fresh Start Fever '' by You Me at Six (2014) `` Anaesthetist '' by Enter Shikari (2015) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best_of_You&oldid=852964662 '' Categories : 2005 singles Foo Fighters songs Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one singles Billboard Alternative Songs number-one singles Songs written by Dave Grohl Music videos directed by Mark Pellington Songs written by Taylor Hawkins Songs written by Nate Mendel Songs written by Chris Shiflett Song recordings produced by Nick Raskulinecz Hidden categories: CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Wikipedia pages move-protected due to vandalism Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles to be expanded from January 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UKrock Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Slovenčina Suomi Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018, at 14:46 (UTC) . 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when did one direction audition for x factor
In 2010 , Niall Horan , Zayn Malik , Liam Payne , Harry Styles , and Louis Tomlinson auditioned as solo candidates for the seventh series of the British televised singing competition The X Factor . They failed to progress to the `` Boys '' category at `` judges ' houses '' but were put together to form a five - piece boy band at Wembley Arena , in London , England , in July 2010 , during the `` bootcamp '' stage of the competition , thus qualifying for the `` Groups '' category . Nicole Scherzinger , a guest judge , and Simon Cowell have both claimed to have come up with the idea of forming the band . In 2013 , Cowell said that it `` took him 10 minutes to put them together as a group '' . Subsequently , the group got together for two weeks to get to know each other and to practice . Styles came up with the name One Direction . For their qualifying song at `` judges ' houses '' , and their first song as a group , One Direction sang an acoustic version of `` Torn '' . Cowell later commented that their performance convinced him that they `` were confident , fun , like a gang of friends , and kind of fearless as well . '' Within the first four weeks of the live shows , they were his last act in the competition . The group quickly gained popularity in the UK .
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[ "One Direction One Direction performing in Glasgow on their On the Road Again Tour , October 2015 . From left to right : Louis Tomlinson , Niall Horan , Liam Payne and Harry Styles Background information Origin London , England Genres Pop Years active 2010 -- 2016 ( on hiatus ) Labels Syco Columbia Associated acts The X Factor finalists 2010 Website onedirectionmusic.com Members Niall Horan Liam Payne Harry Styles Louis Tomlinson Past members Zayn Malik", "One Direction", "One Direction performing in Glasgow on their On the Road Again Tour , October 2015 . From left to right : Louis Tomlinson , Niall Horan , Liam Payne and Harry Styles", "Background information", "Origin London , England", "Genres Pop", "Years active 2010 -- 2016 ( on hiatus )", "Labels Syco Columbia", "Syco Columbia", "Associated acts The X Factor finalists 2010", "Website onedirectionmusic.com", "Members Niall Horan Liam Payne Harry Styles Louis Tomlinson", "Niall Horan Liam Payne Harry Styles Louis Tomlinson", "Past members Zayn Malik", "Zayn Malik", "One Direction ( commonly abbreviated as 1D ) are an English - Irish pop boy band based in London , composed of Niall Horan , Liam Payne , Harry Styles , Louis Tomlinson , and previously , Zayn Malik until his departure from the band on 25 March 2015 . The group signed with Simon Cowell 's record label Syco Records after forming and finishing third in the seventh series of the British televised singing competition The X Factor in 2010 . Propelled to international success by social media , One Direction 's five albums , Up All Night ( 2011 ) , Take Me Home ( 2012 ) , Midnight Memories ( 2013 ) , Four ( 2014 ) , and Made in the A.M. ( 2015 ) , topped charts in most major markets , and generated hit singles including `` What Makes You Beautiful '' , `` Live While We 're Young '' , `` Best Song Ever '' , `` Story of My Life '' , and `` Drag Me Down '' .", "Their awards include six Brit Awards , four MTV Video Music Awards , eleven MTV Europe Music Awards , seven American Music Awards ( including Artist of the Year in 2014 and 2015 ) , and 28 Teen Choice Awards , among many others . According to Nick Gatfield , the chairman and chief executive of Sony Music Entertainment UK , One Direction represented a $50 million business empire by June 2012 . They were proclaimed 2012 's `` Top New Artist '' by Billboard . According to the Sunday Times Rich List , by April 2013 , they had an estimated personal combined wealth of £ 25 million ( $41.2 m ) making them the second - wealthiest musicians in the UK under 30 years of age . In 2014 , Forbes listed them the second - highest earning celebrities under 30 , with the group earning an estimated $75 million from June 2013 to June 2014 . In June 2015 , Forbes listed their earnings at $130 million for the previous twelve months , and ranked them the fourth highest earning celebrities in the world . In 2016 Forbes ranked them the world 's second highest earning celebrities .", "After the release of Four , One Direction became the first band in the US Billboard 200 history to have their first four albums debut at number one . Their third album , Midnight Memories , was the best - selling album worldwide of 2013 . The band 's Where We Are Tour in support of Midnight Memories and Four , was the highest - grossing concert tour in 2014 , and the highest - grossing tour ever by a vocal group , generating $282 million . In 2014 , Billboard named One Direction Artist of the Year . The band is currently on a hiatus that began in January 2016 , allowing all members to pursue other projects .", "In 2010 , Niall Horan , Zayn Malik , Liam Payne , Harry Styles , and Louis Tomlinson auditioned as solo candidates for the seventh series of the British televised singing competition The X Factor . They failed to progress to the `` Boys '' category at `` judges ' houses '' but were put together to form a five - piece boy band at Wembley Arena , in London , England , in July 2010 , during the `` bootcamp '' stage of the competition , thus qualifying for the `` Groups '' category . Nicole Scherzinger , a guest judge , and Simon Cowell have both claimed to have come up with the idea of forming the band . In 2013 , Cowell said that it `` took him 10 minutes to put them together as a group '' . Subsequently , the group got together for two weeks to get to know each other and to practice . Styles came up with the name One Direction . For their qualifying song at `` judges ' houses '' , and their first song as a group , One Direction sang an acoustic version of `` Torn '' . Cowell later commented that their performance convinced him that they `` were confident , fun , like a gang of friends , and kind of fearless as well . '' Within the first four weeks of the live shows , they were his last act in the competition . The group quickly gained popularity in the UK .", "One Direction achieved third place in the competition and immediately after the final , their song `` Forever Young '' , which would have been released if they had won The X Factor , was leaked onto the internet . Shortly afterwards it was confirmed that One Direction had been signed by Cowell to a reported £ 2 million Syco Records record contract . Recording for their debut album began in January 2011 , as they flew to Los Angeles to work with RedOne , a record producer . A book licensed by One Direction , One Direction : Forever Young ( Our Official X Factor Story ) , was published by HarperCollins in February 2011 , subsequently topping The Sunday Times Best Seller list . The same month , the boy band and other contestants from the series participated in the X Factor Live Tour . During the tour , the group performed for 500,000 people throughout the UK . After the tour concluded in April 2011 , the group continued working on their debut album . Recording took place in Stockholm , London and Los Angeles , as One Direction worked with producers Carl Falk , Savan Kotecha , Steve Mac , and Rami Yacoub , among others .", "Released in September 2011 , One Direction 's debut single , `` What Makes You Beautiful '' , reached number one on the UK Singles Chart , after becoming the most pre-ordered Sony Music Entertainment single in history . Subsequent singles , `` Gotta Be You '' and `` One Thing '' , peaked in the UK Singles Chart top ten . In November 2011 , they signed a record deal with Columbia Records in North America . Steve Barnett , the co-chairman of Columbia Records , said it was not a difficult decision to sign One Direction ; `` I just thought there was a void , and maybe they could seize and hold it . '' `` What Makes You Beautiful '' was released in the United States in February 2012 , where it debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 28 , becoming the highest debut for a British act since 1998 . It has sold over 4 million copies in the US Upon arrival in the US in February 2012 , One Direction embarked on a radio promotion spree , as well as their first North American concert tour as an opening act for Big Time Rush . They made their first US television appearance on The Today Show , at the Rockefeller Center ; an estimated 15,000 fans descended on the plaza . Critically commended for its appeal to the teenage audience , One Direction 's first studio album , Up All Night , was released globally in early 2012 . It became the UK 's fastest - selling debut album of 2011 , and topped the charts in sixteen countries . The album bowed atop the Billboard 200 chart , making One Direction the first British group in US chart history to enter at number one with their debut album . They were inducted into the Guinness World Records as a result . Up All Night also became the first album by a boy band to sell 500,000 digital copies in the US and , by August 2012 , had sold over 3 million copies worldwide .", "In April 2012 , an American band that went by the same name filed a trademark infringement lawsuit . According to the lawsuit , the US band had been using the name since 2009 , recorded two albums and filed an application to register the trademark name in the US in February 2011 . The US band said they were entitled to three times the profits made by the UK band , as well as compensatory damages in excess of US $1 million . The lawsuit claimed that Syco and Sony Music `` chose to ignore the plaintiff 's rights and wilfully infringed them '' after they realised in early 2011 that the two bands shared the same name . Syco Records subsequently counter-sued , suggesting the US group was trying to make money from One Direction 's success and that the boy band was the first to use the name in US interstate commerce . The BBC reported in September 2012 that the UK group won the legal dispute over the right to keep using their band name ; the US band changed its name to Uncharted Shores . The change of name was announced in a joint statement that also noted both groups were happy with the outcome .", "In December 2011 , One Direction embarked on their first headlining UK concert tour , the Up All Night Tour . In early 2012 , they announced Australasian and North American legs of the concert tour , with dates from April to July 2012 . The tour , comprising 62 shows , was met with positivity both critically and commercially . A recording of a concert from the tour , Up All Night : The Live Tour , was released in May 2012 . In addition to the DVD topping the charts in twenty - five countries , its global sales had exceeded 1 million copies by August 2012 . One Direction 's first book to be licensed in America , Dare to Dream : Life as One Direction , published in the United States in May 2012 , topped The New York Times Best Seller list . In June 2012 , Nick Gatfield , the chairman and chief executive officer of Sony Music Entertainment UK , stated how he expects One Direction to represent a $100 million business empire over 2013 . Gatfield was quoted as saying , `` What you might not know about One Direction is that they already represent a $50 million business and that 's a figure we expect to double next year '' . In August 2012 , the group 's record sales exceeded 8 million singles , 3 million albums , and 1 million DVDs , and they performed `` What Makes You Beautiful '' at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London , which represented the handover to Rio de Janeiro as the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics . One Direction were the biggest winners of the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards winning their three nominations on 6 September 2012 , including Best New Artist .", "One Direction 's second studio album , Take Me Home , was released in November 2012 . Take Me Home was written in groups and has an average of just under five songwriters per track . Savan Kotecha , Rami Yacoub , and Carl Falk , who composed One Direction 's hits `` What Makes You Beautiful '' and `` One Thing '' , spent six months in Stockholm developing songs for the album , and were able to shape melodies around their tones . One Direction began recording the album in May 2012 , in Stockholm at Kinglet Studios . The album cover artwork features the group surrounding a traditional British K2 red telephone box , a familiar sight on the streets of the UK . Take Me Home garnered mixed reviews from music critics . There was praise for its quality of production , while it was criticised for its generic , rushed nature . The album 's lead single , `` Live While We 're Young '' , released in September 2012 , reached the top ten in almost every country it charted in and recorded the highest one - week opening sales figure for a song by a non-US artist in the US The album and its second single , `` Little Things '' , both debuted at number one in the UK simultaneously ; something that One Direction became the youngest act in British chart history to achieve . Take Me Home sold 540,000 copies in its first week in the US , debuted atop the Billboard 200 , and topped the charts in more than thirty - four other countries . Additionally , Up All Night and Take Me Home were the number three and number four best - selling albums of 2012 globally , each album selling over 5 million units worldwide .", "One Direction performed `` Little Things '' at the 2012 Royal Variety Performance in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II , and headlined a sold - out show at New York City 's Madison Square Garden on 3 December 2012 . In February 2013 , One Direction released a cover version of `` One Way or Another '' and `` Teenage Kicks '' , `` One Way or Another ( Teenage Kicks ) '' , as the 2013 Comic Relief single . As part of their involvement with the UK charity , One Direction travelled to Ghana to volunteer at a children 's hospital , visit a school and make donations .", "The Official Charts Company revealed that One Direction had sold 2,425,000 records in the UK by February 2013 . One Direction embarked on their second concert tour in February 2013 , the Take Me Home Tour . The concert tour consists of over 100 shows in Europe , North America and Australasia . Ticket sales reached 300,000 within a day of release in the UK and Ireland , which included a six - date sell - out at London 's The O2 Arena . In the Australian and New Zealand markets , tickets grossed US $15.7 million , with all 190,000 tickets being sold for the eighteen shows to be held . The tour received critical acclaim from music critics who praised the band 's live vocals and their performance abilities and was a commercial success , selling 1,635,000 tickets from 134 shows .", "One Direction : This Is Us , a 3D documentary and concert film about the group directed by Morgan Spurlock and produced by Spurlock , Ben Winston , Adam Milano and Simon Cowell , was released by TriStar Pictures on 30 August 2013 . The film features the song `` Best Song Ever '' , released on 22 July 2013 . `` Best Song Ever '' was the lead single of the group 's third studio album Midnight Memories . The film was a box office success , topping the UK and US box offices and grossing over $60 million worldwide , and became the fourth highest - grossing concert movie . `` Best Song Ever '' broke the 24 - Hour Vevo Record with 10.9 million views on YouTube ( this was the second time the band held the record with `` Live While We 're Young '' attaining 8.2 million views on 20 September 2012 ) . On 16 May 2013 , the band announced their first stadium tour , the Where We Are Tour , which began in April 2014 . On 30 May 2013 , the band announced a partnership with Office Depot on a limited - edition capsule collection of back to school supplies . They also confirmed that a portion of the proceeds from the alliance would go toward an anti-bullying educational program intended to promote kinder behaviour in schools .", "On 23 November 2013 , in support of Midnight Memories , the band participated in `` 1D Day '' , a day dedicated to One Direction fans . The day constituted of a landmark 7.5 - hour socially interactive YouTube live - stream featuring live band performances , celebrity guests including , Simon Cowell , Cindy Crawford , Piers Morgan , Jerry Springer and many more . The event was unique not only because of its long runtime but the unprecedented use of social media whereby fans got to participate in the show interact directly with the band via Google+ Hangout .", "Midnight Memories was released globally on 25 November 2013 . It debuted at number one in the UK and in the US , making them the first group to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 with its first three albums , and the second to reach the top after The Monkees in 1967 . The album was described by the band as edgier and as having a `` slightly rockier tone '' than their previous efforts . `` Story of My Life '' was revealed as the second single of the album with each member posting a photo from their childhood . To promote the album , the band performed on both the American and British versions of The X Factor .", "In December 2013 , One Direction broke yet another UK sales record with the DVD and Blu - ray release of their 3 - D concert film This is Us . Nearly 270,000 copies of the film were sold in the UK within three days of its release , beating the record previously set by Michael Jackson 's This Is It in 2010 by 10,000 copies . The group was named among the Top Global artists of 2013 by the IFPI because of strong digital downloads , physical albums , on - demand streams , and music videos .", "On 21 July 2014 , One Direction announced One Direction : Where We Are - The Concert Film , a film which documents the concerts of 28 and 29 June 2014 that took place in San Siro Stadium during their Where We Are Tour . After the announcement , the band announced the film would also have a limited 10 -- 11 October 2014 international cinema release before its home media release in November 2014 . The group also released an autobiography book titled Who We Are on 25 September 2014 .", "On 8 September 2014 , One Direction announced their fourth studio album to be titled Four , set to be released on 17 November 2014 . As part of the announcement , one of the songs from the album , `` Fireproof '' was released for free download for 24 hours on their official website . `` Steal My Girl '' , the album 's lead single , was released on 29 September 2014 , and the music video was released on 24 October 2014 . The second single from the album , `` Night Changes '' , was released on 14 November , three days before the album 's release . Four was released on 17 November 2014 , topping the Billboard 200 and the UK Album Chart .", "On 22 November 2014 , Paul Higgins , the group 's tour manager who has been with them since its formation , parted ways with the band . The band confirmed at the BBC Music Awards that following the success of Four , they had hopes to continue to go `` somewhere else '' on their fifth album . In support of Midnight Memories and Four , the band 's Where We Are Tour was the highest - grossing concert tour in 2014 , and the highest - grossing tour ever by a vocal group , generating $282 million .", "On 25 March 2015 , the band released a statement announcing Malik 's departure . They admitted that they were angry at first because of Zayn Malik 's decision . The group made their first official public appearance as a four - piece on The Late Late Show with James Corden on 14 May , where they confirmed that they would continue working without a new fifth member . Since leaving the band , Malik has gone on to have solo success with his number one debut single `` Pillowtalk '' and album Mind of Mine .", "On 31 July 2015 , the group released `` Drag Me Down '' without promotional material or announcement . The single is the first single from their fifth studio album , Made in the A.M. , and the first material released by the group after Malik 's departure . Following the release , it was revealed that the group would going on hiatus in 2016 to take a break . On 22 September , the title for the fifth studio album , Made in the A.M. , was officially announced along with promotional single `` Infinity '' being released . The group began to reveal the track listing on their Snapchat stories to which it was later confirmed on iTunes . The album was released on 13 November 2015 . At the 2015 American Music Awards on 22 November , One Direction won the award for Artist of the Year for the second year in succession . Louis Tomlinson later confirmed that the break would be around 18 months . On 13 December , One Direction performed on The X Factor final . Their last televised performance as a group , before their hiatus , was on Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve on 31 December 2015 .", "On 13 January 2016 , Us Weekly published a report claiming that the group 's hiatus would become a permanent split , with a `` source '' citing that each of the four remaining group members did not renew their contracts following the completion of the on the Road Again Tour in October 2015 . Representatives for the group denied said - report in a statement to Billboard , stating , `` nothing has changed regarding hiatus plans for the group , and all will be revealed in due time from the band members ' own mouths . '' By May 2017 , all members of the group had released solo singles .", "At the 2017 Brit Awards , One Direction won the Video of the Year award for their song `` History '' . Payne accepted the award on the behalf of the band .", "`` What Makes You Beautiful '' One Direction 's debut single , `` What Makes You Beautiful '' , features a prominent guitar - based chorus and riff . It also contains cowbell instrumentation , and the middle eight consists of an `` oh na na na '' hook . It is among the best - selling singles of all time , selling over 5 million copies . Problems playing this file ? See media help .", "`` What Makes You Beautiful '' One Direction 's debut single , `` What Makes You Beautiful '' , features a prominent guitar - based chorus and riff . It also contains cowbell instrumentation , and the middle eight consists of an `` oh na na na '' hook . It is among the best - selling singles of all time , selling over 5 million copies .", "Problems playing this file ? See media help .", "One Direction 's debut studio album , Up All Night ( 2011 ) , is predominantly a pop music record , containing elements of teen pop , dance - pop , pop rock , with electropop and rock influences . Digital Spy 's Robert Copsey described the album as a `` collection of PG pop rock with killer choruses '' , while The New York Times considered it `` full of easy rock - inflected pop , blithe and sometimes clever . '' Jason Lipshutz of Billboard acknowledged that the album demonstrates an originality in sound that was `` necessary for the revitalization of the boy band movement '' . The songs `` One Thing '' and `` What Makes You Beautiful '' were particularly noted for the genres of power pop and pop rock , for their `` powerhouse '' guitar riffs and `` forceful '' choruses .", "Their second studio album , Take Me Home ( 2012 ) , is characterised by rock - inherited pop , prominent electric guitar riffs , bright synthesisers , a homogeneous sound and message , and the pitch - correcting software Auto - Tune . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian interpreted its signature sound as a `` peppy , synth - bolstered take on early - 80s new - wave pop , heavy on clipped rhythms and chugging guitars , '' which , he said , is at least an improvement on the substitute contemporary R&B `` that was once the grim lot of the boyband . '' Jon Caramanica , writing in The New York Times , considered the album `` far more mechanical '' than their debut album , although noted that it is sonically and lyrically similar . The album 's lyricism speaks of falling in love , unrequited love , the insistence that flaws are what make a person unique , commitment , jealousy and longing for past significant others .", "Erica Futterman for Rolling Stone favoured their live acoustic performances as both showing , `` Horan 's ability to play guitar , as well as One Direction 's admirable live vocals . There was no need to worry about a backing track or a bum note , a pleasant realization at a pop show . '' Herald Sun 's Cameron Adams opined that One Direction have `` strong pop voices '' . Melody Lau of the National Post wrote , `` It 's easy to get lost in inherent appeal of their perfectly coiffed dos and almost - too - put - together preppy style but somewhere in the midst of all the love - struck squeals of teenage girls are guys who can actually sing and , to a certain extent , entertain . '' Jane Stevenson of the portal site Canoe concurred : `` What I did n't really prepare myself for was that they all can actually sing in concert . '' Chris Richards , writing in The Washington Post , dissented from the approval : `` As the five traded couplets , it was tough to imagine a future Justin Timberlake , Ricky Martin or Bobby Brown emerging from the pack . No one voice stood out . '' Mike Wass of Idolator felt One Direction 's `` surprisingly accomplished effort '' of Kings of Leon 's `` Use Somebody '' proved that One Direction are `` more than capable '' of evolving their sound .", "Their third album Midnight Memories ( 2013 ) is a pop rock record , a slight departure from the band 's original teen pop sound . Liam Payne called Midnight Memories a `` slightly rockier and edgier '' album than their previous material . The album is heavily influenced by 80 's rock and folk music and briefly integrates elements of dubstep , notably in `` Little White Lies '' . The album 's lyrical themes primarily revolve around love , heartbreak and sexual intercourse . Many critics praised its lyrical depth and musical composition , as well as the group 's level of involvement in the production process .", "Their fourth album Four ( 2014 ) was released on 17 November 2014 . Payne once again claimed that the album would be `` edgier '' and that the group had written most of the songs for it ; Horan came up with the name of the album , commemorating the fact that it is One Direction 's fourth record to date and that it has been four years since the band 's formation . Signifying a further maturation of their pop sound , the album 's first single , Steal My Girl , was dubbed by Billboard as `` no What Makes You Beautiful , but its Coldplay - like piano pop could be a good direction '' , and that the band was `` not entirely ready to let go of its bubble - gum days '' . Rolling Stone described the record as `` saturated with retro vibes '' ; its songs `` split the difference between big , splashy Eighties pop rock and more elegant Seventies flavours -- a very pesky whipper - snapper move that 's not so far from what Haim 's hit Days Are Gone did last year . ''", "In 2011 , the band performed on the BBC 's Children in Need 2011 charity telethon , helping raise over 26 million pounds . In 2012 they extended their involvement with Children in Need as they opened the telecast with a performance of their single `` Live While We 're Young '' . A prominent annual event in British culture , the group said it was `` incredible '' to be involved in Children in Need as it was something that they had `` always watched as children '' .", "In February 2013 , One Direction released `` One Way or Another ( Teenage Kicks ) '' ( a medley of `` One Way or Another '' and `` Teenage Kicks '' ) as the 2013 single for the UK 's other major charity telethon Comic Relief . For ITV 's Santa charity Christmas campaign , they filmed a set of pleas to their fans and the general public , asking them to donate £ 2 . The band have made numerous other appearances for charitable causes , including the 2011 Pride of Britain Awards where they presented 13 - year - old quadruple amputee Danielle Bailey the Child of Courage award at her school assembly , and the 2014 Royal Variety Performance where they played in front of Prince William and Catherine at the London Palladium .", "In September 2012 , Niall Horan organised an event to raise money for Irish Autism Action and another charity , called Temporary Emergency Accommodation Mullingar , based in his hometown . Due to overwhelming demand to participate in the fundraising , the ticket website for the event broke down . Horan 's brother Greg commented on the website crash , saying that `` there were 500 tickets and they were all snapped up pretty quick '' .", "In 2013 , band members Liam Payne and Harry Styles partnered with Trekstock , a leading cancer charity to help raise money for cancer research . As ambassadors of the charity , the duo collaborated to offer the chance for one fan and a friend to win an evening out with them in return for a donation to the charity as part of an exclusive `` # HangwithLiam&Harry '' global campaign . They had originally set a goal of raising $500,000 and ended up raising $784,984 . Trekstock later added that this amount would allow them to `` complete funding of their Hodgkin 's lymphoma trial , in the hope of offering a much brighter future to thousands of children and young people affected by this form of disease . '' One Direction were named the most charitable in 2013 behind Taylor Swift by social change organisation DoSomething.org .", "In 2014 , One Direction donated £ 600,000 for the Stand up to Cancer campaign by giving portions of their ticket sales revenues from their Where We Are Tour . On 15 November 2014 , One Direction joined the charity group Band Aid 30 along with other British and Irish pop acts , recording the latest version of the track `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' at Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill , London , to raise money for the 2014 Ebola crisis in Western Africa .", "Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph , in an article on One Direction 's success in North America , notes that Americans had left a gap in the market and it took the prominence of Justin Bieber to demonstrate that there still was a market for `` clean cut , wholesome , whiter - than - white , middle class parent friendly pop : cute boys advocating puppy love . And what could be better than one cute boy , if not five ? '' One Direction have been described as sparking a resurgence in the interest in boy bands , and as forming part of a new `` British Invasion '' in the United States . Bill Werde , a representative of Billboard magazine , commented , `` There 's a lot of possibility here , there 's a lot of upside , that level of talent with those kinds of looks , it 's really a perfect storm for a massive , massive successful phenomenon . ''", "Sonny Takhar , the chief executive officer of Syco Records , attributes the breakthrough to the power of social media . `` Sometimes you feel the song 's the star , but it 's not like that here -- it 's the act , '' he said . `` It 's a real moment . Social media has become the new radio , it 's never broken an act globally like this before . '' Will Bloomfield , the group 's manager , added , `` These guys live online , and so do their fans . '' Their management employs a social media team and the members all tweet themselves , `` which helps create the illusion that they could n't be any closer to their fans , '' according to Caspar Llewellyn Smith , writing for The Guardian . One Direction 's Twitter account had amassed 10 million followers by February 2013 , with the account gaining followers at an average of 21,000 per day . In an approach pioneered by The Beatles , each member is known for his feature ; Horan is `` the cute one '' , Malik is `` the quiet and mysterious one '' , Payne is `` the sensible one '' , Styles is `` the charming one '' and Tomlinson is `` the funny one '' . Each member 's individual identity is reinforced by their intentionally different personal styles . Caroline Watson , the band 's original stylist , spoke about styling the band , `` At the beginning I did n't want them all in black or all in leather -- that whole stereotypical boy band thing . '' Instead , her original idea was for them to be the `` male equivalent to the Spice Girls '' , with each member being a part of the group but still having his own individual style . Horan commented on One Direction as a boy band , `` People think that a boy band is air - grabs and ( being ) dressed in all one colour . We 're boys in a band . We 're trying to do something different from what people would think is the typical kind of boy band . We 're trying to do different kinds of music and we 're just trying to be ourselves , not squeaky clean . '' Leah Collins , writing for the National Post , remarked that One Direction had succeeded on the latter front , `` For the most part , that just means the group presents themselves as typical , goofy and uncensored teenage boys -- posting jokey YouTube videos , for instance , or boozing at awards shows . '' Writing for The Observer , Kitty Empire opined , `` One Direction fulfil a great many boy band prerequisites ( looks , soppy lyrics , tune - grasp , fame - lust ) but their lack of routines points to the subtle digressions afoot here '' .", "Current", "Niall Horan - guitar , vocals ( 2010 -- 2016 ) Liam Payne - vocals ( 2010 -- 2016 ) Harry Styles - vocals ( 2010 -- 2016 ) Louis Tomlinson - vocals ( 2010 -- 2016 )", "Niall Horan - guitar , vocals ( 2010 -- 2016 )", "Liam Payne - vocals ( 2010 -- 2016 )", "Harry Styles - vocals ( 2010 -- 2016 )", "Louis Tomlinson - vocals ( 2010 -- 2016 )", "Former", "Zayn Malik -- vocals ( 2010 -- 2015 )", "Zayn Malik -- vocals ( 2010 -- 2015 )", "Up All Night ( 2011 ) Take Me Home ( 2012 ) Midnight Memories ( 2013 ) Four ( 2014 ) Made in the A.M. ( 2015 )", "Up All Night ( 2011 )", "Take Me Home ( 2012 )", "Midnight Memories ( 2013 )", "Four ( 2014 )", "Made in the A.M. ( 2015 )", "The X Factor series 7 ( finalists ) Up All Night : The Live Tour One Direction : This Is Us One Direction : Where We Are - The Concert Film", "The X Factor series 7 ( finalists )", "Up All Night : The Live Tour", "One Direction : This Is Us", "One Direction : Where We Are - The Concert Film", "Headlining Up All Night Tour ( 2011 -- 12 ) Take Me Home Tour ( 2013 ) Where We Are Tour ( 2014 ) On the Road Again Tour ( 2015 ) Opening act X Factor Tour 2011 ( 2011 ) Better with U Tour ( Big Time Rush ) ( 2012 )", "Headlining Up All Night Tour ( 2011 -- 12 ) Take Me Home Tour ( 2013 ) Where We Are Tour ( 2014 ) On the Road Again Tour ( 2015 ) Opening act X Factor Tour 2011 ( 2011 ) Better with U Tour ( Big Time Rush ) ( 2012 )", "Up All Night Tour ( 2011 -- 12 ) Take Me Home Tour ( 2013 ) Where We Are Tour ( 2014 ) On the Road Again Tour ( 2015 )", "Up All Night Tour ( 2011 -- 12 )", "Take Me Home Tour ( 2013 )", "Where We Are Tour ( 2014 )", "On the Road Again Tour ( 2015 )", "X Factor Tour 2011 ( 2011 ) Better with U Tour ( Big Time Rush ) ( 2012 )", "X Factor Tour 2011 ( 2011 )", "Better with U Tour ( Big Time Rush ) ( 2012 )", "One Direction has received five BRIT Awards -- winning their first with `` What Makes You Beautiful '' for Best British Single at the 2012 BRIT Awards , three NME awards , two Kids ' Choice Awards , and four MTV Video Music Awards , among other awards . One Direction won 27 awards from 29 they have been nominated for at the Teen Choice Awards . One Direction also won two American Music Awards out of their two nominations for Favorite Pop / Rock Album and Favorite Pop / Rock Band / Duo / Group , respectively ." ]
One Direction - wikipedia One Direction Jump to: navigation , search One Direction One Direction performing in Glasgow on their On the Road Again Tour , October 2015. From left to right: Louis Tomlinson , Niall Horan , Liam Payne and Harry Styles Background information Origin London, England Genres Pop Years active 2010-- 2016 (on hiatus) Labels Syco Columbia Associated acts The X Factor finalists 2010 Website onedirectionmusic.com Members Niall Horan Liam Payne Harry Styles Louis Tomlinson Past members Zayn Malik One Direction (commonly abbreviated as 1D ) are an English-Irish pop boy band based in London, composed of Niall Horan , Liam Payne , Harry Styles , Louis Tomlinson , and previously, Zayn Malik until his departure from the band on 25 March 2015. The group signed with Simon Cowell 's record label Syco Records after forming and finishing third in the seventh series of the British televised singing competition The X Factor in 2010. Propelled to international success by social media , One Direction's five albums, Up All Night (2011), Take Me Home (2012), Midnight Memories (2013), Four (2014), and Made in the A.M. (2015), topped charts in most major markets, and generated hit singles including `` What Makes You Beautiful '' , `` Live While We're Young '' , `` Best Song Ever '' , `` Story of My Life '' , and `` Drag Me Down '' . Their awards include six Brit Awards , four MTV Video Music Awards , eleven MTV Europe Music Awards , seven American Music Awards (including Artist of the Year in 2014 and 2015), and 28 Teen Choice Awards , among many others. According to Nick Gatfield, the chairman and chief executive of Sony Music Entertainment UK , One Direction represented a $50 million business empire by June 2012. They were proclaimed 2012's `` Top New Artist'' by Billboard . According to the Sunday Times Rich List , by April 2013, they had an estimated personal combined wealth of £ 25 million ($41.2m) making them the second-wealthiest musicians in the UK under 30 years of age. In 2014, Forbes listed them the second-highest earning celebrities under 30, with the group earning an estimated $75 million from June 2013 to June 2014. In June 2015, Forbes listed their earnings at $130 million for the previous twelve months, and ranked them the fourth highest earning celebrities in the world. In 2016 Forbes ranked them the world's second highest earning celebrities. After the release of Four , One Direction became the first band in the US Billboard 200 history to have their first four albums debut at number one. Their third album, Midnight Memories , was the best-selling album worldwide of 2013. The band's Where We Are Tour in support of Midnight Memories and Four , was the highest-grossing concert tour in 2014, and the highest-grossing tour ever by a vocal group, generating $282 million. In 2014, Billboard named One Direction Artist of the Year. The band is currently on a hiatus that began in January 2016, allowing all members to pursue other projects. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2010-- 11: The X Factor 1.2 2011-- 12: Up All Night 1.3 2012-- 13: Take Me Home 1.4 2013-- 14: Midnight Memories and This Is Us 1.5 2014-- 15: Four and Malik's departure 1.6 2015-- 17: Made in the A.M. and hiatus 2 Artistry 3 Philanthropy 4 Image 5 Band members 6 Discography 7 Filmography 8 Tours 9 Awards and nominations 10 See also 11 Publications 12 References 13 External links History 2010-- 11: the X Factor One Direction on The X Factor Live tour in 2011 In 2010, Niall Horan , Zayn Malik , Liam Payne , Harry Styles , and Louis Tomlinson auditioned as solo candidates for the seventh series of the British televised singing competition The X Factor . They failed to progress to the `` Boys'' category at `` judges' houses '' but were put together to form a five-piece boy band at Wembley Arena , in London, England, in July 2010, during the `` bootcamp '' stage of the competition, thus qualifying for the `` Groups'' category. Nicole Scherzinger , a guest judge, and Simon Cowell have both claimed to have come up with the idea of forming the band. In 2013, Cowell said that it `` took him 10 minutes to put them together as a group'' . Subsequently, the group got together for two weeks to get to know each other and to practice. Styles came up with the name One Direction. For their qualifying song at `` judges' houses'' , and their first song as a group, One Direction sang an acoustic version of `` Torn '' . Cowell later commented that their performance convinced him that they `` were confident, fun, like a gang of friends, and kind of fearless as well.'' Within the first four weeks of the live shows , they were his last act in the competition. The group quickly gained popularity in the UK. One Direction achieved third place in the competition and immediately after the final, their song `` Forever Young '' , which would have been released if they had won The X Factor , was leaked onto the internet. Shortly afterwards it was confirmed that One Direction had been signed by Cowell to a reported £ 2 million Syco Records record contract. Recording for their debut album began in January 2011, as they flew to Los Angeles to work with RedOne , a record producer. A book licensed by One Direction, One Direction: Forever Young (Our Official X Factor Story) , was published by HarperCollins in February 2011, subsequently topping The Sunday Times Best Seller list . The same month, the boy band and other contestants from the series participated in the X Factor Live Tour. During the tour, the group performed for 500,000 people throughout the UK. After the tour concluded in April 2011, the group continued working on their debut album. Recording took place in Stockholm, London and Los Angeles, as One Direction worked with producers Carl Falk , Savan Kotecha , Steve Mac , and Rami Yacoub , among others. 2011-- 12: up All Night Released in September 2011, One Direction's debut single, `` What Makes You Beautiful '' , reached number one on the UK Singles Chart , after becoming the most pre-ordered Sony Music Entertainment single in history. Subsequent singles, `` Gotta Be You '' and `` One Thing '' , peaked in the UK Singles Chart top ten. In November 2011, they signed a record deal with Columbia Records in North America. Steve Barnett , the co-chairman of Columbia Records, said it was not a difficult decision to sign One Direction; `` I just thought there was a void, and maybe they could seize and hold it.'' `` What Makes You Beautiful'' was released in the United States in February 2012, where it debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 28, becoming the highest debut for a British act since 1998. It has sold over 4 million copies in the US Upon arrival in the US in February 2012, One Direction embarked on a radio promotion spree, as well as their first North American concert tour as an opening act for Big Time Rush . They made their first US television appearance on The Today Show , at the Rockefeller Center ; an estimated 15,000 fans descended on the plaza. Critically commended for its appeal to the teenage audience, One Direction's first studio album, Up All Night , was released globally in early 2012. It became the UK's fastest-selling debut album of 2011, and topped the charts in sixteen countries. The album bowed atop the Billboard 200 chart, making One Direction the first British group in US chart history to enter at number one with their debut album. They were inducted into the Guinness World Records as a result. Up All Night also became the first album by a boy band to sell 500,000 digital copies in the US and, by August 2012, had sold over 3 million copies worldwide. One Direction performing on their Up All Night Tour , April 2012 In April 2012, an American band that went by the same name filed a trademark infringement lawsuit. According to the lawsuit, the US band had been using the name since 2009, recorded two albums and filed an application to register the trademark name in the US in February 2011. The US band said they were entitled to three times the profits made by the UK band, as well as compensatory damages in excess of US$1million. The lawsuit claimed that Syco and Sony Music `` chose to ignore the plaintiff's rights and wilfully infringed them'' after they realised in early 2011 that the two bands shared the same name. Syco Records subsequently counter-sued, suggesting the US group was trying to make money from One Direction's success and that the boy band was the first to use the name in US interstate commerce. The BBC reported in September 2012 that the UK group won the legal dispute over the right to keep using their band name; the US band changed its name to Uncharted Shores. The change of name was announced in a joint statement that also noted both groups were happy with the outcome. In December 2011, One Direction embarked on their first headlining UK concert tour, the Up All Night Tour . In early 2012, they announced Australasian and North American legs of the concert tour, with dates from April to July 2012. The tour, comprising 62 shows, was met with positivity both critically and commercially. A recording of a concert from the tour, Up All Night: The Live Tour , was released in May 2012. In addition to the DVD topping the charts in twenty-five countries, its global sales had exceeded 1 million copies by August 2012. One Direction's first book to be licensed in America, Dare to Dream: Life as One Direction , published in the United States in May 2012, topped The New York Times Best Seller list . In June 2012, Nick Gatfield, the chairman and chief executive officer of Sony Music Entertainment UK , stated how he expects One Direction to represent a $100 million business empire over 2013. Gatfield was quoted as saying, `` What you might not know about One Direction is that they already represent a $50 million business and that's a figure we expect to double next year'' . In August 2012, the group's record sales exceeded 8 million singles, 3 million albums, and 1 million DVDs, and they performed `` What Makes You Beautiful'' at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London, which represented the handover to Rio de Janeiro as the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics . One Direction were the biggest winners of the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards winning their three nominations on 6 September 2012, including Best New Artist . 2012-- 13: Take Me Home One Direction at red carpet of the Logie Awards of 2012 in Melbourne One Direction's second studio album, Take Me Home , was released in November 2012. Take Me Home was written in groups and has an average of just under five songwriters per track. Savan Kotecha, Rami Yacoub, and Carl Falk, who composed One Direction's hits `` What Makes You Beautiful'' and `` One Thing'' , spent six months in Stockholm developing songs for the album, and were able to shape melodies around their tones. One Direction began recording the album in May 2012, in Stockholm at Kinglet Studios. The album cover artwork features the group surrounding a traditional British K2 red telephone box , a familiar sight on the streets of the UK. Take Me Home garnered mixed reviews from music critics . There was praise for its quality of production, while it was criticised for its generic, rushed nature. The album's lead single, `` Live While We're Young '' , released in September 2012, reached the top ten in almost every country it charted in and recorded the highest one-week opening sales figure for a song by a non-US artist in the US The album and its second single, `` Little Things '' , both debuted at number one in the UK simultaneously; something that One Direction became the youngest act in British chart history to achieve. Take Me Home sold 540,000 copies in its first week in the US, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and topped the charts in more than thirty-four other countries. Additionally, Up All Night and Take Me Home were the number three and number four best-selling albums of 2012 globally, each album selling over 5 million units worldwide. One Direction performed `` Little Things'' at the 2012 Royal Variety Performance in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II , and headlined a sold-out show at New York City's Madison Square Garden on 3 December 2012. In February 2013, One Direction released a cover version of `` One Way or Another '' and `` Teenage Kicks '' , `` One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks) '' , as the 2013 Comic Relief single. As part of their involvement with the UK charity, One Direction travelled to Ghana to volunteer at a children's hospital, visit a school and make donations. The Official Charts Company revealed that One Direction had sold 2,425,000 records in the UK by February 2013. One Direction embarked on their second concert tour in February 2013, the Take Me Home Tour . The concert tour consists of over 100 shows in Europe, North America and Australasia. Ticket sales reached 300,000 within a day of release in the UK and Ireland, which included a six-date sell-out at London's The O2 Arena . In the Australian and New Zealand markets, tickets grossed US$15.7 million, with all 190,000 tickets being sold for the eighteen shows to be held. The tour received critical acclaim from music critics who praised the band's live vocals and their performance abilities and was a commercial success, selling 1,635,000 tickets from 134 shows. 2013-- 14: Midnight Memories and this is US One Direction in Glasgow on their Take Me Home Tour in February 2013 One Direction: This Is Us , a 3D documentary and concert film about the group directed by Morgan Spurlock and produced by Spurlock, Ben Winston, Adam Milano and Simon Cowell, was released by TriStar Pictures on 30 August 2013. The film features the song `` Best Song Ever '' , released on 22 July 2013. `` Best Song Ever'' was the lead single of the group's third studio album Midnight Memories . The film was a box office success, topping the UK and US box offices and grossing over $60 million worldwide, and became the fourth highest-grossing concert movie. `` Best Song Ever'' broke the 24-Hour Vevo Record with 10.9 million views on YouTube (this was the second time the band held the record with `` Live While We're Young'' attaining 8.2 million views on 20 September 2012). On 16 May 2013, the band announced their first stadium tour, the Where We Are Tour, which began in April 2014. On 30 May 2013, the band announced a partnership with Office Depot on a limited-edition capsule collection of back to school supplies. They also confirmed that a portion of the proceeds from the alliance would go toward an anti-bullying educational program intended to promote kinder behaviour in schools. The band performing in East Rutherford , New Jersey on 2 July 2013 On 23 November 2013, in support of Midnight Memories , the band participated in `` 1D Day'' , a day dedicated to One Direction fans. The day constituted of a landmark 7.5-hour socially interactive YouTube live-stream featuring live band performances, celebrity guests including, Simon Cowell , Cindy Crawford , Piers Morgan , Jerry Springer and many more. The event was unique not only because of its long runtime but the unprecedented use of social media whereby fans got to participate in the show interact directly with the band via Google+ Hangout . Midnight Memories was released globally on 25 November 2013. It debuted at number one in the UK and in the US, making them the first group to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 with its first three albums, and the second to reach the top after The Monkees in 1967. The album was described by the band as edgier and as having a `` slightly rockier tone'' than their previous efforts. `` Story of My Life '' was revealed as the second single of the album with each member posting a photo from their childhood. To promote the album, the band performed on both the American and British versions of The X Factor . In December 2013, One Direction broke yet another UK sales record with the DVD and Blu-ray release of their 3-D concert film This is Us . Nearly 270,000 copies of the film were sold in the UK within three days of its release, beating the record previously set by Michael Jackson's This Is It in 2010 by 10,000 copies. The group was named among the Top Global artists of 2013 by the IFPI because of strong digital downloads, physical albums, on-demand streams, and music videos. 2014-- 15: Four and Malik's departure One Direction on stage in Santiago , Chile on 14 April 2014 during their Where We Are Tour On 21 July 2014, One Direction announced One Direction: Where We Are - The Concert Film , a film which documents the concerts of 28 and 29 June 2014 that took place in San Siro Stadium during their Where We Are Tour . After the announcement, the band announced the film would also have a limited 10-- 11 October 2014 international cinema release before its home media release in November 2014. The group also released an autobiography book titled Who We Are on 25 September 2014. On 8 September 2014, One Direction announced their fourth studio album to be titled Four , set to be released on 17 November 2014. As part of the announcement, one of the songs from the album, `` Fireproof'' was released for free download for 24 hours on their official website. `` Steal My Girl '' , the album's lead single, was released on 29 September 2014, and the music video was released on 24 October 2014. The second single from the album, `` Night Changes '' , was released on 14 November, three days before the album's release. Four was released on 17 November 2014, topping the Billboard 200 and the UK Album Chart . On 22 November 2014, Paul Higgins, the group's tour manager who has been with them since its formation, parted ways with the band. The band confirmed at the BBC Music Awards that following the success of Four , they had hopes to continue to go `` somewhere else'' on their fifth album. In support of Midnight Memories and Four , the band's Where We Are Tour was the highest-grossing concert tour in 2014, and the highest-grossing tour ever by a vocal group, generating $282 million. On 25 March 2015, the band released a statement announcing Malik's departure. They admitted that they were angry at first because of Zayn Malik 's decision. The group made their first official public appearance as a four-piece on The Late Late Show with James Corden on 14 May, where they confirmed that they would continue working without a new fifth member. Since leaving the band, Malik has gone on to have solo success with his number one debut single `` Pillowtalk '' and album Mind of Mine . 2015-- 17: made in the A.M. and hiatus On 31 July 2015, the group released `` Drag Me Down '' without promotional material or announcement. The single is the first single from their fifth studio album, Made in the A.M. , and the first material released by the group after Malik's departure. Following the release, it was revealed that the group would going on hiatus in 2016 to take a break. On 22 September, the title for the fifth studio album, Made in the A.M. , was officially announced along with promotional single `` Infinity '' being released. The group began to reveal the track listing on their Snapchat stories to which it was later confirmed on iTunes . The album was released on 13 November 2015. At the 2015 American Music Awards on 22 November, One Direction won the award for Artist of the Year for the second year in succession. Louis Tomlinson later confirmed that the break would be around 18 months. On 13 December, One Direction performed on The X Factor final. Their last televised performance as a group, before their hiatus, was on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve on 31 December 2015. On 13 January 2016, Us Weekly published a report claiming that the group's hiatus would become a permanent split, with a `` source'' citing that each of the four remaining group members did not renew their contracts following the completion of the on the Road Again Tour in October 2015. Representatives for the group denied said-report in a statement to Billboard , stating, `` nothing has changed regarding hiatus plans for the group, and all will be revealed in due time from the band members' own mouths.'' By May 2017, all members of the group had released solo singles. At the 2017 Brit Awards , One Direction won the Video of the Year award for their song `` History '' . Payne accepted the award on the behalf of the band. Artistry `` What Makes You Beautiful'' One Direction's debut single, `` What Makes You Beautiful '' , features a prominent guitar-based chorus and riff . It also contains cowbell instrumentation, and the middle eight consists of an `` oh na na na'' hook. It is among the best-selling singles of all time , selling over 5 million copies. Problems playing this file? See media help . One Direction's debut studio album, Up All Night (2011), is predominantly a pop music record, containing elements of teen pop , dance-pop , pop rock , with electropop and rock influences. Digital Spy 's Robert Copsey described the album as a `` collection of PG pop rock with killer choruses'' , while The New York Times considered it `` full of easy rock-inflected pop, blithe and sometimes clever.'' Jason Lipshutz of Billboard acknowledged that the album demonstrates an originality in sound that was `` necessary for the revitalization of the boy band movement'' . The songs `` One Thing'' and `` What Makes You Beautiful'' were particularly noted for the genres of power pop and pop rock, for their `` powerhouse'' guitar riffs and `` forceful'' choruses. Their second studio album, Take Me Home (2012), is characterised by rock-inherited pop, prominent electric guitar riffs, bright synthesisers, a homogeneous sound and message, and the pitch-correcting software Auto-Tune . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian interpreted its signature sound as a `` peppy, synth -bolstered take on early-80s new-wave pop, heavy on clipped rhythms and chugging guitars,'' which, he said, is at least an improvement on the substitute contemporary R&B `` that was once the grim lot of the boyband.'' Jon Caramanica, writing in The New York Times , considered the album `` far more mechanical'' than their debut album, although noted that it is sonically and lyrically similar. The album's lyricism speaks of falling in love, unrequited love , the insistence that flaws are what make a person unique, commitment, jealousy and longing for past significant others. Erica Futterman for Rolling Stone favoured their live acoustic performances as both showing, `` Horan's ability to play guitar, as well as One Direction's admirable live vocals. There was no need to worry about a backing track or a bum note, a pleasant realization at a pop show.'' Herald Sun 's Cameron Adams opined that One Direction have `` strong pop voices'' . Melody Lau of the National Post wrote, `` It's easy to get lost in inherent appeal of their perfectly coiffed dos and almost-too-put-together preppy style but somewhere in the midst of all the love-struck squeals of teenage girls are guys who can actually sing and, to a certain extent, entertain.'' Jane Stevenson of the portal site Canoe concurred: `` What I didn't really prepare myself for was that they all can actually sing in concert.'' Chris Richards, writing in The Washington Post , dissented from the approval: `` As the five traded couplets, it was tough to imagine a future Justin Timberlake , Ricky Martin or Bobby Brown emerging from the pack. No one voice stood out.'' Mike Wass of Idolator felt One Direction's `` surprisingly accomplished effort'' of Kings of Leon 's `` Use Somebody '' proved that One Direction are `` more than capable'' of evolving their sound. Their third album Midnight Memories (2013) is a pop rock record, a slight departure from the band's original teen pop sound. Liam Payne called Midnight Memories a `` slightly rockier and edgier'' album than their previous material. The album is heavily influenced by 80's rock and folk music and briefly integrates elements of dubstep, notably in `` Little White Lies'' . The album's lyrical themes primarily revolve around love, heartbreak and sexual intercourse. Many critics praised its lyrical depth and musical composition, as well as the group's level of involvement in the production process. Their fourth album Four (2014) was released on 17 November 2014. Payne once again claimed that the album would be `` edgier'' and that the group had written most of the songs for it; Horan came up with the name of the album, commemorating the fact that it is One Direction's fourth record to date and that it has been four years since the band's formation. Signifying a further maturation of their pop sound, the album's first single, Steal My Girl , was dubbed by Billboard as `` no What Makes You Beautiful , but its Coldplay -like piano pop could be a good direction'' , and that the band was `` not entirely ready to let go of its bubble-gum days'' . Rolling Stone described the record as `` saturated with retro vibes'' ; its songs `` split the difference between big, splashy Eighties pop rock and more elegant Seventies flavours -- a very pesky whipper-snapper move that's not so far from what Haim 's hit Days Are Gone did last year.'' Philanthropy In 2011, the band performed on the BBC's Children in Need 2011 charity telethon, helping raise over 26 million pounds. In 2012 they extended their involvement with Children in Need as they opened the telecast with a performance of their single `` Live While We're Young '' . A prominent annual event in British culture , the group said it was `` incredible'' to be involved in Children in Need as it was something that they had `` always watched as children'' . In February 2013, One Direction released `` One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks) '' (a medley of `` One Way or Another '' and `` Teenage Kicks '' ) as the 2013 single for the UK's other major charity telethon Comic Relief . For ITV 's Santa charity Christmas campaign, they filmed a set of pleas to their fans and the general public, asking them to donate £ 2. The band have made numerous other appearances for charitable causes, including the 2011 Pride of Britain Awards where they presented 13-year-old quadruple amputee Danielle Bailey the Child of Courage award at her school assembly, and the 2014 Royal Variety Performance where they played in front of Prince William and Catherine at the London Palladium. In September 2012, Niall Horan organised an event to raise money for Irish Autism Action and another charity, called Temporary Emergency Accommodation Mullingar, based in his hometown. Due to overwhelming demand to participate in the fundraising, the ticket website for the event broke down. Horan's brother Greg commented on the website crash, saying that `` there were 500 tickets and they were all snapped up pretty quick'' . In 2013, band members Liam Payne and Harry Styles partnered with Trekstock, a leading cancer charity to help raise money for cancer research. As ambassadors of the charity, the duo collaborated to offer the chance for one fan and a friend to win an evening out with them in return for a donation to the charity as part of an exclusive `` #HangwithLiam&Harry '' global campaign. They had originally set a goal of raising $500,000 and ended up raising $784,984. Trekstock later added that this amount would allow them to `` complete funding of their Hodgkin's lymphoma trial, in the hope of offering a much brighter future to thousands of children and young people affected by this form of disease.'' One Direction were named the most charitable in 2013 behind Taylor Swift by social change organisation DoSomething.org . In 2014, One Direction donated £ 600,000 for the Stand up to Cancer campaign by giving portions of their ticket sales revenues from their Where We Are Tour . On 15 November 2014, One Direction joined the charity group Band Aid 30 along with other British and Irish pop acts, recording the latest version of the track `` Do They Know It's Christmas? '' at Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill , London, to raise money for the 2014 Ebola crisis in Western Africa. Image One Direction greet Swedish fans in Stockholm , May 2012 A One Direction merchandising shop in Leeds in March 2013. Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph , in an article on One Direction's success in North America, notes that Americans had left a gap in the market and it took the prominence of Justin Bieber to demonstrate that there still was a market for `` clean cut, wholesome, whiter-than-white, middle class parent friendly pop: cute boys advocating puppy love. And what could be better than one cute boy, if not five?'' One Direction have been described as sparking a resurgence in the interest in boy bands, and as forming part of a new `` British Invasion '' in the United States. Bill Werde, a representative of Billboard magazine, commented, `` There's a lot of possibility here, there's a lot of upside, that level of talent with those kinds of looks, it's really a perfect storm for a massive, massive successful phenomenon.'' Sonny Takhar, the chief executive officer of Syco Records, attributes the breakthrough to the power of social media . `` Sometimes you feel the song's the star, but it's not like that here -- it's the act,'' he said. `` It's a real moment. Social media has become the new radio, it's never broken an act globally like this before.'' Will Bloomfield, the group's manager, added, `` These guys live online, and so do their fans.'' Their management employs a social media team and the members all tweet themselves, `` which helps create the illusion that they couldn't be any closer to their fans,'' according to Caspar Llewellyn Smith, writing for The Guardian . One Direction's Twitter account had amassed 10 million followers by February 2013, with the account gaining followers at an average of 21,000 per day. In an approach pioneered by The Beatles , each member is known for his feature; Horan is `` the cute one'' , Malik is `` the quiet and mysterious one'' , Payne is `` the sensible one'' , Styles is `` the charming one'' and Tomlinson is `` the funny one'' . Each member's individual identity is reinforced by their intentionally different personal styles. Caroline Watson, the band's original stylist, spoke about styling the band, `` At the beginning I didn't want them all in black or all in leather-- that whole stereotypical boy band thing.'' Instead, her original idea was for them to be the `` male equivalent to the Spice Girls '' , with each member being a part of the group but still having his own individual style. Horan commented on One Direction as a boy band, `` People think that a boy band is air-grabs and (being) dressed in all one colour. We're boys in a band. We're trying to do something different from what people would think is the typical kind of boy band. We're trying to do different kinds of music and we're just trying to be ourselves, not squeaky clean.'' Leah Collins, writing for the National Post , remarked that One Direction had succeeded on the latter front, `` For the most part, that just means the group presents themselves as typical, goofy and uncensored teenage boys -- posting jokey YouTube videos, for instance, or boozing at awards shows.'' Writing for The Observer , Kitty Empire opined, `` One Direction fulfil a great many boy band prerequisites (looks, soppy lyrics, tune-grasp, fame-lust) but their lack of routines points to the subtle digressions afoot here'' . Band members Current Niall Horan - guitar, vocals (2010-- 2016) Liam Payne - vocals (2010-- 2016) Harry Styles - vocals (2010-- 2016) Louis Tomlinson - vocals (2010-- 2016) Former Zayn Malik -- vocals (2010-- 2015) Discography Main articles: One Direction discography and List of songs recorded by One Direction Up All Night (2011) Take Me Home (2012) Midnight Memories (2013) Four (2014) Made in the A.M. (2015) Filmography The X Factor series 7 ( finalists ) Up All Night: The Live Tour One Direction: This Is Us One Direction: Where We Are - The Concert Film Tours Headlining Up All Night Tour (2011-- 12) Take Me Home Tour (2013) Where We Are Tour (2014) On the Road Again Tour (2015) Opening act X Factor Tour 2011 (2011) Better with U Tour ( Big Time Rush ) (2012) Awards and nominations Main article: List of awards and nominations received by One Direction One Direction has received five BRIT Awards -- winning their first with `` What Makes You Beautiful'' for Best British Single at the 2012 BRIT Awards , three NME awards , two Kids' Choice Awards , and four MTV Video Music Awards , among other awards . One Direction won 27 awards from 29 they have been nominated for at the Teen Choice Awards . One Direction also won two American Music Awards out of their two nominations for Favorite Pop/Rock Album and Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group , respectively. See also List of Billboard Social 50 number-one artists List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart List of highest-grossing concert tours Publications One Direction: Forever Young , HarperCollins (17 February 2011) ISBN 978-0-00-743230-1 One Direction: The Official Annual 2012 , HarperCollins (1 September 2011) ISBN 978-0-00-743625-5 Dare to Dream: Life as One Direction , HarperCollins (15 September 2011) ISBN 978-0-00-744439-7 One Direction: Where We Are: Our Band, Our Story: 100% Official , HarperCollins (19 November 2013) ISBN 978-0-00-748900-8 One Direction: Who We Are: Our Official Autobiography , HarperCollins (25 September 2014) ISBN 978-0-00-757731-6 References Jump up ^ Hampp, Andrew (14 December 2012). `` One Direction: Q&As With Billboard's Top New Artist of 2012'' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Times' rich list 2013, One direction, Zoom under 30, Paul McCartney'' . sugarscape.com. 10 April 2013 . 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Retrieved 5 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Robertson, James (15 January 2013). `` ' We are the most selfish people ever' : One Direction reflect on ' life changing' charity trip to Africa ' slums ' '' . Metro . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Lane, Dan (20 February 2013). `` The BRIT Awards 2013: The biggest selling nominees revealed'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Vena, Jocelyn (12 April 2012). `` One Direction Announce U.S. Dates on 2013 World Tour'' . News . MTV . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Fans in Ticket-Buying Frenzy'' . MTV . 26 February 2012 . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Stack, Brittany (29 April 2012). `` How One Direction cashed in on their hugely successful Australian tour'' . The Daily Telegraph . AU . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Welcome to the One Direction website!'' . Onedirectionmusic.com . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Schneider, Marc (13 November 2012). `` One Direction 3D Film Gets ' Super' Director'' . Billboard . New York . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Brandie, Lars (26 June 2013), `` One Direction Tease ' Best Song Ever' ; Release New Movie Trailer'' , Billboard Jump up ^ `` One Direction Announce New Single ' Best Song Ever ' '' . UK: MTV . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Music Concert Movies at the Box Office'' . Box Office Mojo. 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction's ' Best Song Ever' Breaks One-Day Vevo Record'' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` One Direction beat Justin Bieber VEVO record with new music video'' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Boys Launch Anti-Bullying Campaign with Office Depot'' . E!. Retrieved 13 September 2015 Jump up ^ `` Welcome to 1D Day -- 1D Day -- One Direction'' . 1dday.com. 25 November 2013. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . 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Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Announces ' Four' Album Lead Single ' Steal My Girl,' Due Late September -- Billboard'' . Billboard. 14 September 2014 . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Performs New Single ' Night Changes ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (26 November 2014). `` One Direction's ' Four' Makes Historic No. 1 Debut on Billboard 200 Chart'' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Four scores One Direction a third Official Albums Chart Number 1 Jump up ^ One Direction tour boss quits after Zayn Malik bust-up -- 3am & Mirror Online Jump up ^ Davidson, Amy (12 December 2014). `` One Direction confirm fifth album, with sound to go `` somewhere else '' `` . United Kingdom: Digital Spy . ( Hearst Corporation ) . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Abbey, Lewis (25 March 2015). `` One Direction: Zayn Malik Confirms Departure From Band'' . Inveterate. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015 . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn Malik officially quits One Direction'' . Fox News Channel . 25 March 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Lynch, Joe (25 March 2015). `` Zayn Malik Explains One Direction Exit: ' I Have To Do What Feels Right in My Heart ' '' . Billboard . United States. Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction finally admit how they really feel about Zayn Malik's dramatic exit'' . The Independent . 15 May 2015 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ One Direction Discusses Zayn Malik's Departure with James Corden: We Were a Little Bit Angry -- One Direction, The Late Late Show with James Corden, Music News, TV News, Harry ... Jump up ^ `` Zayn Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart With ' Mind of Mine ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Shares First Track Without Zayn Malik, ' Drag Me Down ' '' . Billboard. 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Makes Final ' X Factor' Appearance Before Hiatus, Thanks Fans in New Video'' . Billboard. 13 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Made in the A.M: One Direction announce new album title and single ' Infinity' '' . The Independent. Retrieved 25 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` One Direction's ' Made in the A.M.' Tracklist Revealed Via Snapchat'' . E!. Retrieved 25 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` One Direction & Justin Bieber Album Release Showdown Set for November 13?'' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` American Music Awards 2015: Check Out All the Winners Here'' . Billboard. 24 November 2015. Jump up ^ `` One Direction Returns to Headline ' Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve' Billboard Party'' . TheWrap. 18 November 2015 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Blynn, Jamie (13 January 2016). `` One Direction Is Splitting, Extended Hiatus to Become a Permanent Break'' . Us Weekly . United States. Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Strecker, Eric (13 January 2016). `` One Direction Breakup Rumors: ' Nothing Has Changed' Since Hiatus, Says Source'' . Billboard . United States. Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Hegarty, Tasha (13 January 2016). `` One Direction deny their ' hiatus' is a permanent split'' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Unterberger, Andrew (25 May 2017). `` Every One Direction Solo Single, Ranked'' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Roth, Madeline (22 February 2017). `` ALL FOUR ONE DIRECTION MEMBERS RESPOND TO THEIR NEW BRIT AWARD'' . MTV News . ^ Jump up to: Copsey, Robert (11 September 2011). `` One Direction: ' What Makes You Beautiful'' . Digital Spy (single review). UK: Hearst . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Houle, Zachary (16 March 2012). `` One Direction: Up All Night'' . PopMatters . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Malone, Ailbhe (8 October 2011). `` One Direction, ' What Makes You Beautiful ' '' . NME (review) . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction hit 12 million sales in less than a year'' . BBC News. 2 August 2012 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Rosen, Jody (28 March 2012). `` One Direction -- Up All Night'' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Jon. `` One Direction'' . AllMusic . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Chisling, Matthew (21 November 2011). `` Up All Night -- One Direction'' . AllMusic . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Lipshutz, Jason (7 March 2012). `` One Direction, ' Up All Night' : Track-By-Track Review'' . Billboard . New York . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Copsey, Robert (22 November 2011). `` One Direction: ' Up All Night ' '' . Digital Spy (album review). UK: Hearst . Retrieved 28 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Caramanica, Jon (27 May 2012). `` One Direction, the Boy Band, Plays the Beacon Theater'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Corner, Lewis (2 February 2012). `` One Direction: ' One Thing' -- Single review'' . Digital Spy . UK: Hearst . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Wol, Douglas (28 June 2012). `` One Direction's songwriters: They're what make the boy band beautiful'' . Time . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Collar, Matt (11 November 2012). `` Take Me Home (CD -- Sony Music Distribution #88725475972)'' . AllMusic . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Boardman, Madeline (15 November 2012). `` One Direction lyrics: ' Take Me Home' pushes boundaries, targets older audience'' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 16 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Futterman, Erica (27 May 2012). `` One Direction Make a Play For Longevity on First American Headlining Tour'' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Adams, Cameron (18 April 2012). `` One Direction infection sweeps Melbourne'' . Herald Sun . Australia . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Lau, Melody (1 June 2012). `` Concert Review: One Direction are mostly killer with some filler'' . National Post . Canada: Postmedia Network . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Stevenson, Jane (30 May 2012). `` Concert Review: Live Review: One Direction in TO'' . Jam! Canoe . Québecor Média . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Richards, Chris (25 May 2012). `` One Direction whips Patriot Center into a G-rated frenzy'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Wass, Mike (13 April 2012). `` One Direction Live in Sydney: Concert Review'' . Idolator . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Embraces New Sound with ' Midnight Memories ' '' . Whstherebellion.com. 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jaeger, Kyle (26 November 2013). `` One Direction's ' Midnight Memories' : What the Critics Are Saying'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Arnold, Chuck (17 November 2014). `` Album Review: One Direction's ' Four ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Dolan, Jon (18 November 2014). `` One Direction extend their winning streak, with echoes of the 1970s and 1980s'' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Satherley, Jessica; Anisiobi, JJ (18 November 2011). `` Wogan's angels: Sir Terry is wowed by golden girls trio Tess Daly, Alesha Dixon and Fearne Cotton on Children in Need'' . Daily Mail . London. Jump up ^ `` One Direction: ' Incredible to open Children In Need ' '' . BBC News. 16 November 2012. Jump up ^ `` One Direction join ITVБ ─ ≥ s Text Santa charity campaign'' . Sugarscape . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction surprise Pride of Britain winner Danielle Bailey at school assembly'' . Mirror. Retrieved 26 August 2015 Jump up ^ `` Duke and Duchess of Cambridge meet One Direction at Royal Variety Performance'' . The Telegraph. Retrieved 26 August 2015 Jump up ^ `` Niall Horan breaks charity website'' . Sugarscape . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patrons & Ambassadors'' . Trekstock. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift, One Direction Top List of Most Charitable Stars'' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ One Direction release new selfie they took on stage last night at Wembley as it's revealed WWA Tour has raised £ 600k for charity Jump up ^ Singh, Anita (11 November 2014). `` Band Aid 30: One Direction among celebrity line-up'' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ McCormick, Neil (28 February 2012). `` The Wanted & One Direction: why British boybands are conquering America'' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , Kerry (12 March 2012). `` One Direction, British/Irish boy band about to explode in America says Simon Cowell'' . IrishCentral . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Parker, Lyndsey (12 March 2012). `` The British Are Coming! One Direction Set To Conquer America'' . News . Yahoo!. Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Vena, Jocelyn (14 March 2012). `` The Wanted Vs. One Direction: A Boy Band Cheat Sheet'' . MTV News . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Mansfield, Brian (9 March 2012). `` Meet UK boy band One Direction'' . USA Today . Gannett Co . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British boy band One Direction cause fan frenzy as they make US television debut performance on Today show'' . Daily Mail . London. 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Greene, Andy (8 May 2012). `` The New British Invasion: Boy Bands'' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Smith, Caspar Llewellyn (15 March 2012). `` One Direction: the fab five take America'' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Twitter Stats'' . Counter . Twitter . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrahams, Stephanie (6 April 2012). `` Can One Direction Save the Boy Band?'' . Time . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Lancaster, Brodie (2 March 2015). `` Behind the Boy Band: Q&A with Caroline Watson, One Direction's Stylist'' . Jezebel . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Collins, Leah (12 March 2012). `` One Direction: X Factor boy band on what sets them apart'' . National Post . Canada: Postmedia Network . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Empire, Kitty (7 January 2012). `` One Direction'' . The Observer (review). London. Archived from the original on 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Freeman, Sophie (19 November 2010). `` X Factor 2010: Treyc Cohen snubbed but Aiden Grimshaw stays on tour'' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction, Big Time Rush Talk Joint Tour'' . MTV. 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction Win Best British Single at BRIT Awards 2012'' . Capital FM . Global Radio . 21 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Monkeys, Noel Gallagher, The Vaccines, Lana Del Rey nominated for NME Awards 2012'' . NME. 30 January 2012 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Hewett, Emily (20 April 2012). `` One Direction steal the show at Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards'' . Metro . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Hart, Tina (23 July 2012). `` Swift and Bieber big winners at Teen Choice Awards'' . Music Week . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to: One Direction Wikimedia Commons has media related to One Direction . Official website One Direction at AllMusic One Direction on IMDb Management Preceded by The Shins Saturday Night Live musical guest 7 April 2012 Succeeded by Gotye Preceded by HAIM Saturday Night Live musical guest 7 December 2013 Succeeded by Kings of Leon Preceded by Charli XCX Saturday Night Live musical guest 20 December 2014 Succeeded by Sia One Direction Niall Horan Liam Payne Harry Styles Louis Tomlinson Zayn Malik Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums and singles Up All Night (2011) `` What Makes You Beautiful '' `` Gotta Be You '' `` One Thing '' `` More than This '' Take Me Home (2012) `` Live While We're Young '' `` Little Things '' `` Kiss You '' Midnight Memories (2013) `` One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks) '' `` Best Song Ever '' `` Story of My Life '' `` Midnight Memories '' `` You & I '' Four (2014) `` Steal My Girl '' `` Night Changes '' Made in the A.M. (2015) `` Drag Me Down '' `` Perfect '' `` History '' Extended plays iTunes Festival: London 2012 Video albums Up All Night: The Live Tour Promotional singles `` Diana '' `` Strong '' `` Infinity '' `` Home '' `` What a Feeling '' Featured singles `` Heroes '' `` Wishing on a Star '' `` God Only Knows '' `` Do They Know It's Christmas? '' Other songs `` Moments '' `` Rock Me '' `` Happily '' Concert tours Up All Night Tour Take Me Home Tour Where We Are Tour On the Road Again Tour TV and film This Is Us Where We Are -- The Concert Film Merchandise Our Moment Related The X Factor series 7 finalists Links to related articles Niall Horan Flicker `` This Town '' `` Slow Hands '' `` Too Much to Ask '' Concert tours Flicker Sessions 2017 Flicker World Tour Related articles One Direction Liam Payne Songs `` Strip That Down '' `` Get Low '' Related articles One Direction Harry Styles Studio albums Harry Styles Songs `` Sign of the Times '' `` Two Ghosts '' `` Sweet Creature '' Concert tours Harry Styles: Live on Tour Related articles One Direction Zayn Malik Discography Mind of Mine `` Pillowtalk '' `` Like I Would '' `` Wrong '' Collaborations `` Back to Sleep (Remix) '' `` Cruel '' `` Freedun '' `` I Don't Wanna Live Forever (Fifty Shades Darker) '' Promotional singles `` It's You '' `` Befour '' Other songs `` She '' `` Still Got Time '' `` Dusk Till Dawn '' Related articles One Direction Malay Syco Syco Music People Simon Cowell Sir Philip Green SYCOtv American Inventor Celebrity Duets Food Glorious Food Got Talent Red or Black? The X Factor Notable contestants of The X Factor (UK) Series 1 Steve Brookstein G4 Tabby Callaghan Rowetta Satchell Roberta Howett Lloyd Wade Series 2 Shayne Ward Andy Abraham Journey South Brenda Edwards Chico Slimani The Conway Sisters Maria Lawson Series 3 Leona Lewis Ray Quinn Ben Mills The MacDonald Brothers Kerry McGregor Avenue The Dolly Rockers Tiwa Savage Series 4 Leon Jackson Rhydian Roberts Same Difference Niki Evans Hope Matthew Protheroe Daniel de Bourg Series 5 Alexandra Burke JLS Eoghan Quigg Diana Vickers Ruth Lorenzo Laura White Annastasia Baker Series 6 Joe McElderry Olly Murs Stacey Solomon Jedward Lucie Jones Stacey McClean Daniel Pearce Series 7 Matt Cardle Rebecca Ferguson One Direction Cher Lloyd Mary Byrne Katie Waissel Aiden Grimshaw Belle Amie John Adeleye The Reason Twem Annastasia Baker Series 8 Little Mix Marcus Collins Amelia Lily Misha B Janet Devlin Kitty Brucknell Frankie Cocozza Series 9 James Arthur Jahméne Douglas Christopher Maloney Union J Rylan Clark Ella Henderson . 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what celestial object lies at the center of the milky way galaxy
The Galactic Center is the rotational center of the Milky Way . The estimates for its location range from 24 -- 28.4 kilolight - years ( 7.4 -- 8.7 kiloparsecs ) from Earth in the direction of the constellations Sagittarius , Ophiuchus , and Scorpius where the Milky Way appears brightest . It coincides with the compact radio source Sagittarius A * .
[ [ "Galactic Center" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "The Galactic Center is the rotational center of the Milky Way . The estimates for its location range from 24 -- 28.4 kilolight - years ( 7.4 -- 8.7 kiloparsecs ) from Earth in the direction of the constellations Sagittarius , Ophiuchus , and Scorpius where the Milky Way appears brightest . It coincides with the compact radio source Sagittarius A * .", "There are around 10 million stars within one parsec of the Galactic Center , dominated by red giants . There is also a significant population of massive supergiants and Wolf - Rayet stars from a star formation event around one million years ago . There is a supermassive black hole at the centre , which powers the Sagittarius A * radio source .", "Because of interstellar dust along the line of sight , the Galactic Center can not be studied at visible , ultraviolet or soft ( low - energy ) X-ray wavelengths . The available information about the Galactic Center comes from observations at gamma ray , hard ( high - energy ) X-ray , infrared , sub-millimetre and radio wavelengths .", "Harlow Shapley stated in 1918 that the halo of globular clusters surrounding the Milky Way seemed to be centered on the star swarms in the constellation of Sagittarius , but the dark molecular clouds in the area blocked the view for optical astronomers . In the early 1940s Walter Baade at Mount Wilson Observatory took advantage of wartime blackout conditions in nearby Los Angeles to conduct a search for the center with the 100 inch Hooker Telescope . He found that near the star Alnasl ( Gamma Sagittarii ) there is a one - degree - wide void in the interstellar dust lanes , which provides a relatively clear view of the swarms of stars around the nucleus of our Milky Way Galaxy . This gap has been known as Baade 's Window ever since .", "At Dover Heights in Sydney , Australia a team of radio astronomers from the Division of Radiophysics at the CSIRO , led by Joseph Lade Pawsey , used ' sea interferometry ' to discover some of the first interstellar and intergalactic radio sources , including Taurus A , Virgo A and Centaurus A. By 1954 they had built an 80 feet ( 24.4 meters ) fixed dish antenna and used it to make a detailed study of an extended , extremely powerful belt of radio emission that was detected in Sagittarius . They named an intense point - source near the center of this belt Sagittarius A , and realised that it was located at the very center of our Galaxy , despite being some 32 degrees south - west of the conjectured galactic center of the time .", "In 1958 the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) decided to adopt the position of Sagittarius A as the true zero co-ordinate point for the system of galactic latitude and longitude . In the equatorial coordinate system the location is : RA 17 45 40.04 , Dec − 29 ° 00 ′ 28.1 '' ( J2000 epoch ) .", "The exact distance between the Solar System and the Galactic Center is not certain , although estimates since 2000 have remained within the range 24 -- 28.4 kilolight - years ( 7.4 -- 8.7 kiloparsecs ) . The latest estimates from geometric - based methods and standard candles yield the following distances to the Galactic Center :", "7000740000000000000 ♠ 7.4 ± 0.2 ( stat ) ± 0.2 ( syst ) or 7020228340141028572 ♠ 7.4 ± 0.3 kpc ( 7020227057531341939 ♠ ≈ 24 ± 1 kly ) 7020235128631707800 ♠ 7.62 ± 0.32 kpc ( 7020234626115720003 ♠ ≈ 24.8 ± 1 kly ) 7020237597173772973 ♠ 7.7 ± 0.7 kpc ( 7020237464334861778 ♠ ≈ 25.1 ± 2.3 kly ) 7.94 or 7020246854206517375 ♠ 8.0 ± 0.5 kpc ( 7020245978992287100 ♠ ≈ 26 ± 1.6 kly ) 7000798000000000000 ♠ 7.98 ± 0.15 ( stat ) ± 0.20 ( syst ) or 7020246854206517375 ♠ 8.0 ± 0.25 kpc ( 7020245978992287100 ♠ ≈ 26 ± 0.8 kly ) 7020257036942536217 ♠ 8.33 ± 0.35 kpc ( 7020255439722759681 ♠ ≈ 27 ± 1.1 kly ) 7020268453949587645 ♠ 8.7 ± 0.5 kpc ( 7020268684745421294 ♠ ≈ 28.4 ± 1.6 kly )", "7000740000000000000 ♠ 7.4 ± 0.2 ( stat ) ± 0.2 ( syst ) or 7020228340141028572 ♠ 7.4 ± 0.3 kpc ( 7020227057531341939 ♠ ≈ 24 ± 1 kly )", "7020235128631707800 ♠ 7.62 ± 0.32 kpc ( 7020234626115720003 ♠ ≈ 24.8 ± 1 kly )", "7020237597173772973 ♠ 7.7 ± 0.7 kpc ( 7020237464334861778 ♠ ≈ 25.1 ± 2.3 kly )", "7.94 or 7020246854206517375 ♠ 8.0 ± 0.5 kpc ( 7020245978992287100 ♠ ≈ 26 ± 1.6 kly )", "7000798000000000000 ♠ 7.98 ± 0.15 ( stat ) ± 0.20 ( syst ) or 7020246854206517375 ♠ 8.0 ± 0.25 kpc ( 7020245978992287100 ♠ ≈ 26 ± 0.8 kly )", "7020257036942536217 ♠ 8.33 ± 0.35 kpc ( 7020255439722759681 ♠ ≈ 27 ± 1.1 kly )", "7020268453949587645 ♠ 8.7 ± 0.5 kpc ( 7020268684745421294 ♠ ≈ 28.4 ± 1.6 kly )", "An accurate determination of the distance to the Galactic Center as established from variable stars ( e.g. RR Lyrae variables ) or standard candles ( e.g. red - clump stars ) is hindered by countless effects , which include : an ambiguous reddening law ; a bias for smaller values of the distance to the Galactic Center because of a preferential sampling of stars toward the near side of the Galactic bulge owing to interstellar extinction ; and an uncertainty in characterizing how a mean distance to a group of variable stars found in the direction of the Galactic bulge relates to the distance to the Galactic Center .", "The nature of the Milky Way 's bar , which extends across the Galactic Center , is also actively debated , with estimates for its half - length and orientation spanning between 1 -- 5 kpc ( short or a long bar ) and 10 -- 50 ° . Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way features two distinct bars , one nestled within the other . The bar is delineated by red - clump stars ( see also red giant ) ; however , RR Lyr variables do not trace a prominent Galactic bar . The bar may be surrounded by a ring called the `` 5 - kpc ring '' that contains a large fraction of the molecular hydrogen present in the Milky Way , as well as most of the Milky Way 's star formation activity . Viewed from the Andromeda Galaxy , it would be the brightest feature of the Milky Way .", "The complex astronomical radio source Sagittarius A appears to be located almost exactly at the Galactic Center ( approx. 18 hrs , − 29 deg ) , and contains an intense compact radio source , Sagittarius A * , which coincides with a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way . Accretion of gas onto the black hole , probably involving a disk around it , would release energy to power the radio source , itself much larger than the black hole . The latter is too small to see with present instruments .", "A study in 2008 which linked radio telescopes in Hawaii , Arizona and California ( Very Long Baseline Interferometry ) measured the diameter of Sagittarius A * to be 44 million kilometers ( 0.3 AU ) . For comparison , the radius of Earth 's orbit around the Sun is about 150 million kilometers ( 1.0 AU ) , whereas the distance of Mercury from the Sun at closest approach ( perihelion ) is 46 million kilometers ( 0.3 AU ) . Thus the diameter of the radio source is slightly less than the distance from Mercury to the Sun .", "Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany using Chilean telescopes have confirmed the existence of a supermassive black hole at the Galactic Center , on the order of 4.3 million solar masses .", "On 5 January 2015 , NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual , a record - breaker , from Sagittarius A * . The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A * , according to astronomers .", "The central cubic parsec around Sagittarius A * contains around 10 million stars . Although most of them are old red giant stars , the Galactic Center is also rich in massive stars . More than 100 OB and Wolf -- Rayet stars have been identified there so far . They seem to have all been formed in a single star formation event a few million years ago . The existence of these relatively young stars was a surprise to experts , who expected the tidal forces from the central black hole to prevent their formation . This paradox of youth is even stronger for stars that are on very tight orbits around Sagittarius A * , such as S2 and S0 - 102 . The scenarios invoked to explain this formation involve either star formation in a massive star cluster offset from the Galactic Center that would have migrated to its current location once formed , or star formation within a massive , compact gas accretion disk around the central black - hole . Most of these 100 young , massive stars seem to be concentrated within one or two disks , rather than randomly distributed within the central parsec . This observation however does not allow definite conclusions to be drawn at this point .", "Star formation does not seem to be occurring currently at the Galactic Center , although the Circumnuclear Disk of molecular gas that orbits the Galactic Center at two parsecs seems a fairly favorable site for star formation . Work presented in 2002 by Antony Stark and Chris Martin mapping the gas density in a 400 - light - year region around the Galactic Center has revealed an accumulating ring with a mass several million times that of the Sun and near the critical density for star formation . They predict that in approximately 200 million years there will be an episode of starburst in the Galactic Center , with many stars forming rapidly and undergoing supernovae at a hundred times the current rate . This starburst may also be accompanied by the formation of galactic jets as matter falls into the central black hole . It is thought that the Milky Way undergoes a starburst of this sort every 500 million years .", "In addition to the paradox of youth , there is also a `` conundrum of old age '' associated with the distribution of the old stars at the Galactic Center . Theoretical models had predicted that the old stars -- which far outnumber young stars -- should have a steeply - rising density near the black hole , a so - called Bahcall -- Wolf cusp . Instead , it was discovered in 2009 that the density of the old stars peaks at a distance of roughly 0.5 parsec from Sgr A * , then falls inward : instead of a dense cluster , there is a `` hole '' , or core , around the black hole . Several suggestions have been put forward to explain this puzzling observation , but none is completely satisfactory . For instance , although the black hole would eat stars near it , creating a region of low density , this region would be much smaller than a parsec . Because the observed stars are a fraction of the total number , it is theoretically possible that the overall stellar distribution is different than what is observed , although no plausible models of this sort have yet been proposed .", "White Dwarfs in Milky Way 's Central Hub The center of the Milky Way - image taken by ISAAC , the VLT 's near - and mid-infrared spectrometer and camera Infrared image from Spitzer Space Telescope A view of the night sky near Sagittarius , enhanced to show better contrast and detail in the dust lanes . The principal stars in Sagittarius are indicated in red . The central parts of the Milky Way , as observed in the near - infrared with the NACO instrument on ESO 's Very Large Telescope Infra - red image of the center of the Milky Way revealing a new population of massive stars Detection of an unusually bright X-Ray flare from Sagittarius A * , a supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way galaxy", "White Dwarfs in Milky Way 's Central Hub", "White Dwarfs in Milky Way 's Central Hub", "The center of the Milky Way - image taken by ISAAC , the VLT 's near - and mid-infrared spectrometer and camera", "The center of the Milky Way - image taken by ISAAC , the VLT 's near - and mid-infrared spectrometer and camera", "Infrared image from Spitzer Space Telescope", "Infrared image from Spitzer Space Telescope", "A view of the night sky near Sagittarius , enhanced to show better contrast and detail in the dust lanes . The principal stars in Sagittarius are indicated in red .", "A view of the night sky near Sagittarius , enhanced to show better contrast and detail in the dust lanes . The principal stars in Sagittarius are indicated in red .", "The central parts of the Milky Way , as observed in the near - infrared with the NACO instrument on ESO 's Very Large Telescope", "The central parts of the Milky Way , as observed in the near - infrared with the NACO instrument on ESO 's Very Large Telescope", "Infra - red image of the center of the Milky Way revealing a new population of massive stars", "Infra - red image of the center of the Milky Way revealing a new population of massive stars", "Detection of an unusually bright X-Ray flare from Sagittarius A * , a supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way galaxy", "Detection of an unusually bright X-Ray flare from Sagittarius A * , a supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way galaxy" ]
Galactic Center - wikipedia Galactic Center Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the Milky Way's center. For galaxy centers in general, see Bulge (astronomy) and Central massive object . For the book saga, see Galactic Center Saga . The Galactic Center, as seen by one of the 2MASS infrared telescopes, is located in the bright upper left portion of the image. The Galactic Center is the rotational center of the Milky Way . The estimates for its location range from 24-- 28.4 kilolight-years (7.4-- 8.7 kiloparsecs ) from Earth in the direction of the constellations Sagittarius , Ophiuchus , and Scorpius where the Milky Way appears brightest. It coincides with the compact radio source Sagittarius A* . There are around 10 million stars within one parsec of the Galactic Center, dominated by red giants . There is also a significant population of massive supergiants and Wolf-Rayet stars from a star formation event around one million years ago. There is a supermassive black hole at the centre, which powers the Sagittarius A* radio source. Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Distance to the Galactic Center 3 Supermassive black hole 4 Stellar population 4.1 Gallery 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 Further reading 8 External links Discovery ( edit ) Play media This pan video gives a closer look at a huge image of the central parts of the Milky Way made by combining thousands of images from ESO's VISTA telescope on Paranal in Chile and compares it with the view in visible light. Because VISTA has a camera sensitive to infrared light it can see through much of the dust blocking the view in visible light, although many more opaque dust filaments still show up well in this picture. Because of interstellar dust along the line of sight, the Galactic Center cannot be studied at visible , ultraviolet or soft (low-energy) X-ray wavelengths . The available information about the Galactic Center comes from observations at gamma ray , hard (high-energy) X-ray, infrared , sub-millimetre and radio wavelengths. Harlow Shapley stated in 1918 that the halo of globular clusters surrounding the Milky Way seemed to be centered on the star swarms in the constellation of Sagittarius, but the dark molecular clouds in the area blocked the view for optical astronomers. In the early 1940s Walter Baade at Mount Wilson Observatory took advantage of wartime blackout conditions in nearby Los Angeles to conduct a search for the center with the 100 inch Hooker Telescope. He found that near the star Alnasl (Gamma Sagittarii) there is a one-degree-wide void in the interstellar dust lanes, which provides a relatively clear view of the swarms of stars around the nucleus of our Milky Way Galaxy. This gap has been known as Baade's Window ever since. At Dover Heights in Sydney, Australia a team of radio astronomers from the Division of Radiophysics at the CSIRO , led by Joseph Lade Pawsey , used ' sea interferometry ' to discover some of the first interstellar and intergalactic radio sources, including Taurus A, Virgo A and Centaurus A. By 1954 they had built an 80 feet (24.4 meters) fixed dish antenna and used it to make a detailed study of an extended, extremely powerful belt of radio emission that was detected in Sagittarius. They named an intense point-source near the center of this belt Sagittarius A , and realised that it was located at the very center of our Galaxy, despite being some 32 degrees south-west of the conjectured galactic center of the time. In 1958 the International Astronomical Union (IAU) decided to adopt the position of Sagittarius A as the true zero co-ordinate point for the system of galactic latitude and longitude. In the equatorial coordinate system the location is: RA 17 45 40.04 , Dec − 29° 00′ 28.1'' ( J2000 epoch ). Distance to the Galactic Center ( edit ) Play media Animation of a barred galaxy like the Milky Way showing the presence of an X-shaped bulge. The X-shape extends to about one half of the bar radius. It is directly visible when the bar is seen from the side, but when the viewer is close to the long axis of the bar it cannot be seen directly and its presence can only be inferred from the distribution of brightnesses of stars along a given direction. The exact distance between the Solar System and the Galactic Center is not certain, although estimates since 2000 have remained within the range 24-- 28.4 kilolight-years (7.4-- 8.7 kiloparsecs ). The latest estimates from geometric-based methods and standard candles yield the following distances to the Galactic Center: 7000740000000000000♠ 7.4 ± 0.2(stat) ± 0.2(syst) or 7020228340141028572♠ 7.4 ± 0.3 kpc ( 7020227057531341939♠ ≈ 24 ± 1 kly ) 7020235128631707800♠ 7.62 ± 0.32 kpc ( 7020234626115720003♠ ≈ 24.8 ± 1 kly ) 7020237597173772973♠ 7.7 ± 0.7 kpc ( 7020237464334861778♠ ≈ 25.1 ± 2.3 kly ) 7.94 or 7020246854206517375♠ 8.0 ± 0.5 kpc ( 7020245978992287100♠ ≈ 26 ± 1.6 kly ) 7000798000000000000♠ 7.98 ± 0.15(stat) ± 0.20(syst) or 7020246854206517375♠ 8.0 ± 0.25 kpc ( 7020245978992287100♠ ≈ 26 ± 0.8 kly ) 7020257036942536217♠ 8.33 ± 0.35 kpc ( 7020255439722759681♠ ≈ 27 ± 1.1 kly ) 7020268453949587645♠ 8.7 ± 0.5 kpc ( 7020268684745421294♠ ≈ 28.4 ± 1.6 kly ) An accurate determination of the distance to the Galactic Center as established from variable stars (e.g. RR Lyrae variables ) or standard candles (e.g. red-clump stars) is hindered by countless effects, which include: an ambiguous reddening law ; a bias for smaller values of the distance to the Galactic Center because of a preferential sampling of stars toward the near side of the Galactic bulge owing to interstellar extinction ; and an uncertainty in characterizing how a mean distance to a group of variable stars found in the direction of the Galactic bulge relates to the distance to the Galactic Center. The nature of the Milky Way's bar, which extends across the Galactic Center, is also actively debated, with estimates for its half-length and orientation spanning between 1-- 5 kpc (short or a long bar) and 10-- 50° . Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way features two distinct bars, one nestled within the other. The bar is delineated by red-clump stars (see also red giant ); however, RR Lyr variables do not trace a prominent Galactic bar. The bar may be surrounded by a ring called the `` 5- kpc ring'' that contains a large fraction of the molecular hydrogen present in the Milky Way, as well as most of the Milky Way's star formation activity. Viewed from the Andromeda Galaxy , it would be the brightest feature of the Milky Way. Supermassive black hole ( edit ) There is a supermassive black hole in the bright white area to the right of the center of image. This composite photograph covers about half of a degree. The complex astronomical radio source Sagittarius A appears to be located almost exactly at the Galactic Center (approx. 18 hrs, − 29 deg), and contains an intense compact radio source, Sagittarius A* , which coincides with a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way. Accretion of gas onto the black hole , probably involving a disk around it, would release energy to power the radio source, itself much larger than the black hole. The latter is too small to see with present instruments. Artist impression of a supermassive black hole at the centre of a galaxy A study in 2008 which linked radio telescopes in Hawaii, Arizona and California ( Very Long Baseline Interferometry ) measured the diameter of Sagittarius A* to be 44 million kilometers (0.3 AU ). For comparison, the radius of Earth's orbit around the Sun is about 150 million kilometers (1.0 AU ), whereas the distance of Mercury from the Sun at closest approach ( perihelion ) is 46 million kilometers (0.3 AU ). Thus the diameter of the radio source is slightly less than the distance from Mercury to the Sun. Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany using Chilean telescopes have confirmed the existence of a supermassive black hole at the Galactic Center, on the order of 4.3 million solar masses . On 5 January 2015, NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual, a record-breaker, from Sagittarius A*. The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A*, according to astronomers. Stellar population ( edit ) Galactic Center of the Milky Way and a meteor The central cubic parsec around Sagittarius A* contains around 10 million stars . Although most of them are old red giant stars , the Galactic Center is also rich in massive stars . More than 100 OB and Wolf-- Rayet stars have been identified there so far. They seem to have all been formed in a single star formation event a few million years ago. The existence of these relatively young stars was a surprise to experts, who expected the tidal forces from the central black hole to prevent their formation. This paradox of youth is even stronger for stars that are on very tight orbits around Sagittarius A*, such as S2 and S0-102 . The scenarios invoked to explain this formation involve either star formation in a massive star cluster offset from the Galactic Center that would have migrated to its current location once formed, or star formation within a massive, compact gas accretion disk around the central black-hole. Most of these 100 young, massive stars seem to be concentrated within one or two disks, rather than randomly distributed within the central parsec. This observation however does not allow definite conclusions to be drawn at this point. Star formation does not seem to be occurring currently at the Galactic Center, although the Circumnuclear Disk of molecular gas that orbits the Galactic Center at two parsecs seems a fairly favorable site for star formation. Work presented in 2002 by Antony Stark and Chris Martin mapping the gas density in a 400- light-year region around the Galactic Center has revealed an accumulating ring with a mass several million times that of the Sun and near the critical density for star formation . They predict that in approximately 200 million years there will be an episode of starburst in the Galactic Center, with many stars forming rapidly and undergoing supernovae at a hundred times the current rate. This starburst may also be accompanied by the formation of galactic jets as matter falls into the central black hole . It is thought that the Milky Way undergoes a starburst of this sort every 500 million years. In addition to the paradox of youth, there is also a `` conundrum of old age'' associated with the distribution of the old stars at the Galactic Center. Theoretical models had predicted that the old stars-- which far outnumber young stars-- should have a steeply-rising density near the black hole, a so-called Bahcall-- Wolf cusp . Instead, it was discovered in 2009 that the density of the old stars peaks at a distance of roughly 0.5 parsec from Sgr A*, then falls inward: instead of a dense cluster, there is a `` hole'' , or core , around the black hole. Several suggestions have been put forward to explain this puzzling observation, but none is completely satisfactory. For instance, although the black hole would eat stars near it, creating a region of low density, this region would be much smaller than a parsec. Because the observed stars are a fraction of the total number, it is theoretically possible that the overall stellar distribution is different than what is observed, although no plausible models of this sort have yet been proposed. Gallery ( edit ) White Dwarfs in Milky Way's Central Hub The center of the Milky Way - image taken by ISAAC, the VLT 's near- and mid-infrared spectrometer and camera Infrared image from Spitzer Space Telescope A view of the night sky near Sagittarius , enhanced to show better contrast and detail in the dust lanes. The principal stars in Sagittarius are indicated in red. The central parts of the Milky Way, as observed in the near-infrared with the NACO instrument on ESO 's Very Large Telescope Infra-red image of the center of the Milky Way revealing a new population of massive stars Detection of an unusually bright X-Ray flare from Sagittarius A* , a supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way galaxy See also ( edit ) Space portal Cosmic noise Galactic anticenter Galactic coordinate system Great Rift Sagittarius A Sagittarius A* Sagittarius B2 Supermassive black hole SDSS J090745.0+024507 Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shapley, H (1918). `` Studies based on the colors and magnitudes in stellar clusters. VII. The distances, distribution in space, and dimensions of 69 globular clusters'' . Astrophysical Journal . 48 : 154. Bibcode : 1918ApJ... 48..154S . doi : 10.1086/142423 . Jump up ^ Baade, W (1946). `` A Search for the Nucleus of Our Galaxy'' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 58 : 249. Bibcode : 1946PASP...58..249B . doi : 10.1086/125835 . Jump up ^ Ng, Y. K; Bertelli, G; Chiosi, C; Bressan, A (1996). `` The galactic structure towards the Galactic Centre. III. A study of Baade's Window: Discovery of the bar population?'' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 310 : 771. Bibcode : 1996A&A ...310..771N . Jump up ^ Pawsey, J. L (1955). `` A Catalogue of Reliably Known Discrete Sources of Cosmic Radio Waves'' . Astrophysical Journal . 121 : 1. Bibcode : 1955ApJ...121... 1P . doi : 10.1086/145957 . Jump up ^ Blaauw, A.; Gum, C.S.; Pawsey, J.L.; Westerhout, G. (1960). `` The new IAU system of galactic coordinates (1958 revision)'' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 121 (2): 123-- 131. Bibcode : 1960MNRAS.121..123B . doi : 10.1093/mnras/121.2.123 . Jump up ^ Malkin, Zinovy M. (February 2013). `` Analysis of Determinations of the Distance between the Sun and the Galactic Center'' . Astronomy Reports . 57 (2): 128-- 133. arXiv : 1301.7011 . Bibcode : 2013ARep...57..128M . doi : 10.1134/S1063772913020078 . Russian original Малкин , З . М. (2013). `` Об определении расстояния от Солнца до центра Галактики '' . Astronomicheskii Zhurnal (in Russian). 90 (2): 152-- 157. doi : 10.7868/S0004629913020072 . ^ Jump up to: Francis, Charles; Anderson, Erik (June 2014). `` Two estimates of the distance to the Galactic Centre'' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 441 (2): 1105-- 1114. arXiv : 1309.2629 . Bibcode : 2014MNRAS.441.1105F . doi : 10.1093/mnras/stu631 . Jump up ^ Eisenhauer, F.; Genzel, R.; Alexander, T.; Abuter, R.; Paumard, T.; Ott, T.; Gilbert, A.; Gillessen, S.; Horrobin, M.; Trippe, S.; Bonnet, H.; Dumas, C.; Hubin, N.; Kaufer, A.; Kissler-Patig, M.; Monnet, G.; Ströbele , S.; Szeifert, T.; Eckart, A.; Schödel , R.; Zucker, S. (2005). `` SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month'' . Astrophysical Journal . 628 : 246. arXiv : astro-ph/0502129 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ...628..246E . doi : 10.1086/430667 . Jump up ^ Majaess, D.J. ; Turner, D.G. ; Lane, D.J. (2009). `` Characteristics of the Galaxy according to Cepheids'' . MNRAS. 398 : 263-- 270. arXiv : 0903.4206 . Bibcode : 2009MNRAS.398..263M . doi : 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15096.x . Jump up ^ Reid, Mark J. (1993). `` The distance to the center of the Galaxy'' . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 31 (1): 345-- 372. Bibcode : 1993ARA&A ..31..345R . doi : 10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.002021 . Jump up ^ Eisenhauer, F.; Schödel , R.; Genzel, R.; Ott, T.; Tecza, M.; Abuter, R.; Eckart, A.; Alexander, T. (2003). `` A Geometric Determination of the Distance to the Galactic Center'' . The Astrophysical Journal . 597 (2): L121-- L124. arXiv : astro-ph/0306220 . Bibcode : 2003ApJ...597L.121E . doi : 10.1086/380188 . Jump up ^ Horrobin, M.; Eisenhauer, F.; Tecza, M.; Thatte, N.; Genzel, R.; Abuter, R.; Iserlohe, C.; Schreiber, J.; Schegerer, A.; Lutz, D.; Ott, T.; Schödel , R. (2004). `` First results from SPIFFI. I: The Galactic Center'' (PDF) . Astronomische Nachrichten. 325 (2): 120-- 123. Bibcode : 2004AN... 325...88H . doi : 10.1002/asna.200310181 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-21 . Retrieved 2007-05-10 . Jump up ^ Malkin, Zinovy (2012). `` The current best estimate of the Galactocentric distance of the Sun based on comparison of different statistical techniques'' . 1202 : arXiv:1202.6128. arXiv : 1202.6128 ( astro-ph.GA ). Bibcode : 2012arXiv1202.6128M . ^ Jump up to: Gillessen, S.; Eisenhauer; Trippe; Alexander; Genzel; Martins; Ott (2009). `` Monitoring Stellar Orbits Around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center'' . The Astrophysical Journal . 692 (2): 1075-- 1109. arXiv : 0810.4674 . Bibcode : 2009ApJ...692.1075G . doi : 10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1075 . ^ Jump up to: Vanhollebeke, E.; Groenewegen, M.A.T. ; Girardi, L. (April 2009). `` Stellar populations in the Galactic bulge. Modelling the Galactic bulge with TRILEGAL'' . 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Jump up ^ Nishiyama, Shogo; Nagata, Tetsuya; Baba, Daisuke; Haba, Yasuaki; Kadowaki, Ryota; Kato, Daisuke; Kurita, Mikio; Nagashima, Chie; Nagayama, Takahiro; Murai, Yuka; Nakajima, Yasushi; Tamura, Motohide; Nakaya, Hidehiko; Sugitani, Koji; Naoi, Takahiro; Matsunaga, Noriyuki; Tanabé , Toshihiko; Kusakabe, Nobuhiko; Sato, Shuji (March 2005). `` A Distinct Structure inside the Galactic Bar'' . Astrophysical Journal . 621 (2): L105-- L108. arXiv : astro-ph/0502058 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ...621L.105N . doi : 10.1086/429291 . Jump up ^ Alcock, C.; Allsman, R.A. ; Alves, D.R. ; Axelrod, T.S. ; Becker, A.C. ; Basu, A.; Baskett, L.; Bennett, D.P. ; Cook, K.H. ; Freeman, K.C. ; Griest, K.; Guern, J.A. ; Lehner, M.J. ; Marshall, S.L. ; Minniti, D.; Peterson, B.A. ; Pratt, M.R. ; Quinn, P.J. ; Rodgers, A.W. ; Stubbs, C.W. ; Sutherland, W.; Vandehei, T.; Welch, D.L. (January 1998). `` The RR Lyrae Population of the Galactic Bulge from the MACHO Database: Mean Colors and Magnitudes'' . Astrophysical Journal . 492 (1): 190-- 199. Bibcode : 1998ApJ...492..190A . doi : 10.1086/305017 . Jump up ^ Kunder, Andrea; Chaboyer, Brian (December 2008). `` Metallicity Analysis of MACHO Galactic Bulge RR0 Lyrae Stars from their Light Curves'' . The Astronomical Journal . 136 (6): 2441-- 2452. arXiv : 0809.1645 . Bibcode : 2008AJ... 136.2441K . doi : 10.1088/0004-6256/136/6/2441 . Jump up ^ Staff (September 12, 2005). `` Introduction: Galactic Ring Survey'' . Boston University . Retrieved 2007-05-10 . Jump up ^ `` ALMA Reveals Intense Magnetic Field Close to Supermassive Black Hole'' . ESO Press Release . European Southern Observatory . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Doeleman, Sheperd S.; et al. (2008). `` Event-horizon-scale structure in the supermassive black hole candidate at that Galactic Centre'' . Nature . 455 (7209): 78-- 80. arXiv : 0809.2442 . Bibcode : 2008Natur.455...78D . doi : 10.1038/nature07245 . PMID 18769434 . Jump up ^ Reynolds, Christopher S. (2008). `` Bringing black holes into focus'' . Nature . 455 (7209): 39-- 40. Bibcode : 2008Natur.455...39R . doi : 10.1038/455039a . PMID 18769426 . ^ Jump up to: Chou, Felicia; Anderson, Janet; Watzke, Megan (5 January 2015). `` RELEASE 15-001 - NASA's Chandra Detects Record-Breaking Outburst from Milky Way's Black Hole'' . NASA . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~ryden/ast162_7/notes31.html Jump up ^ Mauerhan, J.C. ; Cotera, A.; Dong, H. (2010). `` Isolated Wolf-Rayet Stars and O Supergiants in the Galactic Center Region Identified Via Paschen-α Excess'' . The Astrophysical Journal . 725 : 188-- 199. arXiv : 1009.2769 . Bibcode : 2010ApJ...725..188M . doi : 10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/188 . Jump up ^ http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~ghezgroup/gc/ Jump up ^ http://www.mpe.mpg.de/ir/GC/ Jump up ^ Buchholz, R.M. ; Schödel , R.; Eckart, A. (May 2009). `` Composition of the galactic center star cluster: Population analysis from adaptive optics narrow band spectral energy distributions'' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 499 (2): 483-- 501. arXiv : 0903.2135 . Bibcode : 2009A&A ...499..483B . doi : 10.1051/0004-6361/200811497 . Jump up ^ Merritt, David (May 2011). `` Dynamical Models of the Galactic Center'' . In Morris, Mark; Wang, Daniel Q.; Yuan, Feng. Dynamical Models of the Galactic Center . The Galactic Center: A Window on the Nuclear Environment of Disk Galaxies. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Jump up ^ Chown, Marcus (Sep 2010). `` Something's been eating the stars'' . New Scientist. 207 (2778): 30-- 33. Bibcode : 2010NewSc.207...30M . doi : 10.1016/S0262-4079(10)62278-6 . Jump up ^ `` Hubble Spots White Dwarfs in Milky Way's Central Hub'' . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Eckart, A.; Schödel , R.; Straubmeier, C. (2005). The Black Hole at the Center of the Milky Way . London: Imperial College Press. ISBN 1-86094-567-8 . Melia, Fulvio (2003). The Black Hole in the Center of Our Galaxy . Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09505-1 . Melia, Fulvio (2007). The Galactic Supermassive Black Hole . Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13129-0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Galactic Center . UCLA Galactic Center Group Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics Galactic Center Group The Galactic Supermassive Black Hole The Black Hole at the Center of the Milky Way The dark heart of the Milky Way Animation showing orbits of stars near the center of the Milky Way galaxy Zooming in on the centre of the Milky Way Dramatic Increase in Supernova Explosions Looms APOD : Journey to the Center of the Galaxy A Galactic Cloud of Antimatter Fast Stars Near the Galactic Center At the Center of the Milky Way Galactic Centre Starscape Annotated Galactic Center A simulation of the stars orbiting the Milky Way's central massive black hole Galactic Center on arxiv.org Milky Way: Distance to the Galactic Centre Milky Way: a Distance to the Galactic Center - 2 Milky Way: a Distance to the Galactic Center - 3 ( hide ) The Milky Way Location Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within'' or `` part of'' . Galactic core Center of the Milky Way Sagittarius A Sagittarius A* Supermassive black hole Spiral arms Carina-- Sagittarius Norma-- Cygnus Orion-- Cygnus Perseus Scutum-- Centaurus Satellite galaxies Magellanic Clouds Large Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud Magellanic Stream Magellanic Bridge Sagittarius Spheroidal Sagittarius Stream Boötes II Coma Berenices Messier 54 Palomar 12 Segue 1 Segue 2 Terzan 7 Dwarfs Boötes I Boötes III Canes Venatici I Canes Venatici II Canis Major Carina Crater 2 Draco Fornax Hercules Leo I Leo II Leo IV Leo V Leo T Phoenix Pisces I Pisces II Sculptor Sextans Triangulum II Ursa Major I Ursa Major II Ursa Minor Virgo I Other Monoceros Ring Virgo Stream Koposov I Koposov II Segue 3 Willman 1 Related Andromeda-- Milky Way collision Astronomy portal Coordinates : 17 45 40.04 , − 29° 00′ 28.1'' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galactic_Center&oldid=814938035 '' Categories : Milky Way Geometric centers Hidden categories: CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017, at 19:58. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
5694585538108261181
is mastercard a debit card or credit card
The Debit Mastercard is a debit card . It uses the same systems as the standard Mastercard credit card but does not use a line of credit to the customer , instead relying on funds that the customer has in their bank account .
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[ "Debit Mastercard Product type Debit card Owner Mastercard Country United States Related brands Maestro Markets Worldwide Website www.mastercard.com", "Product type Debit card", "Owner Mastercard", "Country United States", "Related brands Maestro", "Markets Worldwide", "Website www.mastercard.com", "The Debit Mastercard is a debit card . It uses the same systems as the standard Mastercard credit card but does not use a line of credit to the customer , instead relying on funds that the customer has in their bank account .", "Several banks offer Credit and Debit Mastercard in Algeria ( Algeria Gulf Bank , Banque de Développement Local , Crédit Populaire Agricole ) .", "In 2011 , Banco de Córdoba started offering Mastercard Debit to its clients , as a direct competitor to the Visa Débito card . However , this would n't be a direct replacement of all Maestro cards in the Argentine market , since it will be analyzed with each bank .", "As in the UK , in Australia the Debit Mastercard is a competitor to the Visa Debit cards provided by Visa Inc .", "The Debit Mastercard was first launched in Australia by Westpac in 2006 as an alternative card for the bank 's Cirrus cardholders .", "The Commonwealth Bank , ME Bank and Westpac are notable for being the only banks in Australia to issue a Debit Mastercard to any account holder age 16 and older , whereas other institutions require cardholders to be age 18 or older .", "Swedbank has offered Debit Mastercard in Estonia since 2011 , Latvia and Lithuania since 2012 . Nordea has offered Debit Mastercard in Latvia since 2016 . SEB has offered Debit Mastercard and Visa Debit for years equally in the Baltic states , but since March / April 2014 SEB decided to prefer Debit Mastercard as their main debit card , still somewhat offering also Visa Debit", "Debit Mastercard was launched in Canada in July 2016 with Bank of Montreal . Similar to most Canadian Visa Debit cards , BMO 's Debit Mastercard is co-branded with Interac and operates solely over that network for point - of - sale transactions in Canada , but uses the Mastercard network for Internet and international transactions .", "Deutsche Bank , Commerzbank , Norisbank , Consors Finanz , MLP , netbank , KT Bank , O2 Banking , Fidor Bank and N26 offer Debit Mastercards to their customers . In Germany , the Debit Mastercard is a competitor to the national Girocard .", "As of March 2015 , all four major Greek banks offer a contactless Debit Mastercard to their clients .", "Eurobank Ergasias is replacing its Maestro line of debit cards with a new Debit Mastercard .", "The National Bank of Greece ( NBG ) started replacing its Maestro debit card with a new Debit Mastercard in March 2015 . NBG is the last one of the four major Greek banks to offer a Debit Mastercard to its customers , and like Eurobank it only offers this debit card .", "The other two major Greek banks offer Debit Mastercard cards as well , but not exclusively . Piraeus Bank has added the option for a Mastercard Debit card alongside the Visa Debit ( formerly Visa Electron ) card that it had been offering in the past as the exclusive option . Also Alpha Bank offers Debit Mastercard and Debit Mastercard Contactless as one of three options for a debit card . It is not clear which debit card these two banks promote the most to customers that do not have a specific preference .", "bunq bank issues a Debit Mastercard to its premium customers .", "Major banks like BDO , Metrobank , Security Bank , and PNB issue Debit Mastercard .", "The country 's largest bank , BDO is the first bank to roll out the first - ever Debit Mastercard with an EMV chip in the Philippines . This is for the enhancement of the security features and also for the safety and security of its cardholders .", "Debit Cards like Mastercard are also accepted in several Point of sales in the Philippines .", "In the United Kingdom , the Debit Mastercard operates alongside Mastercard 's established Maestro debit card scheme , which previously were the only debit cards provided by Mastercard . However , almost all providers have switched to issuing Debit Mastercard instead , as the previous Maestro debit cards are not accepted as widely worldwide , unlike the Debit Mastercard which is accepted worldwide wherever Mastercard is accepted . Although , currently , the Maestro scheme still remains in place . Main issuers of Debit Mastercard are Clydesdale Bank ( incorporating Yorkshire Bank ) , Danske Bank , Virgin Money , Metro Bank , Starling Bank and Monzo Bank .", "The Debit Mastercard is a competitor to the Visa Debit cards provided by Visa Inc .", "In the United States , unlike Australia and the United Kingdom , three levels of Debit Mastercard are available : Standard , Enhanced , and World . In 2012 , there were four levels of Debit Mastercard available : Standard , Gold , Platinum and World ." ]
Debit Mastercard - wikipedia Debit Mastercard Debit Mastercard Product type Debit card Owner Mastercard Country United States Related brands Maestro Markets Worldwide Website www.mastercard.com The Debit Mastercard is a debit card . It uses the same systems as the standard Mastercard credit card but does not use a line of credit to the customer, instead relying on funds that the customer has in their bank account. Contents 1 Algeria 2 Argentina 3 Australia 4 Baltic states 5 Canada 6 Germany 7 Greece 8 Netherlands 9 Philippines 10 United Kingdom 11 United States 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Algeria ( edit ) Several banks offer Credit and Debit Mastercard in Algeria (Algeria Gulf Bank, Banque de Développement Local, Crédit Populaire Agricole). Argentina ( edit ) In 2011, Banco de Córdoba started offering Mastercard Debit to its clients, as a direct competitor to the Visa Débito card. However, this wouldn't be a direct replacement of all Maestro cards in the Argentine market, since it will be analyzed with each bank. Australia ( edit ) As in the UK, in Australia the Debit Mastercard is a competitor to the Visa Debit cards provided by Visa Inc. The Debit Mastercard was first launched in Australia by Westpac in 2006 as an alternative card for the bank's Cirrus cardholders. The Commonwealth Bank , ME Bank and Westpac are notable for being the only banks in Australia to issue a Debit Mastercard to any account holder age 16 and older, whereas other institutions require cardholders to be age 18 or older. Baltic states ( edit ) Swedbank has offered Debit Mastercard in Estonia since 2011, Latvia and Lithuania since 2012. Nordea has offered Debit Mastercard in Latvia since 2016. SEB has offered Debit Mastercard and Visa Debit for years equally in the Baltic states, but since March/April 2014 SEB decided to prefer Debit Mastercard as their main debit card, still somewhat offering also Visa Debit Canada ( edit ) Debit Mastercard was launched in Canada in July 2016 with Bank of Montreal . Similar to most Canadian Visa Debit cards, BMO's Debit Mastercard is co-branded with Interac and operates solely over that network for point-of-sale transactions in Canada, but uses the Mastercard network for Internet and international transactions. Germany ( edit ) Deutsche Bank , Commerzbank , Norisbank , Consors Finanz , MLP, netbank, KT Bank, O2 Banking, Fidor Bank and N26 offer Debit Mastercards to their customers. In Germany, the Debit Mastercard is a competitor to the national Girocard . Greece ( edit ) As of March 2015, all four major Greek banks offer a contactless Debit Mastercard to their clients. Eurobank Ergasias is replacing its Maestro line of debit cards with a new Debit Mastercard. The National Bank of Greece (NBG) started replacing its Maestro debit card with a new Debit Mastercard in March 2015. NBG is the last one of the four major Greek banks to offer a Debit Mastercard to its customers, and like Eurobank it only offers this debit card. The other two major Greek banks offer Debit Mastercard cards as well, but not exclusively. Piraeus Bank has added the option for a Mastercard Debit card alongside the Visa Debit (formerly Visa Electron ) card that it had been offering in the past as the exclusive option. Also Alpha Bank offers Debit Mastercard and Debit Mastercard Contactless as one of three options for a debit card. It is not clear which debit card these two banks promote the most to customers that do not have a specific preference. Netherlands ( edit ) bunq bank issues a Debit Mastercard to its premium customers. Philippines ( edit ) Major banks like BDO , Metrobank , Security Bank , and PNB issue Debit Mastercard. The country's largest bank, BDO is the first bank to roll out the first-ever Debit Mastercard with an EMV chip in the Philippines. This is for the enhancement of the security features and also for the safety and security of its cardholders. Debit Cards like Mastercard are also accepted in several Point of sales in the Philippines . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom, the Debit Mastercard operates alongside Mastercard's established Maestro debit card scheme, which previously were the only debit cards provided by Mastercard. However, almost all providers have switched to issuing Debit Mastercard instead, as the previous Maestro debit cards are not accepted as widely worldwide, unlike the Debit Mastercard which is accepted worldwide wherever Mastercard is accepted. Although, currently, the Maestro scheme still remains in place. Main issuers of Debit Mastercard are Clydesdale Bank (incorporating Yorkshire Bank), Danske Bank , Virgin Money , Metro Bank , Starling Bank and Monzo Bank . The Debit Mastercard is a competitor to the Visa Debit cards provided by Visa Inc. United States ( edit ) In the United States, unlike Australia and the United Kingdom, three levels of Debit Mastercard are available: Standard, Enhanced, and World. In 2012, there were four levels of Debit Mastercard available: Standard, Gold, Platinum and World. See also ( edit ) E-commerce credit card payment system Payment card Payment service provider Wire transfer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Debit Card - Mastercard'' . www.mastercard.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2014-05-20 . Retrieved 2014-05-11 . Jump up ^ Aires, LAURA GARCÍA Buenos. `` Sin eliminar Maestro, MasterCard sale al mercado con una nueva tarjeta de débito '' . Jump up ^ `` Credit Card Debit Products MasterCard® '' . Mastercard.com . Retrieved 2012-08-04 . Jump up ^ `` Press Office About Us MasterCard® Australia'' . Mastercard.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-07 . Retrieved 2012-08-04 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Bank unveils youth Debit MasterCard - International Business Times'' . Au.ibtimes.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-15 . Retrieved 2012-08-04 . Jump up ^ (1) Jump up ^ westpac.com.au Retrieved 2012-09-12 Jump up ^ `` SEB offers customers novel MasterCard debit card'' . SEB. 10 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lakson, Piret (10 March 2014). `` SEB eelistab Visa asemel Mastercardi'' (in Estonian). Tarbija24 ( Postimees ) . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Banking Services - Online & Mobile Banking - BMO'' . www.bmo.com . Jump up ^ `` Debitkarte - Debit Mastercard'' . www.mastercard.de . Jump up ^ `` NEU: Debit MasterCard: Info und Vergleich zur Debitkarte 2018'' . Jump up ^ `` Eurobank Ergasias - Debit Mastercard'' . Retrieved 2014-07-12 . Jump up ^ `` Debit MasterCard'' . Retrieved 2015-03-09 . Jump up ^ `` Mastercard Debit'' . Piraeusbank.gr . Retrieved 2014-07-12 . Jump up ^ `` ALPHA BANK - bank cards'' . alphabank.gr. Archived from the original on 2016-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-01 . Jump up ^ `` Homepage'' . www.bunq.com . Jump up ^ `` Transact with the new EMV Debit Card'' . www.bdo.com.ph. 10 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` MasterCard® Debit Cards'' . Mastercard.com . Retrieved 2015-02-04 . Jump up ^ `` MasterCard Debit Cards MasterCard® '' . Mastercard.com . Retrieved 2012-08-04 . External links ( edit ) Official Website (UK) Credit , charge and debit cards Major cards American Express Diners Club Mastercard Debit Mastercard Maestro Visa Visa Debit Visa Electron UnionPay Regional and specialty cards Bancomat BC Card BCA Card Cabcharge Dankort Discover EFTPOS Electronic Payment Services (EPS) Forbrugsforeningen Girocard Interac Isracard JCB Mir MEPS NETS RuPay UATP V Pay Verve Defunct cards Access Bankcard Carte Blanche Carte Bleue Choice enRoute Eurocard Everything Laser Rail Travel Card Revolution Card Solo Switch PIN Accounts Payment card number Card association Card enclosure Credit card balance transfer Credit limit Installment credit Revolving account Deposit account Current/checking account Savings account ATM card Debt Cash advance Charge-off Maxed out Interest Grace period Introductory rate Universal default Payment Card not present transaction Chargeback Controlled payment number Dispute Interchange fee Interchange fee Surcharge Security Card security code Chargeback fraud Credit card fraud Credit card hijacking Technology Cash machine Chip and PIN Contactless payment Credit card terminal Interbank network Magnetic stripe card Smart card Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debit_Mastercard&oldid=857107126 '' Categories : Debit cards Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 CS1 Estonian-language sources (et) Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018, at 16:26 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
2267725379682769339
who played the deaf girl on the big bang theory
2013 TwoCents TV Award for Drama Queens Switched at Birth Won
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[ "Katie Leclerc Katie Leclerc at O Holy Night in June 2011 . Katie Lynn Leclerc ( 1986 - 11 - 06 ) November 6 , 1986 ( age 30 ) San Antonio , Texas , United States Nationality American Other names Kate Occupation Actress , Producer Years active 2005 -- present Known for Switched at Birth Spouse ( s ) Brian Habecost ( m . 2014 ; div. 2017 ) Website www.katieleclerc.com", "Katie Leclerc", "Katie Leclerc at O Holy Night in June 2011 .", "Katie Lynn Leclerc ( 1986 - 11 - 06 ) November 6 , 1986 ( age 30 ) San Antonio , Texas , United States", "Nationality American", "Other names Kate", "Occupation Actress , Producer", "Years active 2005 -- present", "Known for Switched at Birth", "Spouse ( s ) Brian Habecost ( m . 2014 ; div. 2017 )", "Website www.katieleclerc.com", "Katie Lynn Leclerc ( born November 6 , 1986 ) is an American actress . She has appeared on several television series , including Veronica Mars , Fashion House and The Big Bang Theory . In 2011 , she was cast in the television show Switched at Birth , starring as Daphne Vasquez .", "Katie Leclerc was born in San Antonio , Texas , and grew up in Lakewood , Colorado . She is the youngest of three siblings . She started learning American Sign Language at 17 , before she found out she had a disorder which includes hearing loss . Her older sister also teaches ASL . http://www.sdentertainer.com/features/interviews/special-interview-abc-family-switched-birth-katie-leclerc/ title = Special Interview with ABC Family `` Switched At Birth '' Katie Leclerc work = San Diego Entertainer magazine date = July 15 , 2011 accessdate = July 15 , 2011 ) ) < / ref > Both her father and older sister have Ménière 's disease as well .", "She married longtime boyfriend Brian Habecost , a real estate salesman , on September 6 , 2014 . In July 2017 , Leclerc filed for divorce from her husband .", "Katie Leclerc discovered her passion for acting in seventh grade when she got the lead role in a production of Annie . She then moved to San Diego , to pursue theatre at Valley Center High School . She took part in commercials for Pepsi , Cingular , Comcast , and GE . In 2006 , she was in the Rascal Flatts video `` What Hurts the Most '' as a student in the classroom . She started her television career when she guest - starred on Veronica Mars . Since then , she has acted in many other television shows . Her first main acting role was in the show Switched at Birth , where she plays Daphne Vasquez , a Deaf teenager who was given to the wrong family after birth .", "`` My agent submitted me for a nationwide casting call for the roles of Emmett and Daphne . I ended up getting a call back , and that 's when I was asked to try a `` Deaf accent . '' It 's something we discussed in depth . We wanted to make sure my portrayal was respectful and done correctly . At the same time , we felt that using a Deaf accent would be a really strong choice for the character .", "Year Title Role Notes 2006 Gravy Train Lydia Faye Short film 2009 Flying By Ally 2009 The Inner Circle Claire 2012 Seven Lanterns Rachel Hawthorne Short film 2015 The Ones Katie Post-production 2015 Mesmerized Kate Hawthorne Post-production 2015 Holiday Breakup Kelly 2016 Stars Are Already Dead Ireland Post-production", "Year Title Role Notes", "2006 Gravy Train Lydia Faye Short film", "2009 Flying By Ally", "2009 The Inner Circle Claire", "2012 Seven Lanterns Rachel Hawthorne Short film", "2015 The Ones Katie Post-production", "2015 Mesmerized Kate Hawthorne Post-production", "2015 Holiday Breakup Kelly", "2016 Stars Are Already Dead Ireland Post-production", "Year Title Role Notes 2005 Veronica Mars Crystal Episode : `` Silence of the Lamb '' 2006 Fashion House Sara Recurring role ( 4 episodes ) 2007 Naked Trucker and T - Bones Show , The The Naked Trucker and T - Bones Show Tokersville Queen Episode : `` Salute to America '' 2007 Saints & Sinners Bride Episode : `` Dance , Dance Revolution '' 2008 Riches , The The Riches Teen Girl Episode : `` Friday Night Lights '' 2008 Ex List , The The Ex List Mila Episode : `` Protect and Serve '' Hard Times of RJ Berger , The The Hard Times of RJ Berger Deaf Girl Episode : `` Lily Pad '' 2011 , 2017 Big Bang Theory , The The Big Bang Theory Emily Episodes : `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' , `` The Emotion Detection Automation '' 2011 -- 2017 Switched at Birth Daphne Vasquez Lead role 2012 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Christine Episode : `` Play Dead '' 2013 My Synthesized Life Amanda Episodes : `` Amanda '' , `` A Disturbance in the Force '' 2013 The Confession Katie Lapp Television film 2014 Community Carol Episode : `` Analysis of Cork - Based Networking '' 2015 Cloudy With a Chance of Love Debbie Metcalfe Television film 2015 The Reckoning Katie Lapp / Katherine Mayfield Television film 2017 Confess Auburn Reed Web series", "Year Title Role Notes", "2005 Veronica Mars Crystal Episode : `` Silence of the Lamb ''", "2006 Fashion House Sara Recurring role ( 4 episodes )", "2007 Naked Trucker and T - Bones Show , The The Naked Trucker and T - Bones Show Tokersville Queen Episode : `` Salute to America ''", "2007 Saints & Sinners Bride Episode : `` Dance , Dance Revolution ''", "2008 Riches , The The Riches Teen Girl Episode : `` Friday Night Lights ''", "2008 Ex List , The The Ex List Mila Episode : `` Protect and Serve ''", "Hard Times of RJ Berger , The The Hard Times of RJ Berger Deaf Girl Episode : `` Lily Pad ''", "2011 , 2017 Big Bang Theory , The The Big Bang Theory Emily Episodes : `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' , `` The Emotion Detection Automation ''", "2011 -- 2017 Switched at Birth Daphne Vasquez Lead role", "2012 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Christine Episode : `` Play Dead ''", "2013 My Synthesized Life Amanda Episodes : `` Amanda '' , `` A Disturbance in the Force ''", "2013 The Confession Katie Lapp Television film", "2014 Community Carol Episode : `` Analysis of Cork - Based Networking ''", "2015 Cloudy With a Chance of Love Debbie Metcalfe Television film", "2015 The Reckoning Katie Lapp / Katherine Mayfield Television film", "2017 Confess Auburn Reed Web series", "Year Award Work Result Ref 2011 Teen Choice Awards for Choice Breakout Star Switched at Birth Nominated 2013 TwoCents TV Award for Drama Queens Switched at Birth Won", "Year Award Work Result Ref", "2011 Teen Choice Awards for Choice Breakout Star Switched at Birth Nominated", "2013 TwoCents TV Award for Drama Queens Switched at Birth Won" ]
Katie Leclerc - wikipedia Katie Leclerc Jump to: navigation , search Katie Leclerc Katie Leclerc at O Holy Night in June 2011. Katie Lynn Leclerc ( 1986-11-06 ) November 6, 1986 (age 30) San Antonio , Texas , United States Nationality American Other names Kate Occupation Actress , Producer Years active 2005-- present Known for Switched at Birth Spouse(s) Brian Habecost ( m. 2014; div. 2017) Website www.katieleclerc.com Katie Lynn Leclerc (born November 6, 1986) is an American actress. She has appeared on several television series, including Veronica Mars , Fashion House and The Big Bang Theory . In 2011, she was cast in the television show Switched at Birth , starring as Daphne Vasquez . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Personal Life ( edit ) Katie Leclerc with Ryan Lane at a Dogs for the Deaf benefit in April 2013 Katie Leclerc was born in San Antonio , Texas , and grew up in Lakewood , Colorado . She is the youngest of three siblings. She started learning American Sign Language at 17, before she found out she had a disorder which includes hearing loss. Her older sister also teaches ASL. http://www.sdentertainer.com/features/interviews/special-interview-abc-family-switched-birth-katie-leclerc/ title=Special Interview with ABC Family `` Switched At Birth'' Katie Leclerc work= San Diego Entertainer magazine date= July 15, 2011 accessdate=July 15, 2011))< /ref> Both her father and older sister have Ménière 's disease as well. She married longtime boyfriend Brian Habecost, a real estate salesman, on September 6, 2014. In July 2017, Leclerc filed for divorce from her husband. Career ( edit ) Katie Leclerc discovered her passion for acting in seventh grade when she got the lead role in a production of Annie . She then moved to San Diego , to pursue theatre at Valley Center High School. She took part in commercials for Pepsi , Cingular , Comcast , and GE . In 2006, she was in the Rascal Flatts video `` What Hurts the Most '' as a student in the classroom. She started her television career when she guest-starred on Veronica Mars . Since then, she has acted in many other television shows. Her first main acting role was in the show Switched at Birth , where she plays Daphne Vasquez, a Deaf teenager who was given to the wrong family after birth. `` My agent submitted me for a nationwide casting call for the roles of Emmett and Daphne. I ended up getting a call back, and that's when I was asked to try a `` Deaf accent.'' It's something we discussed in depth. We wanted to make sure my portrayal was respectful and done correctly. At the same time, we felt that using a Deaf accent would be a really strong choice for the character. Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 Gravy Train Lydia Faye Short film 2009 Flying By Ally 2009 The Inner Circle Claire 2012 Seven Lanterns Rachel Hawthorne Short film 2015 The Ones Katie Post-production 2015 Mesmerized Kate Hawthorne Post-production 2015 Holiday Breakup Kelly 2016 Stars Are Already Dead Ireland Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Veronica Mars Crystal Episode: `` Silence of the Lamb '' 2006 Fashion House Sara Recurring role (4 episodes) 2007 Naked Trucker and T-Bones Show, The The Naked Trucker and T-Bones Show Tokersville Queen Episode: `` Salute to America'' 2007 Saints & Sinners Bride Episode: `` Dance, Dance Revolution'' 2008 Riches, The The Riches Teen Girl Episode: `` Friday Night Lights'' 2008 Ex List, The The Ex List Mila Episode: `` Protect and Serve'' Hard Times of RJ Berger, The The Hard Times of RJ Berger Deaf Girl Episode: `` Lily Pad'' 2011, 2017 Big Bang Theory, The The Big Bang Theory Emily Episodes: `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst'' , `` The Emotion Detection Automation'' 2011-- 2017 Switched at Birth Daphne Vasquez Lead role 2012 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Christine Episode: `` Play Dead'' 2013 My Synthesized Life Amanda Episodes: `` Amanda'' , `` A Disturbance in the Force'' 2013 The Confession Katie Lapp Television film 2014 Community Carol Episode: `` Analysis of Cork-Based Networking '' 2015 Cloudy With a Chance of Love Debbie Metcalfe Television film 2015 The Reckoning Katie Lapp/Katherine Mayfield Television film 2017 Confess Auburn Reed Web series Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result Ref 2011 Teen Choice Awards for Choice Breakout Star Switched at Birth Nominated 2013 TwoCents TV Award for Drama Queens Switched at Birth Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Katie Leclerc on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Katie Leclerc-Welcome (2011)'' . Retrieved June 14, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NY Post: Deaf actress Katie Leclerc unites hearing and deaf worlds on family drama, `` Switched at Birth'' (2011)`` . Retrieved June 14, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Switched at Birth's Katie Leclerc Is Engaged '' . Retrieved November 2, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Katie Leclerc files for divorce from husband'' . TV3 (Ireland) . July 27, 2017 . Retrieved August 7, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Special Interview with ABC Family `` Switched At Birth'' Katie Leclerc`` . San Diego Entertainer magazine . July 15, 2011 . Retrieved July 15, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter@katieleclerc `` how old were you... '' `` . June 10, 2013 . Retrieved July 10, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ability Magazine: Katie Leclerc Interview with Chet Cooper'' (2011)`` . Retrieved April 3, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Lively Wins Choice TV Drama Actress The Teen Choice Awards! Here Are More Winners!'' . Hollywood Life . August 7, 2011 . Retrieved June 21, 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana (July 11, 2013). `` 2013 TwoCents TV Awards -- Drama Categories'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 23, 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Katie Leclerc . Katie Leclerc on IMDb VIAF : 221075021 LCCN : no2011191526 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katie_Leclerc&oldid=798309922 '' Categories : American deaf actresses American film actresses American television actresses 1986 births Living people Actresses from Colorado Actresses from San Antonio People from Lakewood, Colorado People from Valley Center, California 21st-century American actresses Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from October 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Malti Nederlands Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017, at 04:42. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
-2094227006372421952
who wrote the kadam kadam badhaye ja khushi ke geet
`` Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja '' ( Hindi : क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ) was the regimental quick march of the Subhas Chandra Bose 's Indian National Army . Written by Pt . Vanshidhar Shukla and composed by Ram Singh Thakuri , it was banned in India after World War II as `` seditious '' , which was subsequently lifted in August 1947 . The song has since become a patriotic song in India , and has been re-interpreted by various Indian musicians including C. Ramachandra and A.R. Rahman . The song is currently the regimental quickmarch of the Indian Army .
[ [ "Written by Pt. Vanshidhar Shukla and composed by Ram Singh Thakuri" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "`` Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja '' March by Ram Singh Thakur Written 1942 Text by Pt . Vanshidhar Shukla Language Devanagari , Hindi", "`` Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja ''", "March by Ram Singh Thakur", "Written 1942", "Text by Pt . Vanshidhar Shukla", "Language Devanagari , Hindi", "`` Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja '' ( Hindi : क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ) was the regimental quick march of the Subhas Chandra Bose 's Indian National Army . Written by Pt . Vanshidhar Shukla and composed by Ram Singh Thakuri , it was banned in India after World War II as `` seditious '' , which was subsequently lifted in August 1947 . The song has since become a patriotic song in India , and has been re-interpreted by various Indian musicians including C. Ramachandra and A.R. Rahman . The song is currently the regimental quickmarch of the Indian Army .", "Devnagari script Romanised Hindi Translation ( Approximate ) क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा तू शेर - ए - हिन्द आगे बढ़ मरने से तू कभी न डर उड़ा के दुश्मनों का सर जोश - ए - वतन बढ़ाये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा हिम्मत तेरी बढ़ती रहे ख़ुदा तेरी सुनता रहे जो सामने तेरे खड़े तू ख़ाक़ में मिलाये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा चलो दिल्ली पुकार के क़ौमी - निशाँ संभाल के लाल क़िले पे गाड़ के लहराये जा लहराये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zīndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā tū shēr - ē - hind āgē baṛ marnē sē tū kabhī nā daṛ Ūṛākē dushmanō kā saṛ jōsh - ē - vatan baṛāē jā Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zīndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā himmat tēri baṛtī rahē khuda tērī suntā rahē jō sāmnē tērē khaṛē tū khāq mē milāē jā Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā Chalō Dillī pūkār kē qâumi - nishāñ sam. bhāl kē Lāl qilē pē gāṛ kē lehrāē jā lehrāē jā Qadam qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē geet gāē jā yē zindagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her March forward You the Tiger of India never ever be afraid to die By Blowing away the enemy 's head Raise the spirits of your nation Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her Let your courage be ever increasing May The Lord always hear you As for those who stand in your way Keep trampling them to dust and ashes Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her Let `` Towards Delhi '' be your war - cry And hold the Nation 's banner high Plant it on the Red Fort And wave it high , wave it high Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her", "Devnagari script Romanised Hindi Translation ( Approximate )", "क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा तू शेर - ए - हिन्द आगे बढ़ मरने से तू कभी न डर उड़ा के दुश्मनों का सर जोश - ए - वतन बढ़ाये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा हिम्मत तेरी बढ़ती रहे ख़ुदा तेरी सुनता रहे जो सामने तेरे खड़े तू ख़ाक़ में मिलाये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा चलो दिल्ली पुकार के क़ौमी - निशाँ संभाल के लाल क़िले पे गाड़ के लहराये जा लहराये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zīndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā tū shēr - ē - hind āgē baṛ marnē sē tū kabhī nā daṛ Ūṛākē dushmanō kā saṛ jōsh - ē - vatan baṛāē jā Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zīndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā himmat tēri baṛtī rahē khuda tērī suntā rahē jō sāmnē tērē khaṛē tū khāq mē milāē jā Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā Chalō Dillī pūkār kē qâumi - nishāñ sam. bhāl kē Lāl qilē pē gāṛ kē lehrāē jā lehrāē jā Qadam qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē geet gāē jā yē zindagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her March forward You the Tiger of India never ever be afraid to die By Blowing away the enemy 's head Raise the spirits of your nation Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her Let your courage be ever increasing May The Lord always hear you As for those who stand in your way Keep trampling them to dust and ashes Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her Let `` Towards Delhi '' be your war - cry And hold the Nation 's banner high Plant it on the Red Fort And wave it high , wave it high Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her", "क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा तू शेर - ए - हिन्द आगे बढ़ मरने से तू कभी न डर उड़ा के दुश्मनों का सर जोश - ए - वतन बढ़ाये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा हिम्मत तेरी बढ़ती रहे ख़ुदा तेरी सुनता रहे जो सामने तेरे खड़े तू ख़ाक़ में मिलाये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा चलो दिल्ली पुकार के क़ौमी - निशाँ संभाल के लाल क़िले पे गाड़ के लहराये जा लहराये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा", "Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zīndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā tū shēr - ē - hind āgē baṛ marnē sē tū kabhī nā daṛ Ūṛākē dushmanō kā saṛ jōsh - ē - vatan baṛāē jā Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zīndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā himmat tēri baṛtī rahē khuda tērī suntā rahē jō sāmnē tērē khaṛē tū khāq mē milāē jā Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā Chalō Dillī pūkār kē qâumi - nishāñ sam. bhāl kē Lāl qilē pē gāṛ kē lehrāē jā lehrāē jā Qadam qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē geet gāē jā yē zindagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā", "Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her March forward You the Tiger of India never ever be afraid to die By Blowing away the enemy 's head Raise the spirits of your nation Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her Let your courage be ever increasing May The Lord always hear you As for those who stand in your way Keep trampling them to dust and ashes Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her Let `` Towards Delhi '' be your war - cry And hold the Nation 's banner high Plant it on the Red Fort And wave it high , wave it high Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her" ]
Qadam Qadam badaye ja - Wikipedia Qadam Qadam badaye ja `` Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja'' March by Ram Singh Thakur Written 1942 Text by Pt. Vanshidhar Shukla Language Devanagari , Hindi `` Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja '' ( Hindi : क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ) was the regimental quick march of the Subhas Chandra Bose 's Indian National Army . Written by Pt. Vanshidhar Shukla and composed by Ram Singh Thakuri , it was banned in India after World War II as `` seditious'' , which was subsequently lifted in August 1947. The song has since become a patriotic song in India, and has been re-interpreted by various Indian musicians including C. Ramachandra and A.R. Rahman . The song is currently the regimental quickmarch of the Indian Army . Lyrics ( edit ) Devnagari script Romanised Hindi Translation (Approximate) क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा तू शेर -ए -हिन्द आगे बढ़ मरने से तू कभी न डर उड़ा के दुश्मनों का सर जोश -ए -वतन बढ़ाये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा हिम्मत तेरी बढ़ती रहे ख़ुदा तेरी सुनता रहे जो सामने तेरे खड़े तू ख़ाक़ में मिलाये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा चलो दिल्ली पुकार के क़ौमी -निशाँ संभाल के लाल क़िले पे गाड़ के लहराये जा लहराये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zīndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā tū shēr -ē -hind āgē baṛ marnē sē tū kabhī nā daṛ Ūṛākē dushmanō kā saṛ jōsh -ē -vatan baṛāē jā Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zīndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā himmat tēri baṛtī rahē khuda tērī suntā rahē jō sāmnē tērē khaṛē tū khāq mē milāē jā Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā Chalō Dillī pūkār kē qâumi -nishāñ sam.bhāl kē Lāl qilē pē gāṛ kē lehrāē jā lehrāē jā Qadam qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē geet gāē jā yē zindagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her March forward You the Tiger of India never ever be afraid to die By Blowing away the enemy's head Raise the spirits of your nation Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her Let your courage be ever increasing May The Lord always hear you As for those who stand in your way Keep trampling them to dust and ashes Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her Let `` Towards Delhi'' be your war-cry And hold the Nation's banner high Plant it on the Red Fort And wave it high, wave it high Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her References ( edit ) Sources A tribute to the legendary composer of National Anthem Rahman's tunes bring Bose back (Kadam Kadam Bhadaye Jaa ...(Every Step, Forward..)) Band of INA Songwriter: http://bigsurmise.com/India_Songs/Indian_Songs.php?val=39 Notes Jump up ^ Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and Indian war of independence , Satish Chandra Maikap, pp. 352, Punascha, 1998, OCLC 39292599 , ... I.N.A. Marching Song Qadam qadam bar'haye ja ... Jump up ^ Reflections And Reminiscences Of Police Officers , Sankar Sen, pp. 90, Concept Publishing Company, 2006, ISBN 9788180692369 . Indian National Army Historical Revolutionary conspiracy of WWI Rash Behari Har Dayal Ghadr Chatto Berlin Committee Bagha Jatin Barkatullah Kabul mission Provisional Government of India Imperial Japan Pan Asianism Greater East Asia more Indian Independence League (IIL) Pritam Singh Swami Satyananda Puri Indian National Council I Fujiwara F Kikan K.P.K. Menon A.M. Sahay S.A. Ayer Rash Behari Bose Bidadary Resolutions Tokyo Conference H Iwakuro I Kikan Bangkok Conference Azad Hind Hikari Kikan Azad Hind Dal more Subhas Chandra Bose Indian National Congress C.R. Das Sarat Bose Purna Swaraj Bengal Volunteers Emilie Schenkl Forward Bloc Indian Legion U-180 Azad Hind Habib-ur-Rahman Death controversy more Indian National Army Battle of Malaya Mohan Singh Fall of Singapore Farrer Park First INA First Arakan offensive Hindustan Field Force Jiffs Azad Brigade Gandhi Brigade Nehru Brigade Subhas Brigade Bahadur Group Tokyo Boys Rani of Jhansi Regiment Andaman and Nicobar Islands M.Z. Kiani Lakshmi Sahgal A.D. Loganathan J.R. Bhonsle Janaki Davar Rasammah Bhupalan Shaukat Malik John Thivy Battles Burma theatre Ha-Go U-Go Battle of Imphal Battle of Kohima Battle of Irrawaddy Battle of Meiktila Surrender of Japan Controversies more Red Fort trials CSDIC Dhillon Sahgal Shah Nawaz Burhan-ud-Din INA Defence Committee Kailash Nath Katju Asaf Ali Tej Bahadur Sapru Bhulabhai Desai Jawaharlal Nehru Bombay mutiny more Related topics Azad Hind Radio Battaglione Azad Hindoustan Special Bureau for India Azad Hind Decorations Selarang Barracks incident Japanese occupation of Burma Burma Area Army Masakasu Kawabe India in World War II 14th Army William Slim Malaysian Indian Congress INA treasure Peter Fay Joyce Lebra Hugh Toye more Indian independence movement portal This article on military history is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qadam_Qadam_Badaye_Ja&oldid=862572230 '' Categories : Indian patriotic songs Indian National Army Indian Army 1942 songs Subhas Chandra Bose Military history stubs Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from September 2016 Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Bân -lâm -gú हिन्दी Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2018, at 07:26 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
-4949863655509485750
does same company own aldi trader joe's
In June 2017 , Trader Joe 's launched the `` puff dog '' , a roll of spiced sausage meat wrapped in puff pastry , which it claimed to have invented . Social media and British and Commonwealth media pointed out that the sausage roll was a traditional British savoury snack , where bakery - chain Greggs sells around 2.5 million sausage rolls per week .
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[ "Trader Joe 's Trader Joe 's in Buffalo , NY Type Private Industry Retail ( grocery ) Founded 1958 ; 60 years ago ( 1958 ) ( as Pronto Market ) 1967 ( 1967 ) ( as Trader Joe 's ) Pasadena , California , United States Founder Joe Coulombe Headquarters Monrovia , California , US Number of locations 474 ( as of October 12 , 2017 ) Key people Dan Bane , Chairman & CEO Products Private label staple foods , organic foods and specialty products Revenue US $ 13 billion ( 2015 ) Number of employees 38,000 + Website www.traderjoes.com", "Trader Joe 's in Buffalo , NY", "Type Private", "Industry Retail ( grocery )", "Founded 1958 ; 60 years ago ( 1958 ) ( as Pronto Market ) 1967 ( 1967 ) ( as Trader Joe 's ) Pasadena , California , United States", "Founder Joe Coulombe", "Headquarters Monrovia , California , US", "Number of locations 474 ( as of October 12 , 2017 )", "Key people Dan Bane , Chairman & CEO", "Products Private label staple foods , organic foods and specialty products", "Revenue US $ 13 billion ( 2015 )", "Number of employees 38,000 +", "Website www.traderjoes.com", "Trader Joe 's is an American chain of grocery stores based in Monrovia , California , owned by a German private equity family trust . By 2015 , it was a competitor in `` fresh format '' grocery stores in the United States . As of October 12 , 2017 , Trader Joe 's had 474 stores nationwide in 43 states and in Washington , D.C.", "Trader Joe 's was founded by Joseph `` Joe '' Coulombe . From 1979 , it was owned by German entrepreneur Theo Albrecht until his death in 2010 , when ownership passed to his heirs . The company has offices in Monrovia , California , and Boston , Massachusetts .", "Trader Joe 's is named after its founder , Joe Coulombe . The chain began in 1958 as a Greater Los Angeles area chain of Pronto Market convenience stores . The original Pronto Markets were so similar to 7 - Eleven that Coulombe felt the competition with 7 - Eleven would be ruinous .", "Coulombe is said to have developed the idea of the Trader Joe 's South Seas motif while on vacation in the Caribbean . The Tiki culture fad of the 1950s and 1960s was fresh in the cultural memory , and Trader Vic 's was at its height with 25 locations worldwide . He had noticed that Americans were traveling more and returning home with tastes for food and wine they had trouble satisfying in supermarkets of the time .", "The first store branded as `` Trader Joe 's '' opened in 1967 . This store , on Arroyo Parkway in Pasadena , California , remains in operation . In the first few decades of operation , some of the stores offered fresh meats provided by butchers who leased space in the stores . Trader Joe 's at one time had sandwich shops , freshly cut cheese and freshly squeezed orange juice .", "Germany 's Theo Albrecht bought the company in 1979 as a personal investment for his family . Coulombe was succeeded as CEO by John Shields in 1987 . Under his leadership the company expanded beyond California , moving into Arizona in 1993 and into the Pacific Northwest two years later . In 1996 , the company opened its first stores on the East Coast : in Brookline and Cambridge both outside Boston . Shields retired in 2001 when Dan Bane succeeded him as CEO after being the President of the Western Division . When Bane became CEO there were 156 stores in 15 states .", "BusinessWeek reported that Trader Joe 's quintupled the number of its stores between 1990 and 2001 , and multiplied its profits by ten . Supermarket News estimated Trader Joe 's sales for 2015 at $13 billion , and placed Trader Joe 's 21st on the list of `` SN 's Top 75 Retailers for 2016 . ''", "In February 2008 , BusinessWeek reported that the company had the highest sales per square foot of any grocer in the United States . Two - and - a-half years later and in 2016 , Fortune magazine estimated sales to be $1,750 in merchandise per square foot , more than double the sales generated by Whole Foods .", "In February 2016 , due to customer feedback Trader Joe 's announced their goal `` to have all the eggs they sell in western states ( CA , OR , WA , AZ , NM and CO ) come from cage - free suppliers by 2020 and all the eggs we sell nationally to come from cage - free suppliers by 2025 . ''", "The May 2009 issue of Consumer Reports ranked Trader Joe 's the second - best supermarket chain in the United States ( after Wegmans ) . In June 2009 , MSN Money released its third annual Customer Service Hall of Fame survey results . Trader Joe 's ranked second in customer service . Although Ethisphere magazine listed Trader Joe 's among its most ethical companies in the United States from 2008 to 2010 , Trader Joe 's did not make the list in 2011 . In 2014 , Consumer Reports again ranked Trader Joe 's a top - scoring supermarket chain .", "As of October 12 , 2017 , Trader Joe 's had 474 stores in the United States with stores being added regularly . Most locations averaged between 10,000 and 15,000 sq ft ( 1,400 m ) .", "Each location is designed to represent its respective area . Every store has its own crew members that create artwork to represent the surrounding neighborhood . Some store locations have their own `` find the mascot '' and kids can obtain a prize when they tell a crew where it is `` hiding '' .", "Trader Joe 's is a tiki - nautical themed establishment but locational stores may include props to blend into the local area ; for example , a surf theme for a store near the beach . Legend even says that some locations have a rather peculiar initiation where they have their employees `` walk the plank '' .", "While a typical grocery store may carry 50,000 items , Trader Joe 's stocks about 4,000 items , 80 % of which bear one of its own brand names . Trader Joe 's describes itself as `` your neighborhood grocery store . '' Products include gourmet foods , organic foods , vegetarian foods , unusual frozen foods , imported foods , domestic and imported wine and beer ( where local law permits ) , `` alternative '' food items , and staples such as bread , cereal , eggs , dairy , coffee , and produce . Non-food items include personal hygiene products , household cleaners , vitamins , pet food , plants , and flowers .", "Many of the company 's products are environmentally friendly . In October 2007 , amid customer concerns , Trader Joe 's began to phase out foods imported from China , and from February to April 2008 , Trader Joe 's phased out single - ingredient products from China because of customer concerns . Between 2012 and 2013 , Trader Joe 's moved from 15th on Greenpeace 's CATO ( Carting Away the Oceans ) scale to third by removing six unsustainable species of fish from its shelves and getting involved in efforts to protect the Bering Sea Canyons .", "Trader Joe 's discontinues individual products based on customer reactions more often than larger grocery chains to free up space for new items . Some products are exclusive to certain regions ( ex . midwest , east coast ) of the United States depending on availability and popularity .", "Trader Joe 's sells many items under its own private labels , at a significant discount to brand - name equivalents , and requires its brand - name suppliers not to publicize this business relationship . Trader Joe 's labels are sometimes named in accordance with the ethnicity of the food in question , such as `` Trader Jose 's '' ( Mexican food ) , `` Baker Josef 's '' ( flour and bagels ) , `` Trader Giotto 's '' ( Italian food ) , `` Trader Joe - San 's '' ( Japanese food ) , `` Trader Ming 's '' ( Asian food ) , `` JosephsBrau '' ( beer ) , and `` Trader Jacques ' '' ( French food and soaps ) . By selling almost all of its products under its own labels , Trader Joe 's `` skips the middle man '' and buys directly from both local and international small - time vendors .", "Trader Joe 's is the exclusive retailer of Charles Shaw wine , popularly known as `` Two Buck Chuck '' because of its original $1.99 price tag in California ( local prices vary ) . Of the wine selection at Trader Joe 's , Coloumbe has said , `` We built Trader Joe 's on wine first , then food . I tasted 100,000 wines , and most were n't wonderful . They were submitted to us by desperate vintners . '' Along with Charles Shaw , Trader Joe 's is known for stocking a very large selection of California and New World wines .", "Trader Joe 's has said its private - label products contain no artificial flavors , no artificial preservatives , no colors derived from anything other than naturally available products , no genetically modified ingredients , no partially hydrogenated oils ( adding trans fat ) , and no MSG . In addition , its private label dairy products use milk from cows not given the artificial growth hormone rBST .", "Trader Joe 's also has a `` Fearless Flyer '' that showcases new products or highlighted products of the month . The flyer is sent out periodically to homes upon request with no charge , and is available in - store . The company sends out `` E-Flyers '' that are only accessible online . Both flyers include stories about new products , a description , and even recipes .", "From an article titled `` Trader Joe 's Gets it Easy ? '' :", "The chain ranked low on Greenpeace 's sustainable seafood report card . The packaging is excessive , with even the produce sealed in plastic . The business model forces consumers to buy in quantities large enough to encourage waste . And most of Trader Joe 's products are made on equipment shared with everything you might be allergic to ( dairy , nuts ) or philosophically opposed to eating ( dairy , meat ) .", "The retailer has been characterized as `` notoriously secretive '' and has been criticized for a lack of transparency by management about the sources of products such as organic milk .", "The retailer has been characterized as `` notoriously secretive '' and has been criticized for a lack of transparency by management about the sources of products such as organic milk .", "In September 2013 , in response to the implementation of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) , Trader Joe 's explained that it would require part - time employees to work an average of 30 hours per week to qualify for medical insurance ( with free coverage for basic dental and vision care still available for all Crew Members who work an average of 15 hours or more per week ) . Part - time employees not qualifying would now be eligible for the less expensive plans available under the ACA ( but available only to those whose employers do not offer them an insurance plan ) . Those working full - time were unaffected . In June 2017 , Trader Joe 's launched the `` puff dog '' , a roll of spiced sausage meat wrapped in puff pastry , which it claimed to have invented . Social media and British and Commonwealth media pointed out that the sausage roll was a traditional British savoury snack , where bakery - chain Greggs sells around 2.5 million sausage rolls per week .", "In September 2013 , in response to the implementation of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) , Trader Joe 's explained that it would require part - time employees to work an average of 30 hours per week to qualify for medical insurance ( with free coverage for basic dental and vision care still available for all Crew Members who work an average of 15 hours or more per week ) . Part - time employees not qualifying would now be eligible for the less expensive plans available under the ACA ( but available only to those whose employers do not offer them an insurance plan ) . Those working full - time were unaffected .", "In June 2017 , Trader Joe 's launched the `` puff dog '' , a roll of spiced sausage meat wrapped in puff pastry , which it claimed to have invented . Social media and British and Commonwealth media pointed out that the sausage roll was a traditional British savoury snack , where bakery - chain Greggs sells around 2.5 million sausage rolls per week ." ]
Trader Joe's - Wikipedia Trader Joe's Jump to: navigation , search Trader Joe's Trader Joe's in Buffalo, NY Type Private Industry Retail (grocery) Founded 1958 ; 60 years ago ( 1958 ) (as Pronto Market) 1967 ( 1967 ) (as Trader Joe's ) Pasadena , California , United States Founder Joe Coulombe Headquarters Monrovia, California , US Number of locations 474 (as of October 12, 2017) Key people Dan Bane, Chairman & CEO Products Private label staple foods , organic foods and specialty products Revenue US$ 13 billion (2015) Number of employees 38,000+ Website www.traderjoes.com Trader Joe's is an American chain of grocery stores based in Monrovia, California , owned by a German private equity family trust. By 2015, it was a competitor in `` fresh format'' grocery stores in the United States. As of October 12, 2017, Trader Joe's had 474 stores nationwide in 43 states and in Washington, D.C. Trader Joe's was founded by Joseph `` Joe'' Coulombe . From 1979, it was owned by German entrepreneur Theo Albrecht until his death in 2010, when ownership passed to his heirs. The company has offices in Monrovia, California , and Boston, Massachusetts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Locations 3 Products 4 Criticism 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Store in Hadley, Massachusetts (2007) Trader Joe's is named after its founder, Joe Coulombe . The chain began in 1958 as a Greater Los Angeles area chain of Pronto Market convenience stores. The original Pronto Markets were so similar to 7-Eleven that Coulombe felt the competition with 7-Eleven would be ruinous. Coulombe is said to have developed the idea of the Trader Joe's South Seas motif while on vacation in the Caribbean . The Tiki culture fad of the 1950s and 1960s was fresh in the cultural memory, and Trader Vic's was at its height with 25 locations worldwide. He had noticed that Americans were traveling more and returning home with tastes for food and wine they had trouble satisfying in supermarkets of the time. The first store branded as `` Trader Joe's '' opened in 1967. This store, on Arroyo Parkway in Pasadena, California , remains in operation. In the first few decades of operation, some of the stores offered fresh meats provided by butchers who leased space in the stores. Trader Joe's at one time had sandwich shops, freshly cut cheese and freshly squeezed orange juice. Germany's Theo Albrecht bought the company in 1979 as a personal investment for his family. Coulombe was succeeded as CEO by John Shields in 1987. Under his leadership the company expanded beyond California, moving into Arizona in 1993 and into the Pacific Northwest two years later. In 1996, the company opened its first stores on the East Coast : in Brookline and Cambridge both outside Boston. Shields retired in 2001 when Dan Bane succeeded him as CEO after being the President of the Western Division. When Bane became CEO there were 156 stores in 15 states. Trader Joe's , Saugus, Massachusetts BusinessWeek reported that Trader Joe's quintupled the number of its stores between 1990 and 2001, and multiplied its profits by ten. Supermarket News estimated Trader Joe's sales for 2015 at $13 billion, and placed Trader Joe's 21st on the list of `` SN's Top 75 Retailers for 2016.'' In February 2008, BusinessWeek reported that the company had the highest sales per square foot of any grocer in the United States. Two-and-a-half years later and in 2016, Fortune magazine estimated sales to be $1,750 in merchandise per square foot, more than double the sales generated by Whole Foods . In February 2016, due to customer feedback Trader Joe's announced their goal `` to have all the eggs they sell in western states (CA, OR, WA, AZ, NM and CO) come from cage-free suppliers by 2020 and all the eggs we sell nationally to come from cage-free suppliers by 2025.'' The May 2009 issue of Consumer Reports ranked Trader Joe's the second-best supermarket chain in the United States (after Wegmans ). In June 2009, MSN Money released its third annual Customer Service Hall of Fame survey results. Trader Joe's ranked second in customer service. Although Ethisphere magazine listed Trader Joe's among its most ethical companies in the United States from 2008 to 2010, Trader Joe's did not make the list in 2011. In 2014, Consumer Reports again ranked Trader Joe's a top-scoring supermarket chain. Locations ( edit ) Trader Joe's is known for its unusual store locations -- this Trader Joe's store in Cobble Hill , Brooklyn, New York , is in a converted bank building. As of October 12, 2017 , Trader Joe's had 474 stores in the United States with stores being added regularly. Most locations averaged between 10,000 and 15,000 sq ft (1,400 m ). Each location is designed to represent its respective area. Every store has its own crew members that create artwork to represent the surrounding neighborhood. Some store locations have their own `` find the mascot'' and kids can obtain a prize when they tell a crew where it is `` hiding'' . Trader Joe's is a tiki-nautical themed establishment but locational stores may include props to blend into the local area; for example, a surf theme for a store near the beach. Legend even says that some locations have a rather peculiar initiation where they have their employees `` walk the plank'' . Products ( edit ) Interior of Trader Joe's in the Alabama Theatre in Houston While a typical grocery store may carry 50,000 items, Trader Joe's stocks about 4,000 items, 80% of which bear one of its own brand names . Trader Joe's describes itself as `` your neighborhood grocery store.'' Products include gourmet foods, organic foods , vegetarian foods , unusual frozen foods , imported foods, domestic and imported wine and beer (where local law permits), `` alternative'' food items, and staples such as bread, cereal, eggs, dairy, coffee, and produce. Non-food items include personal hygiene products, household cleaners, vitamins, pet food, plants, and flowers. Many of the company's products are environmentally friendly . In October 2007, amid customer concerns, Trader Joe's began to phase out foods imported from China, and from February to April 2008, Trader Joe's phased out single-ingredient products from China because of customer concerns. Between 2012 and 2013, Trader Joe's moved from 15th on Greenpeace 's CATO (Carting Away the Oceans) scale to third by removing six unsustainable species of fish from its shelves and getting involved in efforts to protect the Bering Sea Canyons . Trader Joe's discontinues individual products based on customer reactions more often than larger grocery chains to free up space for new items. Some products are exclusive to certain regions (ex. midwest, east coast) of the United States depending on availability and popularity. Trader Joe's sells many items under its own private labels , at a significant discount to brand-name equivalents, and requires its brand-name suppliers not to publicize this business relationship. Trader Joe's labels are sometimes named in accordance with the ethnicity of the food in question, such as `` Trader Jose's '' (Mexican food), `` Baker Josef's '' (flour and bagels), `` Trader Giotto's '' (Italian food), `` Trader Joe-San's '' (Japanese food), `` Trader Ming's '' (Asian food), `` JosephsBrau'' (beer), and `` Trader Jacques' '' (French food and soaps). By selling almost all of its products under its own labels, Trader Joe's `` skips the middle man '' and buys directly from both local and international small-time vendors. Two Buck Chuck for sale at Trader Joe's Trader Joe's is the exclusive retailer of Charles Shaw wine , popularly known as `` Two Buck Chuck'' because of its original $1.99 price tag in California (local prices vary). Of the wine selection at Trader Joe's , Coloumbe has said, `` We built Trader Joe's on wine first, then food. I tasted 100,000 wines, and most weren't wonderful. They were submitted to us by desperate vintners.'' Along with Charles Shaw, Trader Joe's is known for stocking a very large selection of California and New World wines . Trader Joe's has said its private-label products contain no artificial flavors, no artificial preservatives , no colors derived from anything other than naturally available products, no genetically modified ingredients, no partially hydrogenated oils (adding trans fat ), and no MSG . In addition, its private label dairy products use milk from cows not given the artificial growth hormone rBST . Trader Joe's also has a `` Fearless Flyer'' that showcases new products or highlighted products of the month. The flyer is sent out periodically to homes upon request with no charge, and is available in-store. The company sends out `` E-Flyers'' that are only accessible online. Both flyers include stories about new products, a description, and even recipes. Criticism ( edit ) February 2012 protest at Trader Joe's Headquarters in Monrovia, California From an article titled `` Trader Joe's Gets it Easy?'' : The chain ranked low on Greenpeace's sustainable seafood report card. The packaging is excessive, with even the produce sealed in plastic. The business model forces consumers to buy in quantities large enough to encourage waste. And most of Trader Joe's products are made on equipment shared with everything you might be allergic to (dairy, nuts) or philosophically opposed to eating (dairy, meat). -- Cameron Scott, San Francisco Chronicle , 2013 The retailer has been characterized as `` notoriously secretive'' and has been criticized for a lack of transparency by management about the sources of products such as organic milk . In September 2013, in response to the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), Trader Joe's explained that it would require part-time employees to work an average of 30 hours per week to qualify for medical insurance (with free coverage for basic dental and vision care still available for all Crew Members who work an average of 15 hours or more per week). Part-time employees not qualifying would now be eligible for the less expensive plans available under the ACA (but available only to those whose employers do not offer them an insurance plan). Those working full-time were unaffected. In June 2017, Trader Joe's launched the `` puff dog'' , a roll of spiced sausage meat wrapped in puff pastry, which it claimed to have invented. Social media and British and Commonwealth media pointed out that the sausage roll was a traditional British savoury snack, where bakery-chain Greggs sells around 2.5 million sausage rolls per week. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Where in the dickens you can find a Trader Joe's ?'' (PDF) . Trader Joe's . Retrieved June 6, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Kowitt, Beth (August 23, 2010). `` Inside the secret world of Trader Joe's '' . Fortune . CNN.com . Retrieved August 23, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trader Joe's CO Inc'' . Manta . Retrieved March 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Theo Albrecht, Jr. & family'' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017-03-10 . Jump up ^ Lutz, Ashley (October 7, 2014). `` How Trader Joe's Sells Twice As Much As Whole Foods'' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods Is Slowly Killing Traditional Supermarkets'' . Retrieved 2016-09-22 . ^ Jump up to: Armstrong, Larry (April 26, 2004). `` Trader Joe's : The Trendy American Cousin'' . BusinessWeek and www.traderjoes.com . Retrieved November 27, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` (1) .'' Trader Joe's . Retrieved on April 2, 2016. Jump up ^ Gardetta, Dave (September 2011). `` Enchanted Aisles'' . Los Angeles . Jump up ^ `` For Trader Joe's , a New York Taste Test'' , The New York Times , March 8, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Trader Joe's targets ' educated' buyer'' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Associated Press . August 30, 2003. Jump up ^ Supermarket News 2001 Jump up ^ `` SN's Top 75 Retailers for 2016'' . Supermarket News . 2017-01-01 . Retrieved 2017-01-22 . Jump up ^ `` Announcements Trader Joe's '' . Traderjoes.com. 2016-02-12 . Retrieved 2017-01-22 . Jump up ^ Kroll, Kathie (April 6, 2009). `` Consumer Reports ranks top supermarkets'' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved February 13, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Companies that treat you right'' , MSN Money , June 10, 2009. Jump up ^ `` 2008 World's Most Ethical Companies'' . Ethisphere. 2008. Archived from the original on January 11, 2010 . Retrieved February 13, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 World's Most Ethical Companies'' . Ethisphere Magazine . April 2009. Archived from the original on January 10, 2010 . Retrieved February 13, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World's Most Ethical Companies'' . Ethisphere Magazine . April 2010. Archived from the original on April 19, 2010 . Retrieved April 26, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wegmans, Trader Joe's , Publix, Costco & Sprouts Top Consumer Reports Supermarket Ratings'' . Consumer Reports. March 26, 2014 . Retrieved April 5, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: The American Way of Aldi , Deutsche Welle , January 16, 2004. Jump up ^ Hirsch, Jerry (February 12, 2008). `` Trader Joe's halting some Chinese imports'' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Carting Away the Oceans 7'' (PDF) . Retrieved November 2, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why does TJ's frequently discontinue products?'' . Trader Joe's . Retrieved January 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ Thayer, Warren (June 1, 2002). `` Trader Joe's is not your ' average Joe!' With perhaps 85% of sales coming from private label, this secretive bi-coastal chain has a playful -- and highly effective -- formula'' . Private Label Buyer . Jump up ^ Franson, Paul. `` The Origins of Trader Joe's and Why Americans Don't Drink More Wine'' . Novus Vinum . Retrieved November 5, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 15 secrets Trader Joe's shoppers should know'' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017-09-14 . Jump up ^ Cameron Scott, `` Trader Joe's Gets It Easy?'' , San Francisco Chronicle , March 26, 2009. Accessed March 30, 2013 Jump up ^ Julia Moskin, `` For Trader Joe's , a New York Taste Test'' , The New York Times , March 8, 2006. Accessed March 30, 2013 Jump up ^ Tracy Moore, `` That Not-So Fresh Feeling: Why Is Trader Joe's Tight-Lipped About Its Food Sources?'' , The Nashville Scene , May 24, 2010, quoting a report in Sustainable Industries magazine. Accessed March 30, 2013 Jump up ^ MSN Money , May 2, 2013 Archived May 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Denver Nicks (September 17, 2013). `` Trader Joe's Explains why its cutting health benefits for part timers'' . The Washington Post (reprinted at swampland.time.com) . Retrieved October 8, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-40392410 External links ( edit ) Los Angeles portal Companies portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trader Joe's . Official website `` Meet the original Joe'' , Fortune Magazine , August 23, 2010 VIAF : 136249237 Supermarket chains in the United States Kroger City Market Dillons Baker's Gerbes Food 4 Less Foods Co. Fred Meyer Fry's Harris Teeter Jay C Ruler Foods King Soopers Kroger Owen's Pay Less QFC Ralphs Roundy's Copp's Mariano's Metro Market Pick ' n Save Scott's Smith's Albertsons Acme Albertsons Carrs Haggen Jewel-Osco Lucky Pavilions Randalls Safeway Shaw's and Star Market Super Saver Tom Thumb United Supermarkets Amigos Market Street Vons SuperValu County Market Cub Farm Fresh Hornbacher's Shop ' n Save Shoppers Ahold Delhaize Food Lion Giant-Carlisle Martin's Giant-Landover Hannaford Stop & Shop Southeastern Grocers BI-LO Fresco y Más Harveys Supermarkets Winn-Dixie Wakefern PriceRite ShopRite The Fresh Grocer Other national chains Target Walmart Regional chains Asian GW Supermarket H Mart Hong Kong Supermarket Island Pacific Supermarket Lion Supermarket Marina Food Marukai Corporation U.S.A. Mitsuwa Marketplace Nijiya Market Seafood City Shun Fat Supermarket Tawa 99 Ranch Market 168 Market Uwajimaya Hispanic Bravo El Ahorro Supermarket Fiesta Foods Fiesta Mart La Perla Tapatía Supermarkets Más Club Mi Pueblo Food Center Supermercados Teloloapan Vallarta Supermarkets Organic Earth Fare Natural Grocers Sprouts Trader Joe's Whole Foods Wholesale BJ's Cash & Carry Costco Sam's Conventional Acme Fresh Market Aldi Amigo Balducci's Bashas' Best Market Big Y Boyer's Food Markets, Inc. Bristol Farms Brookshire Brothers Brookshire Grocery Company Buehler Food Markets Inc. C-Town Supermarkets Central Market D&W Fresh Market D'Agostino Dave's Markets Dean & DeLuca DeMoulas Market Basket Dierbergs Markets Don Quijote Times Supermarkets Dorothy Lane Market Easy-Way Store Econofoods Family Fare Fairway Market Fareway Festival Foods Festival Foods (Minnesota) Food Giant Food City Foodarama FoodLand Foodtown Pathmark Gelson's Gerland Corporation Giant Eagle Grand Mart Gristedes Grocery Outlet Harmons Harps Food Stores H-E-B Heinen's Fine Foods Highland Park Market Homeland Houchens Hugo's Hy-Vee IGA Ingles Inserra Supermarkets Jerry's Foods Jungle Jim's International Market Karns Quality Foods Key Food Super Fresh The Food Emporium King Kullen Kings Super Markets Kuhn's Quality Foods Lewis Food Town Lidl Lowe's Market Lowes Foods Lucky's Market Lund Food Holdings Magruder's Marc's Market Basket Market of Choice Martin's Super Markets Meijer Met Foods Miracle Mart Mollie Stone's Markets Morton Williams New Seasons Market Niemann Foods No Frills Supermarkets Nugget Markets PCC Community Markets Petrini's Piggly Wiggly Piggly Wiggly Carolina Co. Pink Dot Price Chopper / Price Mart Price Chopper Supermarkets Publix Pueblo Raley's Supermarkets Red Owl Redner's Markets Remke Markets Rice Epicurean Markets Ridley's Family Markets Roche Bros. Rosauers Supermarkets Rouses Russ's Market Save-A-Lot Save Mart Supermarkets SaveRite Schnucks Scolari's Food and Drug Seafood City Sedano's Sellers Bros. Sendik's Food Market Sentry Foods Seven Mile Market Shop ' n Save Smart & Final SpartanNash Stanley Stores Star Market Stater Bros. Stew Leonard's Strack & Van Til Straub's Markets Sullivan Family of Companies Foodland Hawaii Supermercados Econo Supermercados Selectos Super Dollar Discount Foods Super One Foods Super Saver Foods (B&R Stores) The Fresh Market Tops Friendly Markets United Grocery Outlet URM Stores Valu King Weaver Street Market Wegmans Weis Markets Westborn Market Western Beef WinCo Foods Woodman's Markets Yoke's Fresh Market Zabar's Zupan's Markets Defunct banners A-Mart A&P Food Basics Pathmark Waldbaum's ABCO Foods Alpha Beta Andronico's AppleTree Markets Belle Foods Big Bear Stores Big Star Markets Bloom Bottom Dollar Food Bruno's Buttrey Food & Drug Byrd's Carter's Foods Chatham Clemens Markets Colonial Stores Dahl's Foods Daniel Reeves Stores David's Supermarkets Davis Food City Delchamps Deskins Dick's Supermarket Dominick's Eagle Food Centers Eberhard's Eisner Food Stores Farmer Jack Felpausch Finast Fisher Foods Food Fair Food World Food-a-rama Fresh & Easy Furr's Genuardi's Giant Open Air Glen's Markets Grand Union Hamady Brothers Henry's Farmers Market Hills Supermarkets Hinky Dinky Jitney Jungle Johnnie's Foodmaster Kessel Food Markets Laneco Marketside Mars Marsh Supermarkets Minyard Food Stores National Supermarkets National Tea Omni Superstore Penn Fruit Penn Traffic Pick-N-Pay Supermarkets Plus Purity Supreme Quality Markets QFI Red Food Reid's Schaffer Stores Company Seaway Food Town Seessel's Simon David Skaggs Companies Southern Family Markets Sunflower Farmers Market Sunflower Market Super Duper Sweetbay Supermarket Tidyman's Twin Valu Ukrop's Super Markets Victory Supermarkets Warehouse Economy Outlet Weingarten's Wild Oats Markets Xpect Discounts List of supermarket chains in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trader_Joe%27s&oldid=823042370 '' Categories : Trader Joe's Retail companies established in 1958 Health food stores Companies based in Los Angeles County, California Privately held companies in the United States Privately held companies based in California Food retailers of the United States 1958 establishments in California Supermarkets based in California Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from December 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018, at 23:17. 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who dotted the i at ohio state today
Each time the formation drill is performed , a different fourth - or fifth - year sousaphone player is chosen to stand as the dot in the `` i '' of `` Ohio . '' Because the Script Ohio formation was one of many new formations included by director Weigel , no extra emphasis was placed on the dotting . Originally , an E-flat cornet player , John Brungart , was the first `` i '' - dotter . Brungart dotted the `` i '' two more times that season , in performances during halftime shows against Pittsburgh and Chicago . The first recorded instance of a sousaphone player dotting the i was the final game of the 1936 season on November 21 at home versus Michigan . In the fall of 1937 , Weigel turned to Glen Johnson , a sousaphone player , and shouted , `` Hey , you ! Switch places with the trumpet player in the dot . '' A year later , when the drum major arrived at the top of the `` i '' three or four measures too early , Johnson turned and bowed to the crowd to use up the rest of the music . The bow has been part of the show since then . Glen then became the second sousaphone player to dot the `` i '' on October 23 , 1937 . Since then , a sousaphone player has dotted the `` i '' over 800 times .
[ [ "Brungart" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( December 2007 )", "This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( December 2007 )", "The Ohio State University Marching Band School The Ohio State University Location Columbus , Ohio Conference Big Ten Founded 1878 Director Christopher Hoch Members 228 ( 192 pregame marchers , 195 halftime marchers , 36 alternate members ) Fight song `` Across the Field '' , `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' Uniform Website http://tbdbitl.osu.edu", "The Ohio State University Marching Band", "School The Ohio State University", "Location Columbus , Ohio", "Conference Big Ten", "Founded 1878", "Director Christopher Hoch", "Members 228 ( 192 pregame marchers , 195 halftime marchers , 36 alternate members )", "Fight song `` Across the Field '' , `` Buckeye Battle Cry ''", "Uniform", "Website http://tbdbitl.osu.edu", "The Ohio State University Marching Band ( OSUMB ) performs at Ohio State football games and other events during the fall semester . It is one of the few collegiate all - brass and percussion bands in the country , perhaps the largest of its type in the world . Its nickname is The Best Damn Band in the Land ( TBDBITL ) . )", "Military training was an important part of the early curriculum at Ohio State , and a band was formed to provide music to the cadets for drills . Organized in 1878 , the Marching Band was first organized as a fife and drum corps and was sponsored by the Military Department . In 1881 , a stolen mouthpiece incident , which prevented the Marching Band from performing , led the Military Department to end support .", "The band was a student - led organization until 1896 . Gustav Bruder , a professional musician with military band experience , was hired to lead the band . Under Bruder , the band 's size grew . It began playing and marching for all military and athletic events . In 1926 , it performed jointly with the Ohio State University Drum and Bugle Corps at West Point . The timing between the groups on the field was off because of errant counting , causing the groups to counter march through each other 's ranks . This spectacle was considered one of the most intense band formations done on the field at West Point . In 1929 , the Military Department , along with the School of Music , entered into a new agreement to bring the Marching Band under control of the School of Music , which would provide faculty , while the Military Department limited membership to cadets , who also received military instruction along with playing and marching . The band was so popular in 1929 that the entire 100 piece block band was composed of upperclassmen . This situation gave Director Eugene J. Weigel the idea to create two additional bands , the Infantry Regimental Band and the Artillery Regimental Band , which would provide training to underclassmen until they were able to try out for the Marching Band . These bands met in the Winter and Spring , and together with the Activities Band formed in 1947 , created the modern Athletic Band .", "During World War II , Ohio State was one of the few colleges able to field a marching band for every home game . The band was able to field 100 to 120 musicians throughout the war . Because the band was still under ROTC control , women were not allowed to perform . The band was open to alumni members of the band , woodwind players , vocalists , high school students , even strangers on the street who expressed interest . The morale with which this highly volunteer band helped to cheer on Ohio State football was during a time when spirits on the home front were at a low . By the early 1950s , the Department of Defense issued much more stringent rules about what courses and activities constitute eligible curriculum for the ROTC program . The Marching Band was no longer an eligible activity , and in 1952 , the Marching Band officially ended ties with the ROTC department . Cadets in the band could continue to try out and participate in band , but they would no longer receive ROTC credit . Once the Marching Band separated from ROTC control , the band was more free to experiment with show themes and music genres , culminating in the band 's 1965 performance of `` Hang On , Sloopy ! '' . After the extremely positive response for `` Sloopy '' , the band decided to venture into more modern and topical styles of music .", "The band maintained a 120 - piece block into the 1970s , when director Paul Droste expanded the band first to 160 , and then to 192 members by adding another row of Sousaphones , creating a full row of snare drums , and adding tenor duo - toms to the row of bass drums and cymbals . Women were admitted into the band starting in 1973 , after the passage of the 1972 Title IX legislation . Today , approximately 20 -- 25 % of the band 's members are women each year . By the mid-1970s , a limitation on the maximum number of years one could be in the Marching Band was imposed . Prior to this , there were people who had spent nearly a decade playing and marching with the band . Some of these band members were gainfully employed graduates of the university , who would continue to pay fees to try out for band . A decision was reached to limit the band to 5 years , 6 under extenuating circumstances and director approval . This allowed for more new students to try out and make the band , and also allowed for a better spirit of competition for the 225 total spots in the band .", "In 2016 , under the direction of Dr. Christopher Hoch and Percussion Instructor Mr. Mark Reynolds , a decision was made to expand the band for the first time in over 40 years . Three additional band members were added ; one each on bass drum , cymbals , and tenor drums . This allows for four of each part for the Ramp entrance , while expanding the percussion section by three for halftime . The driving decision to allow this expansion is to bring the band 's percussion section closer in number and substance to other comparable college marching bands by having a full tonal bass drum section . From 2005 to 2015 , the band used four tonal bass drums for halftime , which presents a challenge to percussion writers , as the standard instrumentation of a bass drum line is five drums . The addition of the fifth bass drum allows for a broader color of percussion parts to be written . The traditional Ramp entrance block band will still maintain four bass drums tuned to two pitches , high and low , for effect .", "Many marching band innovations were first tried and developed at Ohio State . Among them are : floating and animated formations , measured step marching , script writing , and the fast cadence with a high knee lift . Brass instruments especially designed for marching bands were also first used at Ohio State . In 1934 , the OSUMB became one of the first collegiate bands to adopt an all brass - and - percussion instrumentation .", "The school fight songs -- `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' and `` Fight the Team Across the Field '' -- were first performed in the early 20th century . Other traditional songs performed by the band are the 1960s pop hit `` Hang on Sloopy '' and ( aimed at its archrival , the University of Michigan ) `` We Do n't Give a Damn for the Whole State of Michigan '' , which was popularized by James Thurber in the Broadway production of The Male Animal . Other songs that are played commonly in the stands include : `` Night On Bald Mountain '' , `` Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi '' , `` Bully '' , `` Talkin ' Out the Side of Your Neck '' , `` Seven Nation Army '' , and a recently student - written and composed piece with a hip - hop feel called `` Buckeye Swag . ''", "The band made national headlines in the summer of 2014 following the release of an internal investigation into the band 's culture and reported incidents of hazing . On July 22 , 2014 , Ohio State University released an investigation report titled `` Complaint against Jonathan Waters , Director of the OSU Marching Band . '' In the report , the university 's Office of Compliance and Integrity found that the band 's `` culture facilitated acts of sexual harassment '' and that then - director Jon Waters knew or reasonably should have known about this culture . ''", "On July 24 , 2014 , following a two - month investigation into complaints of a `` sexualized '' culture amongst band members , Jon Waters was fired by the University . Waters later denied the report 's characterizations of the band and of his actions .", "A second investigation was led by former Ohio Attorney General , Betty Montgomery . The Task Force Report , released on November 18 , 2014 , identified a number of issues within the band , making 37 recommendations for changes , but also criticized Ohio State University for decades of lax oversight and inadequate resources for enforcing compliance . The task force final report include results of a survey of 278 then current and recent former band members ; see Appendix D . The survey seemed to contradict many of the university 's claims about Mr. Waters and the band .", "A typical season with the OSUMB runs from June until January . Starting in June , the band runs Summer Sessions to train and teach prospective and returning band members . In July , the band performs a joint concert with the Columbus Symphony Orchestra . This event is typically performed with 1 / 2 to 3 / 4 of the full band , and often accepts volunteers who did not march the previous season . In August , the schedule becomes highly packed . There are often small pep band events throughout Columbus , at OSU 's Regional Campuses across the state , as well as on the Columbus Campus . The band performs at all home football games , at an NFL game ( either Cincinnati Bengals or Cleveland Browns ) , and at least one or two away games . In 2013 , the band performed at four away games , a first for the band . If the football team is eligible for post-season play , the band will travel to those games as well . On away trips , there is almost always an Ohio State rally , put on by the local chapter of the OSU Alumni Association . This rally features guest speakers , the band , and cheerleaders . For trips to the University of Michigan or Michigan State University , the band performs a sit - down concert in the Toledo , Ohio area . There are additional full - band performances such as the Homecoming Parade , Circleville Pumpkin Show Parade , and two big concerts : one in an often remote part of Ohio , and the annual concert in Columbus at Value City Arena ( previously held at Veterans Memorial before its demolition during the 2014 season ) .", "The band holds tryouts usually two weeks before school starts . This is somewhat variable as the band staff tries to allow for members to perform in Drum Corps International World Championships in Indianapolis . In recent years , DCI Finals night was held on a Saturday night , while OSUMB Candidate Days ( for all prospective band members who have not made the band before ) would begin the following Sunday morning . Due to a tighter schedule in 2016 , Candidate Days were held during DCI Finals , and full band tryouts began the following morning . Typically this is avoided however , to allow incoming freshmen to finish a drum corps tour and then learn the OSU style in the two days prior to full band tryouts . Once the band is picked and until school starts up , the band practices three times a day Monday through Friday . Once school starts , the band rehearses Monday - Friday from 4 : 10 - 6 : 15 PM . However , the Band Center doors are typically not locked until midnight , as many band members will do other classwork while practicing and memorizing their music for the week 's show . Many shows must be learned in as little as four days , with all music and drill committed to memory .", "The band consists of 228 musicians . The block band seen at every game consists of 192 members , while halftime shows consist of 195 members . The other 36 members are alternates . These are members of the band who challenge the regular members every week for a spot in the gameday block . The alternates also understudy the week 's halftime show with the squad leader in case someone gets sick or injured before the performance . Alternates have a chance to perform with the regular band members during performances of Double Script Ohio , as well as during pre-game shows on away game trips . All music is memorized and verified during music checks each Friday . On game day the alternates help move equipment around if the show has props or a pit , otherwise they are led by the assistant drum major and stand at attention ( minus instruments ) on the sideline near the south end of the field . The band block consists of lettered rows ABCEFHIJKLMQRSTX and D. D row consists of one Head Drum Major , one Assistant Drum Major ( who is the assistant to the Head Drum Major ) , and D - Row members who train and learn under the drum major in order to one day try out for the position .", "While the brass - only configuration has been unvarying since 1934 , the instrumentation has been subject to experimentation over the years . Around 1938 , slide trombones were removed from the band for fear they could not easily navigate the difficult Script Ohio drill . Trombones were originally replaced by tenor horns , and then eventually by the King 3B valve trombone - a valve trombone wrapped as a Euphonium - earning the name `` Trombonium . '' By 1970 , the band adopted the large - bore Conn 90G , prepared by Conn at the OSUMB 's instigation . Slide trombones returned to the band in 1980 , with the introduction of Bach Model 36 Stradivarius small shank tenor trombones . Tromboniums last marched in the varsity OSUMB block at the 1982 Alumni Reunion game , but continue to be used by Alumni members of the band . In 1997 , the band converted the alto voice of the band from Eb Alto horns , to F Mellophones . Several factors including instrument quality and durability , as well as tone projection , were cited in the switch . The last Eb Alto horns purchased by the OSUMB were Yamaha YAH - 203 's . The band switched to Getzen G4410 F Mellophones , and continued to use those until 2000 , when Getzen discontinued that instrument . The band switched to King 1120SP F Mellophones , and slowly phased these , along with the King 1121SP , which is the newest version of King Mellophone , through 2006 . All Getzen Mellophones are now used by Alumni Band or the OSU Athletic Band . In 1999 , Dr. Jon Woods , a trombone player himself , added Bass Trombones to the trombone section . This was done in an effort to round out the trombone choir , and to give a bit of an edge to Sousaphone parts in climactic music . The first model , and to date , only model of Bass Trombone used by the OSUMB is the Conn 110H . In 2008 , the band received a generous donation which allowed the entire high brass section ( Eb Cornets , Trumpets , and Flugelhorns ) to be outfitted with new Yamaha Xeno model instruments . These horns greatly influenced the sound of the band , as previous models of trumpets and flugelhorns were student level models , which typically are not constructed with the same quality as professional model instruments , such as the Xeno line . In 2013 , the band has begun a switch from King 2104SP tenor trombones to a special order Conn 8HY model .", "The percussion section of the band has been using Pearl percussion for several years . In 2014 , a decision was made to experiment with metal drum carriers . Drum carriers had been used for a number of years by tenor drum players , however the bass drums and snares continued to use cloth sling harnesses . Through a large amount of experimentation , metal carriers made their debut midway through the 2014 season for halftime and parade use only . The snares and basses are still carried by traditional sling for pregame , due to the visuals done with the drums that add to the excitement of the Ramp entrance .", "Drum Majors Years Name 2016 - 17 John LaVange 2015 Nathan MacMaster 2013 - 14 David Pettit 2012 - 13 Kyle West 2010 - 11 Jason Stuckert 2008 - 09 Joshua Halter 2006 - 07 Stewart Kitchen 2005 Alex Neffenger Eric Sommer 2003 Kathryn Mitchell 2001 - 02 Adam Prescott 1999 - 00 Matt Bally 1998 Scott Sommer 1996 - 97 Corey Thompson 1994 - 95 Karl Neudorfer 1992 - 93 Brian Berendts 1991 Lee Sartore 1989 - 90 Dale Wagner 1987 - 88 Rich Parks 1985 - 86 Greg Eyer 1984 Andrew Marks 1982 - 83 Bruce Hart 1981 Shelley Graf 1980 Dr. Oliver McGee 1977 - 79 Dwight Hudson 1976 Doug Secrist 1974 - 75 Rick Gammage 1972 - 73 Barry Kopetz 1971 Paul Zubrod 1969 - 70 Wayne Long 1968 Jack Swinehart 1967 Kirby Wyatt 1965 - 66 Mitch Breece 1963 - 64 Bob `` Link '' Harper 1962 Ben Kline 1961 Terrance Burton 1959 - 60 Lenny Hart 1957 - 58 Larry Cory 1956 Richard Marsh 1954 - 55 George Souder 1952 - 53 Dr. Jim Bodman 1951 Jim Spencer 1950 Dale York 1949 Johnny Criss 1947 - 48 Devon `` Deve '' Kesling 1946 Beverly Moseley 1945 Joseph Myers 1944 Cyril Costoff 1943 Robert Gulcher 1942 Gerald `` Jerry '' Johnston 1941 Edward Maundrell 1939 - 40 Richard Jones 1938 Myron McKelvey 1936 - 37 Wesley Leas 1934 - 35 William Casey 1932 - 33 Dr. James McCreary 1931 Wilburt Pettegrew 1928 - 30 William Knepper 1926 - 27 Robert Hines 1923 - 25 Dr. Augustus Hall 1920 - 22 Edwin `` Tubby '' Essington", "Drum Majors", "Years Name", "2016 - 17 John LaVange", "2015 Nathan MacMaster", "2013 - 14 David Pettit", "2012 - 13 Kyle West", "2010 - 11 Jason Stuckert", "2008 - 09 Joshua Halter", "2006 - 07 Stewart Kitchen", "2005 Alex Neffenger", "Eric Sommer", "2003 Kathryn Mitchell", "2001 - 02 Adam Prescott", "1999 - 00 Matt Bally", "1998 Scott Sommer", "1996 - 97 Corey Thompson", "1994 - 95 Karl Neudorfer", "1992 - 93 Brian Berendts", "1991 Lee Sartore", "1989 - 90 Dale Wagner", "1987 - 88 Rich Parks", "1985 - 86 Greg Eyer", "1984 Andrew Marks", "1982 - 83 Bruce Hart", "1981 Shelley Graf", "1980 Dr. Oliver McGee", "1977 - 79 Dwight Hudson", "1976 Doug Secrist", "1974 - 75 Rick Gammage", "1972 - 73 Barry Kopetz", "1971 Paul Zubrod", "1969 - 70 Wayne Long", "1968 Jack Swinehart", "1967 Kirby Wyatt", "1965 - 66 Mitch Breece", "1963 - 64 Bob `` Link '' Harper", "1962 Ben Kline", "1961 Terrance Burton", "1959 - 60 Lenny Hart", "1957 - 58 Larry Cory", "1956 Richard Marsh", "1954 - 55 George Souder", "1952 - 53 Dr. Jim Bodman", "1951 Jim Spencer", "1950 Dale York", "1949 Johnny Criss", "1947 - 48 Devon `` Deve '' Kesling", "1946 Beverly Moseley", "1945 Joseph Myers", "1944 Cyril Costoff", "1943 Robert Gulcher", "1942 Gerald `` Jerry '' Johnston", "1941 Edward Maundrell", "1939 - 40 Richard Jones", "1938 Myron McKelvey", "1936 - 37 Wesley Leas", "1934 - 35 William Casey", "1932 - 33 Dr. James McCreary", "1931 Wilburt Pettegrew", "1928 - 30 William Knepper", "1926 - 27 Robert Hines", "1923 - 25 Dr. Augustus Hall", "1920 - 22 Edwin `` Tubby '' Essington", "Each row of the band has one Squad Leader , and one Assistant Squad Leader , with exception of J row which has two Assistants . The role of the Squad Leaders is to make sure their respective rows are at rehearsal on time , take attendance for the row , and make sure all members in the row are striving for their best during each rehearsal and performance . Squad Leaders also run Friday music checks and game day uniform and instrument inspections , as well as judge the row challenges on Mondays . The Squad Leaders must also try out for the band , typically during the week before the rest of the band does their tryouts . Squad Leaders have been cut from the band in past years . In this case , the Assistant would become Head Squad Leader , and one of the highest scoring returning band members would be offered the position of Assistant .", "Since the very early days of the band , there has been a drum major in charge of the band . The role of the drum major is to be the student in charge of the band on the field and during performances . Typically , the drum major would be the single point of contact in a military band `` chain of command '' that would directly interface with the directing staff in regards to complaints , comments , and questions from band members . The role of the drum major has evolved significantly over the years . Instead of simply marching in the front of the band , drum majors began doing tricks with their batons , and morphed into a single person show of pageantry on the field to complement the band during their formations .", "Today , being drum major for the OSUMB is one of the hardest collegiate drum major positions to achieve in the country . It is one of the most physically and mentally challenging , and requires the utmost in flexibility , concentration , and on - the - fly thinking and creativity . Typically , there is only one Drum Major and one Assistant Drum Major for the season . The Assistant Drum Major will often wear a different uniform , representative of the uniform that the Drum Major of the OSU Military Band wore . The Military Band was a marching band run separately from the OSUMB that allowed woodwind instruments , and played at mainly ROTC parades and other campus events when the Marching Band was unable to perform or during the off - season of the Marching Band .", "In 2013 , the Drum Major was unable to perform for the first four games of the season . This necessitated the Assistant Drum Major to assume the role of Drum Major . One of the highest - scoring ( at tryouts ) D - row trainees assumed the role of Assistant Drum Major . Once the Drum Major was able to return to the field , a historic first for the OSUMB occurred . At the 2013 OSU vs Wisconsin game , the band introduced three drum majors for the first time . The band finished the season with two Drum Majors and one Assistant ; in 2014 , the band went back to one Drum Major and one Assistant .", "As well as the 228 marching and playing members of the band , there are 14 additional student staff members who do not march . The student staff are responsible for the day to day happenings on the student level of the band . There are two Heads of Staff who are in charge of separate areas . The Head Secretary oversees the secretary 's office , the Head Manager oversees the Staff Managers . The 14 member Student Staff breaks down as follows :", "Head Manager oversees the two uniform managers , one seamstress , two instrument managers , and two A / V technicians and Record Fund . Head Secretary , two assistant secretaries and one librarian / secretary", "Head Manager oversees the two uniform managers , one seamstress , two instrument managers , and two A / V technicians and Record Fund .", "Head Secretary , two assistant secretaries and one librarian / secretary", "All staff members wear the OSUMB uniform and work throughout the entire school year in the band offices . Members of Student Staff , along with the Drum Major Trainees , hold the directors ' ladders on the field , stand at intervals along the sidelines to observe for and collect instrument or uniform parts that may fall off during a show , and even dress in costume or work props for the field show . If there are holes in the band due to illness or injury , and the full 228 piece band is required for a performance , Student Staff will march with an instrument . These staff members typically get a `` crash course '' in the specifics of that instrument 's carry and positioning , but are not expected to play the instrument or memorize the music , although memorizing charted positions is often necessary . Many members of Student Staff are musicians themselves , however some do not have brass or percussion backgrounds .", "Mr. Jonathan `` Jon '' Waters became Director in 2012 , succeeding longtime Director Dr. Jon Woods . Waters held the post until his firing in July 2014 ; the band marched during the 2014 season under the interim leadership of Dr. Russell Mikkelson , OSU Director of Bands , and Dr. Scott Jones , OSU Associate Director of Bands . Dr. Chris Hoch was named Interim Director in 2015 , becoming permanent Director in 2016 .", "A band the size of the OSUMB requires a large directing staff . All directors are versed in conducting all of the school songs and show music , and attend various pep band and spirit rally events with the band . The Director is typically busiest with the administrative side of the band , leaving most smaller performances that do not require the whole band to the other directing staff . These directors make up the uniformed directing staff . In addition , other professors from the OSU School of Music regularly conduct the band during performances . These include the Director of the School of Music , and the Director and Associate Director of Bands .", "The current directing staff of the OSUMB is as follows : Dr. Chris Hoch , Director of Marching and Athletic Bands , Mr. Phillip Day , Associate Director of Marching and Athletic Bands , Mr. Michael Smith , Assistant Director of Marching and Athletic Bands , as well as six graduate assistants , Mr. Joe Carver , PhD Candidate in Music Education , Mr. Onsby Rose , DMA Candidate in Conducting , Ms. Jennifer Ollis , Masters Candidate in Conducting , Mr. Jeff Krubsack , Masters Candidate in Conducting , Mr. Todd Fessler , Masters Candidate in Conducting , and Ms. Kristin Lin , Masters Candidate in Conducting .", "All of the Marching and Athletic Bands leadership report directly to , and are under the guidance of the Ohio State University Director of Bands , Dr. Russel Mikkelson .", "Because of the unique instrumentation of the OSUMB , all music for performances must be custom - arranged . The band typically plays a wide variety of music throughout the season , and employs the expertise of a number of local and well - known arrangers . The first arranger of the OSUMB , Richard Heine , is considered to be most responsible for the unique sound of the band . All staff arrangers since Heine have kept true to the same style of arranging , while broadening the repertoire of the band . John Tatgenhorst became a staff arranger after his wildly successful arrangement of `` Hang On , Sloopy ! '' in the mid 1960s . Other arrangers include world - renowned concert band composer James Swearingen , Dr. Ted McDaniel , Ken McCoy , Steve Pfaffman , Lisa Galvin , and John Brennan .", "To keep the band running smoothly , there is a host of other staff members who wear blazer uniforms and work behind the scenes for the band . Some of these members include the audio engineering staff , announcers , visiting band liaisons , physical trainers , and Drum Major coaches .", "Script Ohio , the signature formation of The Ohio State University Marching Band , is performed before home games . Script Ohio was first performed by The Ohio State Marching Band on October 24 , 1936 , at the Ohio State versus Indiana University football game . According to The Ohio State University Library , a similar floating formation was first performed during the 1932 season by the University of Michigan Marching Band .", "The Script Ohio is the most identifiable trademark associated with Ohio State Football and The Ohio State University Marching Band . It was devised by band director Eugene J. Weigel , who based the looped `` Ohio '' script design on the marquee sign of the Loew 's Ohio Theatre in downtown Columbus .", "The script is an integrated series of evolutions and formations . The band first forms a triple Block O formation , then slowly unwinds to form the letters while playing Robert Planquette 's Le Régiment de Sambre et Meuse . The drum major leads the outside O into a peel - off movement around the curves of the script , every musician in continual motion . Slowly the three blocks unfold into a long singular line which loops around , creating the OSUMB 's trademark . Unlike a typical follow - the - leader drill , the Script Ohio is a very specifically measured and charted maneuver . Each band member is required to memorize the counts for each portion of the formation . Squad Leaders , as part of their tryout drills , are required to march a Script Ohio , individually , from their spot in the block to their final charted position to ensure they are counting and not just following the person in front of them . This is also required in the event that the drum major is incapacitated for some reason ( injury , sudden illness ) .", "Each time the formation drill is performed , a different fourth - or fifth - year sousaphone player is chosen to stand as the dot in the `` i '' of `` Ohio . '' Because the Script Ohio formation was one of many new formations included by director Weigel , no extra emphasis was placed on the dotting . Originally , an E-flat cornet player , John Brungart , was the first `` i '' - dotter . Brungart dotted the `` i '' two more times that season , in performances during halftime shows against Pittsburgh and Chicago . The first recorded instance of a sousaphone player dotting the i was the final game of the 1936 season on November 21 at home versus Michigan . In the fall of 1937 , Weigel turned to Glen Johnson , a sousaphone player , and shouted , `` Hey , you ! Switch places with the trumpet player in the dot . '' A year later , when the drum major arrived at the top of the `` i '' three or four measures too early , Johnson turned and bowed to the crowd to use up the rest of the music . The bow has been part of the show since then . Glen then became the second sousaphone player to dot the `` i '' on October 23 , 1937 . Since then , a sousaphone player has dotted the `` i '' over 800 times .", "Today , toward the end of the formation , drum major and the `` i '' - dotter high - five each other . Then with 16 measures to go in the song , they strut to the top of the `` i '' . When they arrive , the drum major points to the spot , and the `` i '' - dotter turns and bows deeply to both sides of the stadium .", "There are two commonly seen versions of the Script Ohio drill : Single Script , and Double Script . A Single Script is performed with the 192 member block band and is the most commonly photographed . A Double Script is performed with 224 of the full 228 member band . The three J row alternates take turns `` sitting out '' during a performance of Double Script . Double Scripts are almost always performed at away games , NFL performances , and at home games when there is a large number of i - dot eligible Sousaphone players .", "At the 2009 Ohio State - USC game , sousaphonist Frank Cosenza Jr. took his position dotting the `` i '' . In the course of taking his bow , the bell of the sousaphone struck the cameraman filming him .", "At the 2013 Ohio State - Florida A&M game , the OSUMB performed a single Script Ohio , sharing the field with the Ohio State School for the Blind , which performed a Script Braille Ohio . The Ohio State School for the Blind hosts the only visually impaired marching band in the world . Some students are low - vision , and can march unassisted , but many have almost no visual acuity , and require the help of marching assistants , who guide the musicians on the field . Some students can read very large print music , others can read Braille music , while some simply learn by ear , memorizing parts played to them .", "Woody Hayes , Bob Hope , Jack Nicklaus , James `` Buster '' Douglas , OSU Presidents Novice Fawcett , Gordon Gee and their wives , the late composer Richard `` Dick '' Heine , Ann Droste , wife of retired director and former OSUMB member Paul Droste , and retired OSU ticket director Robert Ries , John Glenn and his wife Annie Glenn , OSU alumnus and founder , chairman , and CEO of The Limited Brands Leslie Wexner , and former coach Earle Bruce are the select few non-band members who have had the honor of dotting the `` i '' . This is considered the greatest honor the band can bestow to any non-band member and is an extremely special ( and rare ) event . The fourth - or fifth - year sousaphone player selected to dot the `` i '' for that specific game must give up their spot in order for an honorary member to dot the `` i '' .", "On November 19 , 2011 , Jon Woods , the marching band 's director for the previous 28 years , dotted the `` i '' in his final home game directing the band . He was informed of the nomination by the band with a note given to him in a special closed ceremony that morning . He is the only non band member to dot the `` i '' during the only game where the OSUMB did Script Ohio twice . The first Script Ohio of that game in its traditional pregame spot featured senior sousaphone player Jonathan Lampley dotting the `` i '' . Woods dotted the `` i '' in a special second performance of Script Ohio during halftime .", "Although not the famous Script Ohio formation , John Glenn and his wife Annie Glenn returned to Ohio Stadium on September 22 , 2012 , to dot the `` i '' in the word America during a NASA - themed halftime show paying tribute to Glenn 's NASA accomplishments and time as an Ohio senator .", "The Diamond Ohio logo , which is created by superimposing the I over the center of the H , and making the O 's into pointed triangles , was first created by the OSUMB in the late 1930s . The band continues to use this formation today every home football game as the team entrance tunnel . The Ohio University Marching 110 has also used the Diamond Ohio logo since 1966 when director Gene Thrailkill designed a pregame set modeled after the Ohio State University Marching Band to give the newly reformed Marching 110 a symbol . Photographs show OSUMB director Manley Whitcomb ( 1939 - 1942 , 1946 - 1951 ) charting this formation on a table lined with field markings , and other photographs depict the band in performance of the Diamond Ohio as far back as 1939 .", "The first Skull Session held at St. John Arena was in 1957 . Prior to this , Skull Session was nothing more than a final run through of the music on the morning of the game . Originally , these were closed rehearsals that the band eventually opened up to friends and family members . Each week , more and more people showed up to hear the band rehearse that the director , Jack Evans , decided to move the rehearsal to St. John Arena across the street . Today , upwards of 14,000 people pack St. John Arena every home game to see the band and football team . Many of these people do not even have tickets to the game , but yet travel hours just for a chance to see and hear the band .", "During the Skull Session , fans are treated to a variety of activities . Each week the band 's `` cheer groups '' perform a song to go along with the football team 's opponent of the week . The cheer groups are selected from their respective sections : Trumpet Cheers ( the oldest Cheer Group ) , Trombone Cheers , Horn Cheers , Baritone Cheers , Stadium Brass ( An instrument from every part of the band except percussion ) , Percussion Cheers ( often playing Wipeout ) and the Tuba - Fours . At some point after these performances , the football team enters to the sounds of James Swearingen 's `` Fanfare for a New Era '' . Immediately after their entrance a pre-selected Senior football player speaks to the band and fans in St. John Arena followed by the head coach . The team then exits to the sounds of `` Hang On , Sloopy ! '' Upon the football team 's exit , the band commences with the traditions associated with the Skull Session . This includes performance of `` Fight the Team Across the Field '' first softly and slowly , and on the repeat of the chorus , at the well - known tempo and dynamics . The band is also known for performing Eternal Father , Strong to Save , otherwise known as The Navy Hymn to formally begin every Skull Session concert . If a visiting college band is in attendance they will perform their pre-game and halftime show , followed by the OSUMB 's performance of pre-game and halftime . At every Skull Session , there is a guest Ohio high school marching band . The high school band plays various songs before the Skull Session to entertain the audience waiting the arrival of the OSUMB . During Homecoming , the OSU Athletic Band also performs at Skull Session , trading off with the guest high school band on various pieces of music . The OSU Athletic Band is run by the same band staff as the marching band , and often has many students who perform in both .", "The ramp entrance is known as one of the most highly regarded traditions among band members , as well as extremely physically demanding . The ramp entrance starts typically around 19 : 45 on the countdown clock . There is a trailer video shown on the scoreboard prior to the band emerging from the ramp tunnel . At the end of this video , a Diamond Ohio appears on the screen . This is the cue for the percussion section to start down the ramp .", "The percussion section is the first to march down the ramp , and onto the field ; not to cadences , rather cheers at a precise tempo of 180 beats per minute ( bpm ) . The snare drums perform a unique arm swing as everyone clearly chants O-H-I-O , OHIO over and over . A series of elaborately timed flanking maneuvers called the power `` V '' leads JI Row into their file in the block .", "The `` Ramp '' cadence is then played exactly 17 times in a row , also at 180 bpm , as the other rows in the band file down the ramp , onto the field , and into their positions . Once a row is placed , the members mark time until all rows are into position .", "As the final two rows , T and X file in , their squad leaders nod to the two Sousaphone row 's ( KL Row ) squad leaders , who then sound a loud blast on their whistles . The entire band responds to this call with a deafening yell of `` Whistle ! '' . After the last Ramp cadence is played , a roll - off is played , while the entire band ( except JI Row ) performs a conversion step maneuver , and a horns - up .", "The band proceeds to play the intro of `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' while marking time . This is followed by the verse , while the band goes into what is referred to as a `` half - time step '' ( mark time ) ; one step per every two beats . During the verse , a member 's leg lift ( completion of a full chair step ) is crucial to a clean and precision view from the crowd . Also , during the verse , KL Row performs a special horn flash in which they tilt their bells slightly back , and swing their entire upper body , including their horn , to the tempo of their step . The KL row horn flash is based on the horn swing that OSUMB Sousaphones did while marching until the 1970s . During this half - time step , there is a specific seat in C deck of Ohio Stadium that previous director Dr. Paul Droste always sits in , which gives him a clear picture of the diagonal alignment of the band in the block .", "After the completion of the verse , the band proceeds to march southward down the field to two choruses of Buckeye Battle Cry . The band then executes a `` halt , kick , down '' , followed by a `` step - forward about - face '' . At this point , the Drum Major runs back through the band , blowing a short whistle to the lead snare drummer , who initiates a roll off to begin the rest of the pregame show , which includes playing the visiting team 's fight song , Script Ohio , and the National Anthem , which is typically conducted by the visiting band 's director , or a staff member of the OSU School of Music .", "During the introduction and verse of `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' , the drum major enters the stadium running down the ramp , then struts through the band and comes to the front of the ranks where they execute a back bend , forming their body into the shape of an O. After a dramatic pause , the drum major 's plume touches the turf while the band starts to play two choruses of the Buckeye Battle Cry while marching toward the South Stands . The drum major reaches the end zone and tosses the baton through the goal post as the band finishes the downfield march . The opposing team 's fight song is played as a salute to their university returning the band to midfield before completing the pregame performance which typically includes the highly acclaimed Script Ohio .", "Orlas King , ( 1942 - 2004 ) also known as the Neutron Man would burst into original dances whenever the band played the Pointer Sisters 's Neutron Dance .", "The current OSUMB uniform is very different from the earliest uniforms . The earliest band uniforms were military in style and were pieced together from U.S. military uniforms with pieces dating back to even the Civil War era . High collar jackets were the first solidified design for the band uniform . The first hats worn by the band were Pershing style military visor caps with military `` peace '' eagles as the hat emblem and red and gray `` powder puff '' plumes , so called because of the very fine , almost down - like feathers with which they were constructed . OSU also experimented with gray wool bucket hats that looked similar to a kepi or shako with a plume .", "As a Land - Grant school , Ohio State was required to provide military training as part of its core curriculum . Prior to World War II , each college ran its ROTC program as an independent organization with National guidelines . Each college designed its own uniforms and insignia to promote esprit de corps . Once an ROTC cadet graduated and received a military commission , then the new officer would wear the uniform of his or her respective branch . After World War II , ROTC programs were modified , ending college - specific uniforms for non-military colleges , and allowing cadets to wear the uniform of their chosen branch .", "OSU ROTC 's shoulder insignia was a red and gray circle . This was worn on the right shoulder . On the right sleeve , a five pointed star signifying OSU was the recipient of the ROTC Honor School award was worn . Near the cuff of the left sleeve , a shield patch with U.S.R.O.T.C embroidered on it was worn . If the cadet had attained a rank in ROTC , they wore their rank insignia on each sleeve . The color of rank chevrons and the ROTC shield patch were determined by the military division in which the cadet was looking to commission . For example , an Artillery cadet would wear a black shield with scarlet lettering and black chevrons on a scarlet background , while an Infantry cadet would wear a black shield with teal lettering and black chevrons on a teal background . The hat took on a more modern look as well , looking more like the modern military style visor hat . ROTC chin straps and uniform buttons were gold colored . The peace eagle remained , but an addition was made to the eagles , an extra banner that arced above the E. Pluribus Unum banner from the eagle 's beak . This banner simply read `` OHIO , '' earning the OSUMB 's peace eagles the nickname `` Eagle Ohio . '' These early Eagle Ohios were made in gold colored metal to match the buttons and chin strap of the uniform jacket and hat . The regular uniform of an OSU ROTC cadet included a navy blue service coat , a light blue dress shirt , black tie , navy blue pants , white cotton spats , black dress shoes , and a white canvas belt with a gold buckle .", "This uniform was standard for all branches of ROTC . Since the OSUMB was under control of the ROTC department for much of its early existence , the band uniform was simply the ROTC uniform with more additions , such as plumes , gloves , and West - point style Cadet cross belts . The red and gray plumes took on more of an upright style that is still seen today . Kappa Kappa Psi , the national honorary band fraternity , designed a special recognition bar for wear on band uniforms by brothers during these early days of college bands . This recognition bar is the same size and shape as a military ribbon . The bar is blue and white , separated along a diagonal axis , with the Greek letters KK Ψ along this diagonal . The letters are gold . This bar was to be worn on uniforms in the same manner as military ribbons , and the OSUMB allowed all KKY brothers to wear this bar .", "In 1952 , the OSUMB formally ended ties with the ROTC department . Around the same time , the Lily Ames Co. , the last supplier of OSU - specific ROTC uniforms , closed its doors . OSU bought the remaining uniforms from Lily Ames . The band had custom patches sewn on to the jacket shoulders . Rank insignia was also removed from the band uniforms . The right shoulder held a gray circular patch with a red Buckeye leaf and around the edge of the patch read : The Ohio State University Buckeyes . The left shoulder patch was a miniature of The Ohio State University seal . The patch was red with the edge reading : The Ohio State University - Columbus - . During this time , Tau Beta Sigma , the national honorary band sorority , became active in the OSUMB as well , even though women were not permitted to be in the band on the field . At this point , all of the sisters of the sorority were given unique uniforms . The sisters wore the same jacket , shirt , and tie as the band members . The sisters wore long military - style dress skirts , hose , and female style military dress shoes . The sisters wore their ΤΒΣ recognition bar ( identical to the fraternity version ) on their uniforms . Women could fulfill roles with the band as secretaries and librarians , but were not permitted to march .", "During the 1960s and 1970s , these uniforms became outdated . The Fechheimer Bros. of Cincinnati created some uniforms for OSU . These uniforms were the same navy blue as the previous uniforms , except the buttons were changed to silver . At this time the chin straps and Eagle Ohio were also changed to silver . The plumes took on the modern red and gray appearance and were constructed of tough turkey feathers . The spats were changed from cloth to vinyl during this time as well . The shoulder patches changed design and size . The uniforms changed very little from the 1970s until 1988 , except for things like hat manufacturer , a short period in which a large metal diamond Ohio replaced the Eagle Ohio , and the use of aluminum hat bands instead of the silver adjustable type . After the directorship of Charles Spohn , the Kappa Kappa Psi and Tau Beta Sigma recognition bars were no longer authorized for wear on the OSUMB uniform . During the expansion years in the 1970s , many uniforms dating back to the 1940s had to be dug out of storage and updated with the current patch designs of the band . To a careful and up - close observer , one would notice significant differences in the cut and style of the uniforms being worn . Even hats were not standardized . The only common thread among the uniforms was the color , which even began to fade on older uniforms . It was common practice for band members to use black marker to fix frayed parts of the uniform which exposed white cotton lining . These uniforms also had to be used by the Military band , and were falling apart . Pieces were sourced as needed from manufacturers such as Ostwald , Bayly , Frechheimer , and DeMoulin Brothers . The Fechheimer Corporation began producing a police uniform in the 1980s that matched the design of the Marching Band uniforms . These eventually became the standard replacement uniform coat until 1989 , when Dr. Woods commissioned a new uniform style .", "In 1988 , Dr. Jon Woods commissioned the biggest changes to the OSUMB uniform . The Fechheimer Bros. also constructed these uniforms . Everything visible was changed to some extent . These uniforms debuted for the homecoming game against Purdue in 1988 .", "From 1989 until 2005 , it was common practice for the Marching Band to only purchase a few new uniforms each season to replace badly worn , damaged , or lost pieces . The Fruhauf Company made these small batches of uniforms . In 2005 , a benefactor to the OSUMB donated a significant amount of money to buy new uniforms for the entire band . The benefactor wanted to uniform the entire band and not just have the money used for replacement uniforms . Dr. Jon Woods decided that additional small changes would help to give the band a new , fresh look for the 2006 season . The minimal changes include updated sleeve stripes ( new stripes consist of one red and one gray stripe ) to minimize the wearing out that the old stripes suffered , uniform patch alignment , and a slit placed underneath the left breast pocket flap for the snare drums to attach their drums through ( the common practice through band history was to cut a hole underneath the pocket flap to allow the attachment clip to pass through the uniform ) .", "In 2013 , the band received a substantial boost in funding , which allowed the band to supply more uniform parts free of charge that were previously purchased by band students . The band also purchased new cold weather overcoats that could be worn in the stands during a game . Previous cold weather coats included black wool , collared jackets from Holloway and Liz Claiborne . In 2013 , the band has switched to double breasted wool overcoats which are similar to the U.S. Army 's Class A overcoat . This coat features six Great Seal of Ohio buttons , and has large pockets to keep band members ' hands warm while not playing their instrument . The band also changed the vinyl spats . Previously worn spats had white elastic straps , which were a custom ordered product . Due to shortages in marching band spats across the United States , the band opted to wear standard white vinyl spats which have a black elastic strap .", "The drum major 's uniform has gone through countless changes since `` Tubby '' Essington 's uniform in the early days of the band . Every drum major uniform of the band is custom - tailored . Shortly after drum major tryouts in the spring , the Fruhauf Uniform company sends a representative to take exact measurements of the drum major and assistant drum major . At this point , the drum major is free to take artistic license on the style of their uniform . They can choose to model their uniform on a style consistent since the 1950s , with minor changes or they may choose to make more striking changes , which require approval of the directing staff . Most drum majors only choose small modifications , such as wearing of tassels on the tall fur hat or the set up of any cords worn adorning the hat . The modern drum major uniform , chosen by most drum majors without significant altering , has its roots in the 1950s .", "The directing staff has worn uniforms of differing style to the marching band since its inception . The uniforms took on a style similar to the U.S. Navy 's double - breasted dress jacket in the 1940s and 1950s . Directing staff had two thin golden stripes running around the circumference of the cuff area of the sleeves , similar to the U.S. Navy 's ranking system stripes . Directing staff also wore two lapel lyre - shaped insignia . These were gold along with all of the buttons on the uniforms . The directors wore the same hat as the marching band minus the plume .", "Director uniforms have come in various levels of decoration , some being very basic , others having plenty of designs and embroidery . Directing staff started using a sleeve stripe ranking system under Jack Evans , but pictures from Evans ' and Charlie Spohn 's directorships show that there was n't a clearly defined pattern for the stripes . Eventually , Dr. Paul Droste introduced the sleeve rank structure used today . His uniform had three stripes denoting him as director , and the Associate director , Jon Woods , had two stripes . The current sleeve stripe scheme is : 4 stripes for Director , 3 stripes for Associate Director , 2 stripes for Assistant Director and 1 stripe for Graduate Assistant Director .", "Droste also was the first to use a military style hat with the `` scrambled eggs '' acorns and leaves visor . Other directors had used various styles of band hats with varying levels of ornamentation . Woods , Waters and Hoch have continued the scrambled eggs tradition with their uniform hats .", "Other members of the band staff such as School of Music staff who conduct ( including Dr. Mikkelson and Dr. Jones during their term of interim leadership ) and Marching Band staff who do not conduct wear gray blazer jackets with the OSUMB crest embroidered on the left pocket , white dress shirt with an OSUMB red tie ( or any red styled tie ) , black dress pants and shoes .", "Prior to the 1960s , the band wore a modified version of the full uniform on away trips . The modified uniform was also worn when the band was in concert . This consisted of the band hat without plume and a white waist belt was worn instead of cross belts . The band also wore a red citation cord on the left shoulder . As more away trips were taken , the band found it necessary to create a separate travel uniform which allowed the regular uniform to stay clean and pressed . Band students wear a black blazer with a patch of the OSUMB crest on the left brest pocket , white dress shirt , red OSUMB tie , gray pants , and black shoes . While not technically allowed , many band members can be seen wearing their band hats on away trips using air travel , as the hats can not be placed in the luggage bays for fear of breaking . Band students often collect pins at various functions they attend , which they then wear on the Blazer uniform .", "Band staff all wear gray Blazers with an embroidered OSUMB crest on the left breast pocket , white shirt , red OSUMB tie , black pants , and black shoes . While pins are generally not worn by band staff , some members do wear one or two .", "The Gray Uniform has been seen in photos as early as the 1960s . The purpose of the Gray Uniform is to give the band staff an idea of what the band looks like in formations while dressed alike . This allows for last minute modifications to drill without making the band wear full uniform . The Gray Uniform is nearly identical in use and wear as military Physical Training uniforms . The Gray Uniform consists of a gray T - shirt and gray shorts . The band hat with plume is worn with this uniform .", "The OSUMB uses only the brass and percussion instruments listed below :", "S - Yamaha Silver Plate , SP - King / Conn Silver Plate , SB / SBW - King / Conn Satin Silver Special Order Plating", "E ♭ Cornets B ♭ Trumpets B ♭ Flugelhorns F Mellophones B ♭ Tenor Trombones Bass Trombones Baritones Sousaphones", "E ♭ Cornets", "B ♭ Trumpets", "B ♭ Flugelhorns", "B ♭ Tenor Trombones", "Snare drums Cymbals Tenors Bass Drums", "The Marching Band has used instruments from the following manufacturers in past years .", "E ♭ Cornets - Getzen Capri , York B ♭ Cornets and Trumpets - Yamaha Xeno , B ♭ Flugelhorns - Getzen Capri , Yamaha , Couesnon E ♭ Alto Horns - Yamaha , Holton , Couesnon , H.N. White / King F Mellophones - Getzen B ♭ Tromboniums and Tenor Horns - Conn , King B ♭ Trombones - King , Bach , Reynolds B ♭ Baritones / Euphoniums - King , Conn ( Double belled Euphoniums were also common ) Sousaphones ( E ♭ and B ♭ ) - Conn , King", "E ♭ Cornets - Getzen Capri , York", "B ♭ Cornets and Trumpets - Yamaha Xeno ,", "B ♭ Flugelhorns - Getzen Capri , Yamaha , Couesnon", "E ♭ Alto Horns - Yamaha , Holton , Couesnon , H.N. White / King", "F Mellophones - Getzen", "B ♭ Tromboniums and Tenor Horns - Conn , King", "B ♭ Trombones - King , Bach , Reynolds", "B ♭ Baritones / Euphoniums - King , Conn ( Double belled Euphoniums were also common )", "Sousaphones ( E ♭ and B ♭ ) - Conn , King", "Snares - Pearl , Yamaha , Ludwig , Gretsch ( various models have had wood or aluminum shells ) Tenors - Pearl , Yamaha , Ludwig ( Ludwig created the first set of canvas strapped tenor duos for the band , whereas trios and quads were worn with standard shoulder harnesses ) Basses - Pearl , Yamaha , Ludwig , Gretsch Cymbals - Sabian , Paiste", "Snares - Pearl , Yamaha , Ludwig , Gretsch ( various models have had wood or aluminum shells )", "Tenors - Pearl , Yamaha , Ludwig ( Ludwig created the first set of canvas strapped tenor duos for the band , whereas trios and quads were worn with standard shoulder harnesses )", "Basses - Pearl , Yamaha , Ludwig , Gretsch", "Cymbals - Sabian , Paiste", "Year Title Notes My Fellow Americans In the movie , Senator Russell Kramer ( Jack Lemmon ) , a Republican from Ohio , wins the election for President of the United States . A pep band , made of mostly squad leaders , was asked to perform for the celebration scenes . The band can be seen for several seconds during the opening credits . 2006 The Pride of the Buckeyes A documentary produced by WOSU Public Media which follows the Marching Band through the 2005 season . The program starts with scenes from Summer Sessions and Tryouts , and continues through the season , culminating with scenes from the 2006 Fiesta Bowl , and 2006 Drum Major tryouts .", "Year Title Notes", "My Fellow Americans In the movie , Senator Russell Kramer ( Jack Lemmon ) , a Republican from Ohio , wins the election for President of the United States . A pep band , made of mostly squad leaders , was asked to perform for the celebration scenes . The band can be seen for several seconds during the opening credits .", "2006 The Pride of the Buckeyes A documentary produced by WOSU Public Media which follows the Marching Band through the 2005 season . The program starts with scenes from Summer Sessions and Tryouts , and continues through the season , culminating with scenes from the 2006 Fiesta Bowl , and 2006 Drum Major tryouts .", "The Ohio State University Marching Band has been honored with The Sudler Trophy for outstanding college band , and in 1988 was featured in a multi-page article in USA Today .", "The band has also performed in seven Inaugural Parades . The band represented the State of Ohio during the inaugurations of Herbert Hoover , Richard Nixon ( 1969 and 1973 ) , George H.W. Bush , George W. Bush ( 2001 and 2005 ) , and Barack Obama ( 2009 ) .", "In 2006 , the Marching Band was featured during a taping of The Daily Show With Jon Stewart . Stewart brought his program to Columbus to spotlight Ohio 's 2006 gubernatorial race . The band performed an arrangement of the show 's theme music , and was featured during a closing segment known as the `` Moment of Zen . ''", "During the October 6 , 2012 football game between the University of Nebraska -- Lincoln and Ohio State , the Band performed a tribute to video games , containing music from games such as Pokémon , Super Mario Bros. , Halo , Tetris , Pac - Man and The Legend of Zelda . During the performance , the band executed arrangements based on these video games , including a falling set of Tetris blocks , and an animated galloping figure of the horse Epona . A fan 's recording of the performance posted to YouTube the next day soon became a viral video , spread in part through video game fans that were directed to the video . The band 's interim director at the time , Jon Waters , had planned for the performance based on the national broadcast of the night game , and that the video game theme would resonate with the college students that had grown up with the games . With the widespread attention to the performance , the school promoted Waters from interim to permanent band director .", "The September 7 , 2013 game against San Diego State University , put together on four days notice , featured music from television game shows The Price Is Right , Family Feud , Jeopardy ! , and Wheel of Fortune , as well as jabs at the University of Michigan . The September 28 , 2013 game against the University of Wisconsin featured a Country and Western themed show which received numerous accolades for a formation of a singing cowboy removing his hat , as well as a steam locomotive racing across the field . For the Homecoming game on October 19 against the University of Iowa , the band performed a tribute to Michael Jackson , featuring the OSU Gospel Voices choir for `` Man in the Mirror . '' During the show , band members performed individual `` Moonwalks , '' and also created an image of Michael Jackson performing a Moonwalk across the field , complete with sequined glove . This tribute has been seen on YouTube by well over 8 million people , and was featured on many television programs and newspapers . The performance even attracted the attention of Katherine Jackson , Michael 's mother . She was quoted as being very thankful and gracious for the band 's performance of Michael 's music .", "However , the accolades did not stop there . With four days of preparation , the band performed a movie - themed halftime show at the October 26 game against Pennsylvania State University . This performance featured music from Superman , Harry Potter , Jurassic Park , and Pirates of the Caribbean . Formations performed included an image of Superman righting and steadying a collapsing building , Harry Potter on a broomstick chasing a Snitch during a game of Quidditch , a Tyrannosaurus Rex chasing and eating a person wearing a University of Michigan football jersey , and two pirate ships , one with an Ohio State flag , and the other with a Michigan flag , engaged in a high seas fight , with the OSU ship ramming the Michigan ship and sinking it . This show has had well over 12 million views on YouTube , and the back - to - back success of both shows has caught the attention of national media . Many news media outlets have been doing interviews with band members , the directing staff , and other University officials on the successes of the band program .", "On November 23 , 2013 , The Onion , an online news satire website , featured a doctored image of the Marching Band forming a pentagram on the field during a performance . This satire of the band was partially done because of a YouTube video that is no longer available , in which the video 's creator claimed the band program was under demonic possession .", "The 2014 marching band season was difficult for band members and staff alike , with an interim directing staff and the national spotlight being turned on the program in a negative light due to the release of a report by the University claiming a `` sexualized '' culture . Many people in the media questioned whether the 2014 band would be able to continue to impress audiences without the leadership of Jon Waters . The band took to the field in Baltimore for the season opener against the United States Naval Academy . This condensed show featured much more traditional military - band style symmetrical drill that emphasizes precision . The band also created an image of soldiers marching with a Civil War regimental flag . The band also played the Navy service song and formed a floating anchor , a formation first performed by the OSUMB in 1934 , also at a game versus the Naval Academy in Baltimore . This show ended with a double Script Ohio . The show was well received by fans from both schools and was featured in national headlines for being the first performance of the band since the termination of their director . For the first home game of 2014 , the band performed a tribute to classic television shows , including Dragnet , The Simpsons , The Addams Family , M * A * S * H , I Dream of Jeannie , The Office , Game of Thrones , Hawaii Five - O , The Brady Bunch , and The Lone Ranger . Drill selections included Bart Simpson on a skateboard , Thing waving to the audience , a helicopter blowing up a Michigan Block M , a costumed Jeannie appearing from her magic bottle , a surfer riding a wave , costumed Brady Bunch characters in their trademark squares , a fire - breathing dragon , and the Lone Ranger 's horse Silver galloping across the field . This show instantly became a viral hit , making news across the country . The band titled the show `` TV Land , Too ! '' and had a large banner with the TV Land network logo on the field . The TV Land network responded to the band by releasing a video thanking them for celebrating classic TV . Actor Tom Hanks also gave the band substantial credit via Facebook and Twitter for this show .", "The second home game also featured the annual Alumni reunion . To date , the largest turnout of band alumni prompted the band staff to feature both bands on the field for a substantial portion of the show . The show theme was D - Day , celebrating the 70th anniversary of the U.S. invasion of Normandy . Selections included `` This is My Country '' , `` American Patrol '' , a medley of military service songs , and `` America the Beautiful '' . The band formed an animation of the famous image of a sailor kissing a woman in New York City upon returning home from the war , an army tank , ship anchor , the planting of the American flag on Iwo Jima , a classic twin engine bomber aircraft , and a coast guard boat . The nearly 800 band alumni framed the current band during most of their formations . `` America the Beautiful '' ended with the unfurling of a giant American flag bordered by the current band , while the band alumni formed the letters USA to every side of the stadium . The show ended with the performance of a quadruple Script Ohio . This show also received national acclaim , particularly for its proximity to the anniversary of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks .", "The band , due to its unique instrumentation , is sometimes compared to a drum and bugle corps . The composition of a drum corps consists of brass instruments , marching percussion , front ensemble , color guard , and a drum major . Drum corps are also independent , non-profit organizations . Many have affiliation with VFW or American Legion posts , or Boy Scout troops . The Marching Band is solely affiliated with The Ohio State University . The band also does not have a color guard , permanent front ensemble , or a drum major in the drum corps ' definition . A drum corps drum major solely conducts the corps during the performances , whereas the OSU drum major does not conduct the band at all . The Marching Band could now technically qualify if it cut its numbers due to a change in the Drum Corps 's rules allowing all brass instruments . The Marching Band is similar in style and substance to classic drum and bugle corps , such as those popular prior to the creation of Drum Corps International . Most classic corps , for example , carried their marching percussion using slings and straps , similar to how the Marching Band still does . Many classic drum corps also performed horn flashes or swings , body moves , and performed recognizable music loosely themed in a general show idea .", "The Marching Band has remained faithful to its military roots , while also pushing for new marching innovations . The percussion section is a prime example . The percussion section of the Marching Band first added tenor duo toms in 1970 . Around this time , drum corps began experimenting with marching timpani as well as duo and tri toms . The band transitioned to tri-toms in the 1980s . Drum corps continued to expand their percussion section with quad toms , adding additional spot drums to create quints or sextets , along with increasing bass drum lines with multiple sizes to allow for tonal passages to be played . In the 1990s , the Marching Band changed to quad - toms , but continued to use two - pitch bass drums . In 2005 , the Band made the transition to a full tonal bass drum line , and added two additional spot drums to the quads by 2008 . This gives the Marching Band a percussion section on par with many drum and bugle corps . From a marching perspective , the Ramp Entrance , at 180 beats per minute , was considered to be the fastest tempo performed by a marching ensemble until the late 1980s / early 1990s , when Star of Indiana Drum and Bugle Corps broke the 200 bpm threshold . The Marching Band is also larger than any drum corps , as the maximum performers in a DCI corps is 150 ." ]
Ohio State University Marching band - wikipedia Ohio State University Marching band Jump to: navigation , search Not to be confused with The Ohio State University Athletic Band . This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding or removing subheadings . (December 2007) The Ohio State University Marching Band School The Ohio State University Location Columbus, Ohio Conference Big Ten Founded 1878 Director Christopher Hoch Members 228 (192 pregame marchers, 195 halftime marchers, 36 alternate members) Fight song `` Across the Field '' , `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' Uniform Website http://tbdbitl.osu.edu The Ohio State University Marching Band ( OSUMB ) performs at Ohio State football games and other events during the fall semester. It is one of the few collegiate all-brass and percussion bands in the country, perhaps the largest of its type in the world. Its nickname is The Best Damn Band in the Land ( TBDBITL ). ) Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2014 hazing scandal 2 Performances and academics 3 Composition 3.1 Instrumentation 3.2 Squad leaders 3.3 Drum Major 3.4 Student staff 3.5 Directing staff 3.6 Arranging staff 3.7 Adjunct staff 4 Traditions 4.1 Script Ohio 4.1.1 Honorary `` i'' -dotters 4.2 Diamond Ohio 4.3 Skull Session 4.4 Ramp entrance 4.5 Back bend 4.6 Neutron Man 5 Uniforms 5.1 Early years 5.2 1950s-- 1980s 5.3 1988 remodel 5.4 2006 changes 5.5 2013 changes 5.6 Drum Major uniform 5.7 Director uniforms 5.8 Blazer Uniform 5.9 Gray Uniform 6 Instruments 6.1 Current instruments 6.2 Previously used instruments 7 Filmography 8 Accolades 9 Relationship with other marching arts 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The 2008 Ohio State marching band performing before the Cleveland Browns season opening game of the 2008 season Military training was an important part of the early curriculum at Ohio State, and a band was formed to provide music to the cadets for drills. Organized in 1878, the Marching Band was first organized as a fife and drum corps and was sponsored by the Military Department. In 1881, a stolen mouthpiece incident, which prevented the Marching Band from performing, led the Military Department to end support. The band was a student-led organization until 1896. Gustav Bruder, a professional musician with military band experience, was hired to lead the band. Under Bruder, the band's size grew. It began playing and marching for all military and athletic events. In 1926, it performed jointly with the Ohio State University Drum and Bugle Corps at West Point . The timing between the groups on the field was off because of errant counting, causing the groups to counter march through each other's ranks. This spectacle was considered one of the most intense band formations done on the field at West Point. In 1929, the Military Department, along with the School of Music, entered into a new agreement to bring the Marching Band under control of the School of Music, which would provide faculty, while the Military Department limited membership to cadets, who also received military instruction along with playing and marching. The band was so popular in 1929 that the entire 100 piece block band was composed of upperclassmen. This situation gave Director Eugene J. Weigel the idea to create two additional bands, the Infantry Regimental Band and the Artillery Regimental Band, which would provide training to underclassmen until they were able to try out for the Marching Band. These bands met in the Winter and Spring, and together with the Activities Band formed in 1947, created the modern Athletic Band . During World War II, Ohio State was one of the few colleges able to field a marching band for every home game. The band was able to field 100 to 120 musicians throughout the war. Because the band was still under ROTC control, women were not allowed to perform. The band was open to alumni members of the band, woodwind players, vocalists, high school students, even strangers on the street who expressed interest. The morale with which this highly volunteer band helped to cheer on Ohio State football was during a time when spirits on the home front were at a low. By the early 1950s, the Department of Defense issued much more stringent rules about what courses and activities constitute eligible curriculum for the ROTC program. The Marching Band was no longer an eligible activity, and in 1952, the Marching Band officially ended ties with the ROTC department. Cadets in the band could continue to try out and participate in band, but they would no longer receive ROTC credit. Once the Marching Band separated from ROTC control, the band was more free to experiment with show themes and music genres, culminating in the band's 1965 performance of `` Hang On, Sloopy! '' . After the extremely positive response for `` Sloopy'' , the band decided to venture into more modern and topical styles of music. The band maintained a 120-piece block into the 1970s, when director Paul Droste expanded the band first to 160, and then to 192 members by adding another row of Sousaphones, creating a full row of snare drums, and adding tenor duo-toms to the row of bass drums and cymbals. Women were admitted into the band starting in 1973, after the passage of the 1972 Title IX legislation. Today, approximately 20-- 25% of the band's members are women each year. By the mid-1970s, a limitation on the maximum number of years one could be in the Marching Band was imposed. Prior to this, there were people who had spent nearly a decade playing and marching with the band. Some of these band members were gainfully employed graduates of the university, who would continue to pay fees to try out for band. A decision was reached to limit the band to 5 years, 6 under extenuating circumstances and director approval. This allowed for more new students to try out and make the band, and also allowed for a better spirit of competition for the 225 total spots in the band. In 2016, under the direction of Dr. Christopher Hoch and Percussion Instructor Mr. Mark Reynolds, a decision was made to expand the band for the first time in over 40 years. Three additional band members were added; one each on bass drum, cymbals, and tenor drums. This allows for four of each part for the Ramp entrance, while expanding the percussion section by three for halftime. The driving decision to allow this expansion is to bring the band's percussion section closer in number and substance to other comparable college marching bands by having a full tonal bass drum section. From 2005 to 2015, the band used four tonal bass drums for halftime, which presents a challenge to percussion writers, as the standard instrumentation of a bass drum line is five drums. The addition of the fifth bass drum allows for a broader color of percussion parts to be written. The traditional Ramp entrance block band will still maintain four bass drums tuned to two pitches, high and low, for effect. Many marching band innovations were first tried and developed at Ohio State. Among them are: floating and animated formations, measured step marching, script writing, and the fast cadence with a high knee lift. Brass instruments especially designed for marching bands were also first used at Ohio State. In 1934, the OSUMB became one of the first collegiate bands to adopt an all brass-and-percussion instrumentation. The school fight songs -- `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' and `` Fight the Team Across the Field '' -- were first performed in the early 20th century. Other traditional songs performed by the band are the 1960s pop hit `` Hang on Sloopy'' and (aimed at its archrival, the University of Michigan ) `` We Don't Give a Damn for the Whole State of Michigan'' , which was popularized by James Thurber in the Broadway production of The Male Animal . Other songs that are played commonly in the stands include: `` Night On Bald Mountain '' , `` Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi '' , `` Bully'' , `` Talkin' Out the Side of Your Neck'' , `` Seven Nation Army'' , and a recently student-written and composed piece with a hip-hop feel called `` Buckeye Swag.'' 2014 hazing scandal ( edit ) The band made national headlines in the summer of 2014 following the release of an internal investigation into the band's culture and reported incidents of hazing. On July 22, 2014, Ohio State University released an investigation report titled `` Complaint against Jonathan Waters, Director of the OSU Marching Band.'' In the report, the university's Office of Compliance and Integrity found that the band's `` culture facilitated acts of sexual harassment'' and that then-director Jon Waters knew or reasonably should have known about this culture.'' On July 24, 2014, following a two-month investigation into complaints of a `` sexualized'' culture amongst band members, Jon Waters was fired by the University. Waters later denied the report's characterizations of the band and of his actions. A second investigation was led by former Ohio Attorney General, Betty Montgomery. The Task Force Report, released on November 18, 2014, identified a number of issues within the band, making 37 recommendations for changes, but also criticized Ohio State University for decades of lax oversight and inadequate resources for enforcing compliance. The task force final report include results of a survey of 278 then current and recent former band members; see Appendix D. The survey seemed to contradict many of the university's claims about Mr. Waters and the band. Performances and academics ( edit ) A typical season with the OSUMB runs from June until January. Starting in June, the band runs Summer Sessions to train and teach prospective and returning band members. In July, the band performs a joint concert with the Columbus Symphony Orchestra. This event is typically performed with 1/2 to 3/4 of the full band, and often accepts volunteers who did not march the previous season. In August, the schedule becomes highly packed. There are often small pep band events throughout Columbus, at OSU's Regional Campuses across the state, as well as on the Columbus Campus. The band performs at all home football games, at an NFL game (either Cincinnati Bengals or Cleveland Browns ), and at least one or two away games. In 2013, the band performed at four away games, a first for the band. If the football team is eligible for post-season play, the band will travel to those games as well. On away trips, there is almost always an Ohio State rally, put on by the local chapter of the OSU Alumni Association. This rally features guest speakers, the band, and cheerleaders. For trips to the University of Michigan or Michigan State University, the band performs a sit-down concert in the Toledo, Ohio area. There are additional full-band performances such as the Homecoming Parade, Circleville Pumpkin Show Parade, and two big concerts: one in an often remote part of Ohio, and the annual concert in Columbus at Value City Arena (previously held at Veterans Memorial before its demolition during the 2014 season). The band holds tryouts usually two weeks before school starts. This is somewhat variable as the band staff tries to allow for members to perform in Drum Corps International World Championships in Indianapolis. In recent years, DCI Finals night was held on a Saturday night, while OSUMB Candidate Days (for all prospective band members who have not made the band before) would begin the following Sunday morning. Due to a tighter schedule in 2016, Candidate Days were held during DCI Finals, and full band tryouts began the following morning. Typically this is avoided however, to allow incoming freshmen to finish a drum corps tour and then learn the OSU style in the two days prior to full band tryouts. Once the band is picked and until school starts up, the band practices three times a day Monday through Friday. Once school starts, the band rehearses Monday-Friday from 4:10-6:15 PM. However, the Band Center doors are typically not locked until midnight, as many band members will do other classwork while practicing and memorizing their music for the week's show. Many shows must be learned in as little as four days, with all music and drill committed to memory. Composition ( edit ) Instrumentation ( edit ) An image of the 2008 Ohio State marching band spelling out `` Browns'' before the Browns 2008 season opener. The band consists of 228 musicians. The block band seen at every game consists of 192 members, while halftime shows consist of 195 members. The other 36 members are alternates. These are members of the band who challenge the regular members every week for a spot in the gameday block. The alternates also understudy the week's halftime show with the squad leader in case someone gets sick or injured before the performance. Alternates have a chance to perform with the regular band members during performances of Double Script Ohio, as well as during pre-game shows on away game trips. All music is memorized and verified during music checks each Friday. On game day the alternates help move equipment around if the show has props or a pit, otherwise they are led by the assistant drum major and stand at attention (minus instruments) on the sideline near the south end of the field. The band block consists of lettered rows ABCEFHIJKLMQRSTX and D. D row consists of one Head Drum Major, one Assistant Drum Major (who is the assistant to the Head Drum Major), and D-Row members who train and learn under the drum major in order to one day try out for the position. While the brass-only configuration has been unvarying since 1934, the instrumentation has been subject to experimentation over the years. Around 1938, slide trombones were removed from the band for fear they could not easily navigate the difficult Script Ohio drill. Trombones were originally replaced by tenor horns, and then eventually by the King 3B valve trombone - a valve trombone wrapped as a Euphonium - earning the name `` Trombonium.'' By 1970, the band adopted the large-bore Conn 90G, prepared by Conn at the OSUMB's instigation. Slide trombones returned to the band in 1980, with the introduction of Bach Model 36 Stradivarius small shank tenor trombones. Tromboniums last marched in the varsity OSUMB block at the 1982 Alumni Reunion game, but continue to be used by Alumni members of the band. In 1997, the band converted the alto voice of the band from Eb Alto horns, to F Mellophones. Several factors including instrument quality and durability, as well as tone projection, were cited in the switch. The last Eb Alto horns purchased by the OSUMB were Yamaha YAH-203's . The band switched to Getzen G4410 F Mellophones, and continued to use those until 2000, when Getzen discontinued that instrument. The band switched to King 1120SP F Mellophones, and slowly phased these, along with the King 1121SP, which is the newest version of King Mellophone, through 2006. All Getzen Mellophones are now used by Alumni Band or the OSU Athletic Band . In 1999, Dr. Jon Woods, a trombone player himself, added Bass Trombones to the trombone section. This was done in an effort to round out the trombone choir, and to give a bit of an edge to Sousaphone parts in climactic music. The first model, and to date, only model of Bass Trombone used by the OSUMB is the Conn 110H. In 2008, the band received a generous donation which allowed the entire high brass section (Eb Cornets, Trumpets, and Flugelhorns) to be outfitted with new Yamaha Xeno model instruments. These horns greatly influenced the sound of the band, as previous models of trumpets and flugelhorns were student level models, which typically are not constructed with the same quality as professional model instruments, such as the Xeno line. In 2013, the band has begun a switch from King 2104SP tenor trombones to a special order Conn 8HY model. The percussion section of the band has been using Pearl percussion for several years. In 2014, a decision was made to experiment with metal drum carriers. Drum carriers had been used for a number of years by tenor drum players, however the bass drums and snares continued to use cloth sling harnesses. Through a large amount of experimentation, metal carriers made their debut midway through the 2014 season for halftime and parade use only. The snares and basses are still carried by traditional sling for pregame, due to the visuals done with the drums that add to the excitement of the Ramp entrance. Drum Majors Years Name 2016-17 John LaVange 2015 Nathan MacMaster 2013-14 David Pettit 2012-13 Kyle West 2010-11 Jason Stuckert 2008-09 Joshua Halter 2006-07 Stewart Kitchen 2005 Alex Neffenger Eric Sommer 2003 Kathryn Mitchell 2001-02 Adam Prescott 1999-00 Matt Bally 1998 Scott Sommer 1996-97 Corey Thompson 1994-95 Karl Neudorfer 1992-93 Brian Berendts 1991 Lee Sartore 1989-90 Dale Wagner 1987-88 Rich Parks 1985-86 Greg Eyer 1984 Andrew Marks 1982-83 Bruce Hart 1981 Shelley Graf 1980 Dr. Oliver McGee 1977-79 Dwight Hudson 1976 Doug Secrist 1974-75 Rick Gammage 1972-73 Barry Kopetz 1971 Paul Zubrod 1969-70 Wayne Long 1968 Jack Swinehart 1967 Kirby Wyatt 1965-66 Mitch Breece 1963-64 Bob `` Link'' Harper 1962 Ben Kline 1961 Terrance Burton 1959-60 Lenny Hart 1957-58 Larry Cory 1956 Richard Marsh 1954-55 George Souder 1952-53 Dr. Jim Bodman 1951 Jim Spencer 1950 Dale York 1949 Johnny Criss 1947-48 Devon `` Deve'' Kesling 1946 Beverly Moseley 1945 Joseph Myers 1944 Cyril Costoff 1943 Robert Gulcher 1942 Gerald `` Jerry'' Johnston 1941 Edward Maundrell 1939-40 Richard Jones 1938 Myron McKelvey 1936-37 Wesley Leas 1934-35 William Casey 1932-33 Dr. James McCreary 1931 Wilburt Pettegrew 1928-30 William Knepper 1926-27 Robert Hines 1923-25 Dr. Augustus Hall 1920-22 Edwin `` Tubby'' Essington Squad Leaders ( edit ) Each row of the band has one Squad Leader, and one Assistant Squad Leader, with exception of J row which has two Assistants. The role of the Squad Leaders is to make sure their respective rows are at rehearsal on time, take attendance for the row, and make sure all members in the row are striving for their best during each rehearsal and performance. Squad Leaders also run Friday music checks and game day uniform and instrument inspections, as well as judge the row challenges on Mondays. The Squad Leaders must also try out for the band, typically during the week before the rest of the band does their tryouts. Squad Leaders have been cut from the band in past years. In this case, the Assistant would become Head Squad Leader, and one of the highest scoring returning band members would be offered the position of Assistant. Drum major ( edit ) Since the very early days of the band, there has been a drum major in charge of the band. The role of the drum major is to be the student in charge of the band on the field and during performances. Typically, the drum major would be the single point of contact in a military band `` chain of command'' that would directly interface with the directing staff in regards to complaints, comments, and questions from band members. The role of the drum major has evolved significantly over the years. Instead of simply marching in the front of the band, drum majors began doing tricks with their batons, and morphed into a single person show of pageantry on the field to complement the band during their formations. Today, being drum major for the OSUMB is one of the hardest collegiate drum major positions to achieve in the country. It is one of the most physically and mentally challenging, and requires the utmost in flexibility, concentration, and on-the-fly thinking and creativity. Typically, there is only one Drum Major and one Assistant Drum Major for the season. The Assistant Drum Major will often wear a different uniform, representative of the uniform that the Drum Major of the OSU Military Band wore. The Military Band was a marching band run separately from the OSUMB that allowed woodwind instruments, and played at mainly ROTC parades and other campus events when the Marching Band was unable to perform or during the off-season of the Marching Band. In 2013, the Drum Major was unable to perform for the first four games of the season. This necessitated the Assistant Drum Major to assume the role of Drum Major. One of the highest-scoring (at tryouts) D-row trainees assumed the role of Assistant Drum Major. Once the Drum Major was able to return to the field, a historic first for the OSUMB occurred. At the 2013 OSU vs Wisconsin game, the band introduced three drum majors for the first time. The band finished the season with two Drum Majors and one Assistant; in 2014, the band went back to one Drum Major and one Assistant. Student staff ( edit ) As well as the 228 marching and playing members of the band, there are 14 additional student staff members who do not march. The student staff are responsible for the day to day happenings on the student level of the band. There are two Heads of Staff who are in charge of separate areas. The Head Secretary oversees the secretary's office, the Head Manager oversees the Staff Managers. The 14 member Student Staff breaks down as follows: The band during pregame. Head Manager oversees the two uniform managers, one seamstress, two instrument managers, and two A/V technicians and Record Fund. Head Secretary, two assistant secretaries and one librarian/secretary All staff members wear the OSUMB uniform and work throughout the entire school year in the band offices. Members of Student Staff, along with the Drum Major Trainees, hold the directors' ladders on the field, stand at intervals along the sidelines to observe for and collect instrument or uniform parts that may fall off during a show, and even dress in costume or work props for the field show. If there are holes in the band due to illness or injury, and the full 228 piece band is required for a performance, Student Staff will march with an instrument. These staff members typically get a `` crash course'' in the specifics of that instrument's carry and positioning, but are not expected to play the instrument or memorize the music, although memorizing charted positions is often necessary. Many members of Student Staff are musicians themselves, however some do not have brass or percussion backgrounds. Directing staff ( edit ) Mr. Jonathan `` Jon'' Waters became Director in 2012, succeeding longtime Director Dr. Jon Woods. Waters held the post until his firing in July 2014; the band marched during the 2014 season under the interim leadership of Dr. Russell Mikkelson, OSU Director of Bands, and Dr. Scott Jones, OSU Associate Director of Bands. Dr. Chris Hoch was named Interim Director in 2015, becoming permanent Director in 2016. A band the size of the OSUMB requires a large directing staff. All directors are versed in conducting all of the school songs and show music, and attend various pep band and spirit rally events with the band. The Director is typically busiest with the administrative side of the band, leaving most smaller performances that do not require the whole band to the other directing staff. These directors make up the uniformed directing staff. In addition, other professors from the OSU School of Music regularly conduct the band during performances. These include the Director of the School of Music, and the Director and Associate Director of Bands. The current directing staff of the OSUMB is as follows: Dr. Chris Hoch, Director of Marching and Athletic Bands, Mr. Phillip Day, Associate Director of Marching and Athletic Bands, Mr. Michael Smith, Assistant Director of Marching and Athletic Bands, as well as six graduate assistants, Mr. Joe Carver, PhD Candidate in Music Education, Mr. Onsby Rose, DMA Candidate in Conducting, Ms. Jennifer Ollis, Masters Candidate in Conducting, Mr. Jeff Krubsack, Masters Candidate in Conducting, Mr. Todd Fessler, Masters Candidate in Conducting, and Ms. Kristin Lin, Masters Candidate in Conducting. All of the Marching and Athletic Bands leadership report directly to, and are under the guidance of the Ohio State University Director of Bands, Dr. Russel Mikkelson. Arranging staff ( edit ) Because of the unique instrumentation of the OSUMB, all music for performances must be custom-arranged. The band typically plays a wide variety of music throughout the season, and employs the expertise of a number of local and well-known arrangers. The first arranger of the OSUMB, Richard Heine, is considered to be most responsible for the unique sound of the band. All staff arrangers since Heine have kept true to the same style of arranging, while broadening the repertoire of the band. John Tatgenhorst became a staff arranger after his wildly successful arrangement of `` Hang On, Sloopy!'' in the mid 1960s. Other arrangers include world-renowned concert band composer James Swearingen, Dr. Ted McDaniel, Ken McCoy, Steve Pfaffman, Lisa Galvin, and John Brennan. Adjunct staff ( edit ) To keep the band running smoothly, there is a host of other staff members who wear blazer uniforms and work behind the scenes for the band. Some of these members include the audio engineering staff, announcers, visiting band liaisons, physical trainers, and Drum Major coaches. Traditions ( edit ) Script Ohio ( edit ) Script Ohio. Jack Nicklaus is seen dotting the i . Script Ohio, the signature formation of The Ohio State University Marching Band, is performed before home games. Script Ohio was first performed by The Ohio State Marching Band on October 24, 1936, at the Ohio State versus Indiana University football game. According to The Ohio State University Library, a similar floating formation was first performed during the 1932 season by the University of Michigan Marching Band . The Script Ohio is the most identifiable trademark associated with Ohio State Football and The Ohio State University Marching Band. It was devised by band director Eugene J. Weigel, who based the looped `` Ohio'' script design on the marquee sign of the Loew's Ohio Theatre in downtown Columbus. The script is an integrated series of evolutions and formations. The band first forms a triple Block O formation, then slowly unwinds to form the letters while playing Robert Planquette 's Le Régiment de Sambre et Meuse . The drum major leads the outside O into a peel-off movement around the curves of the script, every musician in continual motion. Slowly the three blocks unfold into a long singular line which loops around, creating the OSUMB's trademark. Unlike a typical follow-the-leader drill, the Script Ohio is a very specifically measured and charted maneuver. Each band member is required to memorize the counts for each portion of the formation. Squad Leaders, as part of their tryout drills, are required to march a Script Ohio, individually, from their spot in the block to their final charted position to ensure they are counting and not just following the person in front of them. This is also required in the event that the drum major is incapacitated for some reason (injury, sudden illness). Each time the formation drill is performed, a different fourth- or fifth-year sousaphone player is chosen to stand as the dot in the `` i'' of `` Ohio.'' Because the Script Ohio formation was one of many new formations included by director Weigel, no extra emphasis was placed on the dotting. Originally, an E-flat cornet player, John Brungart, was the first `` i'' -dotter. Brungart dotted the `` i'' two more times that season, in performances during halftime shows against Pittsburgh and Chicago . The first recorded instance of a sousaphone player dotting the i was the final game of the 1936 season on November 21 at home versus Michigan. In the fall of 1937, Weigel turned to Glen Johnson, a sousaphone player, and shouted, `` Hey, you! Switch places with the trumpet player in the dot.'' A year later, when the drum major arrived at the top of the `` i'' three or four measures too early, Johnson turned and bowed to the crowd to use up the rest of the music. The bow has been part of the show since then. Glen then became the second sousaphone player to dot the `` i'' on October 23, 1937. Since then, a sousaphone player has dotted the `` i'' over 800 times. Today, toward the end of the formation, drum major and the `` i'' -dotter high-five each other. Then with 16 measures to go in the song, they strut to the top of the `` i'' . When they arrive, the drum major points to the spot, and the `` i'' -dotter turns and bows deeply to both sides of the stadium. There are two commonly seen versions of the Script Ohio drill: Single Script, and Double Script. A Single Script is performed with the 192 member block band and is the most commonly photographed. A Double Script is performed with 224 of the full 228 member band. The three J row alternates take turns `` sitting out'' during a performance of Double Script. Double Scripts are almost always performed at away games, NFL performances, and at home games when there is a large number of i-dot eligible Sousaphone players. At the 2009 Ohio State- USC game, sousaphonist Frank Cosenza Jr. took his position dotting the `` i'' . In the course of taking his bow, the bell of the sousaphone struck the cameraman filming him. At the 2013 Ohio State - Florida A&M game, the OSUMB performed a single Script Ohio, sharing the field with the Ohio State School for the Blind, which performed a Script Braille Ohio. The Ohio State School for the Blind hosts the only visually impaired marching band in the world. Some students are low-vision, and can march unassisted, but many have almost no visual acuity, and require the help of marching assistants, who guide the musicians on the field. Some students can read very large print music, others can read Braille music, while some simply learn by ear, memorizing parts played to them. Honorary `` i'' -dotters ( edit ) Woody Hayes , Bob Hope , Jack Nicklaus , James `` Buster'' Douglas , OSU Presidents Novice Fawcett , Gordon Gee and their wives, the late composer Richard `` Dick'' Heine, Ann Droste, wife of retired director and former OSUMB member Paul Droste, and retired OSU ticket director Robert Ries, John Glenn and his wife Annie Glenn , OSU alumnus and founder, chairman, and CEO of The Limited Brands Leslie Wexner , and former coach Earle Bruce are the select few non-band members who have had the honor of dotting the `` i'' . This is considered the greatest honor the band can bestow to any non-band member and is an extremely special (and rare) event. The fourth- or fifth-year sousaphone player selected to dot the `` i'' for that specific game must give up their spot in order for an honorary member to dot the `` i'' . On November 19, 2011, Jon Woods, the marching band's director for the previous 28 years, dotted the `` i'' in his final home game directing the band. He was informed of the nomination by the band with a note given to him in a special closed ceremony that morning. He is the only non band member to dot the `` i'' during the only game where the OSUMB did Script Ohio twice. The first Script Ohio of that game in its traditional pregame spot featured senior sousaphone player Jonathan Lampley dotting the `` i'' . Woods dotted the `` i'' in a special second performance of Script Ohio during halftime. Although not the famous Script Ohio formation, John Glenn and his wife Annie Glenn returned to Ohio Stadium on September 22, 2012, to dot the `` i'' in the word America during a NASA-themed halftime show paying tribute to Glenn's NASA accomplishments and time as an Ohio senator. Diamond Ohio ( edit ) The Diamond Ohio logo, which is created by superimposing the I over the center of the H, and making the O's into pointed triangles, was first created by the OSUMB in the late 1930s. The band continues to use this formation today every home football game as the team entrance tunnel. The Ohio University Marching 110 has also used the Diamond Ohio logo since 1966 when director Gene Thrailkill designed a pregame set modeled after the Ohio State University Marching Band to give the newly reformed Marching 110 a symbol. Photographs show OSUMB director Manley Whitcomb (1939-1942, 1946-1951) charting this formation on a table lined with field markings, and other photographs depict the band in performance of the Diamond Ohio as far back as 1939. Skull Session ( edit ) The OSUMB arrives in St. John Arena for the Skull Session. The detail of the Drum Major and Assistant Drum Major uniforms can be seen. The first Skull Session held at St. John Arena was in 1957. Prior to this, Skull Session was nothing more than a final run through of the music on the morning of the game. Originally, these were closed rehearsals that the band eventually opened up to friends and family members. Each week, more and more people showed up to hear the band rehearse that the director, Jack Evans, decided to move the rehearsal to St. John Arena across the street. Today, upwards of 14,000 people pack St. John Arena every home game to see the band and football team. Many of these people do not even have tickets to the game, but yet travel hours just for a chance to see and hear the band. During the Skull Session, fans are treated to a variety of activities. Each week the band's `` cheer groups'' perform a song to go along with the football team's opponent of the week. The cheer groups are selected from their respective sections: Trumpet Cheers (the oldest Cheer Group), Trombone Cheers, Horn Cheers, Baritone Cheers, Stadium Brass (An instrument from every part of the band except percussion), Percussion Cheers (often playing Wipeout) and the Tuba-Fours. At some point after these performances, the football team enters to the sounds of James Swearingen's `` Fanfare for a New Era'' . Immediately after their entrance a pre-selected Senior football player speaks to the band and fans in St. John Arena followed by the head coach. The team then exits to the sounds of `` Hang On, Sloopy!'' Upon the football team's exit, the band commences with the traditions associated with the Skull Session. This includes performance of `` Fight the Team Across the Field'' first softly and slowly, and on the repeat of the chorus, at the well-known tempo and dynamics. The band is also known for performing Eternal Father, Strong to Save , otherwise known as The Navy Hymn to formally begin every Skull Session concert. If a visiting college band is in attendance they will perform their pre-game and halftime show, followed by the OSUMB's performance of pre-game and halftime. At every Skull Session, there is a guest Ohio high school marching band. The high school band plays various songs before the Skull Session to entertain the audience waiting the arrival of the OSUMB. During Homecoming, the OSU Athletic Band also performs at Skull Session, trading off with the guest high school band on various pieces of music. The OSU Athletic Band is run by the same band staff as the marching band, and often has many students who perform in both. Ramp entrance ( edit ) The ramp entrance is known as one of the most highly regarded traditions among band members, as well as extremely physically demanding. The ramp entrance starts typically around 19:45 on the countdown clock. There is a trailer video shown on the scoreboard prior to the band emerging from the ramp tunnel. At the end of this video, a Diamond Ohio appears on the screen. This is the cue for the percussion section to start down the ramp. The percussion section is the first to march down the ramp, and onto the field; not to cadences, rather cheers at a precise tempo of 180 beats per minute (bpm). The snare drums perform a unique arm swing as everyone clearly chants O-H-I-O, OHIO over and over. A series of elaborately timed flanking maneuvers called the power `` V'' leads JI Row into their file in the block. The `` Ramp'' cadence is then played exactly 17 times in a row, also at 180 bpm, as the other rows in the band file down the ramp, onto the field, and into their positions. Once a row is placed, the members mark time until all rows are into position. As the final two rows, T and X file in, their squad leaders nod to the two Sousaphone row's (KL Row) squad leaders, who then sound a loud blast on their whistles. The entire band responds to this call with a deafening yell of `` Whistle!'' . After the last Ramp cadence is played, a roll-off is played, while the entire band (except JI Row) performs a conversion step maneuver, and a horns-up. The band proceeds to play the intro of `` Buckeye Battle Cry'' while marking time. This is followed by the verse, while the band goes into what is referred to as a `` half-time step'' (mark time); one step per every two beats. During the verse, a member's leg lift (completion of a full chair step) is crucial to a clean and precision view from the crowd. Also, during the verse, KL Row performs a special horn flash in which they tilt their bells slightly back, and swing their entire upper body, including their horn, to the tempo of their step. The KL row horn flash is based on the horn swing that OSUMB Sousaphones did while marching until the 1970s. During this half-time step, there is a specific seat in C deck of Ohio Stadium that previous director Dr. Paul Droste always sits in, which gives him a clear picture of the diagonal alignment of the band in the block. After the completion of the verse, the band proceeds to march southward down the field to two choruses of Buckeye Battle Cry. The band then executes a `` halt, kick, down'' , followed by a `` step-forward about-face'' . At this point, the Drum Major runs back through the band, blowing a short whistle to the lead snare drummer, who initiates a roll off to begin the rest of the pregame show, which includes playing the visiting team's fight song, Script Ohio, and the National Anthem, which is typically conducted by the visiting band's director, or a staff member of the OSU School of Music. Back bend ( edit ) During the introduction and verse of `` Buckeye Battle Cry'' , the drum major enters the stadium running down the ramp, then struts through the band and comes to the front of the ranks where they execute a back bend, forming their body into the shape of an O. After a dramatic pause, the drum major's plume touches the turf while the band starts to play two choruses of the Buckeye Battle Cry while marching toward the South Stands. The drum major reaches the end zone and tosses the baton through the goal post as the band finishes the downfield march. The opposing team's fight song is played as a salute to their university returning the band to midfield before completing the pregame performance which typically includes the highly acclaimed Script Ohio. Neutron Man ( edit ) Orlas King, (1942-2004) also known as the Neutron Man would burst into original dances whenever the band played the Pointer Sisters 's Neutron Dance . Uniforms ( edit ) A 1930s or early 1940s Ohio State University ROTC uniform. The red and gray Shoulder Sleeve Insignia and ROTC Honor School Award star are visible in this photograph. Early years ( edit ) modern Eagle Ohio The current OSUMB uniform is very different from the earliest uniforms. The earliest band uniforms were military in style and were pieced together from U.S. military uniforms with pieces dating back to even the Civil War era. High collar jackets were the first solidified design for the band uniform. The first hats worn by the band were Pershing style military visor caps with military `` peace'' eagles as the hat emblem and red and gray `` powder puff'' plumes, so called because of the very fine, almost down-like feathers with which they were constructed. OSU also experimented with gray wool bucket hats that looked similar to a kepi or shako with a plume. As a Land-Grant school, Ohio State was required to provide military training as part of its core curriculum. Prior to World War II, each college ran its ROTC program as an independent organization with National guidelines. Each college designed its own uniforms and insignia to promote esprit de corps . Once an ROTC cadet graduated and received a military commission, then the new officer would wear the uniform of his or her respective branch. After World War II, ROTC programs were modified, ending college-specific uniforms for non-military colleges, and allowing cadets to wear the uniform of their chosen branch. OSU ROTC's shoulder insignia was a red and gray circle. This was worn on the right shoulder. On the right sleeve, a five pointed star signifying OSU was the recipient of the ROTC Honor School award was worn. Near the cuff of the left sleeve, a shield patch with U.S.R.O.T.C embroidered on it was worn. If the cadet had attained a rank in ROTC, they wore their rank insignia on each sleeve. The color of rank chevrons and the ROTC shield patch were determined by the military division in which the cadet was looking to commission. For example, an Artillery cadet would wear a black shield with scarlet lettering and black chevrons on a scarlet background, while an Infantry cadet would wear a black shield with teal lettering and black chevrons on a teal background. The hat took on a more modern look as well, looking more like the modern military style visor hat. ROTC chin straps and uniform buttons were gold colored. The peace eagle remained, but an addition was made to the eagles, an extra banner that arced above the E. Pluribus Unum banner from the eagle's beak. This banner simply read `` OHIO,'' earning the OSUMB's peace eagles the nickname `` Eagle Ohio.'' These early Eagle Ohios were made in gold colored metal to match the buttons and chin strap of the uniform jacket and hat. The regular uniform of an OSU ROTC cadet included a navy blue service coat, a light blue dress shirt, black tie, navy blue pants, white cotton spats, black dress shoes, and a white canvas belt with a gold buckle. This uniform was standard for all branches of ROTC. Since the OSUMB was under control of the ROTC department for much of its early existence, the band uniform was simply the ROTC uniform with more additions, such as plumes, gloves, and West-point style Cadet cross belts. The red and gray plumes took on more of an upright style that is still seen today. Kappa Kappa Psi , the national honorary band fraternity, designed a special recognition bar for wear on band uniforms by brothers during these early days of college bands. This recognition bar is the same size and shape as a military ribbon. The bar is blue and white, separated along a diagonal axis, with the Greek letters KK Ψ along this diagonal. The letters are gold. This bar was to be worn on uniforms in the same manner as military ribbons, and the OSUMB allowed all KKY brothers to wear this bar. Kappa Kappa Psi Recognition Bar, worn up until the 1960s. 1950s-- 1980s ( edit ) In 1952, the OSUMB formally ended ties with the ROTC department. Around the same time, the Lily Ames Co., the last supplier of OSU-specific ROTC uniforms, closed its doors. OSU bought the remaining uniforms from Lily Ames. The band had custom patches sewn on to the jacket shoulders. Rank insignia was also removed from the band uniforms. The right shoulder held a gray circular patch with a red Buckeye leaf and around the edge of the patch read: The Ohio State University Buckeyes. The left shoulder patch was a miniature of The Ohio State University seal. The patch was red with the edge reading: The Ohio State University -Columbus-. During this time, Tau Beta Sigma , the national honorary band sorority, became active in the OSUMB as well, even though women were not permitted to be in the band on the field. At this point, all of the sisters of the sorority were given unique uniforms. The sisters wore the same jacket, shirt, and tie as the band members. The sisters wore long military-style dress skirts, hose, and female style military dress shoes. The sisters wore their ΤΒΣ recognition bar (identical to the fraternity version) on their uniforms. Women could fulfill roles with the band as secretaries and librarians, but were not permitted to march. During the 1960s and 1970s, these uniforms became outdated. The Fechheimer Bros. of Cincinnati created some uniforms for OSU. These uniforms were the same navy blue as the previous uniforms, except the buttons were changed to silver. At this time the chin straps and Eagle Ohio were also changed to silver. The plumes took on the modern red and gray appearance and were constructed of tough turkey feathers. The spats were changed from cloth to vinyl during this time as well. The shoulder patches changed design and size. The uniforms changed very little from the 1970s until 1988, except for things like hat manufacturer, a short period in which a large metal diamond Ohio replaced the Eagle Ohio, and the use of aluminum hat bands instead of the silver adjustable type. After the directorship of Charles Spohn, the Kappa Kappa Psi and Tau Beta Sigma recognition bars were no longer authorized for wear on the OSUMB uniform. During the expansion years in the 1970s, many uniforms dating back to the 1940s had to be dug out of storage and updated with the current patch designs of the band. To a careful and up-close observer, one would notice significant differences in the cut and style of the uniforms being worn. Even hats were not standardized. The only common thread among the uniforms was the color, which even began to fade on older uniforms. It was common practice for band members to use black marker to fix frayed parts of the uniform which exposed white cotton lining. These uniforms also had to be used by the Military band, and were falling apart. Pieces were sourced as needed from manufacturers such as Ostwald, Bayly, Frechheimer, and DeMoulin Brothers. The Fechheimer Corporation began producing a police uniform in the 1980s that matched the design of the Marching Band uniforms. These eventually became the standard replacement uniform coat until 1989, when Dr. Woods commissioned a new uniform style. 1988 remodel ( edit ) This is one of the buttons on the OSUMB uniform. The detail of the Great Seal of Ohio can be easily seen. In 1988, Dr. Jon Woods commissioned the biggest changes to the OSUMB uniform. The Fechheimer Bros. also constructed these uniforms. Everything visible was changed to some extent. These uniforms debuted for the homecoming game against Purdue in 1988. 2006 changes ( edit ) From 1989 until 2005, it was common practice for the Marching Band to only purchase a few new uniforms each season to replace badly worn, damaged, or lost pieces. The Fruhauf Company made these small batches of uniforms. In 2005, a benefactor to the OSUMB donated a significant amount of money to buy new uniforms for the entire band. The benefactor wanted to uniform the entire band and not just have the money used for replacement uniforms. Dr. Jon Woods decided that additional small changes would help to give the band a new, fresh look for the 2006 season. The minimal changes include updated sleeve stripes (new stripes consist of one red and one gray stripe) to minimize the wearing out that the old stripes suffered, uniform patch alignment, and a slit placed underneath the left breast pocket flap for the snare drums to attach their drums through (the common practice through band history was to cut a hole underneath the pocket flap to allow the attachment clip to pass through the uniform). The OSUMB marches to Ohio Stadium after Skull Session. Seen in detail are the drum major uniform and the director's uniform. The four sleeve stripes and `` scrambled eggs'' visor show that Jon Woods is the director of the band. 2013 changes ( edit ) In 2013, the band received a substantial boost in funding, which allowed the band to supply more uniform parts free of charge that were previously purchased by band students. The band also purchased new cold weather overcoats that could be worn in the stands during a game. Previous cold weather coats included black wool, collared jackets from Holloway and Liz Claiborne. In 2013, the band has switched to double breasted wool overcoats which are similar to the U.S. Army's Class A overcoat. This coat features six Great Seal of Ohio buttons, and has large pockets to keep band members' hands warm while not playing their instrument. The band also changed the vinyl spats. Previously worn spats had white elastic straps, which were a custom ordered product. Due to shortages in marching band spats across the United States, the band opted to wear standard white vinyl spats which have a black elastic strap. Drum major uniform ( edit ) The drum major's uniform has gone through countless changes since `` Tubby'' Essington's uniform in the early days of the band. Every drum major uniform of the band is custom-tailored. Shortly after drum major tryouts in the spring, the Fruhauf Uniform company sends a representative to take exact measurements of the drum major and assistant drum major. At this point, the drum major is free to take artistic license on the style of their uniform. They can choose to model their uniform on a style consistent since the 1950s, with minor changes or they may choose to make more striking changes, which require approval of the directing staff. Most drum majors only choose small modifications, such as wearing of tassels on the tall fur hat or the set up of any cords worn adorning the hat. The modern drum major uniform, chosen by most drum majors without significant altering, has its roots in the 1950s. Director uniforms ( edit ) The directing staff has worn uniforms of differing style to the marching band since its inception. The uniforms took on a style similar to the U.S. Navy's double-breasted dress jacket in the 1940s and 1950s. Directing staff had two thin golden stripes running around the circumference of the cuff area of the sleeves, similar to the U.S. Navy's ranking system stripes. Directing staff also wore two lapel lyre -shaped insignia. These were gold along with all of the buttons on the uniforms. The directors wore the same hat as the marching band minus the plume. Director uniforms have come in various levels of decoration, some being very basic, others having plenty of designs and embroidery. Directing staff started using a sleeve stripe ranking system under Jack Evans, but pictures from Evans' and Charlie Spohn's directorships show that there wasn't a clearly defined pattern for the stripes. Eventually, Dr. Paul Droste introduced the sleeve rank structure used today. His uniform had three stripes denoting him as director, and the Associate director, Jon Woods, had two stripes. The current sleeve stripe scheme is: 4 stripes for Director, 3 stripes for Associate Director, 2 stripes for Assistant Director and 1 stripe for Graduate Assistant Director. Droste also was the first to use a military style hat with the `` scrambled eggs'' acorns and leaves visor. Other directors had used various styles of band hats with varying levels of ornamentation. Woods, Waters and Hoch have continued the scrambled eggs tradition with their uniform hats. Other members of the band staff such as School of Music staff who conduct (including Dr. Mikkelson and Dr. Jones during their term of interim leadership) and Marching Band staff who do not conduct wear gray blazer jackets with the OSUMB crest embroidered on the left pocket, white dress shirt with an OSUMB red tie (or any red styled tie), black dress pants and shoes. Blazer uniform ( edit ) Prior to the 1960s, the band wore a modified version of the full uniform on away trips. The modified uniform was also worn when the band was in concert. This consisted of the band hat without plume and a white waist belt was worn instead of cross belts. The band also wore a red citation cord on the left shoulder. As more away trips were taken, the band found it necessary to create a separate travel uniform which allowed the regular uniform to stay clean and pressed. Band students wear a black blazer with a patch of the OSUMB crest on the left brest pocket, white dress shirt, red OSUMB tie, gray pants, and black shoes. While not technically allowed, many band members can be seen wearing their band hats on away trips using air travel, as the hats cannot be placed in the luggage bays for fear of breaking. Band students often collect pins at various functions they attend, which they then wear on the Blazer uniform. Band staff all wear gray Blazers with an embroidered OSUMB crest on the left breast pocket, white shirt, red OSUMB tie, black pants, and black shoes. While pins are generally not worn by band staff, some members do wear one or two. Gray uniform ( edit ) The Gray Uniform has been seen in photos as early as the 1960s. The purpose of the Gray Uniform is to give the band staff an idea of what the band looks like in formations while dressed alike. This allows for last minute modifications to drill without making the band wear full uniform. The Gray Uniform is nearly identical in use and wear as military Physical Training uniforms. The Gray Uniform consists of a gray T-shirt and gray shorts. The band hat with plume is worn with this uniform. Instruments ( edit ) Current instruments ( edit ) The OSUMB uses only the brass and percussion instruments listed below: S - Yamaha Silver Plate, SP - King/Conn Silver Plate, SB/SBW - King/Conn Satin Silver Special Order Plating Brass: E♭ Cornets B♭ Trumpets B♭ Flugelhorns F Mellophones B♭ Tenor Trombones Bass Trombones Baritones Sousaphones Percussion: Snare drums Cymbals Tenors Bass Drums Previously used instruments ( edit ) The Marching Band has used instruments from the following manufacturers in past years. Brass: E♭ Cornets - Getzen Capri, York B♭ Cornets and Trumpets - Yamaha Xeno, B♭ Flugelhorns - Getzen Capri, Yamaha, Couesnon E♭ Alto Horns - Yamaha, Holton, Couesnon, H.N. White/King F Mellophones - Getzen B♭ Tromboniums and Tenor Horns - Conn, King B♭ Trombones - King, Bach, Reynolds B♭ Baritones/Euphoniums - King, Conn (Double belled Euphoniums were also common) Sousaphones (E♭ and B♭ ) - Conn, King Percussion: Snares - Pearl, Yamaha, Ludwig, Gretsch (various models have had wood or aluminum shells) Tenors - Pearl, Yamaha, Ludwig (Ludwig created the first set of canvas strapped tenor duos for the band, whereas trios and quads were worn with standard shoulder harnesses) Basses - Pearl, Yamaha, Ludwig, Gretsch Cymbals - Sabian, Paiste Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Notes My Fellow Americans In the movie, Senator Russell Kramer ( Jack Lemmon ), a Republican from Ohio , wins the election for President of the United States. A pep band, made of mostly squad leaders, was asked to perform for the celebration scenes. The band can be seen for several seconds during the opening credits. 2006 The Pride of the Buckeyes A documentary produced by WOSU Public Media which follows the Marching Band through the 2005 season. The program starts with scenes from Summer Sessions and Tryouts, and continues through the season, culminating with scenes from the 2006 Fiesta Bowl, and 2006 Drum Major tryouts. Accolades ( edit ) The Ohio State University Marching Band has been honored with The Sudler Trophy for outstanding college band, and in 1988 was featured in a multi-page article in USA Today . The band has also performed in seven Inaugural Parades . The band represented the State of Ohio during the inaugurations of Herbert Hoover , Richard Nixon (1969 and 1973), George H.W. Bush , George W. Bush (2001 and 2005), and Barack Obama (2009). In 2006, the Marching Band was featured during a taping of The Daily Show With Jon Stewart . Stewart brought his program to Columbus to spotlight Ohio's 2006 gubernatorial race. The band performed an arrangement of the show's theme music, and was featured during a closing segment known as the `` Moment of Zen.'' During the October 6, 2012 football game between the University of Nebraska-- Lincoln and Ohio State , the Band performed a tribute to video games, containing music from games such as Pokémon , Super Mario Bros. , Halo , Tetris , Pac-Man and The Legend of Zelda . During the performance, the band executed arrangements based on these video games, including a falling set of Tetris blocks, and an animated galloping figure of the horse Epona . A fan's recording of the performance posted to YouTube the next day soon became a viral video, spread in part through video game fans that were directed to the video. The band's interim director at the time, Jon Waters, had planned for the performance based on the national broadcast of the night game, and that the video game theme would resonate with the college students that had grown up with the games. With the widespread attention to the performance, the school promoted Waters from interim to permanent band director. The September 7, 2013 game against San Diego State University , put together on four days notice, featured music from television game shows The Price Is Right , Family Feud , Jeopardy! , and Wheel of Fortune , as well as jabs at the University of Michigan . The September 28, 2013 game against the University of Wisconsin featured a Country and Western themed show which received numerous accolades for a formation of a singing cowboy removing his hat, as well as a steam locomotive racing across the field. For the Homecoming game on October 19 against the University of Iowa , the band performed a tribute to Michael Jackson, featuring the OSU Gospel Voices choir for `` Man in the Mirror.'' During the show, band members performed individual `` Moonwalks ,'' and also created an image of Michael Jackson performing a Moonwalk across the field, complete with sequined glove. This tribute has been seen on YouTube by well over 8 million people, and was featured on many television programs and newspapers. The performance even attracted the attention of Katherine Jackson, Michael's mother. She was quoted as being very thankful and gracious for the band's performance of Michael's music. However, the accolades did not stop there. With four days of preparation, the band performed a movie-themed halftime show at the October 26 game against Pennsylvania State University . This performance featured music from Superman, Harry Potter, Jurassic Park, and Pirates of the Caribbean. Formations performed included an image of Superman righting and steadying a collapsing building, Harry Potter on a broomstick chasing a Snitch during a game of Quidditch , a Tyrannosaurus Rex chasing and eating a person wearing a University of Michigan football jersey, and two pirate ships, one with an Ohio State flag, and the other with a Michigan flag, engaged in a high seas fight, with the OSU ship ramming the Michigan ship and sinking it. This show has had well over 12 million views on YouTube, and the back-to-back success of both shows has caught the attention of national media. Many news media outlets have been doing interviews with band members, the directing staff, and other University officials on the successes of the band program. On November 23, 2013, The Onion , an online news satire website, featured a doctored image of the Marching Band forming a pentagram on the field during a performance. This satire of the band was partially done because of a YouTube video that is no longer available, in which the video's creator claimed the band program was under demonic possession. The 2014 marching band season was difficult for band members and staff alike, with an interim directing staff and the national spotlight being turned on the program in a negative light due to the release of a report by the University claiming a `` sexualized'' culture. Many people in the media questioned whether the 2014 band would be able to continue to impress audiences without the leadership of Jon Waters. The band took to the field in Baltimore for the season opener against the United States Naval Academy . This condensed show featured much more traditional military-band style symmetrical drill that emphasizes precision. The band also created an image of soldiers marching with a Civil War regimental flag. The band also played the Navy service song and formed a floating anchor, a formation first performed by the OSUMB in 1934, also at a game versus the Naval Academy in Baltimore. This show ended with a double Script Ohio. The show was well received by fans from both schools and was featured in national headlines for being the first performance of the band since the termination of their director. For the first home game of 2014, the band performed a tribute to classic television shows, including Dragnet , The Simpsons , The Addams Family , M*A*S*H , I Dream of Jeannie , The Office , Game of Thrones , Hawaii Five-O , The Brady Bunch , and The Lone Ranger . Drill selections included Bart Simpson on a skateboard, Thing waving to the audience, a helicopter blowing up a Michigan Block M, a costumed Jeannie appearing from her magic bottle, a surfer riding a wave, costumed Brady Bunch characters in their trademark squares, a fire-breathing dragon, and the Lone Ranger's horse Silver galloping across the field. This show instantly became a viral hit, making news across the country. The band titled the show `` TV Land, Too!'' and had a large banner with the TV Land network logo on the field. The TV Land network responded to the band by releasing a video thanking them for celebrating classic TV. Actor Tom Hanks also gave the band substantial credit via Facebook and Twitter for this show. The second home game also featured the annual Alumni reunion. To date, the largest turnout of band alumni prompted the band staff to feature both bands on the field for a substantial portion of the show. The show theme was D-Day, celebrating the 70th anniversary of the U.S. invasion of Normandy . Selections included `` This is My Country'' , `` American Patrol'' , a medley of military service songs, and `` America the Beautiful'' . The band formed an animation of the famous image of a sailor kissing a woman in New York City upon returning home from the war, an army tank, ship anchor, the planting of the American flag on Iwo Jima, a classic twin engine bomber aircraft, and a coast guard boat. The nearly 800 band alumni framed the current band during most of their formations. `` America the Beautiful'' ended with the unfurling of a giant American flag bordered by the current band, while the band alumni formed the letters USA to every side of the stadium. The show ended with the performance of a quadruple Script Ohio. This show also received national acclaim, particularly for its proximity to the anniversary of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks . Relationship with other Marching arts ( edit ) The band, due to its unique instrumentation, is sometimes compared to a drum and bugle corps . The composition of a drum corps consists of brass instruments, marching percussion, front ensemble, color guard, and a drum major. Drum corps are also independent, non-profit organizations. Many have affiliation with VFW or American Legion posts, or Boy Scout troops. The Marching Band is solely affiliated with The Ohio State University. The band also does not have a color guard, permanent front ensemble, or a drum major in the drum corps' definition. A drum corps drum major solely conducts the corps during the performances, whereas the OSU drum major does not conduct the band at all. The Marching Band could now technically qualify if it cut its numbers due to a change in the Drum Corps's rules allowing all brass instruments. The Marching Band is similar in style and substance to classic drum and bugle corps, such as those popular prior to the creation of Drum Corps International . Most classic corps, for example, carried their marching percussion using slings and straps, similar to how the Marching Band still does. Many classic drum corps also performed horn flashes or swings, body moves, and performed recognizable music loosely themed in a general show idea. The Marching Band has remained faithful to its military roots, while also pushing for new marching innovations. The percussion section is a prime example. The percussion section of the Marching Band first added tenor duo toms in 1970. Around this time, drum corps began experimenting with marching timpani as well as duo and tri toms. The band transitioned to tri-toms in the 1980s. Drum corps continued to expand their percussion section with quad toms, adding additional spot drums to create quints or sextets, along with increasing bass drum lines with multiple sizes to allow for tonal passages to be played. In the 1990s, the Marching Band changed to quad-toms, but continued to use two-pitch bass drums. In 2005, the Band made the transition to a full tonal bass drum line, and added two additional spot drums to the quads by 2008. This gives the Marching Band a percussion section on par with many drum and bugle corps. From a marching perspective, the Ramp Entrance, at 180 beats per minute, was considered to be the fastest tempo performed by a marching ensemble until the late 1980s/early 1990s, when Star of Indiana Drum and Bugle Corps broke the 200 bpm threshold. The Marching Band is also larger than any drum corps, as the maximum performers in a DCI corps is 150. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History'' . OSUMarchingBand.com . The Ohio State University Marching & Athletic Bands. 2013. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013 . Retrieved January 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller, Rusty (2006-11-15). `` From O-H-I-O to TBDBITL with the OSMB'' . Associated Press . Its former director Jon Woods claimed, ' Supposedly at a pep rally one year, Woody Hayes stood up after the band played a song and said, `` That's the best damn band in the land!'' That's all it took. When Woody says something, it's law.' access-date= requires url= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` History of The Ohio State Marching Band'' . The Ohio State University. 2006-10-25. Archived from the original on September 10, 2006 . Retrieved 2006-10-26 . Jump up ^ `` Songs of The Ohio State University'' . scarletandgray.info . Retrieved 2007-11-11 . Jump up ^ `` Investigation Report - Complaint against Jonathan Waters, Director of the OSU Marching Band'' (PDF) . The Ohio State University Office of University Compliance . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Binkley, Collin (July 24, 2014). `` Ohio State fires band director Jonathan Waters over ' sexualized' culture'' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved July 24, 2014 . Jump up ^ Binkley, Collin (August 5, 2014). `` Waters wants second chance from Ohio State'' . Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved January 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ Hickman, Logan (November 19, 2014). `` Flawed band culture stems from lack of university oversight, Betty Montgomery's investigation finds'' . The Lantern . Retrieved January 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.osu.edu/bandculturetaskforce/report Jump up ^ `` Script Ohio Controversy'' . OSU v Michigan . Ohio State University Archives. 2002-10-12 . Retrieved 2006-10-26 . Jump up ^ Michigan Marching Band director Jamie Nix said, `` Yes, that's true (that Michigan formed OHIO with its marching band), but certainly not in the complex form it takes on now with the OSU band.'' Miller, Rusty (2006-11-15). `` From O-H-I-O to TBDBITL with the OSMB'' . Associated Press . access-date= requires url= ( help ) Jump up ^ OSU Marching Band website, Eugene Weigel biography Jump up ^ `` The `` i'' -Dot Tradition`` . The Ohio State University Marching and Athletic Bands . Retrieved 2008-08-10 . Jump up ^ Script Ohio, Evolution. Kappa Kappa Psi, Eta Chapter. 2004 Jump up ^ Ohio State Marching Band Traditions , OhioStateBuckeyes.com Jump up ^ `` At least Ohio State's tuba player went out with a bang'' . Rivals.com and Yahoo! Sports . Retrieved 2010-07-21 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio Dept. Of Education Press Release'' . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus Dispatch Article on Script Braille Ohio with Pictures and Video'' . Jump up ^ Castel, Brandon. `` Retiring Band Director Jon Woods to dot the `` i'' at Halftime`` . TheOZone.net . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Brozak, George (2004). Diamond Ohio, A History of the Ohio University Bands. Ashland, Ohio: Bookmasters, Inc. pp. 34-- 36. Jump up ^ `` OSU Marching Band Heading for Washington DC'' (Press release). The Ohio State University . 2008-12-08 . Retrieved 2008-02-02 . Jump up ^ `` Moment of Zen, November 2, 2006'' . The Daily Show With Jon Stewart . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Lesmerises, Doug (2012-10-09). `` How the Ohio State marching band pulled together the video-game halftime show everyone is talking about'' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012-10-09 . Jump up ^ Silver, Curtis (2012-10-09). `` Ohio State University Marching Band (TBDBITL) Goes Retro Arcade'' . Wired . Retrieved 2012-10-09 . Jump up ^ Benedetti, Winda (2012-10-09). `` From Tetris to Halo: Marching band's game tribute goes viral'' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2012-10-09 . Jump up ^ Netburn, Deborah (2012-10-13). `` Marching band showdown: ' Gangnam Style' vs. video game tribute'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012-10-16 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VztAMzzjH0I Jump up ^ Tzagournis, Elizabeth. `` Ohio State Marching Band attracts attention of ' TODAY,' Michael Jackson's mom'' . The Lantern . Retrieved 9 Nov 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Crowd Quiets Down As Marching Band Forms Pentagram'' . The Onion . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DCI's New 2014 Rules'' . www.halftimemag.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Ohio State University Marching Band . Official website Refuting the claim that Michigan performed the first Script Ohio Photo of original Ohio Theatre sign, source for Script Ohio design. Library of Congress. 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who owns virgin airlines which is based in london
The airline along with Virgin Holidays is controlled by a holding company , Virgin Atlantic Limited , which is 51 % owned by the Virgin Group and 49 % by Delta Air Lines . It is administratively separate from other Virgin - branded airlines . Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited and Virgin Atlantic International Limited both hold Civil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) Type A Operating Licences ( AOC numbers 534 and 2435 respectively ) , both of which permit these airlines , operating as Virgin Atlantic Airways , to carry passengers , cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats .
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[ "Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited Virgin Atlantic International Limited IATA ICAO Callsign VS -- VIR VGI VIRGIN -- Founded 1984 ; 34 years ago ( 1984 ) Commenced operations 22 June 1984 ; 33 years ago ( 1984 - 06 - 22 ) AOC # 534 ( VAA Ltd ) 2435 ( VAI Ltd ) Operating bases London -- Gatwick London -- Heathrow Manchester Frequent - flyer program Flying Club Fleet size 49 Destinations 33 Parent company Virgin Atlantic Limited Headquarters Crawley , West Sussex , England Key people Richard Branson , ( Founder ) Craig Kreeger , ( CEO ) Stephen Murphy , ( Chairman ) Revenue £ 2,689 million ( 2016 ) Operating income £ 153.2 million ( 2016 ) Employees 8,875 ( 2016 ) Website virginatlantic.com", "IATA ICAO Callsign VS -- VIR VGI VIRGIN --", "IATA ICAO Callsign VS -- VIR VGI VIRGIN --", "IATA ICAO Callsign", "VS -- VIR VGI VIRGIN --", "Founded 1984 ; 34 years ago ( 1984 )", "Commenced operations 22 June 1984 ; 33 years ago ( 1984 - 06 - 22 )", "AOC # 534 ( VAA Ltd ) 2435 ( VAI Ltd )", "Operating bases London -- Gatwick London -- Heathrow Manchester", "London -- Gatwick London -- Heathrow Manchester", "London -- Gatwick", "London -- Heathrow", "Frequent - flyer program Flying Club", "Fleet size 49", "Destinations 33", "Parent company Virgin Atlantic Limited", "Headquarters Crawley , West Sussex , England", "Key people Richard Branson , ( Founder ) Craig Kreeger , ( CEO ) Stephen Murphy , ( Chairman )", "Richard Branson , ( Founder ) Craig Kreeger , ( CEO ) Stephen Murphy , ( Chairman )", "Richard Branson , ( Founder )", "Craig Kreeger , ( CEO )", "Stephen Murphy , ( Chairman )", "Revenue £ 2,689 million ( 2016 )", "Operating income £ 153.2 million ( 2016 )", "Employees 8,875 ( 2016 )", "Website virginatlantic.com", "Virgin Atlantic , a trading name of Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited and Virgin Atlantic International Limited , is a British airline with its head office in Crawley , United Kingdom . The airline was established in 1984 as British Atlantic Airways , and was originally planned by its co-founders Randolph Fields and Alan Hellary to fly between London and the Falkland Islands . Soon after changing the name to Virgin Atlantic Airways , Fields sold his shares in the company after disagreements with Sir Richard Branson over the management of the company . The maiden flight from Gatwick Airport to Newark Liberty International Airport took place on 22 June 1984 .", "The airline along with Virgin Holidays is controlled by a holding company , Virgin Atlantic Limited , which is 51 % owned by the Virgin Group and 49 % by Delta Air Lines . It is administratively separate from other Virgin - branded airlines . Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited and Virgin Atlantic International Limited both hold Civil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) Type A Operating Licences ( AOC numbers 534 and 2435 respectively ) , both of which permit these airlines , operating as Virgin Atlantic Airways , to carry passengers , cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats .", "Virgin Atlantic uses a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing wide - body aircraft and operates to destinations in North America , the Caribbean , Africa , the Middle East and Asia from its main bases in London ( Heathrow and Gatwick ) , and its secondary base at Manchester . The airline also operates Seasonal Flights from Glasgow and Belfast . Virgin Atlantic aircraft consist of three cabins : Economy , Premium ( formerly Premium economy ) and Upper Class ( business ) .", "In 2012 , Virgin Atlantic carried 5.4 million passengers , making it the seventh - largest UK airline in terms of passenger volume . In the year to 31 December 2013 , it reported a £ 51 million group pre-tax loss ( approximately US $87 million ) , however , in the year to 31 December 2014 the airline reported a return to pre-tax profit of £ 14.4 million . During July 2017 , Virgin Atlantic announced their intention to form a joint venture with Air France - KLM . Under the agreement , Air France - KLM will acquire a 31 percent stake in Virgin Atlantic currently held by Virgin Group for £ 220 million .", "Virgin Atlantic has its origins in a joint endeavour by Randolph Fields , an American - born lawyer , and Alan Hellary , a former chief pilot for British private airline Laker Airways ; following the collapse of Laker Airways in 1982 , Field and Hellary decided to establish a new company , initially named British Atlantic Airways , as a successor . Reportedly , Fields had formed a concept for an airline that would operate between London and the Falkland Islands during June 1982 , when the Falklands War had just finished . Seeking out expertise in the field , Fields got in contact with Hellary , who had already been considering options for establishing a regular commercial service to the Falklands . In turn , Hellary was in contact with several out - of - work colleagues from the collapse of Laker Airways ; as such , the pair decided to refine their ambitions .", "However , it was soon determined that the short runway at Port Stanley Airport , and the time it would take to improve it , would render a route to the Falklands commercially unviable , thus the idea of the such a service was dropped . In its place , Hellary and Fields commenced efforts to secure a licence to operate a route Gatwick Airport , London and John F. Kennedy International Airport , New York City . During May 1983 , a three - day inquiry was conducted , which chose to reject the application following objections from British Airways , British Caledonian and BAA .", "Hellary and Fields then applied for a licence between Gatwick and Newark , New Jersey , using a 380 - seat McDonnell Douglas DC - 10 . However , faced with the prospect of direct competition from rival operator PEOPLExpress , a post-deregulation `` no frills '' discount airline based at Newark , they decided to secure more funding before proceeding . Fields met with British entrepreneur Richard Branson at a party in London during which he proposed a business partnership . After protracted and testy negotiations , Fields agreed to a reduced stake of 25 % in the airline ( which was renamed Virgin Atlantic ) and became its first chairman . Following disagreements over operations , Fields agreed to be bought out for an initial sum of £ 1 million with further payment on Virgin 's first dividend . As a result of a High Court action , this additional payment was received shortly before Fields ' death in 1997 .", "On 22 June 1984 , Virgin Atlantic operated its inaugural scheduled service , flown between Gatwick and Newark using a leased Boeing 747 - 200 ( registration G - VIRG ) , christened Maiden Voyager , which had been formerly operated by Aerolíneas Argentinas . From the onset , its activities were augmented by leveraging existing Virgin Group resources , such as ticket sales being performed at Virgin Megastores outlets .", "Part of Richard Branson 's declared approach to business is to either succeed within the first year or exit the market ; this ethos includes a one - year limit being expressed upon everything associated with starting up operations . Virgin Atlantic became profitable within the first 12 months , aided by sister company Virgin Records ' ability to finance the lease of a secondhand Boeing 747 . The firm had timed its operations to take advantage of a full summer , from June to September , which was typically the most profitable period of the year .", "During November 1984 , the airline launched a service between Gatwick Airport and Maastricht Aachen Airport in the Netherlands using a chartered BAC One - Eleven .", "During 1986 , the airline added another Boeing 747 to its fleet and started a scheduled route from Gatwick to Miami . Additional aircraft were quickly acquired and new routes launched from Gatwick , such as to New York JFK in 1988 , Tokyo in 1989 , Los Angeles in 1990 , Boston in 1991 , and Orlando in 1992 . During 1987 , Virgin Atlantic launched a service between Luton and Dublin using secondhand Viscount turboprop aircraft , but this route was withdrawn around 1990 . During 1988 , Club Air operated two Boeing 727 jet aircraft on behalf of Virgin ; these served the Luton to Dublin route until about 1990 .", "This section possibly contains inappropriate or misinterpreted citations that do not verify the text . Please help improve this article by checking for citation inaccuracies . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section possibly contains inappropriate or misinterpreted citations that do not verify the text . Please help improve this article by checking for citation inaccuracies . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Before its inception , British Airways had been the only airline from the United Kingdom serving long - haul routes to destinations in North America , the Caribbean and the Far East since the BA - BCal merger in the late 1980s . In 1991 , Virgin was given permission to operate from Heathrow following the abolition of the London Air Traffic Distribution Rules ( TDRs ) which had governed the distribution of traffic between Heathrow and Gatwick airports since 1978 , primarily to bolster the profitability of Gatwick . Airlines without an international scheduled service from Heathrow prior to 1 April 1977 were obliged to operate from Gatwick . However , airlines that did not already operate at Heathrow were still able to begin domestic scheduled services there provided BAA , which ran both Heathrow and Gatwick on behalf of the UK Government , and the Secretary of State for Transport granted permission .", "The Civil Aviation Authority also transferred two pairs of unused landing slots that British Airways held at Tokyo 's Narita Airport to Virgin to let it increase its frequency between Heathrow and Tokyo from four to six weekly round trips , making it easier for Virgin to compete against British Airways . The then - Chairman of BA Lord King called the CAA 's decision , which the Government had endorsed , `` a confiscation of his company 's property '' .", "In the year to October 1993 , Virgin Atlantic declared a loss of £ 9.3 m . The decision to abolish the London TDRs and to let Virgin Atlantic operate at Heathrow in competition with British Airways became the trigger for BA 's so - called `` dirty tricks '' campaign against Virgin . During 1993 , BA 's public relations director , David Burnside , published an article in BA News , British Airways ' internal magazine , which argued that Branson 's protests against British Airways were a publicity stunt . Branson sued British Airways for libel , using the services of George Carman QC . BA settled out of court when its lawyers discovered the lengths to which the company had gone in trying to kill off Virgin . British Airways had to pay a legal bill of up to £ 3 million , damages to Branson of £ 500,000 and a further £ 110,000 to his airline . Branson reportedly donated the proceeds from the case to Virgin Atlantic staff .", "During the 1990s , Virgin Atlantic jets were painted with `` No Way BA / AA '' as a declaration of its opposition to the attempted merger between British Airways and American Airlines . In 1997 , following British Airways ' announcement that it was to remove the Union Flag from its tailfins in favour of world images , Virgin introduced a Union Flag design on the winglets of its aircraft and changed the red dress on the Scarlet Lady on the nose of aircraft to the union flag with the tag line `` Britain 's Flag Carrier '' . This was a tongue - in - cheek challenge to BA 's traditional role as the UK 's flag carrier .", "In June 2006 , US and UK competition authorities investigated alleged price fixing between Virgin Atlantic and British Airways over passenger fuel surcharges . In August 2007 , BA was fined £ 271 million by the UK Office of Fair Trading ( OFT ) and the US Department of Justice . However , the Chief Executive of Virgin Atlantic , Steve Ridgway , was forced to admit that the company had been a party to the agreement , had been aware of the price fixing and had taken no steps whatsoever to stop the price fixing . The company escaped a similar fine to that levied on British Airways only by virtue of the immunity it had earlier negotiated with the regulators .", "In April 2010 , a tip - off from Cathay Pacific led to the Office of Fair Trading ( OFT ) investigating alleged price fixing between Virgin Atlantic and Cathay Pacific on flights to Hong Kong between 2002 and 2006 . Cathay Pacific received immunity from prosecution for reporting the alleged offence . A maximum fine , if found guilty , was 10 % of turnover which based on the £ 2.5 billion in sales for the year to February 2009 would have been £ 250 million . At the time , the OFT stressed that it should not be assumed that the parties involved had broken the law . The OFT cleared both airlines in December 2012 , concluding there were `` no grounds for action '' .", "In May 2014 , Virgin Atlantic ended flights to Sydney . In September 2014 , Virgin Atlantic announced plans to scrap flights to Tokyo , Mumbai , Vancouver and Cape Town , and to codeshare transatlantic flights with Delta Air Lines ; the company was also reported to be considering axing its new ' Little Red ' domestic airline after suffering heavy losses . On 6 October 2014 , Virgin Atlantic confirmed that Little Red services between London and Manchester would end in March 2015 , and that the Scottish routes would be terminated during September 2015 . Passengers used the routes from point to point as opposed to using it as a connection for longer haul Virgin Atlantic flights . The former BMI routes will continue with rival airline British Airways .", "In June 2015 , Richard Branson admitted that Virgin Atlantic would be in `` real trouble '' without strategic support from Delta Air Lines . With cumulative losses between 2010 and 2013 amounting to £ 233 million , the future of the 30 - year - old airline was in doubt . In the same month , the airline announced it would cut 500 jobs to establish a more efficient management structure .", "In July 2017 , Virgin Atlantic announced their intention to form a joint venture with Air France - KLM . Under the agreement , Air France - KLM will acquire a 31 percent stake in Virgin Atlantic currently held by Virgin Group for £ 220 million subject to execution of definitive agreements and receipt of final shareholder , board , and regulatory approvals . Virgin Atlantic would retain its independence as a UK airline with a UK operating certificate , and will continue to fly under the Virgin brand .", "Virgin Atlantic 's head office , known as The VHQ , is located on a business park in Crawley , England , near Gatwick Airport and also houses the corporate offices of Virgin Holidays . The company operates several offices and call centres around the United Kingdom , including a large office in Swansea , Wales , which is a base for reservations and sales , baggage claims and tracing , ' live chat ' web support and a customer relations department .", "International offices are located at Norwalk , Johannesburg , Barbados , Shanghai , Hong Kong , Greater Delhi , Lagos and Dubai .", "Virgin Group sold a 49 % stake in the airline to Singapore Airlines in 1999 for £ 600 million . On 14 May 2008 , Singapore Airlines formally announced an invitation for offers for its Virgin Atlantic stake , and publicly acknowledged that its stake in the airline had `` underperformed '' .", "In November 2010 it was reported that Virgin Atlantic had appointed Deutsche Bank to begin a strategic review of options for the airline following the tie - up between British Airways and American Airlines . By February 2011 it was confirmed that SkyTeam members Air France - KLM and Delta Air Lines had appointed Goldman Sachs to advise them on a joint potential approach for Virgin Atlantic . Etihad Airways was also reported to be considering a deal , and Willie Walsh , chief executive of International Airlines Group , stated that they would be interested in the airline , but only for the lucrative take - off and landing slots it holds at Heathrow Airport .", "On 11 December 2012 , Delta Air Lines confirmed the purchase of Singapore Airlines ' 49 % stake in Virgin Atlantic for £ 224 million , with future plans to develop a transatlantic joint venture . Regulatory approval from the United States and European Union was granted on 20 June 2013 , and the purchase was completed on 24 June . In December 2012 , International Airlines Group CEO , Willie Walsh , suggested that the loss - making company would be history within five years . `` I ca n't see Delta wanting to operate the Virgin brand because if they do what does that say about the Delta brand ? I just do n't see that the guy ( Branson ) has anything that stands out in terms of what he has achieved in the industry . ''", "In July 2017 , Virgin Group reached an agreement to sell a 31 % stake in the airline to Air France - KLM for £ 220 million , leaving it with a 20 % holding .", "The key trends for Virgin Atlantic are shown below ( from 2014 onwards , figures are for year ending December ; earlier figures are for year ending February , and exclude Virgin Nigeria operations 2005 -- 2008 ) :", "2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Turnover ( £ m ) 1,630 1,912 2,141 2,337 2,579 2,357 2,700 2,740 2,870 2,828 2,782 2,689 Profit ( EBT ) ( £ m ) 68.0 77.5 46.8 22.9 68.4 − 132.0 18.5 − 80.2 − 69.9 − 174.7 87.5 23.0 22.5 Number of employees ( average monthly ) c. 9,000 9,580 9,231 9,005 8,875 Total flights 17,637 18,960 21,344 22,149 20,735 19,484 20,519 21,033 28,373 29,710 27,147 21,883 21,883 Number of passengers ( m ) 4.5 4.9 5.7 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.5 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.4 Passenger load factor ( % ) 74.3 72.8 76.5 76.9 78.9 82.5 77.5 78.1 77.4 79.3 76.8 78.7 78.7 Number of aircraft ( at year end ) 40 40 39 40 39 Notes / sources", "2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018", "Turnover ( £ m ) 1,630 1,912 2,141 2,337 2,579 2,357 2,700 2,740 2,870 2,828 2,782 2,689", "Profit ( EBT ) ( £ m ) 68.0 77.5 46.8 22.9 68.4 − 132.0 18.5 − 80.2 − 69.9 − 174.7 87.5 23.0 22.5", "Number of employees ( average monthly ) c. 9,000 9,580 9,231 9,005 8,875", "Total flights 17,637 18,960 21,344 22,149 20,735 19,484 20,519 21,033 28,373 29,710 27,147 21,883 21,883", "Number of passengers ( m ) 4.5 4.9 5.7 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.5 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.4", "Passenger load factor ( % ) 74.3 72.8 76.5 76.9 78.9 82.5 77.5 78.1 77.4 79.3 76.8 78.7 78.7", "Number of aircraft ( at year end ) 40 40 39 40 39", "Notes / sources", "Virgin Atlantic aircraft operate with a three - class cabin configuration : Economy , Premium ( formerly Premium economy ) , and Upper Class - the business class product . Premium Economy has a separate check - in area , priority boarding and a wider seat with more legroom . Upper Class features a seat that converts into a fully flat bed and access to chauffeur drive . Virgin Atlantic was the first airline to offer personal entertainment for all passengers in all classes .", "The airline 's frequent - flyer program is styled ' the Flying Club ' .", "Virgin Atlantic operates ten lounges worldwide . It has nine ' Clubhouse ' locations - London ( Heathrow and Gatwick ) , New York - JFK , Newark , Boston , Washington D.C. , San Francisco , Los Angeles and Johannesburg . It also maintains a ' Revivals ' arrival lounge in London Heathrow . They are accessible for passengers travelling in Upper Class and Flying Club Gold tier members .", "British Midland International provided domestic and European feeder traffic into Heathrow Airport in partnership with Virgin until it was purchased by British Airways ' parent company International Airlines Group in 2011 . The Lufthansa - owned airline had faced heavy annual losses of more than £ 100 million . Under the terms of the takeover , IAG had to relinquish some former BMI domestic slots at Heathrow . Virgin Atlantic purchased enough slots in 2012 to enable it to launch a domestic service on 31 March 2013 , under the `` Little Red '' brand , operating a total of 12 daily services from London to Aberdeen ( 3 ) , Edinburgh ( 6 ) , and Manchester ( 3 ) . The airline wet - leased four Airbus Airbus A320 - 200s from Aer Lingus , operating with Virgin Atlantic livery , under a three - year contract .", "In September 2014 , it was reported that Virgin was considering closing its domestic brand after suffering heavy losses , with Civil Aviation Authority figures confirming an average seat occupancy level of just 37.6 % in 2013 . The 12 daily pairs of take - off and landing slots at Heathrow can not be sold to be used for long - haul routes .", "On 6 October 2014 , Virgin confirmed that the Little Red service would cease ; flights to Manchester ended on 28 March 2015 and flights to Edinburgh and Aberdeen ended on 26 September 2015 .", "On 13 April 2015 , Virgin Atlantic incorporated a new subsidiary - Virgin Atlantic International Limited ( VAIL ) . In November 2015 , VAIL obtained its own Air Operators Certificate and Operating Licence , and commenced operations with two former Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited operated Airbus A330 - 300 aircraft taking over routes previously operated by Virgin Atlantic Limited between London Gatwick and Barbados , St Lucia , Antigua , Grenada and Tobago . These flights are operated on behalf of Virgin Atlantic .", "Upon incorporation as an AOC holder , the majority of Virgin Atlantic 's landing slots at London Heathrow Airport were transferred to VAIL , allowing Virgin to access the value of the carriers slots by ' mortgaging ' them through open investment from capital markets , the first time in Europe a company has used airport take - off and landing slots to generate money in this way .", "Virgin Atlantic has codeshare agreements with the following airlines :", "Air China Air New Zealand Delta Air Lines Flybe Jet Airways Singapore Airlines Alaska Airline", "Air New Zealand", "Delta Air Lines", "Virgin Atlantic uses a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing aircraft . All the Boeing 747 - 400s are based at Gatwick and Manchester and operate routes to Orlando , Las Vegas and the Caribbean ( Gatwick only ) ; Airbus A330 - 300s are also used on selected routes from Gatwick to the Caribbean . The Airbus A330 - 300s also operate from Manchester to New York - JFK , Boston , Atlanta and San Francisco . Glasgow and Belfast International Airport offer a seasonal route to Orlando using Boeing 747s . Airbus A330s , Airbus A340s and Boeing 787s are used interchangeably on routes from London Heathrow Airport . In August 2002 , Virgin became the first airline to operate the Airbus A340 - 600 .", "On 27 September 2006 , Branson announced plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by cutting aircraft weight and fuel consumption . There was also an experiment in 2007 in partnership with Boeing to have aircraft towed to the runway to save fuel , as a potential change to future operational procedures . Virgin also volunteered a Boeing 747 for a test of biofuels in February 2008 . The aircraft flew without passengers from Heathrow to Amsterdam Airport Schiphol , with 20 % of the power for one engine provided by plant - based biofuel . Virgin said that it expected to use algae - based biofuels in the future .", "Virgin Atlantic took delivery of its first Boeing 787 - 9 in October 2014 , becoming the first European airline to fly the variant . Virgin 's order was first announced on 24 April 2007 , and is for a total of 17 aircraft , with options on five more . The exercised options will replace the Heathrow - based 747 fleet during 2015 and 2016 . Virgin Atlantic had also ordered 6 of the Airbus A380 - 800 aircraft , with options on a further six , delivery initially due in 2006 . This order was officially cancelled in March 2018 , with deposits transferred to A330 and A350 aircraft orders .", "The older Airbus A340 - 300 aircraft were withdrawn from service in April 2015 , as rising costs had made it less economical to run the type . Virgin had begun to replace the A340 - 300 on routes with the two - engine A330 - 300 and 787 - 9 . The final Virgin Atlantic A340 - 300 flight was made on 9 April , landing at Heathrow early on 10 April . Eight A340 - 600s remain in service .", "The airline 's A330s , in three - class layout , have been stationed at Heathrow Airport since April 2012 .", "Sir Richard Branson announced in March 2016 that The Spaceship Company would partner with Boom Technology to develop supersonic jets capable of travelling between London and New York in three and a half hours . He confirmed that Virgin Atlantic had options on ten of the aircraft .", "In July 2016 Virgin Atlantic announced an order for 12 Airbus A350 - 1000 aircraft , to eventually replace the ageing 4 - engined Boeing 747 - 400 and Airbus A340 - 600 fleets . The order consists of 8 aircraft which will be purchased directly from Airbus , with a further 4 acquired through leasing companies . It is expected that the 12 A350 - 1000s on order will be split into 2 separate configurations , a business - oriented , premium heavy configuration , and leisure - oriented , economy heavy configuration for select routes to the Caribbean , Las Vegas and Orlando , Florida . The first aircraft is scheduled to be delivered in 2019 , with the Rolls - Royce XWB engine selected ( the only available option for the Airbus A350 line - up ) . This order will leave Virgin with a streamlined fleet of Airbus A330s , A350s and Boeing 787 aircraft , leaving just 2 pilot pools and increasing cost efficiencies .", "Due to engine fan - blade corrosion issues with Virgin 's fleet of Boeing 787 aircraft , Virgin Atlantic has chosen to move some of its Manchester - based Boeing 747 and Airbus A330 aircraft to cover routes out of London Heathrow . In 2016 , A spokesman for Rolls Royce which manufacturers the Trent 1000s said the company `` would start producing new corrosion - resistant fan blades by the start of 2017 '' . Virgin Atlantic has had to temporarily park some of its 787s while they wait for attention . In place of these aircraft Virgin Atlantic has chosen to lease 4 former Air Berlin A330 - 200 aircraft , which will be based out of Manchester . The A330 - 200 aircraft will arrive from 2018 , with full Virgin Atlantic liveries , but with former Air Berlin cabin products , with Virgin Atlantic 's Premium Economy to be retrofitted at a later date . Virgin Atlantic said it would add `` resilience '' to its fleet after the engine issues with its 787s . It is thought these aircraft will be on initial 12 month leases , to allow Virgin to assess their viability in the fleet , with the possibility of extending the leases further . The airline has also chosen to reinstate a former A340 - 600 aircraft `` G - VNAP '' into the fleet from storage , after purchase from its lessor , to cover for one A340 aircraft leaving the fleet , for which the lease was unable to be extended .", "In March 2018 , Airbus announced the cancellation of Virgin Atlantic 's order for six Airbus A380 - 800s which it had placed back in 2001 and deferred several times since .", "On May 4th 2018 ' The VS Source ' reported the return of a further A340 - 600 , `` G - VWIN '' aircraft to the fleet , following previous retirement in March 2018 . It is thought that this is also to cover for downtime of Virgin 's Boeing 787 fleet , but will also allow leverage for the leased A330 - 200 sub-fleet to provide growth opportunities , opeing up lower - demand routes . The 2 returned A340 - 600 aircraft , `` G - VNAP '' and `` G - VWIN '' were previously leased , but are now owned out - right by Virgin Atlantic .", "Virgin Atlantic 's fleet is operated by Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd and Virgin Atlantic International Limited .", "Virgin Atlantic is composed in all Airbus A330 , Airbus A340 , Boeing 747 , and Boeing 787 . The fleet operated by Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd. consists of the following registered aircraft as of March 2018 :", "Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited Fleet Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes J Y Total Airbus A330 - 200 -- 19 -- 271 290 Former Air Berlin aircraft . One currently stored , due to enter service on completion of extensive maintenance . Airbus A330 - 300 10 -- 31 48 185 264 Airbus A340 - 600 8 -- 45 38 225 308 One painted in special ' Thank You ' livery dedicated to staff . One currently stored , due to return to the fleet on completion of extensive maintenance , following a previous retirement in March 2018 . Fleet to be replaced by Airbus A350 - 1000 . Airbus A350 - 1000 -- 12 TBA Deliveries start Spring 2019 . Replacing Airbus A340 - 600 and Boeing 747 - 400 aircraft . Boeing 747 - 400 8 -- 14 66 375 455 To be phased out from 2019 and replaced by Airbus A350 - 1000 . Boeing 787 - 9 17 -- 31 35 198 264 Total 47 12", "Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes", "J Y Total", "Airbus A330 - 200 -- 19 -- 271 290 Former Air Berlin aircraft . One currently stored , due to enter service on completion of extensive maintenance .", "Airbus A330 - 300 10 -- 31 48 185 264", "Airbus A340 - 600 8 -- 45 38 225 308 One painted in special ' Thank You ' livery dedicated to staff . One currently stored , due to return to the fleet on completion of extensive maintenance , following a previous retirement in March 2018 . Fleet to be replaced by Airbus A350 - 1000 .", "Airbus A350 - 1000 -- 12 TBA Deliveries start Spring 2019 . Replacing Airbus A340 - 600 and Boeing 747 - 400 aircraft .", "Boeing 747 - 400 8 -- 14 66 375 455 To be phased out from 2019 and replaced by Airbus A350 - 1000 .", "Boeing 787 - 9 17 -- 31 35 198 264", "Total 47 12", "The fleet operated by Virgin Atlantic International Limited consists of the following registered aircraft as of March 2018 :", "Virgin Atlantic International Limited Fleet Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes J Y Total Airbus A330 - 300 -- 31 48 185 264 Total --", "Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes", "J Y Total", "Airbus A330 - 300 -- 31 48 185 264", "Total --", "Virgin Atlantic historical fleet Aircraft Introduced Retired Notes / Ref Airbus A320 - 200 1995 2000 1 leased for a London to Athens service , replaced by an A321 - 200 in 2000 1999 2001 3 operated for Virgin Sun Airbus A321 - 200 2000 2003 1 named Hellenic Beauty leased for a London to Athens service to replace an A320 - 200 2000 2001 1 operated for Virgin Sun Airbus A340 - 300 2015 Last commercial flight 9 April 2015 Boeing 747 - 100 2000 G - VMIA named Spirit of Sir Freddie after Sir Freddie Laker Boeing 747 - 200 1984 2005 G - VIRG was Virgin Atlantic 's first aircraft", "Aircraft Introduced Retired Notes / Ref", "Airbus A320 - 200 1995 2000 1 leased for a London to Athens service , replaced by an A321 - 200 in 2000", "1999 2001 3 operated for Virgin Sun", "Airbus A321 - 200 2000 2003 1 named Hellenic Beauty leased for a London to Athens service to replace an A320 - 200", "2000 2001 1 operated for Virgin Sun", "Airbus A340 - 300 2015 Last commercial flight 9 April 2015", "Boeing 747 - 100 2000 G - VMIA named Spirit of Sir Freddie after Sir Freddie Laker", "Boeing 747 - 200 1984 2005 G - VIRG was Virgin Atlantic 's first aircraft", "Virgin 's first aircraft were painted with a `` Eurowhite '' design with a red stripe through the centre of the main deck windows . The engines were metallic silver and the tail red with the Virgin logo in white . In the 1990s , the refreshed design was introduced , removing the centre red stripe through the windows , engines were painted red , the Virgin Atlantic titles in grey were added along the main fuselage , and the ' Flying Lady ' was introduced to the nose area . In October 2006 , with the delivery of G - VRED , Virgin introduced a new design , with the fuselage painted in metallic silver and a revised tail fin , with red and purple features and the Virgin logo . Near the nose of each aircraft is a pin - up girl , the `` Scarlet Lady '' , carrying a Union flag , which was designed by British artist Ken White , who modelled the motif on the World War II pin - ups of Alberto Vargas -- hence the naming one of the fleet Varga Girl ( in this case , an A340 - 600 registered G - VGAS ) .", "Each aircraft has a name , usually feminine , such as Ladybird , Island Lady , and Ruby Tuesday , but some are linked to registrations ( e.g. G - VFIZ became Bubbles ) . A couple are commemorative names ( e.g. G - VEIL -- Queen of the Skies -- which was named by Queen Elizabeth II on 7 April 2004 , marking the centenary of the Entente Cordiale ; this frame exited the fleet in April 2016 ) . An exception is Spirit of Sir Freddie . An early Boeing 747 , it was named in honour of Freddie Laker of Laker Airways , who helped Virgin Atlantic following the demise of his own airline . G - VFAB -- Lady Penelope -- gained a special livery to celebrate Virgin Atlantic 's 21st birthday . G - VFAB , Lady Penelope , exited the fleet in September 2016 after 21 years of service and was subsequently parted out .", "The current livery dates from 2010 and returns to the `` Eurowhite '' design featuring purple billboard titles on the fuselage , slight changes to the Scarlet Lady , and new red metallic paint for the aircraft 's tail and engines . On aircraft that have winglets , the wingtips are red , with the Virgin logo on the inside facing passengers on board . The Virgin Atlantic logo was also added in purple billboard titles to the underside of the aircraft .", "On 5 November 1997 , after numerous attempts to shake free the jammed main landing gear of an Airbus A340 - 300 ( G - VSKY ) failed , the aircraft en route from Los Angeles to Heathrow , made an emergency landing at Heathrow Airport . The aircraft sustained major damage to the undersides of engines one , two and four , which made contact with the runway surface during landing . The runway surface was also damaged and several runway lights were broken as the right main landing gear wheels broke up during the deceleration . The aircraft was evacuated safely . Two crew members and five passengers sustained minor injuries during the evacuation . The damaged aircraft was repaired after the incident and was retired from the Virgin Atlantic fleet in 2003 . On 8 February 2005 , on board an Airbus A340 - 600 aircraft ( G - VATL ) en route from Hong Kong to Heathrow , the fuel control computer system caused a loss of automatic fuel transfer between tanks . The left outboard engine lost power , and shortly afterwards the right outboard engine also began to falter until the crew began to crossfeed fuel manually . The crew diverted to Amsterdam and landed safely . The interim accident report made four safety recommendations addressed to the primary certification bodies for large transport category aircraft ( EASA and the FAA ) , advising on the need for a low - fuel warning system for large aircraft .", "On 5 November 1997 , after numerous attempts to shake free the jammed main landing gear of an Airbus A340 - 300 ( G - VSKY ) failed , the aircraft en route from Los Angeles to Heathrow , made an emergency landing at Heathrow Airport . The aircraft sustained major damage to the undersides of engines one , two and four , which made contact with the runway surface during landing . The runway surface was also damaged and several runway lights were broken as the right main landing gear wheels broke up during the deceleration . The aircraft was evacuated safely . Two crew members and five passengers sustained minor injuries during the evacuation . The damaged aircraft was repaired after the incident and was retired from the Virgin Atlantic fleet in 2003 .", "On 8 February 2005 , on board an Airbus A340 - 600 aircraft ( G - VATL ) en route from Hong Kong to Heathrow , the fuel control computer system caused a loss of automatic fuel transfer between tanks . The left outboard engine lost power , and shortly afterwards the right outboard engine also began to falter until the crew began to crossfeed fuel manually . The crew diverted to Amsterdam and landed safely . The interim accident report made four safety recommendations addressed to the primary certification bodies for large transport category aircraft ( EASA and the FAA ) , advising on the need for a low - fuel warning system for large aircraft ." ]
Virgin Atlantic - wikipedia Virgin Atlantic Jump to: navigation , search Not to be confused with Virgin America . Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited Virgin Atlantic International Limited IATA ICAO Callsign VS -- VIR VGI VIRGIN -- Founded 1984 ; 34 years ago ( 1984 ) Commenced operations 22 June 1984 ; 33 years ago ( 1984-06-22 ) AOC # 534 ( VAA Ltd) 2435 ( VAI Ltd) Operating bases London-- Gatwick London-- Heathrow Manchester Frequent-flyer program Flying Club Fleet size 49 Destinations 33 Parent company Virgin Atlantic Limited Headquarters Crawley , West Sussex , England Key people Richard Branson , ( Founder ) Craig Kreeger, ( CEO ) Stephen Murphy, ( Chairman ) Revenue £ 2,689 million (2016) Operating income £ 153.2 million (2016) Employees 8,875 (2016) Website virginatlantic.com Virgin Atlantic , a trading name of Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited and Virgin Atlantic International Limited , is a British airline with its head office in Crawley , United Kingdom. The airline was established in 1984 as British Atlantic Airways , and was originally planned by its co-founders Randolph Fields and Alan Hellary to fly between London and the Falkland Islands . Soon after changing the name to Virgin Atlantic Airways, Fields sold his shares in the company after disagreements with Sir Richard Branson over the management of the company. The maiden flight from Gatwick Airport to Newark Liberty International Airport took place on 22 June 1984. The airline along with Virgin Holidays is controlled by a holding company, Virgin Atlantic Limited, which is 51% owned by the Virgin Group and 49% by Delta Air Lines . It is administratively separate from other Virgin-branded airlines. Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited and Virgin Atlantic International Limited both hold Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Type A Operating Licences ( AOC numbers 534 and 2435 respectively), both of which permit these airlines, operating as Virgin Atlantic Airways, to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats. Virgin Atlantic uses a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing wide-body aircraft and operates to destinations in North America, the Caribbean , Africa, the Middle East and Asia from its main bases in London ( Heathrow and Gatwick ), and its secondary base at Manchester . The airline also operates Seasonal Flights from Glasgow and Belfast . Virgin Atlantic aircraft consist of three cabins: Economy, Premium (formerly Premium economy ) and Upper Class (business). In 2012, Virgin Atlantic carried 5.4 million passengers, making it the seventh-largest UK airline in terms of passenger volume. In the year to 31 December 2013, it reported a £ 51 million group pre-tax loss (approximately US$87 million), however, in the year to 31 December 2014 the airline reported a return to pre-tax profit of £ 14.4 million. During July 2017, Virgin Atlantic announced their intention to form a joint venture with Air France-KLM . Under the agreement, Air France-KLM will acquire a 31 percent stake in Virgin Atlantic currently held by Virgin Group for £ 220 million. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Formative years 1.3 Competition 1.4 Recent years 2 Corporate affairs 2.1 Offices 2.2 Ownership 2.3 Business trends 2.4 Service concept 2.5 Little Red 2.6 Virgin Atlantic International Limited 3 Destinations 3.1 Codeshare agreements 4 Fleet 4.1 Current Fleet 4.1.1 Operated by Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited 4.1.2 Operated by Virgin Atlantic International Limited 4.2 Historical fleet 4.3 Livery 5 Incidents and accidents 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Alan Hellary , Richard Branson , and Randolph Fields launch Virgin Atlantic at the 1984 press conference Virgin Atlantic has its origins in a joint endeavour by Randolph Fields , an American-born lawyer, and Alan Hellary , a former chief pilot for British private airline Laker Airways ; following the collapse of Laker Airways in 1982, Field and Hellary decided to establish a new company, initially named British Atlantic Airways , as a successor. Reportedly, Fields had formed a concept for an airline that would operate between London and the Falkland Islands during June 1982, when the Falklands War had just finished. Seeking out expertise in the field, Fields got in contact with Hellary, who had already been considering options for establishing a regular commercial service to the Falklands. In turn, Hellary was in contact with several out-of-work colleagues from the collapse of Laker Airways; as such, the pair decided to refine their ambitions. However, it was soon determined that the short runway at Port Stanley Airport , and the time it would take to improve it, would render a route to the Falklands commercially unviable, thus the idea of the such a service was dropped. In its place, Hellary and Fields commenced efforts to secure a licence to operate a route Gatwick Airport , London and John F. Kennedy International Airport , New York City . During May 1983, a three-day inquiry was conducted, which chose to reject the application following objections from British Airways , British Caledonian and BAA . Hellary and Fields then applied for a licence between Gatwick and Newark , New Jersey , using a 380-seat McDonnell Douglas DC-10 . However, faced with the prospect of direct competition from rival operator PEOPLExpress , a post-deregulation `` no frills'' discount airline based at Newark, they decided to secure more funding before proceeding. Fields met with British entrepreneur Richard Branson at a party in London during which he proposed a business partnership. After protracted and testy negotiations, Fields agreed to a reduced stake of 25% in the airline (which was renamed Virgin Atlantic ) and became its first chairman. Following disagreements over operations, Fields agreed to be bought out for an initial sum of £ 1 million with further payment on Virgin's first dividend. As a result of a High Court action, this additional payment was received shortly before Fields' death in 1997. Formative years ( edit ) Boeing 747-200 Maiden Voyager operated the first scheduled Virgin Atlantic service on 22 June 1984 On 22 June 1984, Virgin Atlantic operated its inaugural scheduled service, flown between Gatwick and Newark using a leased Boeing 747-200 (registration G-VIRG ), christened Maiden Voyager , which had been formerly operated by Aerolíneas Argentinas . From the onset, its activities were augmented by leveraging existing Virgin Group resources, such as ticket sales being performed at Virgin Megastores outlets. Part of Richard Branson's declared approach to business is to either succeed within the first year or exit the market; this ethos includes a one-year limit being expressed upon everything associated with starting up operations. Virgin Atlantic became profitable within the first 12 months, aided by sister company Virgin Records ' ability to finance the lease of a secondhand Boeing 747. The firm had timed its operations to take advantage of a full summer, from June to September, which was typically the most profitable period of the year. During November 1984, the airline launched a service between Gatwick Airport and Maastricht Aachen Airport in the Netherlands using a chartered BAC One-Eleven . During 1986, the airline added another Boeing 747 to its fleet and started a scheduled route from Gatwick to Miami . Additional aircraft were quickly acquired and new routes launched from Gatwick, such as to New York JFK in 1988, Tokyo in 1989, Los Angeles in 1990, Boston in 1991, and Orlando in 1992. During 1987, Virgin Atlantic launched a service between Luton and Dublin using secondhand Viscount turboprop aircraft, but this route was withdrawn around 1990. During 1988, Club Air operated two Boeing 727 jet aircraft on behalf of Virgin; these served the Luton to Dublin route until about 1990. Competition ( edit ) This section possibly contains inappropriate or misinterpreted citations that do not verify the text . Please help improve this article by checking for citation inaccuracies. (September 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Airbus A340-300 landing at Kai Tak Airport , displaying the `` No Way BA/AA'' sticker Airbus A340-300 at London Heathrow Airport in 2003, displaying `` 4 Engines 4 Longhaul'' slogan Before its inception, British Airways had been the only airline from the United Kingdom serving long-haul routes to destinations in North America, the Caribbean and the Far East since the BA-BCal merger in the late 1980s. In 1991, Virgin was given permission to operate from Heathrow following the abolition of the London Air Traffic Distribution Rules (TDRs) which had governed the distribution of traffic between Heathrow and Gatwick airports since 1978, primarily to bolster the profitability of Gatwick. Airlines without an international scheduled service from Heathrow prior to 1 April 1977 were obliged to operate from Gatwick. However, airlines that did not already operate at Heathrow were still able to begin domestic scheduled services there provided BAA, which ran both Heathrow and Gatwick on behalf of the UK Government, and the Secretary of State for Transport granted permission. The Civil Aviation Authority also transferred two pairs of unused landing slots that British Airways held at Tokyo's Narita Airport to Virgin to let it increase its frequency between Heathrow and Tokyo from four to six weekly round trips, making it easier for Virgin to compete against British Airways. The then-Chairman of BA Lord King called the CAA's decision, which the Government had endorsed, `` a confiscation of his company's property'' . In the year to October 1993, Virgin Atlantic declared a loss of £ 9.3m. The decision to abolish the London TDRs and to let Virgin Atlantic operate at Heathrow in competition with British Airways became the trigger for BA's so-called `` dirty tricks'' campaign against Virgin. During 1993, BA's public relations director, David Burnside , published an article in BA News , British Airways' internal magazine, which argued that Branson's protests against British Airways were a publicity stunt. Branson sued British Airways for libel, using the services of George Carman QC . BA settled out of court when its lawyers discovered the lengths to which the company had gone in trying to kill off Virgin. British Airways had to pay a legal bill of up to £ 3 million, damages to Branson of £ 500,000 and a further £ 110,000 to his airline. Branson reportedly donated the proceeds from the case to Virgin Atlantic staff. During the 1990s, Virgin Atlantic jets were painted with `` No Way BA/AA'' as a declaration of its opposition to the attempted merger between British Airways and American Airlines . In 1997, following British Airways' announcement that it was to remove the Union Flag from its tailfins in favour of world images , Virgin introduced a Union Flag design on the winglets of its aircraft and changed the red dress on the Scarlet Lady on the nose of aircraft to the union flag with the tag line `` Britain's Flag Carrier '' . This was a tongue-in-cheek challenge to BA's traditional role as the UK's flag carrier. In June 2006, US and UK competition authorities investigated alleged price fixing between Virgin Atlantic and British Airways over passenger fuel surcharges. In August 2007, BA was fined £ 271 million by the UK Office of Fair Trading (OFT) and the US Department of Justice . However, the Chief Executive of Virgin Atlantic, Steve Ridgway, was forced to admit that the company had been a party to the agreement, had been aware of the price fixing and had taken no steps whatsoever to stop the price fixing. The company escaped a similar fine to that levied on British Airways only by virtue of the immunity it had earlier negotiated with the regulators. In April 2010, a tip-off from Cathay Pacific led to the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) investigating alleged price fixing between Virgin Atlantic and Cathay Pacific on flights to Hong Kong between 2002 and 2006. Cathay Pacific received immunity from prosecution for reporting the alleged offence. A maximum fine, if found guilty, was 10% of turnover which based on the £ 2.5 billion in sales for the year to February 2009 would have been £ 250 million. At the time, the OFT stressed that it should not be assumed that the parties involved had broken the law. The OFT cleared both airlines in December 2012, concluding there were `` no grounds for action'' . Recent years ( edit ) In May 2014, Virgin Atlantic ended flights to Sydney. In September 2014, Virgin Atlantic announced plans to scrap flights to Tokyo, Mumbai, Vancouver and Cape Town, and to codeshare transatlantic flights with Delta Air Lines ; the company was also reported to be considering axing its new ' Little Red' domestic airline after suffering heavy losses. On 6 October 2014, Virgin Atlantic confirmed that Little Red services between London and Manchester would end in March 2015, and that the Scottish routes would be terminated during September 2015. Passengers used the routes from point to point as opposed to using it as a connection for longer haul Virgin Atlantic flights. The former BMI routes will continue with rival airline British Airways. In June 2015, Richard Branson admitted that Virgin Atlantic would be in `` real trouble'' without strategic support from Delta Air Lines . With cumulative losses between 2010 and 2013 amounting to £ 233 million, the future of the 30-year-old airline was in doubt. In the same month, the airline announced it would cut 500 jobs to establish a more efficient management structure. In July 2017, Virgin Atlantic announced their intention to form a joint venture with Air France-KLM. Under the agreement, Air France-KLM will acquire a 31 percent stake in Virgin Atlantic currently held by Virgin Group for £ 220 million subject to execution of definitive agreements and receipt of final shareholder, board, and regulatory approvals. Virgin Atlantic would retain its independence as a UK airline with a UK operating certificate, and will continue to fly under the Virgin brand. Corporate affairs ( edit ) Offices ( edit ) The former head office building The Office in Crawley Virgin Atlantic's head office, known as The VHQ , is located on a business park in Crawley , England , near Gatwick Airport and also houses the corporate offices of Virgin Holidays . The company operates several offices and call centres around the United Kingdom, including a large office in Swansea , Wales , which is a base for reservations and sales, baggage claims and tracing, ' live chat' web support and a customer relations department. International offices are located at Norwalk , Johannesburg, Barbados, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Greater Delhi, Lagos and Dubai. Ownership ( edit ) Virgin Group sold a 49% stake in the airline to Singapore Airlines in 1999 for £ 600 million. On 14 May 2008, Singapore Airlines formally announced an invitation for offers for its Virgin Atlantic stake, and publicly acknowledged that its stake in the airline had `` underperformed'' . In November 2010 it was reported that Virgin Atlantic had appointed Deutsche Bank to begin a strategic review of options for the airline following the tie-up between British Airways and American Airlines. By February 2011 it was confirmed that SkyTeam members Air France-KLM and Delta Air Lines had appointed Goldman Sachs to advise them on a joint potential approach for Virgin Atlantic. Etihad Airways was also reported to be considering a deal, and Willie Walsh , chief executive of International Airlines Group , stated that they would be interested in the airline, but only for the lucrative take-off and landing slots it holds at Heathrow Airport. On 11 December 2012, Delta Air Lines confirmed the purchase of Singapore Airlines' 49% stake in Virgin Atlantic for £ 224 million, with future plans to develop a transatlantic joint venture. Regulatory approval from the United States and European Union was granted on 20 June 2013, and the purchase was completed on 24 June. In December 2012, International Airlines Group CEO, Willie Walsh, suggested that the loss-making company would be history within five years. `` I can't see Delta wanting to operate the Virgin brand because if they do what does that say about the Delta brand? I just don't see that the guy (Branson) has anything that stands out in terms of what he has achieved in the industry.'' In July 2017, Virgin Group reached an agreement to sell a 31% stake in the airline to Air France-KLM for £ 220 million, leaving it with a 20% holding. Business trends ( edit ) The key trends for Virgin Atlantic are shown below (from 2014 onwards, figures are for year ending December; earlier figures are for year ending February, and exclude Virgin Nigeria operations 2005-- 2008): 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Turnover (£ m) 1,630 1,912 2,141 2,337 2,579 2,357 2,700 2,740 2,870 2,828 2,782 2,689 Profit (EBT) (£ m) 68.0 77.5 46.8 22.9 68.4 − 132.0 18.5 − 80.2 − 69.9 − 174.7 87.5 23.0 22.5 Number of employees (average monthly) c.9,000 9,580 9,231 9,005 8,875 Total flights 17,637 18,960 21,344 22,149 20,735 19,484 20,519 21,033 28,373 29,710 27,147 21,883 21,883 Number of passengers (m) 4.5 4.9 5.7 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.5 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.4 Passenger load factor (%) 74.3 72.8 76.5 76.9 78.9 82.5 77.5 78.1 77.4 79.3 76.8 78.7 78.7 Number of aircraft (at year end) 40 40 39 40 39 Notes/sources Service concept ( edit ) Clubhouse lounge at Heathrow Airport Virgin Atlantic aircraft operate with a three-class cabin configuration: Economy , Premium (formerly Premium economy ), and Upper Class - the business class product. Premium Economy has a separate check-in area, priority boarding and a wider seat with more legroom. Upper Class features a seat that converts into a fully flat bed and access to chauffeur drive. Virgin Atlantic was the first airline to offer personal entertainment for all passengers in all classes. The airline's frequent-flyer program is styled ' the Flying Club' . Virgin Atlantic operates ten lounges worldwide. It has nine ' Clubhouse' locations - London (Heathrow and Gatwick), New York-JFK, Newark, Boston, Washington D.C. , San Francisco, Los Angeles and Johannesburg. It also maintains a ' Revivals' arrival lounge in London Heathrow. They are accessible for passengers travelling in Upper Class and Flying Club Gold tier members. Little red ( edit ) Further information: Virgin Atlantic Little Red Virgin Atlantic Airbus A320-200 Little Red operated by Aer Lingus British Midland International provided domestic and European feeder traffic into Heathrow Airport in partnership with Virgin until it was purchased by British Airways' parent company International Airlines Group in 2011. The Lufthansa -owned airline had faced heavy annual losses of more than £ 100 million. Under the terms of the takeover, IAG had to relinquish some former BMI domestic slots at Heathrow. Virgin Atlantic purchased enough slots in 2012 to enable it to launch a domestic service on 31 March 2013, under the `` Little Red'' brand, operating a total of 12 daily services from London to Aberdeen (3), Edinburgh (6), and Manchester (3). The airline wet-leased four Airbus Airbus A320-200s from Aer Lingus , operating with Virgin Atlantic livery, under a three-year contract. In September 2014, it was reported that Virgin was considering closing its domestic brand after suffering heavy losses, with Civil Aviation Authority figures confirming an average seat occupancy level of just 37.6% in 2013. The 12 daily pairs of take-off and landing slots at Heathrow cannot be sold to be used for long-haul routes. On 6 October 2014, Virgin confirmed that the Little Red service would cease; flights to Manchester ended on 28 March 2015 and flights to Edinburgh and Aberdeen ended on 26 September 2015. Virgin Atlantic International Limited ( edit ) On 13 April 2015, Virgin Atlantic incorporated a new subsidiary - Virgin Atlantic International Limited (VAIL). In November 2015, VAIL obtained its own Air Operators Certificate and Operating Licence, and commenced operations with two former Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited operated Airbus A330-300 aircraft taking over routes previously operated by Virgin Atlantic Limited between London Gatwick and Barbados, St Lucia, Antigua, Grenada and Tobago. These flights are operated on behalf of Virgin Atlantic. Upon incorporation as an AOC holder, the majority of Virgin Atlantic's landing slots at London Heathrow Airport were transferred to VAIL, allowing Virgin to access the value of the carriers slots by ' mortgaging ' them through open investment from capital markets, the first time in Europe a company has used airport take-off and landing slots to generate money in this way. Destinations ( edit ) Main article: Virgin Atlantic destinations Codeshare agreements ( edit ) Virgin Atlantic has codeshare agreements with the following airlines: Air China Air New Zealand Delta Air Lines Flybe Jet Airways Singapore Airlines Alaska Airline Fleet ( edit ) Virgin Atlantic Airbus A330-300 , after take-off from London Heathrow Airport Virgin Atlantic Airbus A340-600 , after take-off from London Heathrow Airport Virgin Atlantic Boeing 787-9 , on approach to London Heathrow Airport Virgin Atlantic uses a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing aircraft. All the Boeing 747-400s are based at Gatwick and Manchester and operate routes to Orlando, Las Vegas and the Caribbean (Gatwick only); Airbus A330 -300s are also used on selected routes from Gatwick to the Caribbean. The Airbus A330-300s also operate from Manchester to New York-JFK, Boston, Atlanta and San Francisco. Glasgow and Belfast International Airport offer a seasonal route to Orlando using Boeing 747s. Airbus A330s, Airbus A340s and Boeing 787s are used interchangeably on routes from London Heathrow Airport. In August 2002, Virgin became the first airline to operate the Airbus A340-600 . On 27 September 2006, Branson announced plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by cutting aircraft weight and fuel consumption. There was also an experiment in 2007 in partnership with Boeing to have aircraft towed to the runway to save fuel, as a potential change to future operational procedures. Virgin also volunteered a Boeing 747 for a test of biofuels in February 2008. The aircraft flew without passengers from Heathrow to Amsterdam Airport Schiphol , with 20% of the power for one engine provided by plant-based biofuel. Virgin said that it expected to use algae -based biofuels in the future. Virgin Atlantic took delivery of its first Boeing 787-9 in October 2014, becoming the first European airline to fly the variant. Virgin's order was first announced on 24 April 2007, and is for a total of 17 aircraft, with options on five more. The exercised options will replace the Heathrow-based 747 fleet during 2015 and 2016. Virgin Atlantic had also ordered 6 of the Airbus A380-800 aircraft, with options on a further six, delivery initially due in 2006. This order was officially cancelled in March 2018, with deposits transferred to A330 and A350 aircraft orders. The older Airbus A340-300 aircraft were withdrawn from service in April 2015, as rising costs had made it less economical to run the type. Virgin had begun to replace the A340-300 on routes with the two-engine A330-300 and 787-9. The final Virgin Atlantic A340-300 flight was made on 9 April, landing at Heathrow early on 10 April. Eight A340-600s remain in service. The airline's A330s, in three-class layout, have been stationed at Heathrow Airport since April 2012. Sir Richard Branson announced in March 2016 that The Spaceship Company would partner with Boom Technology to develop supersonic jets capable of travelling between London and New York in three and a half hours. He confirmed that Virgin Atlantic had options on ten of the aircraft. In July 2016 Virgin Atlantic announced an order for 12 Airbus A350-1000 aircraft, to eventually replace the ageing 4-engined Boeing 747-400 and Airbus A340-600 fleets. The order consists of 8 aircraft which will be purchased directly from Airbus , with a further 4 acquired through leasing companies. It is expected that the 12 A350-1000s on order will be split into 2 separate configurations, a business-oriented, premium heavy configuration, and leisure-oriented, economy heavy configuration for select routes to the Caribbean, Las Vegas and Orlando, Florida. The first aircraft is scheduled to be delivered in 2019, with the Rolls-Royce XWB engine selected (the only available option for the Airbus A350 line-up). This order will leave Virgin with a streamlined fleet of Airbus A330s, A350s and Boeing 787 aircraft, leaving just 2 pilot pools and increasing cost efficiencies. Due to engine fan-blade corrosion issues with Virgin's fleet of Boeing 787 aircraft, Virgin Atlantic has chosen to move some of its Manchester -based Boeing 747 and Airbus A330 aircraft to cover routes out of London Heathrow. In 2016, A spokesman for Rolls Royce which manufacturers the Trent 1000s said the company `` would start producing new corrosion-resistant fan blades by the start of 2017'' . Virgin Atlantic has had to temporarily park some of its 787s while they wait for attention. In place of these aircraft Virgin Atlantic has chosen to lease 4 former Air Berlin A330-200 aircraft, which will be based out of Manchester. The A330-200 aircraft will arrive from 2018, with full Virgin Atlantic liveries, but with former Air Berlin cabin products, with Virgin Atlantic's Premium Economy to be retrofitted at a later date. Virgin Atlantic said it would add `` resilience'' to its fleet after the engine issues with its 787s. It is thought these aircraft will be on initial 12 month leases, to allow Virgin to assess their viability in the fleet, with the possibility of extending the leases further. The airline has also chosen to reinstate a former A340-600 aircraft `` G-VNAP'' into the fleet from storage, after purchase from its lessor, to cover for one A340 aircraft leaving the fleet, for which the lease was unable to be extended. In March 2018, Airbus announced the cancellation of Virgin Atlantic's order for six Airbus A380-800s which it had placed back in 2001 and deferred several times since. On May 4th 2018 ' The VS Source' reported the return of a further A340-600, `` G-VWIN'' aircraft to the fleet, following previous retirement in March 2018. It is thought that this is also to cover for downtime of Virgin's Boeing 787 fleet, but will also allow leverage for the leased A330-200 sub-fleet to provide growth opportunities, opeing up lower-demand routes. The 2 returned A340-600 aircraft, `` G-VNAP'' and `` G-VWIN'' were previously leased, but are now owned out-right by Virgin Atlantic. Current fleet ( edit ) Virgin Atlantic's fleet is operated by Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd and Virgin Atlantic International Limited. Operated by Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited ( edit ) Virgin Atlantic is composed in all Airbus A330, Airbus A340, Boeing 747,and Boeing 787. The fleet operated by Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd. consists of the following registered aircraft as of March 2018: Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited Fleet Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes J Y Total Airbus A330-200 -- 19 -- 271 290 Former Air Berlin aircraft. One currently stored, due to enter service on completion of extensive maintenance. Airbus A330-300 10 -- 31 48 185 264 Airbus A340-600 8 -- 45 38 225 308 One painted in special ' Thank You' livery dedicated to staff. One currently stored, due to return to the fleet on completion of extensive maintenance, following a previous retirement in March 2018. Fleet to be replaced by Airbus A350-1000. Airbus A350-1000 -- 12 TBA Deliveries start Spring 2019. Replacing Airbus A340-600 and Boeing 747-400 aircraft. Boeing 747-400 8 -- 14 66 375 455 To be phased out from 2019 and replaced by Airbus A350-1000. Boeing 787-9 17 -- 31 35 198 264 Total 47 12 Operated by Virgin Atlantic International Limited ( edit ) The fleet operated by Virgin Atlantic International Limited consists of the following registered aircraft as of March 2018: Virgin Atlantic International Limited Fleet Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes J Y Total Airbus A330-300 -- 31 48 185 264 Total -- Historical fleet ( edit ) Boeing 747-- 123 Spirit of Sir Freddie marked with `` No Way BA/AA'' protest, on approach to New York-JFK Virgin Atlantic historical fleet Aircraft Introduced Retired Notes/Ref Airbus A320-200 1995 2000 1 leased for a London to Athens service, replaced by an A321-200 in 2000 1999 2001 3 operated for Virgin Sun Airbus A321-200 2000 2003 1 named Hellenic Beauty leased for a London to Athens service to replace an A320-200 2000 2001 1 operated for Virgin Sun Airbus A340-300 2015 Last commercial flight 9 April 2015 Boeing 747-100 2000 G-VMIA named Spirit of Sir Freddie after Sir Freddie Laker Boeing 747-200 1984 2005 G-VIRG was Virgin Atlantic's first aircraft Livery ( edit ) Boeing 747-400 Lady Penelope in Birthday Girl livery in 2014, on approach to New York-JFK , NY, United States Virgin's first aircraft were painted with a `` Eurowhite'' design with a red stripe through the centre of the main deck windows. The engines were metallic silver and the tail red with the Virgin logo in white. In the 1990s, the refreshed design was introduced, removing the centre red stripe through the windows, engines were painted red, the Virgin Atlantic titles in grey were added along the main fuselage, and the ' Flying Lady' was introduced to the nose area. In October 2006, with the delivery of G-VRED, Virgin introduced a new design, with the fuselage painted in metallic silver and a revised tail fin, with red and purple features and the Virgin logo. Near the nose of each aircraft is a pin-up girl , the `` Scarlet Lady'' , carrying a Union flag, which was designed by British artist Ken White, who modelled the motif on the World War II pin-ups of Alberto Vargas -- hence the naming one of the fleet Varga Girl (in this case, an A340-600 registered G-VGAS). Each aircraft has a name, usually feminine, such as Ladybird , Island Lady , and Ruby Tuesday , but some are linked to registrations (e.g. G-VFIZ became Bubbles ). A couple are commemorative names (e.g. G-VEIL-- Queen of the Skies -- which was named by Queen Elizabeth II on 7 April 2004, marking the centenary of the Entente Cordiale ; this frame exited the fleet in April 2016). An exception is Spirit of Sir Freddie . An early Boeing 747, it was named in honour of Freddie Laker of Laker Airways, who helped Virgin Atlantic following the demise of his own airline. G-VFAB-- Lady Penelope -- gained a special livery to celebrate Virgin Atlantic's 21st birthday. G-VFAB, Lady Penelope , exited the fleet in September 2016 after 21 years of service and was subsequently parted out. The current livery dates from 2010 and returns to the `` Eurowhite'' design featuring purple billboard titles on the fuselage, slight changes to the Scarlet Lady, and new red metallic paint for the aircraft's tail and engines. On aircraft that have winglets, the wingtips are red, with the Virgin logo on the inside facing passengers on board. The Virgin Atlantic logo was also added in purple billboard titles to the underside of the aircraft. Incidents and accidents ( edit ) On 5 November 1997, after numerous attempts to shake free the jammed main landing gear of an Airbus A340-300 (G-VSKY) failed, the aircraft en route from Los Angeles to Heathrow, made an emergency landing at Heathrow Airport. The aircraft sustained major damage to the undersides of engines one, two and four, which made contact with the runway surface during landing. The runway surface was also damaged and several runway lights were broken as the right main landing gear wheels broke up during the deceleration. The aircraft was evacuated safely. Two crew members and five passengers sustained minor injuries during the evacuation. The damaged aircraft was repaired after the incident and was retired from the Virgin Atlantic fleet in 2003. On 8 February 2005, on board an Airbus A340-600 aircraft (G-VATL) en route from Hong Kong to Heathrow, the fuel control computer system caused a loss of automatic fuel transfer between tanks. The left outboard engine lost power, and shortly afterwards the right outboard engine also began to falter until the crew began to crossfeed fuel manually. The crew diverted to Amsterdam and landed safely. The interim accident report made four safety recommendations addressed to the primary certification bodies for large transport category aircraft ( EASA and the FAA ), advising on the need for a low-fuel warning system for large aircraft. See also ( edit ) Aviation portal Companies portal West Sussex portal Air transport in the United Kingdom List of airports in the United Kingdom Transport in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` IATA - Airline and Airport Code Search'' . iata.org . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to: FAA Doc. 7340 2F, Chapter Three: ICAO Aircraft Company/Telephony/Three− Letter Designator, p. 3-2-92 Jump up ^ FAA Doc. 7340 2F, Chapter Three: ICAO Aircraft Company/Telephony/Three− Letter Designator/Additions, p. CAM 1-3 ^ Jump up to: `` Destinations'' . Virgin Atlantic . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Milmo, Dan (8 January 2013). `` Virgin Atlantic hires American Airlines executive as new CEO'' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic Directors'' . Virgin Atlantic. 2013 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to: `` UK Aeroplane and Helicopter AOC Holders (N-Z)'' . UK Civil Aviation Authority. 25 January 2017 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Type A Operating Licence Holders'' . Civil Aviation Authority . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Premium Virgin Atlantic'' . www.virginatlantic.com . Retrieved 2018-04-14 . Jump up ^ `` All Services 2012'' (PDF) . Civil Aviation Authority . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Young, Sarah (24 April 2014). `` Virgin Atlantic plots course for return to profit this year'' . Reuters . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic 2014 financial results'' . Virgin Atlantic. 10 March 2015 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Strengthening of Transatlantic Partnerships'' . www.virginatlantic.com . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Air France-KLM is buying 31% of Virgin Atlantic.'' BBC News , 27 July 2017. ^ Jump up to: `` Aircraft Illustrated -- Virgin Birth'' . Ian Allan: 48-- 51. ISSN 0002-2675 . Jump up ^ West Sussex County Times . 20 January 1984. p. 1. Jump up ^ `` Branson's flights of fancy: The highs and lows of Virgin Atlantic.'' The Independent , 5 June 2009. Jump up ^ Bamber, G.J.; Gittell, J.H.; Kochan, T.von Nordenflytch, A. (2009). `` chapter 5'' . Up in the Air: How Airlines Can Improve Performance by Engaging their Employees . Ithaca: Cornell University Press. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ David Cross. `` Flying Dutchman-Virgin Atlantic style.'' Times (London, England) 17 November 1984: 1. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 20 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` Operation of the UK Traffic Distribution Rules in relation to all-cargo services at London Heathrow Airport'' (PDF) . BAA Heathrow . Retrieved 12 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Lee Glendinning (2 August 2007). `` Row over dirty tricks led to decade of hostilities'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Elkins, Kathleen. `` When Richard Branson's airline won $945,000 from a lawsuit, he gave it all to his employees.'' CNBC , 4 August 2017. Jump up ^ Velotta, Richard N. (21 May 2012). `` Virgin Atlantic, British airways to do battle over Las Vegas'' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin's battle of Britain with BA'' . BBC News. 7 June 1999 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin tip-off ' led to BA probe ' '' . BBC News. 23 June 2006 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US judge upholds BA's $300m fine'' . BBC News. 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Osborne, Alistair (14 July 2009). `` Virgin boss caught up in BA price fixing case'' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Osborne, Alistair (22 April 2010). `` Virgin Atlantic accused of fixing Hong Kong flight prices'' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Wearden, Graeme (22 April 2010). `` OFT accuses Virgin Atlantic and Cathay Pacific of price-fixing'' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Larson, Erik; Lundgren, Kari (14 December 2012). `` Virgin Atlantic, Cathay Pacific Cleared in U.K. Price-Fix Probe'' . Bloomberg . New York . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Nathalie Thomas (7 September 2014). `` Doubts over future of Virgin Atlantic's Little Red airline'' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Quinn, James (7 October 2014). `` British airline calls time on short-haul service after just 18 months in operation'' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin needed Delta to fly to the rescue, Branson admits'' . The Times . London. 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ bbc.com - Virgin Atlantic airline to cut 500 jobs 30 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` UK Office'' . Virgin Atlantic. 2013 . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Contact us'' . Virgin Holidays. 2013 . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Our offices'' . virgin-atlantic.com . Jump up ^ `` Branson sells 49% of Virgin Atlantic'' . BBC News . 20 December 1999 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SIA invites offers for its 49% stake in Virgin Atlantic'' . Channelnewsasia.com. 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Alistair Osborne (5 November 2010). `` Sir Richard Branson begins strategic review of Virgin Atlantic'' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Louise Armitstead (20 February 2011). `` Air France and Delta to target Virgin Atlantic'' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Max Kingsley-Jones (24 February 2011). `` IAG ' very interested' in Virgin, but only for slots: Walsh'' . Flightglobal . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Regulators Clear Virgin Atlantic/Delta Deal'' . Sky News . 20 June 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrew Parker (24 June 2013). `` Delta secures Virgin Atlantic stake'' . Financial Times . London . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Saporito, Bill (13 December 2012). `` Virgin Finally Hooks Up: Why Richard Branson Cut a Deal With Delta'' . Time Magazine . New York . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to: `` UK Airline Statistics, Data, Economic Regulation'' . Civil Aviation Authority. 19 April 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to: `` Virgin Atlantic press information kit'' (PDF) . Virgin Atlantic. March 2013 . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Staff Numbers'' . Virgin Atlantic . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic completes biggest ever product investment programme as it reports its 2012 financial results'' (Press release). Virgin Atlantic. 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic Sustainability Report 2013'' (PDF) (Press release). Virgin Atlantic. 2013 . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic 2013 Financial Results'' (PDF) . 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrew Parker (16 May 2013). `` Virgin Atlantic chief vows return to profit'' . Financial Times . London . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic 2014 financial results'' . 10 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic 2014 Full Year Report'' (PDF) . 10 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic Annual Report 2015'' (PDF) . 17 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic Annual Report 2016'' (PDF) . 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Upper Class transfers'' . Virgin Atlantic . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Our Clubhouses'' . virgin-atlantic.com . Jump up ^ Mark Odell (19 November 2012). `` Virgin set to boost short-haul ambitions'' . Financial Times . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic unveils UK airline service'' . BBC News Online . 1 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (10 December 2012). `` Virgin Atlantic to wet-lease A320s from Aer Lingus'' . London: Flightglobal . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ciara Kenny (8 April 2013). `` Aer Lingus to operate third UK route for Virgin'' . Irish Times . Dublin . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrew Clark (8 September 2014). `` Little Red could be thrown to the wolves and shut by ruthless Virgin'' . London: The Times . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin eyes BMI slots for launch of UK flights'' . London: Airport Watch. 8 April 2012 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic cancels Little Red domestic flight service'' . BBC News . 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` VIRGIN ATLANTIC INTERNATIONAL LIMITED'' . companieshouse.gov.uk . Companies House . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic Stop Press 852: Virgin Atlantic International Limited (VAIL)'' (PDF) . vsflyinghub.com . Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd. 10 November 2015 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Whyte, Patrick (20 November 2015). `` Virgin Atlantic sets up new airline entity'' . ttgmedia.com . TTG . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe, Madeline (9 December 2015). `` Virgin Atlantic raises £ 220m from mortgaging its Heathrow landing slots'' . cityam.com . CITY A.M . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Powley, Tanya; Jackson, Gavin (10 December 2015). `` Virgin Atlantic lands Europe's first bond tied to airport slots'' . ft.com . Financial Times . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Profile on Virgin Atlantic'' . CAPA . Centre for Aviation. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic's A340-600 -- the Longest Plane in the World -- Takes its First Commercial Flight'' . Pressreleasenetwork.com. 5 August 2002. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic Makes Europe's Largest Single Order For Fuel-Efficient Boeing 787 Dreamlines'' (Press release). Virgin Atlantic. 24 April 2007 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` First biofuel flight touches down'' . BBC News. 24 February 2008 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Zhang, Benjamin (29 October 2014). `` Check Out The New Boeing Dreamliner Richard Branson Just Launched With A Gospel Choir'' . Business Insider . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing our brand new Airbus A330'' . Virgin Atlantic. 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic Prepares to Debut A330-300'' . Routes Online. 11 April 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Neate, Rupert (23 March 2016). `` Supersonic jet startup vows ' affordable' travel -- if you have $5,000 to spare'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic buys Airbus A350 to be its ' future flagship ' '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018-05-19 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic Formally Cancels Their A380 Order - One Mile at a Time'' . One Mile at a Time . 2018-03-07 . Retrieved 2018-05-19 . Jump up ^ NClarkson (2016-07-12). `` Virgin Atlantic announces order for new Airbus 350-1000'' . Virgin . Retrieved 2018-05-19 . Jump up ^ `` VS to lease 4 A332's to cover 789 downtime - Page 2 - Airliners.net'' . www.airliners.net . Retrieved 2017-12-07 . Jump up ^ `` Production List Search'' . www.planespotters.net . Retrieved 2017-12-07 . Jump up ^ flightglobal.com - Virgin cancels long-dormant A380 order 7 March 2018 Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic A340-600 G-VWIN Resurrected from Tupelo Storage. The VS Source'' . thevssource.com . Retrieved 2018-05-11 . Jump up ^ `` G-VNAP Virgin Atlantic Airways Airbus A340-600'' . www.planespotters.net . Retrieved 2018-05-11 . Jump up ^ `` GINFO Search Results Summary - Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited'' . Civil Aviation Authority. 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: virgin-atlantic.com - Our fleet retrieved 7 April 2016 ^ Jump up to: `` Our fleet Virgin Atlantic'' . www.virginatlantic.com . Retrieved 2018-02-12 . Jump up ^ `` G-VLNM Virgin Atlantic Airways Airbus A330-200'' . www.planespotters.net . Retrieved 2018-05-11 . Jump up ^ `` Sleeping Beauty Rejuvenated - welcoming back G-VNAP - Ruby: a blog by Virgin Atlantic'' . Ruby: a blog by Virgin Atlantic . 2018-02-12 . Retrieved 2018-02-12 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic A340-600 G-VWIN Resurrected from Tupelo Storage. The VS Source'' . thevssource.com . Retrieved 2018-05-08 . ^ Jump up to: `` FARNBOROUGH: Virgin Atlantic to take 12 A350-1000s'' . Flight Global . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Five A340s will be sold, two to be stored. Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic Preparing Technicians For A350 Introduction'' . 27 September 2017. Jump up ^ James Pozzi (2017-09-27). `` Virgin Atlantic Preparing Technicians For A350 Introduction'' . MRO Network . Retrieved 2018-03-09 . Jump up ^ `` GINFO Search Results Summary - Virgin Atlantic International Limited'' . Civil Aviation Authority. 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Marketplace'' . Flight International : 8. 11 April 2000. Jump up ^ `` Virgin Atlantic upgrades Athens service with introduction of A321'' . Flight International : 12. 6 June 2000. Jump up ^ Dinsdale, James (28 September 2015). `` Lady Penelope Arrives in Goodyear, Leaves a Legacy Behind'' . Airline Geeks . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Branwell Johnson (29 July 2010). `` Virgin Atlantic flies high with new brand livery and identity'' . Marketing Week . London . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Report on the accident to Airbus A340-300, G-VSKY, at London Heathrow Airport on 5 November 1997'' . Air Accident Investigations Branch. 2000 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BWIA Int 9Y-JIL (Airbus A340 - MSN 16) (Ex G-VSKY ) - Airfleets aviation'' . airfleets.net . Jump up ^ `` Airbus A340-642, G-VATL'' (PDF) . Air Accident Investigations Branch. 2006 . Retrieved 26 July 2007 . Bibliography ( edit ) Gregory, Martyn. Dirty Tricks: British Airways' Secret War Against Virgin Atlantic . New York: Virgin, 2000. ISBN 0-7535-0458-8 Bower, Tom. Branson . UK: Fourth Estate, 2001 ISBN 1-84115-400-8 Branson, Richard. Losing my Virginity - The Autobiography . London: Virgin Books Ltd, 2006 (2nd reprint) ISBN 0-7535-1020-0 External links ( edit ) Media related to Virgin Atlantic at Wikimedia Commons Official website Virgin Group Assets Lifestyle Active Balloon Flights Books Care Experience Days Games Gaming Health Bank Voucher Electric Racing Wines Travel and Transport Atlantic Vacations Virgin Australia Holdings Australia Regional Tigerair Australia Galactic Orbit Holidays Travel City Direct Hotels Chicago Hyperloop One Limited Edition Natirar Necker Roof Gardens Ulusaba Limobike Oceanic Trains East Coast West Coast Voyages Music Megastores Records Virgin EMI V Festival Money Money (UK) Money (Australia) Media Connect Media Ireland Virgin Mobile Australia Canada Chile France India Poland South Africa USA UK Produced Radio UK France Canada Halifax Toronto Montreal Vancouver Calgary Edmonton Winnipeg London, ON Italy Dubai Turkey Jordan Thailand Virgin Hitz Eazy FM Lebanon Jakarta Oman Former Comics Festival (North America) Festival 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when do they find out who charles is pll
For her portrayal in the show 's sixth season , Ray won a Teen Choice Award for Choice TV : Villain .
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[ "Charlotte Drake Charlotte eavesdropping on a conversation between Ezra and Aria taking place at his apartment . Pretty Little Liars character Portrayed by Vanessa Ray First appearance `` UnmAsked '' Season 2 , episode 25 Last appearance `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Season 7 , episode 20 Profile Other names CeCe Drake Charles Drake Charles DiLaurentis Charlotte DiLaurentis `` A '' Varjak Alison DiLaurentis Freddie Occupation A ( formerly ) Red Coat ( formerly ) Stylist ( formerly ) show Family Father Ted Wilson Mother Mary Drake Adoptive father Kenneth DiLaurentis Adoptive mother Jessica DiLaurentis Half - sisters Spencer Hastings Alex Drake Aunts and uncles Jessica DiLaurentis First cousins Alison DiLaurentis Jason DiLaurentis", "Charlotte Drake", "Charlotte eavesdropping on a conversation between Ezra and Aria taking place at his apartment .", "Pretty Little Liars character", "Portrayed by Vanessa Ray", "First appearance `` UnmAsked '' Season 2 , episode 25", "Last appearance `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Season 7 , episode 20", "Profile", "Other names CeCe Drake Charles Drake Charles DiLaurentis Charlotte DiLaurentis `` A '' Varjak Alison DiLaurentis Freddie", "Occupation A ( formerly ) Red Coat ( formerly ) Stylist ( formerly )", "show Family Father Ted Wilson Mother Mary Drake Adoptive father Kenneth DiLaurentis Adoptive mother Jessica DiLaurentis Half - sisters Spencer Hastings Alex Drake Aunts and uncles Jessica DiLaurentis First cousins Alison DiLaurentis Jason DiLaurentis", "show Family Father Ted Wilson Mother Mary Drake Adoptive father Kenneth DiLaurentis Adoptive mother Jessica DiLaurentis Half - sisters Spencer Hastings Alex Drake Aunts and uncles Jessica DiLaurentis First cousins Alison DiLaurentis Jason DiLaurentis", "show Family", "Father Ted Wilson", "Mother Mary Drake", "Adoptive father Kenneth DiLaurentis", "Adoptive mother Jessica DiLaurentis", "Half - sisters Spencer Hastings Alex Drake", "Aunts and uncles Jessica DiLaurentis", "First cousins Alison DiLaurentis Jason DiLaurentis", "Charlotte Drake is a fictional character in Pretty Little Liars , an American mystery drama television series based on the homonymous novel series written by Sara Shepard . Charlotte is a character that only appears in the television series and is portrayed by Vanessa Ray . The character is also featured in the Pretty Little Liars web series Pretty Dirty Secrets .", "Charlotte was introduced in the third season using the pseudonym CeCe Drake . Acting as a best friend and mentor to Alison DiLaurentis , CeCe moved back to Rosewood two years after Alison 's disappearance . Having stolen the game from Mona Vanderwaal , Drake acted as the leader of the A-Team , recruiting minions to do her biding whilst also concealing her identity from them as Red Coat . Following the events from `` A dAngerous gAme '' , the group disbanded and her schemes were from then on primarily assisted by a single ally , later divulged to be Sara Harvey .", "During the fourth - season episode `` Now You See Me , Now You Do n't '' , CeCe is revealed to be Red Coat . In the sixth - season episode `` Game Over , Charles '' , Drake unmasked herself as Big `` A '' , and revealed that she was born male and underwent gender reassignment surgery . In the following episode `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' , it is shown that Charlotte spent the subsequent five years at the Welby State Psychiatric Hospital . Charlotte is eventually released from Welby after the Liars ( minus Aria ) lie under oath and testify in favor of her release as a favor to Alison . However , Charlotte is murdered by an unknown assailant merely hours after leaving Welby . Her death fueled the rise of a new `` A '' , using the alias A.D. , who was severely adamant on avenging Charlotte 's homicide . During the sixth - season finale `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' , the Liars discover that Jessica DiLaurentis has an identical twin sister , Mary Drake , a former patient at Radley Sanitarium who is Charlotte 's biological mother . In `` The DArkest Knight '' , Mary is revealed to be Spencer Hastings ' biological mother , thus making her Charlotte 's maternal half - sister . During `` Farewell , My Lovely '' , Mona confesses to killing Charlotte after finding out that her mental health had n't improved and her intentions were to harm the Liars again . In `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , the elusive A.D. is revealed to be Alex Drake , Spencer 's identical twin sister . Alex believed the Liars knew who orchestrated Charlotte 's murder and was also set on physically replacing Spencer due to envying the upbringing she was able to have .", "It was reported that Vanessa Ray was cast to portray CeCe Drake , who was later known to be Charlotte DiLaurentis . When Ray was announced to start filming again for Pretty Little Liars fourth season , she spoke about returning , stating : `` It 's so fun to do , and what a crazy character I get to play . She 's sort of a sociopath . I think she 's so weird because she 's , like , 22 but hangs out with high - schoolers . It 's like , ' Hey , girl ! Get a life ! ' '' Drake was characterized as a `` beyond - charismatic twenty - something blonde stylist at a boutique that has one heel in the present , one in the past . '' Pretty Little Liars executive producer Oliver Goldstick stated that Drake acted as a mentor to Alison DiLaurentis , teaching her `` the wicked ways of the world . '' Drake 's is described as having a sociopathic personality : controlling , charming , seductive , dominant , and extremely intelligent . The character was also described by Ray as `` off - the - wall , self - centered , bizarre fashionista . ''", "The character makes her first appearance in this season , during the episode `` UnmAsked '' , as the stranger in a red bathrobe who pays a visit to Mona Vanderwaal following her admission to Radley Sanitarium .", "In `` Blood Is The New Black '' , CeCe / Red Coat is seen buying black hoodies and gloves for her team members . The store owner says to the then mysterious entity : `` So , are you buying this for a team ? '' .", "During `` Kingdom of the Blind '' , CeCe / Big A pours herself a drink as she is making another necklace , and puts the vodka bottle in the freezer next to a bodybag .", "In `` Birds of a Feather '' , CeCe / Big A is at the airport hacking the system of Radley Sanitarium in order to allow Mona having visitors .", "During `` That Girl is Poison '' , CeCe / Big A goes through Maya 's purse , finding different items belonging to Maya St. Germain .", "In `` The Remains of the A '' , CeCe / Big A looks at rooms for rent in the newspaper and calls a number , ready to officially move to Rosewood .", "CeCe Drake makes her first official appearance in `` Crazy '' . The girls mistake her for Alison due to their physical similarities . CeCe spent what was described as an `` intense '' summer with Alison DiLaurentis in Cape May , New Jersey , prior to her disappearance . She previously dated Jason DiLaurentis and broke up with him the day after Alison went missing . Jason blames CeCe for the way Ali acted . When Emily and Nate are looking for something he wanted to purchase Jenna Marshall for her birthday , CeCe could tell Emily disfavored his interest on Jenna and assumed she had feelings for Nate . Thus , she steals Jenna 's contact from Emily 's cell phone , and prank dials Marshall to state she was Nate 's girlfriend , and wanted Jenna to back off . Emily is frightened , but CeCe deduces she 's grateful . At the end of the episode , Big A picks up a recorder which was in one of the dolls at Radley , that recorded the conversation between Mona , Aria and Hanna .", "In `` Stolen Kisses '' , CeCe / Big A collects a large sum of money from the bank .", "During `` The Kahn Game '' , CeCe reveals to Spencer and Aria that she was a student at UPenn and invites them to a frat party , promising Spencer that someone from UPenn admissions would be attending . Later , CeCe challenges Eric Kahn to a game of `` Truth or Dare '' . At the end of the episode , A receives a key from a cat obsessed woman to the `` unit A '' .", "In `` What Lies Beneath '' , Charlotte watches the news as she 's hanging up black hoodies and moving boxes . On one of them , it is written the name `` Hopkins '' , which is the first hospital that had done a sex change surgery .", "During `` Single Fright Female '' , CeCe is seen posting something at the front of the school when Spencer asks her what she 's doing . CeCe tells her she 's trying to spread the word about a fashion show . Once they catch a glimpse of Paige and Emily arriving to school , CeCe reveals to Spencer that her and Paige had a feud between the two over Emily Fields in which CeCe referred to Paige as `` Pig Skin '' . In a flashback , CeCe and Alison talk in her car , and Alison tells her about how she 'd set up Paige by writing her a love letter , pretending to be Emily . CeCe says she 's proud of her . When Paige appears for the setup , Alison confronts her and threatens to tell her father , who is the deacon at the church . Paige screams at Alison to give her the note back , but Alison says that she owns her now . CeCe gleefully speeds away from the scene with Alison . CeCe proceeds to admit that she believed Alison was afraid of Paige . Later , Spencer helps her out at the boutique and CeCe saves her from a snake attack in one of the dressing rooms . At the end of the episode , Big A plays on the jukebox as she hands over a key to another black - gloved A .", "In `` Out of the Frying Pan , Into the Inferno '' , CeCe remembers the photo of Ali and Cece bonding with lobsters in Cape May , NJ that Emily shows her , but she confesses to never really knowing who `` beach hottie '' was . CeCe stated `` Honestly , there were so many hotties down there that summer '' . A flashback later showcases Alison visiting CeCe at Annie 's Crab Shack to inform her that her period was late . CeCe then states to Emily that she was wearing protection but `` not all the time '' . Ali comes to see her at Annie 's Crab Shack and tells her she 's late ... like two weeks late . She was using protecting , `` just not all the time . '' At the end of the episode , A is sporting her Red Coat disguise in her lair whilst using a blow torch to burn a bobblehead Hanna doll .", "During `` Dead to Me '' , `` A '' purchases whiskey in a store .", "In What Becomes of the Broken - Hearted `` , CeCe is at the Brew when Emily spots her and starts asking questions about `` Beach Hottie , '' She leaves , stating that she does n't have time to answer questions since she has to get pictures for her store 's website . She winds up calling Aria , to ask if she could help with the photos , since the first photographer she hired was unprofessional . CeCe later leaves Aria and Wesley alone to go get some dinner and never returns . She calls to tell them her car got towed , but she is lying because she is sitting in her car while making that phone call . Only minutes prior , Jason and Emily were involved in an elevator accident - an act of deliberate sabotage . In this same episode , Jason relays a flashback to Emily of the night Ali disappeared . He recalled seeing ' Alison ' arguing with Melissa near his house , but when he called her name , it was CeCe who turned her head around . At the end of the episode , two ' A 's play `` spin the bottle '' with pictures of the Liars on whiskey bottles . The flask ends up pointing on Aria , but Big A turns it to Spencer and then , both of them drink the whiskey .", "During `` Hot Water '' , Hanna sees Wilden arrest CeCe in his police vehicle . CeCe later leaves Rosewood because Wilden believes she told people about him possibly getting Alison pregnant . As she 's packing her bags , Emily quickly stops by her apartment in order to find out who took the picture of her and Alison at Wilden 's boat . CeCe admits that it was Melissa and once Emily confronts her about Jason 's memory of seeing Melissa talking to her at the DiLaurentis ' backyard the night Alison went missing , she later reveals that Melissa was looking for the N.A.T. Club 's footage . At the end of the episode , Big A cuts up pink roses , and puts them in a lowery wreath with a ribbon which says `` With Deepest Sympathy '' , foreshadowing Toby 's faux death .", "In `` Out of Sight , Out of Mind '' , Big A watches a man fishing up a cap belonging to a Rosewood Police 's officer .", "During `` I 'm Your Puppet '' , it was revealed that CeCe had a visitor pass to Radley signed by Wren and that she was secretly visiting Mona while she was admitted at the institution . According to Wren , he got into a lot of trouble for allowing her a pass at a time when Mona was n't supposed to have visitors . But he let CeCe see Mona because she was desperate to see her since she stated to have been `` traumatized by Alison '' and wanted to act as a mentor for Mona . Apparently , it was Melissa who called CeCe to tell her that Mona was in Radley . The reasons as to why she did so are still unspecified . Mona would later admit to seeing CeCe while in Radley , though not recalling what they spoke about due to being on medication , in the episode `` ' A ' is for A-l-i-v-e '' .", "In `` Turn of the Shoe '' , Big A feeds dinner to a caged Tippi as it continues to speak in Alison 's voice .", "During `` Cat 's Cradle '' , A looks at Emily 's x-ray of her shoulder .", "In `` Face Time '' , Big A holds a broken mask of Melissa as she glues the broken pieces together .", "During `` Gamma Zeta Die ! '' , Big A drinks a cup of tea while looking at a picture of Carla Grunwald , the house mother of Gamma Zeta Chi sorority .", "In `` Under the Gun '' , Charlotte hot - wires a car while wearing a mask of Emily 's face .", "When Toby and Caleb go to investigate Red Coat 's flight plan in the episode `` Crash and Burn , Girl ! '' , they question Nigel Wright a second time until he reluctantly reveals that he was paid to set up an anonymous private flight by CeCe to the lodge at Thornhill on the night of the fire incident that took place in the episode `` A dAngerous gAme '' At the end of the episode , A is in a hardware store , buying house fixing supplies addressed to Emily .", "During `` The Guilty Girl 's Handbook '' , Big A is seen drilling holes in the floor of the DiLaurentis house .", "In `` Into the Deep '' , Paige throws Emily a surprise birthday party at her aunt 's lake house . While Aria and Emily are looking for Spencer outside , Emily spots a body floating face down in the lake . She rushes in panick and turns the body over to see that it 's Jenna . Emily thinks whoever bashed her in the back of her head did it to make sure she did n't tell the Liars whatever information she withhold about Alison . Shana Fring later admits to Spencer at the hospital the person Jenna was afraid of was CeCe . At the end of the episode , Big A is seen playing the piano . She places a sheet of music in an envelope with the name `` Toby Cavanaugh '' written on it , whilst drinking wine .", "After Caleb finds CeCe 's address from an old cable bill in `` The Mirror Has Three Faces '' , Aria heads there and talks to CeCe 's old roommate . She reveals that Alison got CeCe kicked out of college after she pushed a girl down a flight of stairs at a frat party in `` The Badass Seed '' . However , Alison later reveals in the seventh - season episode `` Exes and OMGs '' that Noel was actually responsible for this incident and later used this information to blackmail him . Jessica DiLaurentis is also featured in the episode . In it , she has a flashback of a time when she received a phone call from Radley Sanitarium saying that Alison had checked in . When she got there she encountered CeCe dressed as Ali . Jessica described their friendship to Spencer and Hanna as obsessive and toxic , stating that `` they ' wore ' each other 's personalities '' . The girls realize that the `` Alison '' masks that Alison purchased were n't for them , she probably had them made for CeCe . At the end of episode , Big A throws Ashley 's muddy shoe in the pile of Emily 's collapsed house .", "CeCe makes her first official appearance in the fourth season during the episode `` Bring Down the Hoe '' . She is seen in an apartment filled with pictures of Alison DiLaurentis and the Liars , dating all the way back from Halloween 2008 . We also see that she has a red coat , hinting at the fact that CeCe potentially spied on the Liars at the hoedown they attended earlier . CeCe is then shown in a black hoodie spying on Aria Montgomery and Ezra Fitz . Later , ' A ' makes voodoo dolls of the five Liars : Aria , Spencer , Hanna , Emily , and the newest one , Mona . She takes the knitting utensil and stabs the Mona doll .", "In `` Now You See Me , Now You Do n't '' , the Liars are convinced that CeCe did indeed murder Darren Wilden as a sketch of a blonde woman resembling her physical features is shown on the news . As the girls realize that there are in fact two Red Coats while saving Emily in Ravenswood , Spencer chases after one while Aria chases after the other . During a brief struggle in which her Alison mask is kicked off by Aria , CeCe is revealed to be one of the Red Coats , and is the evil one that had been working against the Liars . CeCe attempts to escape by grabbing onto a rope , only for it to snap . Aria tries to pull CeCe up as she pleads for Aria to help her , however she proves too heavy for Aria as her sleeve rips and she falls to the ground . As the Liars gather together they are unsure if CeCe is dead or not . While the Liars are contemplating calling the police , CeCe 's hand is seen twitching , and when the Liars turn around she has seemingly disappeared .", "During `` Who 's In The Box '' , Big A is spotted opening a secret basement in Ezra Fitz 's cabin .", "According to Travis in `` Love ShAck , Baby '' , CeCe was last spotted in Maryland on the run from the authorities . It was also divulged that she made huge money deposits before Wilden died . Big A later hacks into a GPS System , hinting that she might be the one who messed with Emily 's GPS car settings .", "In `` Close Encounters '' , A slices a picture of Ali and Shana when they were younger in half and symbolically lights the half with Shana 's face on fire . There 's a possibility that this person was Shana Fring . During `` Bite Your Tongue '' , Big A shreds Radley 's visiting documents and uses the shredded paper to line Tippi 's cage . In `` Hot for Teacher '' , Big A empties an envelope containing prescription pads with Wren 's name and credentials . During `` Free Fall '' , A collects the pages of Ezra 's book .", "During `` She 's Come Undone '' , it was revealed that CeCe witnessed a fight between Spencer Hastings and Alison DiLaurentis the night of Ali 's disappearance and that Jessica DiLaurentis paid CeCe to be quiet about it . Big A is later seen reading Ezra 's story by a fireplace .", "At the end of `` Cover For Me '' , Big A cuts a loose string on a wedding dress , foreshadowing the events of `` Unbridled '' ,", "During the season finale `` A is for Answers '' , CeCe is detained by Detective Gabriel Holbrook and questioned about Wilden 's homicide . She confesses to knowing who murdered Bethany Young ( the girl buried in Alison 's grave ) and that Alison is still alive . At the end of the episode , Jessica 's dead body is dragged across the grass as Charlotte buries her on the Hastings ' backyard .", "In `` Escape from New York '' , CeCe is taken away by officer Barry Maple to be sent to jail , however , at some point she knocks him unconscious , steals his cop car and heads off to New York where Alison and the Liars are . Drake finds Ali and asks for her help since Alison owed CeCe a favor for helping her out in Ravenswood . Alison offers her a plane ticket to France and she leaves the country , under the alias of Vivian Darkbloom . When Emily catches Alison , she divulges that CeCe was being paid by Ezra for information . Ali further claims to have asked her to dress up as Red Coat only to distract `` Big A '' . However , it 's revealed much later that , unbeknownst to Alison , CeCe was the person who stole the `` A '' game from Mona and donned the Red Coat disguise during some of her missions . Ali also reveals that Drake was accountable for Wilden 's murder .", "Drake is absent for the following three episodes , seeing as she headed to France . `` Big A '' later makes a comeback in `` Miss Me × 100 '' . She blows up the Cavanaugh 's house and is seen texting the Liars while moving her belongings into a new lair .", "During `` The Silence of the E. Lamb '' , `` Big A '' , opens up Ella 's engagement party letter and takes a picture of the item before gluing it back together as if it were never open .", "In `` Scream For Me '' , `` Big A '' walks through Spencer 's room , flipping up a hidden panel under a couch cushion that ultimately opens up a secret compartment at the Hastings house .", "During `` March of Crimes '' , `` Big A '' is at the Optometrics office Spencer frequented , eavesdropping on what is happening to Ali at the police station through the usage of her mp3 player .", "In `` A Dark Ali '' , `` Big A '' folds laundry , including a striped candy pinafore .", "During `` Taking This One to the Grave '' , `` Big A '' allegedly murders Mona Vanderwaal . She later replaces the baby Jesus ornament with a Mona doll and opens up the trunk of her car , revealing Mona 's body . She then makes a snow globe with the picture of The Liars .", "In `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' , CeCe returns to Rosewood to comfort Ali on her first Christmas without Jessica . In order to remain unseen , Drake wears a white cloak and offers Alison a bottle of customized perfume before warning her the Liars were there and not `` to say Merry Christmas '' , meaning she does not trust them . The two later escape the ball after Alison hands to Cindy and Mindy their clothes as well as `` Alison '' masks and blonde wigs to trick the Liars . At the end of the episode , `` Big A '' lights up a Christmas tree outside Spencer 's house with the message `` Merry Christmas , Bitches - A '' .", "During `` Over a Barrel '' , `` Big A '' sneaks into Holbrook 's office and hacks into the Rosewood PD site on her computer .", "In `` The Bin of Sin '' , `` Big A '' shines UV light on the door which leads to an ice cream factory containing Mona 's clothes , looking for the Liars ' fingerprints .", "During `` Oh , What Hard Luck Stories They All Hand Me '' , `` Big A '' becomes angry when the tape is missing from the binding in Mona 's book .", "In `` Out , Damned Spot '' , `` Big A '' drops Hanna 's blood onto the clothes Mona wore when she died .", "During `` Pretty Is n't The Point '' , `` Big A '' walks into Mike 's room and starts lifting the gym equipment as exercises .", "In `` Bloody Hell '' , `` Big A '' places a $20 bill in each of the bibles at Chester Women 's Correctional Facility , to make the inmates beat Alison .", "During `` The Melody Lingers On '' , `` Big A '' shreds Paul Varjak 's documents and uses the shredded paper to line Tippi 's cage , paralleling an exact scene from the fourth season .", "In `` I 'm a Good Girl , I Am '' , Charlotte plays with the Liars ' dolls ( minus Alison 's ) in a vehicle that escorts them to prison . After that , she prepares her tuxedo for the demented prom , foreshadowing the torturous events of `` Welcome to the Dollhouse '' .", "During `` Do n't Look Now '' , `` Big A '' is seen seated in front of a computer looking at the location of the Liars , revealing she placed trackers in them .", "In `` She 's No Angel '' , `` Big A '' creates a doll - sized wig of Aria 's hairstyle with pink highlights .", "During `` O Brother , Where Art Thou '' , `` Big A '' receives a present from her ally ( presumably Sara Harvey ) . The gift is unveiled to be a portrait of a young Charles DiLaurentis accompanied by a young Jason and Alison at his 12th birthday party .", "In `` FrAmed '' , `` Big A '' is monotoring footage from Rosewood 's Art Gallery when her ally , costumed as Red Coat , arrives at their lair . At the end of the episode , `` Big A '' places six syringes in the trunk of her car , while Red Coat hands her an envelope from the driver 's seat . The item contains two tickets to Rosewood High 's prom .", "During `` Last Dance '' , `` Big A '' abducts Alison at her high school prom and takes her backstage to unmask herself .", "In the mid-season finale of the sixth season `` Game Over , Charles '' , CeCe is revealed to be the mysterious antagonist that has tormented the Liars throughout their senior year . At the ending of the previous episode , CeCe ( then unknown ) abducts Alison and takes her to Radley Sanitarium , where she recounts her story to Ali . Meanwhile , the Liars assist through a live feed in a vault at the Carissimi Group . Drake reveals to have been born as a boy named Charles DiLaurentis , and when he was 7 years old , he gave Alison a bath , but accidentally dropped her in the scalding hot water . Ali was saved by Kenneth , but as a consequence Charles was admitted to Radley . According to CeCe , as a child she frequently asked her mother to purchase her dresses but Kenneth despised his son for being feminine , so he used the bathtub incident as an excuse to send him away . Despite feeling lonely while residing at Radley , Jessica paid a visit to Charles as often as she could , in an attempt to make him feel less alienated .", "When Charles was 12 years old , Bethany Young pushed Toby 's mother Marion Cavanaugh off the roof of Radley , presumably to protect his femininity . However , Bethany double - crossed Charles and blamed him for Marion 's homicide . The staff at Radley believed her accusations due to the fact that Charles was wearing a dress at the time and did n't want to be seen in it . Jessica paid off a young Officer Wilden to make sure Mrs. Cavanaugh 's death was ruled a suicide . Charles was diagnosed with intermittent explosive disorder ( IED ) , though this was actually an accurate diagnosis for Bethany . For the subsequent 2 years he was heavily medicated with tranquilizers , but was let out to attend his symbolic fake funeral . After the funeral took place at Carol Ward 's house , Jessica finally embraced Charles as her daughter . She allowed his return to Radley as a female , renamed Charlotte .", "Charlotte dedicated herself to math as a way to escape reality , which allowed her to attend classes at the University of Pennsylvania . She thought going to school would be fun but it was easy for her since she already knew what she was being taught . One day , she called in a bomb threat to cancel classes . She used the opportunity to go to Rosewood High for yearbook picture day where she met Jason . She briefly dated him under the CeCe Drake alias , in order to get closer to her family . Jessica did n't know that CeCe Drake and Charlotte were the same person until the day the DiLaurentis were leaving for Cape May . Though initially angered at her children 's incestuous relationship , Jessica allows Charlotte to go on vacation with the rest of the family . In Cape May , Charlotte became close friends with Alison and even planned on telling her they were related . However , Bethany found out about Mrs. D 's affair with her father , thus ruining Charlotte 's opportunity to tell her sister the truth . On Labor Day Weekend , the night of Alison 's disappearance , Bethany stole Charlotte 's clothes and snuck out of Radley to hurt Jessica at the DiLaurentis property . Charlotte broke out as well , in order to prevent Young from harming her mother . She stumbled upon a blonde in the front yard and bashes her in the skull with a rock . Charlotte immediately realizes that she actually hit Alison , not Bethany . Jessica buried Ali out of panic and paid Wilden to take Charlotte back to Radley .", "The medical staff at Radley took away Charlotte 's out privileges but once Mona was admitted to the sanitarium , she took advantage of her drugged up state and manipulated her into telling everything she had done as `` A '' . After Charlotte permanently got out of Radley , she moved into Rosewood , where she purposely met the Liars , and began hating the girls due to their relief over Alison 's disappearance . Charlotte kept seeing a blonde girl in a red coat that resembled Ali , so she sent Sara Harvey to dress up as Red Coat and act as a decoy in the night of the lodge incident at Thornhill . Melissa also secretly ordered Shana and Jenna to keep tabs on the Liars , since she too had her own suspicions that Ali was alive . Charlotte 's intentions were to lure Alison out of hiding , but things took a left turn when Shana set fire to the lodge . Nonetheless , Aria , Emily and Spencer were rescued by Sara and Alison arrived just in time to save Hanna , therefore giving Charlotte the much needed confirmation that her sister was alive . She killed Wilden to protect Alison since he would have never allowed her to return to Rosewood , and sent Sara to his funeral disguised as the Black Widow to ensure he was deceased . Before Charlotte fled to New York , she snuck home to say goodbye to her mother , only to find her lifeless body laying on the DiLaurentis ' backyard . Following her mother 's passing , she saw the events in New York as the perfect opportunity to end the `` A '' game and begin a new life in Paris , but eventually came back due to her addiction to power .", "Sara , dressed as Red Coat , sets a bomb to detonate inside of Radley as part of Charlotte 's final plan to kill her family along with herself . The Liars managed to prevent any collateral damage from happening , since Spencer disabled the bomb while Emily punched Sara for betraying her . Charlotte then runs towards the roof and attempts to commit suicide . However , the Liars arrive in time to persuade her not to and Charlotte instead declares the ending to her reign as `` A '' .", "In the following episode `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' , it is revealed that Charlotte spent the subsequent five years under medical care at the Welby State Psychiatric Hospital . Despite the Liars ' hesitation to testify in favor of Charlotte 's release from the hospital , the girls , aside from Aria , ended up lying for Alison and stated that they were no longer traumatized by the events her older sister had put them through . The court approved Charlotte 's release , however , it is revealed that Mona confronted her that night and that Charlotte intended on hurting the Liars to which they got in a fight and Charlotte got thrown against a metal staple that killed her and soon thrown off by Mona , soon being found dead the following day after allegedly committing suicide . After the funeral , the Liars were advised to stay in Rosewood , since the authorities ruled the events of Charlotte 's death a homicide and they would be possibly held in for questioning . A mysterious entity observes the Liars in a car before it drives off .", "During `` Charlotte 's Web '' , Spencer finds out that Charlotte was killed in a copycat manner off a murder she wrote an essay about in college . The Liars later suspect Aria of being accountable for Charlotte 's death after security footage at The Radley reveals that Ezra met up with her at the hotel and both left during the time her former tormentor was killed . When confronted by her friends , Aria decides to come clean about that night and reveals she could n't sleep so she wanted to talk to Ezra and the two went for a walk around town . Around the time she departed with Ezra , both witnessed whom it appeared to be Charlotte entering the church moments before being murdered . At the end of the episode , an unidentified individual places flowers on Charlotte 's fresh grave next to Jessica DiLaurentis ' , prior to walking over to a black car . Before stepping inside , their chauffeur states , `` I 'm sorry for your loss . ''", "In `` The Gloves Are On '' , Ezra refuses to talk about his whereabouts the night Charlotte was murdered and the Liars begin receiving text messages from their newest tormentor . At the end of the episode , an unseen person is holding a pair of Charlotte 's signature black hoodies and gloves and dumps them into a garbage bin before searching for `` UNIFORMS '' on Google .", "When the murder weapon is revealed to be a nine iron in `` New Guys , New Lies '' , Aria , with Emily 's assistance , tries to find out if Ezra is guilty . Unable to get into Ezra 's loft as he is out of town , Aria breaks in . In the loft , she witnesses that Ezra 's nine iron is n't missing , but then overhears a voicemail coming in from her dad and worries that Byron might have had something to do with Charlotte 's death . Later , Aria checks Byron 's car to see his golf clubs and its nine iron is missing .", "After breaking into Sara Harvey 's hotel room in `` Do Not Disturb '' , and finding out that she 's staying in what used to be Charlotte 's former room at Radley , Aria and Spencer continue their investigation process in `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' . They discover a hole in the wall with a ladder leading down to a mysterious alley . There , they stumble upon an electric switchboard , presuming it was used upon Charlotte when she was admitted to Radley . They also uncover a secret passage that leads to somewhere out the back of the hotel which they suspect is how Sara has been getting in and out of the hotel unseen , fueling the possibility that she 's avenging her former employer 's death . Detective Tanner later divulges to the Liars that someone dialed Charlotte from the Two Crows diner the night she passed away . At the end of the episode , Spencer discovers that Melissa 's broken suitcase handle matches the description of the alleged murder weapon .", "Throughout `` We 've All Got Baggage '' , Hanna further fuels the possibility that Melissa could have killed Charlotte by telling Spencer and Caleb how she ran into her at a fashion show in London , years prior to Charlotte 's murder . A flashback reveals that Melissa spent the entire night drinking and sobbing at a bathroom in order to get over the fact that Charlotte dialed Wren to inform him that his partner had buried Bethany Young . Due to the side - effects of alcohol , Melissa proceeded to grab Hanna 's phone and dial Welby to have a word with Charlotte by pretending to be Alison . Hanna got into a fight with Melissa and eventually threw the phone at a mirror to prevent hearing Charlotte 's voice from the other end . Emily visits the Two Crows diner and discovers the missing part from Melissa 's suitcase , but is nearly run over by a car that steals the weapon .", "In `` Burn This '' , Emily stumbles upon an auto shop that appears to be fixing the same car that almost ran her over . After asking if anyone had brought in a dark gray SUV , one of the mechanic insists they ca n't help her . Emily comes backs to snoop around and lifts up a tarp covering a car . She sees paint and takes a picture of it before the same mechanic she had confronted earlier demands to know why she was there again . Emily tells him the car she was talking about matches the one she was investigating and asks if he knows who drove it last night . He says `` Maybe I lent it to a friend . I ca n't remember '' . Emily holds up a picture of Melissa and asks if she was his friend . The mechanic denies , before looking back at the other guys and ordering Emily to leave . Later , Emily spots a pink dice keychain on Mona 's keys as she 's walking over to her car after leaving Hanna 's engagement party . The object happens to fit the description of whomever called Charlotte the night she was killed . After being confronted by Emily , Mona states she ca n't talk about that subject outdoors . At the end of the episode , we see the mechanic that interacted with Emily wiping paint off the SUV , before reaching into the car and finding an enveloping containing several hundred dollars and smiling .", "During `` Did You Miss Me ? '' , Mona confesses to Emily that she called Charlotte from the Two Crows dinner in order to obtain answers and to find out if she was planning to use anything against her or the Liars since she did n't implicate them at all whilst hospitalized at Welby . Emily questions Mona whether or not she was responsible for Charlotte 's homicide , but Mona states she did n't show up at the diner . Later during the episode , Emily and Spencer witness Sara Harvey 's helper leaving the city hall with a document he hastily hands her as she suspiciously drives off . The girls decide to pursue Sara 's driver and distract him in order to investigate his bags . In them , they stumble upon a tube that contains Radley 's floor plan . Spencer then instructs Emily to continue following him so she can get a copy of the document at the town 's city hall .", "In `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' , Toby and Spencer study the replica map of Radley 's floor plan and decide to head to the underground alley underneath Sara 's hotel room to investigate it . Mona follows the two of them , and they stumble upon a floor containing an old Radley medical file belonging to Mary Drake . Mary was Jessica 's identical twin sister who gave birth to Charles while she was still a patient at Radley Sanitarium . Since she was n't stable enough to look after her child , Jessica and Kenneth fostered their nephew . At the end of the episode , it 's revealed that Charlotte was in a secret relationship with Dr. Elliott Rollins , who was recruited by Mary to drive Alison insane so they 'd gain full possession of the Carissimi Group 's money .", "In `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' , Elliott commences his physical torture towards Alison at Welby , believing she 's held accountable for his former lover 's murder .", "During `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' , the Liars discover a credit card statement charged for an Amish Bed & Breakfast on Elliott 's dresser . After discovering it was the same week he went to his family 's farm with Alison , Aria and Hanna drive there in hopes to fill out some blanks in regards to who Rollins truly is . Shorty after arriving at the small community , they meet a pre-teen girl called Eliza . She proceeds to show them dolls that Charlotte had offered her named and styled after each of the Liars . Eliza further divulges that their former tormentor used to visit the area very frequently with Elliott and had witnessed them exchanging a kiss .", "In a flashback during `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' , it 's divulged that Alison was the blonde in the red sweater whom Ezra and Aria spotted the night of Charlotte 's homicide . She followed her cousin to the church and up the bell tower , where the two argued over Ali 's romantic involvement with Elliott . Charlotte heavily disapproved their relationship and accuses her cousin of merely visiting her in order to get closer to Rollins . Alison leaves the church moments before Charlotte is presumably murdered . At the end of the episode , Mona and Hanna listen to an incoming call from Jenna in Elliott 's burner phone , which reveals his factual name as Archer .", "In another flashback during `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' , it 's revealed that Charlotte enlisted Jenna 's help to track down her birth mother 's whereabouts and come up with an alias for her faux psychiatrist ( revealed to be a wanted criminal in the previous episode ) . The pseudonym Elliott Rollins was later created so Archer could deliberately meet Alison and take advantage of her good intentions to benefit Charlotte 's eventual release .", "During `` Original G'A'ngsters '' , the Liars investigate the storm cellar over at Aunt Carol 's house and discover that Jessica had turned it into her lair and kept files on all of them as well as Mary . While searching through Drake 's medical history , they find out that she had a second child . The gender of Charlotte 's biological sibling is undisclosed .", "In `` The Wrath of Kahn '' , Spencer and Emily find a flash drive at The Kahn 's cabin filled with footage from the time they were held captive in Charlotte 's Dollhouse . After watching one of the videos , they discover that Noel Kahn was helping Charlotte torture them . During this episode , Aria and Jason team up to find out more details in regards to Mary 's past and discover that Steven Kahn , Noel 's father , orchestrated the adoption of Drake 's second child .", "Near the ending of `` The Darkest Knight '' , Jenna and Noel both attempt to murder the Liars , partly for their own reasons but to also avenge Charlotte , whom according to Kahn `` taught them a lot '' . During the cat - and - mouse chase , Noel ends up stumbling upon an axe that decapitates his head and Marshall is knocked down by Mary Drake just as she was about to shoot Spencer Hastings . Once the Liars stumble upon Spencer being cradled on Mary 's arms , they deduce she 's accountable for their friend 's critical condition . Mary swears she 'd never harm Spencer as she tearfully claims to be her birth mother , thus revealing that Spencer is Charlotte 's biological sister .", "During `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' , Jenna walks into the police station in order to come clean about her actions and interrupts a conversation between Spencer and detective Marco Furey . Marshall reports that she kept a low profile after the events that took place at the abandoned school for blind students to avoid being harmed by Noel . According to Jenna , Kahn was accountable for Sara Harvey 's homicide and she feared to be his ensuing victim . He recruited Jenna with the assertion that Charlotte left enough money in her will to afford Marshall another eye surgery . Nevertheless , Jenna suspected Noel of stealthily plotting to steal the cash all to himself since his parents had financially cut him off . In an attempt to spare her life , Marshall brought a gun to the deserted sight school as an act of self - defense and pretended to hold a grudge against the Liars . Later in the episode , Caleb threatens Marshall by warning her that the cops were uncovering inconsistencies in her allegations . However , Jenna assures him the police wo n't be able to prosecute her since Noel was the only person who could contradict her statement .", "In `` Power Play '' , Hanna is hanging out at Spencer 's house when she spots a P.I. 's business card from Peter 's briefcase . She convinces Spencer to infiltrate the investigation in order to locate Drake , and theorizes that Mary might be able to help point them in the direction of `` A.D. '' . Afterwards , Hanna picks up the phone and calls the P.I. , pretending to be someone from Peter 's office . After getting help from the P.I. , Hanna and Spencer knock on several doors until they approach one house and much to their surprise , Pastor Ted Wilson ( Hanna 's former step - dad ) opens the door . The girls show Ted a picture of Drake and ask him if he has seen her , to which Wilson informs them that he has n't . Hanna offers to grab coffee with Ted at the Radley later to catch up , and she also asks him to call her if he happens to spot Mary . As the Liars turn away to leave , Drake shows up in the doorway . Ted turns to Drake and questions her on what she 's truly doing there . Later , he reaches out to Hanna to talk and they meet up at Lucas ' loft , where Wilson reveals to have lied about Mary 's visit . Ted further confesses that Drake is an ex-girlfriend of his back when he was a college student and that she met up with him to inform they had a child together . Things get even more intricate when Wilson discloses to Hanna that said offspring was Charlotte and that he met his daughter prior to her sex change . It turns out that Ted used to run a summer camp for troubled boys , and Charles was a camper there . Wilson is disheartened when describing that he interacted with a `` soft - spoken , sweet '' boy without awareness they were related . Ted then showcases Hanna a picture of himself back when he worked at the camp , chaperoning Charles and Lucas Gottesman , whom he described as his son 's `` only friend '' . This revelation leaves Hanna stunned .", "During `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' , the Liars are gathered at the Brew discussing Pastor Ted 's mysterious photo of Charlotte and Lucas . Together , they wonder if Gottesman and Charlotte managed to stay in touch throughout the years . The girls decide to search Lucas 's loft in an attempt to obtain answers , but Aria points out that the entire building could be bugged , considering his affinity for high - tech gadgets . Later , Emily and Hanna commence their search through Lucas 's apartment . Hanna is quick to defend her friend , but while rummaging through a box of comic books , the two Liars come across a manila envelope tucked all the way in the back . Hanna reaches inside and pulls out another comic titled Arcturus . The author signatures at the bottom catches their eye , which reveal that it was conceived by Lucas and Charlotte . Aria soon joins Emily and Hanna , and they inspect the comic together . The content seems to be about a troubled boy who befriends a woman from outer space with magical powers . Together , they seek vengeance upon people who have hurt him . The girls ca n't help but notice that there are some eerily familiar drawings that resemble the electrical switches from Charlotte 's Dollhouse . Almost immediately after this uncovering , Aria is seen on her phone , telling A.D. all about the comic through FaceTime . Back at the loft , Hanna pulls out the box where she previously found Lucas 's mysterious comic , only to realize that it 's missing . Aria is then seen bringing the comic to Rosewood High in the middle of the night . Her mission is to place the book in locker 214 . Just as she starts to walk away after doing so , Aria appears to have a change of heart . She immediately doubles back to the locker , only to find a black hoodie hanging from the hook in its place . Near the end of the episode , Ezra spots Spencer at the airport with Wren Kingston . She immediately gets up and walks over to Ezra to quickly introduce him to her ex-boyfriend . Spencer then pulls Ezra off to the side and explains to him that she has n't spoken to Kingston since before Charlotte 's homicide . She met up with Wren in order to seek for enlightenment on his behalf about her half - sister given that he helped her sneak in and out of Radley .", "In `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' , Spencer steals a flash drive from Marco . The item contains footage of Lucas admitting to the authorities that he was n't Hanna 's alibi on the night of Charlotte 's murder and that the other Liars are capable of homicide . Gottesman is then shown clutching the comic book that Aria handed to A.D. and later spotted by Hanna awaiting someone at The Radley . He is finally caught by all of the Liars when searching through the contents of his apartment and they confront him in an attempt to learn more about his connection to Charlotte . Lucas claims to have been unaware that Charles transitioned into a female and took inspiration upon the narrative of their book . A worrying Gottesman further divulges that he may have fed Charlotte all the information needed to torture the Liars since they stayed in touch through e-mail . During high school , Lucas disclosed to Charlotte that Alison bullied him and the other girls did nothing to prevent her out of loyalty . An anonymous individual proceeded to return the graphic novel to Gottesman , along with a note instructing him to meet them at The Radley or else his former friendship with Charlotte would be exposed . The person who gave him the ultimatum failed to show up , prompting Lucas to run back to his loft . As it turns out , Gottesman was concerned about a second graphic novel that had never been completed because it continued his first book 's revenge storyline , only this time turning the events into a game . In the final moments of the episode , A.D. is seen flipping through pages of the missing novel and starts drawing the next chapter of the story , which includes a gravestone ( presumably Charlotte 's ) nearby a tree .", "During `` Farewell , My Lovely '' , Hanna noticed rose petals falling from the church 's bell tower which prompts her to investigate . There she finds Mona dressed like she used to in high school . Hanna is puzzled over the fact that her friend keeps referring to her as Charlotte . Mona divulges she killed Charlotte and through flashbacks we see the two of them engaging in a heated confrontation . After realizing that her health condition had n't improved after all and her intentions were to torture the Liars again through even worse approaches , Mona held a screwdriver to Charlotte 's back . She taunted her former tormentor to jump or else she 'd push her . Shortly after narrating a portion of the events , Mona suddenly grabs Hanna and attempts to throw her off the bell tower until Caleb and Spencer arrive just in time to prevent any collateral damage from happening . Mona is then taken to the Lost Woods and discloses to Spencer she messed up killing Charlotte . Asking what she meant by that , Spencer coaxed the full story from Vanderwaal who revealed that a fight broke out . Charlotte cruelly assured Mona the Liars would never love her back , causing Vanderwaal to gain the upper hand and shove her against a wall . A metal rod impaled Charlotte 's cervical spine , which broke her neck and left a cut on the back of it . After realizing what she had done , Mona began to peel rose petals before throwing Charlotte 's lifeless body from the bell tower to make it look like a suicide .", "In `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , the elusive A.D. is revealed to be Alex Drake , Spencer 's identical twin sister and Charlotte 's maternal half - sister . She was born at Radley Sanitarium , the mental institution in which their mother had spent most her life in and out of . Prior to her birth was Spencer 's , who was placed in the care of their biological father , along with his wife . Alex 's existence was unbeknownst to the Hastings since she was born minutes after Spencer had already been given to Peter and Veronica . Mary , desperate to escape Radley , allowed Dr. Cochran to arrange Alex 's adoption in exchange for $500,000 and a resignation from the psychiatric hospital . Alex was later adopted by a wealthy British couple . However , she began developing mental health problems at an early age , and the family that took her in refused to tarnish their name . This resulted in Alex being stripped off of her adoptive family and placed into an orphanage with her birth name . She then bounced around foster homes and orphanages for a large portion of her childhood . On her tenth birthday , Alex ran away from the Ambrose Home for wayward children and grew up leading a lonely life . As a teenager , she obtained a job bartending at a pub in London where she met Wren , who originally mistook her for Spencer . Kingston disclosed to Alex her blood relations to Spencer , Charlotte , and Mary . Alex was introduced to Charlotte prior to her death , when the latter flew from a transatlantic flight to France just to meet her . In a flashback , Charlotte is seen exiting a flight , talking to her future lover , Archer Dunhill . After promising to call Charlotte the next day he leaves and Charlotte gets a call from Wren , telling her that Alex is waiting for her in the airport . She says that she found twelve Alex Drake 's and none were related to her . After Wren informs Charlotte that Alex looks a lot like someone they 're acquainted with , she is stunned to stumble upon a girl heavily resembling Spencer before realizing she 's her identical twin . According to Alex , the two bonded instantaneously and walked the streets of Paris until the sun came up , feeling like they 'd known each other their whole lives . She goes on to clarify that Charlotte met Archer on the plane , and they initiated a romantic relationship . Spencer questions if Archer was on the A-Team as well , but Alex quickly dismisses her doubts by explaining that his severe mistreatments towards Alison at Welby was a stunt he pulled on his own . He persuaded Mary into assisting his scheme , believing that her niece was the mastermind who orchestrated Charlotte 's murder . Wren and Alex eventually fell in love , and went on several double dates with Charlotte and Archer before she returned to Rosewood to continue the `` A '' game . During another flashback at a bar , Alex attempts to convince Charlotte to stay with her in London , thinking she allowed the Liars to have power over her . After she suggests departing with Charlotte to meet Spencer , she warns Alex to stay away from the Hastings as far as possible . Alex insinuates that Charlotte wants Spencer all to herself , prompting her to disprove Alex 's hints of jealousy by stating that she only views Spencer as a `` Doll '' . She insists on offering Charlotte a ride to the airport , but Charlotte declines , further justifying that a pre-meditated goodbye would be too hard to handle . The sisters share a final embrace and Charlotte gives Alex her favourite Patsy Cline 's Greatest Hits record as a goodbye gift . Back in present time , Alex explains that Charlotte never returned to London , and the next time she saw her was when she first paid a visit to her grave . It is ultimately revealed that the person whom Ezra ran into at the airport with Wren before almost leaving for Maine was Alex . The couple was engaging in a heated argument over whether or not Alex 's true intentions were justice for Charlotte 's memory .", "The character was initially well received by critics . Riley Sky of Dropkick Divas Media gave a positive review , saying , `` as charming and manipulative as Alison DiLaurentis was , we get to see where Ali got those sociopathic qualities in CeCe Drake . CeCe possesses a charm eerily similar to Alison 's . While Ali `` may '' be dead , CeCe gives us a refreshing look at how Ali 's life would have looked . This beyond - charismatic twenty - something blonde stylist that sure does have one heel in the present , one in the past , CeCe leaves us wanting more . ''", "The character 's reveal as transgender and the show 's second `` A '' was met with a polarizing reception . Some television critics described it as `` harmful '' , `` transphobic '' , and as `` a negative stereotype about trans people . '' One article stated that `` a TV show adding a transgender character would be something to celebrate , since there is not nearly enough trans representation in media '' but that the show `` got it all wrong . '' Several other reviewers were also concerned because `` the twist played into a long history of pop culture linking sociopathic behavior with transgender individuals . ''", "However , praise was given to Vanessa Ray 's performance . Entertainment Weekly 's Isabella Biedenharn called her `` fantastic '' and `` compelling . '' The A.V. Club reviewer LaToya Ferguson wrote that the choice of having CeCe Drake being `` A '' / Charles was `` the best decision '' instead of choosing Wren . To her , it could have turned out worse , alluding to the Gossip Girl 's reveal . Ferguson applauded Vanessa Ray 's emotional performance , `` reminding the audience ( and characters ) why they were drawn to CeCe in the first place . '' She highlighted how CeCe manages to make her wrongdoings acceptable , almost redeeming herself .", "For her portrayal in the show 's sixth season , Ray won a Teen Choice Award for Choice TV : Villain ." ]
Charlotte Drake - wikipedia Charlotte Drake Charlotte Drake Charlotte eavesdropping on a conversation between Ezra and Aria taking place at his apartment. Pretty Little Liars character Portrayed by Vanessa Ray First appearance `` UnmAsked'' Season 2, episode 25 Last appearance `` Till Death Do Us Part'' Season 7, episode 20 Profile Other names CeCe Drake Charles Drake Charles DiLaurentis Charlotte DiLaurentis `` A'' Varjak Alison DiLaurentis Freddie Occupation A (formerly) Red Coat (formerly) Stylist (formerly) show Family Father Ted Wilson Mother Mary Drake Adoptive father Kenneth DiLaurentis Adoptive mother Jessica DiLaurentis Half-sisters Spencer Hastings Alex Drake Aunts and uncles Jessica DiLaurentis First cousins Alison DiLaurentis Jason DiLaurentis Charlotte Drake is a fictional character in Pretty Little Liars , an American mystery drama television series based on the homonymous novel series written by Sara Shepard . Charlotte is a character that only appears in the television series and is portrayed by Vanessa Ray . The character is also featured in the Pretty Little Liars web series Pretty Dirty Secrets . Charlotte was introduced in the third season using the pseudonym CeCe Drake. Acting as a best friend and mentor to Alison DiLaurentis , CeCe moved back to Rosewood two years after Alison's disappearance. Having stolen the game from Mona Vanderwaal , Drake acted as the leader of the A-Team, recruiting minions to do her biding whilst also concealing her identity from them as Red Coat. Following the events from `` A dAngerous gAme '' , the group disbanded and her schemes were from then on primarily assisted by a single ally, later divulged to be Sara Harvey . During the fourth-season episode `` Now You See Me, Now You Don't '' , CeCe is revealed to be Red Coat . In the sixth-season episode `` Game Over, Charles '' , Drake unmasked herself as Big `` A'' , and revealed that she was born male and underwent gender reassignment surgery . In the following episode `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' , it is shown that Charlotte spent the subsequent five years at the Welby State Psychiatric Hospital. Charlotte is eventually released from Welby after the Liars (minus Aria) lie under oath and testify in favor of her release as a favor to Alison. However, Charlotte is murdered by an unknown assailant merely hours after leaving Welby. Her death fueled the rise of a new `` A'' , using the alias A.D., who was severely adamant on avenging Charlotte's homicide. During the sixth-season finale `` Hush, Hush, Sweet Liars '' , the Liars discover that Jessica DiLaurentis has an identical twin sister, Mary Drake , a former patient at Radley Sanitarium who is Charlotte's biological mother. In `` The DArkest Knight '' , Mary is revealed to be Spencer Hastings ' biological mother, thus making her Charlotte's maternal half-sister. During `` Farewell, My Lovely '' , Mona confesses to killing Charlotte after finding out that her mental health hadn't improved and her intentions were to harm the Liars again. In `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , the elusive A.D. is revealed to be Alex Drake , Spencer's identical twin sister. Alex believed the Liars knew who orchestrated Charlotte's murder and was also set on physically replacing Spencer due to envying the upbringing she was able to have. Contents 1 Casting and development 2 Story lines 2.1 Season 2 2.2 Season 3 2.3 Season 4 2.4 Season 5 2.5 Season 6 2.6 Season 7 3 Reception 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Casting and development ( edit ) Vanessa Ray , the actress who played Drake throughout the series' run It was reported that Vanessa Ray was cast to portray CeCe Drake, who was later known to be Charlotte DiLaurentis. When Ray was announced to start filming again for Pretty Little Liars fourth season, she spoke about returning, stating: `` It's so fun to do, and what a crazy character I get to play. She's sort of a sociopath. I think she's so weird because she's , like, 22 but hangs out with high-schoolers. It's like, ' Hey, girl! Get a life!' '' Drake was characterized as a `` beyond-charismatic twenty-something blonde stylist at a boutique that has one heel in the present, one in the past.'' Pretty Little Liars executive producer Oliver Goldstick stated that Drake acted as a mentor to Alison DiLaurentis , teaching her `` the wicked ways of the world.'' Drake's is described as having a sociopathic personality: controlling, charming, seductive, dominant, and extremely intelligent. The character was also described by Ray as `` off-the-wall, self-centered, bizarre fashionista.'' Story lines ( edit ) Season 2 ( edit ) The character makes her first appearance in this season, during the episode `` UnmAsked '' , as the stranger in a red bathrobe who pays a visit to Mona Vanderwaal following her admission to Radley Sanitarium. Season 3 ( edit ) In `` Blood Is The New Black '' , CeCe/ Red Coat is seen buying black hoodies and gloves for her team members. The store owner says to the then mysterious entity: `` So, are you buying this for a team?'' . During `` Kingdom of the Blind '' , CeCe/Big A pours herself a drink as she is making another necklace, and puts the vodka bottle in the freezer next to a bodybag. In `` Birds of a Feather '' , CeCe/Big A is at the airport hacking the system of Radley Sanitarium in order to allow Mona having visitors. During `` That Girl is Poison '' , CeCe/Big A goes through Maya's purse, finding different items belonging to Maya St. Germain. In `` The Remains of the A '' , CeCe/Big A looks at rooms for rent in the newspaper and calls a number, ready to officially move to Rosewood. CeCe Drake makes her first official appearance in `` Crazy '' . The girls mistake her for Alison due to their physical similarities. CeCe spent what was described as an `` intense'' summer with Alison DiLaurentis in Cape May, New Jersey , prior to her disappearance. She previously dated Jason DiLaurentis and broke up with him the day after Alison went missing. Jason blames CeCe for the way Ali acted. When Emily and Nate are looking for something he wanted to purchase Jenna Marshall for her birthday, CeCe could tell Emily disfavored his interest on Jenna and assumed she had feelings for Nate. Thus, she steals Jenna's contact from Emily's cell phone, and prank dials Marshall to state she was Nate's girlfriend, and wanted Jenna to back off. Emily is frightened, but CeCe deduces she's grateful. At the end of the episode, Big A picks up a recorder which was in one of the dolls at Radley, that recorded the conversation between Mona, Aria and Hanna. In `` Stolen Kisses '' , CeCe/Big A collects a large sum of money from the bank. During `` The Kahn Game '' , CeCe reveals to Spencer and Aria that she was a student at UPenn and invites them to a frat party, promising Spencer that someone from UPenn admissions would be attending. Later, CeCe challenges Eric Kahn to a game of `` Truth or Dare'' . At the end of the episode, A receives a key from a cat obsessed woman to the `` unit A'' . In `` What Lies Beneath '' , Charlotte watches the news as she's hanging up black hoodies and moving boxes. On one of them, it is written the name `` Hopkins'' , which is the first hospital that had done a sex change surgery. During `` Single Fright Female '' , CeCe is seen posting something at the front of the school when Spencer asks her what she's doing. CeCe tells her she's trying to spread the word about a fashion show. Once they catch a glimpse of Paige and Emily arriving to school, CeCe reveals to Spencer that her and Paige had a feud between the two over Emily Fields in which CeCe referred to Paige as `` Pig Skin'' . In a flashback, CeCe and Alison talk in her car, and Alison tells her about how she'd set up Paige by writing her a love letter, pretending to be Emily. CeCe says she's proud of her. When Paige appears for the setup, Alison confronts her and threatens to tell her father, who is the deacon at the church. Paige screams at Alison to give her the note back, but Alison says that she owns her now. CeCe gleefully speeds away from the scene with Alison. CeCe proceeds to admit that she believed Alison was afraid of Paige. Later, Spencer helps her out at the boutique and CeCe saves her from a snake attack in one of the dressing rooms. At the end of the episode, Big A plays on the jukebox as she hands over a key to another black-gloved A. In `` Out of the Frying Pan, Into the Inferno '' , CeCe remembers the photo of Ali and Cece bonding with lobsters in Cape May, NJ that Emily shows her, but she confesses to never really knowing who `` beach hottie'' was. CeCe stated `` Honestly, there were so many hotties down there that summer'' . A flashback later showcases Alison visiting CeCe at Annie's Crab Shack to inform her that her period was late. CeCe then states to Emily that she was wearing protection but `` not all the time'' . Ali comes to see her at Annie's Crab Shack and tells her she's late ... like two weeks late. She was using protecting, `` just not all the time.'' At the end of the episode, A is sporting her Red Coat disguise in her lair whilst using a blow torch to burn a bobblehead Hanna doll. During `` Dead to Me '' , `` A'' purchases whiskey in a store. In What Becomes of the Broken-Hearted `` , CeCe is at the Brew when Emily spots her and starts asking questions about `` Beach Hottie,'' She leaves, stating that she doesn't have time to answer questions since she has to get pictures for her store's website. She winds up calling Aria, to ask if she could help with the photos, since the first photographer she hired was unprofessional. CeCe later leaves Aria and Wesley alone to go get some dinner and never returns. She calls to tell them her car got towed, but she is lying because she is sitting in her car while making that phone call. Only minutes prior, Jason and Emily were involved in an elevator accident - an act of deliberate sabotage. In this same episode, Jason relays a flashback to Emily of the night Ali disappeared. He recalled seeing ' Alison' arguing with Melissa near his house, but when he called her name, it was CeCe who turned her head around. At the end of the episode, two ' A's play `` spin the bottle'' with pictures of the Liars on whiskey bottles. The flask ends up pointing on Aria, but Big A turns it to Spencer and then, both of them drink the whiskey. During `` Hot Water '' , Hanna sees Wilden arrest CeCe in his police vehicle. CeCe later leaves Rosewood because Wilden believes she told people about him possibly getting Alison pregnant. As she's packing her bags, Emily quickly stops by her apartment in order to find out who took the picture of her and Alison at Wilden's boat. CeCe admits that it was Melissa and once Emily confronts her about Jason's memory of seeing Melissa talking to her at the DiLaurentis' backyard the night Alison went missing, she later reveals that Melissa was looking for the N.A.T. Club's footage. At the end of the episode, Big A cuts up pink roses, and puts them in a lowery wreath with a ribbon which says `` With Deepest Sympathy'' , foreshadowing Toby's faux death. In `` Out of Sight, Out of Mind '' , Big A watches a man fishing up a cap belonging to a Rosewood Police's officer. During `` I'm Your Puppet '' , it was revealed that CeCe had a visitor pass to Radley signed by Wren and that she was secretly visiting Mona while she was admitted at the institution. According to Wren, he got into a lot of trouble for allowing her a pass at a time when Mona wasn't supposed to have visitors. But he let CeCe see Mona because she was desperate to see her since she stated to have been `` traumatized by Alison'' and wanted to act as a mentor for Mona. Apparently, it was Melissa who called CeCe to tell her that Mona was in Radley. The reasons as to why she did so are still unspecified. Mona would later admit to seeing CeCe while in Radley, though not recalling what they spoke about due to being on medication, in the episode `` ' A' is for A-l-i-v-e '' . Season 4 ( edit ) In `` Turn of the Shoe '' , Big A feeds dinner to a caged Tippi as it continues to speak in Alison's voice. During `` Cat's Cradle '' , A looks at Emily's x-ray of her shoulder. In `` Face Time '' , Big A holds a broken mask of Melissa as she glues the broken pieces together. During `` Gamma Zeta Die! '' , Big A drinks a cup of tea while looking at a picture of Carla Grunwald, the house mother of Gamma Zeta Chi sorority. In `` Under the Gun '' , Charlotte hot-wires a car while wearing a mask of Emily's face. When Toby and Caleb go to investigate Red Coat's flight plan in the episode `` Crash and Burn, Girl! '' , they question Nigel Wright a second time until he reluctantly reveals that he was paid to set up an anonymous private flight by CeCe to the lodge at Thornhill on the night of the fire incident that took place in the episode `` A dAngerous gAme '' At the end of the episode, A is in a hardware store, buying house fixing supplies addressed to Emily. During `` The Guilty Girl's Handbook '' , Big A is seen drilling holes in the floor of the DiLaurentis house. In `` Into the Deep '' , Paige throws Emily a surprise birthday party at her aunt's lake house. While Aria and Emily are looking for Spencer outside, Emily spots a body floating face down in the lake. She rushes in panick and turns the body over to see that it's Jenna. Emily thinks whoever bashed her in the back of her head did it to make sure she didn't tell the Liars whatever information she withhold about Alison. Shana Fring later admits to Spencer at the hospital the person Jenna was afraid of was CeCe. At the end of the episode, Big A is seen playing the piano. She places a sheet of music in an envelope with the name `` Toby Cavanaugh'' written on it, whilst drinking wine. After Caleb finds CeCe's address from an old cable bill in `` The Mirror Has Three Faces '' , Aria heads there and talks to CeCe's old roommate. She reveals that Alison got CeCe kicked out of college after she pushed a girl down a flight of stairs at a frat party in `` The Badass Seed '' . However, Alison later reveals in the seventh-season episode `` Exes and OMGs '' that Noel was actually responsible for this incident and later used this information to blackmail him. Jessica DiLaurentis is also featured in the episode. In it, she has a flashback of a time when she received a phone call from Radley Sanitarium saying that Alison had checked in. When she got there she encountered CeCe dressed as Ali. Jessica described their friendship to Spencer and Hanna as obsessive and toxic, stating that `` they ' wore' each other's personalities'' . The girls realize that the `` Alison'' masks that Alison purchased weren't for them, she probably had them made for CeCe. At the end of episode, Big A throws Ashley's muddy shoe in the pile of Emily's collapsed house. CeCe makes her first official appearance in the fourth season during the episode `` Bring Down the Hoe '' . She is seen in an apartment filled with pictures of Alison DiLaurentis and the Liars, dating all the way back from Halloween 2008. We also see that she has a red coat, hinting at the fact that CeCe potentially spied on the Liars at the hoedown they attended earlier. CeCe is then shown in a black hoodie spying on Aria Montgomery and Ezra Fitz . Later, ' A' makes voodoo dolls of the five Liars: Aria, Spencer, Hanna, Emily, and the newest one, Mona. She takes the knitting utensil and stabs the Mona doll. In `` Now You See Me, Now You Don't '' , the Liars are convinced that CeCe did indeed murder Darren Wilden as a sketch of a blonde woman resembling her physical features is shown on the news. As the girls realize that there are in fact two Red Coats while saving Emily in Ravenswood, Spencer chases after one while Aria chases after the other. During a brief struggle in which her Alison mask is kicked off by Aria, CeCe is revealed to be one of the Red Coats, and is the evil one that had been working against the Liars. CeCe attempts to escape by grabbing onto a rope, only for it to snap. Aria tries to pull CeCe up as she pleads for Aria to help her, however she proves too heavy for Aria as her sleeve rips and she falls to the ground. As the Liars gather together they are unsure if CeCe is dead or not. While the Liars are contemplating calling the police, CeCe's hand is seen twitching, and when the Liars turn around she has seemingly disappeared. During `` Who's In The Box '' , Big A is spotted opening a secret basement in Ezra Fitz's cabin. According to Travis in `` Love ShAck, Baby '' , CeCe was last spotted in Maryland on the run from the authorities. It was also divulged that she made huge money deposits before Wilden died. Big A later hacks into a GPS System, hinting that she might be the one who messed with Emily's GPS car settings. In `` Close Encounters '' , A slices a picture of Ali and Shana when they were younger in half and symbolically lights the half with Shana's face on fire. There's a possibility that this person was Shana Fring. During `` Bite Your Tongue '' , Big A shreds Radley's visiting documents and uses the shredded paper to line Tippi's cage. In `` Hot for Teacher '' , Big A empties an envelope containing prescription pads with Wren's name and credentials. During `` Free Fall '' , A collects the pages of Ezra's book. During `` She's Come Undone '' , it was revealed that CeCe witnessed a fight between Spencer Hastings and Alison DiLaurentis the night of Ali's disappearance and that Jessica DiLaurentis paid CeCe to be quiet about it. Big A is later seen reading Ezra's story by a fireplace. At the end of `` Cover For Me '' , Big A cuts a loose string on a wedding dress, foreshadowing the events of `` Unbridled '' , During the season finale `` A is for Answers '' , CeCe is detained by Detective Gabriel Holbrook and questioned about Wilden's homicide. She confesses to knowing who murdered Bethany Young (the girl buried in Alison's grave) and that Alison is still alive. At the end of the episode, Jessica's dead body is dragged across the grass as Charlotte buries her on the Hastings' backyard. Season 5 ( edit ) In `` Escape from New York '' , CeCe is taken away by officer Barry Maple to be sent to jail, however, at some point she knocks him unconscious, steals his cop car and heads off to New York where Alison and the Liars are. Drake finds Ali and asks for her help since Alison owed CeCe a favor for helping her out in Ravenswood. Alison offers her a plane ticket to France and she leaves the country, under the alias of Vivian Darkbloom. When Emily catches Alison, she divulges that CeCe was being paid by Ezra for information. Ali further claims to have asked her to dress up as Red Coat only to distract `` Big A'' . However, it's revealed much later that, unbeknownst to Alison, CeCe was the person who stole the `` A'' game from Mona and donned the Red Coat disguise during some of her missions. Ali also reveals that Drake was accountable for Wilden's murder. Drake is absent for the following three episodes, seeing as she headed to France. `` Big A'' later makes a comeback in `` Miss Me × 100 '' . She blows up the Cavanaugh's house and is seen texting the Liars while moving her belongings into a new lair. During `` The Silence of the E. Lamb '' , `` Big A'' , opens up Ella's engagement party letter and takes a picture of the item before gluing it back together as if it were never open. In `` Scream For Me '' , `` Big A'' walks through Spencer's room, flipping up a hidden panel under a couch cushion that ultimately opens up a secret compartment at the Hastings house. During `` March of Crimes '' , `` Big A'' is at the Optometrics office Spencer frequented, eavesdropping on what is happening to Ali at the police station through the usage of her mp3 player. In `` A Dark Ali '' , `` Big A'' folds laundry, including a striped candy pinafore. During `` Taking This One to the Grave '' , `` Big A'' allegedly murders Mona Vanderwaal . She later replaces the baby Jesus ornament with a Mona doll and opens up the trunk of her car, revealing Mona's body. She then makes a snow globe with the picture of The Liars. In `` How the ' A' Stole Christmas '' , CeCe returns to Rosewood to comfort Ali on her first Christmas without Jessica. In order to remain unseen, Drake wears a white cloak and offers Alison a bottle of customized perfume before warning her the Liars were there and not `` to say Merry Christmas'' , meaning she does not trust them. The two later escape the ball after Alison hands to Cindy and Mindy their clothes as well as `` Alison'' masks and blonde wigs to trick the Liars. At the end of the episode, `` Big A'' lights up a Christmas tree outside Spencer's house with the message `` Merry Christmas, Bitches - A'' . During `` Over a Barrel '' , `` Big A'' sneaks into Holbrook's office and hacks into the Rosewood PD site on her computer. In `` The Bin of Sin '' , `` Big A'' shines UV light on the door which leads to an ice cream factory containing Mona's clothes, looking for the Liars' fingerprints. During `` Oh, What Hard Luck Stories They All Hand Me '' , `` Big A'' becomes angry when the tape is missing from the binding in Mona's book. In `` Out, Damned Spot '' , `` Big A'' drops Hanna's blood onto the clothes Mona wore when she died. During `` Pretty Isn't The Point '' , `` Big A'' walks into Mike's room and starts lifting the gym equipment as exercises. In `` Bloody Hell '' , `` Big A'' places a $20 bill in each of the bibles at Chester Women's Correctional Facility, to make the inmates beat Alison. During `` The Melody Lingers On '' , `` Big A'' shreds Paul Varjak's documents and uses the shredded paper to line Tippi's cage, paralleling an exact scene from the fourth season. In `` I'm a Good Girl, I Am '' , Charlotte plays with the Liars' dolls (minus Alison's ) in a vehicle that escorts them to prison. After that, she prepares her tuxedo for the demented prom, foreshadowing the torturous events of `` Welcome to the Dollhouse '' . Season 6 ( edit ) During `` Don't Look Now '' , `` Big A'' is seen seated in front of a computer looking at the location of the Liars, revealing she placed trackers in them. In `` She's No Angel '' , `` Big A'' creates a doll-sized wig of Aria's hairstyle with pink highlights. During `` O Brother, Where Art Thou '' , `` Big A'' receives a present from her ally (presumably Sara Harvey). The gift is unveiled to be a portrait of a young Charles DiLaurentis accompanied by a young Jason and Alison at his 12th birthday party. In `` FrAmed '' , `` Big A'' is monotoring footage from Rosewood's Art Gallery when her ally, costumed as Red Coat, arrives at their lair. At the end of the episode, `` Big A'' places six syringes in the trunk of her car, while Red Coat hands her an envelope from the driver's seat. The item contains two tickets to Rosewood High's prom. During `` Last Dance '' , `` Big A'' abducts Alison at her high school prom and takes her backstage to unmask herself. In the mid-season finale of the sixth season `` Game Over, Charles '' , CeCe is revealed to be the mysterious antagonist that has tormented the Liars throughout their senior year. At the ending of the previous episode, CeCe (then unknown) abducts Alison and takes her to Radley Sanitarium, where she recounts her story to Ali. Meanwhile, the Liars assist through a live feed in a vault at the Carissimi Group. Drake reveals to have been born as a boy named Charles DiLaurentis, and when he was 7 years old, he gave Alison a bath, but accidentally dropped her in the scalding hot water. Ali was saved by Kenneth, but as a consequence Charles was admitted to Radley. According to CeCe, as a child she frequently asked her mother to purchase her dresses but Kenneth despised his son for being feminine, so he used the bathtub incident as an excuse to send him away. Despite feeling lonely while residing at Radley, Jessica paid a visit to Charles as often as she could, in an attempt to make him feel less alienated. When Charles was 12 years old, Bethany Young pushed Toby's mother Marion Cavanaugh off the roof of Radley, presumably to protect his femininity. However, Bethany double-crossed Charles and blamed him for Marion's homicide. The staff at Radley believed her accusations due to the fact that Charles was wearing a dress at the time and didn't want to be seen in it. Jessica paid off a young Officer Wilden to make sure Mrs. Cavanaugh's death was ruled a suicide. Charles was diagnosed with intermittent explosive disorder (IED), though this was actually an accurate diagnosis for Bethany. For the subsequent 2 years he was heavily medicated with tranquilizers, but was let out to attend his symbolic fake funeral. After the funeral took place at Carol Ward's house, Jessica finally embraced Charles as her daughter. She allowed his return to Radley as a female, renamed Charlotte. Charlotte dedicated herself to math as a way to escape reality, which allowed her to attend classes at the University of Pennsylvania. She thought going to school would be fun but it was easy for her since she already knew what she was being taught. One day, she called in a bomb threat to cancel classes. She used the opportunity to go to Rosewood High for yearbook picture day where she met Jason. She briefly dated him under the CeCe Drake alias, in order to get closer to her family. Jessica didn't know that CeCe Drake and Charlotte were the same person until the day the DiLaurentis were leaving for Cape May. Though initially angered at her children's incestuous relationship, Jessica allows Charlotte to go on vacation with the rest of the family. In Cape May, Charlotte became close friends with Alison and even planned on telling her they were related. However, Bethany found out about Mrs. D's affair with her father, thus ruining Charlotte's opportunity to tell her sister the truth. On Labor Day Weekend, the night of Alison's disappearance, Bethany stole Charlotte's clothes and snuck out of Radley to hurt Jessica at the DiLaurentis property. Charlotte broke out as well, in order to prevent Young from harming her mother. She stumbled upon a blonde in the front yard and bashes her in the skull with a rock. Charlotte immediately realizes that she actually hit Alison, not Bethany. Jessica buried Ali out of panic and paid Wilden to take Charlotte back to Radley. The medical staff at Radley took away Charlotte's out privileges but once Mona was admitted to the sanitarium, she took advantage of her drugged up state and manipulated her into telling everything she had done as `` A'' . After Charlotte permanently got out of Radley, she moved into Rosewood, where she purposely met the Liars, and began hating the girls due to their relief over Alison's disappearance. Charlotte kept seeing a blonde girl in a red coat that resembled Ali, so she sent Sara Harvey to dress up as Red Coat and act as a decoy in the night of the lodge incident at Thornhill. Melissa also secretly ordered Shana and Jenna to keep tabs on the Liars, since she too had her own suspicions that Ali was alive. Charlotte's intentions were to lure Alison out of hiding, but things took a left turn when Shana set fire to the lodge. Nonetheless, Aria, Emily and Spencer were rescued by Sara and Alison arrived just in time to save Hanna, therefore giving Charlotte the much needed confirmation that her sister was alive. She killed Wilden to protect Alison since he would have never allowed her to return to Rosewood, and sent Sara to his funeral disguised as the Black Widow to ensure he was deceased. Before Charlotte fled to New York, she snuck home to say goodbye to her mother, only to find her lifeless body laying on the DiLaurentis' backyard. Following her mother's passing, she saw the events in New York as the perfect opportunity to end the `` A'' game and begin a new life in Paris, but eventually came back due to her addiction to power. Sara, dressed as Red Coat, sets a bomb to detonate inside of Radley as part of Charlotte's final plan to kill her family along with herself. The Liars managed to prevent any collateral damage from happening, since Spencer disabled the bomb while Emily punched Sara for betraying her. Charlotte then runs towards the roof and attempts to commit suicide. However, the Liars arrive in time to persuade her not to and Charlotte instead declares the ending to her reign as `` A'' . In the following episode `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' , it is revealed that Charlotte spent the subsequent five years under medical care at the Welby State Psychiatric Hospital. Despite the Liars' hesitation to testify in favor of Charlotte's release from the hospital, the girls, aside from Aria, ended up lying for Alison and stated that they were no longer traumatized by the events her older sister had put them through. The court approved Charlotte's release, however, it is revealed that Mona confronted her that night and that Charlotte intended on hurting the Liars to which they got in a fight and Charlotte got thrown against a metal staple that killed her and soon thrown off by Mona, soon being found dead the following day after allegedly committing suicide. After the funeral, the Liars were advised to stay in Rosewood, since the authorities ruled the events of Charlotte's death a homicide and they would be possibly held in for questioning. A mysterious entity observes the Liars in a car before it drives off. During `` Charlotte's Web '' , Spencer finds out that Charlotte was killed in a copycat manner off a murder she wrote an essay about in college. The Liars later suspect Aria of being accountable for Charlotte's death after security footage at The Radley reveals that Ezra met up with her at the hotel and both left during the time her former tormentor was killed. When confronted by her friends, Aria decides to come clean about that night and reveals she couldn't sleep so she wanted to talk to Ezra and the two went for a walk around town. Around the time she departed with Ezra, both witnessed whom it appeared to be Charlotte entering the church moments before being murdered. At the end of the episode, an unidentified individual places flowers on Charlotte's fresh grave next to Jessica DiLaurentis' , prior to walking over to a black car. Before stepping inside, their chauffeur states, `` I'm sorry for your loss.'' In `` The Gloves Are On '' , Ezra refuses to talk about his whereabouts the night Charlotte was murdered and the Liars begin receiving text messages from their newest tormentor. At the end of the episode, an unseen person is holding a pair of Charlotte's signature black hoodies and gloves and dumps them into a garbage bin before searching for `` UNIFORMS'' on Google. When the murder weapon is revealed to be a nine iron in `` New Guys, New Lies '' , Aria, with Emily's assistance, tries to find out if Ezra is guilty. Unable to get into Ezra's loft as he is out of town, Aria breaks in. In the loft, she witnesses that Ezra's nine iron isn't missing, but then overhears a voicemail coming in from her dad and worries that Byron might have had something to do with Charlotte's death. Later, Aria checks Byron's car to see his golf clubs and its nine iron is missing. After breaking into Sara Harvey's hotel room in `` Do Not Disturb '' , and finding out that she's staying in what used to be Charlotte's former room at Radley, Aria and Spencer continue their investigation process in `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' . They discover a hole in the wall with a ladder leading down to a mysterious alley. There, they stumble upon an electric switchboard, presuming it was used upon Charlotte when she was admitted to Radley. They also uncover a secret passage that leads to somewhere out the back of the hotel which they suspect is how Sara has been getting in and out of the hotel unseen, fueling the possibility that she's avenging her former employer's death. Detective Tanner later divulges to the Liars that someone dialed Charlotte from the Two Crows diner the night she passed away. At the end of the episode, Spencer discovers that Melissa's broken suitcase handle matches the description of the alleged murder weapon. Throughout `` We've All Got Baggage '' , Hanna further fuels the possibility that Melissa could have killed Charlotte by telling Spencer and Caleb how she ran into her at a fashion show in London, years prior to Charlotte's murder. A flashback reveals that Melissa spent the entire night drinking and sobbing at a bathroom in order to get over the fact that Charlotte dialed Wren to inform him that his partner had buried Bethany Young. Due to the side-effects of alcohol, Melissa proceeded to grab Hanna's phone and dial Welby to have a word with Charlotte by pretending to be Alison. Hanna got into a fight with Melissa and eventually threw the phone at a mirror to prevent hearing Charlotte's voice from the other end. Emily visits the Two Crows diner and discovers the missing part from Melissa's suitcase, but is nearly run over by a car that steals the weapon. In `` Burn This '' , Emily stumbles upon an auto shop that appears to be fixing the same car that almost ran her over. After asking if anyone had brought in a dark gray SUV, one of the mechanic insists they can't help her. Emily comes backs to snoop around and lifts up a tarp covering a car. She sees paint and takes a picture of it before the same mechanic she had confronted earlier demands to know why she was there again. Emily tells him the car she was talking about matches the one she was investigating and asks if he knows who drove it last night. He says `` Maybe I lent it to a friend. I can't remember'' . Emily holds up a picture of Melissa and asks if she was his friend. The mechanic denies, before looking back at the other guys and ordering Emily to leave. Later, Emily spots a pink dice keychain on Mona's keys as she's walking over to her car after leaving Hanna's engagement party. The object happens to fit the description of whomever called Charlotte the night she was killed. After being confronted by Emily, Mona states she can't talk about that subject outdoors. At the end of the episode, we see the mechanic that interacted with Emily wiping paint off the SUV, before reaching into the car and finding an enveloping containing several hundred dollars and smiling. During `` Did You Miss Me? '' , Mona confesses to Emily that she called Charlotte from the Two Crows dinner in order to obtain answers and to find out if she was planning to use anything against her or the Liars since she didn't implicate them at all whilst hospitalized at Welby. Emily questions Mona whether or not she was responsible for Charlotte's homicide, but Mona states she didn't show up at the diner. Later during the episode, Emily and Spencer witness Sara Harvey's helper leaving the city hall with a document he hastily hands her as she suspiciously drives off. The girls decide to pursue Sara's driver and distract him in order to investigate his bags. In them, they stumble upon a tube that contains Radley's floor plan. Spencer then instructs Emily to continue following him so she can get a copy of the document at the town's city hall. In `` Hush, Hush, Sweet Liars '' , Toby and Spencer study the replica map of Radley's floor plan and decide to head to the underground alley underneath Sara's hotel room to investigate it. Mona follows the two of them, and they stumble upon a floor containing an old Radley medical file belonging to Mary Drake. Mary was Jessica's identical twin sister who gave birth to Charles while she was still a patient at Radley Sanitarium. Since she wasn't stable enough to look after her child, Jessica and Kenneth fostered their nephew. At the end of the episode, it's revealed that Charlotte was in a secret relationship with Dr. Elliott Rollins, who was recruited by Mary to drive Alison insane so they'd gain full possession of the Carissimi Group's money. Season 7 ( edit ) In `` Tick-Tock, Bitches '' , Elliott commences his physical torture towards Alison at Welby, believing she's held accountable for his former lover's murder. During `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' , the Liars discover a credit card statement charged for an Amish Bed & Breakfast on Elliott's dresser. After discovering it was the same week he went to his family's farm with Alison, Aria and Hanna drive there in hopes to fill out some blanks in regards to who Rollins truly is. Shorty after arriving at the small community, they meet a pre-teen girl called Eliza. She proceeds to show them dolls that Charlotte had offered her named and styled after each of the Liars. Eliza further divulges that their former tormentor used to visit the area very frequently with Elliott and had witnessed them exchanging a kiss. In a flashback during `` Hit and Run, Run, Run '' , it's divulged that Alison was the blonde in the red sweater whom Ezra and Aria spotted the night of Charlotte's homicide. She followed her cousin to the church and up the bell tower, where the two argued over Ali's romantic involvement with Elliott. Charlotte heavily disapproved their relationship and accuses her cousin of merely visiting her in order to get closer to Rollins. Alison leaves the church moments before Charlotte is presumably murdered. At the end of the episode, Mona and Hanna listen to an incoming call from Jenna in Elliott's burner phone, which reveals his factual name as Archer. In another flashback during `` Wanted: Dead or Alive '' , it's revealed that Charlotte enlisted Jenna's help to track down her birth mother's whereabouts and come up with an alias for her faux psychiatrist (revealed to be a wanted criminal in the previous episode). The pseudonym Elliott Rollins was later created so Archer could deliberately meet Alison and take advantage of her good intentions to benefit Charlotte's eventual release. During `` Original G'A'ngsters '' , the Liars investigate the storm cellar over at Aunt Carol's house and discover that Jessica had turned it into her lair and kept files on all of them as well as Mary. While searching through Drake's medical history, they find out that she had a second child. The gender of Charlotte's biological sibling is undisclosed. In `` The Wrath of Kahn '' , Spencer and Emily find a flash drive at The Kahn's cabin filled with footage from the time they were held captive in Charlotte's Dollhouse. After watching one of the videos, they discover that Noel Kahn was helping Charlotte torture them. During this episode, Aria and Jason team up to find out more details in regards to Mary's past and discover that Steven Kahn, Noel's father, orchestrated the adoption of Drake's second child. Near the ending of `` The Darkest Knight '' , Jenna and Noel both attempt to murder the Liars, partly for their own reasons but to also avenge Charlotte, whom according to Kahn `` taught them a lot'' . During the cat-and-mouse chase, Noel ends up stumbling upon an axe that decapitates his head and Marshall is knocked down by Mary Drake just as she was about to shoot Spencer Hastings . Once the Liars stumble upon Spencer being cradled on Mary's arms, they deduce she's accountable for their friend's critical condition. Mary swears she'd never harm Spencer as she tearfully claims to be her birth mother, thus revealing that Spencer is Charlotte's biological sister. During `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' , Jenna walks into the police station in order to come clean about her actions and interrupts a conversation between Spencer and detective Marco Furey. Marshall reports that she kept a low profile after the events that took place at the abandoned school for blind students to avoid being harmed by Noel. According to Jenna, Kahn was accountable for Sara Harvey's homicide and she feared to be his ensuing victim. He recruited Jenna with the assertion that Charlotte left enough money in her will to afford Marshall another eye surgery. Nevertheless, Jenna suspected Noel of stealthily plotting to steal the cash all to himself since his parents had financially cut him off. In an attempt to spare her life, Marshall brought a gun to the deserted sight school as an act of self-defense and pretended to hold a grudge against the Liars. Later in the episode, Caleb threatens Marshall by warning her that the cops were uncovering inconsistencies in her allegations. However, Jenna assures him the police won't be able to prosecute her since Noel was the only person who could contradict her statement. In `` Power Play '' , Hanna is hanging out at Spencer's house when she spots a P.I.'s business card from Peter's briefcase. She convinces Spencer to infiltrate the investigation in order to locate Drake, and theorizes that Mary might be able to help point them in the direction of `` A.D.'' . Afterwards, Hanna picks up the phone and calls the P.I., pretending to be someone from Peter's office. After getting help from the P.I., Hanna and Spencer knock on several doors until they approach one house and much to their surprise, Pastor Ted Wilson (Hanna's former step-dad) opens the door. The girls show Ted a picture of Drake and ask him if he has seen her, to which Wilson informs them that he hasn't . Hanna offers to grab coffee with Ted at the Radley later to catch up, and she also asks him to call her if he happens to spot Mary. As the Liars turn away to leave, Drake shows up in the doorway. Ted turns to Drake and questions her on what she's truly doing there. Later, he reaches out to Hanna to talk and they meet up at Lucas' loft, where Wilson reveals to have lied about Mary's visit. Ted further confesses that Drake is an ex-girlfriend of his back when he was a college student and that she met up with him to inform they had a child together. Things get even more intricate when Wilson discloses to Hanna that said offspring was Charlotte and that he met his daughter prior to her sex change. It turns out that Ted used to run a summer camp for troubled boys, and Charles was a camper there. Wilson is disheartened when describing that he interacted with a `` soft-spoken, sweet'' boy without awareness they were related. Ted then showcases Hanna a picture of himself back when he worked at the camp, chaperoning Charles and Lucas Gottesman , whom he described as his son's `` only friend'' . This revelation leaves Hanna stunned. During `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' , the Liars are gathered at the Brew discussing Pastor Ted's mysterious photo of Charlotte and Lucas. Together, they wonder if Gottesman and Charlotte managed to stay in touch throughout the years. The girls decide to search Lucas's loft in an attempt to obtain answers, but Aria points out that the entire building could be bugged, considering his affinity for high-tech gadgets. Later, Emily and Hanna commence their search through Lucas's apartment. Hanna is quick to defend her friend, but while rummaging through a box of comic books, the two Liars come across a manila envelope tucked all the way in the back. Hanna reaches inside and pulls out another comic titled Arcturus. The author signatures at the bottom catches their eye, which reveal that it was conceived by Lucas and Charlotte. Aria soon joins Emily and Hanna, and they inspect the comic together. The content seems to be about a troubled boy who befriends a woman from outer space with magical powers. Together, they seek vengeance upon people who have hurt him. The girls can't help but notice that there are some eerily familiar drawings that resemble the electrical switches from Charlotte's Dollhouse. Almost immediately after this uncovering, Aria is seen on her phone, telling A.D. all about the comic through FaceTime. Back at the loft, Hanna pulls out the box where she previously found Lucas's mysterious comic, only to realize that it's missing. Aria is then seen bringing the comic to Rosewood High in the middle of the night. Her mission is to place the book in locker 214. Just as she starts to walk away after doing so, Aria appears to have a change of heart. She immediately doubles back to the locker, only to find a black hoodie hanging from the hook in its place. Near the end of the episode, Ezra spots Spencer at the airport with Wren Kingston . She immediately gets up and walks over to Ezra to quickly introduce him to her ex-boyfriend. Spencer then pulls Ezra off to the side and explains to him that she hasn't spoken to Kingston since before Charlotte's homicide. She met up with Wren in order to seek for enlightenment on his behalf about her half-sister given that he helped her sneak in and out of Radley. In `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' , Spencer steals a flash drive from Marco. The item contains footage of Lucas admitting to the authorities that he wasn't Hanna's alibi on the night of Charlotte's murder and that the other Liars are capable of homicide. Gottesman is then shown clutching the comic book that Aria handed to A.D. and later spotted by Hanna awaiting someone at The Radley. He is finally caught by all of the Liars when searching through the contents of his apartment and they confront him in an attempt to learn more about his connection to Charlotte. Lucas claims to have been unaware that Charles transitioned into a female and took inspiration upon the narrative of their book. A worrying Gottesman further divulges that he may have fed Charlotte all the information needed to torture the Liars since they stayed in touch through e-mail. During high school, Lucas disclosed to Charlotte that Alison bullied him and the other girls did nothing to prevent her out of loyalty. An anonymous individual proceeded to return the graphic novel to Gottesman, along with a note instructing him to meet them at The Radley or else his former friendship with Charlotte would be exposed. The person who gave him the ultimatum failed to show up, prompting Lucas to run back to his loft. As it turns out, Gottesman was concerned about a second graphic novel that had never been completed because it continued his first book's revenge storyline, only this time turning the events into a game. In the final moments of the episode, A.D. is seen flipping through pages of the missing novel and starts drawing the next chapter of the story, which includes a gravestone (presumably Charlotte's ) nearby a tree. During `` Farewell, My Lovely '' , Hanna noticed rose petals falling from the church's bell tower which prompts her to investigate. There she finds Mona dressed like she used to in high school. Hanna is puzzled over the fact that her friend keeps referring to her as Charlotte. Mona divulges she killed Charlotte and through flashbacks we see the two of them engaging in a heated confrontation. After realizing that her health condition hadn't improved after all and her intentions were to torture the Liars again through even worse approaches, Mona held a screwdriver to Charlotte's back. She taunted her former tormentor to jump or else she'd push her. Shortly after narrating a portion of the events, Mona suddenly grabs Hanna and attempts to throw her off the bell tower until Caleb and Spencer arrive just in time to prevent any collateral damage from happening. Mona is then taken to the Lost Woods and discloses to Spencer she messed up killing Charlotte. Asking what she meant by that, Spencer coaxed the full story from Vanderwaal who revealed that a fight broke out. Charlotte cruelly assured Mona the Liars would never love her back, causing Vanderwaal to gain the upper hand and shove her against a wall. A metal rod impaled Charlotte's cervical spine, which broke her neck and left a cut on the back of it. After realizing what she had done, Mona began to peel rose petals before throwing Charlotte's lifeless body from the bell tower to make it look like a suicide. In `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , the elusive A.D. is revealed to be Alex Drake , Spencer's identical twin sister and Charlotte's maternal half-sister. She was born at Radley Sanitarium, the mental institution in which their mother had spent most her life in and out of. Prior to her birth was Spencer's , who was placed in the care of their biological father, along with his wife. Alex's existence was unbeknownst to the Hastings since she was born minutes after Spencer had already been given to Peter and Veronica. Mary, desperate to escape Radley, allowed Dr. Cochran to arrange Alex's adoption in exchange for $500,000 and a resignation from the psychiatric hospital. Alex was later adopted by a wealthy British couple. However, she began developing mental health problems at an early age, and the family that took her in refused to tarnish their name. This resulted in Alex being stripped off of her adoptive family and placed into an orphanage with her birth name. She then bounced around foster homes and orphanages for a large portion of her childhood. On her tenth birthday, Alex ran away from the Ambrose Home for wayward children and grew up leading a lonely life. As a teenager, she obtained a job bartending at a pub in London where she met Wren, who originally mistook her for Spencer. Kingston disclosed to Alex her blood relations to Spencer, Charlotte, and Mary. Alex was introduced to Charlotte prior to her death, when the latter flew from a transatlantic flight to France just to meet her. In a flashback, Charlotte is seen exiting a flight, talking to her future lover, Archer Dunhill. After promising to call Charlotte the next day he leaves and Charlotte gets a call from Wren, telling her that Alex is waiting for her in the airport. She says that she found twelve Alex Drake's and none were related to her. After Wren informs Charlotte that Alex looks a lot like someone they're acquainted with, she is stunned to stumble upon a girl heavily resembling Spencer before realizing she's her identical twin. According to Alex, the two bonded instantaneously and walked the streets of Paris until the sun came up, feeling like they'd known each other their whole lives. She goes on to clarify that Charlotte met Archer on the plane, and they initiated a romantic relationship. Spencer questions if Archer was on the A-Team as well, but Alex quickly dismisses her doubts by explaining that his severe mistreatments towards Alison at Welby was a stunt he pulled on his own. He persuaded Mary into assisting his scheme, believing that her niece was the mastermind who orchestrated Charlotte's murder. Wren and Alex eventually fell in love, and went on several double dates with Charlotte and Archer before she returned to Rosewood to continue the `` A'' game. During another flashback at a bar, Alex attempts to convince Charlotte to stay with her in London, thinking she allowed the Liars to have power over her. After she suggests departing with Charlotte to meet Spencer, she warns Alex to stay away from the Hastings as far as possible. Alex insinuates that Charlotte wants Spencer all to herself, prompting her to disprove Alex's hints of jealousy by stating that she only views Spencer as a `` Doll'' . She insists on offering Charlotte a ride to the airport, but Charlotte declines, further justifying that a pre-meditated goodbye would be too hard to handle. The sisters share a final embrace and Charlotte gives Alex her favourite Patsy Cline 's Greatest Hits record as a goodbye gift. Back in present time, Alex explains that Charlotte never returned to London, and the next time she saw her was when she first paid a visit to her grave. It is ultimately revealed that the person whom Ezra ran into at the airport with Wren before almost leaving for Maine was Alex. The couple was engaging in a heated argument over whether or not Alex's true intentions were justice for Charlotte's memory. Reception ( edit ) The character was initially well received by critics. Riley Sky of Dropkick Divas Media gave a positive review, saying, `` as charming and manipulative as Alison DiLaurentis was, we get to see where Ali got those sociopathic qualities in CeCe Drake. CeCe possesses a charm eerily similar to Alison's . While Ali `` may'' be dead, CeCe gives us a refreshing look at how Ali's life would have looked. This beyond-charismatic twenty-something blonde stylist that sure does have one heel in the present, one in the past, CeCe leaves us wanting more.'' The character's reveal as transgender and the show's second `` A'' was met with a polarizing reception. Some television critics described it as `` harmful'' , `` transphobic'' , and as `` a negative stereotype about trans people.'' One article stated that `` a TV show adding a transgender character would be something to celebrate, since there is not nearly enough trans representation in media'' but that the show `` got it all wrong.'' Several other reviewers were also concerned because `` the twist played into a long history of pop culture linking sociopathic behavior with transgender individuals.'' However, praise was given to Vanessa Ray 's performance. Entertainment Weekly 's Isabella Biedenharn called her `` fantastic'' and `` compelling.'' The A.V. Club reviewer LaToya Ferguson wrote that the choice of having CeCe Drake being `` A'' /Charles was `` the best decision'' instead of choosing Wren. To her, it could have turned out worse, alluding to the Gossip Girl's reveal . Ferguson applauded Vanessa Ray's emotional performance, `` reminding the audience (and characters) why they were drawn to CeCe in the first place.'' She highlighted how CeCe manages to make her wrongdoings acceptable, almost redeeming herself. For her portrayal in the show's sixth season, Ray won a Teen Choice Award for Choice TV: Villain . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Charlotte Drake made her first uncredited appearance as Mona's Visitor in `` UnmAsked'' , but was not formally introduced portrayed by Vanessa Ray until the third season episode `` Crazy'' . Jump up ^ Jenna could fear CeCe Drake because of the phone call that she made threatening to `` rip her eyes out'' . Jump up ^ since the police believe CeCe was paid to kill Detective Wilden. Jump up ^ Knew Alison DiLaurentis was still alive after her disappearance. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Gajewski, Ryan. `` Pretty Little Liars Season 4 Summer Finale Recap: `` Now You See Me, Now You Don't '' `` . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/699777404772831232 ^ Jump up to: Friedman, Molly. `` Pretty Little Liars Spoiler: CeCe Was Ali's `` Wicked'' Mentor, and (Spoiler)'s Ex!`` . WetPaint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Swift, Andy. `` ' Pretty Dirty Secrets' Recap: Jason & CeCe Dig Up The Past'' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Burt, Kayti (October 15, 2013). `` Pretty Little Liars Season 4B Spoilers: CeCe Drake WILL Return!'' . Wetpaint . Archived from the original on December 22, 2013 . Retrieved May 10, 2018 . Jump up ^ Friedman, Molly (May 17, 2012). `` Pretty Little Liars Season 3 Spoiler: More Details on CeCe, Connections to `` the Past '' `` . Wetpaint . Archived from the original on May 29, 2014 . Retrieved May 10, 2018 . Jump up ^ Masters, Megan (May 24, 2012). `` Pretty Little Liars Scoop: Suits Actress Cast as (Spoiler)'s Mentor -- and (Spoiler)'s Ex!'' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 25, 2012 . Retrieved May 10, 2018 . Jump up ^ Theo. `` Clip from Pretty Little Liars Season 3, Episode 7: The Girls Meet CeCe Drake'' . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Gajewski, Ryan. `` Pretty Little Liars Season 3, Episode 7 Recap: Mona Finally Reveals a Secret'' . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` ' Pretty Little Liars,' Season 3, Episode 9, ' The Kahn Game' : TV Recap'' . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` ' Pretty Little Liars' Season 3, Episode 11, ' Single Fright Female' : TV Recap'' . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Etkin, Jaimie. `` ' Pretty Little Liars' Recap: Spencer Loses It, Hanna Goes Gay, Ezra Learns The Truth And Someone's Pregnant'' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana. `` ' Pretty Little Liars' : The Mystery of Alison's Pregnancy: In Tuesday's `` Out of the Frying Pan, Into the Inferno,'' babies were the talk of the town`` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ NG, Philiana. `` ' Pretty Little Liars' : Wren Makes a Move, Ezra Returns and Wilden Stirs Up Trouble: In Tuesday's episode, `` Hot Water,'' an unexpected accident puts a wrench into a possible Cape May cover-up`` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gajewski, Ryan. `` Pretty Little Liars Recap: Season 3, Episode 23 -- Spencer Joined the `` A'' Team?!`` . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gajewski, Ryan. `` Pretty Little Liars Recap: Season 4 Premiere -- Wilden Is Dead!'' . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee, Tionah. `` ' Pretty Little Liars' recap, ' Crash and Burn, Girl! ' '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gajewski, Ryan. `` Pretty Little Liars Recap: Season 4, Episode 7 -- `` Crash and Burn, Girl! '' `` . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gajewski, Ryan. `` Pretty Little Liars Recap: Season 4, Episode 9 -- `` Into the Deep '' `` . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Gajewski, Ryan. `` Pretty Little Liars Recap: -- The Mirror Has Three Faces'' . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Gajewski, Ryan. `` Pretty Little Liars Recap: Season 4, Episode 11 -- `` Bring Down the Hoe '' `` . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Gajewski, Ryan. `` Pretty Little Liars Recap: Season 4, Episode 15, `` Love ShAck, Baby!'' -- Who's at the Cabin?`` . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Gajewski, Ryan. `` Pretty Little Liars Recap: Season 4, Episode 21 -- `` She's Come Undone '' `` . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Gajewski, Ryan. `` Pretty Little Liars Season Four Finale `` A is for Answers'' : Alison DiLaurentis tells All, CeCe is arressted, Melissa knows who killed the Girl in Ali's Grave and Jessica DiLaurentis Dead?`` . Wet Paint . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sky, Riley. `` Character Review: CeCe Drake -- Pretty Little Liars'' . Dropkick Divas Media . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Tannehill, Brynn. `` Pretty Little Liars Transphobic Writing Is Hackneyed, Harmful'' . Huffpost . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Denton, Elizabeth. `` The Real Problem With `` Pretty Little Liars' '' Transgender Storyline`` . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Rullo, Samantha. `` ' Pretty Little Liars' Transgender Storyline Has Me Doubting Whether I Should Watch Season 6B, Despite My Love For The Liars'' . Bustle . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wieselman, Jarett. `` Behind That Controversial `` Pretty Little Liars'' Transgender Reveal`` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Biedenharn, Isabella (August 12, 2015). `` ' Game Over, Charles ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . p. 1 . Retrieved August 13, 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferguson, LaToya (August 12, 2015). `` Pretty Little Liars: `` Game Over, Charles '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved August 12, 2015 . Jump up ^ Coggan, Devan (June 9, 2015). `` Teen Choice Award nominations pit Zayn Malik against One Direction'' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. Retrieved June 11, 2015 . External links ( edit ) Television portal Arts portal Charlotte Drake on IMDb Pretty Little Liars Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters `` A'' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll Related Book series 2006 novel Rosewood, Pennsylvania Pretty Dirty Secrets Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars: The Perfectionists Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Drake&oldid=859420828 '' Categories : Pretty Little Liars characters Fictional transgender and transsexual characters Fictional kidnappers Fictional murderers Fictional stalkers Fictional characters introduced in 2012 Hidden categories: All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2018, at 23:10 (UTC) . 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how do the spores and the cells of the leaf vary in their chromosome number
Alternation between a multicellular diploid and a multicellular haploid generation is never encountered in animals . In some animals , there is an alternation between parthenogenic and sexually reproductive phases ( heterogamy ) . Both phases are diploid . This has sometimes been called `` alternation of generations '' , but is quite different . In some other animals , such as hymenopterans , males are haploid and females diploid , but this is always the case rather than there being an alternation between distinct generations .
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[ "Alternation of generations ( also known as metagenesis ) is the type of life cycle that occurs in those plants and algae in the Archaeplastida and the Heterokontophyta that have distinct sexual haploid and asexual diploid stages . In these groups , a multicellular gametophyte , which is haploid with n chromosomes , alternates with a multicellular sporophyte , which is diploid with 2n chromosomes , made up of n pairs . A mature sporophyte produces spores by meiosis , a process which reduces the number of chromosomes to half , from 2n to n .", "The haploid spores germinate and grow into a haploid gametophyte . At maturity , the gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis , which does not alter the number of chromosomes . Two gametes ( originating from different organisms of the same species or from the same organism ) fuse to produce a zygote , which develops into a diploid sporophyte . This cycle , from gametophyte to gametophyte ( or equally from sporophyte to sporophyte ) , is the way in which all land plants and many algae undergo sexual reproduction .", "The relationship between the sporophyte and gametophyte varies among different groups of plants . In those algae which have alternation of generations , the sporophyte and gametophyte are separate independent organisms , which may or may not have a similar appearance . In liverworts , mosses and hornworts , the sporophyte is less well developed than the gametophyte and is largely dependent on it . Although moss and hornwort sporophytes can photosynthesise , they require additional photosynthate from the gametophyte to sustain growth and spore development and depend on it for supply of water , mineral nutrients and nitrogen . By contrast , in all modern vascular plants the gametophyte is less well developed than the sporophyte , although their Devonian ancestors had gametophytes and sporophytes of approximately equivalent complexity . In ferns the gametophyte is a small flattened autotrophic prothallus on which the young sporophyte is briefly dependent for its nutrition . In flowering plants , the reduction of the gametophyte is much more extreme ; it consists of just a few cells which grow entirely inside the sporophyte .", "Animals develop differently . They directly produce haploid gametes . No haploid spores capable of dividing are produced , so they do not have a haploid gametophyte alternating with a diploid sporophyte . ( Some insects have a sex - determining system whereby haploid males are produced from unfertilized eggs ; however the females are diploid . )", "Life cycles of plants and algae with alternating haploid and diploid multicellular stages are referred to as diplohaplontic ( the equivalent terms haplodiplontic , diplobiontic or dibiontic are also in use ) . Life cycles , such as those of animals , in which there is only a diploid multicellular stage are referred to as diplontic . Life cycles in which there is only a haploid multicellular stage are referred to as haplontic .", "Alternation of generations is defined as the alternation of multicellular diploid and haploid forms in the organism 's life cycle , regardless of whether or not these forms are free - living . In some species , such as the alga Ulva lactuca , the diploid and haploid forms are indeed both free - living independent organisms , essentially identical in appearance and therefore said to be isomorphic . The free - swimming , haploid gametes form a diploid zygote which germinates into a multicellular diploid sporophyte . The sporophyte produces free - swimming haploid spores by meiosis that germinate into haploid gametophytes .", "However , in some other groups , either the sporophyte or the gametophyte is very much reduced and is incapable of free living . For example , in all bryophytes the gametophyte generation is dominant and the sporophyte is dependent on it . By contrast , in all modern vascular land plants the gametophytes are strongly reduced , although the fossil evidence indicates that they were derived from isomorphic ancestors . In seed plants , the female gametophyte develops totally within the sporophyte which protects and nurtures it and the embryo sporophyte that it produces . The pollen grains , which are the male gametophytes , are reduced to only a few cells ( just three cells in many cases ) . Here the notion of two generations is less obvious ; as Bateman & Dimichele say `` ( s ) porophyte and gametophyte effectively function as a single organism '' . The alternative term ' alternation of phases ' may then be more appropriate .", "Debates about alternation of generations in the early twentieth century can be confusing because various ways of classifying `` generations '' co-exist ( sexual vs. asexual , gametophyte vs. sporophyte , haploid vs. diploid , etc . ) .", "Initially , Chamisso and Steenstrup described the succession of differently organized generations ( sexual and asexual ) in animals as `` alternation of generations '' , while studying the development of tunicates , cnidarians and trematode animals . This phenomenon is also known as heterogamy . Presently , the term `` alternation of generations '' is almost exclusively associated with the life cycles of plants , specifically with the alternation of haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes .", "Wilhelm Hofmeister demonstrated the morphological alternation of generations in plants , between a spore - bearing generation ( sporophyte ) and a gamete - bearing generation ( gametophyte ) . By that time , a debate emerged focusing on the origin of the asexual generation of land plants ( i.e. , the sporophyte ) and is conventionally characterized as a conflict between theories of antithetic ( Čelakovský , 1874 ) and homologous ( Pringsheim , 1876 ) alternation of generations . Čelakovský coined the words sporophyte and gametophyte .", "Eduard Strasburger ( 1874 ) discovered the alternation between diploid and haploid nuclear phases , also called cytological alternation of nuclear phases . Although most often coinciding , morphological alternation and nuclear phases alternation are sometimes independent of one another , e.g. , in many red algae , the same nuclear phase may correspond to two diverse morphological generations . In some ferns which lost sexual reproduction , there is no change in nuclear phase , but the alternation of generations is maintained .", "The diagram above shows the fundamental elements of the alternation of generations in plants . The many variations found in different groups of plants are described by use of these concepts later in the article . Starting from the right of the diagram , the processes involved are as follows :", "Two single - celled haploid gametes , each containing n unpaired chromosomes , fuse to form a single - celled diploid zygote , which now contains n pairs of chromosomes , i.e. 2n chromosomes in total . The single - celled diploid zygote germinates , dividing by the normal process ( mitosis ) , which maintains the number of chromosomes at 2n . The result is a multi-cellular diploid organism , called the sporophyte ( because at maturity it produces spores ) . When it reaches maturity , the sporophyte produces one or more sporangia ( singular : sporangium ) which are the organs that produce diploid spore mother cells ( sporocytes ) . These divide by a special process ( meiosis ) that reduces the number of chromosomes by a half . This initially results in four single - celled haploid spores , each containing n unpaired chromosomes . The single - celled haploid spore germinates , dividing by the normal process ( mitosis ) , which maintains the number of chromosomes at n . The result is a multi-cellular haploid organism , called the gametophyte ( because it produces gametes at maturity ) . When it reaches maturity , the gametophyte produces one or more gametangia ( singular : gametangium ) which are the organs that produce haploid gametes . At least one kind of gamete possesses some mechanism for reaching another gamete in order to fuse with it .", "Two single - celled haploid gametes , each containing n unpaired chromosomes , fuse to form a single - celled diploid zygote , which now contains n pairs of chromosomes , i.e. 2n chromosomes in total .", "The single - celled diploid zygote germinates , dividing by the normal process ( mitosis ) , which maintains the number of chromosomes at 2n . The result is a multi-cellular diploid organism , called the sporophyte ( because at maturity it produces spores ) .", "When it reaches maturity , the sporophyte produces one or more sporangia ( singular : sporangium ) which are the organs that produce diploid spore mother cells ( sporocytes ) . These divide by a special process ( meiosis ) that reduces the number of chromosomes by a half . This initially results in four single - celled haploid spores , each containing n unpaired chromosomes .", "The single - celled haploid spore germinates , dividing by the normal process ( mitosis ) , which maintains the number of chromosomes at n . The result is a multi-cellular haploid organism , called the gametophyte ( because it produces gametes at maturity ) .", "When it reaches maturity , the gametophyte produces one or more gametangia ( singular : gametangium ) which are the organs that produce haploid gametes . At least one kind of gamete possesses some mechanism for reaching another gamete in order to fuse with it .", "The ' alternation of generations ' in the life cycle is thus between a diploid ( 2n ) generation of sporophytes and a haploid ( n ) generation of gametophytes .", "The situation is quite different from that in animals , where the fundamental process is that a diploid ( 2n ) individual directly produces haploid ( n ) gametes by meiosis . Spores ( i.e. haploid cells which are able to undergo mitosis ) are not produced , so neither is an asexual multi-cellular generation that alternates with a sexual multi-cellular generation . ( Some insects have haploid males that develop from unfertilized eggs , but the females are all diploid . )", "The diagram shown above is a good representation of the life cycle of some multi-cellular algae ( e.g. the genus Cladophora ) which have sporophytes and gametophytes of almost identical appearance and which do not have different kinds of spores or gametes .", "However , there are many possible variations on the fundamental elements of a life cycle which has alternation of generations . Each variation may occur separately or in combination , resulting in a bewildering variety of life cycles . The terms used by botanists in describing these life cycles can be equally bewildering . As Bateman and Dimichele say `` ( ... ) the alternation of generations has become a terminological morass ; often , one term represents several concepts or one concept is represented by several terms . ''", "Possible variations are :", "Relative importance of the sporophyte and the gametophyte . Equal ( homomorphy or isomorphy ) . Filamentous algae of the genus Cladophora , which are predominantly found in fresh water , have diploid sporophytes and haploid gametophytes which are externally indistinguishable . No living land plant has equally dominant sporophytes and gametophytes , although some theories of the evolution of alternation of generations suggest that ancestral land plants did . Unequal ( heteromorphy or anisomorphy ) . Gametophyte of Mnium hornum , a moss . Dominant gametophyte ( gametophytic ) . In liverworts , mosses and hornworts , the dominant form is the haploid gametophyte . The diploid sporophyte is not capable of an independent existence , gaining most of its nutrition from the parent gametophyte , and having no chlorophyll when mature . Sporophyte of Blechnum discolor , a fern . Dominant sporophyte ( sporophytic ) . In ferns , both the sporophyte and the gametophyte are capable of living independently , but the dominant form is the diploid sporophyte . The haploid gametophyte is much smaller and simpler in structure . In seed plants , the gametophyte is even more reduced ( at the minimum to only three cells ) , gaining all its nutrition from the sporophyte . The extreme reduction in the size of the gametophyte and its retention within the sporophyte means that when applied to seed plants the term ' alternation of generations ' is somewhat misleading : `` ( s ) porophyte and gametophyte effectively function as a single organism '' . Some authors have preferred the term ' alternation of phases ' . Differentiation of the gametes . Both gametes the same ( isogamy ) . Like other species of Cladophora , C. callicoma has flagellated gametes which are identical in appearance and ability to move . Gametes of two distinct sizes ( anisogamy ) . Both of similar motility . Species of Ulva , the sea lettuce , have gametes which all have two flagella and so are motile . However they are of two sizes : larger ' female ' gametes and smaller ' male ' gametes . One large and sessile , one small and motile ( oogamy ) . The larger sessile megagametes are eggs ( ova ) , and smaller motile microgametes are sperm ( spermatozoa , spermatozoids ) . The degree of motility of the sperm may be very limited ( as in the case of flowering plants ) but all are able to move towards the sessile eggs . When ( as is almost always the case ) the sperm and eggs are produced in different kinds of gametangia , the sperm - producing ones are called antheridia ( singular antheridium ) and the egg - producing ones archegonia ( singular archegonium ) . Gametophyte of Pellia epiphylla with sporophytes growing from the remains of archegonia . Antheridia and archegonia occur on the same gametophyte , which is then called monoicous . ( Many sources , including those concerned with bryophytes , use the term ' monoecious ' for this situation and ' dioecious ' for the opposite . Here ' monoecious ' and ' dioecious ' are used only for sporophytes . ) The liverwort Pellia epiphylla has the gametophyte as the dominant generation . It is monoicous : the small reddish sperm - producing antheridia are scattered along the midrib while the egg - producing archegonia grow nearer the tips of divisions of the plant . Antheridia and archegonia occur on different gametophytes , which are then called dioicous . The moss Mnium hornum has the gametophyte as the dominant generation . It is dioicous : male plants produce only antheridia in terminal rosettes , female plants produce only archegonia in the form of stalked capsules . Seed plant gametophytes are also dioicous . However , the parent sporophyte may be monoecious , producing both male and female gametophytes or dioecious , producing gametophytes of one gender only . Seed plant gametophytes are extremely reduced in size ; the archegonium consists only of a small number of cells , and the entire male gametophyte may be represented by only two cells . Differentiation of the spores . All spores the same size ( homospory or isospory ) . Horsetails ( species of Equisetum ) have spores which are all of the same size . Spores of two distinct sizes ( heterospory or anisospory ) : larger megaspores and smaller microspores . When the two kinds of spore are produced in different kinds of sporangia , these are called megasporangia and microsporangia . A megaspore often ( but not always ) develops at the expense of the other three cells resulting from meiosis , which abort . Megasporangia and microsporangia occur on the same sporophyte , which is then called monoecious . Most flowering plants fall into this category . Thus the flower of a lily contains six stamens ( the microsporangia ) which produce microspores which develop into pollen grains ( the microgametophytes ) , and three fused carpels which produce integumented megasporangia ( ovules ) each of which produces a megaspore which develops inside the megasporangium to produce the megagametophyte . In other plants , such as hazel , some flowers have only stamens , others only carpels , but the same plant ( i.e. sporophyte ) has both kinds of flower and so is monoecious . Flowers of European Holly , a dioecious species : male above , female below ( leaves cut to show flowers more clearly ) Megasporangia and microsporangia occur on different sporophytes , which are then called dioecious . An individual tree of the European holly ( Ilex aquifolium ) produces either ' male ' flowers which have only functional stamens ( microsporangia ) producing microspores which develop into pollen grains ( microgametophytes ) or ' female ' flowers which have only functional carpels producing integumented megasporangia ( ovules ) that contain a megaspore that develops into a multicellular megagametophyte .", "Relative importance of the sporophyte and the gametophyte . Equal ( homomorphy or isomorphy ) . Filamentous algae of the genus Cladophora , which are predominantly found in fresh water , have diploid sporophytes and haploid gametophytes which are externally indistinguishable . No living land plant has equally dominant sporophytes and gametophytes , although some theories of the evolution of alternation of generations suggest that ancestral land plants did . Unequal ( heteromorphy or anisomorphy ) . Gametophyte of Mnium hornum , a moss . Dominant gametophyte ( gametophytic ) . In liverworts , mosses and hornworts , the dominant form is the haploid gametophyte . The diploid sporophyte is not capable of an independent existence , gaining most of its nutrition from the parent gametophyte , and having no chlorophyll when mature . Sporophyte of Blechnum discolor , a fern . Dominant sporophyte ( sporophytic ) . In ferns , both the sporophyte and the gametophyte are capable of living independently , but the dominant form is the diploid sporophyte . The haploid gametophyte is much smaller and simpler in structure . In seed plants , the gametophyte is even more reduced ( at the minimum to only three cells ) , gaining all its nutrition from the sporophyte . The extreme reduction in the size of the gametophyte and its retention within the sporophyte means that when applied to seed plants the term ' alternation of generations ' is somewhat misleading : `` ( s ) porophyte and gametophyte effectively function as a single organism '' . Some authors have preferred the term ' alternation of phases ' .", "Equal ( homomorphy or isomorphy ) . Filamentous algae of the genus Cladophora , which are predominantly found in fresh water , have diploid sporophytes and haploid gametophytes which are externally indistinguishable . No living land plant has equally dominant sporophytes and gametophytes , although some theories of the evolution of alternation of generations suggest that ancestral land plants did . Unequal ( heteromorphy or anisomorphy ) . Gametophyte of Mnium hornum , a moss . Dominant gametophyte ( gametophytic ) . In liverworts , mosses and hornworts , the dominant form is the haploid gametophyte . The diploid sporophyte is not capable of an independent existence , gaining most of its nutrition from the parent gametophyte , and having no chlorophyll when mature . Sporophyte of Blechnum discolor , a fern . Dominant sporophyte ( sporophytic ) . In ferns , both the sporophyte and the gametophyte are capable of living independently , but the dominant form is the diploid sporophyte . The haploid gametophyte is much smaller and simpler in structure . In seed plants , the gametophyte is even more reduced ( at the minimum to only three cells ) , gaining all its nutrition from the sporophyte . The extreme reduction in the size of the gametophyte and its retention within the sporophyte means that when applied to seed plants the term ' alternation of generations ' is somewhat misleading : `` ( s ) porophyte and gametophyte effectively function as a single organism '' . Some authors have preferred the term ' alternation of phases ' .", "Equal ( homomorphy or isomorphy ) . Filamentous algae of the genus Cladophora , which are predominantly found in fresh water , have diploid sporophytes and haploid gametophytes which are externally indistinguishable . No living land plant has equally dominant sporophytes and gametophytes , although some theories of the evolution of alternation of generations suggest that ancestral land plants did .", "Unequal ( heteromorphy or anisomorphy ) . Gametophyte of Mnium hornum , a moss . Dominant gametophyte ( gametophytic ) . In liverworts , mosses and hornworts , the dominant form is the haploid gametophyte . The diploid sporophyte is not capable of an independent existence , gaining most of its nutrition from the parent gametophyte , and having no chlorophyll when mature . Sporophyte of Blechnum discolor , a fern . Dominant sporophyte ( sporophytic ) . In ferns , both the sporophyte and the gametophyte are capable of living independently , but the dominant form is the diploid sporophyte . The haploid gametophyte is much smaller and simpler in structure . In seed plants , the gametophyte is even more reduced ( at the minimum to only three cells ) , gaining all its nutrition from the sporophyte . The extreme reduction in the size of the gametophyte and its retention within the sporophyte means that when applied to seed plants the term ' alternation of generations ' is somewhat misleading : `` ( s ) porophyte and gametophyte effectively function as a single organism '' . Some authors have preferred the term ' alternation of phases ' .", "Dominant gametophyte ( gametophytic ) . In liverworts , mosses and hornworts , the dominant form is the haploid gametophyte . The diploid sporophyte is not capable of an independent existence , gaining most of its nutrition from the parent gametophyte , and having no chlorophyll when mature . Sporophyte of Blechnum discolor , a fern . Dominant sporophyte ( sporophytic ) . In ferns , both the sporophyte and the gametophyte are capable of living independently , but the dominant form is the diploid sporophyte . The haploid gametophyte is much smaller and simpler in structure . In seed plants , the gametophyte is even more reduced ( at the minimum to only three cells ) , gaining all its nutrition from the sporophyte . The extreme reduction in the size of the gametophyte and its retention within the sporophyte means that when applied to seed plants the term ' alternation of generations ' is somewhat misleading : `` ( s ) porophyte and gametophyte effectively function as a single organism '' . Some authors have preferred the term ' alternation of phases ' .", "Dominant gametophyte ( gametophytic ) . In liverworts , mosses and hornworts , the dominant form is the haploid gametophyte . The diploid sporophyte is not capable of an independent existence , gaining most of its nutrition from the parent gametophyte , and having no chlorophyll when mature . Sporophyte of Blechnum discolor , a fern .", "Dominant sporophyte ( sporophytic ) . In ferns , both the sporophyte and the gametophyte are capable of living independently , but the dominant form is the diploid sporophyte . The haploid gametophyte is much smaller and simpler in structure . In seed plants , the gametophyte is even more reduced ( at the minimum to only three cells ) , gaining all its nutrition from the sporophyte . The extreme reduction in the size of the gametophyte and its retention within the sporophyte means that when applied to seed plants the term ' alternation of generations ' is somewhat misleading : `` ( s ) porophyte and gametophyte effectively function as a single organism '' . Some authors have preferred the term ' alternation of phases ' .", "Differentiation of the gametes . Both gametes the same ( isogamy ) . Like other species of Cladophora , C. callicoma has flagellated gametes which are identical in appearance and ability to move . Gametes of two distinct sizes ( anisogamy ) . Both of similar motility . Species of Ulva , the sea lettuce , have gametes which all have two flagella and so are motile . However they are of two sizes : larger ' female ' gametes and smaller ' male ' gametes . One large and sessile , one small and motile ( oogamy ) . The larger sessile megagametes are eggs ( ova ) , and smaller motile microgametes are sperm ( spermatozoa , spermatozoids ) . The degree of motility of the sperm may be very limited ( as in the case of flowering plants ) but all are able to move towards the sessile eggs . When ( as is almost always the case ) the sperm and eggs are produced in different kinds of gametangia , the sperm - producing ones are called antheridia ( singular antheridium ) and the egg - producing ones archegonia ( singular archegonium ) . Gametophyte of Pellia epiphylla with sporophytes growing from the remains of archegonia . Antheridia and archegonia occur on the same gametophyte , which is then called monoicous . ( Many sources , including those concerned with bryophytes , use the term ' monoecious ' for this situation and ' dioecious ' for the opposite . Here ' monoecious ' and ' dioecious ' are used only for sporophytes . ) The liverwort Pellia epiphylla has the gametophyte as the dominant generation . It is monoicous : the small reddish sperm - producing antheridia are scattered along the midrib while the egg - producing archegonia grow nearer the tips of divisions of the plant . Antheridia and archegonia occur on different gametophytes , which are then called dioicous . The moss Mnium hornum has the gametophyte as the dominant generation . It is dioicous : male plants produce only antheridia in terminal rosettes , female plants produce only archegonia in the form of stalked capsules . Seed plant gametophytes are also dioicous . However , the parent sporophyte may be monoecious , producing both male and female gametophytes or dioecious , producing gametophytes of one gender only . Seed plant gametophytes are extremely reduced in size ; the archegonium consists only of a small number of cells , and the entire male gametophyte may be represented by only two cells .", "Both gametes the same ( isogamy ) . Like other species of Cladophora , C. callicoma has flagellated gametes which are identical in appearance and ability to move . Gametes of two distinct sizes ( anisogamy ) . Both of similar motility . Species of Ulva , the sea lettuce , have gametes which all have two flagella and so are motile . However they are of two sizes : larger ' female ' gametes and smaller ' male ' gametes . One large and sessile , one small and motile ( oogamy ) . The larger sessile megagametes are eggs ( ova ) , and smaller motile microgametes are sperm ( spermatozoa , spermatozoids ) . The degree of motility of the sperm may be very limited ( as in the case of flowering plants ) but all are able to move towards the sessile eggs . When ( as is almost always the case ) the sperm and eggs are produced in different kinds of gametangia , the sperm - producing ones are called antheridia ( singular antheridium ) and the egg - producing ones archegonia ( singular archegonium ) . Gametophyte of Pellia epiphylla with sporophytes growing from the remains of archegonia . Antheridia and archegonia occur on the same gametophyte , which is then called monoicous . ( Many sources , including those concerned with bryophytes , use the term ' monoecious ' for this situation and ' dioecious ' for the opposite . Here ' monoecious ' and ' dioecious ' are used only for sporophytes . ) The liverwort Pellia epiphylla has the gametophyte as the dominant generation . It is monoicous : the small reddish sperm - producing antheridia are scattered along the midrib while the egg - producing archegonia grow nearer the tips of divisions of the plant . Antheridia and archegonia occur on different gametophytes , which are then called dioicous . The moss Mnium hornum has the gametophyte as the dominant generation . It is dioicous : male plants produce only antheridia in terminal rosettes , female plants produce only archegonia in the form of stalked capsules . Seed plant gametophytes are also dioicous . However , the parent sporophyte may be monoecious , producing both male and female gametophytes or dioecious , producing gametophytes of one gender only . Seed plant gametophytes are extremely reduced in size ; the archegonium consists only of a small number of cells , and the entire male gametophyte may be represented by only two cells .", "Both gametes the same ( isogamy ) . Like other species of Cladophora , C. callicoma has flagellated gametes which are identical in appearance and ability to move .", "Gametes of two distinct sizes ( anisogamy ) . Both of similar motility . Species of Ulva , the sea lettuce , have gametes which all have two flagella and so are motile . However they are of two sizes : larger ' female ' gametes and smaller ' male ' gametes . One large and sessile , one small and motile ( oogamy ) . The larger sessile megagametes are eggs ( ova ) , and smaller motile microgametes are sperm ( spermatozoa , spermatozoids ) . The degree of motility of the sperm may be very limited ( as in the case of flowering plants ) but all are able to move towards the sessile eggs . When ( as is almost always the case ) the sperm and eggs are produced in different kinds of gametangia , the sperm - producing ones are called antheridia ( singular antheridium ) and the egg - producing ones archegonia ( singular archegonium ) . Gametophyte of Pellia epiphylla with sporophytes growing from the remains of archegonia . Antheridia and archegonia occur on the same gametophyte , which is then called monoicous . ( Many sources , including those concerned with bryophytes , use the term ' monoecious ' for this situation and ' dioecious ' for the opposite . Here ' monoecious ' and ' dioecious ' are used only for sporophytes . ) The liverwort Pellia epiphylla has the gametophyte as the dominant generation . It is monoicous : the small reddish sperm - producing antheridia are scattered along the midrib while the egg - producing archegonia grow nearer the tips of divisions of the plant . Antheridia and archegonia occur on different gametophytes , which are then called dioicous . The moss Mnium hornum has the gametophyte as the dominant generation . It is dioicous : male plants produce only antheridia in terminal rosettes , female plants produce only archegonia in the form of stalked capsules . Seed plant gametophytes are also dioicous . However , the parent sporophyte may be monoecious , producing both male and female gametophytes or dioecious , producing gametophytes of one gender only . Seed plant gametophytes are extremely reduced in size ; the archegonium consists only of a small number of cells , and the entire male gametophyte may be represented by only two cells .", "Both of similar motility . Species of Ulva , the sea lettuce , have gametes which all have two flagella and so are motile . However they are of two sizes : larger ' female ' gametes and smaller ' male ' gametes . One large and sessile , one small and motile ( oogamy ) . The larger sessile megagametes are eggs ( ova ) , and smaller motile microgametes are sperm ( spermatozoa , spermatozoids ) . The degree of motility of the sperm may be very limited ( as in the case of flowering plants ) but all are able to move towards the sessile eggs . When ( as is almost always the case ) the sperm and eggs are produced in different kinds of gametangia , the sperm - producing ones are called antheridia ( singular antheridium ) and the egg - producing ones archegonia ( singular archegonium ) . Gametophyte of Pellia epiphylla with sporophytes growing from the remains of archegonia . Antheridia and archegonia occur on the same gametophyte , which is then called monoicous . ( Many sources , including those concerned with bryophytes , use the term ' monoecious ' for this situation and ' dioecious ' for the opposite . Here ' monoecious ' and ' dioecious ' are used only for sporophytes . ) The liverwort Pellia epiphylla has the gametophyte as the dominant generation . It is monoicous : the small reddish sperm - producing antheridia are scattered along the midrib while the egg - producing archegonia grow nearer the tips of divisions of the plant . Antheridia and archegonia occur on different gametophytes , which are then called dioicous . The moss Mnium hornum has the gametophyte as the dominant generation . It is dioicous : male plants produce only antheridia in terminal rosettes , female plants produce only archegonia in the form of stalked capsules . Seed plant gametophytes are also dioicous . However , the parent sporophyte may be monoecious , producing both male and female gametophytes or dioecious , producing gametophytes of one gender only . Seed plant gametophytes are extremely reduced in size ; the archegonium consists only of a small number of cells , and the entire male gametophyte may be represented by only two cells .", "Both of similar motility . Species of Ulva , the sea lettuce , have gametes which all have two flagella and so are motile . However they are of two sizes : larger ' female ' gametes and smaller ' male ' gametes .", "One large and sessile , one small and motile ( oogamy ) . The larger sessile megagametes are eggs ( ova ) , and smaller motile microgametes are sperm ( spermatozoa , spermatozoids ) . The degree of motility of the sperm may be very limited ( as in the case of flowering plants ) but all are able to move towards the sessile eggs . When ( as is almost always the case ) the sperm and eggs are produced in different kinds of gametangia , the sperm - producing ones are called antheridia ( singular antheridium ) and the egg - producing ones archegonia ( singular archegonium ) . Gametophyte of Pellia epiphylla with sporophytes growing from the remains of archegonia . Antheridia and archegonia occur on the same gametophyte , which is then called monoicous . ( Many sources , including those concerned with bryophytes , use the term ' monoecious ' for this situation and ' dioecious ' for the opposite . Here ' monoecious ' and ' dioecious ' are used only for sporophytes . ) The liverwort Pellia epiphylla has the gametophyte as the dominant generation . It is monoicous : the small reddish sperm - producing antheridia are scattered along the midrib while the egg - producing archegonia grow nearer the tips of divisions of the plant . Antheridia and archegonia occur on different gametophytes , which are then called dioicous . The moss Mnium hornum has the gametophyte as the dominant generation . It is dioicous : male plants produce only antheridia in terminal rosettes , female plants produce only archegonia in the form of stalked capsules . Seed plant gametophytes are also dioicous . However , the parent sporophyte may be monoecious , producing both male and female gametophytes or dioecious , producing gametophytes of one gender only . Seed plant gametophytes are extremely reduced in size ; the archegonium consists only of a small number of cells , and the entire male gametophyte may be represented by only two cells .", "Antheridia and archegonia occur on the same gametophyte , which is then called monoicous . ( Many sources , including those concerned with bryophytes , use the term ' monoecious ' for this situation and ' dioecious ' for the opposite . Here ' monoecious ' and ' dioecious ' are used only for sporophytes . ) The liverwort Pellia epiphylla has the gametophyte as the dominant generation . It is monoicous : the small reddish sperm - producing antheridia are scattered along the midrib while the egg - producing archegonia grow nearer the tips of divisions of the plant . Antheridia and archegonia occur on different gametophytes , which are then called dioicous . The moss Mnium hornum has the gametophyte as the dominant generation . It is dioicous : male plants produce only antheridia in terminal rosettes , female plants produce only archegonia in the form of stalked capsules . Seed plant gametophytes are also dioicous . However , the parent sporophyte may be monoecious , producing both male and female gametophytes or dioecious , producing gametophytes of one gender only . Seed plant gametophytes are extremely reduced in size ; the archegonium consists only of a small number of cells , and the entire male gametophyte may be represented by only two cells .", "Antheridia and archegonia occur on the same gametophyte , which is then called monoicous . ( Many sources , including those concerned with bryophytes , use the term ' monoecious ' for this situation and ' dioecious ' for the opposite . Here ' monoecious ' and ' dioecious ' are used only for sporophytes . ) The liverwort Pellia epiphylla has the gametophyte as the dominant generation . It is monoicous : the small reddish sperm - producing antheridia are scattered along the midrib while the egg - producing archegonia grow nearer the tips of divisions of the plant .", "Antheridia and archegonia occur on different gametophytes , which are then called dioicous . The moss Mnium hornum has the gametophyte as the dominant generation . It is dioicous : male plants produce only antheridia in terminal rosettes , female plants produce only archegonia in the form of stalked capsules . Seed plant gametophytes are also dioicous . However , the parent sporophyte may be monoecious , producing both male and female gametophytes or dioecious , producing gametophytes of one gender only . Seed plant gametophytes are extremely reduced in size ; the archegonium consists only of a small number of cells , and the entire male gametophyte may be represented by only two cells .", "Differentiation of the spores . All spores the same size ( homospory or isospory ) . Horsetails ( species of Equisetum ) have spores which are all of the same size . Spores of two distinct sizes ( heterospory or anisospory ) : larger megaspores and smaller microspores . When the two kinds of spore are produced in different kinds of sporangia , these are called megasporangia and microsporangia . A megaspore often ( but not always ) develops at the expense of the other three cells resulting from meiosis , which abort . Megasporangia and microsporangia occur on the same sporophyte , which is then called monoecious . Most flowering plants fall into this category . Thus the flower of a lily contains six stamens ( the microsporangia ) which produce microspores which develop into pollen grains ( the microgametophytes ) , and three fused carpels which produce integumented megasporangia ( ovules ) each of which produces a megaspore which develops inside the megasporangium to produce the megagametophyte . In other plants , such as hazel , some flowers have only stamens , others only carpels , but the same plant ( i.e. sporophyte ) has both kinds of flower and so is monoecious . Flowers of European Holly , a dioecious species : male above , female below ( leaves cut to show flowers more clearly ) Megasporangia and microsporangia occur on different sporophytes , which are then called dioecious . An individual tree of the European holly ( Ilex aquifolium ) produces either ' male ' flowers which have only functional stamens ( microsporangia ) producing microspores which develop into pollen grains ( microgametophytes ) or ' female ' flowers which have only functional carpels producing integumented megasporangia ( ovules ) that contain a megaspore that develops into a multicellular megagametophyte .", "All spores the same size ( homospory or isospory ) . Horsetails ( species of Equisetum ) have spores which are all of the same size . Spores of two distinct sizes ( heterospory or anisospory ) : larger megaspores and smaller microspores . When the two kinds of spore are produced in different kinds of sporangia , these are called megasporangia and microsporangia . A megaspore often ( but not always ) develops at the expense of the other three cells resulting from meiosis , which abort . Megasporangia and microsporangia occur on the same sporophyte , which is then called monoecious . Most flowering plants fall into this category . Thus the flower of a lily contains six stamens ( the microsporangia ) which produce microspores which develop into pollen grains ( the microgametophytes ) , and three fused carpels which produce integumented megasporangia ( ovules ) each of which produces a megaspore which develops inside the megasporangium to produce the megagametophyte . In other plants , such as hazel , some flowers have only stamens , others only carpels , but the same plant ( i.e. sporophyte ) has both kinds of flower and so is monoecious . Flowers of European Holly , a dioecious species : male above , female below ( leaves cut to show flowers more clearly ) Megasporangia and microsporangia occur on different sporophytes , which are then called dioecious . An individual tree of the European holly ( Ilex aquifolium ) produces either ' male ' flowers which have only functional stamens ( microsporangia ) producing microspores which develop into pollen grains ( microgametophytes ) or ' female ' flowers which have only functional carpels producing integumented megasporangia ( ovules ) that contain a megaspore that develops into a multicellular megagametophyte .", "All spores the same size ( homospory or isospory ) . Horsetails ( species of Equisetum ) have spores which are all of the same size .", "Spores of two distinct sizes ( heterospory or anisospory ) : larger megaspores and smaller microspores . When the two kinds of spore are produced in different kinds of sporangia , these are called megasporangia and microsporangia . A megaspore often ( but not always ) develops at the expense of the other three cells resulting from meiosis , which abort . Megasporangia and microsporangia occur on the same sporophyte , which is then called monoecious . Most flowering plants fall into this category . Thus the flower of a lily contains six stamens ( the microsporangia ) which produce microspores which develop into pollen grains ( the microgametophytes ) , and three fused carpels which produce integumented megasporangia ( ovules ) each of which produces a megaspore which develops inside the megasporangium to produce the megagametophyte . In other plants , such as hazel , some flowers have only stamens , others only carpels , but the same plant ( i.e. sporophyte ) has both kinds of flower and so is monoecious . Flowers of European Holly , a dioecious species : male above , female below ( leaves cut to show flowers more clearly ) Megasporangia and microsporangia occur on different sporophytes , which are then called dioecious . An individual tree of the European holly ( Ilex aquifolium ) produces either ' male ' flowers which have only functional stamens ( microsporangia ) producing microspores which develop into pollen grains ( microgametophytes ) or ' female ' flowers which have only functional carpels producing integumented megasporangia ( ovules ) that contain a megaspore that develops into a multicellular megagametophyte .", "Megasporangia and microsporangia occur on the same sporophyte , which is then called monoecious . Most flowering plants fall into this category . Thus the flower of a lily contains six stamens ( the microsporangia ) which produce microspores which develop into pollen grains ( the microgametophytes ) , and three fused carpels which produce integumented megasporangia ( ovules ) each of which produces a megaspore which develops inside the megasporangium to produce the megagametophyte . In other plants , such as hazel , some flowers have only stamens , others only carpels , but the same plant ( i.e. sporophyte ) has both kinds of flower and so is monoecious . Flowers of European Holly , a dioecious species : male above , female below ( leaves cut to show flowers more clearly ) Megasporangia and microsporangia occur on different sporophytes , which are then called dioecious . An individual tree of the European holly ( Ilex aquifolium ) produces either ' male ' flowers which have only functional stamens ( microsporangia ) producing microspores which develop into pollen grains ( microgametophytes ) or ' female ' flowers which have only functional carpels producing integumented megasporangia ( ovules ) that contain a megaspore that develops into a multicellular megagametophyte .", "Megasporangia and microsporangia occur on the same sporophyte , which is then called monoecious . Most flowering plants fall into this category . Thus the flower of a lily contains six stamens ( the microsporangia ) which produce microspores which develop into pollen grains ( the microgametophytes ) , and three fused carpels which produce integumented megasporangia ( ovules ) each of which produces a megaspore which develops inside the megasporangium to produce the megagametophyte . In other plants , such as hazel , some flowers have only stamens , others only carpels , but the same plant ( i.e. sporophyte ) has both kinds of flower and so is monoecious . Flowers of European Holly , a dioecious species : male above , female below ( leaves cut to show flowers more clearly )", "Megasporangia and microsporangia occur on different sporophytes , which are then called dioecious . An individual tree of the European holly ( Ilex aquifolium ) produces either ' male ' flowers which have only functional stamens ( microsporangia ) producing microspores which develop into pollen grains ( microgametophytes ) or ' female ' flowers which have only functional carpels producing integumented megasporangia ( ovules ) that contain a megaspore that develops into a multicellular megagametophyte .", "There are some correlations between these variations , but they are just that , correlations , and not absolute . For example , in flowering plants , microspores ultimately produce microgametes ( sperm ) and megaspores ultimately produce megagametes ( eggs ) . However , in ferns and their allies there are groups with undifferentiated spores but differentiated gametophytes . For example , the fern Ceratopteris thalictrioides has spores of only one kind , which vary continuously in size . Smaller spores tend to germinate into gametophytes which produce only sperm - producing antheridia .", "The diagram shows the alternation of generations in a species which is heteromorphic , sporophytic , oogametic , dioicous , heterosporic and dioecious . A seed plant example might be a willow tree ( most species of the genus Salix are dioecious ) . Starting in the centre of the diagram , the processes involved are :", "An immobile egg , contained in the archegonium , fuses with a mobile sperm , released from an antheridium . The resulting zygote is either ' male ' or ' female ' . A ' male ' zygote develops by mitosis into a microsporophyte , which at maturity produces one or more microsporangia . Microspores develop within the microsporangium by meiosis . In a willow ( like all seed plants ) the zygote first develops into an embryo microsporophyte within the ovule ( a megasporangium enclosed in one or more protective layers of tissue known as integument ) . At maturity , these structures become the seed . Later the seed is shed , germinates and grows into a mature tree . A ' male ' willow tree ( a microsporophyte ) produces flowers with only stamens , the anthers of which are the microsporangia . Microspores germinate producing microgametophytes ; at maturity one or more antheridia are produced . Sperm develop within the antheridia . In a willow , microspores are not liberated from the anther ( the microsporangium ) , but develop into pollen grains ( microgametophytes ) within it . The whole pollen grain is moved ( e.g. by an insect or by the wind ) to an ovule ( megagametophyte ) , where a sperm is produced which moves down a pollen tube to reach the egg . A ' female ' zygote develops by mitosis into a megasporophyte , which at maturity produces one or more megasporangia . Megaspores develop within the megasporangium ; typically one of the four spores produced by meiosis gains bulk at the expense of the remaining three , which disappear . ' Female ' willow trees ( megasporophytes ) produce flowers with only carpels ( modified leaves that bear the megasporangia ) . Megaspores germinate producing megagametophytes ; at maturity one or more archegonia are produced . Eggs develop within the archegonia . The carpels of a willow produce ovules , megasporangia enclosed in integuments . Within each ovule , a megaspore develops by mitosis into a megagametophyte . An archegonium develops within the megagametophyte and produces an egg . The whole of the gametophytic ' generation ' remains within the protection of the sporophyte except for pollen grains ( which have been reduced to just three cells contained within the microspore wall ) .", "An immobile egg , contained in the archegonium , fuses with a mobile sperm , released from an antheridium . The resulting zygote is either ' male ' or ' female ' . A ' male ' zygote develops by mitosis into a microsporophyte , which at maturity produces one or more microsporangia . Microspores develop within the microsporangium by meiosis . In a willow ( like all seed plants ) the zygote first develops into an embryo microsporophyte within the ovule ( a megasporangium enclosed in one or more protective layers of tissue known as integument ) . At maturity , these structures become the seed . Later the seed is shed , germinates and grows into a mature tree . A ' male ' willow tree ( a microsporophyte ) produces flowers with only stamens , the anthers of which are the microsporangia . Microspores germinate producing microgametophytes ; at maturity one or more antheridia are produced . Sperm develop within the antheridia . In a willow , microspores are not liberated from the anther ( the microsporangium ) , but develop into pollen grains ( microgametophytes ) within it . The whole pollen grain is moved ( e.g. by an insect or by the wind ) to an ovule ( megagametophyte ) , where a sperm is produced which moves down a pollen tube to reach the egg . A ' female ' zygote develops by mitosis into a megasporophyte , which at maturity produces one or more megasporangia . Megaspores develop within the megasporangium ; typically one of the four spores produced by meiosis gains bulk at the expense of the remaining three , which disappear . ' Female ' willow trees ( megasporophytes ) produce flowers with only carpels ( modified leaves that bear the megasporangia ) . Megaspores germinate producing megagametophytes ; at maturity one or more archegonia are produced . Eggs develop within the archegonia . The carpels of a willow produce ovules , megasporangia enclosed in integuments . Within each ovule , a megaspore develops by mitosis into a megagametophyte . An archegonium develops within the megagametophyte and produces an egg . The whole of the gametophytic ' generation ' remains within the protection of the sporophyte except for pollen grains ( which have been reduced to just three cells contained within the microspore wall ) .", "A ' male ' zygote develops by mitosis into a microsporophyte , which at maturity produces one or more microsporangia . Microspores develop within the microsporangium by meiosis . In a willow ( like all seed plants ) the zygote first develops into an embryo microsporophyte within the ovule ( a megasporangium enclosed in one or more protective layers of tissue known as integument ) . At maturity , these structures become the seed . Later the seed is shed , germinates and grows into a mature tree . A ' male ' willow tree ( a microsporophyte ) produces flowers with only stamens , the anthers of which are the microsporangia . Microspores germinate producing microgametophytes ; at maturity one or more antheridia are produced . Sperm develop within the antheridia . In a willow , microspores are not liberated from the anther ( the microsporangium ) , but develop into pollen grains ( microgametophytes ) within it . The whole pollen grain is moved ( e.g. by an insect or by the wind ) to an ovule ( megagametophyte ) , where a sperm is produced which moves down a pollen tube to reach the egg . A ' female ' zygote develops by mitosis into a megasporophyte , which at maturity produces one or more megasporangia . Megaspores develop within the megasporangium ; typically one of the four spores produced by meiosis gains bulk at the expense of the remaining three , which disappear . ' Female ' willow trees ( megasporophytes ) produce flowers with only carpels ( modified leaves that bear the megasporangia ) . Megaspores germinate producing megagametophytes ; at maturity one or more archegonia are produced . Eggs develop within the archegonia . The carpels of a willow produce ovules , megasporangia enclosed in integuments . Within each ovule , a megaspore develops by mitosis into a megagametophyte . An archegonium develops within the megagametophyte and produces an egg . The whole of the gametophytic ' generation ' remains within the protection of the sporophyte except for pollen grains ( which have been reduced to just three cells contained within the microspore wall ) .", "A ' male ' zygote develops by mitosis into a microsporophyte , which at maturity produces one or more microsporangia . Microspores develop within the microsporangium by meiosis . In a willow ( like all seed plants ) the zygote first develops into an embryo microsporophyte within the ovule ( a megasporangium enclosed in one or more protective layers of tissue known as integument ) . At maturity , these structures become the seed . Later the seed is shed , germinates and grows into a mature tree . A ' male ' willow tree ( a microsporophyte ) produces flowers with only stamens , the anthers of which are the microsporangia .", "Microspores germinate producing microgametophytes ; at maturity one or more antheridia are produced . Sperm develop within the antheridia . In a willow , microspores are not liberated from the anther ( the microsporangium ) , but develop into pollen grains ( microgametophytes ) within it . The whole pollen grain is moved ( e.g. by an insect or by the wind ) to an ovule ( megagametophyte ) , where a sperm is produced which moves down a pollen tube to reach the egg .", "A ' female ' zygote develops by mitosis into a megasporophyte , which at maturity produces one or more megasporangia . Megaspores develop within the megasporangium ; typically one of the four spores produced by meiosis gains bulk at the expense of the remaining three , which disappear . ' Female ' willow trees ( megasporophytes ) produce flowers with only carpels ( modified leaves that bear the megasporangia ) .", "Megaspores germinate producing megagametophytes ; at maturity one or more archegonia are produced . Eggs develop within the archegonia . The carpels of a willow produce ovules , megasporangia enclosed in integuments . Within each ovule , a megaspore develops by mitosis into a megagametophyte . An archegonium develops within the megagametophyte and produces an egg . The whole of the gametophytic ' generation ' remains within the protection of the sporophyte except for pollen grains ( which have been reduced to just three cells contained within the microspore wall ) .", "The term `` plants '' is taken here to mean the Archaeplastida , i.e. the glaucophytes , red and green algae and land plants .", "Alternation of generations occurs in almost all multicellular red and green algae , both freshwater forms ( such as Cladophora ) and seaweeds ( such as Ulva ) . In most , the generations are homomorphic ( isomorphic ) and free - living . Some species of red algae have a complex triphasic alternation of generations , in which there is a gametophyte phase and two distinct sporophyte phases . For further information , see Red algae : Reproduction .", "Land plants all have heteromorphic ( anisomorphic ) alternation of generations , in which the sporophyte and gametophyte are distinctly different . All bryophytes , i.e. liverworts , mosses and hornworts , have the gametophyte generation as the most conspicuous . As an illustration , consider a monoicous moss . Antheridia and archegonia develop on the mature plant ( the gametophyte ) . In the presence of water , the biflagellate sperm from the antheridia swim to the archegonia and fertilisation occurs , leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte . The sporophyte grows up from the archegonium . Its body comprises a long stalk topped by a capsule within which spore - producing cells undergo meiosis to form haploid spores . Most mosses rely on the wind to disperse these spores , although Splachnum sphaericum is entomophilous , recruiting insects to disperse its spores . For further information , see Liverwort : Life cycle , Moss : Life cycle , Hornwort : Life cycle .", "Diagram of alternation of generations in liverworts . Moss life cycle diagram Hornwort life cycle diagram", "Diagram of alternation of generations in liverworts .", "Diagram of alternation of generations in liverworts .", "Moss life cycle diagram", "Moss life cycle diagram", "Hornwort life cycle diagram", "Hornwort life cycle diagram", "In ferns and their allies , including clubmosses and horsetails , the conspicuous plant observed in the field is the diploid sporophyte . The haploid spores develop in sori on the underside of the fronds and are dispersed by the wind ( or in some cases , by floating on water ) . If conditions are right , a spore will germinate and grow into a rather inconspicuous plant body called a prothallus . The haploid prothallus does not resemble the sporophyte , and as such ferns and their allies have a heteromorphic alternation of generations . The prothallus is short - lived , but carries out sexual reproduction , producing the diploid zygote that then grows out of the prothallus as the sporophyte . For further information , see Fern : Life cycle .", "Diagram of alternation of generations in ferns . A gametophyte ( prothallus ) of Dicksonia sp . A sporophyte of Dicksonia antarctica . The underside of a Dicksonia antarctica frond showing the sori , or spore - producing structures .", "Diagram of alternation of generations in ferns .", "A gametophyte ( prothallus ) of Dicksonia sp .", "A sporophyte of Dicksonia antarctica .", "The underside of a Dicksonia antarctica frond showing the sori , or spore - producing structures .", "In the spermatophytes , the seed plants , the sporophyte is the dominant multicellular phase ; the gametophytes are strongly reduced in size and very different in morphology . The entire gametophyte generation , with the sole exception of pollen grains ( microgametophytes ) , is contained within the sporophyte . The life cycle of a dioecious flowering plant ( angiosperm ) , the willow , has been outlined in some detail in an earlier section ( A complex life cycle ) . The life cycle of a gymnosperm is similar . However , flowering plants have in addition a phenomenon called ' double fertilization ' . Two sperm nuclei from a pollen grain ( the microgametophyte ) , rather than a single sperm , enter the archegonium of the megagametophyte ; one fuses with the egg nucleus to form the zygote , the other fuses with two other nuclei of the gametophyte to form ' endosperm ' , which nourishes the developing embryo . For further information , see Double fertilization .", "It has been proposed that the basis for the emergence of the diploid phase of the life cycle ( sporophyte ) as the dominant phase ( e.g. as in vascular plants ) is that diploidy allows masking of the expression of deleterious mutations through genetic complementation . Thus if one of the parental genomes in the diploid cells contained mutations leading to defects in one or more gene products , these deficiencies could be compensated for by the other parental genome ( which nevertheless may have its own defects in other genes ) . As the diploid phase was becoming predominant , the masking effect likely allowed genome size , and hence information content , to increase without the constraint of having to improve accuracy of DNA replication . The opportunity to increase information content at low cost was advantageous because it permitted new adaptations to be encoded . This view has been challenged , with evidence showing that selection is no more effective in the haploid than in the diploid phases of the lifecycle of mosses and angiosperms .", "Angiosperm life cycle Tip of tulip stamen showing pollen ( microgametophytes ) Plant ovules ( megagametophytes ) : Gymnosperm ovule on left , angiosperm ovule ( inside ovary ) on right Double fertilization", "Angiosperm life cycle", "Angiosperm life cycle", "Tip of tulip stamen showing pollen ( microgametophytes )", "Tip of tulip stamen showing pollen ( microgametophytes )", "Plant ovules ( megagametophytes ) : Gymnosperm ovule on left , angiosperm ovule ( inside ovary ) on right", "Plant ovules ( megagametophytes ) : Gymnosperm ovule on left , angiosperm ovule ( inside ovary ) on right", "Double fertilization", "Some organisms currently classified in the clade Rhizaria and thus not plants in the sense used here , exhibit alternation of generations . Foraminifera undergo a heteromorphic alternation of generations between haploid gamont and diploid agamont forms . The single - celled haploid organism is typically much larger than the diploid organism .", "Fungal mycelia are typically haploid . When mycelia of different mating types meet , they produce two multinucleate ball - shaped cells , which join via a `` mating bridge '' . Nuclei move from one mycelium into the other , forming a heterokaryon ( meaning `` different nuclei '' ) . This process is called plasmogamy . Actual fusion to form diploid nuclei is called karyogamy , and may not occur until sporangia are formed . Karogamy produces a diploid zygote , which is a short - lived sporophyte that soon undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores . When the spores germinate , they develop into new mycelia .", "The life cycle of slime moulds is very similar to that of fungi . Haploid spores germinate to form swarm cells or myxamoebae . These fuse in a process referred to as plasmogamy and karyogamy to form a diploid zygote . The zygote develops into a plasmodium , and the mature plasmodium produces , depending on the species , one to many fruiting bodies containing haploid spores .", "Alternation between a multicellular diploid and a multicellular haploid generation is never encountered in animals . In some animals , there is an alternation between parthenogenic and sexually reproductive phases ( heterogamy ) . Both phases are diploid . This has sometimes been called `` alternation of generations '' , but is quite different . In some other animals , such as hymenopterans , males are haploid and females diploid , but this is always the case rather than there being an alternation between distinct generations ." ]
Alternation of generations - wikipedia Alternation of generations Jump to: navigation , search This article describes alternation of generations in plants; for a similar phenomenon in animals see Heterogamy Diagram showing the alternation of generations between a diploid sporophyte (bottom) and a haploid gametophyte (top) Alternation of generations (also known as metagenesis ) is the type of life cycle that occurs in those plants and algae in the Archaeplastida and the Heterokontophyta that have distinct sexual haploid and asexual diploid stages. In these groups, a multicellular gametophyte , which is haploid with n chromosomes , alternates with a multicellular sporophyte , which is diploid with 2n chromosomes, made up of n pairs. A mature sporophyte produces spores by meiosis , a process which reduces the number of chromosomes to half, from 2n to n . The haploid spores germinate and grow into a haploid gametophyte. At maturity, the gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis , which does not alter the number of chromosomes. Two gametes (originating from different organisms of the same species or from the same organism) fuse to produce a zygote , which develops into a diploid sporophyte. This cycle, from gametophyte to gametophyte (or equally from sporophyte to sporophyte), is the way in which all land plants and many algae undergo sexual reproduction . The relationship between the sporophyte and gametophyte varies among different groups of plants. In those algae which have alternation of generations, the sporophyte and gametophyte are separate independent organisms, which may or may not have a similar appearance. In liverworts , mosses and hornworts , the sporophyte is less well developed than the gametophyte and is largely dependent on it. Although moss and hornwort sporophytes can photosynthesise, they require additional photosynthate from the gametophyte to sustain growth and spore development and depend on it for supply of water, mineral nutrients and nitrogen. By contrast, in all modern vascular plants the gametophyte is less well developed than the sporophyte, although their Devonian ancestors had gametophytes and sporophytes of approximately equivalent complexity. In ferns the gametophyte is a small flattened autotrophic prothallus on which the young sporophyte is briefly dependent for its nutrition. In flowering plants , the reduction of the gametophyte is much more extreme; it consists of just a few cells which grow entirely inside the sporophyte. Animals develop differently. They directly produce haploid gametes. No haploid spores capable of dividing are produced, so they do not have a haploid gametophyte alternating with a diploid sporophyte. (Some insects have a sex-determining system whereby haploid males are produced from unfertilized eggs; however the females are diploid.) Life cycles of plants and algae with alternating haploid and diploid multicellular stages are referred to as diplohaplontic (the equivalent terms haplodiplontic , diplobiontic or dibiontic are also in use). Life cycles, such as those of animals, in which there is only a diploid multicellular stage are referred to as diplontic . Life cycles in which there is only a haploid multicellular stage are referred to as haplontic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 1.1 History 2 Alternation of generations in plants 2.1 Fundamental elements 2.2 Variations 2.3 A complex life cycle 3 Life cycles of different plant groups 4 Evolutionary emergence of the dominant diploid phase 5 Similar processes in other organisms 5.1 Rhizaria 5.2 Fungi 5.3 Slime moulds 5.4 Animals 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 Bibliography Definition ( edit ) Alternation of generations is defined as the alternation of multicellular diploid and haploid forms in the organism's life cycle, regardless of whether or not these forms are free-living. In some species, such as the alga Ulva lactuca , the diploid and haploid forms are indeed both free-living independent organisms, essentially identical in appearance and therefore said to be isomorphic. The free-swimming, haploid gametes form a diploid zygote which germinates into a multicellular diploid sporophyte. The sporophyte produces free-swimming haploid spores by meiosis that germinate into haploid gametophytes. However, in some other groups, either the sporophyte or the gametophyte is very much reduced and is incapable of free living. For example, in all bryophytes the gametophyte generation is dominant and the sporophyte is dependent on it. By contrast, in all modern vascular land plants the gametophytes are strongly reduced, although the fossil evidence indicates that they were derived from isomorphic ancestors. In seed plants , the female gametophyte develops totally within the sporophyte which protects and nurtures it and the embryo sporophyte that it produces. The pollen grains, which are the male gametophytes, are reduced to only a few cells (just three cells in many cases). Here the notion of two generations is less obvious; as Bateman & Dimichele say `` (s)porophyte and gametophyte effectively function as a single organism'' . The alternative term ' alternation of phases' may then be more appropriate. History ( edit ) Debates about alternation of generations in the early twentieth century can be confusing because various ways of classifying `` generations'' co-exist (sexual vs. asexual, gametophyte vs. sporophyte, haploid vs. diploid, etc.). Initially, Chamisso and Steenstrup described the succession of differently organized generations (sexual and asexual) in animals as `` alternation of generations'' , while studying the development of tunicates , cnidarians and trematode animals. This phenomenon is also known as heterogamy . Presently, the term `` alternation of generations'' is almost exclusively associated with the life cycles of plants, specifically with the alternation of haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes. Wilhelm Hofmeister demonstrated the morphological alternation of generations in plants, between a spore-bearing generation (sporophyte) and a gamete-bearing generation (gametophyte). By that time, a debate emerged focusing on the origin of the asexual generation of land plants (i.e., the sporophyte) and is conventionally characterized as a conflict between theories of antithetic ( Čelakovský , 1874) and homologous ( Pringsheim , 1876) alternation of generations. Čelakovský coined the words sporophyte and gametophyte. Eduard Strasburger (1874) discovered the alternation between diploid and haploid nuclear phases, also called cytological alternation of nuclear phases. Although most often coinciding, morphological alternation and nuclear phases alternation are sometimes independent of one another, e.g., in many red algae , the same nuclear phase may correspond to two diverse morphological generations. In some ferns which lost sexual reproduction, there is no change in nuclear phase, but the alternation of generations is maintained. Alternation of generations in plants ( edit ) Fundamental elements ( edit ) The diagram above shows the fundamental elements of the alternation of generations in plants. The many variations found in different groups of plants are described by use of these concepts later in the article. Starting from the right of the diagram, the processes involved are as follows: Two single-celled haploid gametes, each containing n unpaired chromosomes, fuse to form a single-celled diploid zygote, which now contains n pairs of chromosomes, i.e. 2n chromosomes in total. The single-celled diploid zygote germinates, dividing by the normal process ( mitosis ), which maintains the number of chromosomes at 2n . The result is a multi-cellular diploid organism, called the sporophyte (because at maturity it produces spores). When it reaches maturity, the sporophyte produces one or more sporangia (singular: sporangium) which are the organs that produce diploid spore mother cells (sporocytes). These divide by a special process ( meiosis ) that reduces the number of chromosomes by a half. This initially results in four single-celled haploid spores, each containing n unpaired chromosomes. The single-celled haploid spore germinates, dividing by the normal process (mitosis), which maintains the number of chromosomes at n . The result is a multi-cellular haploid organism, called the gametophyte (because it produces gametes at maturity). When it reaches maturity, the gametophyte produces one or more gametangia (singular: gametangium) which are the organs that produce haploid gametes. At least one kind of gamete possesses some mechanism for reaching another gamete in order to fuse with it. The ' alternation of generations' in the life cycle is thus between a diploid (2n ) generation of sporophytes and a haploid ( n ) generation of gametophytes. Gametophyte of the fern Onoclea sensibilis (the flat thallus at the bottom of the picture) with a descendant sporophyte beginning to grow from it (the small frond at the top of the picture). The situation is quite different from that in animals, where the fundamental process is that a diploid (2n ) individual directly produces haploid ( n ) gametes by meiosis. Spores (i.e. haploid cells which are able to undergo mitosis) are not produced, so neither is an asexual multi-cellular generation that alternates with a sexual multi-cellular generation. (Some insects have haploid males that develop from unfertilized eggs, but the females are all diploid.) Variations ( edit ) The diagram shown above is a good representation of the life cycle of some multi-cellular algae (e.g. the genus Cladophora ) which have sporophytes and gametophytes of almost identical appearance and which do not have different kinds of spores or gametes. However, there are many possible variations on the fundamental elements of a life cycle which has alternation of generations. Each variation may occur separately or in combination, resulting in a bewildering variety of life cycles. The terms used by botanists in describing these life cycles can be equally bewildering. As Bateman and Dimichele say `` (...) the alternation of generations has become a terminological morass; often, one term represents several concepts or one concept is represented by several terms.'' Possible variations are: Relative importance of the sporophyte and the gametophyte. Equal ( homomorphy or isomorphy ). Filamentous algae of the genus Cladophora , which are predominantly found in fresh water, have diploid sporophytes and haploid gametophytes which are externally indistinguishable. No living land plant has equally dominant sporophytes and gametophytes, although some theories of the evolution of alternation of generations suggest that ancestral land plants did. Unequal ( heteromorphy or anisomorphy ). Gametophyte of Mnium hornum , a moss. Dominant gametophyte ( gametophytic ). In liverworts, mosses and hornworts, the dominant form is the haploid gametophyte. The diploid sporophyte is not capable of an independent existence, gaining most of its nutrition from the parent gametophyte, and having no chlorophyll when mature. Sporophyte of Blechnum discolor , a fern. Dominant sporophyte ( sporophytic ). In ferns, both the sporophyte and the gametophyte are capable of living independently, but the dominant form is the diploid sporophyte. The haploid gametophyte is much smaller and simpler in structure. In seed plants, the gametophyte is even more reduced (at the minimum to only three cells), gaining all its nutrition from the sporophyte. The extreme reduction in the size of the gametophyte and its retention within the sporophyte means that when applied to seed plants the term ' alternation of generations' is somewhat misleading: `` (s)porophyte and gametophyte effectively function as a single organism'' . Some authors have preferred the term ' alternation of phases' . Differentiation of the gametes. Both gametes the same ( isogamy ). Like other species of Cladophora , C. callicoma has flagellated gametes which are identical in appearance and ability to move. Gametes of two distinct sizes ( anisogamy ). Both of similar motility . Species of Ulva , the sea lettuce, have gametes which all have two flagella and so are motile. However they are of two sizes: larger ' female' gametes and smaller ' male' gametes. One large and sessile, one small and motile ( oogamy ). The larger sessile megagametes are eggs (ova), and smaller motile microgametes are sperm (spermatozoa, spermatozoids). The degree of motility of the sperm may be very limited (as in the case of flowering plants) but all are able to move towards the sessile eggs. When (as is almost always the case) the sperm and eggs are produced in different kinds of gametangia, the sperm-producing ones are called antheridia (singular antheridium) and the egg-producing ones archegonia (singular archegonium). Gametophyte of Pellia epiphylla with sporophytes growing from the remains of archegonia. Antheridia and archegonia occur on the same gametophyte, which is then called monoicous . (Many sources, including those concerned with bryophytes, use the term ' monoecious' for this situation and ' dioecious' for the opposite. Here ' monoecious' and ' dioecious' are used only for sporophytes.) The liverwort Pellia epiphylla has the gametophyte as the dominant generation. It is monoicous: the small reddish sperm-producing antheridia are scattered along the midrib while the egg-producing archegonia grow nearer the tips of divisions of the plant. Antheridia and archegonia occur on different gametophytes, which are then called dioicous . The moss Mnium hornum has the gametophyte as the dominant generation. It is dioicous: male plants produce only antheridia in terminal rosettes, female plants produce only archegonia in the form of stalked capsules. Seed plant gametophytes are also dioicous. However, the parent sporophyte may be monoecious, producing both male and female gametophytes or dioecious, producing gametophytes of one gender only. Seed plant gametophytes are extremely reduced in size; the archegonium consists only of a small number of cells, and the entire male gametophyte may be represented by only two cells. Differentiation of the spores. All spores the same size ( homospory or isospory). Horsetails (species of Equisetum ) have spores which are all of the same size. Spores of two distinct sizes ( heterospory or anisospory): larger megaspores and smaller microspores . When the two kinds of spore are produced in different kinds of sporangia, these are called megasporangia and microsporangia . A megaspore often (but not always) develops at the expense of the other three cells resulting from meiosis, which abort. Megasporangia and microsporangia occur on the same sporophyte, which is then called monoecious . Most flowering plants fall into this category. Thus the flower of a lily contains six stamens (the microsporangia) which produce microspores which develop into pollen grains (the microgametophytes), and three fused carpels which produce integumented megasporangia (ovules) each of which produces a megaspore which develops inside the megasporangium to produce the megagametophyte. In other plants, such as hazel, some flowers have only stamens, others only carpels, but the same plant (i.e. sporophyte) has both kinds of flower and so is monoecious. Flowers of European Holly, a dioecious species: male above, female below (leaves cut to show flowers more clearly) Megasporangia and microsporangia occur on different sporophytes, which are then called dioecious . An individual tree of the European holly ( Ilex aquifolium ) produces either ' male' flowers which have only functional stamens (microsporangia) producing microspores which develop into pollen grains (microgametophytes) or ' female' flowers which have only functional carpels producing integumented megasporangia (ovules) that contain a megaspore that develops into a multicellular megagametophyte. There are some correlations between these variations, but they are just that, correlations, and not absolute. For example, in flowering plants, microspores ultimately produce microgametes (sperm) and megaspores ultimately produce megagametes (eggs). However, in ferns and their allies there are groups with undifferentiated spores but differentiated gametophytes. For example, the fern Ceratopteris thalictrioides has spores of only one kind, which vary continuously in size. Smaller spores tend to germinate into gametophytes which produce only sperm-producing antheridia. A complex life cycle ( edit ) Graphic referred in text. The diagram shows the alternation of generations in a species which is heteromorphic, sporophytic, oogametic, dioicous, heterosporic and dioecious. A seed plant example might be a willow tree (most species of the genus Salix are dioecious). Starting in the centre of the diagram, the processes involved are: An immobile egg, contained in the archegonium, fuses with a mobile sperm, released from an antheridium. The resulting zygote is either ' male' or ' female' . A ' male' zygote develops by mitosis into a microsporophyte, which at maturity produces one or more microsporangia. Microspores develop within the microsporangium by meiosis. In a willow (like all seed plants) the zygote first develops into an embryo microsporophyte within the ovule (a megasporangium enclosed in one or more protective layers of tissue known as integument). At maturity, these structures become the seed . Later the seed is shed, germinates and grows into a mature tree. A ' male' willow tree (a microsporophyte) produces flowers with only stamens, the anthers of which are the microsporangia. Microspores germinate producing microgametophytes; at maturity one or more antheridia are produced. Sperm develop within the antheridia. In a willow, microspores are not liberated from the anther (the microsporangium), but develop into pollen grains (microgametophytes) within it. The whole pollen grain is moved (e.g. by an insect or by the wind) to an ovule (megagametophyte), where a sperm is produced which moves down a pollen tube to reach the egg. A ' female' zygote develops by mitosis into a megasporophyte, which at maturity produces one or more megasporangia. Megaspores develop within the megasporangium; typically one of the four spores produced by meiosis gains bulk at the expense of the remaining three, which disappear. ' Female' willow trees (megasporophytes) produce flowers with only carpels (modified leaves that bear the megasporangia). Megaspores germinate producing megagametophytes; at maturity one or more archegonia are produced. Eggs develop within the archegonia. The carpels of a willow produce ovules, megasporangia enclosed in integuments. Within each ovule, a megaspore develops by mitosis into a megagametophyte. An archegonium develops within the megagametophyte and produces an egg. The whole of the gametophytic ' generation' remains within the protection of the sporophyte except for pollen grains (which have been reduced to just three cells contained within the microspore wall). Life cycles of different plant groups ( edit ) The term `` plants'' is taken here to mean the Archaeplastida , i.e. the glaucophytes , red and green algae and land plants . Alternation of generations occurs in almost all multicellular red and green algae, both freshwater forms (such as Cladophora ) and seaweeds (such as Ulva ). In most, the generations are homomorphic (isomorphic) and free-living. Some species of red algae have a complex triphasic alternation of generations, in which there is a gametophyte phase and two distinct sporophyte phases. For further information, see Red algae: Reproduction . Land plants all have heteromorphic (anisomorphic) alternation of generations, in which the sporophyte and gametophyte are distinctly different. All bryophytes , i.e. liverworts , mosses and hornworts , have the gametophyte generation as the most conspicuous. As an illustration, consider a monoicous moss. Antheridia and archegonia develop on the mature plant (the gametophyte). In the presence of water, the biflagellate sperm from the antheridia swim to the archegonia and fertilisation occurs, leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte. The sporophyte grows up from the archegonium. Its body comprises a long stalk topped by a capsule within which spore-producing cells undergo meiosis to form haploid spores. Most mosses rely on the wind to disperse these spores, although Splachnum sphaericum is entomophilous , recruiting insects to disperse its spores. For further information, see Liverwort: Life cycle , Moss: Life cycle , Hornwort: Life cycle . Diagram of alternation of generations in liverworts. Moss life cycle diagram Hornwort life cycle diagram In ferns and their allies, including clubmosses and horsetails , the conspicuous plant observed in the field is the diploid sporophyte. The haploid spores develop in sori on the underside of the fronds and are dispersed by the wind (or in some cases, by floating on water). If conditions are right, a spore will germinate and grow into a rather inconspicuous plant body called a prothallus . The haploid prothallus does not resemble the sporophyte, and as such ferns and their allies have a heteromorphic alternation of generations. The prothallus is short-lived, but carries out sexual reproduction, producing the diploid zygote that then grows out of the prothallus as the sporophyte. For further information, see Fern: Life cycle . Diagram of alternation of generations in ferns. A gametophyte (prothallus) of Dicksonia sp. A sporophyte of Dicksonia antarctica . The underside of a Dicksonia antarctica frond showing the sori, or spore-producing structures. In the spermatophytes , the seed plants, the sporophyte is the dominant multicellular phase; the gametophytes are strongly reduced in size and very different in morphology. The entire gametophyte generation, with the sole exception of pollen grains (microgametophytes), is contained within the sporophyte. The life cycle of a dioecious flowering plant (angiosperm), the willow, has been outlined in some detail in an earlier section ( A complex life cycle ). The life cycle of a gymnosperm is similar. However, flowering plants have in addition a phenomenon called ' double fertilization ' . Two sperm nuclei from a pollen grain (the microgametophyte), rather than a single sperm, enter the archegonium of the megagametophyte; one fuses with the egg nucleus to form the zygote, the other fuses with two other nuclei of the gametophyte to form ' endosperm ' , which nourishes the developing embryo. For further information, see Double fertilization . Evolutionary emergence of the dominant diploid phase ( edit ) It has been proposed that the basis for the emergence of the diploid phase of the life cycle (sporophyte) as the dominant phase (e.g. as in vascular plants) is that diploidy allows masking of the expression of deleterious mutations through genetic complementation . Thus if one of the parental genomes in the diploid cells contained mutations leading to defects in one or more gene products , these deficiencies could be compensated for by the other parental genome (which nevertheless may have its own defects in other genes). As the diploid phase was becoming predominant, the masking effect likely allowed genome size , and hence information content, to increase without the constraint of having to improve accuracy of DNA replication. The opportunity to increase information content at low cost was advantageous because it permitted new adaptations to be encoded. This view has been challenged, with evidence showing that selection is no more effective in the haploid than in the diploid phases of the lifecycle of mosses and angiosperms. Angiosperm life cycle Tip of tulip stamen showing pollen (microgametophytes) Plant ovules (megagametophytes): Gymnosperm ovule on left, angiosperm ovule (inside ovary) on right Double fertilization Similar processes in other organisms ( edit ) Rhizaria ( edit ) Some organisms currently classified in the clade Rhizaria and thus not plants in the sense used here, exhibit alternation of generations. Foraminifera undergo a heteromorphic alternation of generations between haploid gamont and diploid agamont forms. The single-celled haploid organism is typically much larger than the diploid organism. Fungi ( edit ) Fungal mycelia are typically haploid. When mycelia of different mating types meet, they produce two multinucleate ball-shaped cells, which join via a `` mating bridge'' . Nuclei move from one mycelium into the other, forming a heterokaryon (meaning `` different nuclei'' ). This process is called plasmogamy . Actual fusion to form diploid nuclei is called karyogamy , and may not occur until sporangia are formed. Karogamy produces a diploid zygote, which is a short-lived sporophyte that soon undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores. When the spores germinate, they develop into new mycelia. Slime moulds ( edit ) The life cycle of slime moulds is very similar to that of fungi. Haploid spores germinate to form swarm cells or myxamoebae . These fuse in a process referred to as plasmogamy and karyogamy to form a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into a plasmodium, and the mature plasmodium produces, depending on the species, one to many fruiting bodies containing haploid spores. Animals ( edit ) Alternation between a multicellular diploid and a multicellular haploid generation is never encountered in animals. In some animals, there is an alternation between parthenogenic and sexually reproductive phases ( heterogamy ). Both phases are diploid. This has sometimes been called `` alternation of generations'' , but is quite different. In some other animals, such as hymenopterans , males are haploid and females diploid, but this is always the case rather than there being an alternation between distinct generations. See also ( edit ) Evolutionary history of plants#life cycles : Evolutionary origin of the alternation of phases Ploidy Biological life cycle Apomixis Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas, R.J.; Stanton, D.S.; Longendorfer, D.H. & Farr, M.E. (1978), `` Physiological evaluation of the nutritional autonomy of a hornwort sporophyte'' , Botanical Gazette , 139 (3): 306-- 311, doi : 10.1086/337006 Jump up ^ Glime, J.M. (2007), Bryophyte Ecology: Vol. 1 Physiological Ecology (PDF) , Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists , retrieved 2013-03-04 ^ Jump up to: Kerp, H.; Trewin, N.H. & Hass, H. (2003), `` New gametophytes from the Lower Devonian Rhynie Chert'' , Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences , 94 (4): 411-- 428, doi : 10.1017/S026359330000078X Jump up ^ Taylor, Kerp & Hass 2005 Jump up ^ `` `` Plant Science 4 U'' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Bateman & Dimichele 1994 , p. 403 ^ Jump up to: Stewart & Rothwell 1993 ^ Jump up to: Haig, David (2008), `` Homologous versus antithetic alternation of generations and the origin of sporophytes'' (PDF) , The Botanical Review , 74 (3): 395-- 418, doi : 10.1007/s12229-008-9012-x , retrieved 2014-08-17 Jump up ^ Svedelius, Nils (1927), `` Alternation of Generations in Relation to Reduction Division'' , Botanical Gazette , 83 (4): 362-- 384, doi : 10.1086/333745 , JSTOR 2470766 Jump up ^ Hofmeister, W. (1851), Vergleichende Untersuchungen der Keimung, Entfaltung und Fruchtbildildiung höherer Kryptogamen (Moose, Farne, Equisetaceen, Rhizocarpeen und Lycopodiaceen) und der Samenbildung der Coniferen (in German), Leipzig: F. Hofmeister , retrieved 2014-08-17 . Translated as Currey, Frederick (1862), On the germination, development, and fructification of the higher Cryptogamia, and on the fructification of the Coniferæ , London: Robert Hardwicke , retrieved 2014-08-17 Jump up ^ Feldmann, J. & Feldmann, G. (1942), `` Recherches sur les Bonnemaisoniacées et leur alternance de generations'' (PDF) , Ann. Sci. Natl. Bot., ser. 11 (in French), 3 : 75-- 175 , p. 157 ^ Jump up to: Feldmann, J. (1972), `` Les problèmes actuels de l'alternance de génerations chez les Algues'' , Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France (in French), 119 : 7-- 38, doi : 10.1080/00378941.1972.10839073 Jump up ^ Schopfer, P.; Mohr, H. (1995). `` Physiology of Development'' . Plant physiology . Berlin: Springer. pp. 288-- 291. ISBN 3-540-58016-6 . Jump up ^ Unless otherwise indicated, the material in the whole of this section is based on Foster & Gifford 1974 , Sporne 1974a and Sporne 1974b . Jump up ^ Guiry & Guiry 2008 Jump up ^ Bateman & Dimichele 1994 , p. 347 ^ Jump up to: Shyam 1980 Jump up ^ Watson 1981 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Kirby 2001 Jump up ^ Watson 1981 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Bell & Hemsley 2000 , p. 104 Jump up ^ Watson 1981 , pp. 425-- 6 Jump up ^ Watson 1981 , pp. 287-- 8 Jump up ^ Sporne 1974a , pp. 17-- 21. ^ Jump up to: Bateman & Dimichele 1994 , pp. 350-- 1 Jump up ^ `` Willows'' , Encyclopædia Britannica , XIX (11th ed.), New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911 , retrieved 2011-01-01 Jump up ^ Bernstein, H.; Byers, G.S. & Michod, R.E. (1981), `` Evolution of sexual reproduction: Importance of DNA repair, complementation, and variation'' , The American Naturalist , 117 (4): 537-- 549, doi : 10.1086/283734 Jump up ^ Michod, R.E. & Gayley, T.W. (1992), `` Masking of mutations and the evolution of sex'' , The American Naturalist , 139 (4): 706-- 734, doi : 10.1086/285354 Jump up ^ Szövényi , Péter ; Ricca, Mariana; Hock, Zsófia ; Shaw, Jonathan A.; Shimizu, Kentaro K. & Wagner, Andreas (2013), `` Selection is no more efficient in haploid than in diploid life stages of an angiosperm and a moss'' , Molecular Biology and Evolution , 30 (8): 1929, doi : 10.1093/molbev/mst095 , PMID 23686659 Jump up ^ Barnes et al. 2001 , p. 321 Jump up ^ Scott 1996 , p. 35 Bibliography ( edit ) Barnes, R.S.K.; Calow, P.; Olive, P.J.W.; Golding, D.W. & Spicer, J.I. (2001), The Invertebrates: a synthesis , Oxford; Malden, MA: Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-632-04761-1 Bateman, R.M. & Dimichele, W.A. (1994), `` Heterospory -- the most iterative key innovation in the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom'' (PDF) , Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society , 69 : 315-- 417 , retrieved 2010-12-30 Bell, P.R. & Hemsley, A.R. (2000), Green Plants: their Origin and Diversity (2nd ed.), Cambridge, etc.: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-64109-8 Foster, A.S. & Gifford, E.M. (1974), Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants (2nd ed.), San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, ISBN 978-0-7167-0712-7 Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2008), `` Cladophora'' , AlgaeBase , World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway , retrieved 2011-07-21 Kirby, A. (2001), Ulva, the sea lettuce , Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute , retrieved 2011-01-01 Scott, Thomas (1996), Concise Encyclopedia Biology , Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-010661-9 Shyam, R. (1980), `` On the life-cycle, cytology and taxonomy of Cladophora callicoma from India'' , American Journal of Botany , 67 (5): 619-- 24, doi : 10.2307/2442655 , JSTOR 2442655 Sporne, K.R. (1974a), The Morphology of Angiosperms , London: Hutchinson, ISBN 978-0-09-120611-6 Sporne, K.R. (1974b), The Morphology of Gymnosperms (2nd ed.), London: Hutchinson, ISBN 978-0-09-077152-3 Stewart, W.N. & Rothwell, G.W. (1993), Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants (2nd ed.), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-38294-6 Watson, E.V. (1981), British Mosses and Liverworts (3rd ed.), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-28536-0 Taylor, T.N.; Kerp, H. & Hass, H. (2005), `` Life history biology of early land plants: Deciphering the gametophyte phase'' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 102 (16): 5892-- 5897, doi : 10.1073/pnas.0501985102 , PMC 556298 , PMID 15809414 ( hide ) Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive (Flower) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium (Floral cup) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) - for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternation_of_generations&oldid=826183760 '' Categories : Plant reproduction Reproduction Hidden categories: CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 French-language sources (fr) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018, at 18:31. 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-5010028373400950252
when did crayola come out with 120 colors
1998 : The Crayola 64 Box is reintroduced in its original packaging , complete with built - in sharpener . A 1958 Crayola 64 Box becomes part of the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History . The True Blue Heroes colors got their actual color names . 12 new colors are introduced including Almond , Antique Brass , Beaver , Blue Bell , Canary , Cotton Candy , Cranberry ( later Blush ) , Desert Sand , Eggplant , Fern , Manatee , and Piggy Pink . There are now 120 colors in the biggest box of crayons . The Crayola 12 pack of Twistable Colored Pencils is released . The Crayola 8 pack of Silly Scents Colored Pencils is released .
[ [ "1998" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The following is a partial timeline of Crayola 's history . It covers the Crayola brand of marking utensils , as well as the history of Binney & Smith , the company that created the brand and is currently a subsidiary of Hallmark Cards known as Crayola LLC .", "1864 : Joseph Binney founds Peekskill Chemical Works in Upstate New York for producing carbon black . 1880 : Joseph Binney sets up headquarters in New York City , joined by son Edwin Binney and nephew C. Harold Smith . 1885 : Joseph Binney retires ; Edwin and C. Harold Smith , form a partnership and call their company Binney & Smith . Early products include red oxide pigment used in barn paint and carbon black used for car tires . During this time , Binney & Smith took an active role in the development and production of carbon black from natural gas , after natural gas deposits were found throughout Pennsylvania . 1889 : Binney & Smith made yellow oxide pigment . Now there are three colors : Carbon black , yellow , and red .", "1864 : Joseph Binney founds Peekskill Chemical Works in Upstate New York for producing carbon black .", "1880 : Joseph Binney sets up headquarters in New York City , joined by son Edwin Binney and nephew C. Harold Smith .", "1885 : Joseph Binney retires ; Edwin and C. Harold Smith , form a partnership and call their company Binney & Smith . Early products include red oxide pigment used in barn paint and carbon black used for car tires . During this time , Binney & Smith took an active role in the development and production of carbon black from natural gas , after natural gas deposits were found throughout Pennsylvania .", "1889 : Binney & Smith made yellow oxide pigment . Now there are three colors : Carbon black , yellow , and red .", "1900 : The company begins producing slate school pencils in its newly opened Easton , Pennsylvania mill . Their carbon black wins the Gold Medal at the Paris Exposition . 1902 : `` Binney & Smith Company '' is formed September 30 , in Easton , Pennsylvania , and serves as general distributor for several carbon black producers , introducing Carbon black to other countries . This also marks their first crayon product , the industry crayon `` Staonal '' in black . This crayon precedes the Crayola brand by a full year and still exists to this year . 1903 : Noticing a need for safe , quality , and affordable wax crayons , the company produces their first boxes of crayons from the No. 30 box containing 30 unwrapped colors to the No. 51 box of 28 wrapped colors . The No. 54 box contains 8 classic colors and the first one sells for a nickel . A total of 40 colors are introduced including Black , Blue , Brown , Burnt Sienna , Burnt Umber ( later retired in 1949 ) , Celestial Blue ( later retired in 1944 ) , Charcoal Gray ( later retired in 1910 ) , Copper , Dark Blue ( later Prussian Blue then Midnight Blue ) , Dark Green ( later Pine Green ) , English Vermillion ( later retired in 1935 ) , Flesh Tint ( later Flesh then Peach ) , Gold , Golden Ochre ( later Gold Ochre then Maize , later retired in 1990 ) Green , Indian Red ( later Chestnut ) , Lemon Yellow ( was once later Light Yellow , later retired in 1990 ) , Light Blue ( was once later Cobalt Blue , later retired in 1958 ) , Madder Lake ( later retired in 1935 ) , Medium Green ( later retired in 1939 ) , Medium Yellow ( later Goldenrod ) , Olive Green , Orange , Permanent Geranium Lake ( later retired in 1910 ) , Permanent Magenta ( later Magenta ) , Raw Sienna , Raw Umber ( later retired in 1990 ) , Red , Rose Pink ( later Carnation Pink ) , Sea Green , Sepia , Silver , Ultramarine Blue ( later retired in 1958 ) , Van Dyke brown ( later retired in 1910 ) , Venetian Red ( later retired in 1949 ) , Violet , White , and Yellow . 1904 : Binney & Smith wins the Gold Medal during the April 1904 St. Louis World 's Fair . Their entry was actually for their An - Du - Septic dustless chalk , but it was the foundation of their `` Gold Medal '' packaging in which they featured the gold medal on the front of their crayon boxes for the next 50 or so years . Given that this award was n't given out until April 1904 and Crayola had been selling since August 1903 , it is a misconception that the famous box shown on the postage stamp and in numerous other historical articles and web pages is `` the '' actual first design of their Crayola boxes because the box shown in all of those pictures has that Gold Medal on the front . 1905 : Binney redesigns their 8 - color assortment to use the famous `` Gold Medal '' label and design . They also renamed the box to be the No. 8 , following and earlier such introduction by the Franklin Mfg. Co. for their Rainbow line of crayons . This first and only Gold Medal box used the Eagle side of the Gold Medal and was the only assortment size to use this side of the medal as it was changed to the other side before they expanded the line to other assortment sizes in 1910 . This also marks the year that they introduced Spectra , a pastel crayon line . 1907 : Binney & Smith partnered with Milton Bradley to product the Crayola No. 77 assortment box with Milton Bradley printed on the box also . 1908 : Binney & Smith partnered with Littlefield Maps to make a special color assortment of their Rubens - Crayola No. 12 box with special Biblical colors pasted on the back to accommodate church work on their Old Testament maps . 1909 : Binney & Smith launched their Durel line of pressed crayons 1910 : Binney & Smith expands their Gold Medal line to include the debut of their No. 16 box ( which also followed an earlier debut of a 16 - color assortment by Franklin Mfg. Co . ) . They also discontinued many of their original boxes in favor of standardizing more to this Gold Medal line . Three crayon colors are discontinued including Charcoal Gray , Permanent Geranium Lake , and Van Dyke Brown . Raw Sienna becomes unavailable until 1958 . 1911 : Binney & Smith launch their Cerola brand of crayons targeted toward the lower end quality but more affordable markets 1912 : Binney & Smith 's carbon black is first used on tires to make black tires . They also launched their Cerata brand of crayons . 1913 : Marks the launch of the Little Folks outfit boxes ( Nos. 25 & 50 ) along with a Picture Tracer box . 1915 : The Boston crayon line debuts . This also marks the discontinuation of the No. 101 assortment box that contained Gold , Silver and Copper crayon colors . While Gold and Silver was available as a bulk purchase , these three original colors could n't be found on a retail assortment box for the next 30 years . Copper goes away until 1958 . 1919 : The design of their Gold Medal boxes is changed to drop the Paris reference . They also launch their No. 88 8 - color tins . 1920 : Perma Pressed Sharpenable Fine Art Crayons are added to the growing product line , which also includes new Artista brand paints . 1922 : Binney & Smith expand their Little Folks outfit concept by introducing a number of Toy Sets with specific themes. Included in the launch are Crayola Color Kit for Kiddies ( No. 508 ) , Crayola Crusader Box ( No. 503 ) , Crayola Snowbound Color Box ( No. 500 ) , Crayola Dream Stories Color Set ( No. 501 ) , Crayola Home Run Color Box ( No. 503 ) , Crayola Little Boy Blue Paint Box ( No. 501 ) , Crayola Color it and Trace it Outfit ( No. 502 ) , Crayola Bird - Land Color Set ( No. 516 ) , Crayola Chummy Animals Color Set ( No. 510 ) , Uncle Wiggily Crayola Color Box ( No. 506 ) , Crayola Golden Treasure Color Set ( No. 518 ) , Crayola Rob Roy Color Box ( No. 513 ) . While attractive and theme driven , they later concluded that the higher cost made these some of their least successful products . 1923 : Corporate offices move from 81 - 83 Fulton St. to 41 East 42nd Street in New York City . 1924 : Perma and Tiny Tot crayon lines debut . 1926 : Binney & Smith launch their Perma and Crayolet crayon lines . They also begin publishing their bi-monthly art publication `` The Drawing Teacher '' Five new crayon colors are introduced including Maximum Black ( later retired in 1935 ) , Maximum Yellow Red ( later Yellow Orange ) , Middle Blue ( later Light Turquoise Blue then Aquamarine ) , Middle Blue Green ( later Blue Green ) , and Middle Gray ( later Neutral Gray then Gray ) 1927 : Binney & Smith Co. launch the Snookum 's Crayola Color Set No. 25 based on the popular baby actor who died of blood poisoning several years later at the age of 7 Binney & Smith Co. launch the Besco line and redesign their Gold Medal boxes to remove the ornate scrolling 1929 : Binney & Smith Co. discontinues all of their Toy Sets and Color Outfits except their Little Folks No. 25 and No. 50 . 1930 : Binney & Smith Co. launches their Chic'ago line of pastel crayons Four new crayon colors are released including Blue Violet , Red Orange , Red Violet , and Yellow Green 1931 : C. Harold Smith , co-founder of Binney & Smith Co. dies 1934 : Edwin Binney , co-founder of Binney & Smith Co. dies 1935 : Two new crayon colors are released including Carmine ( later Carmine Red , later retired in 1958 ) and Turquoise Blue Three crayon colors are discontinued including English Vermillion , Madder Lake , and Maximum Black 1936 : Binney & Smith becomes a founding member of the Crayon , Watercolor and Craft Institute , promoting product safety in art materials . 1939 : The Medium Green crayon is discontinued 1944 : The Celestial Blue crayon is discontinued Ultramarine Blue and Sepia are not available until 1958 The Gamboge Yellow Crayon is discontinued due to World War II 1948 : To educate art teachers about the many ways to use the growing number of Crayola products , a teacher workshop program begins to offer in - school training across the country . 1949 : Crayola releases its first 48 - count box this year . 10 new crayon colors are added including Azure Blue ( later retired in 1958 ) , Brilliant Rose ( later retired in 1958 ) , Cerulean Blue ( later retired in 1958 ) , Dark Red ( later Maroon ) , Light Magenta ( later Thistle , later retired in 2000 ) , Mahogany , Medium Red Violet ( later Orchid ) , Medium Rose ( later retired in 1958 ) , Medium Violet ( later retired in 1958 ) , and Salmon . Two crayon colors are discontinued including Burnt Umber and Venetian Red .", "1900 : The company begins producing slate school pencils in its newly opened Easton , Pennsylvania mill . Their carbon black wins the Gold Medal at the Paris Exposition .", "1902 : `` Binney & Smith Company '' is formed September 30 , in Easton , Pennsylvania , and serves as general distributor for several carbon black producers , introducing Carbon black to other countries . This also marks their first crayon product , the industry crayon `` Staonal '' in black . This crayon precedes the Crayola brand by a full year and still exists to this year .", "1903 : Noticing a need for safe , quality , and affordable wax crayons , the company produces their first boxes of crayons from the No. 30 box containing 30 unwrapped colors to the No. 51 box of 28 wrapped colors . The No. 54 box contains 8 classic colors and the first one sells for a nickel . A total of 40 colors are introduced including Black , Blue , Brown , Burnt Sienna , Burnt Umber ( later retired in 1949 ) , Celestial Blue ( later retired in 1944 ) , Charcoal Gray ( later retired in 1910 ) , Copper , Dark Blue ( later Prussian Blue then Midnight Blue ) , Dark Green ( later Pine Green ) , English Vermillion ( later retired in 1935 ) , Flesh Tint ( later Flesh then Peach ) , Gold , Golden Ochre ( later Gold Ochre then Maize , later retired in 1990 ) Green , Indian Red ( later Chestnut ) , Lemon Yellow ( was once later Light Yellow , later retired in 1990 ) , Light Blue ( was once later Cobalt Blue , later retired in 1958 ) , Madder Lake ( later retired in 1935 ) , Medium Green ( later retired in 1939 ) , Medium Yellow ( later Goldenrod ) , Olive Green , Orange , Permanent Geranium Lake ( later retired in 1910 ) , Permanent Magenta ( later Magenta ) , Raw Sienna , Raw Umber ( later retired in 1990 ) , Red , Rose Pink ( later Carnation Pink ) , Sea Green , Sepia , Silver , Ultramarine Blue ( later retired in 1958 ) , Van Dyke brown ( later retired in 1910 ) , Venetian Red ( later retired in 1949 ) , Violet , White , and Yellow .", "1904 : Binney & Smith wins the Gold Medal during the April 1904 St. Louis World 's Fair . Their entry was actually for their An - Du - Septic dustless chalk , but it was the foundation of their `` Gold Medal '' packaging in which they featured the gold medal on the front of their crayon boxes for the next 50 or so years . Given that this award was n't given out until April 1904 and Crayola had been selling since August 1903 , it is a misconception that the famous box shown on the postage stamp and in numerous other historical articles and web pages is `` the '' actual first design of their Crayola boxes because the box shown in all of those pictures has that Gold Medal on the front .", "1905 : Binney redesigns their 8 - color assortment to use the famous `` Gold Medal '' label and design . They also renamed the box to be the No. 8 , following and earlier such introduction by the Franklin Mfg. Co. for their Rainbow line of crayons . This first and only Gold Medal box used the Eagle side of the Gold Medal and was the only assortment size to use this side of the medal as it was changed to the other side before they expanded the line to other assortment sizes in 1910 . This also marks the year that they introduced Spectra , a pastel crayon line .", "1907 : Binney & Smith partnered with Milton Bradley to product the Crayola No. 77 assortment box with Milton Bradley printed on the box also .", "1908 : Binney & Smith partnered with Littlefield Maps to make a special color assortment of their Rubens - Crayola No. 12 box with special Biblical colors pasted on the back to accommodate church work on their Old Testament maps .", "1909 : Binney & Smith launched their Durel line of pressed crayons", "1910 : Binney & Smith expands their Gold Medal line to include the debut of their No. 16 box ( which also followed an earlier debut of a 16 - color assortment by Franklin Mfg. Co . ) . They also discontinued many of their original boxes in favor of standardizing more to this Gold Medal line . Three crayon colors are discontinued including Charcoal Gray , Permanent Geranium Lake , and Van Dyke Brown . Raw Sienna becomes unavailable until 1958 .", "Binney & Smith expands their Gold Medal line to include the debut of their No. 16 box ( which also followed an earlier debut of a 16 - color assortment by Franklin Mfg. Co . ) . They also discontinued many of their original boxes in favor of standardizing more to this Gold Medal line . Three crayon colors are discontinued including Charcoal Gray , Permanent Geranium Lake , and Van Dyke Brown . Raw Sienna becomes unavailable until 1958 .", "Binney & Smith expands their Gold Medal line to include the debut of their No. 16 box ( which also followed an earlier debut of a 16 - color assortment by Franklin Mfg. Co . ) . They also discontinued many of their original boxes in favor of standardizing more to this Gold Medal line .", "Three crayon colors are discontinued including Charcoal Gray , Permanent Geranium Lake , and Van Dyke Brown .", "Raw Sienna becomes unavailable until 1958 .", "1911 : Binney & Smith launch their Cerola brand of crayons targeted toward the lower end quality but more affordable markets", "1912 : Binney & Smith 's carbon black is first used on tires to make black tires . They also launched their Cerata brand of crayons .", "1913 : Marks the launch of the Little Folks outfit boxes ( Nos. 25 & 50 ) along with a Picture Tracer box .", "1915 : The Boston crayon line debuts . This also marks the discontinuation of the No. 101 assortment box that contained Gold , Silver and Copper crayon colors . While Gold and Silver was available as a bulk purchase , these three original colors could n't be found on a retail assortment box for the next 30 years . Copper goes away until 1958 .", "1919 : The design of their Gold Medal boxes is changed to drop the Paris reference . They also launch their No. 88 8 - color tins .", "1920 : Perma Pressed Sharpenable Fine Art Crayons are added to the growing product line , which also includes new Artista brand paints .", "1922 : Binney & Smith expand their Little Folks outfit concept by introducing a number of Toy Sets with specific themes. Included in the launch are Crayola Color Kit for Kiddies ( No. 508 ) , Crayola Crusader Box ( No. 503 ) , Crayola Snowbound Color Box ( No. 500 ) , Crayola Dream Stories Color Set ( No. 501 ) , Crayola Home Run Color Box ( No. 503 ) , Crayola Little Boy Blue Paint Box ( No. 501 ) , Crayola Color it and Trace it Outfit ( No. 502 ) , Crayola Bird - Land Color Set ( No. 516 ) , Crayola Chummy Animals Color Set ( No. 510 ) , Uncle Wiggily Crayola Color Box ( No. 506 ) , Crayola Golden Treasure Color Set ( No. 518 ) , Crayola Rob Roy Color Box ( No. 513 ) . While attractive and theme driven , they later concluded that the higher cost made these some of their least successful products .", "1923 : Corporate offices move from 81 - 83 Fulton St. to 41 East 42nd Street in New York City .", "1924 : Perma and Tiny Tot crayon lines debut .", "1926 : Binney & Smith launch their Perma and Crayolet crayon lines . They also begin publishing their bi-monthly art publication `` The Drawing Teacher '' Five new crayon colors are introduced including Maximum Black ( later retired in 1935 ) , Maximum Yellow Red ( later Yellow Orange ) , Middle Blue ( later Light Turquoise Blue then Aquamarine ) , Middle Blue Green ( later Blue Green ) , and Middle Gray ( later Neutral Gray then Gray )", "Binney & Smith launch their Perma and Crayolet crayon lines . They also begin publishing their bi-monthly art publication `` The Drawing Teacher '' Five new crayon colors are introduced including Maximum Black ( later retired in 1935 ) , Maximum Yellow Red ( later Yellow Orange ) , Middle Blue ( later Light Turquoise Blue then Aquamarine ) , Middle Blue Green ( later Blue Green ) , and Middle Gray ( later Neutral Gray then Gray )", "Binney & Smith launch their Perma and Crayolet crayon lines . They also begin publishing their bi-monthly art publication `` The Drawing Teacher ''", "Five new crayon colors are introduced including Maximum Black ( later retired in 1935 ) , Maximum Yellow Red ( later Yellow Orange ) , Middle Blue ( later Light Turquoise Blue then Aquamarine ) , Middle Blue Green ( later Blue Green ) , and Middle Gray ( later Neutral Gray then Gray )", "1927 : Binney & Smith Co. launch the Snookum 's Crayola Color Set No. 25 based on the popular baby actor who died of blood poisoning several years later at the age of 7 Binney & Smith Co. launch the Besco line and redesign their Gold Medal boxes to remove the ornate scrolling", "Binney & Smith Co. launch the Snookum 's Crayola Color Set No. 25 based on the popular baby actor who died of blood poisoning several years later at the age of 7 Binney & Smith Co. launch the Besco line and redesign their Gold Medal boxes to remove the ornate scrolling", "Binney & Smith Co. launch the Snookum 's Crayola Color Set No. 25 based on the popular baby actor who died of blood poisoning several years later at the age of 7", "Binney & Smith Co. launch the Besco line and redesign their Gold Medal boxes to remove the ornate scrolling", "1929 : Binney & Smith Co. discontinues all of their Toy Sets and Color Outfits except their Little Folks No. 25 and No. 50 .", "1930 : Binney & Smith Co. launches their Chic'ago line of pastel crayons Four new crayon colors are released including Blue Violet , Red Orange , Red Violet , and Yellow Green", "Binney & Smith Co. launches their Chic'ago line of pastel crayons Four new crayon colors are released including Blue Violet , Red Orange , Red Violet , and Yellow Green", "Binney & Smith Co. launches their Chic'ago line of pastel crayons", "Four new crayon colors are released including Blue Violet , Red Orange , Red Violet , and Yellow Green", "1931 : C. Harold Smith , co-founder of Binney & Smith Co. dies", "1934 : Edwin Binney , co-founder of Binney & Smith Co. dies", "1935 : Two new crayon colors are released including Carmine ( later Carmine Red , later retired in 1958 ) and Turquoise Blue Three crayon colors are discontinued including English Vermillion , Madder Lake , and Maximum Black", "Two new crayon colors are released including Carmine ( later Carmine Red , later retired in 1958 ) and Turquoise Blue Three crayon colors are discontinued including English Vermillion , Madder Lake , and Maximum Black", "Two new crayon colors are released including Carmine ( later Carmine Red , later retired in 1958 ) and Turquoise Blue", "Three crayon colors are discontinued including English Vermillion , Madder Lake , and Maximum Black", "1936 : Binney & Smith becomes a founding member of the Crayon , Watercolor and Craft Institute , promoting product safety in art materials .", "1939 : The Medium Green crayon is discontinued", "1944 : The Celestial Blue crayon is discontinued Ultramarine Blue and Sepia are not available until 1958 The Gamboge Yellow Crayon is discontinued due to World War II", "The Celestial Blue crayon is discontinued Ultramarine Blue and Sepia are not available until 1958 The Gamboge Yellow Crayon is discontinued due to World War II", "The Celestial Blue crayon is discontinued", "Ultramarine Blue and Sepia are not available until 1958", "The Gamboge Yellow Crayon is discontinued due to World War II", "1948 : To educate art teachers about the many ways to use the growing number of Crayola products , a teacher workshop program begins to offer in - school training across the country .", "1949 : Crayola releases its first 48 - count box this year . 10 new crayon colors are added including Azure Blue ( later retired in 1958 ) , Brilliant Rose ( later retired in 1958 ) , Cerulean Blue ( later retired in 1958 ) , Dark Red ( later Maroon ) , Light Magenta ( later Thistle , later retired in 2000 ) , Mahogany , Medium Red Violet ( later Orchid ) , Medium Rose ( later retired in 1958 ) , Medium Violet ( later retired in 1958 ) , and Salmon . Two crayon colors are discontinued including Burnt Umber and Venetian Red .", "1952 : A Binney & Smith factory in Winfield , Kansas opens to handle the company 's growing business . 1953 : Binney & Smith Co. moves their headquarters to 380 Madison Ave in New York city . 1955 : Binney & Smith incorporates and changes their packaging from `` Binney & Smith Co . '' to `` Binney & Smith Inc . '' 1958 : The 64 - color assortment of Crayola crayons -- with a built - in sharpener -- is released which is now the biggest box of crayon colors . Prussian blue is changed to Midnight Blue because of Prussia by then being an extinct country for decades . 1959 : The first Crayola TV ads appear during the children 's TV show Ding Dong School . In the 64 - count box of crayons , two colors are discontinued and replaced by others : `` Magenta '' by `` Brilliant Rose , '' and `` Light Blue '' by `` Turquoise Blue . '' 1961 : Binney & Smith becomes a publicly held company . 1962 : The color `` Flesh '' is renamed `` Peach '' completing an odd transition from Flesh - Tint to Flesh to Pink Beige , back to Flesh and finally to Peach . 1963 : Binney & Smith becomes a member of the American Stock Exchange on May 1 , with the symbol : BYS . 1964 : Crayola acquires Permanent Pigments Inc. , producers of Liquitex art materials . 1969 : The company opens an additional factory in Easton , Pennsylvania , followed five years later by a new corporate headquarters . 1972 : Binney & Smith Inc. purchases the Cosmic Crayon Co. in Bedford , UK and uses its facilities for their European operation by making it Binney & Smith ( Europe ) , Ltd . Binney & Smith adds eight Fluorescent colors ( All of which are later renamed ) : Ultra Pink ( later Shocking Pink ) , Hot Magenta ( later Razzle Dazzle Rose ) , Ultra Red ( later Wild Watermelon ) , Ultra Orange ( later Outrageous Orange ) , Ultra Yellow ( later Atomic Tangerine ) , Chartreuse ( later Laser Lemon ) , Ultra Green ( later Screamin ' Green ) and Ultra Blue ( later Blizzard Blue , retired in 2003 ) . There are now 72 colors in the biggest box of crayons . Binney & Smith Inc. opens their Mexico operations , Binney & Smith Mexicol , S.A. 1975 : Fire destroys the Binney & Smith Bedford factory on Aug 10 . A new factory was built and operational by Oct . 1976 : Binney & Smith corporate headquarters relocate from New York City to Forks Township in Easton , Pennsylvania . 1977 : Binney & Smith buys Silly Putty . 1978 : Binney & Smith is listed on the New York Stock Exchange on June 19 , with the symbol : BYS . Crayola crayons celebrate their 75th anniversary , and Crayola markers are introduced . Craft and activity kits become a vital part of the company 's business . 1979 : All children 's product lines are repackaged to carry the Crayola trade name and all fine art materials are repackaged to carry the Liquitex trade name . 1980 : A private distributorship in Australia is purchased to form Binney & Smith ( Australia ) Pty. Ltd. to market and distribute finished Crayola products . 1984 : Binney & Smith becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of gift and greeting card seller Hallmark Cards Inc. , of Kansas City , Missouri . Crayola DREAM - MAKERS art education program is introduced in the nation 's elementary schools . 1987 : Crayola introduces washable markers . Crayola 's gemtones And colored pencils also arrive . They also add their 1 - 800 - CRAYOLA toll - free number to all packaging .", "1952 : A Binney & Smith factory in Winfield , Kansas opens to handle the company 's growing business .", "1953 : Binney & Smith Co. moves their headquarters to 380 Madison Ave in New York city .", "1955 : Binney & Smith incorporates and changes their packaging from `` Binney & Smith Co . '' to `` Binney & Smith Inc . ''", "1958 : The 64 - color assortment of Crayola crayons -- with a built - in sharpener -- is released which is now the biggest box of crayon colors . Prussian blue is changed to Midnight Blue because of Prussia by then being an extinct country for decades .", "The 64 - color assortment of Crayola crayons -- with a built - in sharpener -- is released which is now the biggest box of crayon colors . Prussian blue is changed to Midnight Blue because of Prussia by then being an extinct country for decades .", "The 64 - color assortment of Crayola crayons -- with a built - in sharpener -- is released which is now the biggest box of crayon colors .", "Prussian blue is changed to Midnight Blue because of Prussia by then being an extinct country for decades .", "1959 : The first Crayola TV ads appear during the children 's TV show Ding Dong School . In the 64 - count box of crayons , two colors are discontinued and replaced by others : `` Magenta '' by `` Brilliant Rose , '' and `` Light Blue '' by `` Turquoise Blue . ''", "The first Crayola TV ads appear during the children 's TV show Ding Dong School . In the 64 - count box of crayons , two colors are discontinued and replaced by others : `` Magenta '' by `` Brilliant Rose , '' and `` Light Blue '' by `` Turquoise Blue . ''", "The first Crayola TV ads appear during the children 's TV show Ding Dong School .", "In the 64 - count box of crayons , two colors are discontinued and replaced by others : `` Magenta '' by `` Brilliant Rose , '' and `` Light Blue '' by `` Turquoise Blue . ''", "1961 : Binney & Smith becomes a publicly held company .", "1962 : The color `` Flesh '' is renamed `` Peach '' completing an odd transition from Flesh - Tint to Flesh to Pink Beige , back to Flesh and finally to Peach .", "1963 : Binney & Smith becomes a member of the American Stock Exchange on May 1 , with the symbol : BYS .", "1964 : Crayola acquires Permanent Pigments Inc. , producers of Liquitex art materials .", "1969 : The company opens an additional factory in Easton , Pennsylvania , followed five years later by a new corporate headquarters .", "1972 : Binney & Smith Inc. purchases the Cosmic Crayon Co. in Bedford , UK and uses its facilities for their European operation by making it Binney & Smith ( Europe ) , Ltd . Binney & Smith adds eight Fluorescent colors ( All of which are later renamed ) : Ultra Pink ( later Shocking Pink ) , Hot Magenta ( later Razzle Dazzle Rose ) , Ultra Red ( later Wild Watermelon ) , Ultra Orange ( later Outrageous Orange ) , Ultra Yellow ( later Atomic Tangerine ) , Chartreuse ( later Laser Lemon ) , Ultra Green ( later Screamin ' Green ) and Ultra Blue ( later Blizzard Blue , retired in 2003 ) . There are now 72 colors in the biggest box of crayons . Binney & Smith Inc. opens their Mexico operations , Binney & Smith Mexicol , S.A.", "Binney & Smith Inc. purchases the Cosmic Crayon Co. in Bedford , UK and uses its facilities for their European operation by making it Binney & Smith ( Europe ) , Ltd . Binney & Smith adds eight Fluorescent colors ( All of which are later renamed ) : Ultra Pink ( later Shocking Pink ) , Hot Magenta ( later Razzle Dazzle Rose ) , Ultra Red ( later Wild Watermelon ) , Ultra Orange ( later Outrageous Orange ) , Ultra Yellow ( later Atomic Tangerine ) , Chartreuse ( later Laser Lemon ) , Ultra Green ( later Screamin ' Green ) and Ultra Blue ( later Blizzard Blue , retired in 2003 ) . There are now 72 colors in the biggest box of crayons . Binney & Smith Inc. opens their Mexico operations , Binney & Smith Mexicol , S.A.", "Binney & Smith Inc. purchases the Cosmic Crayon Co. in Bedford , UK and uses its facilities for their European operation by making it Binney & Smith ( Europe ) , Ltd .", "Binney & Smith adds eight Fluorescent colors ( All of which are later renamed ) : Ultra Pink ( later Shocking Pink ) , Hot Magenta ( later Razzle Dazzle Rose ) , Ultra Red ( later Wild Watermelon ) , Ultra Orange ( later Outrageous Orange ) , Ultra Yellow ( later Atomic Tangerine ) , Chartreuse ( later Laser Lemon ) , Ultra Green ( later Screamin ' Green ) and Ultra Blue ( later Blizzard Blue , retired in 2003 ) . There are now 72 colors in the biggest box of crayons .", "Binney & Smith Inc. opens their Mexico operations , Binney & Smith Mexicol , S.A.", "1975 : Fire destroys the Binney & Smith Bedford factory on Aug 10 . A new factory was built and operational by Oct .", "1976 : Binney & Smith corporate headquarters relocate from New York City to Forks Township in Easton , Pennsylvania .", "1977 : Binney & Smith buys Silly Putty .", "1978 : Binney & Smith is listed on the New York Stock Exchange on June 19 , with the symbol : BYS . Crayola crayons celebrate their 75th anniversary , and Crayola markers are introduced . Craft and activity kits become a vital part of the company 's business .", "Binney & Smith is listed on the New York Stock Exchange on June 19 , with the symbol : BYS . Crayola crayons celebrate their 75th anniversary , and Crayola markers are introduced . Craft and activity kits become a vital part of the company 's business .", "Binney & Smith is listed on the New York Stock Exchange on June 19 , with the symbol : BYS .", "Crayola crayons celebrate their 75th anniversary , and Crayola markers are introduced . Craft and activity kits become a vital part of the company 's business .", "1979 : All children 's product lines are repackaged to carry the Crayola trade name and all fine art materials are repackaged to carry the Liquitex trade name .", "1980 : A private distributorship in Australia is purchased to form Binney & Smith ( Australia ) Pty. Ltd. to market and distribute finished Crayola products .", "1984 : Binney & Smith becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of gift and greeting card seller Hallmark Cards Inc. , of Kansas City , Missouri . Crayola DREAM - MAKERS art education program is introduced in the nation 's elementary schools .", "Binney & Smith becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of gift and greeting card seller Hallmark Cards Inc. , of Kansas City , Missouri . Crayola DREAM - MAKERS art education program is introduced in the nation 's elementary schools .", "Binney & Smith becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of gift and greeting card seller Hallmark Cards Inc. , of Kansas City , Missouri .", "Crayola DREAM - MAKERS art education program is introduced in the nation 's elementary schools .", "1987 : Crayola introduces washable markers . Crayola 's gemtones And colored pencils also arrive . They also add their 1 - 800 - CRAYOLA toll - free number to all packaging .", "1990 : Eight crayon colors -- Maize , Raw Umber , Lemon Yellow , Blue Gray , Orange Yellow , Orange Red , Green Blue and Violet Blue -- are retired into the Crayola Hall of Fame in Easton , Pennsylvania . 16 new colors were introduced including Cerulean , Dandelion ( later retired in 2017 ) , Electric Lime , Fuchsia , Hot Magenta , Jungle Green , Magic Mint ( later retired in 2003 ) , Neon Carrot , Purple Pizzazz , Radical Red , Royal Purple , Sunglow , Unmellow Yellow , Vivid Tangerine , Teal Blue ( later retired in 2003 ) , and Wild Strawberry . There are now 80 colors in the biggest box of crayons . Crayola also introduces Silver Swirls crayons , a pack of 24 silvery colors . Various colors were renamed : Ultra Yellow was renamed Atomic Tangerine , Ultra Blue was renamed Blizzard Blue ( retired in 2003 ) , Chartreuse was renamed Laser Lemon , Ultra Orange was renamed Outrageous Orange , Hot Magenta ( I ) was renamed Razzle Dazzle Rose , Ultra Green was renamed Screamin ' Green , Ultra Pink was renamed Shocking Pink , and Ultra Red was renamed Wild Watermelon . Emerson Moser , then Crayola 's most senior crayon moulder , retired after 37 years . After moulding approximately 1.4 billion crayons , he revealed that he is actually blue -- green color blind . 1991 : The eight retired crayon colors are put into tins with a 64 count box for a limited time . Crayola Washable crayons are introduced . 1992 : Crayola introduces Model Magic , a modeling compound , into its long line of products . Crayola releases the 8 pack of multicultural crayon colors . 1993 : Binney & Smith celebrates the Crayola brand 's 90th birthday with its biggest crayon box ever , as there are now 96 colors in the biggest box of crayons , including 16 new colors . For the first time , the company asks consumers to name the colors through the Crayola Name the New Colors Contest : the winning names include Asparagus , Cerise , Denim , Granny Smith Apple , Macaroni and Cheese , Pacific Blue , Purple Mountain 's Majesty , Razzmatazz , Robin 's Egg Blue , Shamrock , Tickle Me Pink , Timberwolf , Tropical Rain Forest , Mauvelous , Tumbleweed , and Wisteria . Color Wonder products debuted ; Hot Fluorescent crayon boxes ( 8 and 16 ) are renamed Neons . 1994 : Crayola introduces Gem Tones and a scented version of crayons called Magic Scents Crayons . 1995 : Crayola introduces Changeables . Crayola changes some of the scents in Magic Scent crayons due to complaints of their smelling good enough to eat ( e.g. Cherry , Chocolate , Blueberry ) 1996 : The 100 billionth Crayola crayon rolls off the production line in Easton . The wax for that crayon was poured by Mister Rogers . On July 16 , Binney & Smith celebrates the grand opening of The Crayola Factory visitors ' center in Easton with the Crayola ColorJam parade . 1997 : All Crayola products receive new logo design for the year . Crayola introduces Color Mix - up , Pearl Brite , Crayons with Glitter and Star Brite . 12 new colors are introduced including Caribbean Green , Pink Flamingo , Sunset Orange , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 1 ( later Outer Space ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 2 ( later Mountain Meadow ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 3 ( later Fuzzy Wuzzy Brown then Fuzzy Wuzzy ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 4 ( later Brink Pink then Pink Sherbert ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 5 ( later Shadow ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 6 ( later Banana Mania ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 7 ( later Torch Red then Scarlet ) True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 8 ( later Purple Heart ) and Vivid Violet . 1998 : The Crayola 64 Box is reintroduced in its original packaging , complete with built - in sharpener . A 1958 Crayola 64 Box becomes part of the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History . The True Blue Heroes colors got their actual color names . 12 new colors are introduced including Almond , Antique Brass , Beaver , Blue Bell , Canary , Cotton Candy , Cranberry ( later Blush ) , Desert Sand , Eggplant , Fern , Manatee , and Piggy Pink . There are now 120 colors in the biggest box of crayons . The Crayola 12 pack of Twistable Colored Pencils is released . The Crayola 8 pack of Silly Scents Colored Pencils is released . 1999 : For the third time in Crayola history a crayon is renamed because of social concerns . Indian red becomes `` chestnut '' because teachers reported that schoolchildren often wrongly perceived the color to be the skin color of Native Americans . The name in fact did not refer to Native Americans , but to a pigment produced in India and used in oil paints . Another crayon color -- Thistle -- is retired into the Crayola Hall of Fame , totaling 45 retired colors and replaced by newcomer Indigo . There are still 120 colors available . Torch Red is renamed Scarlet . 2001 : Crayola introduces Metallic FX Crayons and Gel FX crayons . 2002 : Crayola introduces Glitter Crayons . Crayola introduces the Crayon Maker . 2003 : Four more crayon colors -- Blizzard Blue , Magic Mint , Mulberry , and Teal Blue -- are retired into the Crayola Hall of Fame , totaling 49 retired colors and replaced by Inchworm , Jazzberry Jam , Mango Tango , and Wild Blue Yonder . There are still 120 colors available . 2004 : Crayola introduces the 24 color set of mini twistable crayons . Crayola introduces the 24 set of Fun Effects mini twistable crayons containing 8 regular colors , 8 rainbow colors , and 8 eXtreme colors . 2005 : Cranberry is renamed Blush and Brink Pink is renamed Pink Sherbert . 2006 : Crayola introduces Heads n ' Tails Crayons . The Crayola 150 - count Telescoping Crayon Tower is released . 2007 : On January 1 , Binney & Smith is renamed to Crayola LLC , to improve Crayola branding as part of Hallmark . Crayola introduces Silly Scents and True To Life Crayons . 2008 : The Crayola 18 pack vibrant set of Twistable Colored Pencils is released . The Crayola 64 pack of short colored pencils is released . Crayola introduces the Kids Choice Crayons . 2009 : Crayola introduces Extreme Twistables Colors . The Crayola 30 pack of Twistable Colored Pencils is released . 2011 : The Crayola Solar Farm is completed and included more than 30,000 solar panels producing 3 megawatts of electricity . The solar panels generate enough electricity to produce 1 billion crayons and 500 million markers per year . The Crayola 12 pack of Ultra Cool and Super Hot colored pencils is released . 2013 : Crayola introduces the marker maker 2014 : Crayola introduces Ultra-Clean Washable crayons and markers , featuring ColorMax : `` Our brightest , truest colors yet ! '' Also , The Crayola 152 - count Easy - choose container is released 2017 : The classic `` Dandelion '' crayon is discontinued into the `` Crayola Hall of Fame ''", "1990 : Eight crayon colors -- Maize , Raw Umber , Lemon Yellow , Blue Gray , Orange Yellow , Orange Red , Green Blue and Violet Blue -- are retired into the Crayola Hall of Fame in Easton , Pennsylvania . 16 new colors were introduced including Cerulean , Dandelion ( later retired in 2017 ) , Electric Lime , Fuchsia , Hot Magenta , Jungle Green , Magic Mint ( later retired in 2003 ) , Neon Carrot , Purple Pizzazz , Radical Red , Royal Purple , Sunglow , Unmellow Yellow , Vivid Tangerine , Teal Blue ( later retired in 2003 ) , and Wild Strawberry . There are now 80 colors in the biggest box of crayons . Crayola also introduces Silver Swirls crayons , a pack of 24 silvery colors . Various colors were renamed : Ultra Yellow was renamed Atomic Tangerine , Ultra Blue was renamed Blizzard Blue ( retired in 2003 ) , Chartreuse was renamed Laser Lemon , Ultra Orange was renamed Outrageous Orange , Hot Magenta ( I ) was renamed Razzle Dazzle Rose , Ultra Green was renamed Screamin ' Green , Ultra Pink was renamed Shocking Pink , and Ultra Red was renamed Wild Watermelon . Emerson Moser , then Crayola 's most senior crayon moulder , retired after 37 years . After moulding approximately 1.4 billion crayons , he revealed that he is actually blue -- green color blind .", "Eight crayon colors -- Maize , Raw Umber , Lemon Yellow , Blue Gray , Orange Yellow , Orange Red , Green Blue and Violet Blue -- are retired into the Crayola Hall of Fame in Easton , Pennsylvania . 16 new colors were introduced including Cerulean , Dandelion ( later retired in 2017 ) , Electric Lime , Fuchsia , Hot Magenta , Jungle Green , Magic Mint ( later retired in 2003 ) , Neon Carrot , Purple Pizzazz , Radical Red , Royal Purple , Sunglow , Unmellow Yellow , Vivid Tangerine , Teal Blue ( later retired in 2003 ) , and Wild Strawberry . There are now 80 colors in the biggest box of crayons . Crayola also introduces Silver Swirls crayons , a pack of 24 silvery colors . Various colors were renamed : Ultra Yellow was renamed Atomic Tangerine , Ultra Blue was renamed Blizzard Blue ( retired in 2003 ) , Chartreuse was renamed Laser Lemon , Ultra Orange was renamed Outrageous Orange , Hot Magenta ( I ) was renamed Razzle Dazzle Rose , Ultra Green was renamed Screamin ' Green , Ultra Pink was renamed Shocking Pink , and Ultra Red was renamed Wild Watermelon . Emerson Moser , then Crayola 's most senior crayon moulder , retired after 37 years . After moulding approximately 1.4 billion crayons , he revealed that he is actually blue -- green color blind .", "Eight crayon colors -- Maize , Raw Umber , Lemon Yellow , Blue Gray , Orange Yellow , Orange Red , Green Blue and Violet Blue -- are retired into the Crayola Hall of Fame in Easton , Pennsylvania . 16 new colors were introduced including Cerulean , Dandelion ( later retired in 2017 ) , Electric Lime , Fuchsia , Hot Magenta , Jungle Green , Magic Mint ( later retired in 2003 ) , Neon Carrot , Purple Pizzazz , Radical Red , Royal Purple , Sunglow , Unmellow Yellow , Vivid Tangerine , Teal Blue ( later retired in 2003 ) , and Wild Strawberry . There are now 80 colors in the biggest box of crayons . Crayola also introduces Silver Swirls crayons , a pack of 24 silvery colors .", "Various colors were renamed : Ultra Yellow was renamed Atomic Tangerine , Ultra Blue was renamed Blizzard Blue ( retired in 2003 ) , Chartreuse was renamed Laser Lemon , Ultra Orange was renamed Outrageous Orange , Hot Magenta ( I ) was renamed Razzle Dazzle Rose , Ultra Green was renamed Screamin ' Green , Ultra Pink was renamed Shocking Pink , and Ultra Red was renamed Wild Watermelon .", "Emerson Moser , then Crayola 's most senior crayon moulder , retired after 37 years . After moulding approximately 1.4 billion crayons , he revealed that he is actually blue -- green color blind .", "1991 : The eight retired crayon colors are put into tins with a 64 count box for a limited time . Crayola Washable crayons are introduced .", "The eight retired crayon colors are put into tins with a 64 count box for a limited time . Crayola Washable crayons are introduced .", "The eight retired crayon colors are put into tins with a 64 count box for a limited time .", "Crayola Washable crayons are introduced .", "1992 : Crayola introduces Model Magic , a modeling compound , into its long line of products . Crayola releases the 8 pack of multicultural crayon colors .", "Crayola introduces Model Magic , a modeling compound , into its long line of products . Crayola releases the 8 pack of multicultural crayon colors .", "Crayola introduces Model Magic , a modeling compound , into its long line of products .", "Crayola releases the 8 pack of multicultural crayon colors .", "1993 : Binney & Smith celebrates the Crayola brand 's 90th birthday with its biggest crayon box ever , as there are now 96 colors in the biggest box of crayons , including 16 new colors . For the first time , the company asks consumers to name the colors through the Crayola Name the New Colors Contest : the winning names include Asparagus , Cerise , Denim , Granny Smith Apple , Macaroni and Cheese , Pacific Blue , Purple Mountain 's Majesty , Razzmatazz , Robin 's Egg Blue , Shamrock , Tickle Me Pink , Timberwolf , Tropical Rain Forest , Mauvelous , Tumbleweed , and Wisteria . Color Wonder products debuted ; Hot Fluorescent crayon boxes ( 8 and 16 ) are renamed Neons .", "1994 : Crayola introduces Gem Tones and a scented version of crayons called Magic Scents Crayons .", "1995 : Crayola introduces Changeables . Crayola changes some of the scents in Magic Scent crayons due to complaints of their smelling good enough to eat ( e.g. Cherry , Chocolate , Blueberry )", "Crayola introduces Changeables . Crayola changes some of the scents in Magic Scent crayons due to complaints of their smelling good enough to eat ( e.g. Cherry , Chocolate , Blueberry )", "Crayola introduces Changeables .", "Crayola changes some of the scents in Magic Scent crayons due to complaints of their smelling good enough to eat ( e.g. Cherry , Chocolate , Blueberry )", "1996 : The 100 billionth Crayola crayon rolls off the production line in Easton . The wax for that crayon was poured by Mister Rogers . On July 16 , Binney & Smith celebrates the grand opening of The Crayola Factory visitors ' center in Easton with the Crayola ColorJam parade .", "The 100 billionth Crayola crayon rolls off the production line in Easton . The wax for that crayon was poured by Mister Rogers . On July 16 , Binney & Smith celebrates the grand opening of The Crayola Factory visitors ' center in Easton with the Crayola ColorJam parade .", "The 100 billionth Crayola crayon rolls off the production line in Easton . The wax for that crayon was poured by Mister Rogers .", "On July 16 , Binney & Smith celebrates the grand opening of The Crayola Factory visitors ' center in Easton with the Crayola ColorJam parade .", "1997 : All Crayola products receive new logo design for the year . Crayola introduces Color Mix - up , Pearl Brite , Crayons with Glitter and Star Brite . 12 new colors are introduced including Caribbean Green , Pink Flamingo , Sunset Orange , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 1 ( later Outer Space ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 2 ( later Mountain Meadow ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 3 ( later Fuzzy Wuzzy Brown then Fuzzy Wuzzy ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 4 ( later Brink Pink then Pink Sherbert ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 5 ( later Shadow ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 6 ( later Banana Mania ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 7 ( later Torch Red then Scarlet ) True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 8 ( later Purple Heart ) and Vivid Violet .", "All Crayola products receive new logo design for the year . Crayola introduces Color Mix - up , Pearl Brite , Crayons with Glitter and Star Brite . 12 new colors are introduced including Caribbean Green , Pink Flamingo , Sunset Orange , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 1 ( later Outer Space ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 2 ( later Mountain Meadow ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 3 ( later Fuzzy Wuzzy Brown then Fuzzy Wuzzy ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 4 ( later Brink Pink then Pink Sherbert ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 5 ( later Shadow ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 6 ( later Banana Mania ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 7 ( later Torch Red then Scarlet ) True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 8 ( later Purple Heart ) and Vivid Violet .", "All Crayola products receive new logo design for the year .", "Crayola introduces Color Mix - up , Pearl Brite , Crayons with Glitter and Star Brite .", "12 new colors are introduced including Caribbean Green , Pink Flamingo , Sunset Orange , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 1 ( later Outer Space ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 2 ( later Mountain Meadow ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 3 ( later Fuzzy Wuzzy Brown then Fuzzy Wuzzy ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 4 ( later Brink Pink then Pink Sherbert ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 5 ( later Shadow ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 6 ( later Banana Mania ) , True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 7 ( later Torch Red then Scarlet ) True Blue Heroes Crayon Color # 8 ( later Purple Heart ) and Vivid Violet .", "1998 : The Crayola 64 Box is reintroduced in its original packaging , complete with built - in sharpener . A 1958 Crayola 64 Box becomes part of the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History . The True Blue Heroes colors got their actual color names . 12 new colors are introduced including Almond , Antique Brass , Beaver , Blue Bell , Canary , Cotton Candy , Cranberry ( later Blush ) , Desert Sand , Eggplant , Fern , Manatee , and Piggy Pink . There are now 120 colors in the biggest box of crayons . The Crayola 12 pack of Twistable Colored Pencils is released . The Crayola 8 pack of Silly Scents Colored Pencils is released .", "The Crayola 64 Box is reintroduced in its original packaging , complete with built - in sharpener . A 1958 Crayola 64 Box becomes part of the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History . The True Blue Heroes colors got their actual color names . 12 new colors are introduced including Almond , Antique Brass , Beaver , Blue Bell , Canary , Cotton Candy , Cranberry ( later Blush ) , Desert Sand , Eggplant , Fern , Manatee , and Piggy Pink . There are now 120 colors in the biggest box of crayons . The Crayola 12 pack of Twistable Colored Pencils is released . The Crayola 8 pack of Silly Scents Colored Pencils is released .", "The Crayola 64 Box is reintroduced in its original packaging , complete with built - in sharpener . A 1958 Crayola 64 Box becomes part of the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History .", "The True Blue Heroes colors got their actual color names .", "12 new colors are introduced including Almond , Antique Brass , Beaver , Blue Bell , Canary , Cotton Candy , Cranberry ( later Blush ) , Desert Sand , Eggplant , Fern , Manatee , and Piggy Pink . There are now 120 colors in the biggest box of crayons .", "The Crayola 12 pack of Twistable Colored Pencils is released .", "The Crayola 8 pack of Silly Scents Colored Pencils is released .", "1999 : For the third time in Crayola history a crayon is renamed because of social concerns . Indian red becomes `` chestnut '' because teachers reported that schoolchildren often wrongly perceived the color to be the skin color of Native Americans . The name in fact did not refer to Native Americans , but to a pigment produced in India and used in oil paints . Another crayon color -- Thistle -- is retired into the Crayola Hall of Fame , totaling 45 retired colors and replaced by newcomer Indigo . There are still 120 colors available . Torch Red is renamed Scarlet .", "For the third time in Crayola history a crayon is renamed because of social concerns . Indian red becomes `` chestnut '' because teachers reported that schoolchildren often wrongly perceived the color to be the skin color of Native Americans . The name in fact did not refer to Native Americans , but to a pigment produced in India and used in oil paints . Another crayon color -- Thistle -- is retired into the Crayola Hall of Fame , totaling 45 retired colors and replaced by newcomer Indigo . There are still 120 colors available . Torch Red is renamed Scarlet .", "For the third time in Crayola history a crayon is renamed because of social concerns . Indian red becomes `` chestnut '' because teachers reported that schoolchildren often wrongly perceived the color to be the skin color of Native Americans . The name in fact did not refer to Native Americans , but to a pigment produced in India and used in oil paints .", "Another crayon color -- Thistle -- is retired into the Crayola Hall of Fame , totaling 45 retired colors and replaced by newcomer Indigo . There are still 120 colors available .", "Torch Red is renamed Scarlet .", "2001 : Crayola introduces Metallic FX Crayons and Gel FX crayons .", "2002 : Crayola introduces Glitter Crayons . Crayola introduces the Crayon Maker .", "Crayola introduces Glitter Crayons . Crayola introduces the Crayon Maker .", "Crayola introduces Glitter Crayons .", "Crayola introduces the Crayon Maker .", "2003 : Four more crayon colors -- Blizzard Blue , Magic Mint , Mulberry , and Teal Blue -- are retired into the Crayola Hall of Fame , totaling 49 retired colors and replaced by Inchworm , Jazzberry Jam , Mango Tango , and Wild Blue Yonder . There are still 120 colors available .", "2004 : Crayola introduces the 24 color set of mini twistable crayons . Crayola introduces the 24 set of Fun Effects mini twistable crayons containing 8 regular colors , 8 rainbow colors , and 8 eXtreme colors .", "Crayola introduces the 24 color set of mini twistable crayons . Crayola introduces the 24 set of Fun Effects mini twistable crayons containing 8 regular colors , 8 rainbow colors , and 8 eXtreme colors .", "Crayola introduces the 24 color set of mini twistable crayons .", "Crayola introduces the 24 set of Fun Effects mini twistable crayons containing 8 regular colors , 8 rainbow colors , and 8 eXtreme colors .", "2005 : Cranberry is renamed Blush and Brink Pink is renamed Pink Sherbert .", "Cranberry is renamed Blush and Brink Pink is renamed Pink Sherbert .", "Cranberry is renamed Blush and Brink Pink is renamed Pink Sherbert .", "2006 : Crayola introduces Heads n ' Tails Crayons . The Crayola 150 - count Telescoping Crayon Tower is released .", "Crayola introduces Heads n ' Tails Crayons . The Crayola 150 - count Telescoping Crayon Tower is released .", "Crayola introduces Heads n ' Tails Crayons .", "The Crayola 150 - count Telescoping Crayon Tower is released .", "2007 : On January 1 , Binney & Smith is renamed to Crayola LLC , to improve Crayola branding as part of Hallmark . Crayola introduces Silly Scents and True To Life Crayons .", "On January 1 , Binney & Smith is renamed to Crayola LLC , to improve Crayola branding as part of Hallmark . Crayola introduces Silly Scents and True To Life Crayons .", "On January 1 , Binney & Smith is renamed to Crayola LLC , to improve Crayola branding as part of Hallmark .", "Crayola introduces Silly Scents and True To Life Crayons .", "2008 : The Crayola 18 pack vibrant set of Twistable Colored Pencils is released . The Crayola 64 pack of short colored pencils is released . Crayola introduces the Kids Choice Crayons .", "The Crayola 18 pack vibrant set of Twistable Colored Pencils is released . The Crayola 64 pack of short colored pencils is released . Crayola introduces the Kids Choice Crayons .", "The Crayola 18 pack vibrant set of Twistable Colored Pencils is released .", "The Crayola 64 pack of short colored pencils is released .", "Crayola introduces the Kids Choice Crayons .", "2009 : Crayola introduces Extreme Twistables Colors . The Crayola 30 pack of Twistable Colored Pencils is released .", "Crayola introduces Extreme Twistables Colors . The Crayola 30 pack of Twistable Colored Pencils is released .", "Crayola introduces Extreme Twistables Colors .", "The Crayola 30 pack of Twistable Colored Pencils is released .", "2011 : The Crayola Solar Farm is completed and included more than 30,000 solar panels producing 3 megawatts of electricity . The solar panels generate enough electricity to produce 1 billion crayons and 500 million markers per year . The Crayola 12 pack of Ultra Cool and Super Hot colored pencils is released .", "The Crayola Solar Farm is completed and included more than 30,000 solar panels producing 3 megawatts of electricity . The solar panels generate enough electricity to produce 1 billion crayons and 500 million markers per year . The Crayola 12 pack of Ultra Cool and Super Hot colored pencils is released .", "The Crayola Solar Farm is completed and included more than 30,000 solar panels producing 3 megawatts of electricity . The solar panels generate enough electricity to produce 1 billion crayons and 500 million markers per year .", "The Crayola 12 pack of Ultra Cool and Super Hot colored pencils is released .", "2013 : Crayola introduces the marker maker", "2014 : Crayola introduces Ultra-Clean Washable crayons and markers , featuring ColorMax : `` Our brightest , truest colors yet ! '' Also , The Crayola 152 - count Easy - choose container is released", "2017 : The classic `` Dandelion '' crayon is discontinued into the `` Crayola Hall of Fame ''" ]
Timeline of Crayola - wikipedia Timeline of Crayola Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a partial timeline of Crayola 's history . It covers the Crayola brand of marking utensils, as well as the history of Binney & Smith , the company that created the brand and is currently a subsidiary of Hallmark Cards known as Crayola LLC . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Events 1.1 1864-- 1900 1.2 1900-- 1950 1.3 1950-- 1990 1.4 1990-- present 2 See also 3 References List of events ( edit ) 1864-- 1900 ( edit ) 1864: Joseph Binney founds Peekskill Chemical Works in Upstate New York for producing carbon black . 1880: Joseph Binney sets up headquarters in New York City , joined by son Edwin Binney and nephew C. Harold Smith . 1885: Joseph Binney retires; Edwin and C. Harold Smith, form a partnership and call their company Binney & Smith . Early products include red oxide pigment used in barn paint and carbon black used for car tires . During this time, Binney & Smith took an active role in the development and production of carbon black from natural gas , after natural gas deposits were found throughout Pennsylvania . 1889: Binney & Smith made yellow oxide pigment . Now there are three colors: Carbon black , yellow, and red. 1900-- 1950 ( edit ) 1900: The company begins producing slate school pencils in its newly opened Easton, Pennsylvania mill . Their carbon black wins the Gold Medal at the Paris Exposition. 1902: `` Binney & Smith Company'' is formed September 30, in Easton, Pennsylvania, and serves as general distributor for several carbon black producers, introducing Carbon black to other countries. This also marks their first crayon product, the industry crayon `` Staonal'' in black. This crayon precedes the Crayola brand by a full year and still exists to this year. 1903: Noticing a need for safe, quality, and affordable wax crayons , the company produces their first boxes of crayons from the No. 30 box containing 30 unwrapped colors to the No. 51 box of 28 wrapped colors. The No. 54 box contains 8 classic colors and the first one sells for a nickel. A total of 40 colors are introduced including Black , Blue , Brown , Burnt Sienna, Burnt Umber (later retired in 1949), Celestial Blue (later retired in 1944), Charcoal Gray (later retired in 1910), Copper, Dark Blue (later Prussian Blue then Midnight Blue), Dark Green (later Pine Green), English Vermillion (later retired in 1935), Flesh Tint (later Flesh then Peach), Gold, Golden Ochre (later Gold Ochre then Maize, later retired in 1990) Green , Indian Red (later Chestnut), Lemon Yellow (was once later Light Yellow, later retired in 1990), Light Blue (was once later Cobalt Blue, later retired in 1958), Madder Lake (later retired in 1935), Medium Green (later retired in 1939), Medium Yellow (later Goldenrod), Olive Green, Orange , Permanent Geranium Lake (later retired in 1910), Permanent Magenta (later Magenta), Raw Sienna, Raw Umber (later retired in 1990), Red , Rose Pink (later Carnation Pink), Sea Green, Sepia, Silver, Ultramarine Blue (later retired in 1958), Van Dyke brown (later retired in 1910), Venetian Red (later retired in 1949), Violet , White, and Yellow . 1904: Binney & Smith wins the Gold Medal during the April 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. Their entry was actually for their An-Du-Septic dustless chalk, but it was the foundation of their `` Gold Medal'' packaging in which they featured the gold medal on the front of their crayon boxes for the next 50 or so years. Given that this award wasn't given out until April 1904 and Crayola had been selling since August 1903, it is a misconception that the famous box shown on the postage stamp and in numerous other historical articles and web pages is `` the'' actual first design of their Crayola boxes because the box shown in all of those pictures has that Gold Medal on the front. 1905: Binney redesigns their 8-color assortment to use the famous `` Gold Medal'' label and design. They also renamed the box to be the No. 8, following and earlier such introduction by the Franklin Mfg. Co. for their Rainbow line of crayons. This first and only Gold Medal box used the Eagle side of the Gold Medal and was the only assortment size to use this side of the medal as it was changed to the other side before they expanded the line to other assortment sizes in 1910. This also marks the year that they introduced Spectra, a pastel crayon line. 1907: Binney & Smith partnered with Milton Bradley to product the Crayola No. 77 assortment box with Milton Bradley printed on the box also. 1908: Binney & Smith partnered with Littlefield Maps to make a special color assortment of their Rubens-Crayola No. 12 box with special Biblical colors pasted on the back to accommodate church work on their Old Testament maps. 1909: Binney & Smith launched their Durel line of pressed crayons 1910: Binney & Smith expands their Gold Medal line to include the debut of their No. 16 box (which also followed an earlier debut of a 16-color assortment by Franklin Mfg. Co.). They also discontinued many of their original boxes in favor of standardizing more to this Gold Medal line. Three crayon colors are discontinued including Charcoal Gray, Permanent Geranium Lake, and Van Dyke Brown. Raw Sienna becomes unavailable until 1958. 1911: Binney & Smith launch their Cerola brand of crayons targeted toward the lower end quality but more affordable markets 1912: Binney & Smith's carbon black is first used on tires to make black tires. They also launched their Cerata brand of crayons. 1913: Marks the launch of the Little Folks outfit boxes (Nos. 25 & 50) along with a Picture Tracer box. 1915: The Boston crayon line debuts. This also marks the discontinuation of the No. 101 assortment box that contained Gold, Silver and Copper crayon colors. While Gold and Silver was available as a bulk purchase, these three original colors couldn't be found on a retail assortment box for the next 30 years. Copper goes away until 1958. 1919: The design of their Gold Medal boxes is changed to drop the Paris reference. They also launch their No. 88 8-color tins. 1920: Perma Pressed Sharpenable Fine Art Crayons are added to the growing product line , which also includes new Artista brand paints. 1922: Binney & Smith expand their Little Folks outfit concept by introducing a number of Toy Sets with specific themes.Included in the launch are Crayola Color Kit for Kiddies (No. 508), Crayola Crusader Box (No. 503), Crayola Snowbound Color Box (No. 500), Crayola Dream Stories Color Set (No. 501), Crayola Home Run Color Box (No. 503), Crayola Little Boy Blue Paint Box (No. 501), Crayola Color it and Trace it Outfit (No. 502), Crayola Bird-Land Color Set (No. 516), Crayola Chummy Animals Color Set (No. 510), Uncle Wiggily Crayola Color Box (No. 506), Crayola Golden Treasure Color Set (No. 518), Crayola Rob Roy Color Box (No. 513). While attractive and theme driven, they later concluded that the higher cost made these some of their least successful products. 1923: Corporate offices move from 81-83 Fulton St. to 41 East 42nd Street in New York City . 1924: Perma and Tiny Tot crayon lines debut. 1926: Binney & Smith launch their Perma and Crayolet crayon lines. They also begin publishing their bi-monthly art publication `` The Drawing Teacher'' Five new crayon colors are introduced including Maximum Black (later retired in 1935), Maximum Yellow Red (later Yellow Orange), Middle Blue (later Light Turquoise Blue then Aquamarine), Middle Blue Green (later Blue Green), and Middle Gray (later Neutral Gray then Gray) 1927: Binney & Smith Co. launch the Snookum's Crayola Color Set No. 25 based on the popular baby actor who died of blood poisoning several years later at the age of 7 Binney & Smith Co. launch the Besco line and redesign their Gold Medal boxes to remove the ornate scrolling 1929: Binney & Smith Co. discontinues all of their Toy Sets and Color Outfits except their Little Folks No. 25 and No. 50. 1930: Binney & Smith Co. launches their Chic'ago line of pastel crayons Four new crayon colors are released including Blue Violet, Red Orange, Red Violet, and Yellow Green 1931: C. Harold Smith, co-founder of Binney & Smith Co. dies 1934: Edwin Binney, co-founder of Binney & Smith Co. dies 1935: Two new crayon colors are released including Carmine (later Carmine Red, later retired in 1958) and Turquoise Blue Three crayon colors are discontinued including English Vermillion, Madder Lake, and Maximum Black 1936: Binney & Smith becomes a founding member of the Crayon, Watercolor and Craft Institute, promoting product safety in art materials. 1939: The Medium Green crayon is discontinued 1944: The Celestial Blue crayon is discontinued Ultramarine Blue and Sepia are not available until 1958 The Gamboge Yellow Crayon is discontinued due to World War II 1948: To educate art teachers about the many ways to use the growing number of Crayola products, a teacher workshop program begins to offer in-school training across the country. 1949: Crayola releases its first 48-count box this year. 10 new crayon colors are added including Azure Blue (later retired in 1958), Brilliant Rose (later retired in 1958), Cerulean Blue (later retired in 1958), Dark Red (later Maroon), Light Magenta (later Thistle, later retired in 2000), Mahogany, Medium Red Violet (later Orchid), Medium Rose (later retired in 1958), Medium Violet (later retired in 1958), and Salmon. Two crayon colors are discontinued including Burnt Umber and Venetian Red. 1950-- 1990 ( edit ) 1952: A Binney & Smith factory in Winfield, Kansas opens to handle the company's growing business. 1953: Binney & Smith Co. moves their headquarters to 380 Madison Ave in New York city. 1955: Binney & Smith incorporates and changes their packaging from `` Binney & Smith Co.'' to `` Binney & Smith Inc.'' 1958: The 64-color assortment of Crayola crayons -- with a built-in sharpener -- is released which is now the biggest box of crayon colors. Prussian blue is changed to Midnight Blue because of Prussia by then being an extinct country for decades. 1959: The first Crayola TV ads appear during the children's TV show Ding Dong School . In the 64-count box of crayons, two colors are discontinued and replaced by others: `` Magenta'' by `` Brilliant Rose,'' and `` Light Blue'' by `` Turquoise Blue.'' 1961: Binney & Smith becomes a publicly held company. 1962: The color `` Flesh'' is renamed `` Peach'' completing an odd transition from Flesh-Tint to Flesh to Pink Beige, back to Flesh and finally to Peach. 1963: Binney & Smith becomes a member of the American Stock Exchange on May 1, with the symbol: BYS . 1964: Crayola acquires Permanent Pigments Inc., producers of Liquitex art materials. 1969: The company opens an additional factory in Easton, Pennsylvania, followed five years later by a new corporate headquarters . 1972: Binney & Smith Inc. purchases the Cosmic Crayon Co. in Bedford, UK and uses its facilities for their European operation by making it Binney & Smith (Europe), Ltd. Binney & Smith adds eight Fluorescent colors (All of which are later renamed): Ultra Pink (later Shocking Pink), Hot Magenta (later Razzle Dazzle Rose), Ultra Red (later Wild Watermelon), Ultra Orange (later Outrageous Orange), Ultra Yellow (later Atomic Tangerine), Chartreuse (later Laser Lemon), Ultra Green (later Screamin' Green) and Ultra Blue (later Blizzard Blue, retired in 2003). There are now 72 colors in the biggest box of crayons. Binney & Smith Inc. opens their Mexico operations, Binney & Smith Mexicol, S.A. 1975: Fire destroys the Binney & Smith Bedford factory on Aug 10. A new factory was built and operational by Oct. 1976: Binney & Smith corporate headquarters relocate from New York City to Forks Township in Easton, Pennsylvania. 1977: Binney & Smith buys Silly Putty . 1978: Binney & Smith is listed on the New York Stock Exchange on June 19, with the symbol: BYS . Crayola crayons celebrate their 75th anniversary, and Crayola markers are introduced. Craft and activity kits become a vital part of the company's business. 1979: All children's product lines are repackaged to carry the Crayola trade name and all fine art materials are repackaged to carry the Liquitex trade name. 1980: A private distributorship in Australia is purchased to form Binney & Smith (Australia) Pty. Ltd. to market and distribute finished Crayola products. 1984: Binney & Smith becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of gift and greeting card seller Hallmark Cards Inc., of Kansas City, Missouri . Crayola DREAM-MAKERS art education program is introduced in the nation's elementary schools . 1987: Crayola introduces washable markers. Crayola's gemtones And colored pencils also arrive. They also add their 1-800-CRAYOLA toll-free number to all packaging. 1990-- present ( edit ) 1990: Eight crayon colors-- Maize , Raw Umber , Lemon Yellow , Blue Gray, Orange Yellow, Orange Red, Green Blue and Violet Blue-- are retired into the Crayola Hall of Fame in Easton, Pennsylvania . 16 new colors were introduced including Cerulean, Dandelion (later retired in 2017), Electric Lime, Fuchsia, Hot Magenta, Jungle Green, Magic Mint (later retired in 2003), Neon Carrot, Purple Pizzazz, Radical Red, Royal Purple, Sunglow, Unmellow Yellow, Vivid Tangerine, Teal Blue (later retired in 2003), and Wild Strawberry. There are now 80 colors in the biggest box of crayons. Crayola also introduces Silver Swirls crayons, a pack of 24 silvery colors. Various colors were renamed: Ultra Yellow was renamed Atomic Tangerine, Ultra Blue was renamed Blizzard Blue (retired in 2003), Chartreuse was renamed Laser Lemon, Ultra Orange was renamed Outrageous Orange, Hot Magenta (I) was renamed Razzle Dazzle Rose, Ultra Green was renamed Screamin' Green, Ultra Pink was renamed Shocking Pink, and Ultra Red was renamed Wild Watermelon. Emerson Moser, then Crayola's most senior crayon moulder, retired after 37 years. After moulding approximately 1.4 billion crayons, he revealed that he is actually blue-- green color blind . 1991: The eight retired crayon colors are put into tins with a 64 count box for a limited time. Crayola Washable crayons are introduced. 1992: Crayola introduces Model Magic, a modeling compound , into its long line of products. Crayola releases the 8 pack of multicultural crayon colors. 1993: Binney & Smith celebrates the Crayola brand's 90th birthday with its biggest crayon box ever, as there are now 96 colors in the biggest box of crayons, including 16 new colors. For the first time, the company asks consumers to name the colors through the Crayola Name the New Colors Contest : the winning names include Asparagus, Cerise, Denim, Granny Smith Apple, Macaroni and Cheese, Pacific Blue, Purple Mountain's Majesty, Razzmatazz, Robin's Egg Blue, Shamrock, Tickle Me Pink, Timberwolf, Tropical Rain Forest, Mauvelous, Tumbleweed, and Wisteria. Color Wonder products debuted; Hot Fluorescent crayon boxes (8 and 16) are renamed Neons. 1994: Crayola introduces Gem Tones and a scented version of crayons called Magic Scents Crayons . 1995: Crayola introduces Changeables. Crayola changes some of the scents in Magic Scent crayons due to complaints of their smelling good enough to eat (e.g. Cherry, Chocolate, Blueberry) 1996: The 100 billionth Crayola crayon rolls off the production line in Easton. The wax for that crayon was poured by Mister Rogers . On July 16, Binney & Smith celebrates the grand opening of The Crayola Factory visitors' center in Easton with the Crayola ColorJam parade. 1997: All Crayola products receive new logo design for the year. Crayola introduces Color Mix-up, Pearl Brite, Crayons with Glitter and Star Brite. 12 new colors are introduced including Caribbean Green, Pink Flamingo, Sunset Orange, True Blue Heroes Crayon Color #1 (later Outer Space), True Blue Heroes Crayon Color #2 (later Mountain Meadow), True Blue Heroes Crayon Color #3 (later Fuzzy Wuzzy Brown then Fuzzy Wuzzy), True Blue Heroes Crayon Color #4 (later Brink Pink then Pink Sherbert), True Blue Heroes Crayon Color #5 (later Shadow), True Blue Heroes Crayon Color #6 (later Banana Mania), True Blue Heroes Crayon Color #7 (later Torch Red then Scarlet) True Blue Heroes Crayon Color #8 (later Purple Heart) and Vivid Violet. 1998: The Crayola 64 Box is reintroduced in its original packaging, complete with built-in sharpener. A 1958 Crayola 64 Box becomes part of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History. The True Blue Heroes colors got their actual color names. 12 new colors are introduced including Almond, Antique Brass, Beaver, Blue Bell, Canary, Cotton Candy, Cranberry (later Blush), Desert Sand, Eggplant, Fern, Manatee, and Piggy Pink. There are now 120 colors in the biggest box of crayons. The Crayola 12 pack of Twistable Colored Pencils is released. The Crayola 8 pack of Silly Scents Colored Pencils is released. 1999: For the third time in Crayola history a crayon is renamed because of social concerns. Indian red becomes `` chestnut '' because teachers reported that schoolchildren often wrongly perceived the color to be the skin color of Native Americans. The name in fact did not refer to Native Americans , but to a pigment produced in India and used in oil paints . Another crayon color-- Thistle -- is retired into the Crayola Hall of Fame, totaling 45 retired colors and replaced by newcomer Indigo. There are still 120 colors available. Torch Red is renamed Scarlet. 2001: Crayola introduces Metallic FX Crayons and Gel FX crayons. 2002: Crayola introduces Glitter Crayons. Crayola introduces the Crayon Maker. 2003: Four more crayon colors-- Blizzard Blue , Magic Mint, Mulberry , and Teal Blue -- are retired into the Crayola Hall of Fame, totaling 49 retired colors and replaced by Inchworm, Jazzberry Jam, Mango Tango, and Wild Blue Yonder. There are still 120 colors available. 2004: Crayola introduces the 24 color set of mini twistable crayons. Crayola introduces the 24 set of Fun Effects mini twistable crayons containing 8 regular colors, 8 rainbow colors, and 8 eXtreme colors. 2005: Cranberry is renamed Blush and Brink Pink is renamed Pink Sherbert. 2006: Crayola introduces Heads n' Tails Crayons. The Crayola 150-count Telescoping Crayon Tower is released. 2007: On January 1, Binney & Smith is renamed to Crayola LLC, to improve Crayola branding as part of Hallmark. Crayola introduces Silly Scents and True To Life Crayons. 2008: The Crayola 18 pack vibrant set of Twistable Colored Pencils is released. The Crayola 64 pack of short colored pencils is released. Crayola introduces the Kids Choice Crayons. 2009: Crayola introduces Extreme Twistables Colors. The Crayola 30 pack of Twistable Colored Pencils is released. 2011: The Crayola Solar Farm is completed and included more than 30,000 solar panels producing 3 megawatts of electricity. The solar panels generate enough electricity to produce 1 billion crayons and 500 million markers per year. The Crayola 12 pack of Ultra Cool and Super Hot colored pencils is released. 2013: Crayola introduces the marker maker 2014: Crayola introduces Ultra-Clean Washable crayons and markers, featuring ColorMax: `` Our brightest, truest colors yet!'' Also, The Crayola 152-count Easy-choose container is released 2017: The classic `` Dandelion'' crayon is discontinued into the `` Crayola Hall of Fame'' See also ( edit ) History of Crayola crayons List of Crayola crayon colors List of Crayola marker colors List of Crayola colored pencil colors References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Colorblind Crayon Maker? Crayola Retiree Says It's True'' . The Blade . December 6, 1990 . Retrieved September 20, 2014 . Jump up ^ http://articles.mcall.com/1996-02-02/news/3080141_1_crayons-binney-smith-crayola-factory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Crayola&oldid=815215659 '' Categories : Crayola Business timelines Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from August 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017, at 13:38. About Wikipedia
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[ "2018 U.S. Open Tournament information Dates June 14 -- 17 , 2018 Location Shinnecock Hills , New York Course ( s ) Shinnecock Hills Golf Club Organized by USGA Tour ( s ) PGA Tour European Tour Japan Golf Tour Statistics Par 70 Length 7,440 yards ( 6,800 m ) Field 156 players , 67 after cut Cut 148 ( + 8 ) Prize fund $ 12,000,000 € 10,244,150 Winner 's share $2,160,000 € 1,843,947 Champion Brooks Koepka 281 ( + 1 ) ← 2017 2019 →", "Tournament information", "Dates June 14 -- 17 , 2018", "Location Shinnecock Hills , New York", "Course ( s ) Shinnecock Hills Golf Club", "Organized by USGA", "Tour ( s ) PGA Tour European Tour Japan Golf Tour", "Statistics", "Par 70", "Length 7,440 yards ( 6,800 m )", "Field 156 players , 67 after cut", "Cut 148 ( + 8 )", "Prize fund $ 12,000,000 € 10,244,150", "Winner 's share $2,160,000 € 1,843,947", "Champion", "Brooks Koepka", "281 ( + 1 )", "← 2017 2019 →", "The 2018 United States Open Championship was the 118th U.S. Open , held June 14 -- 17 at Shinnecock Hills Golf Club in Shinnecock Hills , New York , about eighty miles ( 130 km ) east of New York City on Long Island ; it was the fifth time the U.S. Open was held at this course .", "Defending champion Brooks Koepka shot a final round 68 for 281 ( + 1 ) to win his second straight U.S. Open , one stroke ahead of runner - up Tommy Fleetwood , who closed with the sixth round of 63 in U.S. Open history . Koepka was only the third to successfully defend the title since World War II , following Ben Hogan ( 1951 ) and Curtis Strange ( 1989 ) .", "The USGA changed the playoff format in February , from a full round ( 18 holes ) to a two - hole aggregate playoff . Previously , playoffs at the U.S. Open were 18 holes , followed by sudden - death , if needed . The last 18 - hole playoff was in 2008 , won by Tiger Woods on the first sudden - death hole .", "This was the fourth U.S. Open televised by Fox and FS1 .", "Hole Name Yards Par Hole Name Yards Par Westward Ho 399 10 Eastward Ho 415 Plateau 252 11 Hill Head 159 Peconic 500 12 Tuckahoe 469 Pump House 475 13 Road Side 374 5 Montauk 589 5 14 Thom 's Elbow 519 6 Pond 491 15 Sebonac 409 7 Redan 189 16 Shinnecock 616 5 8 Lowlands 439 17 Eden 175 9 Ben Nevis 485 18 Home 485 Out 3,819 35 In 3,621 35 Source : Total 7,440 70", "Hole Name Yards Par Hole Name Yards Par", "Westward Ho 399 10 Eastward Ho 415", "Plateau 252 11 Hill Head 159", "Peconic 500 12 Tuckahoe 469", "Pump House 475 13 Road Side 374", "5 Montauk 589 5 14 Thom 's Elbow 519", "6 Pond 491 15 Sebonac 409", "7 Redan 189 16 Shinnecock 616 5", "8 Lowlands 439 17 Eden 175", "9 Ben Nevis 485 18 Home 485", "Out 3,819 35 In 3,621 35", "Source : Total 7,440 70", "Lengths of the course for previous major championships :", "6,996 yards ( 6,397 m ) , par 70 - 2004 U.S. Open 6,944 yards ( 6,350 m ) , par 70 - 1995 U.S. Open 6,912 yards ( 6,320 m ) , par 70 - 1986 U.S. Open 4,423 yards ( 4,044 m ) , - 1896 U.S. Open", "6,996 yards ( 6,397 m ) , par 70 - 2004 U.S. Open", "6,944 yards ( 6,350 m ) , par 70 - 1995 U.S. Open", "6,912 yards ( 6,320 m ) , par 70 - 1986 U.S. Open", "4,423 yards ( 4,044 m ) , - 1896 U.S. Open", "2018 yardages by round", "2018 yardages by round", "Round Hole 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total Par 5 35 5 35 70 Yards 407 252 510 478 592 452 184 439 487 3,801 418 157 462 374 536 404 620 185 491 3,647 7,448 Yards 411 234 499 476 583 492 184 448 482 3,809 404 153 476 360 511 420 610 169 490 3,593 7,402 Yards 409 239 495 481 591 486 166 448 486 3,801 416 159 465 366 529 416 627 150 485 3,613 7,414 Yards 399 264 495 471 597 494 180 435 478 3,813 411 159 472 367 512 408 621 182 486 3,618 7,431", "Round Hole 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total", "Par 5 35 5 35 70", "Yards 407 252 510 478 592 452 184 439 487 3,801 418 157 462 374 536 404 620 185 491 3,647 7,448", "Yards 411 234 499 476 583 492 184 448 482 3,809 404 153 476 360 511 420 610 169 490 3,593 7,402", "Yards 409 239 495 481 591 486 166 448 486 3,801 416 159 465 366 529 416 627 150 485 3,613 7,414", "Yards 399 264 495 471 597 494 180 435 478 3,813 411 159 472 367 512 408 621 182 486 3,618 7,431", "Scoring average : 74.650 by round : 76.474 , 73.595 , 75.327 , 72.180 Most difficult holes in relation to par : 14 , 3 , 2 , 10", "Scoring average : 74.650 by round : 76.474 , 73.595 , 75.327 , 72.180", "by round : 76.474 , 73.595 , 75.327 , 72.180", "by round : 76.474 , 73.595 , 75.327 , 72.180", "Most difficult holes in relation to par : 14 , 3 , 2 , 10", "About half the field consisted of players who were exempt from qualifying for the U.S. Open . Each player is classified according to the first category in which he qualified , and other categories are shown in parentheses .", "1 . Winners of the U.S. Open Championship during the last ten years", "1 . Winners of the U.S. Open Championship during the last ten years", "Lucas Glover , Dustin Johnson ( 12 , 13 , 14 ) , Martin Kaymer , Brooks Koepka ( 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ) , Graeme McDowell , Rory McIlroy ( 6 , 7 , 13 , 14 ) , Justin Rose ( 12 , 13 , 14 ) , Webb Simpson ( 8 , 12 , 13 , 14 ) , Jordan Spieth ( 5 , 6 , 12 , 13 , 14 ) , Tiger Woods", "2 . Winner and runner - up of the 2017 U.S. Amateur , winner of the 2017 U.S. Junior Amateur and 2017 U.S. Mid-Amateur", "2 . Winner and runner - up of the 2017 U.S. Amateur , winner of the 2017 U.S. Junior Amateur and 2017 U.S. Mid-Amateur", "Doug Ghim ( a ) , Noah Goodwin ( a ) , Matt Parziale ( a )", "Doc Redman forfeited his exemption as winner of the U.S. Amateur by turning professional in May 2018 .", "Doc Redman forfeited his exemption as winner of the U.S. Amateur by turning professional in May 2018 .", "3 . Winner of the 2017 Amateur Championship", "3 . Winner of the 2017 Amateur Championship", "Harry Ellis ( a )", "4 . Winner of the 2017 Mark H. McCormack Medal ( men 's World Amateur Golf Ranking )", "4 . Winner of the 2017 Mark H. McCormack Medal ( men 's World Amateur Golf Ranking )", "Joaquín Niemann forfeited his exemption by turning professional .", "Joaquín Niemann forfeited his exemption by turning professional .", "5 . Winners of the Masters Tournament during the last five years", "5 . Winners of the Masters Tournament during the last five years", "Sergio García ( 12 , 13 , 14 ) , Patrick Reed ( 12 , 13 , 14 ) , Bubba Watson ( 13 , 14 ) , Danny Willett", "6 . Winners of The Open Championship during the last five years", "6 . Winners of The Open Championship during the last five years", "Zach Johnson ( 13 , 14 ) , Phil Mickelson ( 13 , 14 ) , Henrik Stenson ( 13 , 14 )", "7 . Winners of the PGA Championship during the last five years", "7 . Winners of the PGA Championship during the last five years", "Jason Day ( 8 , 12 , 13 , 14 ) , Jason Dufner ( 12 , 13 , 14 ) , Justin Thomas ( 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ) , Jimmy Walker ( 13 , 14 )", "8 . Winners of The Players Championship during the last three years", "8 . Winners of The Players Championship during the last three years", "Kim Si - woo ( 13 , 14 )", "9 . Winner of the 2018 European Tour BMW PGA Championship", "9 . Winner of the 2018 European Tour BMW PGA Championship", "Francesco Molinari ( 13 , 14 )", "10 . Winner of the 2017 U.S. Senior Open Championship", "10 . Winner of the 2017 U.S. Senior Open Championship", "11 . The 10 lowest scorers and anyone tying for 10th place at the 2017 U.S. Open Championship", "11 . The 10 lowest scorers and anyone tying for 10th place at the 2017 U.S. Open Championship", "Tommy Fleetwood ( 13 , 14 ) , Rickie Fowler ( 12 , 13 , 14 ) , Bill Haas , Brian Harman ( 12 , 13 , 14 ) , Charley Hoffman ( 12 , 13 , 14 ) , Hideki Matsuyama ( 12 , 13 , 14 ) , Trey Mullinax , Xander Schauffele ( 12 , 13 , 14 ) , Brandt Snedeker", "12 . Players who qualified for the season - ending 2017 Tour Championship", "12 . Players who qualified for the season - ending 2017 Tour Championship", "Daniel Berger ( 13 , 14 ) , Patrick Cantlay ( 13 , 14 ) , Paul Casey ( 13 , 14 ) , Kevin Chappell ( 13 , 14 ) , Tony Finau ( 13 , 14 ) , Adam Hadwin ( 13 , 14 ) , Russell Henley ( 13 , 14 ) , Kevin Kisner ( 13 , 14 ) , Matt Kuchar ( 13 , 14 ) , Marc Leishman ( 13 , 14 ) , Pat Perez ( 13 , 14 ) , Jon Rahm ( 13 , 14 ) , Kyle Stanley ( 13 , 14 ) , Jhonattan Vegas , Gary Woodland ( 13 , 14 )", "13 . The top 60 point leaders and ties as of May 21 , 2018 , in the Official World Golf Ranking", "13 . The top 60 point leaders and ties as of May 21 , 2018 , in the Official World Golf Ranking", "Kiradech Aphibarnrat ( 14 ) , Rafael Cabrera - Bello ( 14 ) , Bryson DeChambeau ( 14 ) , Ross Fisher ( 14 ) , Matthew Fitzpatrick ( 14 ) , Dylan Frittelli , Branden Grace ( 14 ) , Chesson Hadley , Tyrrell Hatton ( 14 ) , Charles Howell III ( 14 ) , Satoshi Kodaira ( 14 ) , Alexander Lévy ( 14 ) , Li Haotong ( 14 ) , Luke List ( 14 ) , Alex Norén ( 14 ) , Louis Oosthuizen ( 14 ) , Ian Poulter ( 14 ) , Chez Reavie ( 14 ) , Charl Schwartzel ( 14 ) , Cameron Smith ( 14 ) , Brendan Steele ( 14 ) , Peter Uihlein ( 14 )", "14 . The top 60 point leaders and ties as of June 11 , 2018 , in the Official World Golf Ranking", "14 . The top 60 point leaders and ties as of June 11 , 2018 , in the Official World Golf Ranking", "An Byeong - hun , Emiliano Grillo", "15 . Special exemptions given by the USGA", "15 . Special exemptions given by the USGA", "Ernie Els , Jim Furyk", "The remaining contestants earned their places through sectional qualifiers .", "Japan : Shota Akiyoshi , David Bransdon , Liang Wenchong England : Dean Burmester , Ryan Fox , Scott Gregory , Andrew Johnston , Tom Lewis , James Morrison , Thorbjørn Olesen , Matthieu Pavon , Richie Ramsay , Kristoffer Reitan ( a ) , Jason Scrivener , Matthew Southgate , Matt Wallace , Paul Waring United States", "Japan : Shota Akiyoshi , David Bransdon , Liang Wenchong", "England : Dean Burmester , Ryan Fox , Scott Gregory , Andrew Johnston , Tom Lewis , James Morrison , Thorbjørn Olesen , Matthieu Pavon , Richie Ramsay , Kristoffer Reitan ( a ) , Jason Scrivener , Matthew Southgate , Matt Wallace , Paul Waring", "Daly City , California : Shintaro Ban ( a ) , Franklin Huang ( a , L ) , Park Sung - joon , Rhett Rasmussen ( a , L ) , Yu Chun - an ( a ) Jupiter , Florida : Luis Gagne ( a , L ) , Ty Strafaci ( a , L ) , Richy Werenski Roswell , Georgia : Roberto Castro , Michael Hebert ( L ) , Garrett Rank ( a , L ) Rockville , Maryland : Mickey DeMorat ( L ) , Cole Miller ( L ) , Sebastián Muñoz , Tim Wilkinson Summit , New Jersey : Stewart Hagestad ( a ) , Calum Hill , Theo Humphrey ( a ) , Mike Miller ( L ) , Cameron Wilson Columbus , Ohio : Aaron Baddeley , Keegan Bradley , Brian Gay , Im Sung - jae , Russell Knox , Shane Lowry , Ryan Lumsden ( a , L ) , Michael Putnam , Patrick Rodgers , Ollie Schniederjans , Adam Scott , Shubhankar Sharma , Harold Varner III , Will Zalatoris Springfield , Ohio : David Gazzolo ( L ) , Will Grimmer ( a , L ) , Dylan Meyer ( L ) , Brian Stuard , Timothy Wiseman ( a , L ) Portland , Oregon : Chris Babcock ( L ) , Michael Block ( L ) , Lucas Herbert , Sulman Raza ( L ) Memphis , Tennessee : Eric Axley , Sam Burns , Tyler Duncan , Lanto Griffin , Mackenzie Hughes , Matt Jones , Scott Stallings , Steve Stricker , Braden Thornberry ( a ) , Sebastián Vázquez ( L ) , Aaron Wise Richmond , Texas : Philip Barbaree ( a ) , Jacob Bergeron ( a ) , Chris Naegel ( L )", "Daly City , California : Shintaro Ban ( a ) , Franklin Huang ( a , L ) , Park Sung - joon , Rhett Rasmussen ( a , L ) , Yu Chun - an ( a ) Jupiter , Florida : Luis Gagne ( a , L ) , Ty Strafaci ( a , L ) , Richy Werenski Roswell , Georgia : Roberto Castro , Michael Hebert ( L ) , Garrett Rank ( a , L ) Rockville , Maryland : Mickey DeMorat ( L ) , Cole Miller ( L ) , Sebastián Muñoz , Tim Wilkinson Summit , New Jersey : Stewart Hagestad ( a ) , Calum Hill , Theo Humphrey ( a ) , Mike Miller ( L ) , Cameron Wilson Columbus , Ohio : Aaron Baddeley , Keegan Bradley , Brian Gay , Im Sung - jae , Russell Knox , Shane Lowry , Ryan Lumsden ( a , L ) , Michael Putnam , Patrick Rodgers , Ollie Schniederjans , Adam Scott , Shubhankar Sharma , Harold Varner III , Will Zalatoris Springfield , Ohio : David Gazzolo ( L ) , Will Grimmer ( a , L ) , Dylan Meyer ( L ) , Brian Stuard , Timothy Wiseman ( a , L ) Portland , Oregon : Chris Babcock ( L ) , Michael Block ( L ) , Lucas Herbert , Sulman Raza ( L ) Memphis , Tennessee : Eric Axley , Sam Burns , Tyler Duncan , Lanto Griffin , Mackenzie Hughes , Matt Jones , Scott Stallings , Steve Stricker , Braden Thornberry ( a ) , Sebastián Vázquez ( L ) , Aaron Wise Richmond , Texas : Philip Barbaree ( a ) , Jacob Bergeron ( a ) , Chris Naegel ( L )", "Daly City , California : Shintaro Ban ( a ) , Franklin Huang ( a , L ) , Park Sung - joon , Rhett Rasmussen ( a , L ) , Yu Chun - an ( a ) Jupiter , Florida : Luis Gagne ( a , L ) , Ty Strafaci ( a , L ) , Richy Werenski Roswell , Georgia : Roberto Castro , Michael Hebert ( L ) , Garrett Rank ( a , L ) Rockville , Maryland : Mickey DeMorat ( L ) , Cole Miller ( L ) , Sebastián Muñoz , Tim Wilkinson Summit , New Jersey : Stewart Hagestad ( a ) , Calum Hill , Theo Humphrey ( a ) , Mike Miller ( L ) , Cameron Wilson Columbus , Ohio : Aaron Baddeley , Keegan Bradley , Brian Gay , Im Sung - jae , Russell Knox , Shane Lowry , Ryan Lumsden ( a , L ) , Michael Putnam , Patrick Rodgers , Ollie Schniederjans , Adam Scott , Shubhankar Sharma , Harold Varner III , Will Zalatoris Springfield , Ohio : David Gazzolo ( L ) , Will Grimmer ( a , L ) , Dylan Meyer ( L ) , Brian Stuard , Timothy Wiseman ( a , L ) Portland , Oregon : Chris Babcock ( L ) , Michael Block ( L ) , Lucas Herbert , Sulman Raza ( L ) Memphis , Tennessee : Eric Axley , Sam Burns , Tyler Duncan , Lanto Griffin , Mackenzie Hughes , Matt Jones , Scott Stallings , Steve Stricker , Braden Thornberry ( a ) , Sebastián Vázquez ( L ) , Aaron Wise Richmond , Texas : Philip Barbaree ( a ) , Jacob Bergeron ( a ) , Chris Naegel ( L )", "Daly City , California : Shintaro Ban ( a ) , Franklin Huang ( a , L ) , Park Sung - joon , Rhett Rasmussen ( a , L ) , Yu Chun - an ( a )", "Jupiter , Florida : Luis Gagne ( a , L ) , Ty Strafaci ( a , L ) , Richy Werenski", "Roswell , Georgia : Roberto Castro , Michael Hebert ( L ) , Garrett Rank ( a , L )", "Rockville , Maryland : Mickey DeMorat ( L ) , Cole Miller ( L ) , Sebastián Muñoz , Tim Wilkinson", "Summit , New Jersey : Stewart Hagestad ( a ) , Calum Hill , Theo Humphrey ( a ) , Mike Miller ( L ) , Cameron Wilson", "Columbus , Ohio : Aaron Baddeley , Keegan Bradley , Brian Gay , Im Sung - jae , Russell Knox , Shane Lowry , Ryan Lumsden ( a , L ) , Michael Putnam , Patrick Rodgers , Ollie Schniederjans , Adam Scott , Shubhankar Sharma , Harold Varner III , Will Zalatoris", "Springfield , Ohio : David Gazzolo ( L ) , Will Grimmer ( a , L ) , Dylan Meyer ( L ) , Brian Stuard , Timothy Wiseman ( a , L )", "Portland , Oregon : Chris Babcock ( L ) , Michael Block ( L ) , Lucas Herbert , Sulman Raza ( L )", "Memphis , Tennessee : Eric Axley , Sam Burns , Tyler Duncan , Lanto Griffin , Mackenzie Hughes , Matt Jones , Scott Stallings , Steve Stricker , Braden Thornberry ( a ) , Sebastián Vázquez ( L ) , Aaron Wise", "Richmond , Texas : Philip Barbaree ( a ) , Jacob Bergeron ( a ) , Chris Naegel ( L )", "Alternates who gained entry :", "Ryan Evans ( England ) -- claimed spot held for category 14 Rikuya Hoshino ( Japan ) -- claimed spot held for category 14 Scott Piercy ( Memphis ) -- claimed spot held for category 14 Ted Potter Jr . ( Columbus ) -- claimed spot held for category 14", "Ryan Evans ( England ) -- claimed spot held for category 14", "Rikuya Hoshino ( Japan ) -- claimed spot held for category 14", "Scott Piercy ( Memphis ) -- claimed spot held for category 14", "Ted Potter Jr . ( Columbus ) -- claimed spot held for category 14", "( a ) denotes amateur ( L ) denotes player advanced through local qualifying", "North America ( 88 ) South America ( 3 ) Europe ( 35 ) Oceania ( 11 ) Asia ( 13 ) Africa ( 6 ) Canada ( 3 ) Argentina ( 1 ) England ( 17 ) Australia ( 9 ) China ( 2 ) South Africa ( 6 ) Costa Rica ( 1 ) ^ Colombia ( 1 ) Northern Ireland ( 2 ) New Zealand ( 2 ) India ( 1 ) Mexico ( 1 ) Venezuela ( 1 ) Scotland ( 4 ) Japan ( 4 ) United States ( 83 ) Ireland ( 1 ) South Korea ( 4 ) Denmark ( 1 ) Taiwan ( 1 ) France ( 2 ) Thailand ( 1 ) Germany ( 1 ) Italy ( 1 ) Norway ( 1 ) Spain ( 3 ) Sweden ( 2 )", "North America ( 88 ) South America ( 3 ) Europe ( 35 ) Oceania ( 11 ) Asia ( 13 ) Africa ( 6 )", "Canada ( 3 ) Argentina ( 1 ) England ( 17 ) Australia ( 9 ) China ( 2 ) South Africa ( 6 )", "Costa Rica ( 1 ) ^ Colombia ( 1 ) Northern Ireland ( 2 ) New Zealand ( 2 ) India ( 1 )", "Mexico ( 1 ) Venezuela ( 1 ) Scotland ( 4 ) Japan ( 4 )", "United States ( 83 ) Ireland ( 1 ) South Korea ( 4 )", "Denmark ( 1 ) Taiwan ( 1 )", "France ( 2 ) Thailand ( 1 )", "Germany ( 1 )", "Italy ( 1 )", "Norway ( 1 )", "Spain ( 3 )", "Sweden ( 2 )", "^ Amateur Luis Gagne is a dual - citizen of Costa Rica and the United States . The U.S. Open lists him as representing Costa Rica ( as in this table ) while the World Amateur Golf Ranking lists him as representing the United States .", "Player Country Year won R1 R2 R3 R4 Total To par Finish Brooks Koepka United States 2017 75 66 72 68 281 + 1 Dustin Johnson United States 2016 69 67 77 70 283 + 3 Justin Rose England 2013 71 70 73 73 287 + 7 T10 Webb Simpson United States 2012 76 71 71 69 287 + 7 T10 Jim Furyk United States 2003 73 71 72 80 296 + 16 T48", "Player Country Year won R1 R2 R3 R4 Total To par Finish", "Brooks Koepka United States 2017 75 66 72 68 281 + 1", "Dustin Johnson United States 2016 69 67 77 70 283 + 3", "Justin Rose England 2013 71 70 73 73 287 + 7 T10", "Webb Simpson United States 2012 76 71 71 69 287 + 7 T10", "Jim Furyk United States 2003 73 71 72 80 296 + 16 T48", "Player Country Year ( s ) won R1 R2 Total To par Jordan Spieth United States 2015 78 71 149 + 9 Graeme McDowell Northern Ireland 79 70 149 + 9 Lucas Glover United States 2009 77 72 149 + 9 Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland 2011 80 70 150 + 10 Tiger Woods United States 2000 , 2002 , 2008 78 72 150 + 10 Ernie Els South Africa 1994 , 1997 78 79 157 + 17 Martin Kaymer Germany 2014 83 75 158 + 18", "Player Country Year ( s ) won R1 R2 Total To par", "Jordan Spieth United States 2015 78 71 149 + 9", "Graeme McDowell Northern Ireland 79 70 149 + 9", "Lucas Glover United States 2009 77 72 149 + 9", "Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland 2011 80 70 150 + 10", "Tiger Woods United States 2000 , 2002 , 2008 78 72 150 + 10", "Ernie Els South Africa 1994 , 1997 78 79 157 + 17", "Martin Kaymer Germany 2014 83 75 158 + 18", "Thursday , June 14 , 2018", "Conditions were extremely difficult as gusty winds hung around all day with sunny skies , making the course firm and fast . Only four players broke par , including Dustin Johnson , one of the tournament favorites . The scoring average for the round was 76.47 .", "Place Player Country Score To par T1 Russell Henley United States 69 − 1 Dustin Johnson United States Scott Piercy United States Ian Poulter England 5 Jason Dufner United States 70 T6 An Byeong - hun South Korea 71 + 1 Sam Burns United States Charley Hoffman United States Charles Howell III United States Matthieu Pavon France Justin Rose England Henrik Stenson Sweden", "Place Player Country Score To par", "T1 Russell Henley United States 69 − 1", "Dustin Johnson United States", "Scott Piercy United States", "Ian Poulter England", "5 Jason Dufner United States 70", "T6 An Byeong - hun South Korea 71 + 1", "Sam Burns United States", "Charley Hoffman United States", "Charles Howell III United States", "Matthieu Pavon France", "Justin Rose England", "Henrik Stenson Sweden", "Friday , June 15 , 2018", "Dustin Johnson held the lead after shooting a 67 , four shots ahead of Charley Hoffman and Scott Piercy .", "Place Player Country Score To par Dustin Johnson United States 69 - 67 = 136 − 4 T2 Charley Hoffman United States 71 - 69 = 140 Scott Piercy United States 69 - 71 = 140 T4 Tommy Fleetwood England 75 - 66 = 141 + 1 Henrik Stenson Sweden 71 - 70 = 141 Justin Rose England 71 - 70 = 141 Brooks Koepka United States 75 - 66 = 141 Ian Poulter England 69 - 72 = 141 T9 Rickie Fowler United States 73 - 69 = 142 + 2 Russell Henley United States 69 - 73 = 142", "Place Player Country Score To par", "Dustin Johnson United States 69 - 67 = 136 − 4", "T2 Charley Hoffman United States 71 - 69 = 140", "Scott Piercy United States 69 - 71 = 140", "T4 Tommy Fleetwood England 75 - 66 = 141 + 1", "Henrik Stenson Sweden 71 - 70 = 141", "Justin Rose England 71 - 70 = 141", "Brooks Koepka United States 75 - 66 = 141", "Ian Poulter England 69 - 72 = 141", "T9 Rickie Fowler United States 73 - 69 = 142 + 2", "Russell Henley United States 69 - 73 = 142", "Amateurs : Grimmer ( + 5 ) , Gagne ( + 7 ) , Parziale ( + 7 ) , Thornberry ( + 9 ) , Strafaci ( + 10 ) , Ghim ( + 13 ) , Rasmussen ( + 14 ) , Hagestad ( + 15 ) , Bergeron ( + 16 ) , Humphrey ( + 16 ) , Yu ( + 17 ) , Huang ( + 18 ) , Lumsden ( + 18 ) , Rank ( + 18 ) , Reitan ( + 18 ) , Wiseman ( + 18 ) , Ban ( + 19 ) , Ellis ( + 19 ) , Goodwin ( + 19 ) , Barbaree ( + 21 )", "Saturday , June 16 , 2018", "Second round leader Dustin Johnson shot a seven - over 77 to fall into a four - way tie with Daniel Berger , Tony Finau and defending champion Brooks Koepka . Johnson double bogeyed the par - 3 2nd and went six - over on the front - nine . He made his only birdie of the round at the 11th to get back to the top of the leaderboard , but three - putted for bogey on 18 to settle for a share of the 54 - hole lead . Berger and Finau began the round in 45th place and 11 shots behind , but each shot 66 ( − 4 ) for the low round of the day .", "Scoring conditions got more difficult as the day went on . Koepka 's two - over 72 was the lowest score among the final four groups . Only three rounds in the 60s were recorded , two of them by Berger and Finau . The scoring average for the round was 75.3 .", "Phil Mickelson incurred a two - shot penalty on the 13th when he walked after his ball which was running slowly away from the hole after his putt and deliberately hit the ball backwards towards the hole while it was still moving . He ended up shooting 81 ( + 11 ) , equalling his highest score at the U.S. Open .", "Place Player Country Score To par T1 Daniel Berger United States 76 - 71 - 66 = 213 + 3 Tony Finau United States 75 - 72 - 66 = 213 Dustin Johnson United States 69 - 67 - 77 = 213 Brooks Koepka United States 75 - 66 - 72 = 213 5 Justin Rose England 71 - 70 - 73 = 214 + 4 6 Henrik Stenson Sweden 71 - 70 - 74 = 215 + 5 T7 Kiradech Aphibarnrat Thailand 76 - 72 - 68 = 216 + 6 Jim Furyk United States 73 - 71 - 72 = 216 Patrick Reed United States 73 - 72 - 71 = 216 T10 Brian Gay United States 73 - 74 - 70 = 217 + 7 Branden Grace South Africa 76 - 69 - 72 = 217 Tyrrell Hatton England 75 - 70 - 72 = 217 Charley Hoffman United States 71 - 69 - 77 = 217 Dylan Meyer United States 77 - 69 - 71 = 217 Ian Poulter England 69 - 72 - 76 = 217", "Place Player Country Score To par", "T1 Daniel Berger United States 76 - 71 - 66 = 213 + 3", "Tony Finau United States 75 - 72 - 66 = 213", "Dustin Johnson United States 69 - 67 - 77 = 213", "Brooks Koepka United States 75 - 66 - 72 = 213", "5 Justin Rose England 71 - 70 - 73 = 214 + 4", "6 Henrik Stenson Sweden 71 - 70 - 74 = 215 + 5", "T7 Kiradech Aphibarnrat Thailand 76 - 72 - 68 = 216 + 6", "Jim Furyk United States 73 - 71 - 72 = 216", "Patrick Reed United States 73 - 72 - 71 = 216", "T10 Brian Gay United States 73 - 74 - 70 = 217 + 7", "Branden Grace South Africa 76 - 69 - 72 = 217", "Tyrrell Hatton England 75 - 70 - 72 = 217", "Charley Hoffman United States 71 - 69 - 77 = 217", "Dylan Meyer United States 77 - 69 - 71 = 217", "Ian Poulter England 69 - 72 - 76 = 217", "Amateurs : Parziale ( + 11 ) , Gagne ( + 12 ) , Grimmer ( + 13 )", "Sunday , June 17 , 2018", "Brooks Koepka shot a final round 68 ( − 2 ) to finish one ahead of Tommy Fleetwood and win the U.S. Open for the second straight year . He was the first to successfully defend the title in 29 years , since Curtis Strange in 1989 .", "Koepka began the round in a four - way tie for the lead with Dustin Johnson , Daniel Berger , and Tony Finau . He got off to a good start with birdies on three of his first five holes to get to even par and take the lead . At the par - 3 11th , his tee shot went into the rough over the green . After chipping into a greenside bunker , he holed a 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) putt to save bogey . At the following hole , he made a six - foot par putt , then at the 14th he got up - and - down to save par from short of the green with an eight - foot putt . Hitting his approach at the par - 5 16th to within four feet , he made the birdie to open up a two - shot lead . Despite a bogey at the 18th , Koepka held on win by one .", "Fleetwood shot the sixth round of 63 in U.S. Open history to finish in second . He began the round six behind and began by sinking a putt from 56 - foot ( 17 m ) at the 2nd and three more birdies on the front - nine . He made four straight birdies on holes 12 -- 15 , with putts of 17 feet ( 5 m ) at 12 , a 20 feet ( 6 m ) at 14 , and 29 feet ( 9 m ) at 15 . Fleetwood had an eight - foot putt at the 18th for the first 62 in U.S. Open history , but it slid past the hole that would have forced the first two - hole playoff .", "Johnson made birdie at the 5th but three - putted for bogey at the 7th , 11th , 14th , and 17th . He birdied the last to shoot an even - par 70 and finish two shots behind Koepka . Finau bogeyed three of his first four holes but got back to even for the round with a 26 - foot birdie at the 11th . He came to the 18th two back of Koepka but made double bogey and ended up in fifth place , four behind . Berger also started his round with two bogeys and finished with a three - over 73 to tie for sixth . Patrick Reed began three shots behind but birdied his first three holes and five of the first seven to tie for the lead . He made four bogeys the rest of the round , however , to fall back to fourth place .", "With the win , Koepka becomes the seventh player to win consecutive U.S. Opens , and the first since Curtis Strange in 1989 .", "Place Player Country Score To par Money ( $ ) Brooks Koepka United States 75 - 66 - 72 - 68 = 281 + 1 2,160,000 Tommy Fleetwood England 75 - 66 - 78 - 63 = 282 + 2 1,296,000 Dustin Johnson United States 69 - 67 - 77 - 70 = 283 + 3 812,927 Patrick Reed United States 73 - 72 - 71 - 68 = 284 + 4 569,884 5 Tony Finau United States 75 - 72 - 66 - 72 = 285 + 5 474,659 T6 Daniel Berger United States 76 - 71 - 66 - 73 = 286 + 6 361,923 Tyrrell Hatton England 75 - 70 - 72 - 69 = 286 Xander Schauffele United States 72 - 74 - 72 - 68 = 286 Henrik Stenson Sweden 71 - 70 - 74 - 71 = 286 T10 Justin Rose England 71 - 70 - 73 - 73 = 287 + 7 270,151 Webb Simpson United States 76 - 71 - 71 - 69 = 287", "Place Player Country Score To par Money ( $ )", "Brooks Koepka United States 75 - 66 - 72 - 68 = 281 + 1 2,160,000", "Tommy Fleetwood England 75 - 66 - 78 - 63 = 282 + 2 1,296,000", "Dustin Johnson United States 69 - 67 - 77 - 70 = 283 + 3 812,927", "Patrick Reed United States 73 - 72 - 71 - 68 = 284 + 4 569,884", "5 Tony Finau United States 75 - 72 - 66 - 72 = 285 + 5 474,659", "T6 Daniel Berger United States 76 - 71 - 66 - 73 = 286 + 6 361,923", "Tyrrell Hatton England 75 - 70 - 72 - 69 = 286", "Xander Schauffele United States 72 - 74 - 72 - 68 = 286", "Henrik Stenson Sweden 71 - 70 - 74 - 71 = 286", "T10 Justin Rose England 71 - 70 - 73 - 73 = 287 + 7 270,151", "Webb Simpson United States 76 - 71 - 71 - 69 = 287", "Amateurs : Gagne ( + 16 ) , Parziale ( + 16 ) , Grimmer ( + 23 )", "Hole 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Par 5 5 Koepka + 3 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 Fleetwood + 9 + 8 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 5 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 Johnson + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 3 Reed + 5 + 4 + 3 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 4 Finau + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 5 + 5 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 4 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 5 Berger + 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 6 + 6", "Hole 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18", "Par 5 5", "Koepka + 3 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1", "Fleetwood + 9 + 8 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 5 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2", "Johnson + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 3", "Reed + 5 + 4 + 3 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 4", "Finau + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 5 + 5 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 4 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 5", "Berger + 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 6 + 6", "Cumulative tournament scores , relative to par", "Birdie Bogey Double bogey", "Birdie Bogey Double bogey", "Birdie Bogey Double bogey", "Birdie Bogey Double bogey" ]
2018 U.S. Open (golf) - wikipedia 2018 U.S. Open (golf) 2018 Golf Major in Shinnecock Hills, New York 2018 U.S. Open Tournament information Dates June 14-- 17, 2018 Location Shinnecock Hills, New York Course(s) Shinnecock Hills Golf Club Organized by USGA Tour(s) PGA Tour European Tour Japan Golf Tour Statistics Par 70 Length 7,440 yards (6,800 m) Field 156 players, 67 after cut Cut 148 (+8) Prize fund $ 12,000,000 € 10,244,150 Winner's share $2,160,000 € 1,843,947 Champion Brooks Koepka 281 (+1) ← 2017 2019 → Shinnecock Hills Location in the United States Shinnecock Hills Location in New York The 2018 United States Open Championship was the 118th U.S. Open , held June 14-- 17 at Shinnecock Hills Golf Club in Shinnecock Hills, New York , about eighty miles (130 km) east of New York City on Long Island ; it was the fifth time the U.S. Open was held at this course. Defending champion Brooks Koepka shot a final round 68 for 281 (+1) to win his second straight U.S. Open, one stroke ahead of runner-up Tommy Fleetwood , who closed with the sixth round of 63 in U.S. Open history. Koepka was only the third to successfully defend the title since World War II , following Ben Hogan ( 1951 ) and Curtis Strange ( 1989 ). The USGA changed the playoff format in February, from a full round (18 holes) to a two-hole aggregate playoff. Previously, playoffs at the U.S. Open were 18 holes, followed by sudden-death , if needed. The last 18-hole playoff was in 2008 , won by Tiger Woods on the first sudden-death hole. Contents 1 Media 2 Venue 2.1 Course layout 3 Field 3.1 Nationalities in the field 3.2 Past champions in the field 3.2.1 Made the cut 3.2.2 Missed the cut 4 Round summaries 4.1 First round 4.2 Second round 4.3 Third round 4.4 Final round 4.4.1 Scorecard 5 References 6 External links Media ( edit ) This was the fourth U.S. Open televised by Fox and FS1 . Venue ( edit ) Main article: Shinnecock Hills Golf Club Course layout ( edit ) Hole Name Yards Par Hole Name Yards Par Westward Ho 399 10 Eastward Ho 415 Plateau 252 11 Hill Head 159 Peconic 500 12 Tuckahoe 469 Pump House 475 13 Road Side 374 5 Montauk 589 5 14 Thom's Elbow 519 6 Pond 491 15 Sebonac 409 7 Redan 189 16 Shinnecock 616 5 8 Lowlands 439 17 Eden 175 9 Ben Nevis 485 18 Home 485 Out 3,819 35 In 3,621 35 Source: Total 7,440 70 Lengths of the course for previous major championships: 6,996 yards (6,397 m), par 70 - 2004 U.S. Open 6,944 yards (6,350 m), par 70 - 1995 U.S. Open 6,912 yards (6,320 m), par 70 - 1986 U.S. Open 4,423 yards (4,044 m), - 1896 U.S. Open 2018 yardages by round Round Hole 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total Par 5 35 5 35 70 Yards 407 252 510 478 592 452 184 439 487 3,801 418 157 462 374 536 404 620 185 491 3,647 7,448 Yards 411 234 499 476 583 492 184 448 482 3,809 404 153 476 360 511 420 610 169 490 3,593 7,402 Yards 409 239 495 481 591 486 166 448 486 3,801 416 159 465 366 529 416 627 150 485 3,613 7,414 Yards 399 264 495 471 597 494 180 435 478 3,813 411 159 472 367 512 408 621 182 486 3,618 7,431 Scoring average: 74.650 by round: 76.474, 73.595, 75.327, 72.180 Most difficult holes in relation to par: 14, 3, 2, 10 Source: Field ( edit ) The first tee and clubhouse at Shinnecock Hills About half the field consisted of players who were exempt from qualifying for the U.S. Open. Each player is classified according to the first category in which he qualified, and other categories are shown in parentheses. 1. Winners of the U.S. Open Championship during the last ten years Lucas Glover , Dustin Johnson (12,13,14), Martin Kaymer , Brooks Koepka (11,12,13,14), Graeme McDowell , Rory McIlroy (6,7,13,14), Justin Rose (12,13,14), Webb Simpson (8,12,13,14), Jordan Spieth (5,6,12,13,14), Tiger Woods 2. Winner and runner-up of the 2017 U.S. Amateur , winner of the 2017 U.S. Junior Amateur and 2017 U.S. Mid-Amateur Doug Ghim (a), Noah Goodwin (a), Matt Parziale (a) Doc Redman forfeited his exemption as winner of the U.S. Amateur by turning professional in May 2018. 3. Winner of the 2017 Amateur Championship Harry Ellis (a) 4. Winner of the 2017 Mark H. McCormack Medal (men's World Amateur Golf Ranking ) Joaquín Niemann forfeited his exemption by turning professional. 5. Winners of the Masters Tournament during the last five years Sergio García (12,13,14), Patrick Reed (12,13,14), Bubba Watson (13,14), Danny Willett 6. Winners of The Open Championship during the last five years Zach Johnson (13,14), Phil Mickelson (13,14), Henrik Stenson (13,14) 7. Winners of the PGA Championship during the last five years Jason Day (8,12,13,14), Jason Dufner (12,13,14), Justin Thomas (11,12,13,14), Jimmy Walker (13,14) 8. Winners of The Players Championship during the last three years Kim Si-woo (13,14) 9. Winner of the 2018 European Tour BMW PGA Championship Francesco Molinari (13,14) 10. Winner of the 2017 U.S. Senior Open Championship Kenny Perry 11. The 10 lowest scorers and anyone tying for 10th place at the 2017 U.S. Open Championship Tommy Fleetwood (13,14), Rickie Fowler (12,13,14), Bill Haas , Brian Harman (12,13,14), Charley Hoffman (12,13,14), Hideki Matsuyama (12,13,14), Trey Mullinax , Xander Schauffele (12,13,14), Brandt Snedeker 12. Players who qualified for the season-ending 2017 Tour Championship Daniel Berger (13,14), Patrick Cantlay (13,14), Paul Casey (13,14), Kevin Chappell (13,14), Tony Finau (13,14), Adam Hadwin (13,14), Russell Henley (13,14), Kevin Kisner (13,14), Matt Kuchar (13,14), Marc Leishman (13,14), Pat Perez (13,14), Jon Rahm (13,14), Kyle Stanley (13,14), Jhonattan Vegas , Gary Woodland (13,14) 13. The top 60 point leaders and ties as of May 21, 2018, in the Official World Golf Ranking Kiradech Aphibarnrat (14), Rafael Cabrera-Bello (14), Bryson DeChambeau (14), Ross Fisher (14), Matthew Fitzpatrick (14), Dylan Frittelli , Branden Grace (14), Chesson Hadley , Tyrrell Hatton (14), Charles Howell III (14), Satoshi Kodaira (14), Alexander Lévy (14), Li Haotong (14), Luke List (14), Alex Norén (14), Louis Oosthuizen (14), Ian Poulter (14), Chez Reavie (14), Charl Schwartzel (14), Cameron Smith (14), Brendan Steele (14), Peter Uihlein (14) 14. The top 60 point leaders and ties as of June 11, 2018, in the Official World Golf Ranking An Byeong-hun , Emiliano Grillo 15. Special exemptions given by the USGA Ernie Els , Jim Furyk The remaining contestants earned their places through sectional qualifiers. Japan: Shota Akiyoshi , David Bransdon , Liang Wenchong England: Dean Burmester , Ryan Fox , Scott Gregory , Andrew Johnston , Tom Lewis , James Morrison , Thorbjørn Olesen , Matthieu Pavon , Richie Ramsay , Kristoffer Reitan (a), Jason Scrivener , Matthew Southgate , Matt Wallace , Paul Waring United States Daly City, California: Shintaro Ban (a), Franklin Huang (a,L), Park Sung-joon , Rhett Rasmussen (a,L), Yu Chun-an (a) Jupiter, Florida: Luis Gagne (a,L), Ty Strafaci (a,L), Richy Werenski Roswell, Georgia: Roberto Castro , Michael Hebert (L), Garrett Rank (a,L) Rockville, Maryland: Mickey DeMorat (L), Cole Miller (L), Sebastián Muñoz , Tim Wilkinson Summit, New Jersey: Stewart Hagestad (a), Calum Hill , Theo Humphrey (a), Mike Miller (L), Cameron Wilson Columbus, Ohio: Aaron Baddeley , Keegan Bradley , Brian Gay , Im Sung-jae , Russell Knox , Shane Lowry , Ryan Lumsden (a,L), Michael Putnam , Patrick Rodgers , Ollie Schniederjans , Adam Scott , Shubhankar Sharma , Harold Varner III , Will Zalatoris Springfield, Ohio: David Gazzolo (L), Will Grimmer (a,L), Dylan Meyer (L), Brian Stuard , Timothy Wiseman (a,L) Portland, Oregon: Chris Babcock (L), Michael Block (L), Lucas Herbert , Sulman Raza (L) Memphis, Tennessee: Eric Axley , Sam Burns , Tyler Duncan , Lanto Griffin , Mackenzie Hughes , Matt Jones , Scott Stallings , Steve Stricker , Braden Thornberry (a), Sebastián Vázquez (L), Aaron Wise Richmond, Texas: Philip Barbaree (a), Jacob Bergeron (a), Chris Naegel (L) Alternates who gained entry: Ryan Evans (England) -- claimed spot held for category 14 Rikuya Hoshino (Japan) -- claimed spot held for category 14 Scott Piercy (Memphis) -- claimed spot held for category 14 Ted Potter Jr. (Columbus) -- claimed spot held for category 14 (a) denotes amateur (L) denotes player advanced through local qualifying Nationalities in the field ( edit ) North America (88) South America (3) Europe (35) Oceania (11) Asia (13) Africa (6) Canada (3) Argentina (1) England (17) Australia (9) China (2) South Africa (6) Costa Rica (1)^ Colombia (1) Northern Ireland (2) New Zealand (2) India (1) Mexico (1) Venezuela (1) Scotland (4) Japan (4) United States (83) Ireland (1) South Korea (4) Denmark (1) Taiwan (1) France (2) Thailand (1) Germany (1) Italy (1) Norway (1) Spain (3) Sweden (2) ^ Amateur Luis Gagne is a dual-citizen of Costa Rica and the United States. The U.S. Open lists him as representing Costa Rica (as in this table) while the World Amateur Golf Ranking lists him as representing the United States. Past champions in the field ( edit ) Made the cut ( edit ) Player Country Year won R1 R2 R3 R4 Total To par Finish Brooks Koepka United States 2017 75 66 72 68 281 +1 Dustin Johnson United States 2016 69 67 77 70 283 +3 Justin Rose England 2013 71 70 73 73 287 +7 T10 Webb Simpson United States 2012 76 71 71 69 287 +7 T10 Jim Furyk United States 2003 73 71 72 80 296 +16 T48 Source: Missed the cut ( edit ) Player Country Year(s) won R1 R2 Total To par Jordan Spieth United States 2015 78 71 149 +9 Graeme McDowell Northern Ireland 79 70 149 +9 Lucas Glover United States 2009 77 72 149 +9 Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland 2011 80 70 150 +10 Tiger Woods United States 2000 , 2002 , 2008 78 72 150 +10 Ernie Els South Africa 1994 , 1997 78 79 157 +17 Martin Kaymer Germany 2014 83 75 158 +18 Source: Round summaries ( edit ) First round ( edit ) Thursday, June 14, 2018 Conditions were extremely difficult as gusty winds hung around all day with sunny skies, making the course firm and fast. Only four players broke par, including Dustin Johnson , one of the tournament favorites. The scoring average for the round was 76.47. Place Player Country Score To par T1 Russell Henley United States 69 − 1 Dustin Johnson United States Scott Piercy United States Ian Poulter England 5 Jason Dufner United States 70 T6 An Byeong-hun South Korea 71 +1 Sam Burns United States Charley Hoffman United States Charles Howell III United States Matthieu Pavon France Justin Rose England Henrik Stenson Sweden Source: Second round ( edit ) Friday, June 15, 2018 Dustin Johnson held the lead after shooting a 67, four shots ahead of Charley Hoffman and Scott Piercy . Place Player Country Score To par Dustin Johnson United States 69-67=136 − 4 T2 Charley Hoffman United States 71-69=140 Scott Piercy United States 69-71=140 T4 Tommy Fleetwood England 75-66=141 +1 Henrik Stenson Sweden 71-70=141 Justin Rose England 71-70=141 Brooks Koepka United States 75-66=141 Ian Poulter England 69-72=141 T9 Rickie Fowler United States 73-69=142 +2 Russell Henley United States 69-73=142 Source: Amateurs: Grimmer (+5) , Gagne (+7) , Parziale (+7) , Thornberry (+9), Strafaci (+10), Ghim (+13), Rasmussen (+14), Hagestad (+15), Bergeron (+16), Humphrey (+16), Yu (+17), Huang (+18), Lumsden (+18), Rank (+18), Reitan (+18), Wiseman (+18), Ban (+19), Ellis (+19), Goodwin (+19), Barbaree (+21) Third round ( edit ) Saturday, June 16, 2018 Second round leader Dustin Johnson shot a seven-over 77 to fall into a four-way tie with Daniel Berger , Tony Finau and defending champion Brooks Koepka . Johnson double bogeyed the par-3 2nd and went six-over on the front-nine. He made his only birdie of the round at the 11th to get back to the top of the leaderboard, but three-putted for bogey on 18 to settle for a share of the 54-hole lead. Berger and Finau began the round in 45th place and 11 shots behind, but each shot 66 (− 4) for the low round of the day. Scoring conditions got more difficult as the day went on. Koepka's two-over 72 was the lowest score among the final four groups. Only three rounds in the 60s were recorded, two of them by Berger and Finau. The scoring average for the round was 75.3. Phil Mickelson incurred a two-shot penalty on the 13th when he walked after his ball which was running slowly away from the hole after his putt and deliberately hit the ball backwards towards the hole while it was still moving. He ended up shooting 81 (+11), equalling his highest score at the U.S. Open. Place Player Country Score To par T1 Daniel Berger United States 76-71-66=213 +3 Tony Finau United States 75-72-66=213 Dustin Johnson United States 69-67-77=213 Brooks Koepka United States 75-66-72=213 5 Justin Rose England 71-70-73=214 +4 6 Henrik Stenson Sweden 71-70-74=215 +5 T7 Kiradech Aphibarnrat Thailand 76-72-68=216 +6 Jim Furyk United States 73-71-72=216 Patrick Reed United States 73-72-71=216 T10 Brian Gay United States 73-74-70=217 +7 Branden Grace South Africa 76-69-72=217 Tyrrell Hatton England 75-70-72=217 Charley Hoffman United States 71-69-77=217 Dylan Meyer United States 77-69-71=217 Ian Poulter England 69-72-76=217 Source: Amateurs: Parziale (+11), Gagne (+12), Grimmer (+13) Final round ( edit ) Sunday, June 17, 2018 Brooks Koepka shot a final round 68 (− 2) to finish one ahead of Tommy Fleetwood and win the U.S. Open for the second straight year. He was the first to successfully defend the title in 29 years, since Curtis Strange in 1989 . Koepka began the round in a four-way tie for the lead with Dustin Johnson , Daniel Berger , and Tony Finau . He got off to a good start with birdies on three of his first five holes to get to even par and take the lead. At the par-3 11th, his tee shot went into the rough over the green. After chipping into a greenside bunker, he holed a 12-foot (3.7 m) putt to save bogey. At the following hole, he made a six-foot par putt, then at the 14th he got up-and-down to save par from short of the green with an eight-foot putt. Hitting his approach at the par-5 16th to within four feet, he made the birdie to open up a two-shot lead. Despite a bogey at the 18th, Koepka held on win by one. Fleetwood shot the sixth round of 63 in U.S. Open history to finish in second. He began the round six behind and began by sinking a putt from 56-foot (17 m) at the 2nd and three more birdies on the front-nine. He made four straight birdies on holes 12-- 15, with putts of 17 feet (5 m) at 12, a 20 feet (6 m) at 14, and 29 feet (9 m) at 15. Fleetwood had an eight-foot putt at the 18th for the first 62 in U.S. Open history, but it slid past the hole that would have forced the first two-hole playoff. Johnson made birdie at the 5th but three-putted for bogey at the 7th, 11th, 14th, and 17th. He birdied the last to shoot an even-par 70 and finish two shots behind Koepka. Finau bogeyed three of his first four holes but got back to even for the round with a 26-foot birdie at the 11th. He came to the 18th two back of Koepka but made double bogey and ended up in fifth place, four behind. Berger also started his round with two bogeys and finished with a three-over 73 to tie for sixth. Patrick Reed began three shots behind but birdied his first three holes and five of the first seven to tie for the lead. He made four bogeys the rest of the round, however, to fall back to fourth place. With the win, Koepka becomes the seventh player to win consecutive U.S. Opens, and the first since Curtis Strange in 1989 . Place Player Country Score To par Money ( $ ) Brooks Koepka United States 75-66-72-68=281 +1 2,160,000 Tommy Fleetwood England 75-66-78-63=282 +2 1,296,000 Dustin Johnson United States 69-67-77-70=283 +3 812,927 Patrick Reed United States 73-72-71-68=284 +4 569,884 5 Tony Finau United States 75-72-66-72=285 +5 474,659 T6 Daniel Berger United States 76-71-66-73=286 +6 361,923 Tyrrell Hatton England 75-70-72-69=286 Xander Schauffele United States 72-74-72-68=286 Henrik Stenson Sweden 71-70-74-71=286 T10 Justin Rose England 71-70-73-73=287 +7 270,151 Webb Simpson United States 76-71-71-69=287 Source: Amateurs: Gagne (+16), Parziale (+16), Grimmer (+23) Scorecard ( edit ) Final round Hole 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Par 5 5 Koepka +3 +2 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 Fleetwood +9 +8 +7 +7 +7 +6 +5 +5 +6 +6 +6 +5 +4 +3 +2 +2 +2 +2 Johnson +3 +3 +3 +3 +2 +2 +3 +2 +2 +2 +3 +3 +3 +4 +3 +3 +4 +3 Reed +5 +4 +3 +3 +2 +2 +1 +1 +2 +2 +3 +4 +4 +4 +3 +3 +3 +4 Finau +3 +4 +5 +6 +5 +5 +6 +5 +4 +4 +3 +4 +4 +3 +3 +3 +3 +5 Berger +3 +4 +5 +5 +4 +5 +5 +5 +5 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +5 +5 +6 +6 Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par Birdie Bogey Double bogey Source: References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Open abandons 18 holes for 2-hole playoff'' . ESPN . Associated Press. February 26, 2018 . Retrieved June 5, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 118th U.S. Open Championship -- Course Statistics'' . USGA. Jump up ^ `` 118th U.S. Open Championship -- Entry Form'' (PDF) . USGA . Retrieved March 13, 2018 . Jump up ^ Herrington, Ryan (May 30, 2018). `` U.S. Amateur champion Doc Redman and Western Amateur champ Norman Xiong announce plans to turn pro'' . Golf World . Jump up ^ Herrington, Ryan (March 14, 2018). `` USGA gives Ernie Els, Jim Furyk special exemptions into 2018 U.S. Open at Shinnecock Hills'' . Golf Digest . Jump up ^ Shefter, David (August 16, 2016). `` Life's a Beach for Alternate Gagne at Oakland Hills'' . USGA. Jump up ^ `` Luis Gagne'' . USGA . Retrieved June 13, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Gagne'' . World Amateur Golf Ranking . Retrieved June 13, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` U.S. Open: Leaderboard'' . ESPN . June 15, 2018. Jump up ^ Murray, Scott (June 14, 2018). `` US Open 2018: first round: Dustin Johnson shares lead after brutal day -- as it happened'' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 20, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Johnson tied for lead after 69'' . ESPN . June 14, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 118th U.S. Open Championship -- Course Statistics, Round 1'' . USGA . Retrieved June 15, 2018 . Jump up ^ Murray, Scott (June 15, 2018). `` US Open 2018: second round -- as it happened'' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 20, 2018 . Jump up ^ Herrington, Ryan (June 16, 2018). `` U.S. Open 2018: Four players share the 54-hole lead after a crazy Saturday at Shinnecock Hills'' . Golf Digest . Retrieved June 16, 2018 . Jump up ^ Shedloski, Dave (June 16, 2018). `` U.S. Open 2018: Dustin Johnson falls back to earth with 77, but still has great chance at title'' . Golf Digest . Retrieved June 16, 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilbridge, Dan (June 16, 2018). `` Daniel Berger tames Shinnecock to get in the mix in Round 3 of U.S. Open'' . Golfweek . Retrieved June 16, 2018 . Jump up ^ Murray, Scott (June 16, 2018). `` US Open 2018: third round -- as it happened'' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 20, 2018 . Jump up ^ Weinman, Sam (June 16, 2018). `` U.S. Open 2018: A stark contrast between morning and afternoon conditions leaves certain players fuming'' . Golf Digest . Retrieved June 16, 2018 . Jump up ^ Lavner, Ryan (June 16, 2018). `` Phil takes 2-shot penalty for hitting moving ball'' . Golf Channel . Retrieved June 16, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US Open: Phil Mickelson apologises for putting moving ball'' . BBC Sport . June 20, 2018 . Retrieved June 21, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Mickelson says he's sorry for hitting moving ball during US Open'' . The Guardian . Press Association. June 20, 2018 . Retrieved June 21, 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritter, Jeff (June 17, 2018). `` Back to back! Brooks Koepka outlasts Tommy Fleetwood to win 118th U.S. Open at Shinnecock Hills'' . Golf.com . Retrieved June 17, 2018 . Jump up ^ Hoggard, Rex (June 17, 2018). `` Fleetwood fires 63, but comes up short at U.S. Open'' . Golf Channel . Retrieved June 17, 2018 . Jump up ^ Herrington, Ryan (June 17, 2018). `` U.S. Open 2018: Brooks Koepka wins U.S. Open, repeats as champion after shooting closing 68 at Shinnecock Hills'' . Golf Digest . Retrieved June 17, 2018 . Jump up ^ Murray, Ewan (June 18, 2018). `` Brooks Koepka makes history in holding off Fleetwood to retain US Open title'' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18, 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 U.S. Open (golf) . Official website United States Golf Association Coverage on the PGA Tour's official site Coverage on the European Tour's official site Coverage on the PGA of America's official site Preceded by 2018 Masters Major Championships Succeeded by 2018 Open Championship 2018 Men's Major Golf Championships The Masters U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship U.S. Open Championships 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Fox USGA U.S. Opens 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 U.S. Women's Opens 2015 2016 2017 2018 Other events U.S. Amateur Four-Ball Curtis Cup United States Senior Open U.S. Junior Amateur Golf Championship U.S. Women's Amateur Championship U.S. Amateur Championship U.S. Girls' Junior Golf Championship U.S. Mid-Amateur Golf Championship Walker Cup Related articles Television contract history U.S. Open broadcasters Coordinates : 40° 53′ 38'' N 72° 26′ 24'' W  /  40.894° N 72.440° W  / 40.894; -72.440 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_U.S._Open_(golf)&oldid=852713805 '' Categories : U.S. Open (golf) Golf in New York (state) 2018 in golf 2018 in American sports 2018 in sports in New York (state) June 2018 sports events in the United States Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from June 2018 Articles with short description Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018, at 21:40 (UTC) . 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what was the dominant form of political organization in the hellenistic world
When Alexander the Great died ( June 10 , 323 BC ) , he left behind a huge empire which was composed of many essentially autonomous territories called satrapies . Without a chosen successor there were immediate disputes among his generals as to who should be king of Macedon . These generals became known as the Diadochi ( Greek : Διάδοχοι , Diadokhoi , meaning `` Successors '' ) .
[ [ "essentially autonomous territories called satrapies" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "Part of a series on the History of Greece Neolithic Greece ( show ) Neolithic Greece Greek Bronze Age ( show ) Helladic Cycladic Minoan Mycenaean Ancient Greece ( show ) Greek Dark Ages Archaic Greece Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Medieval Greece ( show ) Byzantine Greece Frankish and Latin states Early modern Greece ( show ) Stato da Màr Ottoman Greece Modern Greece ( show ) Septinsular Republic War of Independence First Hellenic Republic Kingdom of Greece National Schism Second Hellenic Republic 4th of August Regime Axis occupation ( collaborationist regime ) Civil War Military Junta Third Hellenic Republic History by topic ( show ) Art Constitution Economy Military Names Greece portal", "Part of a series on the", "History of Greece", "Neolithic Greece ( show ) Neolithic Greece", "Neolithic Greece", "Greek Bronze Age ( show ) Helladic Cycladic Minoan Mycenaean", "Helladic Cycladic Minoan Mycenaean", "Ancient Greece ( show ) Greek Dark Ages Archaic Greece Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece", "Greek Dark Ages Archaic Greece Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece", "Greek Dark Ages", "Medieval Greece ( show ) Byzantine Greece Frankish and Latin states", "Byzantine Greece Frankish and Latin states", "Frankish and Latin states", "Early modern Greece ( show ) Stato da Màr Ottoman Greece", "Stato da Màr Ottoman Greece", "Stato da Màr", "Modern Greece ( show ) Septinsular Republic War of Independence First Hellenic Republic Kingdom of Greece National Schism Second Hellenic Republic 4th of August Regime Axis occupation ( collaborationist regime ) Civil War Military Junta Third Hellenic Republic", "Septinsular Republic War of Independence First Hellenic Republic Kingdom of Greece National Schism Second Hellenic Republic 4th of August Regime Axis occupation ( collaborationist regime ) Civil War Military Junta Third Hellenic Republic", "War of Independence", "First Hellenic Republic", "Kingdom of Greece", "Second Hellenic Republic", "4th of August Regime", "Axis occupation ( collaborationist regime )", "Third Hellenic Republic", "History by topic ( show ) Art Constitution Economy Military Names", "Art Constitution Economy Military Names", "Greece portal", "", "", "The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek ( Hellenic ) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year .", "At this time , Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe , Africa and Asia , experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts , exploration , literature , theatre , architecture , music , mathematics , philosophy , and science . It is often considered a period of transition , sometimes even of decadence or degeneration , compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era . The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy , Alexandrian poetry , the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism . Greek science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes . The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco - Egyptian Serapis , eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism .", "After Alexander the Great 's invasion of the Persian Empire in 330 BC and its disintegration shortly after , the Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south - west Asia ( Seleucid Empire , Kingdom of Pergamon ) , north - east Africa ( Ptolemaic Kingdom ) and South Asia ( Greco - Bactrian Kingdom , Indo - Greek Kingdom ) . The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa . This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms , spanning as far as modern - day India . Equally , however , these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures , adopting local practices where beneficial , necessary , or convenient . Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East , Middle East , and Southwest Asia . This mixture gave rise to a common Attic - based Greek dialect , known as Koine Greek , which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world .", "Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era . The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War , with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC , or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD . `` Hellenistic '' is distinguished from `` Hellenic '' in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence , while the latter refers to Greece itself .", "The word originated from the German term hellenistisch , from Ancient Greek Ἑλληνιστής ( Hellēnistḗs , `` one who uses the Greek language '' ) , from Ἑλλάς ( Hellás , `` Greece '' ) ; as if `` Hellenist '' + `` ic '' .", "`` Hellenistic '' is a modern word and a 19th - century concept ; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece . Although words related in form or meaning , e.g. Hellenist ( Ancient Greek : Ἑλληνιστής , Hellēnistēs ) , have been attested since ancient times , it was Johann Gustav Droysen in the mid-19th century , who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus ( History of Hellenism ) , coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander 's conquest . Following Droysen , Hellenistic and related terms , e.g. Hellenism , have been widely used in various contexts ; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold , where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism .", "The major issue with the term Hellenistic lies in its convenience , as the spread of Greek culture was not the generalized phenomenon that the term implies . Some areas of the conquered world were more affected by Greek influences than others . The term Hellenistic also implies that the Greek populations were of majority in the areas in which they settled , but in many cases , the Greek settlers were actually the minority among the native populations . The Greek population and the native population did not always mix ; the Greeks moved and brought their own culture , but interaction did not always occur .", "While a few fragments exist , there is no complete surviving historical work which dates to the hundred years following Alexander 's death . The works of the major Hellenistic historians Hieronymus of Cardia ( who worked under Alexander , Antigonus I and other successors ) , Duris of Samos and Phylarchus which were used by surviving sources are all lost . The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis ( c. 200 - 118 ) , a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BC when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage . His Histories eventually grew to a length of forty books , covering the years 220 to 167 BC .", "The most important source after Polybius is Diodorus Siculus who wrote his Bibliotheca historica between 60 and 30 BC and reproduced some important earlier sources such as Hieronymus , but his account of the Hellenistic period breaks off after the battle of Ipsus ( 301 ) . Another important source , Plutarch 's ( c. 50 -- c. 120 ) Parallel Lives though more preoccupied with issues of personal character and morality , outlines the history of important Hellenistic figures . Appian of Alexandria ( late 1st century AD - before 165 ) wrote a history of the Roman empire that includes information of some Hellenistic kingdoms .", "Other sources include Justin 's ( 2nd century AD ) epitome of Pompeius Trogus ' Historiae Philipicae and a summary of Arrian 's Events after Alexander , by Photios I of Constantinople . Lesser supplementary sources include Curtius Rufus , Pausanias , Pliny , and the Byzantine encyclopedia the Suda . In the field of philosophy , Diogenes Laertius ' Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers is the main source .", "Ancient Greece had traditionally been a fractious collection of fiercely independent city - states . After the Peloponnesian War ( 431 -- 404 BC ) , Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony , in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all - powerful . Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctra ( 371 BC ) , but after the Battle of Mantinea ( 362 BC ) , all of Greece was so weakened that no one state could claim pre-eminence . It was against this backdrop that the ascendancy of Macedon began , under king Philip II . Macedon was located at the periphery of the Greek world , and although its royal family claimed Greek descent , the Macedonians themselves were looked down upon as semi-barbaric by the rest of the Greeks . However , Macedon had a relatively strong and centralised government , and compared to most Greek states , directly controlled a large area .", "Philip II was a strong and expansionist king and he took every opportunity to expand Macedonian territory . In 352 BC he annexed Thessaly and Magnesia . In 338 BC , Philip defeated a combined Theban and Athenian army at the Battle of Chaeronea after a decade of desultory conflict . In the aftermath , Philip formed the League of Corinth , effectively bringing the majority of Greece under his direct sway . He was elected Hegemon of the league , and a campaign against the Achaemenid Empire of Persia was planned . However , while this campaign was in its early stages , he was assassinated .", "Succeeding his father , Alexander took over the Persian war himself . During a decade of campaigning , Alexander conquered the whole Persian Empire , overthrowing the Persian king Darius III . The conquered lands included Asia Minor , Assyria , the Levant , Egypt , Mesopotamia , Media , Persia , and parts of modern - day Afghanistan , Pakistan , and the steppes of central Asia . The years of constant campaigning had taken their toll however , and Alexander died in 323 BC .", "After his death , the huge territories Alexander had conquered became subject to a strong Greek influence ( Hellenization ) for the next two or three centuries , until the rise of Rome in the west , and of Parthia in the east . As the Greek and Levantine cultures mingled , the development of a hybrid Hellenistic culture began , and persisted even when isolated from the main centres of Greek culture ( for instance , in the Greco - Bactrian kingdom ) .", "It can be argued that some of the changes across the Macedonian Empire after Alexander 's conquests and during the rule of the Diadochi would have occurred without the influence of Greek rule . As mentioned by Peter Green , numerous factors of conquest have been merged under the term Hellenistic Period . Specific areas conquered by Alexander 's invading army , including Egypt and areas of Asia Minor and Mesopotamia `` fell '' willingly to conquest and viewed Alexander as more of a liberator than a victor .", "In addition , much of the area conquered would continue to be ruled by the Diadochi , Alexander 's generals and successors . Initially the whole empire was divided among them ; however , some territories were lost relatively quickly , or only remained nominally under Macedonian rule . After 200 years , only much reduced and rather degenerate states remained , until the conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt by Rome .", "When Alexander the Great died ( June 10 , 323 BC ) , he left behind a huge empire which was composed of many essentially autonomous territories called satrapies . Without a chosen successor there were immediate disputes among his generals as to who should be king of Macedon . These generals became known as the Diadochi ( Greek : Διάδοχοι , Diadokhoi , meaning `` Successors '' ) .", "Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander 's half - brother , Philip Arrhidaeus , while Perdiccas , the leading cavalry commander , supported waiting until the birth of Alexander 's child by Roxana . After the infantry stormed the palace of Babylon , a compromise was arranged -- Arrhidaeus ( as Philip III ) should become king , and should rule jointly with Roxana 's child , assuming that it was a boy ( as it was , becoming Alexander IV ) . Perdiccas himself would become regent ( epimeletes ) of the empire , and Meleager his lieutenant . Soon , however , Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered , and assumed full control . The generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the empire , but Perdiccas ' position was shaky , because , as Arrian writes , `` everyone was suspicious of him , and he of them '' .", "The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander 's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus ' leadership in Asia Minor . Antigonus fled for Greece , and then , together with Antipater and Craterus ( the satrap of Cilicia who had been in Greece fighting the Lamian war ) invaded Anatolia . The rebels were supported by Lysimachus , the satrap of Thrace and Ptolemy , the satrap of Egypt . Although Eumenes , satrap of Cappadocia , defeated the rebels in Asia Minor , Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon , Seleucus , and Antigenes ( possibly with Ptolemy 's aid ) during his invasion of Egypt ( c. 21 May to 19 June , 320 BC ) . Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas 's murderers , making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place , but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus . Antipater was made regent of the Empire , and the two kings were moved to Macedon . Antigonus remained in charge of Asia Minor , Ptolemy retained Egypt , Lysimachus retained Thrace and Seleucus I controlled Babylon .", "The second Diadochi war began following the death of Antipater in 319 BC . Passing over his own son , Cassander , Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent . Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon ( who was joined by Eumenes ) and was supported by Antigonus , Lysimachus and Ptolemy . In 317 , Cassander invaded Macedonia , attaining control of Macedon , sentencing Olympias to death and capturing the boy king Alexander IV , and his mother . In Asia , Eumenes was betrayed by his own men after years of campaign and was given up to Antigonus who had him executed .", "The third war of the Diadochi broke out because of the growing power and ambition of Antigonus . He began removing and appointing satraps as if he were king and also raided the royal treasuries in Ecbatana , Persepolis and Susa , making off with 25,000 talents . Seleucus was forced to flee to Egypt and Antigonus was soon at war with Ptolemy , Lysimachus , and Cassander . He then invaded Phoenicia , laid siege to Tyre , stormed Gaza and began building a fleet . Ptolemy invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus ' son , Demetrius Poliorcetes , in the Battle of Gaza of 312 BC which allowed Seleucus to secure control of Babylonia , and the eastern satrapies . In 310 , Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered , ending the Argead Dynasty which had ruled Macedon for several centuries .", "Antigonus then sent his son Demetrius to regain control of Greece . In 307 he took Athens , expelling Demetrius of Phaleron , Cassander 's governor , and proclaiming the city free again . Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy , defeating his fleet at the Battle of Salamis and taking control of Cyprus . In the aftermath of this victory , Antigonus took the title of king ( basileus ) and bestowed it on his son Demetrius Poliorcetes , the rest of the Diadochi soon followed suit . Demetrius continued his campaigns by laying siege to Rhodes and conquering most of Greece in 302 , creating a league against Cassander 's Macedon .", "The decisive engagement of the war came when Lysimachus invaded and overran much of western Anatolia , but was soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus in Phrygia . Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC . Seleucus ' war elephants proved decisive , Antigonus was killed , and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule there by recapturing a rebellious Athens . Meanwhile , Lysimachus took over Ionia , Seleucus took Cilicia , and Ptolemy captured Cyprus .", "After Cassander 's death in 298 BC , however , Demetrius , who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet , invaded Macedon , seized the Macedonian throne ( 294 ) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece ( 293 - 291 ) . He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts , and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves . Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese . He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him , but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy , which allowed him to cross over to Asia Minor and wage war on Lysimachus ' holdings in Ionia , leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece . After initial successes , he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity . Lysimachus , who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself , was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BC at the Battle of Corupedium , near Sardis . Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus ' European territories in Thrace and Macedon , but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus ( `` the thunderbolt '' ) , who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon . Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279 -- his head stuck on a spear -- and the country fell into anarchy . Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls . He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years .", "At this point the tripartite territorial division of the Hellenistic age was in place , with the main Hellenistic powers being Macedon under Demetrius 's son Antigonus II Gonatas , the Ptolemaic kingdom under the aged Ptolemy I and the Seleucid empire under Seleucus ' son Antiochus I Soter .", "Epirus was a northwestern Greek kingdom in the western Balkans ruled by the Molossian Aeacidae dynasty . Epirus was an ally of Macedon during the reigns of Philip II and Alexander .", "In 281 Pyrrhus ( nicknamed `` the eagle '' , aetos ) invaded southern Italy to aid the city state of Tarentum . Pyrrhus defeated the Romans in the Battle of Heraclea and at the Battle of Asculum . Though victorious , he was forced to retreat due to heavy losses , hence the term `` Pyrrhic victory '' . Pyrrhus then turned south and invaded Sicily but was unsuccessful and returned to Italy . After the Battle of Beneventum ( 275 BC ) Pyrrhus lost all his Italian holdings and left for Epirus .", "Pyrrhus then went to war with Macedonia in 275 , deposing Antigonus II Gonatas and briefly ruling over Macedonia and Thessaly until 285 . Afterwards he invaded southern Greece , and was killed in battle against Argos in 272 BC . After the death of Pyrrhus , Epirus remained a minor power . In 233 BC the Aeacid royal family was deposed and a federal state was set up called the Epirote League . The league was conquered by Rome in the Third Macedonian War ( 171 -- 168 BC ) .", "Antigonus II , a student of Zeno of Citium , spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece , first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War , and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon . Under the Antigonids , Macedonia was often short on funds , the Pangaeum mines were no longer as productive as under Philip II , the wealth from Alexander 's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the Gallic invasion . A large number of the Macedonian population had also been resettled abroad by Alexander or had chosen to emigrate to the new eastern Greek cities . Up to two thirds of the population emigrated , and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men , a significantly smaller force than under Philip II .", "Antigonus II ruled until his death in 239 BC . His son Demetrius II soon died in 229 BC , leaving a child ( Philip V ) as king , with the general Antigonus Doson as regent . Doson led Macedon to victory in the war against the Spartan king Cleomenes III , and occupied Sparta .", "Philip V , who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC , was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the `` cloud rising in the west '' : the ever - increasing power of Rome . He was known as `` the darling of Hellas '' . Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus ( 217 BC ) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues ( the social war 220 - 217 ) to an end , and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens , Rhodes and Pergamum .", "In 215 BC Philip , with his eye on Illyria , formed an alliance with Rome 's enemy Hannibal of Carthage , which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League , Rhodes and Pergamum . The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC , and ended inconclusively in 205 BC . Philip continued to wage war against Pergamum and Rhodes for control of the Aegean ( 204 - 200 BC ) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica . In 198 BC , during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper . Southern Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence , though it retained nominal autonomy . The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V 's son , Perseus , was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War ( 171 -- 168 BC ) .", "During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek - speaking world declined sharply . The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch , capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively . The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world , making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant . It led to a steady emigration , particularly of the young and ambitious , to the new Greek empires in the east . Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria , Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander 's wake , as far away as modern Afghanistan and Pakistan .", "Independent city states were unable to compete with Hellenistic kingdoms and were usually forced to ally themselves to one of them for defense , giving honors to Hellenistic rulers in return for protection . One example is Athens , which had been decisively defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war ( 323 - 322 ) and had its port in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative oligarchy . After Demetrius Poliorcetes captured Athens in 307 and restored the democracy , the Athenians honored him and his father Antigonus by placing gold statues of them on the agora and granting them the title of king . Athens later allied itself to Ptolemaic Egypt to throw off Macedonian rule , eventually setting up a religious cult for the Ptolemaic kings and naming one of the city 's phyles in honour of Ptolemy for his aid against Macedon . In spite of the Ptolemaic monies and fleets backing their endeavors , Athens and Sparta were defeated by Antigonus II during the Chremonidean War ( 267 - 261 ) . Athens was then occupied by Macedonian troops , and run by Macedonian officials .", "Sparta remained independent , but it was no longer the leading military power in the Peloponnese . The Spartan king Cleomenes III ( 235 -- 222 BC ) staged a military coup against the conservative ephors and pushed through radical social and land reforms in order to increase the size of the shrinking Spartan citizenry able to provide military service and restore Spartan power . Sparta 's bid for supremacy was crushed at the Battle of Sellasia ( 222 ) by the Achaean league and Macedon , who restored the power of the ephors .", "Other city states formed federated states in self - defense , such as the Aetolian League ( est. 370 BC ) , the Achaean League ( est. 280 BC ) , the Boeotian league , the `` Northern League '' ( Byzantium , Chalcedon , Heraclea Pontica and Tium ) and the `` Nesiotic League '' of the Cyclades . These federations involved a central government which controlled foreign policy and military affairs , while leaving most of the local governing to the city states , a system termed sympoliteia . In states such as the Achaean league , this also involved the admission of other ethnic groups into the federation with equal rights , in this case , non-Achaeans . The Achean league was able to drive out the Macedonians from the Peloponnese and free Corinth , which duly joined the league .", "One of the few city states who managed to maintain full independence from the control of any Hellenistic kingdom was Rhodes . With a skilled navy to protect its trade fleets from pirates and an ideal strategic position covering the routes from the east into the Aegean , Rhodes prospered during the Hellenistic period . It became a center of culture and commerce , its coins were widely circulated and its philosophical schools became one of the best in the Mediterranean . After holding out for one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes ( 305 - 304 BC ) , the Rhodians built the Colossus of Rhodes to commemorate their victory . They retained their independence by the maintenance of a powerful navy , by maintaining a carefully neutral posture and acting to preserve the balance of power between the major Hellenistic kingdoms .", "Initially Rhodes had very close ties with the Ptolemaic kingdom . Rhodes later became a Roman ally against the Seleucids , receiving some territory in Caria for their role in the Roman -- Seleucid War ( 192 -- 188 BC ) . Rome eventually turned on Rhodes and annexed the island as a Roman province .", "The west Balkan coast was inhabited by various Illyrian tribes and kingdoms such as the kingdom of the Dalmatae and of the Ardiaei , who often engaged in piracy under Queen Teuta ( reigned 231 BC to 227 BC ) . Further inland was the Illyrian Paeonian Kingdom and the tribe of the Agrianes . Illyrians on the coast of the Adriatic were under the effects and influence of Hellenisation and some tribes adopted Greek , becoming bilingual due to their proximity to the Greek colonies in Illyria . Illyrians imported weapons and armor from the Ancient Greeks ( such as the Illyrian type helmet , originally a Greek type ) and also adopted the ornamentation of Ancient Macedon on their shields and their war belts ( a single one has been found , dated 3rd century BC at modern Selce e Poshtme , a part of Macedon at the time under Philip V of Macedon ) .", "The Odrysian Kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes under the kings of the powerful Odrysian tribe centered around the region of Thrace . Various parts of Thrace were under Macedonian rule under Philip II of Macedon , Alexander the Great , Lysimachus , Ptolemy II , and Philip V but were also often ruled by their own kings . The Thracians and Agrianes were widely used by Alexander as peltasts and light cavalry , forming about one fifth of his army . The Diadochi also used Thracian mercenaries in their armies and they were also used as colonists . The Odrysians used Greek as the language of administration and of the nobility . The nobility also adopted Greek fashions in dress , ornament and military equipment , spreading it to the other tribes . Thracian kings were among the first to be Hellenized .", "After 278 BC the Odrysians had a strong competitor in the Celtic Kingdom of Tylis ruled by the kings Comontorius and Cavarus , but in 212 BC they conquered their enemies and destroyed their capital .", "Southern Italy ( Magna Graecia ) and south - eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century . In 4th century Sicily the leading Greek city and hegemon was Syracuse . During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was Agathocles of Syracuse ( 361 -- 289 BC ) who seized the city with an army of mercenaries in 317 BC . Agathocles extended his power throughout most of the Greek cities in Sicily , fought a long war with the Carthaginians , at one point invading Tunisia in 310 and defeating a Carthaginian army there . This was the first time a European force had invaded the region . After this war he controlled most of south - east Sicily and had himself proclaimed king , in imitation of the Hellenistic monarchs of the east . Agathocles then invaded Italy ( c. 300 BC ) in defense of Tarentum against the Bruttians and Romans , but was unsuccessful .", "Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul were mostly limited to the Mediterranean coast of Provence , France . The first Greek colony in the region was Massalia , which became one of the largest trading ports of Mediterranean by the 4th century BC with 6,000 inhabitants . Massalia was also the local hegemon , controlling various coastal Greek cities like Nice and Agde . The coins minted in Massalia have been found in all parts of Ligurian - Celtic Gaul . Celtic coinage was influenced by Greek designs , and Greek letters can be found on various Celtic coins , especially those of Southern France . Traders from Massalia ventured inland deep into France on the Rivers Durance and Rhône , and established overland trade routes deep into Gaul , and to Switzerland and Burgundy . The Hellenistic period saw the Greek alphabet spread into southern Gaul from Massalia ( 3rd and 2nd centuries BC ) and according to Strabo , Massalia was also a center of education , where Celts went to learn Greek . A staunch ally of Rome , Massalia retained its independence until it sided with Pompey in 49 BC and was then taken by Caesar 's forces .", "The city of Emporion ( modern Empúries ) , originally founded by Archaic - period settlers from Phocaea and Massalia in the 6th century BC near the village of Sant Martí d'Empúries ( located on an offshore island that forms part of L'Escala , Catalonia , Spain ) , was reestablished in the 5th century BC with a new city ( neapolis ) on the Iberian mainland . Emporion contained a mixed population of Greek colonists and Iberian natives , and although Livy and Strabo assert that they lived in different quarters , these two groups were eventually integrated . The city became a dominant trading hub and center of Hellenistic civilization in Iberia , eventually siding with the Roman Republic against the Carthaginian Empire during the Second Punic War ( 218 - 201 BC ) . However , Emporion lost its political independence around 195 BC with the establishment of the Roman province of Hispania Citerior and by the 1st century BC had become fully Romanized in culture .", "The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco - Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco - Macedonian settlers . Promotion of immigration from Greece was important in the establishment of this system . Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution . Macedonian and Hellenistic monarchs were expected to lead their armies on the field , along with a group of privileged aristocratic companions or friends ( hetairoi , philoi ) which dined and drank with the king and acted as his advisory council . The monarch was also expected to serve as a charitable patron of the people ; this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of Greek culture and religion .", "Ptolemy , a somatophylax , one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great 's generals and deputies , was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander 's death in 323 BC . In 305 BC , he declared himself King Ptolemy I , later known as `` Soter '' ( saviour ) for his role in helping the Rhodians during the siege of Rhodes . Ptolemy built new cities such as Ptolemais Hermiou in upper Egypt and settled his veterans throughout the country , especially in the region of the Faiyum . Alexandria , a major center of Greek culture and trade , became his capital city . As Egypt 's first port city , it was the main grain exporter in the Mediterranean .", "The Egyptians begrudgingly accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt , though the kingdom went through several native revolts . The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs , such as marrying their siblings ( Ptolemy II was the first to adopt this custom ) , having themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress , and participating in Egyptian religious life . The Ptolemaic ruler cult portrayed the Ptolemies as gods , and temples to the Ptolemies were erected throughout the kingdom . Ptolemy I even created a new god , Serapis , who was combination of two Egyptian gods : Apis and Osiris , with attributes of Greek gods . Ptolemaic administration was , like the Ancient Egyptian bureaucracy , highly centralized and focused on squeezing as much revenue out of the population as possible though tariffs , excise duties , fines , taxes and so forth . A whole class of petty officials , tax farmers , clerks and overseers made this possible . The Egyptian countryside was directly administered by this royal bureaucracy . External possessions such as Cyprus and Cyrene were run by strategoi , military commanders appointed by the crown .", "Under Ptolemy II , Callimachus , Apollonius of Rhodes , Theocritus and a host of other poets made the city a center of Hellenistic literature . Ptolemy himself was eager to patronise the library , scientific research and individual scholars who lived on the grounds of the library . He and his successors also fought a series of wars with the Seleucids , known as the Syrian wars , over the region of Coele - Syria . Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia ( 217 BC ) against the Seleucids , using native Egyptians trained as phalangites . However these Egyptian soldiers revolted , eventually setting up a native breakaway Egyptian state in the Thebaid between 205 - 186 / 5 BC , severely weakening the Ptolemaic state .", "Ptolemy 's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC . All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy . Ptolemaic queens , some of whom were the sisters of their husbands , were usually called Cleopatra , Arsinoe , or Berenice . The most famous member of the line was the last queen , Cleopatra VII , known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey , and later between Octavian and Mark Antony . Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest .", "Following division of Alexander 's empire , Seleucus I Nicator received Babylonia . From there , he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander 's near eastern territories . At the height of its power , it included central Anatolia , the Levant , Mesopotamia , Persia , today 's Turkmenistan , Pamir , and parts of Pakistan . It included a diverse population estimated at fifty to sixty million people . Under Antiochus I ( c. 324 / 3 -- 261 BC ) , however , the unwieldy empire was already beginning to shed territories . Pergamum broke away under Eumenes I who defeated a Seleucid army sent against him . The kingdoms of Cappadocia , Bithynia and Pontus were all practically independent by this time as well . Like the Ptolemies , Antiochus I established a dynastic religious cult , deifying his father Seleucus I. Seleucus , officially said to be descended from Apollo , had his own priests and monthly sacrifices . The erosion of the empire continued under Seleucus II , who was forced to fight a civil war ( 239 - 236 ) against his brother Antiochus Hierax and was unable to keep Bactria , Sogdiana and Parthia from breaking away . Hierax carved off most of Seleucid Anatolia for himself , but was defeated , along with his Galatian allies , by Attalus I of Pergamon who now also claimed kingship .", "The vast Seleucid Empire was , like Egypt , mostly dominated by a Greco - Macedonian political elite . The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from Greece . These cities included newly founded colonies such as Antioch , the other cities of the Syrian tetrapolis , Seleucia ( north of Babylon ) and Dura - Europos on the Euphrates . These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies , councils and elected magistrates , but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials . Apart from these cities , there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons ( choria ) , military colonies ( katoikiai ) and Greek villages ( komai ) which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule . This ' Greco - Macedonian ' population ( which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women ) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men ( out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000 ) during the reign of Antiochos III . The rest of the army was made up of native troops . Antiochus III ( `` the Great '' ) conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus I. After being defeated by Ptolemy IV 's forces at Raphia ( 217 ) , Antiochus III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces ( 212 - 205 ) including Bactria , Parthia , Ariana , Sogdiana , Gedrosia and Drangiana . He was successful , bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal vassalage and receiving tribute from their rulers . After the death of Ptolemy IV ( 204 ) , Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele - Syria in the fifth Syrian war ( 202 - 195 ) . He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe , fortifying Lysimachia on the Hellespont , but his expansion into Anatolia and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Magnesia ( 190 BC ) . In the Treaty of Apamea which ended the war , Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents .", "Much of the eastern part of the empire was then conquered by the Parthians under Mithridates I of Parthia in the mid-2nd century BC , yet the Seleucid kings continued to rule a rump state from Syria until the invasion by the Armenian king Tigranes the Great and their ultimate overthrow by the Roman general Pompey .", "External video The Pergamon Altar , Smarthistory", "The Pergamon Altar , Smarthistory", "After the death of Lysimachus , one of his officers , Philetaerus , took control of the city of Pergamum in 282 BC along with Lysimachus ' war chest of 9,000 talents and declared himself loyal to Seleucus I while remaining de facto independent . His descendant , Attalus I , defeated the invading Galatians and proclaimed himself an independent king . Attalus I ( 241 -- 197 BC ) , was a staunch ally of Rome against Philip V of Macedon during the first and second Macedonian Wars . For his support against the Seleucids in 190 BC , Eumenes II was rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor . Eumenes II turned Pergamon into a centre of culture and science by establishing the library of Pergamum which was said to be second only to the library of Alexandria with 200,000 volumes according to Plutarch . It included a reading room and a collection of paintings . Eumenes II also constructed the Pergamum Altar with friezes depicting the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city . Pergamum was also a center of parchment ( charta pergamena ) production . The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis .", "The Celts who settled in Galatia came through Thrace under the leadership of Leotarios and Leonnorios c. 270 BC . They were defeated by Seleucus I in the ' battle of the Elephants ' , but were still able to establish a Celtic territory in central Anatolia . The Galatians were well respected as warriors and were widely used as mercenaries in the armies of the successor states . They continued to attack neighboring kingdoms such as Bithynia and Pergamon , plundering and extracting tribute . This came to an end when they sided with the renegade Seleucid prince Antiochus Hierax who tried to defeat Attalus , the ruler of Pergamon ( 241 -- 197 BC ) . Attalus severely defeated the Gauls , forcing them to confine themselves to Galatia . The theme of the Dying Gaul ( a famous statue displayed in Pergamon ) remained a favorite in Hellenistic art for a generation signifying the victory of the Greeks over a noble enemy . In the early 2nd century BC , the Galatians became allies of Antiochus the Great , the last Seleucid king trying to regain suzerainty over Asia Minor . In 189 BC , Rome sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians . Galatia was henceforth dominated by Rome through regional rulers from 189 BC onward .", "After their defeats by Pergamon and Rome the Galatians slowly became hellenized and they were called `` Gallo - Graeci '' by the historian Justin as well as Ἑλληνογαλάται ( Hellēnogalátai ) by Diodorus Siculus in his Bibliotheca historica v. 32.5 , who wrote that they were `` called Helleno - Galatians because of their connection with the Greeks . ''", "The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia . After Alexander 's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas , who defeated Calas , a general of Alexander the Great , and maintained the independence of Bithynia . His son , Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I , and assumed the title of king ( basileus ) in 297 BC . His son and successor , Nicomedes I , founded Nicomedia , which soon rose to great prosperity , and during his long reign ( c. 278 -- c. 255 BC ) , as well as those of his successors , the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia . Nicomedes also invited the Celtic Galatians into Anatolia as mercenaries , and they later turned on his son Prusias I , who defeated them in battle . Their last king , Nicomedes IV , was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus , and , after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate , he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic ( 74 BC ) .", "Cappadocia , a mountainous region situated between Pontus and the Taurus mountains , was ruled by a Persian dynasty . Ariarathes I ( 332 -- 322 BC ) was the satrap of Cappadocia under the Persians and after the conquests of Alexander he retained his post . After Alexander 's death he was defeated by Eumenes and crucified in 322 BC , but his son , Ariarathes II managed to regain the throne and maintain his autonomy against the warring Diadochi .", "In 255 BC , Ariarathes III took the title of king and married Stratonice , a daughter of Antiochus II , remaining an ally of the Seleucid kingdom . Under Ariarathes IV , Cappadocia came into relations with Rome , first as a foe espousing the cause of Antiochus the Great , then as an ally against Perseus of Macedon and finally in a war against the Seleucids . Ariarathes V also waged war with Rome against Aristonicus , a claimant to the throne of Pergamon , and their forces were annihilated in 130 BC . This defeat allowed Pontus to invade and conquer the kingdom .", "The Kingdom of Pontus was a Hellenistic kingdom on the southern coast of the Black Sea . It was founded by Mithridates I in 291 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC . Despite being ruled by a dynasty which was a descendant of the Persian Achaemenid Empire it became hellenized due to the influence of the Greek cities on the Black Sea and its neighboring kingdoms . Pontic culture was a mix of Greek and Iranian elements ; the most hellenized parts of the kingdom were on the coast , populated by Greek colonies such as Trapezus and Sinope , the latter of which became the capital of the kingdom . Epigraphic evidence also shows extensive Hellenistic influence in the interior . During the reign of Mithridates II , Pontus was allied with the Seleucids through dynastic marriages . By the time of Mithridates VI Eupator , Greek was the official language of the kingdom , though Anatolian languages continued to be spoken .", "The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI , who conquered Colchis , Cappadocia , Paphlagonia , Bithynia , Lesser Armenia , the Bosporan Kingdom , the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and , for a brief time , the Roman province of Asia . Mithridates VI , himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry , presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the ' barbarians ' of Rome styling himself as `` King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus '' and as the `` great liberator '' . Mithridates also depicted himself with the anastole hairstyle of Alexander and used the symbolism of Herakles , from whom the Macedonian kings claimed descent . After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic wars , Pontus was defeated ; part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province of Bithynia , while Pontus ' eastern half survived as a client kingdom .", "Orontid Armenia formally passed to the empire of Alexander the Great following his conquest of Persia . Alexander appointed an Orontid named Mithranes to govern Armenia . Armenia later became a vassal state of the Seleucid Empire , but it maintained a considerable degree of autonomy , retaining its native rulers . Towards the end 212 BC the country was divided into two kingdoms , Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene , including Commagene or Armenia Minor . The kingdoms became so independent from Seleucid control that Antiochus III the Great waged war on them during his reign and replaced their rulers .", "After the Seleucid defeat at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC , the kings of Sophene and Greater Armenia revolted and declared their independence , with Artaxias becoming the first king of the Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia in 188 . During the reign of the Artaxiads , Armenia went through a period of hellenization . Numismatic evidence shows Greek artistic styles and the use of the Greek language . Some coins describe the Armenian kings as `` Philhellenes '' . During the reign of Tigranes the Great ( 95 -- 55 BC ) , the kingdom of Armenia reached its greatest extent , containing many Greek cities , including the entire Syrian tetrapolis . Cleopatra , the wife of Tigranes the Great , invited Greeks such as the rhetor Amphicrates and the historian Metrodorus of Scepsis to the Armenian court , and -- according to Plutarch -- when the Roman general Lucullus seized the Armenian capital , Tigranocerta , he found a troupe of Greek actors who had arrived to perform plays for Tigranes . Tigranes ' successor Artavasdes II even composed Greek tragedies himself .", "Parthia was a north - eastern Iranian satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire which later passed on to Alexander 's empire . Under the Seleucids , Parthia was governed by various Greek satraps such as Nicanor and Philip . In 247 BC , following the death of Antiochus II Theos , Andragoras , the Seleucid governor of Parthia , proclaimed his independence and began minting coins showing himself wearing a royal diadem and claiming kingship . He ruled until 238 BC when Arsaces , the leader of the Parni tribe conquered Parthia , killing Andragoras and inaugurating the Arsacid Dynasty . Antiochus III recaptured Arsacid controlled territory in 209 BC from Arsaces II . Arsaces II sued for peace and became a vassal of the Seleucids . It was not until the reign of Phraates I ( 168 -- 165 BC ) , that the Arsacids would again begin to assert their independence .", "During the reign of Mithridates I of Parthia , Arsacid control expanded to include Herat ( in 167 BC ) , Babylonia ( in 144 BC ) , Media ( in 141 BC ) , Persia ( in 139 BC ) , and large parts of Syria ( in the 110s BC ) . The Seleucid -- Parthian wars continued as the Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under Antiochus VII Sidetes ( r . 138 -- 129 BC ) , but he was eventually killed by a Parthian counterattack . After the fall of the Seleucid dynasty , the Parthians fought frequently against neighbouring Rome in the Roman -- Parthian Wars ( 66 BC -- 217 AD ) . Abundant traces of Hellenism continued under the Parthian empire . The Parthians used Greek as well as their own Parthian language ( though lesser than Greek ) as languages of administration and also used Greek drachmas as coinage . They enjoyed Greek theater , and Greek art influenced Parthian art . The Parthians continued worshipping Greek gods syncretized together with Iranian deities . Their rulers established ruler cults in the manner of Hellenistic kings and often used Hellenistic royal epithets .", "The Nabatean Kingdom was an Arab state located between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula . Its capital was the city of Petra , an important trading city on the incense route . The Nabateans resisted the attacks of Antigonus and were allies of the Hasmoneans in their struggle against the Seleucids , but later fought against Herod the Great . The hellenization of the Nabateans occurred relatively late in comparison to the surrounding regions . Nabatean material culture does not show any Greek influence until the reign of Aretas III Philhellene in the 1st century BC . Aretas captured Damascus and built the Petra pool complex and gardens in the Hellenistic style . Though the Nabateans originally worshipped their traditional gods in symbolic form such as stone blocks or pillars , during the Hellenistic period they began to identify their gods with Greek gods and depict them in figurative forms influenced by Greek sculpture . Nabatean art shows Greek influences and paintings have been found depicting Dionysian scenes . They also slowly adopted Greek as a language of commerce along with Aramaic and Arabic .", "During the Hellenistic period , Judea became a frontier region between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt and therefore was often the frontline of the Syrian wars , changing hands several times during these conflicts . Under the Hellenistic kingdoms , Judea was ruled by the hereditary office of the High Priest of Israel as a Hellenistic vassal . This period also saw the rise of a Hellenistic Judaism , which first developed in the Jewish diaspora of Alexandria and Antioch , and then spread to Judea . The major literary product of this cultural syncretism is the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible from Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic to Koiné Greek . The reason for the production of this translation seems to be that many of the Alexandrian Jews had lost the ability to speak Hebrew and Aramaic .", "Between 301 and 219 BC the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace , and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army , which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class ( e.g. the Tobiads ) . The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire ; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute . Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BC after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt . Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea . He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence . Whatever the case , tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174 -- 135 BC Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus ( whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah ) .", "Modern interpretations see this period as a civil war between Hellenized and orthodox forms of Judaism . Out of this revolt was formed an independent Jewish kingdom known as the Hasmonaean Dynasty , which lasted from 165 BC to 63 BC . The Hasmonean Dynasty eventually disintegrated in a civil war , which coincided with civil wars in Rome . The last Hasmonean ruler , Antigonus II Mattathias , was captured by Herod and executed in 37 BC . In spite of originally being a revolt against Greek overlordship , the Hasmonean kingdom and also the Herodian kingdom which followed gradually became more and more hellenized . From 37 BC to 4 BC , Herod the Great ruled as a Jewish - Roman client king appointed by the Roman Senate . He considerably enlarged the Temple ( see Herod 's Temple ) , making it one of the largest religious structures in the world . The style of the enlarged temple and other Herodian architecture shows significant Hellenistic architectural influence . His son , Herod Archelaus , ruled from 4 BC to 6 AD when he was deposed for the formation of Roman Judea .", "The Greek kingdom of Bactria began as a breakaway satrapy of the Seleucid empire , which , because of the size of the empire , had significant freedom from central control . Between 255 - 246 BC , the governor of Bactria , Sogdiana and Margiana ( most of present - day Afghanistan ) , one Diodotus , took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king . Diodotus II , son of Diodotus , was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus , possibly the satrap of Sogdiana , who then started his own dynasty . In c. 210 BC , the Greco - Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under Antiochus III . While victorious in the field , it seems Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo ( perhaps sensing that Bactria could not be governed from Syria ) , and married one of his daughters to Euthydemus 's son , thus legitimising the Greco - Bactrian dynasty . Soon afterwards the Greco - Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded , possibly taking advantage of the defeat of the Parthian king Arsaces II by Antiochus .", "According to Strabo , the Greco - Bactrians seem to have had contacts with China through the silk road trade routes ( Strabo , XI. XI. I ) . Indian sources also maintain religious contact between Buddhist monks and the Greeks , and some Greco - Bactrians did convert to Buddhism . Demetrius , son and successor of Euthydemus , invaded north - western India in 180 BC , after the destruction of the Mauryan Empire there ; the Mauryans were probably allies of the Bactrians ( and Seleucids ) . The exact justification for the invasion remains unclear , but by about 175 BC , the Greeks ruled over parts of north - western India . This period also marks the beginning of the obfuscation of Greco - Bactrian history . Demetrius possibly died about 180 BC ; numismatic evidence suggests the existence of several other kings shortly thereafter . It is probable that at this point the Greco - Bactrian kingdom split into several semi-independent regions for some years , often warring amongst themselves . Heliocles was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria , his power collapsing in the face of central Asian tribal invasions ( Scythian and Yuezhi ) , by about 130 BC . However , Greek urban civilisation seems to have continued in Bactria after the fall of the kingdom , having a hellenising effect on the tribes which had displaced Greek rule . The Kushan Empire which followed continued to use Greek on their coinage and Greeks continued being influential in the empire .", "The separation of the Indo - Greek kingdom from the Greco - Bactrian kingdom resulted in an even more isolated position , and thus the details of the Indo - Greek kingdom are even more obscure than for Bactria . Many supposed kings in India are known only because of coins bearing their name . The numismatic evidence together with archaeological finds and the scant historical records suggest that the fusion of eastern and western cultures reached its peak in the Indo - Greek kingdom .", "After Demetrius ' death , civil wars between Bactrian kings in India allowed Apollodotus I ( from c. 180 / 175 BC ) to make himself independent as the first proper Indo - Greek king ( who did not rule from Bactria ) . Large numbers of his coins have been found in India , and he seems to have reigned in Gandhara as well as western Punjab . Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside Antimachus II , likely the son of the Bactrian king Antimachus I. In about 155 ( or 165 ) BC he seems to have been succeeded by the most successful of the Indo - Greek kings , Menander I. Menander converted to Buddhism , and seems to have been a great patron of the religion ; he is remembered in some Buddhist texts as ' Milinda ' . He also expanded the kingdom further east into Punjab , though these conquests were rather ephemeral .", "After the death of Menander ( c. 130 BC ) , the Kingdom appears to have fragmented , with several ' kings ' attested contemporaneously in different regions . This inevitably weakened the Greek position , and territory seems to have been lost progressively . Around 70 BC , the western regions of Arachosia and Paropamisadae were lost to tribal invasions , presumably by those tribes responsible for the end of the Bactrian kingdom . The resulting Indo - Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo - Greek kingdom towards the east . The Indo - Greek kingdom appears to have lingered on in western Punjab until about 10 AD , at which time it was finally ended by the Indo - Scythians .", "After conquering the Indo - Greeks , the Kushan empire took over Greco - Buddhism , the Greek language , Greek script , Greek coinage and artistic styles . Greeks continued being an important part of the cultural world of India for generations . The depictions of the Buddha appear to have been influenced by Greek culture : Buddha representations in the Ghandara period often showed Buddha under the protection of Herakles .", "Several references in Indian literature praise the knowledge of the Yavanas or the Greeks . The Mahabharata compliments them as `` the all - knowing Yavanas '' ( sarvajnaa yavanaa ) ; e.g. , `` The Yavanas , O king , are all - knowing ; the Suras are particularly so . The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy '' , such as flying machines that are generally called vimanas . The `` Brihat - Samhita '' of the mathematician Varahamihira says : `` The Greeks , though impure , must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein , excelled others ... '' .", "Hellenistic culture was at its height of world influence in the Hellenistic period . Hellenism or at least Philhellenism reached most regions on the frontiers of the Hellenistic kingdoms . Though some of these regions were not ruled by Greeks or even Greek speaking elites , certain Hellenistic influences can be seen in the historical record and material culture of these regions . Other regions had established contact with Greek colonies before this period , and simply saw a continued process of Hellenization and intermixing .", "Before the Hellenistic period , Greek colonies had been established on the coast of the Crimean and Taman peninsulas . The Bosporan Kingdom was a multi-ethnic kingdom of Greek city states and local tribal peoples such as the Maeotians , Thracians , Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians under the Spartocid dynasty ( 438 -- 110 BC ) . The Spartocids were a hellenized Thracian family from Panticapaeum . The Bosporans had long lasting trade contacts with the Scythian peoples of the Pontic - Caspian steppe , and Hellenistic influence can be seen in the Scythian settlements of the Crimea , such as in the Scythian Neapolis . Scythian pressure on the Bosporan kingdom under Paerisades V led to its eventual vassalage under the Pontic king Mithradates VI for protection , c. 107 BC . It later became a Roman client state . Other Scythians on the steppes of Central Asia came into contact with Hellenistic culture through the Greeks of Bactria . Many Scythian elites purchased Greek products and some Scythian art shows Greek influences . At least some Scythians seem to have become Hellenized , because we know of conflicts between the elites of the Scythian kingdom over the adoption of Greek ways . These Hellenized Scythians were known as the `` young Scythians '' . The peoples around Pontic Olbia , known as the Callipidae , were intermixed and Hellenized Greco - Scythians .", "The Greek colonies on the west coast of the Black sea , such as Istros , Tomi and Callatis traded with the Thracian Getae who occupied modern - day Dobruja . From the 6th century BC on , the multiethnic people in this region gradually intermixed with each other , creating a Greco - Getic populace . Numismatic evidence shows that Hellenic influence penetrated further inland . Getae in Wallachia and Moldavia coined Getic tetradrachms , Getic imitations of Macedonian coinage .", "The ancient Georgian kingdoms had trade relations with the Greek city - states on the Black Sea coast such as Poti and Sukhumi . The kingdom of Colchis , which later became a Roman client state , received Hellenistic influences from the Black Sea Greek colonies .", "In Arabia , Bahrain , which was referred to by the Greeks as Tylos , the centre of pearl trading , when Nearchus came to discover it serving under Alexander the Great . The Greek admiral Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander 's commanders to visit these islands . It is not known whether Bahrain was part of the Seleucid Empire , although the archaeological site at Qalat Al Bahrain has been proposed as a Seleucid base in the Persian Gulf . Alexander had planned to settle the eastern shores of the Persian Gulf with Greek colonists , and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged , Tylos was very much part of the Hellenised world : the language of the upper classes was Greek ( although Aramaic was in everyday use ) , while Zeus was worshipped in the form of the Arabian sun - god Shams . Tylos even became the site of Greek athletic contests .", "Carthage was a Phoenician colony on the coast of Tunisia . Carthaginian culture came into contact with the Greeks through Punic colonies in Sicily and through their widespread Mediterranean trade network . While the Carthaginians retained their Punic culture and language , they did adopt some Hellenistic ways , one of the most prominent of which was their military practices . In 550 BC , Mago I of Carthage began a series of military reforms which included copying the army of Timoleon , Tyrant of Syracuse . The core of Carthage 's military was the Greek - style phalanx formed by citizen hoplite spearmen who had been conscripted into service , though their armies also included large numbers of mercenaries . After their defeat in the First Punic War , Carthage hired a Spartan mercenary captain , Xanthippus of Carthage , to reform their military forces . Xanthippus reformed the Carthaginian military along Macedonian army lines .", "By the 2nd century BC , the kingdom of Numidia also began to see Hellenistic culture influence its art and architecture . The Numidian royal monument at Chemtou is one example of Numidian Hellenized architecture . Reliefs on the monument also show the Numidians had adopted Greco - Macedonian type armor and shields for their soldiers .", "Ptolemaic Egypt was the center of Hellenistic influence in Africa and Greek colonies also thrived in the region of Cyrene , Libya . The kingdom of Meroë was in constant contact with Ptolemaic Egypt and Hellenistic influences can be seen in their art and archaeology . There was a temple to Serapis , the Greco - Egyptian god .", "Widespread Roman interference in the Greek world was probably inevitable given the general manner of the ascendency of the Roman Republic . This Roman - Greek interaction began as a consequence of the Greek city - states located along the coast of southern Italy . Rome had come to dominate the Italian peninsula , and desired the submission of the Greek cities to its rule . Although they initially resisted , allying themselves with Pyrrhus of Epirus , and defeating the Romans at several battles , the Greek cities were unable to maintain this position and were absorbed by the Roman republic . Shortly afterwards , Rome became involved in Sicily , fighting against the Carthaginians in the First Punic War . The end result was the complete conquest of Sicily , including its previously powerful Greek cities , by the Romans .", "Roman entanglement in the Balkans began when Illyrian piratical raids on Roman merchants led to invasions of Illyria ( the First and , Second Illyrian Wars ) . Tension between Macedon and Rome increased when the young king of Macedon , Philip V , harbored one of the chief pirates , Demetrius of Pharos ( a former client of Rome ) . As a result , in an attempt to reduce Roman influence in the Balkans , Philip allied himself with Carthage after Hannibal had dealt the Romans a massive defeat at the Battle of Cannae ( 216 BC ) during the Second Punic War . Forcing the Romans to fight on another front when they were at a nadir of manpower gained Philip the lasting enmity of the Romans -- the only real result from the somewhat insubstantial First Macedonian War ( 215 -- 202 BC ) .", "Once the Second Punic War had been resolved , and the Romans had begun to regather their strength , they looked to re-assert their influence in the Balkans , and to curb the expansion of Philip . A pretext for war was provided by Philip 's refusal to end his war with Attalid Pergamum and Rhodes , both Roman allies . The Romans , also allied with the Aetolian League of Greek city - states ( which resented Philip 's power ) , thus declared war on Macedon in 200 BC , starting the Second Macedonian War . This ended with a decisive Roman victory at the Battle of Cynoscephalae ( 197 BC ) . Like most Roman peace treaties of the period , the resultant ' Peace of Flaminius ' was designed utterly to crush the power of the defeated party ; a massive indemnity was levied , Philip 's fleet was surrendered to Rome , and Macedon was effectively returned to its ancient boundaries , losing influence over the city - states of southern Greece , and land in Thrace and Asia Minor . The result was the end of Macedon as a major power in the Mediterranean .", "As a result of the confusion in Greece at the end of the Second Macedonian War , the Seleucid Empire also became entangled with the Romans . The Seleucid Antiochus III had allied with Philip V of Macedon in 203 BC , agreeing that they should jointly conquer the lands of the boy - king of Egypt , Ptolemy V. After defeating Ptolemy in the Fifth Syrian War , Antiochus concentrated on occupying the Ptolemaic possessions in Asia Minor . However , this brought Antiochus into conflict with Rhodes and Pergamum , two important Roman allies , and began a ' cold war ' between Rome and Antiochus ( not helped by the presence of Hannibal at the Seleucid court ) . Meanwhile , in mainland Greece , the Aetolian League , which had sided with Rome against Macedon , now grew to resent the Roman presence in Greece . This presented Antiochus III with a pretext to invade Greece and ' liberate ' it from Roman influence , thus starting the Roman - Syrian War ( 192 -- 188 BC ) . In 191 BC , the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed him at Thermopylae and obliged him to withdraw to Asia . During the course of this war Roman troops moved into Asia for the first time , where they defeated Antiochus again at the Battle of Magnesia ( 190 BC ) . A crippling treaty was imposed on Antiochus , with Seleucid possessions in Asia Minor removed and given to Rhodes and Pergamum , the size of the Seleucid navy reduced , and a massive war indemnity invoked .", "Thus , in less than twenty years , Rome had destroyed the power of one of the successor states , crippled another , and firmly entrenched its influence over Greece . This was primarily a result of the over-ambition of the Macedonian kings , and their unintended provocation of Rome , though Rome was quick to exploit the situation . In another twenty years , the Macedonian kingdom was no more . Seeking to re-assert Macedonian power and Greek independence , Philip V 's son Perseus incurred the wrath of the Romans , resulting in the Third Macedonian War ( 171 -- 168 BC ) . Victorious , the Romans abolished the Macedonian kingdom , replacing it with four puppet republics ; these lasted a further twenty years before Macedon was formally annexed as a Roman province ( 146 BC ) after yet another rebellion under Andriscus . Rome now demanded that the Achaean League , the last stronghold of Greek independence , be dissolved . The Achaeans refused and declared war on Rome . Most of the Greek cities rallied to the Achaeans ' side , even slaves were freed to fight for Greek independence . The Roman consul Lucius Mummius advanced from Macedonia and defeated the Greeks at Corinth , which was razed to the ground . In 146 BC , the Greek peninsula , though not the islands , became a Roman protectorate . Roman taxes were imposed , except in Athens and Sparta , and all the cities had to accept rule by Rome 's local allies .", "The Attalid dynasty of Pergamum lasted little longer ; a Roman ally until the end , its final king Attalus III died in 133 BC without an heir , and taking the alliance to its natural conclusion , willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic . The final Greek resistance came in 88 BC , when King Mithridates of Pontus rebelled against Rome , captured Roman held Anatolia , and massacred up to 100,000 Romans and Roman allies across Asia Minor . Many Greek cities , including Athens , overthrew their Roman puppet rulers and joined him in the Mithridatic wars . When he was driven out of Greece by the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla , the latter laid siege to Athens and razed the city . Mithridates was finally defeated by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ( Pompey the Great ) in 65 BC . Further ruin was brought to Greece by the Roman civil wars , which were partly fought in Greece . Finally , in 27 BC , Augustus directly annexed Greece to the new Roman Empire as the province of Achaea . The struggles with Rome had left Greece depopulated and demoralised . Nevertheless , Roman rule at least brought an end to warfare , and cities such as Athens , Corinth , Thessaloniki and Patras soon recovered their prosperity .", "Contrarily , having so firmly entrenched themselves into Greek affairs , the Romans now completely ignored the rapidly disintegrating Seleucid empire ( perhaps because it posed no threat ) ; and left the Ptolemaic kingdom to decline quietly , while acting as a protector of sorts , in as much as to stop other powers taking Egypt over ( including the famous line - in - the - sand incident when the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes tried to invade Egypt ) . Eventually , instability in the near east resulting from the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Seleucid Empire caused the Roman proconsul Pompey the Great to abolish the Seleucid rump state , absorbing much of Syria into the Roman Republic . Famously , the end of Ptolemaic Egypt came as the final act in the republican civil war between the Roman triumvirs Mark Anthony and Augustus Caesar . After the defeat of Anthony and his lover , the last Ptolemaic monarch , Cleopatra VII , at the Battle of Actium , Augustus invaded Egypt and took it as his own personal fiefdom . He thereby completed both the destruction of the Hellenistic kingdoms and the Roman Republic , and ended ( in hindsight ) the Hellenistic era .", "In some fields Hellenistic culture thrived , particularly in its preservation of the past . The states of the Hellenistic period were deeply fixated with the past and its seemingly lost glories . The preservation of many classical and archaic works of art and literature ( including the works of the three great classical tragedians , Aeschylus , Sophocles , and Euripides ) are due to the efforts of the Hellenistic Greeks . The museum and library of Alexandria was the center of this conservationist activity . With the support of royal stipends , Alexandrian scholars collected , translated , copied , classified and critiqued every book they could find . Most of the great literary figures of the Hellenistic period studied at Alexandria and conducted research there . They were scholar poets , writing not only poetry but treatises on Homer and other archaic and classical Greek literature .", "Athens retained its position as the most prestigious seat of higher education , especially in the domains of philosophy and rhetoric , with considerable libraries and philosophical schools . Alexandria had the monumental Museum ( i.e. research center ) and Library of Alexandria which was estimated to have had 700,000 volumes . The city of Pergamon also had a large library and became a major center of book production . The island of Rhodes had a library and also boasted a famous finishing school for politics and diplomacy . Libraries were also present in Antioch , Pella , and Kos . Cicero was educated in Athens and Mark Antony in Rhodes . Antioch was founded as a metropolis and center of Greek learning which retained its status into the era of Christianity . Seleucia replaced Babylon as the metropolis of the lower Tigris .", "The spread of Greek culture and language throughout the Near East and Asia owed much to the development of newly founded cities and deliberate colonization policies by the successor states , which in turn was necessary for maintaining their military forces . Settlements such as Ai - Khanoum , situated on trade routes , allowed Greek culture to mix and spread . The language of Philip II 's and Alexander 's court and army ( which was made up of various Greek and non-Greek speaking peoples ) was a version of Attic Greek , and over time this language developed into Koine , the lingua franca of the successor states .", "The identification of local gods with similar Greek deities , a practice termed ' Interpretatio graeca ' , facilitated the building of Greek - style temples , and the Greek culture in the cities also meant that buildings such as gymnasia and theaters became common . Many cities maintained nominal autonomy while under the rule of the local king or satrap , and often had Greek - style institutions . Greek dedications , statues , architecture and inscriptions have all been found . However , local cultures were not replaced , and mostly went on as before , but now with a new Greco - Macedonian or otherwise Hellenized elite . An example that shows the spread of Greek theater is Plutarch 's story of the death of Crassus , in which his head was taken to the Parthian court and used as a prop in a performance of The Bacchae . Theaters have also been found : for example , in Ai - Khanoum on the edge of Bactria , the theater has 35 rows -- larger than the theater in Babylon .", "The spread of Greek influence and language is also shown through Ancient Greek coinage . Portraits became more realistic , and the obverse of the coin was often used to display a propaganda image , commemorating an event or displaying the image of a favored god . The use of Greek - style portraits and Greek language continued under the Roman , Parthian and Kushan empires , even as the use of Greek was in decline .", "The concept of Hellenization , meaning the adoption of Greek culture in non-Greek regions , has long been controversial . Undoubtedly Greek influence did spread through the Hellenistic realms , but to what extent , and whether this was a deliberate policy or mere cultural diffusion , have been hotly debated .", "It seems likely that Alexander himself pursued policies which led to Hellenization , such as the foundations of new cities and Greek colonies . While it may have been a deliberate attempt to spread Greek culture ( or as Arrian says , `` to civilise the natives '' ) , it is more likely that it was a series of pragmatic measures designed to aid in the rule of his enormous empire . Cities and colonies were centers of administrative control and Macedonian power in a newly conquered region . Alexander also seems to have attempted to create a mixed Greco - Persian elite class as shown by the Susa weddings and his adoption of some forms of Persian dress and court culture . He also brought Persian and other non-Greek peoples into his military and even the elite cavalry units of the companion cavalry . Again , it is probably better to see these policies as a pragmatic response to the demands of ruling a large empire than to any idealized attempt to bringing Greek culture to the ' barbarians ' . This approach was bitterly resented by the Macedonians and discarded by most of the Diadochi after Alexander 's death . These policies can also be interpreted as the result of Alexander 's possible megalomania during his later years .", "After Alexander 's death in 323 BC , the influx of Greek colonists into the new realms continued to spread Greek culture into Asia . The founding of new cities and military colonies continued to be a major part of the Successors ' struggle for control of any particular region , and these continued to be centers of cultural diffusion . The spread of Greek culture under the Successors seems mostly to have occurred with the spreading of Greeks themselves , rather than as an active policy .", "Throughout the Hellenistic world , these Greco - Macedonian colonists considered themselves by and large superior to the native `` barbarians '' and excluded most non-Greeks from the upper echelons of courtly and government life . Most of the native population was not Hellenized , had little access to Greek culture and often found themselves discriminated against by their Hellenic overlords . Gymnasiums and their Greek education , for example , were for Greeks only . Greek cities and colonies may have exported Greek art and architecture as far as the Indus , but these were mostly enclaves of Greek culture for the transplanted Greek elite . The degree of influence that Greek culture had throughout the Hellenistic kingdoms was therefore highly localized and based mostly on a few great cities like Alexandria and Antioch . Some natives did learn Greek and adopt Greek ways , but this was mostly limited to a few local elites who were allowed to retain their posts by the Diadochi and also to a small number of mid-level administrators who acted as intermediaries between the Greek speaking upper class and their subjects . In the Seleucid Empire , for example , this group amounted to only 2.5 percent of the official class .", "Hellenistic art nevertheless had a considerable influence on the cultures that had been affected by the Hellenistic expansion . As far as the Indian subcontinent , Hellenistic influence on Indian art was broad and far - reaching , and had effects for several centuries following the forays of Alexander the Great .", "Despite their initial reluctance , the Successors seem to have later deliberately naturalized themselves to their different regions , presumably in order to help maintain control of the population . In the Ptolemaic kingdom , we find some Egyptianized Greeks by the 2nd century onwards . In the Indo - Greek kingdom we find kings who were converts to Buddhism ( e.g. , Menander ) . The Greeks in the regions therefore gradually become ' localized ' , adopting local customs as appropriate . In this way , hybrid ' Hellenistic ' cultures naturally emerged , at least among the upper echelons of society .", "The trends of Hellenization were therefore accompanied by Greeks adopting native ways over time , but this was widely varied by place and by social class . The farther away from the Mediterranean and the lower in social status , the more likely that a colonist was to adopt local ways , while the Greco - Macedonian elites and royal families usually remained thoroughly Greek and viewed most non-Greeks with disdain . It was not until Cleopatra VII that a Ptolemaic ruler bothered to learn the Egyptian language of their subjects .", "In the Hellenistic period , there was much continuity in Greek religion : the Greek gods continued to be worshiped , and the same rites were practiced as before . However the socio - political changes brought on by the conquest of the Persian empire and Greek emigration abroad meant that change also came to religious practices . This varied greatly by location . Athens , Sparta and most cities in the Greek mainland did not see much religious change or new gods ( with the exception of the Egyptian Isis in Athens ) , while the multi-ethnic Alexandria had a very varied group of gods and religious practices , including Egyptian , Jewish and Greek . Greek emigres brought their Greek religion everywhere they went , even as far as India and Afghanistan . Non-Greeks also had more freedom to travel and trade throughout the Mediterranean and in this period we can see Egyptian gods such as Serapis , and the Syrian gods Atargatis and Hadad , as well as a Jewish synagogue , all coexisting on the island of Delos alongside classical Greek deities . A common practice was to identify Greek gods with native gods that had similar characteristics and this created new fusions like Zeus - Ammon , Aphrodite Hagne ( a Hellenized Atargatis ) and Isis - Demeter . Greek emigres faced individual religious choices they had not faced on their home cities , where the gods they worshiped were dictated by tradition .", "Hellenistic monarchies were closely associated with the religious life of the kingdoms they ruled . This had already been a feature of Macedonian kingship , which had priestly duties . Hellenestic kings adopted patron deities as protectors of their house and sometimes claimed descent from them . The Seleucids for example took on Apollo as patron , the Antigonids had Herakles , and the Ptolemies claimed Dionysus among others .", "The worship of dynastic ruler cults was also a feature of this period , most notably in Egypt , where the Ptolemies adopted earlier Pharaonic practice , and established themselves as god - kings . These cults were usually associated with a specific temple in honor of the ruler such as the Ptolemaieia at Alexandria and had their own festivals and theatrical performances . The setting up of ruler cults was more based on the systematized honors offered to the kings ( sacrifice , proskynesis , statues , altars , hymns ) which put them on par with the gods ( isotheism ) than on actual belief of their divine nature . According to Peter Green , these cults did not produce genuine belief of the divinity of rulers among the Greeks and Macedonians . The worship of Alexander was also popular , as in the long lived cult at Erythrae and of course , at Alexandria , where his tomb was located .", "The Hellenistic age also saw a rise in the disillusionment with traditional religion . The rise of philosophy and the sciences had removed the gods from many of their traditional domains such as their role in the movement of the heavenly bodies and natural disasters . The Sophists proclaimed the centrality of humanity and agnosticism ; the belief in Euhemerism ( the view that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes ) , became popular . The popular philosopher Epicurus promoted a view of disinterested gods living far away from the human realm in metakosmia . The apotheosis of rulers also brought the idea of divinity down to earth . While there does seem to have been a substantial decline in religiosity , this was mostly reserved for the educated classes .", "Magic was practiced widely , and this , too , was a continuation from earlier times . Throughout the Hellenistic world , people would consult oracles , and use charms and figurines to deter misfortune or to cast spells . Also developed in this era was the complex system of astrology , which sought to determine a person 's character and future in the movements of the sun , moon , and planets . Astrology was widely associated with the cult of Tyche ( luck , fortune ) , which grew in popularity during this period .", "The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy , the only few surviving representative texts being those of Menander ( born 342 / 1 BC ) . Only one play , Dyskolos , survives in its entirety . The plots of this new Hellenistic comedy of manners were more domestic and formulaic , stereotypical low born characters such as slaves became more important , the language was colloquial and major motifs included escapism , marriage , romance and luck ( Tyche ) . Though no Hellenistic tragedy remains intact , they were still widely produced during the period , yet it seems that there was no major breakthrough in style , remaining within the classical model . The Supplementum Hellenisticum , a modern collection of extant fragments , contains the fragments of 150 authors .", "Hellenistic poets now sought patronage from kings , and wrote works in their honor . The scholars at the libraries in Alexandria and Pergamon focused on the collection , cataloging , and literary criticism of classical Athenian works and ancient Greek myths . The poet - critic Callimachus , a staunch elitist , wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo . He promoted short poetic forms such as the epigram , epyllion and the iambic and attacked epic as base and common ( `` big book , big evil '' was his doctrine ) . He also wrote a massive catalog of the holdings of the library of Alexandria , the famous Pinakes . Callimachus was extremely influential in his time and also for the development of Augustan poetry . Another poet , Apollonius of Rhodes , attempted to revive the epic for the Hellenistic world with his Argonautica . He had been a student of Callimachus and later became chief librarian ( prostates ) of the library of Alexandria . Apollonius and Callimachus spent much of their careers feuding with each other . Pastoral poetry also thrived during the Hellenistic era , Theocritus was a major poet who popularized the genre .", "This period also saw the rise of the Ancient Greek novel , e.g. , Daphnis and Chloe and the Ephesian Tale .", "Around 240 BC Livius Andronicus , a Greek slave from southern Italy , translated Homer 's Odyssey into Latin . Greek literature would have a dominant effect on the development of the Latin literature of the Romans . The poetry of Virgil , Horace and Ovid were all based on Hellenistic styles .", "During the Hellenistic period , many different schools of thought developed . Athens , with its multiple philosophical schools , continued to remain the center of philosophical thought . However , Athens had now lost her political freedom , and Hellenistic philosophy is a reflection of this new difficult period . In this political climate , Hellenistic philosophers went in search of goals such as ataraxia ( un-disturbedness ) , autarky ( self - sufficiency ) and apatheia ( freedom from suffering ) , which would allow them to wrest well - being or eudaimonia out of the most difficult turns of fortune . This occupation with the inner life , with personal inner liberty and with the pursuit of eudaimonia is what all Hellenistic philosophical schools have in common .", "The Epicureans and the Cynics rejected public offices and civic service , which amounted to a rejection of the polis itself , the defining institution of the Greek world . Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal . Cynics such as Diogenes of Sinope rejected all material possessions and social conventions ( nomos ) as unnatural and useless . The Cyrenaics , meanwhile , embraced hedonism , arguing that pleasure was the only true good . Stoicism , founded by Zeno of Citium , taught that virtue was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or Logos . Zeno became extremely popular ; the Athenians set up a gold statue of him , and Antigonus II Gonatas invited him to the Macedonian court . The philosophical schools of Aristotle ( the Peripatetics of the Lyceum ) and Plato ( Platonism at the Academy ) also remained influential . The academy would eventually turn to Academic Skepticism under Arcesilaus until it was rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon ( c. 90 BC ) in favour of Neoplatonism . Hellenistic philosophy had a significant influence on the Greek ruling elite . Examples include Athenian statesman Demetrius of Phaleron , who had studied in the lyceum ; the Spartan king Cleomenes III , who was a student of the Stoic Sphairos of Borysthenes ; and Antigonus II , who was also a well known Stoic . This can also be said of the Roman upper classes , where Stoicism was dominant , as seen in the Meditations of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and the works of Cicero .", "The spread of Christianity throughout the Roman world , followed by the spread of Islam , ushered in the end of Hellenistic philosophy and the beginnings of Medieval philosophy ( often forcefully , as under Justinian I ) , which was dominated by the three Abrahamic traditions : Jewish philosophy , Christian philosophy , and early Islamic philosophy . In spite of this shift , Hellenistic philosophy continued to influence these three religious traditions and the renaissance thought which followed them .", "Hellenistic culture produced seats of learning throughout the Mediterranean . Hellenistic science differed from Greek science in at least two ways : first , it benefited from the cross-fertilization of Greek ideas with those that had developed in the larger Hellenistic world ; secondly , to some extent , it was supported by royal patrons in the kingdoms founded by Alexander 's successors . Especially important to Hellenistic science was the city of Alexandria in Egypt , which became a major center of scientific research in the 3rd century BC . Hellenistic scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought : the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research , in their scientific investigations .", "Hellenistic Geometers such as Archimedes ( c. 287 -- 212 BC ) , Apollonius of Perga ( c. 262 -- c. 190 BC ) , and Euclid ( c. 325 -- 265 BC ) , whose Elements became the most important textbook in mathematics until the 19th century , built upon the work of the Hellenic era Pythagoreans . Euclid developed proofs for the Pythagorean Theorem , for the infinitude of primes , and worked on the five Platonic solids . Eratosthenes used his knowledge of geometry to measure the circumference of the Earth . His calculation was remarkably accurate . He was also the first to calculate the tilt of the Earth 's axis ( again with remarkable accuracy ) . Additionally , he may have accurately calculated the distance from the Earth to the Sun and invented the leap day . Known as the `` Father of Geography `` , Eratosthenes also created the first map of the world incorporating parallels and meridians , based on the available geographical knowledge of the era .", "Astronomers like Hipparchus ( c. 190 -- c. 120 BC ) built upon the measurements of the Babylonian astronomers before him , to measure the precession of the Earth . Pliny reports that Hipparchus produced the first systematic star catalog after he observed a new star ( it is uncertain whether this was a nova or a comet ) and wished to preserve astronomical record of the stars , so that other new stars could be discovered . It has recently been claimed that a celestial globe based on Hipparchus 's star catalog sits atop the broad shoulders of a large 2nd - century Roman statue known as the Farnese Atlas . Another astronomer , Aristarchos of Samos developed a heliocentric system .", "The level of Hellenistic achievement in astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism ( 150 -- 100 BC ) . It is a 37 - gear mechanical computer which computed the motions of the Sun and Moon , including lunar and solar eclipses predicted on the basis of astronomical periods believed to have been learned from the Babylonians . Devices of this sort are not found again until the 10th century , when a simpler eight - geared luni - solar calculator incorporated into an astrolabe was described by the Persian scholar , Al - Biruni . Similarly complex devices were also developed by other Muslim engineers and astronomers during the Middle Ages .", "Medicine , which was dominated by the Hippocratic tradition , saw new advances under Praxagoras of Kos , who theorized that blood traveled through the veins . Herophilos ( 335 -- 280 BC ) was the first to base his conclusions on dissection of the human body and animal vivisection , and to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system , liver and other key organs . Influenced by Philinus of Cos ( fl. 250 ) , a student of Herophilos , a new medical sect emerged , the Empiric school , which was based on strict observation and rejected unseen causes of the Dogmatic school .", "Bolos of Mendes made developments in alchemy and Theophrastus was known for his work in plant classification . Krateuas wrote a compendium on botanic pharmacy . The library of Alexandria included a zoo for research and Hellenistic zoologists include Archelaos , Leonidas of Byzantion , Apollodoros of Alexandria and Bion of Soloi .", "Technological developments from the Hellenistic period include cogged gears , pulleys , the screw , Archimedes ' screw , the screw press , glassblowing , hollow bronze casting , surveying instruments , an odometer , the pantograph , the water clock , a water organ , and the Piston pump .", "The interpretation of Hellenistic science varies widely . At one extreme is the view of the English classical scholar Cornford , who believed that `` all the most important and original work was done in the three centuries from 600 to 300 BC '' . At the other is the view of the Italian physicist and mathematician Lucio Russo , who claims that scientific method was actually born in the 3rd century BC , to be forgotten during the Roman period and only revived in the Renaissance .", "Hellenistic warfare was a continuation of the military developments of Iphicrates and Philip II of Macedon , particularly his use of the Macedonian Phalanx , a dense formation of pikemen , in conjunction with heavy companion cavalry . Armies of the Hellenistic period differed from those of the classical period in being largely made up of professional soldiers and also in their greater specialization and technical proficiency in siege warfare . Hellenistic armies were significantly larger than those of classical Greece relying increasingly on Greek mercenaries ( misthophoroi ; men - for - pay ) and also on non-Greek soldiery such as Thracians , Galatians , Egyptians and Iranians . Some ethnic groups were known for their martial skill in a particular mode of combat and were highly sought after , including Tarantine cavalry , Cretan archers , Rhodian slingers and Thracian peltasts . This period also saw the adoption of new weapons and troop types such as Thureophoroi and the Thorakitai who used the oval Thureos shield and fought with javelins and the machaira sword . The use of heavily armored cataphracts and also horse archers was adopted by the Seleucids , Greco - Bactrians , Armenians and Pontus . The use of war elephants also became common . Seleucus received Indian war elephants from the Mauryan empire , and used them to good effect at the battle of Ipsus . He kept a core of 500 of them at Apameia . The Ptolemies used the smaller African elephant .", "Hellenistic military equipment was generally characterized by an increase in size . Hellenistic - era warships grew from the trireme to include more banks of oars and larger numbers of rowers and soldiers as in the Quadrireme and Quinquereme . The Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity . New siege engines were developed during this period . An unknown engineer developed the torsion - spring catapult ( c. 360 ) and Dionysios of Alexandria designed a repeating ballista , the Polybolos . Preserved examples of ball projectiles range from 4.4 kg to 78 kg ( or over 170 lbs ) . Demetrius Poliorcetes was notorious for the large siege engines employed in his campaigns , especially during the 12 - month siege of Rhodes when he had Epimachos of Athens build a massive 160 ton siege tower named Helepolis , filled with artillery .", "The term Hellenistic is a modern invention ; the Hellenistic World not only included a huge area covering the whole of the Aegean , rather than the Classical Greece focused on the Poleis of Athens and Sparta , but also a huge time range . In artistic terms this means that there is huge variety which is often put under the heading of `` Hellenistic Art '' for convenience .", "Hellenistic art saw a turn from the idealistic , perfected , calm and composed figures of classical Greek art to a style dominated by realism and the depiction of emotion ( pathos ) and character ( ethos ) . The motif of deceptively realistic naturalism in art ( aletheia ) is reflected in stories such as that of the painter Zeuxis , who was said to have painted grapes that seemed so real that birds came and pecked at them . The female nude also became more popular as epitomized by the Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles and art in general became more erotic ( e.g. , Leda and the Swan and Scopa 's Pothos ) . The dominant ideals of Hellenistic art were those of sensuality and passion .", "People of all ages and social statuses were depicted in the art of the Hellenistic age . Artists such as Peiraikos chose mundane and lower class subjects for his paintings . According to Pliny , `` He painted barbers ' shops , cobblers ' stalls , asses , eatables and similar subjects , earning for himself the name of rhyparographos ( painter of dirt / low things ) . In these subjects he could give consummate pleasure , selling them for more than other artists received for their large pictures '' ( Natural History , Book XXXV. 112 ) . Even barbarians , such as the Galatians , were depicted in heroic form , prefiguring the artistic theme of the noble savage . The image of Alexander the Great was also an important artistic theme , and all of the diadochi had themselves depicted imitating Alexander 's youthful look . A number of the best - known works of Greek sculpture belong to the Hellenistic period , including Laocoön and his Sons , Venus de Milo , and the Winged Victory of Samothrace .", "Developments in painting included experiments in chiaroscuro by Zeuxis and the development of landscape painting and still life painting . Greek temples built during the Hellenistic period were generally larger than classical ones , such as the temple of Artemis at Ephesus , the temple of Artemis at Sardis , and the temple of Apollo at Didyma ( rebuilt by Seleucus in 300 BC ) . The royal palace ( basileion ) also came into its own during the Hellenistic period , the first extant example being the massive 4th - century villa of Cassander at Vergina .", "This period also saw the first written works of art history in the histories of Duris of Samos and Xenokrates of Athens , a sculptor and a historian of sculpture and painting .", "There has been a trend in writing the history of this period to depict Hellenistic art as a decadent style , following the Golden Age of Classical Athens . Pliny the Elder , after having described the sculpture of the classical period , says : Cessavit deinde ars ( `` then art disappeared '' ) . The 18th century terms Baroque and Rococo have sometimes been applied to the art of this complex and individual period . The renewal of the historiographical approach as well as some recent discoveries , such as the tombs of Vergina , allow a better appreciation of this period 's artistic richness .", "The focus on the Hellenistic period over the course of the 19th century by scholars and historians has led to an issue common to the study of historical periods ; historians see the period of focus as a mirror of the period in which they are living . Many 19th century scholars contended that the Hellenistic period represented a cultural decline from the brilliance of classical Greece . Though this comparison is now seen as unfair and meaningless , it has been noted that even commentators of the time saw the end of a cultural era which could not be matched again . This may be inextricably linked with the nature of government . It has been noted by Herodotus that after the establishment of the Athenian democracy :", "... the Athenians found themselves suddenly a great power . Not just in one field , but in everything they set their minds to ... As subjects of a tyrant , what had they accomplished ? ... Held down like slaves they had shirked and slacked ; once they had won their freedom , not a citizen but he could feel like he was labouring for himself ''", "... the Athenians found themselves suddenly a great power . Not just in one field , but in everything they set their minds to ... As subjects of a tyrant , what had they accomplished ? ... Held down like slaves they had shirked and slacked ; once they had won their freedom , not a citizen but he could feel like he was labouring for himself ''", "Thus , with the decline of the Greek polis , and the establishment of monarchical states , the environment and social freedom in which to excel may have been reduced . A parallel can be drawn with the productivity of the city states of Italy during the Renaissance , and their subsequent decline under autocratic rulers .", "However , William Woodthorpe Tarn , between World War I and World War II and the heyday of the League of Nations , focused on the issues of racial and cultural confrontation and the nature of colonial rule . Michael Rostovtzeff , who fled the Russian Revolution , concentrated predominantly on the rise of the capitalist bourgeoisie in areas of Greek rule . Arnaldo Momigliano , an Italian Jew who wrote before and after the Second World War , studied the problem of mutual understanding between races in the conquered areas . Moses Hadas portrayed an optimistic picture of synthesis of culture from the perspective of the 1950s , while Frank William Walbank in the 1960s and 1970s had a materialistic approach to the Hellenistic period , focusing mainly on class relations . Recently , however , papyrologist C. Préaux has concentrated predominantly on the economic system , interactions between kings and cities , and provides a generally pessimistic view on the period . Peter Green , on the other hand , writes from the point of view of late 20th century liberalism , his focus being on individualism , the breakdown of convention , experiments , and a postmodern disillusionment with all institutions and political processes ." ]
Hellenistic period - wikipedia Hellenistic period Jump to: navigation , search The Nike of Samothrace is considered one of the greatest masterpieces of Hellenistic art . Part of a series on the History of Greece Neolithic Greece (show) Neolithic Greece Greek Bronze Age (show) Helladic Cycladic Minoan Mycenaean Ancient Greece (show) Greek Dark Ages Archaic Greece Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Medieval Greece (show) Byzantine Greece Frankish and Latin states Early modern Greece (show) Stato da Màr Ottoman Greece Modern Greece (show) Septinsular Republic War of Independence First Hellenic Republic Kingdom of Greece National Schism Second Hellenic Republic 4th of August Regime Axis occupation ( collaborationist regime ) Civil War Military Junta Third Hellenic Republic History by topic (show) Art Constitution Economy Military Names Greece portal The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek (Hellenic) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe , Africa and Asia , experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts , exploration , literature , theatre , architecture , music , mathematics , philosophy , and science . It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration , compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era . The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy , Alexandrian poetry , the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism . Greek science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes . The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis , eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism . Hellenistic period. Dionysus sculpture from the Ancient Art Collection at Yale. After Alexander the Great 's invasion of the Persian Empire in 330 BC and its disintegration shortly after, the Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia ( Seleucid Empire , Kingdom of Pergamon ), north-east Africa ( Ptolemaic Kingdom ) and South Asia ( Greco-Bactrian Kingdom , Indo-Greek Kingdom ). The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa . This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms, spanning as far as modern-day India. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia. This mixture gave rise to a common Attic -based Greek dialect, known as Koine Greek , which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world. Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War , with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. `` Hellenistic'' is distinguished from `` Hellenic'' in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Sources 3 Background 4 The Diadochi 5 Southern Europe 5.1 Kingdom of Epirus 5.2 Kingdom of Macedon 5.3 Rest of Greece 5.4 Balkans 5.5 Western Mediterranean 6 Hellenistic Middle East 6.1 Ptolemaic Kingdom 6.2 Seleucid Empire 6.3 Attalid Pergamum 6.4 Galatia 6.5 Bithynia 6.6 Cappadocia 6.7 Kingdom of Pontus 6.8 Armenia 6.9 Parthia 6.10 Nabatean Kingdom 6.11 Judea 7 Greco-Bactrians 8 Indo-Greek kingdoms 9 Other states and Hellenistic influences 10 Rise of Rome 11 Culture 11.1 Hellenization and acculturation 11.2 Religion 11.3 Literature 11.4 Philosophy 11.5 Sciences 11.6 Military science 11.7 Art 12 Hellenistic period and modern culture 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Etymology ( edit ) See also: Names of the Greeks The word originated from the German term hellenistisch , from Ancient Greek Ἑλληνιστής ( Hellēnistḗs , `` one who uses the Greek language'' ), from Ἑλλάς ( Hellás , `` Greece'' ); as if `` Hellenist'' + `` ic'' . Left image : The Sampul tapestry , a woolen wall hanging from Lop County , Xinjiang , China , showing a possibly Greek soldier from the Greco-Bactrian kingdom (250-125 BC), with blue eyes , wielding a spear, and wearing what appears to be a diadem headband; depicted above him is a centaur , from Greek mythology , a common motif in Hellenistic art Right image : painted clay and alabaster head of a Zoroastrian priest wearing a distinctive Bactrian -style headdress, Takhti-Sangin , Tajikistan , 3rd-2nd century BC `` Hellenistic'' is a modern word and a 19th-century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece . Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. Hellenist ( Ancient Greek : Ἑλληνιστής , Hellēnistēs ), have been attested since ancient times, it was Johann Gustav Droysen in the mid-19th century, who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus ( History of Hellenism ), coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander's conquest. Following Droysen, Hellenistic and related terms, e.g. Hellenism , have been widely used in various contexts; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold , where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism . The major issue with the term Hellenistic lies in its convenience, as the spread of Greek culture was not the generalized phenomenon that the term implies. Some areas of the conquered world were more affected by Greek influences than others. The term Hellenistic also implies that the Greek populations were of majority in the areas in which they settled, but in many cases, the Greek settlers were actually the minority among the native populations. The Greek population and the native population did not always mix; the Greeks moved and brought their own culture, but interaction did not always occur. Sources ( edit ) While a few fragments exist, there is no complete surviving historical work which dates to the hundred years following Alexander's death. The works of the major Hellenistic historians Hieronymus of Cardia (who worked under Alexander, Antigonus I and other successors), Duris of Samos and Phylarchus which were used by surviving sources are all lost. The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis (c. 200-118), a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BC when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage. His Histories eventually grew to a length of forty books, covering the years 220 to 167 BC. The most important source after Polybius is Diodorus Siculus who wrote his Bibliotheca historica between 60 and 30 BC and reproduced some important earlier sources such as Hieronymus, but his account of the Hellenistic period breaks off after the battle of Ipsus (301). Another important source, Plutarch 's (c. 50-- c. 120) Parallel Lives though more preoccupied with issues of personal character and morality, outlines the history of important Hellenistic figures. Appian of Alexandria (late 1st century AD-before 165) wrote a history of the Roman empire that includes information of some Hellenistic kingdoms. Other sources include Justin 's (2nd century AD) epitome of Pompeius Trogus ' Historiae Philipicae and a summary of Arrian 's Events after Alexander , by Photios I of Constantinople . Lesser supplementary sources include Curtius Rufus , Pausanias , Pliny , and the Byzantine encyclopedia the Suda . In the field of philosophy, Diogenes Laertius ' Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers is the main source. Background ( edit ) Alexander fighting the Persian king Darius III . From the Alexander Mosaic , Naples National Archaeological Museum . See also: Philip II of Macedon , Alexander the Great , and Wars of Alexander the Great Ancient Greece had traditionally been a fractious collection of fiercely independent city-states. After the Peloponnesian War (431-- 404 BC), Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony , in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all-powerful. Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), but after the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC) , all of Greece was so weakened that no one state could claim pre-eminence. It was against this backdrop that the ascendancy of Macedon began, under king Philip II . Macedon was located at the periphery of the Greek world, and although its royal family claimed Greek descent, the Macedonians themselves were looked down upon as semi-barbaric by the rest of the Greeks. However, Macedon had a relatively strong and centralised government, and compared to most Greek states, directly controlled a large area. Philip II was a strong and expansionist king and he took every opportunity to expand Macedonian territory. In 352 BC he annexed Thessaly and Magnesia . In 338 BC, Philip defeated a combined Theban and Athenian army at the Battle of Chaeronea after a decade of desultory conflict. In the aftermath, Philip formed the League of Corinth , effectively bringing the majority of Greece under his direct sway. He was elected Hegemon of the league, and a campaign against the Achaemenid Empire of Persia was planned. However, while this campaign was in its early stages, he was assassinated. Alexander's empire at the time of its maximum expansion. Succeeding his father, Alexander took over the Persian war himself. During a decade of campaigning, Alexander conquered the whole Persian Empire , overthrowing the Persian king Darius III . The conquered lands included Asia Minor , Assyria , the Levant , Egypt , Mesopotamia , Media , Persia , and parts of modern-day Afghanistan , Pakistan , and the steppes of central Asia. The years of constant campaigning had taken their toll however, and Alexander died in 323 BC. After his death, the huge territories Alexander had conquered became subject to a strong Greek influence ( Hellenization ) for the next two or three centuries, until the rise of Rome in the west, and of Parthia in the east. As the Greek and Levantine cultures mingled, the development of a hybrid Hellenistic culture began, and persisted even when isolated from the main centres of Greek culture (for instance, in the Greco-Bactrian kingdom ). It can be argued that some of the changes across the Macedonian Empire after Alexander's conquests and during the rule of the Diadochi would have occurred without the influence of Greek rule. As mentioned by Peter Green , numerous factors of conquest have been merged under the term Hellenistic Period . Specific areas conquered by Alexander's invading army, including Egypt and areas of Asia Minor and Mesopotamia `` fell'' willingly to conquest and viewed Alexander as more of a liberator than a victor. In addition, much of the area conquered would continue to be ruled by the Diadochi , Alexander's generals and successors. Initially the whole empire was divided among them; however, some territories were lost relatively quickly, or only remained nominally under Macedonian rule. After 200 years, only much reduced and rather degenerate states remained, until the conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt by Rome. The Diadochi ( edit ) Main articles: Diadochi , Wars of the Diadochi , and Partition of Babylon Further information: History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom) The distribution of satrapies in the Macedonian Empire after the Settlement in Babylon (323 BC) . When Alexander the Great died (June 10, 323 BC), he left behind a huge empire which was composed of many essentially autonomous territories called satrapies . Without a chosen successor there were immediate disputes among his generals as to who should be king of Macedon. These generals became known as the Diadochi ( Greek : Διάδοχοι , Diadokhoi , meaning `` Successors'' ). Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus , while Perdiccas , the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's child by Roxana . After the infantry stormed the palace of Babylon , a compromise was arranged -- Arrhidaeus (as Philip III) should become king, and should rule jointly with Roxana's child, assuming that it was a boy (as it was, becoming Alexander IV ). Perdiccas himself would become regent ( epimeletes ) of the empire, and Meleager his lieutenant. Soon, however, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered, and assumed full control. The generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the empire, but Perdiccas' position was shaky, because, as Arrian writes, `` everyone was suspicious of him, and he of them'' . The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus ' leadership in Asia Minor . Antigonus fled for Greece, and then, together with Antipater and Craterus (the satrap of Cilicia who had been in Greece fighting the Lamian war ) invaded Anatolia . The rebels were supported by Lysimachus , the satrap of Thrace and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt. Although Eumenes , satrap of Cappadocia , defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus , and Antigenes (possibly with Ptolemy's aid) during his invasion of Egypt (c. 21 May to 19 June, 320 BC). Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus . Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Asia Minor, Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace and Seleucus I controlled Babylon . The second Diadochi war began following the death of Antipater in 319 BC. Passing over his own son, Cassander , Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon (who was joined by Eumenes) and was supported by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy. In 317, Cassander invaded Macedonia, attaining control of Macedon, sentencing Olympias to death and capturing the boy king Alexander IV , and his mother. In Asia, Eumenes was betrayed by his own men after years of campaign and was given up to Antigonus who had him executed. The Kingdoms of Antigonos and his rivals c. 303 BC. The third war of the Diadochi broke out because of the growing power and ambition of Antigonus. He began removing and appointing satraps as if he were king and also raided the royal treasuries in Ecbatana, Persepolis and Susa, making off with 25,000 talents . Seleucus was forced to flee to Egypt and Antigonus was soon at war with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. He then invaded Phoenicia , laid siege to Tyre , stormed Gaza and began building a fleet. Ptolemy invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus' son, Demetrius Poliorcetes , in the Battle of Gaza of 312 BC which allowed Seleucus to secure control of Babylonia , and the eastern satrapies. In 310, Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered, ending the Argead Dynasty which had ruled Macedon for several centuries. Antigonus then sent his son Demetrius to regain control of Greece. In 307 he took Athens, expelling Demetrius of Phaleron , Cassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy, defeating his fleet at the Battle of Salamis and taking control of Cyprus. In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus took the title of king ( basileus ) and bestowed it on his son Demetrius Poliorcetes , the rest of the Diadochi soon followed suit. Demetrius continued his campaigns by laying siege to Rhodes and conquering most of Greece in 302, creating a league against Cassander's Macedon. The decisive engagement of the war came when Lysimachus invaded and overran much of western Anatolia, but was soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus in Phrygia . Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC. Seleucus' war elephants proved decisive, Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule there by recapturing a rebellious Athens. Meanwhile, Lysimachus took over Ionia , Seleucus took Cilicia , and Ptolemy captured Cyprus . Kingdoms of the Diadochi after the battle of Ipsus, c. 301 BC. Kingdom of Ptolemy I Soter Kingdom of Cassander Kingdom of Lysimachus Kingdom of Seleucus I Nicator After Cassander's death in 298 BC, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia Minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia , leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BC at the Battle of Corupedium , near Sardis . Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus (`` the thunderbolt'' ), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279 -- his head stuck on a spear-- and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years. At this point the tripartite territorial division of the Hellenistic age was in place, with the main Hellenistic powers being Macedon under Demetrius's son Antigonus II Gonatas , the Ptolemaic kingdom under the aged Ptolemy I and the Seleucid empire under Seleucus' son Antiochus I Soter . Southern Europe ( edit ) Kingdom of Epirus ( edit ) Main article: Epirus (ancient state) Pyrrhus and his elephants. Epirus was a northwestern Greek kingdom in the western Balkans ruled by the Molossian Aeacidae dynasty. Epirus was an ally of Macedon during the reigns of Philip II and Alexander. In 281 Pyrrhus (nicknamed `` the eagle'' , aetos ) invaded southern Italy to aid the city state of Tarentum . Pyrrhus defeated the Romans in the Battle of Heraclea and at the Battle of Asculum . Though victorious, he was forced to retreat due to heavy losses, hence the term `` Pyrrhic victory '' . Pyrrhus then turned south and invaded Sicily but was unsuccessful and returned to Italy. After the Battle of Beneventum (275 BC) Pyrrhus lost all his Italian holdings and left for Epirus. Pyrrhus then went to war with Macedonia in 275, deposing Antigonus II Gonatas and briefly ruling over Macedonia and Thessaly until 285. Afterwards he invaded southern Greece, and was killed in battle against Argos in 272 BC. After the death of Pyrrhus, Epirus remained a minor power. In 233 BC the Aeacid royal family was deposed and a federal state was set up called the Epirote League . The league was conquered by Rome in the Third Macedonian War (171-- 168 BC). Kingdom of Macedon ( edit ) Main article: Antigonid dynasty Philip V , `` the darling of Hellas '' , wearing the royal diadem . Antigonus II , a student of Zeno of Citium , spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece, first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War , and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon . Under the Antigonids, Macedonia was often short on funds, the Pangaeum mines were no longer as productive as under Philip II, the wealth from Alexander's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the Gallic invasion . A large number of the Macedonian population had also been resettled abroad by Alexander or had chosen to emigrate to the new eastern Greek cities. Up to two thirds of the population emigrated, and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men, a significantly smaller force than under Philip II. Antigonus II ruled until his death in 239 BC. His son Demetrius II soon died in 229 BC, leaving a child (Philip V) as king, with the general Antigonus Doson as regent. Doson led Macedon to victory in the war against the Spartan king Cleomenes III , and occupied Sparta . Philip V , who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the `` cloud rising in the west'' : the ever-increasing power of Rome. He was known as `` the darling of Hellas'' . Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues ( the social war 220-217) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum. In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria , formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage , which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League , Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamum and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204-200 BC) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper. Southern Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence , though it retained nominal autonomy. The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War (171-- 168 BC). Rest of Greece ( edit ) Main article: Hellenistic Greece Greece and the Aegean World c. 200 BC. During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch , capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as modern Afghanistan and Pakistan . Independent city states were unable to compete with Hellenistic kingdoms and were usually forced to ally themselves to one of them for defense, giving honors to Hellenistic rulers in return for protection. One example is Athens , which had been decisively defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war (323-322) and had its port in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative oligarchy . After Demetrius Poliorcetes captured Athens in 307 and restored the democracy , the Athenians honored him and his father Antigonus by placing gold statues of them on the agora and granting them the title of king. Athens later allied itself to Ptolemaic Egypt to throw off Macedonian rule, eventually setting up a religious cult for the Ptolemaic kings and naming one of the city's phyles in honour of Ptolemy for his aid against Macedon. In spite of the Ptolemaic monies and fleets backing their endeavors, Athens and Sparta were defeated by Antigonus II during the Chremonidean War (267-261). Athens was then occupied by Macedonian troops, and run by Macedonian officials. Sparta remained independent, but it was no longer the leading military power in the Peloponnese . The Spartan king Cleomenes III (235-- 222 BC) staged a military coup against the conservative ephors and pushed through radical social and land reforms in order to increase the size of the shrinking Spartan citizenry able to provide military service and restore Spartan power. Sparta's bid for supremacy was crushed at the Battle of Sellasia (222) by the Achaean league and Macedon, who restored the power of the ephors . Other city states formed federated states in self-defense, such as the Aetolian League (est. 370 BC), the Achaean League (est. 280 BC), the Boeotian league , the `` Northern League'' ( Byzantium , Chalcedon , Heraclea Pontica and Tium ) and the `` Nesiotic League '' of the Cyclades . These federations involved a central government which controlled foreign policy and military affairs, while leaving most of the local governing to the city states, a system termed sympoliteia . In states such as the Achaean league, this also involved the admission of other ethnic groups into the federation with equal rights, in this case, non-Achaeans . The Achean league was able to drive out the Macedonians from the Peloponnese and free Corinth, which duly joined the league. The Colossus of Rhodes , one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. One of the few city states who managed to maintain full independence from the control of any Hellenistic kingdom was Rhodes . With a skilled navy to protect its trade fleets from pirates and an ideal strategic position covering the routes from the east into the Aegean, Rhodes prospered during the Hellenistic period. It became a center of culture and commerce, its coins were widely circulated and its philosophical schools became one of the best in the Mediterranean. After holding out for one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes (305-304 BC), the Rhodians built the Colossus of Rhodes to commemorate their victory. They retained their independence by the maintenance of a powerful navy, by maintaining a carefully neutral posture and acting to preserve the balance of power between the major Hellenistic kingdoms. Initially Rhodes had very close ties with the Ptolemaic kingdom. Rhodes later became a Roman ally against the Seleucids, receiving some territory in Caria for their role in the Roman-- Seleucid War (192-- 188 BC). Rome eventually turned on Rhodes and annexed the island as a Roman province. Balkans ( edit ) Painting of a groom and bride from the Hellenistic Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak , near the ancient city of Seuthopolis , 4th century BC. The west Balkan coast was inhabited by various Illyrian tribes and kingdoms such as the kingdom of the Dalmatae and of the Ardiaei , who often engaged in piracy under Queen Teuta (reigned 231 BC to 227 BC). Further inland was the Illyrian Paeonian Kingdom and the tribe of the Agrianes . Illyrians on the coast of the Adriatic were under the effects and influence of Hellenisation and some tribes adopted Greek, becoming bilingual due to their proximity to the Greek colonies in Illyria. Illyrians imported weapons and armor from the Ancient Greeks (such as the Illyrian type helmet , originally a Greek type) and also adopted the ornamentation of Ancient Macedon on their shields and their war belts (a single one has been found, dated 3rd century BC at modern Selce e Poshtme , a part of Macedon at the time under Philip V of Macedon ). The Odrysian Kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes under the kings of the powerful Odrysian tribe centered around the region of Thrace . Various parts of Thrace were under Macedonian rule under Philip II of Macedon , Alexander the Great , Lysimachus , Ptolemy II , and Philip V but were also often ruled by their own kings. The Thracians and Agrianes were widely used by Alexander as peltasts and light cavalry , forming about one fifth of his army. The Diadochi also used Thracian mercenaries in their armies and they were also used as colonists. The Odrysians used Greek as the language of administration and of the nobility. The nobility also adopted Greek fashions in dress , ornament and military equipment, spreading it to the other tribes. Thracian kings were among the first to be Hellenized . After 278 BC the Odrysians had a strong competitor in the Celtic Kingdom of Tylis ruled by the kings Comontorius and Cavarus , but in 212 BC they conquered their enemies and destroyed their capital. Western Mediterranean ( edit ) Further information: Colonies in antiquity Southern Italy ( Magna Graecia ) and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century. In 4th century Sicily the leading Greek city and hegemon was Syracuse . During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was Agathocles of Syracuse (361-- 289 BC) who seized the city with an army of mercenaries in 317 BC. Agathocles extended his power throughout most of the Greek cities in Sicily, fought a long war with the Carthaginians , at one point invading Tunisia in 310 and defeating a Carthaginian army there. This was the first time a European force had invaded the region. After this war he controlled most of south-east Sicily and had himself proclaimed king, in imitation of the Hellenistic monarchs of the east. Agathocles then invaded Italy (c. 300 BC) in defense of Tarentum against the Bruttians and Romans , but was unsuccessful. Gallo-Greek inscription: `` Segomaros, son of Uillū , citizen ( toutious ) of Namausos , dedicated this sanctuary to Belesama'' A silver drachma from Massalia (modern Marseille , France), dated 375-200 BC, with the head of the goddess Artemis on the obverse and a lion on the reverse Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul were mostly limited to the Mediterranean coast of Provence , France . The first Greek colony in the region was Massalia , which became one of the largest trading ports of Mediterranean by the 4th century BC with 6,000 inhabitants. Massalia was also the local hegemon , controlling various coastal Greek cities like Nice and Agde . The coins minted in Massalia have been found in all parts of Ligurian-Celtic Gaul. Celtic coinage was influenced by Greek designs, and Greek letters can be found on various Celtic coins, especially those of Southern France. Traders from Massalia ventured inland deep into France on the Rivers Durance and Rhône , and established overland trade routes deep into Gaul , and to Switzerland and Burgundy . The Hellenistic period saw the Greek alphabet spread into southern Gaul from Massalia (3rd and 2nd centuries BC) and according to Strabo , Massalia was also a center of education, where Celts went to learn Greek. A staunch ally of Rome, Massalia retained its independence until it sided with Pompey in 49 BC and was then taken by Caesar's forces . The city of Emporion (modern Empúries ), originally founded by Archaic-period settlers from Phocaea and Massalia in the 6th century BC near the village of Sant Martí d'Empúries (located on an offshore island that forms part of L'Escala , Catalonia , Spain ), was reestablished in the 5th century BC with a new city ( neapolis ) on the Iberian mainland . Emporion contained a mixed population of Greek colonists and Iberian natives, and although Livy and Strabo assert that they lived in different quarters , these two groups were eventually integrated. The city became a dominant trading hub and center of Hellenistic civilization in Iberia, eventually siding with the Roman Republic against the Carthaginian Empire during the Second Punic War (218-201 BC). However, Emporion lost its political independence around 195 BC with the establishment of the Roman province of Hispania Citerior and by the 1st century BC had become fully Romanized in culture. Hellenistic Middle east ( edit ) The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco-Macedonian settlers. Promotion of immigration from Greece was important in the establishment of this system. Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution. Macedonian and Hellenistic monarchs were expected to lead their armies on the field, along with a group of privileged aristocratic companions or friends ( hetairoi, philoi ) which dined and drank with the king and acted as his advisory council. The monarch was also expected to serve as a charitable patron of the people; this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of Greek culture and religion. Ptolemaic kingdom ( edit ) Main article: Ptolemaic Kingdom Bust of Ptolemy I Soter wearing a diadem , a symbol of Hellenistic kingship, Louvre Museum . Ptolemy , a somatophylax , one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great 's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as `` Soter'' (saviour) for his role in helping the Rhodians during the siege of Rhodes . Ptolemy built new cities such as Ptolemais Hermiou in upper Egypt and settled his veterans throughout the country, especially in the region of the Faiyum . Alexandria , a major center of Greek culture and trade, became his capital city. As Egypt's first port city, it was the main grain exporter in the Mediterranean. The Egyptians begrudgingly accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt, though the kingdom went through several native revolts. The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs , such as marrying their siblings ( Ptolemy II was the first to adopt this custom), having themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participating in Egyptian religious life. The Ptolemaic ruler cult portrayed the Ptolemies as gods, and temples to the Ptolemies were erected throughout the kingdom. Ptolemy I even created a new god, Serapis , who was combination of two Egyptian gods: Apis and Osiris, with attributes of Greek gods . Ptolemaic administration was, like the Ancient Egyptian bureaucracy, highly centralized and focused on squeezing as much revenue out of the population as possible though tariffs, excise duties, fines, taxes and so forth. A whole class of petty officials, tax farmers, clerks and overseers made this possible. The Egyptian countryside was directly administered by this royal bureaucracy. External possessions such as Cyprus and Cyrene were run by strategoi , military commanders appointed by the crown. Ring of Ptolemy VI Philometor as Egyptian pharaoh . Louvre Museum . Under Ptolemy II , Callimachus , Apollonius of Rhodes , Theocritus and a host of other poets made the city a center of Hellenistic literature. Ptolemy himself was eager to patronise the library, scientific research and individual scholars who lived on the grounds of the library. He and his successors also fought a series of wars with the Seleucids, known as the Syrian wars , over the region of Coele-Syria . Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia (217 BC) against the Seleucids, using native Egyptians trained as phalangites . However these Egyptian soldiers revolted, eventually setting up a native breakaway Egyptian state in the Thebaid between 205-186/5 BC, severely weakening the Ptolemaic state. Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe, or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII , known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey , and later between Octavian and Mark Antony . Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest. Seleucid empire ( edit ) Seleucus I Nicator . Main article: Seleucid Empire Following division of Alexander 's empire, Seleucus I Nicator received Babylonia . From there, he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander's near eastern territories. At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia , the Levant , Mesopotamia , Persia , today's Turkmenistan , Pamir , and parts of Pakistan . It included a diverse population estimated at fifty to sixty million people. Under Antiochus I (c. 324/3 -- 261 BC), however, the unwieldy empire was already beginning to shed territories. Pergamum broke away under Eumenes I who defeated a Seleucid army sent against him. The kingdoms of Cappadocia, Bithynia and Pontus were all practically independent by this time as well. Like the Ptolemies, Antiochus I established a dynastic religious cult, deifying his father Seleucus I. Seleucus, officially said to be descended from Apollo, had his own priests and monthly sacrifices. The erosion of the empire continued under Seleucus II , who was forced to fight a civil war (239-236) against his brother Antiochus Hierax and was unable to keep Bactria , Sogdiana and Parthia from breaking away. Hierax carved off most of Seleucid Anatolia for himself, but was defeated, along with his Galatian allies, by Attalus I of Pergamon who now also claimed kingship. The Hellenistic world c. 200 BC. The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite. The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from Greece . These cities included newly founded colonies such as Antioch , the other cities of the Syrian tetrapolis , Seleucia (north of Babylon ) and Dura-Europos on the Euphrates . These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies, councils and elected magistrates, but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials. Apart from these cities, there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons ( choria ), military colonies ( katoikiai ) and Greek villages ( komai ) which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule. This ' Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of Antiochos III . The rest of the army was made up of native troops. Antiochus III (`` the Great'' ) conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus I. After being defeated by Ptolemy IV 's forces at Raphia (217), Antiochus III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces (212-205) including Bactria , Parthia , Ariana , Sogdiana , Gedrosia and Drangiana . He was successful, bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal vassalage and receiving tribute from their rulers. After the death of Ptolemy IV (204), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the fifth Syrian war (202-195). He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe, fortifying Lysimachia on the Hellespont , but his expansion into Anatolia and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BC). In the Treaty of Apamea which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents. Much of the eastern part of the empire was then conquered by the Parthians under Mithridates I of Parthia in the mid-2nd century BC, yet the Seleucid kings continued to rule a rump state from Syria until the invasion by the Armenian king Tigranes the Great and their ultimate overthrow by the Roman general Pompey . Attalid Pergamum ( edit ) Main article: Pergamum External video The Pergamon Altar , Smarthistory After the death of Lysimachus , one of his officers, Philetaerus , took control of the city of Pergamum in 282 BC along with Lysimachus' war chest of 9,000 talents and declared himself loyal to Seleucus I while remaining de facto independent. His descendant, Attalus I , defeated the invading Galatians and proclaimed himself an independent king. Attalus I (241-- 197 BC), was a staunch ally of Rome against Philip V of Macedon during the first and second Macedonian Wars . For his support against the Seleucids in 190 BC, Eumenes II was rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor . Eumenes II turned Pergamon into a centre of culture and science by establishing the library of Pergamum which was said to be second only to the library of Alexandria with 200,000 volumes according to Plutarch . It included a reading room and a collection of paintings. Eumenes II also constructed the Pergamum Altar with friezes depicting the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city. Pergamum was also a center of parchment ( charta pergamena ) production. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis. Galatia ( edit ) Main article: Galatia The Dying Gaul is a Roman marble copy of a Hellenistic work of the late 3rd century BC. Capitoline Museums , Rome. The Celts who settled in Galatia came through Thrace under the leadership of Leotarios and Leonnorios c. 270 BC. They were defeated by Seleucus I in the ' battle of the Elephants' , but were still able to establish a Celtic territory in central Anatolia . The Galatians were well respected as warriors and were widely used as mercenaries in the armies of the successor states. They continued to attack neighboring kingdoms such as Bithynia and Pergamon , plundering and extracting tribute. This came to an end when they sided with the renegade Seleucid prince Antiochus Hierax who tried to defeat Attalus , the ruler of Pergamon (241-- 197 BC). Attalus severely defeated the Gauls, forcing them to confine themselves to Galatia. The theme of the Dying Gaul (a famous statue displayed in Pergamon ) remained a favorite in Hellenistic art for a generation signifying the victory of the Greeks over a noble enemy. In the early 2nd century BC, the Galatians became allies of Antiochus the Great , the last Seleucid king trying to regain suzerainty over Asia Minor. In 189 BC, Rome sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians. Galatia was henceforth dominated by Rome through regional rulers from 189 BC onward. After their defeats by Pergamon and Rome the Galatians slowly became hellenized and they were called `` Gallo-Graeci'' by the historian Justin as well as Ἑλληνογαλάται ( Hellēnogalátai ) by Diodorus Siculus in his Bibliotheca historica v.32.5, who wrote that they were `` called Helleno-Galatians because of their connection with the Greeks.'' Bithynia ( edit ) Main article: Bithynia The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia. After Alexander's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas, who defeated Calas, a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. His son, Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I , and assumed the title of king ( basileus ) in 297 BC. His son and successor, Nicomedes I , founded Nicomedia , which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (c. 278 -- c. 255 BC), as well as those of his successors, the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Nicomedes also invited the Celtic Galatians into Anatolia as mercenaries, and they later turned on his son Prusias I, who defeated them in battle. Their last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and, after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic (74 BC). Cappadocia ( edit ) Main article: Cappadocia Cappadocia, a mountainous region situated between Pontus and the Taurus mountains, was ruled by a Persian dynasty. Ariarathes I (332-- 322 BC) was the satrap of Cappadocia under the Persians and after the conquests of Alexander he retained his post. After Alexander's death he was defeated by Eumenes and crucified in 322 BC, but his son, Ariarathes II managed to regain the throne and maintain his autonomy against the warring Diadochi. In 255 BC, Ariarathes III took the title of king and married Stratonice, a daughter of Antiochus II, remaining an ally of the Seleucid kingdom. Under Ariarathes IV, Cappadocia came into relations with Rome, first as a foe espousing the cause of Antiochus the Great , then as an ally against Perseus of Macedon and finally in a war against the Seleucids. Ariarathes V also waged war with Rome against Aristonicus, a claimant to the throne of Pergamon, and their forces were annihilated in 130 BC. This defeat allowed Pontus to invade and conquer the kingdom. Kingdom of Pontus ( edit ) Main article: Kingdom of Pontus Bust of Mithridates VI sporting a lion pelt headdress, a symbol of Herakles . The Kingdom of Pontus was a Hellenistic kingdom on the southern coast of the Black Sea . It was founded by Mithridates I in 291 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC. Despite being ruled by a dynasty which was a descendant of the Persian Achaemenid Empire it became hellenized due to the influence of the Greek cities on the Black Sea and its neighboring kingdoms. Pontic culture was a mix of Greek and Iranian elements; the most hellenized parts of the kingdom were on the coast, populated by Greek colonies such as Trapezus and Sinope , the latter of which became the capital of the kingdom. Epigraphic evidence also shows extensive Hellenistic influence in the interior. During the reign of Mithridates II, Pontus was allied with the Seleucids through dynastic marriages. By the time of Mithridates VI Eupator, Greek was the official language of the kingdom, though Anatolian languages continued to be spoken. The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI , who conquered Colchis , Cappadocia , Paphlagonia , Bithynia , Lesser Armenia, the Bosporan Kingdom , the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and, for a brief time, the Roman province of Asia. Mithridates VI , himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry, presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the ' barbarians' of Rome styling himself as `` King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus'' and as the `` great liberator'' . Mithridates also depicted himself with the anastole hairstyle of Alexander and used the symbolism of Herakles , from whom the Macedonian kings claimed descent. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic wars, Pontus was defeated; part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province of Bithynia, while Pontus' eastern half survived as a client kingdom. Armenia ( edit ) Main article: Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity) Tigranes the Great's Armenian Empire Orontid Armenia formally passed to the empire of Alexander the Great following his conquest of Persia. Alexander appointed an Orontid named Mithranes to govern Armenia. Armenia later became a vassal state of the Seleucid Empire , but it maintained a considerable degree of autonomy, retaining its native rulers. Towards the end 212 BC the country was divided into two kingdoms, Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene , including Commagene or Armenia Minor. The kingdoms became so independent from Seleucid control that Antiochus III the Great waged war on them during his reign and replaced their rulers. After the Seleucid defeat at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC, the kings of Sophene and Greater Armenia revolted and declared their independence, with Artaxias becoming the first king of the Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia in 188. During the reign of the Artaxiads, Armenia went through a period of hellenization . Numismatic evidence shows Greek artistic styles and the use of the Greek language. Some coins describe the Armenian kings as `` Philhellenes '' . During the reign of Tigranes the Great (95-- 55 BC), the kingdom of Armenia reached its greatest extent, containing many Greek cities, including the entire Syrian tetrapolis . Cleopatra , the wife of Tigranes the Great , invited Greeks such as the rhetor Amphicrates and the historian Metrodorus of Scepsis to the Armenian court, and-- according to Plutarch-- when the Roman general Lucullus seized the Armenian capital, Tigranocerta, he found a troupe of Greek actors who had arrived to perform plays for Tigranes. Tigranes' successor Artavasdes II even composed Greek tragedies himself. Parthia ( edit ) Main article: Parthian Empire Coin of Phraates IV with Hellenistic titles such as Euergetes, Epiphanes and Philhellene (admirer of the Greeks) Parthia was a north-eastern Iranian satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire which later passed on to Alexander's empire. Under the Seleucids, Parthia was governed by various Greek satraps such as Nicanor and Philip . In 247 BC, following the death of Antiochus II Theos , Andragoras , the Seleucid governor of Parthia, proclaimed his independence and began minting coins showing himself wearing a royal diadem and claiming kingship. He ruled until 238 BC when Arsaces , the leader of the Parni tribe conquered Parthia, killing Andragoras and inaugurating the Arsacid Dynasty . Antiochus III recaptured Arsacid controlled territory in 209 BC from Arsaces II . Arsaces II sued for peace and became a vassal of the Seleucids. It was not until the reign of Phraates I (168-- 165 BC), that the Arsacids would again begin to assert their independence. During the reign of Mithridates I of Parthia , Arsacid control expanded to include Herat (in 167 BC), Babylonia (in 144 BC), Media (in 141 BC), Persia (in 139 BC), and large parts of Syria (in the 110s BC). The Seleucid-- Parthian wars continued as the Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under Antiochus VII Sidetes (r. 138-- 129 BC), but he was eventually killed by a Parthian counterattack. After the fall of the Seleucid dynasty, the Parthians fought frequently against neighbouring Rome in the Roman-- Parthian Wars (66 BC -- 217 AD). Abundant traces of Hellenism continued under the Parthian empire. The Parthians used Greek as well as their own Parthian language (though lesser than Greek) as languages of administration and also used Greek drachmas as coinage. They enjoyed Greek theater, and Greek art influenced Parthian art . The Parthians continued worshipping Greek gods syncretized together with Iranian deities. Their rulers established ruler cults in the manner of Hellenistic kings and often used Hellenistic royal epithets . Nabatean kingdom ( edit ) Main article: Nabatean Kingdom Al-Khazneh in Petra shows the Hellenistic influences on the Nabatean capital city The Nabatean Kingdom was an Arab state located between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula . Its capital was the city of Petra , an important trading city on the incense route . The Nabateans resisted the attacks of Antigonus and were allies of the Hasmoneans in their struggle against the Seleucids , but later fought against Herod the Great . The hellenization of the Nabateans occurred relatively late in comparison to the surrounding regions. Nabatean material culture does not show any Greek influence until the reign of Aretas III Philhellene in the 1st century BC. Aretas captured Damascus and built the Petra pool complex and gardens in the Hellenistic style. Though the Nabateans originally worshipped their traditional gods in symbolic form such as stone blocks or pillars, during the Hellenistic period they began to identify their gods with Greek gods and depict them in figurative forms influenced by Greek sculpture. Nabatean art shows Greek influences and paintings have been found depicting Dionysian scenes. They also slowly adopted Greek as a language of commerce along with Aramaic and Arabic. Judea ( edit ) Main article: Coele-Syria Further information: Hellenistic Judaism and Hasmonean dynasty Model of Herod's Temple (renovation of the Second Temple ) in the Israel Museum During the Hellenistic period, Judea became a frontier region between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt and therefore was often the frontline of the Syrian wars, changing hands several times during these conflicts. Under the Hellenistic kingdoms, Judea was ruled by the hereditary office of the High Priest of Israel as a Hellenistic vassal. This period also saw the rise of a Hellenistic Judaism , which first developed in the Jewish diaspora of Alexandria and Antioch, and then spread to Judea. The major literary product of this cultural syncretism is the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible from Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic to Koiné Greek . The reason for the production of this translation seems to be that many of the Alexandrian Jews had lost the ability to speak Hebrew and Aramaic. Between 301 and 219 BC the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads ). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BC after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174-- 135 BC Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah ). Modern interpretations see this period as a civil war between Hellenized and orthodox forms of Judaism. Out of this revolt was formed an independent Jewish kingdom known as the Hasmonaean Dynasty , which lasted from 165 BC to 63 BC. The Hasmonean Dynasty eventually disintegrated in a civil war , which coincided with civil wars in Rome . The last Hasmonean ruler, Antigonus II Mattathias , was captured by Herod and executed in 37 BC. In spite of originally being a revolt against Greek overlordship, the Hasmonean kingdom and also the Herodian kingdom which followed gradually became more and more hellenized. From 37 BC to 4 BC, Herod the Great ruled as a Jewish-Roman client king appointed by the Roman Senate . He considerably enlarged the Temple (see Herod's Temple ), making it one of the largest religious structures in the world. The style of the enlarged temple and other Herodian architecture shows significant Hellenistic architectural influence. His son, Herod Archelaus , ruled from 4 BC to 6 AD when he was deposed for the formation of Roman Judea . Greco-Bactrians ( edit ) Main article: Greco-Bactrian kingdom See also: Hellenistic influence on Indian art The Greco-Bactrian kingdom at its maximum extent (c. 180 BC). Silver coin depicting Demetrius I of Bactria (reigned c. 200-- 180 BC), wearing an elephant scalp, symbol of his conquests in India . The Greek kingdom of Bactria began as a breakaway satrapy of the Seleucid empire, which, because of the size of the empire, had significant freedom from central control. Between 255-246 BC, the governor of Bactria , Sogdiana and Margiana (most of present-day Afghanistan ), one Diodotus , took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king. Diodotus II, son of Diodotus, was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus , possibly the satrap of Sogdiana, who then started his own dynasty. In c. 210 BC, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under Antiochus III . While victorious in the field, it seems Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo (perhaps sensing that Bactria could not be governed from Syria), and married one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son, thus legitimising the Greco-Bactrian dynasty. Soon afterwards the Greco-Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded, possibly taking advantage of the defeat of the Parthian king Arsaces II by Antiochus. According to Strabo , the Greco-Bactrians seem to have had contacts with China through the silk road trade routes (Strabo, XI.XI.I). Indian sources also maintain religious contact between Buddhist monks and the Greeks, and some Greco-Bactrians did convert to Buddhism . Demetrius , son and successor of Euthydemus, invaded north-western India in 180 BC, after the destruction of the Mauryan Empire there; the Mauryans were probably allies of the Bactrians (and Seleucids). The exact justification for the invasion remains unclear, but by about 175 BC, the Greeks ruled over parts of north-western India. This period also marks the beginning of the obfuscation of Greco-Bactrian history. Demetrius possibly died about 180 BC; numismatic evidence suggests the existence of several other kings shortly thereafter. It is probable that at this point the Greco-Bactrian kingdom split into several semi-independent regions for some years, often warring amongst themselves. Heliocles was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria, his power collapsing in the face of central Asian tribal invasions ( Scythian and Yuezhi ), by about 130 BC. However, Greek urban civilisation seems to have continued in Bactria after the fall of the kingdom, having a hellenising effect on the tribes which had displaced Greek rule. The Kushan Empire which followed continued to use Greek on their coinage and Greeks continued being influential in the empire. Indo-Greek kingdoms ( edit ) Main article: Indo-Greeks Indo-Greek territory, with known campaigns and battles. Heracles as Buddha protector Vajrapani , 2nd century Gandhara . The separation of the Indo-Greek kingdom from the Greco-Bactrian kingdom resulted in an even more isolated position, and thus the details of the Indo-Greek kingdom are even more obscure than for Bactria. Many supposed kings in India are known only because of coins bearing their name. The numismatic evidence together with archaeological finds and the scant historical records suggest that the fusion of eastern and western cultures reached its peak in the Indo-Greek kingdom. After Demetrius' death, civil wars between Bactrian kings in India allowed Apollodotus I (from c. 180/175 BC) to make himself independent as the first proper Indo-Greek king (who did not rule from Bactria). Large numbers of his coins have been found in India, and he seems to have reigned in Gandhara as well as western Punjab . Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside Antimachus II , likely the son of the Bactrian king Antimachus I. In about 155 (or 165) BC he seems to have been succeeded by the most successful of the Indo-Greek kings, Menander I. Menander converted to Buddhism , and seems to have been a great patron of the religion; he is remembered in some Buddhist texts as ' Milinda' . He also expanded the kingdom further east into Punjab, though these conquests were rather ephemeral. After the death of Menander (c. 130 BC), the Kingdom appears to have fragmented, with several ' kings' attested contemporaneously in different regions. This inevitably weakened the Greek position, and territory seems to have been lost progressively. Around 70 BC, the western regions of Arachosia and Paropamisadae were lost to tribal invasions, presumably by those tribes responsible for the end of the Bactrian kingdom. The resulting Indo-Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek kingdom towards the east. The Indo-Greek kingdom appears to have lingered on in western Punjab until about 10 AD, at which time it was finally ended by the Indo-Scythians. After conquering the Indo-Greeks, the Kushan empire took over Greco-Buddhism , the Greek language, Greek script , Greek coinage and artistic styles. Greeks continued being an important part of the cultural world of India for generations. The depictions of the Buddha appear to have been influenced by Greek culture: Buddha representations in the Ghandara period often showed Buddha under the protection of Herakles. Several references in Indian literature praise the knowledge of the Yavanas or the Greeks. The Mahabharata compliments them as `` the all-knowing Yavanas'' (sarvajnaa yavanaa); e.g., `` The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so. The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy'' , such as flying machines that are generally called vimanas . The `` Brihat-Samhita'' of the mathematician Varahamihira says: `` The Greeks , though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others... '' . Other states and Hellenistic influences ( edit ) Greco-Scythian golden comb, from Solokha , early 4th century, Hermitage Museum Hellenistic culture was at its height of world influence in the Hellenistic period. Hellenism or at least Philhellenism reached most regions on the frontiers of the Hellenistic kingdoms. Though some of these regions were not ruled by Greeks or even Greek speaking elites, certain Hellenistic influences can be seen in the historical record and material culture of these regions. Other regions had established contact with Greek colonies before this period, and simply saw a continued process of Hellenization and intermixing. Before the Hellenistic period, Greek colonies had been established on the coast of the Crimean and Taman peninsulas . The Bosporan Kingdom was a multi-ethnic kingdom of Greek city states and local tribal peoples such as the Maeotians , Thracians , Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians under the Spartocid dynasty (438-- 110 BC). The Spartocids were a hellenized Thracian family from Panticapaeum . The Bosporans had long lasting trade contacts with the Scythian peoples of the Pontic-Caspian steppe , and Hellenistic influence can be seen in the Scythian settlements of the Crimea , such as in the Scythian Neapolis . Scythian pressure on the Bosporan kingdom under Paerisades V led to its eventual vassalage under the Pontic king Mithradates VI for protection, c. 107 BC. It later became a Roman client state. Other Scythians on the steppes of Central Asia came into contact with Hellenistic culture through the Greeks of Bactria. Many Scythian elites purchased Greek products and some Scythian art shows Greek influences. At least some Scythians seem to have become Hellenized, because we know of conflicts between the elites of the Scythian kingdom over the adoption of Greek ways. These Hellenized Scythians were known as the `` young Scythians'' . The peoples around Pontic Olbia , known as the Callipidae , were intermixed and Hellenized Greco-Scythians. Statuette of Nike , Greek goddess of victory, from Vani , Georgia (country) The Greek colonies on the west coast of the Black sea , such as Istros , Tomi and Callatis traded with the Thracian Getae who occupied modern-day Dobruja . From the 6th century BC on, the multiethnic people in this region gradually intermixed with each other, creating a Greco-Getic populace. Numismatic evidence shows that Hellenic influence penetrated further inland. Getae in Wallachia and Moldavia coined Getic tetradrachms , Getic imitations of Macedonian coinage. The ancient Georgian kingdoms had trade relations with the Greek city-states on the Black Sea coast such as Poti and Sukhumi . The kingdom of Colchis , which later became a Roman client state, received Hellenistic influences from the Black Sea Greek colonies. In Arabia, Bahrain , which was referred to by the Greeks as Tylos , the centre of pearl trading, when Nearchus came to discover it serving under Alexander the Great . The Greek admiral Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander's commanders to visit these islands. It is not known whether Bahrain was part of the Seleucid Empire , although the archaeological site at Qalat Al Bahrain has been proposed as a Seleucid base in the Persian Gulf. Alexander had planned to settle the eastern shores of the Persian Gulf with Greek colonists, and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged, Tylos was very much part of the Hellenised world: the language of the upper classes was Greek (although Aramaic was in everyday use), while Zeus was worshipped in the form of the Arabian sun-god Shams. Tylos even became the site of Greek athletic contests. Carthaginian hoplite (Sacred Band, end of the 4th century BC) Carthage was a Phoenician colony on the coast of Tunisia . Carthaginian culture came into contact with the Greeks through Punic colonies in Sicily and through their widespread Mediterranean trade network. While the Carthaginians retained their Punic culture and language, they did adopt some Hellenistic ways, one of the most prominent of which was their military practices. In 550 BC, Mago I of Carthage began a series of military reforms which included copying the army of Timoleon , Tyrant of Syracuse . The core of Carthage's military was the Greek-style phalanx formed by citizen hoplite spearmen who had been conscripted into service, though their armies also included large numbers of mercenaries. After their defeat in the First Punic War , Carthage hired a Spartan mercenary captain, Xanthippus of Carthage , to reform their military forces. Xanthippus reformed the Carthaginian military along Macedonian army lines. By the 2nd century BC, the kingdom of Numidia also began to see Hellenistic culture influence its art and architecture. The Numidian royal monument at Chemtou is one example of Numidian Hellenized architecture. Reliefs on the monument also show the Numidians had adopted Greco-Macedonian type armor and shields for their soldiers. Ptolemaic Egypt was the center of Hellenistic influence in Africa and Greek colonies also thrived in the region of Cyrene, Libya . The kingdom of Meroë was in constant contact with Ptolemaic Egypt and Hellenistic influences can be seen in their art and archaeology. There was a temple to Serapis , the Greco-Egyptian god. Rise of Rome ( edit ) Eastern hemisphere at the end of the 2nd century BC. Widespread Roman interference in the Greek world was probably inevitable given the general manner of the ascendency of the Roman Republic . This Roman-Greek interaction began as a consequence of the Greek city-states located along the coast of southern Italy. Rome had come to dominate the Italian peninsula, and desired the submission of the Greek cities to its rule. Although they initially resisted, allying themselves with Pyrrhus of Epirus , and defeating the Romans at several battles, the Greek cities were unable to maintain this position and were absorbed by the Roman republic. Shortly afterwards, Rome became involved in Sicily, fighting against the Carthaginians in the First Punic War . The end result was the complete conquest of Sicily, including its previously powerful Greek cities, by the Romans. Roman entanglement in the Balkans began when Illyrian piratical raids on Roman merchants led to invasions of Illyria (the First and, Second Illyrian Wars ). Tension between Macedon and Rome increased when the young king of Macedon, Philip V , harbored one of the chief pirates, Demetrius of Pharos (a former client of Rome). As a result, in an attempt to reduce Roman influence in the Balkans, Philip allied himself with Carthage after Hannibal had dealt the Romans a massive defeat at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC) during the Second Punic War . Forcing the Romans to fight on another front when they were at a nadir of manpower gained Philip the lasting enmity of the Romans-- the only real result from the somewhat insubstantial First Macedonian War (215-- 202 BC). Once the Second Punic War had been resolved, and the Romans had begun to regather their strength, they looked to re-assert their influence in the Balkans, and to curb the expansion of Philip. A pretext for war was provided by Philip's refusal to end his war with Attalid Pergamum and Rhodes , both Roman allies. The Romans, also allied with the Aetolian League of Greek city-states (which resented Philip's power), thus declared war on Macedon in 200 BC, starting the Second Macedonian War . This ended with a decisive Roman victory at the Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BC). Like most Roman peace treaties of the period, the resultant ' Peace of Flaminius' was designed utterly to crush the power of the defeated party; a massive indemnity was levied, Philip's fleet was surrendered to Rome, and Macedon was effectively returned to its ancient boundaries, losing influence over the city-states of southern Greece, and land in Thrace and Asia Minor. The result was the end of Macedon as a major power in the Mediterranean. As a result of the confusion in Greece at the end of the Second Macedonian War, the Seleucid Empire also became entangled with the Romans. The Seleucid Antiochus III had allied with Philip V of Macedon in 203 BC, agreeing that they should jointly conquer the lands of the boy-king of Egypt, Ptolemy V. After defeating Ptolemy in the Fifth Syrian War , Antiochus concentrated on occupying the Ptolemaic possessions in Asia Minor. However, this brought Antiochus into conflict with Rhodes and Pergamum, two important Roman allies, and began a ' cold war' between Rome and Antiochus (not helped by the presence of Hannibal at the Seleucid court). Meanwhile, in mainland Greece, the Aetolian League , which had sided with Rome against Macedon, now grew to resent the Roman presence in Greece. This presented Antiochus III with a pretext to invade Greece and ' liberate' it from Roman influence, thus starting the Roman-Syrian War (192-- 188 BC). In 191 BC, the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed him at Thermopylae and obliged him to withdraw to Asia. During the course of this war Roman troops moved into Asia for the first time, where they defeated Antiochus again at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BC). A crippling treaty was imposed on Antiochus, with Seleucid possessions in Asia Minor removed and given to Rhodes and Pergamum, the size of the Seleucid navy reduced, and a massive war indemnity invoked. Perseus of Macedon surrenders to Paullus. Painting by Jean-François Pierre Peyron from 1802. Museum of Fine Arts , Budapest . Thus, in less than twenty years, Rome had destroyed the power of one of the successor states, crippled another, and firmly entrenched its influence over Greece. This was primarily a result of the over-ambition of the Macedonian kings, and their unintended provocation of Rome, though Rome was quick to exploit the situation. In another twenty years, the Macedonian kingdom was no more. Seeking to re-assert Macedonian power and Greek independence, Philip V's son Perseus incurred the wrath of the Romans, resulting in the Third Macedonian War (171-- 168 BC). Victorious, the Romans abolished the Macedonian kingdom, replacing it with four puppet republics; these lasted a further twenty years before Macedon was formally annexed as a Roman province (146 BC) after yet another rebellion under Andriscus . Rome now demanded that the Achaean League, the last stronghold of Greek independence, be dissolved. The Achaeans refused and declared war on Rome. Most of the Greek cities rallied to the Achaeans' side, even slaves were freed to fight for Greek independence. The Roman consul Lucius Mummius advanced from Macedonia and defeated the Greeks at Corinth , which was razed to the ground. In 146 BC, the Greek peninsula, though not the islands, became a Roman protectorate. Roman taxes were imposed, except in Athens and Sparta, and all the cities had to accept rule by Rome's local allies. The Attalid dynasty of Pergamum lasted little longer; a Roman ally until the end, its final king Attalus III died in 133 BC without an heir, and taking the alliance to its natural conclusion, willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic. The final Greek resistance came in 88 BC, when King Mithridates of Pontus rebelled against Rome, captured Roman held Anatolia, and massacred up to 100,000 Romans and Roman allies across Asia Minor. Many Greek cities, including Athens, overthrew their Roman puppet rulers and joined him in the Mithridatic wars . When he was driven out of Greece by the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla , the latter laid siege to Athens and razed the city. Mithridates was finally defeated by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) in 65 BC. Further ruin was brought to Greece by the Roman civil wars, which were partly fought in Greece. Finally, in 27 BC, Augustus directly annexed Greece to the new Roman Empire as the province of Achaea . The struggles with Rome had left Greece depopulated and demoralised. Nevertheless, Roman rule at least brought an end to warfare, and cities such as Athens, Corinth, Thessaloniki and Patras soon recovered their prosperity. Contrarily, having so firmly entrenched themselves into Greek affairs, the Romans now completely ignored the rapidly disintegrating Seleucid empire (perhaps because it posed no threat); and left the Ptolemaic kingdom to decline quietly, while acting as a protector of sorts, in as much as to stop other powers taking Egypt over (including the famous line-in-the-sand incident when the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes tried to invade Egypt). Eventually, instability in the near east resulting from the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Seleucid Empire caused the Roman proconsul Pompey the Great to abolish the Seleucid rump state, absorbing much of Syria into the Roman Republic. Famously, the end of Ptolemaic Egypt came as the final act in the republican civil war between the Roman triumvirs Mark Anthony and Augustus Caesar . After the defeat of Anthony and his lover, the last Ptolemaic monarch, Cleopatra VII , at the Battle of Actium , Augustus invaded Egypt and took it as his own personal fiefdom. He thereby completed both the destruction of the Hellenistic kingdoms and the Roman Republic, and ended (in hindsight) the Hellenistic era. Culture ( edit ) The Library of Alexandria in the Ptolemaic Kingdom , here shown in an artist's impression, was the largest and most significant library of the ancient world . The Rosetta Stone , a trilingual Ptolemaic decree establishing the religious cult of Ptolemy V . In some fields Hellenistic culture thrived, particularly in its preservation of the past. The states of the Hellenistic period were deeply fixated with the past and its seemingly lost glories. The preservation of many classical and archaic works of art and literature (including the works of the three great classical tragedians, Aeschylus , Sophocles , and Euripides ) are due to the efforts of the Hellenistic Greeks. The museum and library of Alexandria was the center of this conservationist activity. With the support of royal stipends, Alexandrian scholars collected, translated, copied, classified and critiqued every book they could find. Most of the great literary figures of the Hellenistic period studied at Alexandria and conducted research there. They were scholar poets, writing not only poetry but treatises on Homer and other archaic and classical Greek literature. Athens retained its position as the most prestigious seat of higher education, especially in the domains of philosophy and rhetoric, with considerable libraries and philosophical schools. Alexandria had the monumental Museum (i.e. research center) and Library of Alexandria which was estimated to have had 700,000 volumes. The city of Pergamon also had a large library and became a major center of book production. The island of Rhodes had a library and also boasted a famous finishing school for politics and diplomacy. Libraries were also present in Antioch , Pella , and Kos . Cicero was educated in Athens and Mark Antony in Rhodes. Antioch was founded as a metropolis and center of Greek learning which retained its status into the era of Christianity . Seleucia replaced Babylon as the metropolis of the lower Tigris . The spread of Greek culture and language throughout the Near East and Asia owed much to the development of newly founded cities and deliberate colonization policies by the successor states, which in turn was necessary for maintaining their military forces. Settlements such as Ai-Khanoum , situated on trade routes, allowed Greek culture to mix and spread. The language of Philip II's and Alexander's court and army (which was made up of various Greek and non-Greek speaking peoples) was a version of Attic Greek , and over time this language developed into Koine , the lingua franca of the successor states. The identification of local gods with similar Greek deities, a practice termed ' Interpretatio graeca ' , facilitated the building of Greek-style temples, and the Greek culture in the cities also meant that buildings such as gymnasia and theaters became common. Many cities maintained nominal autonomy while under the rule of the local king or satrap , and often had Greek-style institutions. Greek dedications, statues, architecture and inscriptions have all been found. However, local cultures were not replaced, and mostly went on as before, but now with a new Greco-Macedonian or otherwise Hellenized elite. An example that shows the spread of Greek theater is Plutarch 's story of the death of Crassus , in which his head was taken to the Parthian court and used as a prop in a performance of The Bacchae . Theaters have also been found: for example, in Ai-Khanoum on the edge of Bactria , the theater has 35 rows -- larger than the theater in Babylon . The spread of Greek influence and language is also shown through Ancient Greek coinage . Portraits became more realistic, and the obverse of the coin was often used to display a propaganda image, commemorating an event or displaying the image of a favored god. The use of Greek-style portraits and Greek language continued under the Roman, Parthian and Kushan empires , even as the use of Greek was in decline. Hellenization and acculturation ( edit ) One of the first representations of the Buddha , and an example of Greco-Buddhist art , 1st-2nd century AD, Gandhara : Standing Buddha (Tokyo National Museum) . Bull capital from Rampurva , Maurya Empire , 3rd century BC, Indian Museum , Calcutta . The subject matter is Indian ( zebu ), the global shape is influenced by Achaemenid styles, and the floral band incorporates Hellenistic designs ( flame palmettes ). Further information: Hellenization The concept of Hellenization, meaning the adoption of Greek culture in non-Greek regions, has long been controversial. Undoubtedly Greek influence did spread through the Hellenistic realms, but to what extent, and whether this was a deliberate policy or mere cultural diffusion, have been hotly debated. It seems likely that Alexander himself pursued policies which led to Hellenization, such as the foundations of new cities and Greek colonies. While it may have been a deliberate attempt to spread Greek culture (or as Arrian says, `` to civilise the natives'' ), it is more likely that it was a series of pragmatic measures designed to aid in the rule of his enormous empire. Cities and colonies were centers of administrative control and Macedonian power in a newly conquered region. Alexander also seems to have attempted to create a mixed Greco-Persian elite class as shown by the Susa weddings and his adoption of some forms of Persian dress and court culture. He also brought Persian and other non-Greek peoples into his military and even the elite cavalry units of the companion cavalry . Again, it is probably better to see these policies as a pragmatic response to the demands of ruling a large empire than to any idealized attempt to bringing Greek culture to the ' barbarians ' . This approach was bitterly resented by the Macedonians and discarded by most of the Diadochi after Alexander's death. These policies can also be interpreted as the result of Alexander's possible megalomania during his later years. After Alexander's death in 323 BC, the influx of Greek colonists into the new realms continued to spread Greek culture into Asia. The founding of new cities and military colonies continued to be a major part of the Successors' struggle for control of any particular region, and these continued to be centers of cultural diffusion. The spread of Greek culture under the Successors seems mostly to have occurred with the spreading of Greeks themselves, rather than as an active policy. Throughout the Hellenistic world, these Greco-Macedonian colonists considered themselves by and large superior to the native `` barbarians'' and excluded most non-Greeks from the upper echelons of courtly and government life. Most of the native population was not Hellenized, had little access to Greek culture and often found themselves discriminated against by their Hellenic overlords. Gymnasiums and their Greek education, for example, were for Greeks only. Greek cities and colonies may have exported Greek art and architecture as far as the Indus , but these were mostly enclaves of Greek culture for the transplanted Greek elite . The degree of influence that Greek culture had throughout the Hellenistic kingdoms was therefore highly localized and based mostly on a few great cities like Alexandria and Antioch. Some natives did learn Greek and adopt Greek ways, but this was mostly limited to a few local elites who were allowed to retain their posts by the Diadochi and also to a small number of mid-level administrators who acted as intermediaries between the Greek speaking upper class and their subjects. In the Seleucid Empire, for example, this group amounted to only 2.5 percent of the official class. Hellenistic art nevertheless had a considerable influence on the cultures that had been affected by the Hellenistic expansion. As far as the Indian subcontinent, Hellenistic influence on Indian art was broad and far-reaching, and had effects for several centuries following the forays of Alexander the Great. Despite their initial reluctance, the Successors seem to have later deliberately naturalized themselves to their different regions, presumably in order to help maintain control of the population. In the Ptolemaic kingdom, we find some Egyptianized Greeks by the 2nd century onwards. In the Indo-Greek kingdom we find kings who were converts to Buddhism (e.g., Menander ). The Greeks in the regions therefore gradually become ' localized' , adopting local customs as appropriate. In this way, hybrid ' Hellenistic' cultures naturally emerged, at least among the upper echelons of society. The trends of Hellenization were therefore accompanied by Greeks adopting native ways over time, but this was widely varied by place and by social class. The farther away from the Mediterranean and the lower in social status, the more likely that a colonist was to adopt local ways, while the Greco-Macedonian elites and royal families usually remained thoroughly Greek and viewed most non-Greeks with disdain. It was not until Cleopatra VII that a Ptolemaic ruler bothered to learn the Egyptian language of their subjects. Religion ( edit ) Main article: Hellenistic religion Bust of Zeus-Ammon , a deity with attributes from Greek and Egyptian gods. In the Hellenistic period, there was much continuity in Greek religion : the Greek gods continued to be worshiped, and the same rites were practiced as before. However the socio-political changes brought on by the conquest of the Persian empire and Greek emigration abroad meant that change also came to religious practices. This varied greatly by location. Athens, Sparta and most cities in the Greek mainland did not see much religious change or new gods (with the exception of the Egyptian Isis in Athens), while the multi-ethnic Alexandria had a very varied group of gods and religious practices, including Egyptian, Jewish and Greek. Greek emigres brought their Greek religion everywhere they went, even as far as India and Afghanistan. Non-Greeks also had more freedom to travel and trade throughout the Mediterranean and in this period we can see Egyptian gods such as Serapis , and the Syrian gods Atargatis and Hadad , as well as a Jewish synagogue , all coexisting on the island of Delos alongside classical Greek deities. A common practice was to identify Greek gods with native gods that had similar characteristics and this created new fusions like Zeus-Ammon, Aphrodite Hagne (a Hellenized Atargatis ) and Isis - Demeter . Greek emigres faced individual religious choices they had not faced on their home cities, where the gods they worshiped were dictated by tradition. Cybele , a Phrygian mother Goddess, enthroned, with lion , cornucopia and Mural crown . Hellenistic monarchies were closely associated with the religious life of the kingdoms they ruled. This had already been a feature of Macedonian kingship, which had priestly duties. Hellenestic kings adopted patron deities as protectors of their house and sometimes claimed descent from them. The Seleucids for example took on Apollo as patron, the Antigonids had Herakles , and the Ptolemies claimed Dionysus among others. The worship of dynastic ruler cults was also a feature of this period, most notably in Egypt, where the Ptolemies adopted earlier Pharaonic practice, and established themselves as god-kings . These cults were usually associated with a specific temple in honor of the ruler such as the Ptolemaieia at Alexandria and had their own festivals and theatrical performances. The setting up of ruler cults was more based on the systematized honors offered to the kings (sacrifice, proskynesis , statues, altars, hymns) which put them on par with the gods ( isotheism ) than on actual belief of their divine nature. According to Peter Green, these cults did not produce genuine belief of the divinity of rulers among the Greeks and Macedonians. The worship of Alexander was also popular, as in the long lived cult at Erythrae and of course, at Alexandria, where his tomb was located. The Hellenistic age also saw a rise in the disillusionment with traditional religion. The rise of philosophy and the sciences had removed the gods from many of their traditional domains such as their role in the movement of the heavenly bodies and natural disasters. The Sophists proclaimed the centrality of humanity and agnosticism ; the belief in Euhemerism (the view that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes), became popular. The popular philosopher Epicurus promoted a view of disinterested gods living far away from the human realm in metakosmia . The apotheosis of rulers also brought the idea of divinity down to earth. While there does seem to have been a substantial decline in religiosity, this was mostly reserved for the educated classes. Magic was practiced widely, and this, too, was a continuation from earlier times. Throughout the Hellenistic world, people would consult oracles , and use charms and figurines to deter misfortune or to cast spells. Also developed in this era was the complex system of astrology , which sought to determine a person's character and future in the movements of the sun , moon , and planets . Astrology was widely associated with the cult of Tyche (luck, fortune), which grew in popularity during this period. Literature ( edit ) Relief with Menander and New Comedy Masks (Roman, AD 40-60) - the masks show three New Comedy stock characters: youth, false maiden, old man. Princeton University Art Museum The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy , the only few surviving representative texts being those of Menander (born 342/1 BC). Only one play, Dyskolos , survives in its entirety. The plots of this new Hellenistic comedy of manners were more domestic and formulaic, stereotypical low born characters such as slaves became more important, the language was colloquial and major motifs included escapism , marriage, romance and luck ( Tyche ). Though no Hellenistic tragedy remains intact, they were still widely produced during the period, yet it seems that there was no major breakthrough in style, remaining within the classical model. The Supplementum Hellenisticum , a modern collection of extant fragments, contains the fragments of 150 authors. Hellenistic poets now sought patronage from kings, and wrote works in their honor. The scholars at the libraries in Alexandria and Pergamon focused on the collection, cataloging, and literary criticism of classical Athenian works and ancient Greek myths. The poet-critic Callimachus , a staunch elitist, wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo. He promoted short poetic forms such as the epigram , epyllion and the iambic and attacked epic as base and common (`` big book, big evil'' was his doctrine). He also wrote a massive catalog of the holdings of the library of Alexandria, the famous Pinakes . Callimachus was extremely influential in his time and also for the development of Augustan poetry . Another poet, Apollonius of Rhodes , attempted to revive the epic for the Hellenistic world with his Argonautica . He had been a student of Callimachus and later became chief librarian ( prostates ) of the library of Alexandria. Apollonius and Callimachus spent much of their careers feuding with each other. Pastoral poetry also thrived during the Hellenistic era, Theocritus was a major poet who popularized the genre. This period also saw the rise of the Ancient Greek novel , e.g., Daphnis and Chloe and the Ephesian Tale . Around 240 BC Livius Andronicus, a Greek slave from southern Italy, translated Homer's Odyssey into Latin. Greek literature would have a dominant effect on the development of the Latin literature of the Romans. The poetry of Virgil , Horace and Ovid were all based on Hellenistic styles. Philosophy ( edit ) Zeno of Citium founded Stoic philosophy. Main article: Hellenistic philosophy During the Hellenistic period, many different schools of thought developed. Athens, with its multiple philosophical schools, continued to remain the center of philosophical thought. However, Athens had now lost her political freedom, and Hellenistic philosophy is a reflection of this new difficult period. In this political climate, Hellenistic philosophers went in search of goals such as ataraxia (un-disturbedness), autarky (self-sufficiency) and apatheia (freedom from suffering), which would allow them to wrest well-being or eudaimonia out of the most difficult turns of fortune. This occupation with the inner life, with personal inner liberty and with the pursuit of eudaimonia is what all Hellenistic philosophical schools have in common. The Epicureans and the Cynics rejected public offices and civic service, which amounted to a rejection of the polis itself, the defining institution of the Greek world. Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal. Cynics such as Diogenes of Sinope rejected all material possessions and social conventions ( nomos ) as unnatural and useless. The Cyrenaics , meanwhile, embraced hedonism , arguing that pleasure was the only true good. Stoicism , founded by Zeno of Citium , taught that virtue was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or Logos . Zeno became extremely popular; the Athenians set up a gold statue of him, and Antigonus II Gonatas invited him to the Macedonian court. The philosophical schools of Aristotle (the Peripatetics of the Lyceum ) and Plato ( Platonism at the Academy ) also remained influential. The academy would eventually turn to Academic Skepticism under Arcesilaus until it was rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 90 BC) in favour of Neoplatonism . Hellenistic philosophy had a significant influence on the Greek ruling elite. Examples include Athenian statesman Demetrius of Phaleron , who had studied in the lyceum ; the Spartan king Cleomenes III , who was a student of the Stoic Sphairos of Borysthenes; and Antigonus II , who was also a well known Stoic. This can also be said of the Roman upper classes, where Stoicism was dominant, as seen in the Meditations of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and the works of Cicero . The spread of Christianity throughout the Roman world, followed by the spread of Islam , ushered in the end of Hellenistic philosophy and the beginnings of Medieval philosophy (often forcefully, as under Justinian I ), which was dominated by the three Abrahamic traditions: Jewish philosophy , Christian philosophy , and early Islamic philosophy . In spite of this shift, Hellenistic philosophy continued to influence these three religious traditions and the renaissance thought which followed them. Sciences ( edit ) Eratosthenes' method for determining the radius and circumference of the Earth. One of the oldest surviving fragments of Euclid's Elements , found at Oxyrhynchus and dated to c. AD 100 ( P. Oxy. 29 ). The diagram accompanies Book II, Proposition 5. Further information: Hellenistic astronomy , Hellenistic mathematics , and Hellenistic geography Hellenistic culture produced seats of learning throughout the Mediterranean. Hellenistic science differed from Greek science in at least two ways: first, it benefited from the cross-fertilization of Greek ideas with those that had developed in the larger Hellenistic world; secondly, to some extent, it was supported by royal patrons in the kingdoms founded by Alexander's successors. Especially important to Hellenistic science was the city of Alexandria in Egypt, which became a major center of scientific research in the 3rd century BC. Hellenistic scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations. Hellenistic Geometers such as Archimedes ( c. 287 -- 212 BC), Apollonius of Perga (c. 262 -- c. 190 BC), and Euclid (c. 325 -- 265 BC), whose Elements became the most important textbook in mathematics until the 19th century, built upon the work of the Hellenic era Pythagoreans . Euclid developed proofs for the Pythagorean Theorem , for the infinitude of primes, and worked on the five Platonic solids . Eratosthenes used his knowledge of geometry to measure the circumference of the Earth . His calculation was remarkably accurate. He was also the first to calculate the tilt of the Earth's axis (again with remarkable accuracy). Additionally, he may have accurately calculated the distance from the Earth to the Sun and invented the leap day . Known as the `` Father of Geography `` , Eratosthenes also created the first map of the world incorporating parallels and meridians , based on the available geographical knowledge of the era. The Antikythera mechanism was an ancient analog computer designed to calculate astronomical positions. Astronomers like Hipparchus (c. 190 -- c. 120 BC) built upon the measurements of the Babylonian astronomers before him, to measure the precession of the Earth. Pliny reports that Hipparchus produced the first systematic star catalog after he observed a new star (it is uncertain whether this was a nova or a comet ) and wished to preserve astronomical record of the stars, so that other new stars could be discovered. It has recently been claimed that a celestial globe based on Hipparchus's star catalog sits atop the broad shoulders of a large 2nd-century Roman statue known as the Farnese Atlas . Another astronomer, Aristarchos of Samos developed a heliocentric system. The level of Hellenistic achievement in astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150-- 100 BC). It is a 37-gear mechanical computer which computed the motions of the Sun and Moon, including lunar and solar eclipses predicted on the basis of astronomical periods believed to have been learned from the Babylonians . Devices of this sort are not found again until the 10th century, when a simpler eight-geared luni-solar calculator incorporated into an astrolabe was described by the Persian scholar, Al-Biruni . Similarly complex devices were also developed by other Muslim engineers and astronomers during the Middle Ages . Medicine , which was dominated by the Hippocratic tradition, saw new advances under Praxagoras of Kos, who theorized that blood traveled through the veins. Herophilos (335-- 280 BC) was the first to base his conclusions on dissection of the human body and animal vivisection, and to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system , liver and other key organs. Influenced by Philinus of Cos (fl. 250), a student of Herophilos, a new medical sect emerged, the Empiric school , which was based on strict observation and rejected unseen causes of the Dogmatic school . Bolos of Mendes made developments in alchemy and Theophrastus was known for his work in plant classification. Krateuas wrote a compendium on botanic pharmacy. The library of Alexandria included a zoo for research and Hellenistic zoologists include Archelaos, Leonidas of Byzantion, Apollodoros of Alexandria and Bion of Soloi. Technological developments from the Hellenistic period include cogged gears , pulleys, the screw, Archimedes' screw , the screw press , glassblowing , hollow bronze casting, surveying instruments, an odometer, the pantograph , the water clock , a water organ , and the Piston pump . The interpretation of Hellenistic science varies widely. At one extreme is the view of the English classical scholar Cornford, who believed that `` all the most important and original work was done in the three centuries from 600 to 300 BC'' . At the other is the view of the Italian physicist and mathematician Lucio Russo , who claims that scientific method was actually born in the 3rd century BC, to be forgotten during the Roman period and only revived in the Renaissance. Military science ( edit ) Further information: Hellenistic armies Hellenistic warfare was a continuation of the military developments of Iphicrates and Philip II of Macedon , particularly his use of the Macedonian Phalanx , a dense formation of pikemen , in conjunction with heavy companion cavalry . Armies of the Hellenistic period differed from those of the classical period in being largely made up of professional soldiers and also in their greater specialization and technical proficiency in siege warfare . Hellenistic armies were significantly larger than those of classical Greece relying increasingly on Greek mercenaries ( misthophoroi ; men-for-pay) and also on non-Greek soldiery such as Thracians, Galatians, Egyptians and Iranians. Some ethnic groups were known for their martial skill in a particular mode of combat and were highly sought after, including Tarantine cavalry , Cretan archers, Rhodian slingers and Thracian peltasts . This period also saw the adoption of new weapons and troop types such as Thureophoroi and the Thorakitai who used the oval Thureos shield and fought with javelins and the machaira sword. The use of heavily armored cataphracts and also horse archers was adopted by the Seleucids, Greco-Bactrians, Armenians and Pontus . The use of war elephants also became common. Seleucus received Indian war elephants from the Mauryan empire , and used them to good effect at the battle of Ipsus . He kept a core of 500 of them at Apameia . The Ptolemies used the smaller African elephant. Ancient mechanical artillery: Catapults (standing), the chain drive of Polybolos (bottom center), Gastraphetes (on wall) Hellenistic military equipment was generally characterized by an increase in size. Hellenistic-era warships grew from the trireme to include more banks of oars and larger numbers of rowers and soldiers as in the Quadrireme and Quinquereme. The Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity. New siege engines were developed during this period. An unknown engineer developed the torsion-spring catapult (c. 360) and Dionysios of Alexandria designed a repeating ballista , the Polybolos . Preserved examples of ball projectiles range from 4.4 kg to 78 kg (or over 170 lbs). Demetrius Poliorcetes was notorious for the large siege engines employed in his campaigns, especially during the 12-month siege of Rhodes when he had Epimachos of Athens build a massive 160 ton siege tower named Helepolis , filled with artillery. Art ( edit ) Head of an old woman, a good example of realism . Main article: Hellenistic art Sculpture of Cupid and Psyche , an example of the sensualism of Hellenistic art. 2nd century AD Roman copy of a 2nd-century BC Greek original. The term Hellenistic is a modern invention; the Hellenistic World not only included a huge area covering the whole of the Aegean, rather than the Classical Greece focused on the Poleis of Athens and Sparta , but also a huge time range. In artistic terms this means that there is huge variety which is often put under the heading of `` Hellenistic Art'' for convenience. Hellenistic art saw a turn from the idealistic, perfected, calm and composed figures of classical Greek art to a style dominated by realism and the depiction of emotion ( pathos ) and character ( ethos ). The motif of deceptively realistic naturalism in art ( aletheia ) is reflected in stories such as that of the painter Zeuxis , who was said to have painted grapes that seemed so real that birds came and pecked at them. The female nude also became more popular as epitomized by the Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles and art in general became more erotic (e.g., Leda and the Swan and Scopa's Pothos ). The dominant ideals of Hellenistic art were those of sensuality and passion. People of all ages and social statuses were depicted in the art of the Hellenistic age. Artists such as Peiraikos chose mundane and lower class subjects for his paintings. According to Pliny, `` He painted barbers' shops, cobblers' stalls, asses, eatables and similar subjects, earning for himself the name of rhyparographos (painter of dirt/low things). In these subjects he could give consummate pleasure, selling them for more than other artists received for their large pictures'' ( Natural History , Book XXXV.112). Even barbarians, such as the Galatians , were depicted in heroic form, prefiguring the artistic theme of the noble savage . The image of Alexander the Great was also an important artistic theme, and all of the diadochi had themselves depicted imitating Alexander's youthful look. A number of the best-known works of Greek sculpture belong to the Hellenistic period, including Laocoön and his Sons , Venus de Milo , and the Winged Victory of Samothrace . Developments in painting included experiments in chiaroscuro by Zeuxis and the development of landscape painting and still life painting. Greek temples built during the Hellenistic period were generally larger than classical ones, such as the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the temple of Artemis at Sardis , and the temple of Apollo at Didyma (rebuilt by Seleucus in 300 BC). The royal palace ( basileion ) also came into its own during the Hellenistic period, the first extant example being the massive 4th-century villa of Cassander at Vergina . This period also saw the first written works of art history in the histories of Duris of Samos and Xenokrates of Athens, a sculptor and a historian of sculpture and painting. There has been a trend in writing the history of this period to depict Hellenistic art as a decadent style, following the Golden Age of Classical Athens . Pliny the Elder , after having described the sculpture of the classical period, says: Cessavit deinde ars (`` then art disappeared'' ). The 18th century terms Baroque and Rococo have sometimes been applied to the art of this complex and individual period. The renewal of the historiographical approach as well as some recent discoveries, such as the tombs of Vergina , allow a better appreciation of this period's artistic richness. Hellenistic period and modern culture ( edit ) Further information: Decadence and Degeneration The focus on the Hellenistic period over the course of the 19th century by scholars and historians has led to an issue common to the study of historical periods; historians see the period of focus as a mirror of the period in which they are living. Many 19th century scholars contended that the Hellenistic period represented a cultural decline from the brilliance of classical Greece . Though this comparison is now seen as unfair and meaningless, it has been noted that even commentators of the time saw the end of a cultural era which could not be matched again. This may be inextricably linked with the nature of government. It has been noted by Herodotus that after the establishment of the Athenian democracy: ...the Athenians found themselves suddenly a great power. Not just in one field, but in everything they set their minds to...As subjects of a tyrant, what had they accomplished?...Held down like slaves they had shirked and slacked; once they had won their freedom, not a citizen but he could feel like he was labouring for himself'' Thus, with the decline of the Greek polis, and the establishment of monarchical states, the environment and social freedom in which to excel may have been reduced. A parallel can be drawn with the productivity of the city states of Italy during the Renaissance , and their subsequent decline under autocratic rulers. However, William Woodthorpe Tarn , between World War I and World War II and the heyday of the League of Nations , focused on the issues of racial and cultural confrontation and the nature of colonial rule. Michael Rostovtzeff , who fled the Russian Revolution , concentrated predominantly on the rise of the capitalist bourgeoisie in areas of Greek rule. Arnaldo Momigliano , an Italian Jew who wrote before and after the Second World War, studied the problem of mutual understanding between races in the conquered areas. Moses Hadas portrayed an optimistic picture of synthesis of culture from the perspective of the 1950s, while Frank William Walbank in the 1960s and 1970s had a materialistic approach to the Hellenistic period, focusing mainly on class relations. Recently, however, papyrologist C. Préaux has concentrated predominantly on the economic system, interactions between kings and cities, and provides a generally pessimistic view on the period. Peter Green , on the other hand, writes from the point of view of late 20th century liberalism , his focus being on individualism, the breakdown of convention, experiments, and a postmodern disillusionment with all institutions and political processes. See also ( edit ) Ancient Greece portal Roman Republic Parthian Empire Maurya Empire Han dynasty Pre-Roman Iron Age Ancient Carthage La Tène culture Greco-Roman world Scythians Tashtyk culture Kushan Empire Dehellenization Hellenism (Academia) Hellenism (neoclassicism) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Art of the Hellenistic Age and the Hellenistic Tradition. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, Metropolitan Museum of Art , 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013. Archived here. Jump up ^ Hellenistic Age. Encyclopædia Britannica , 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013. Archived here. ^ Jump up to: Green, Peter (2008). Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age . London: Orion. ISBN 0-7538-2413-2 . Jump up ^ Professor Gerhard Rempel, Hellenistic Civilization (Western New England College) Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Ulrich Wilcken, Griechische Geschichte im Rahmen der Altertumsgeschichte . Jump up ^ Green, p. xvii. Jump up ^ `` Hellenistic Age'' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 8 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Green, P. Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age . p. xiii. ISBN 978-0-7538-2413-9 . Jump up ^ Ἑλληνιστής . Liddell, Henry George ; Scott, Robert ; A Greek-- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project . Jump up ^ Chaniotis , Angelos (2011). Greek History: Hellenistic. Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide . Oxford University Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780199805075 . Jump up ^ Arnold, Matthew (1869). `` Chapter IV'' . Culture and Anarchy. Smith, Elder & Co. p. 143. Arnold, Matthew ; Garnett, Jane (editor) (2006). `` Chapter IV'' . Culture and Anarchy . Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-19-280511-9 . CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to: F.W. Walbank et al. THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY, SECOND EDITION, VOLUME VII, PART I: The Hellenistic World, p. 1. ^ Jump up to: Green, Peter (2007). The Hellenistic Age (A Short History) . New York: Modern Library Chronicles. Jump up ^ Green, Peter (1990); Alexander to Actium, the historical evolution of the Hellenistic age. University of California Press. Pages 7-8. Jump up ^ Green (1990), page 9. Jump up ^ Green (1990), page 14. Jump up ^ Green (1990), page 21. Jump up ^ Green (1990), page 30-31. Jump up ^ Green (1990), page 126. Jump up ^ Green (1990), page 129. Jump up ^ Green (1990), page 134. Jump up ^ Green (1990), p. 199 Jump up ^ Bugh, Glenn R. (editor). The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, 2007. p. 35 Jump up ^ Green, Peter; Alexander to Actium, the historical evolution of the Hellenistic age, page 11. Jump up ^ McGing, BC. The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus, P. 17. Jump up ^ Green (1990), p. 139. Jump up ^ Berthold, Richard M. Rhodes in the Hellenistic Age, p. 12. Jump up ^ Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, and Sarah B. Pomeroy. A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture. Oxford University Presspage 255 Jump up ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC by D.M. Lewis (Editor), John Boardman (Editor), Simon Hornblower (Editor), M. Ostwald (Editor), ISBN 0-521-23348-8 , 1994, page 423, `` Through contact with their Greek neighbors some Illyrian tribe became bilingual (Strabo Vii.7.8.Diglottoi) in particular the Bylliones and the Taulantian tribes close to Epidamnus'' Jump up ^ Dalmatia: research in the Roman province 1970-2001 : papers in honour of J.J by David Davison, Vincent L. Gaffney, J.J. Wilkes, Emilio Marin, 2006, page 21, `` ...completely Hellenised town...'' Jump up ^ The Illyrians: history and culture, History and Culture Series, The Illyrians: History and Culture, Aleksandar Stipčević , ISBN 0-8155-5052-9 , 1977, page 174 Jump up ^ The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe) by John Wilkes, 1996, page 233&236 , `` The Illyrians liked decorated belt-buckles or clasps (see figure 29). Some of gold and silver with openwork designs of stylised birds have a similar distribution to the Mramorac bracelets and may also have been produced under Greek influence.'' Jump up ^ Carte de la Macédoine et du monde égéen vers 200 av. J.-C. Jump up ^ Webber, Christopher; Odyrsian arms equipment and tactics. Jump up ^ The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology) by Z.H. Archibald,1998, ISBN 0-19-815047-4 , page 3 Jump up ^ The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology) by Z.H. Archibald,1998, ISBN 0-19-815047-4 , page 5 Jump up ^ The Peloponnesian War: A Military Study (Warfare and History) by J.F. Lazenby,2003, page 224,`` ... number of strongholds, and he made himself useful fighting ' the Thracians without a king' on behalf of the more Hellenized Thracian kings and their Greek neighbours (Nepos, Alc... Jump up ^ Walbank et al. (2008), p. 394. Jump up ^ Delamarre, Xavier. Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise. Editions Errance, Paris, 2008, p. 299 Jump up ^ Boardman, John (1993), The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity , Princeton University Press, p.308. Jump up ^ Celtic Inscriptions on Gaulish and British Coins'' by Beale Poste p.135 (1) Jump up ^ Momigliano, Arnaldo. Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization, pp. 54-55. Jump up ^ Tang, Birgit (2005), Delos, Carthage, Ampurias: the Housing of Three Mediterranean Trading Centres , Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider (Accademia di Danimarca), p. 15-16, ISBN 8882653056 Jump up ^ Lapunzina, Alejandro (2005), Architecture of Spain , London: Greenwoood Press, ISBN 0-313-31963-4 , pp. 69-71. Jump up ^ Tang, Birgit (2005), Delos, Carthage, Ampurias: the Housing of Three Mediterranean Trading Centres , Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider (Accademia di Danimarca), p. 17-18, ISBN 8882653056 Jump up ^ Lapunzina, Alejandro (2005), Architecture of Spain , London: Greenwoood Press, ISBN 0-313-31963-4 , p. 70. Jump up ^ Lapunzina, Alejandro (2005), Architecture of Spain , London: Greenwoood Press, ISBN 0-313-31963-4 , pp. 70-71. Jump up ^ Tang, Birgit (2005), Delos, Carthage, Ampurias: the Housing of Three Mediterranean Trading Centres , Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider (Accademia di Danimarca), p. 16-17, ISBN 8882653056 Jump up ^ Green (1990), 187 Jump up ^ Green (1990), 190 Jump up ^ Green (1990), p. 193. Jump up ^ Green (1990), 291. Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth Raymond (2006). Provincial reactions to Roman imperialism: the aftermath of the Jewish revolt, A.D. 66-70, Parts 66-70 . University of California, Berkeley. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-542-82473-9 ... and the Greeks, or at least the Greco-Macedonian Seleucid Empire, replace the Persians as the Easterners. Jump up ^ Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies (London, England) (1993). The Journal of Hellenic studies, Volumes 113-114 . Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. p. 211. The Seleucid kingdom has traditionally been regarded as basically a Greco-Macedonian state and its rulers thought of as successors to Alexander. Jump up ^ Baskin, Judith R.; Seeskin, Kenneth (2010). The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History, Religion, and Culture . Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-521-68974-8 . The wars between the two most prominent Greek dynasties, the Ptolemies of Egypt and the Seleucids of Syria, unalterably change the history of the land of Israel... As a result the land of Israel became part of the empire of the Syrian Greek Seleucids. ^ Jump up to: Glubb, John Bagot (1967). Syria, Lebanon, Jordan . Thames & Hudson. p. 34. OCLC 585939 . In addition to the court and the army, Syrian cities were full of Greek businessmen, many of them pure Greeks from Greece. The senior posts in the civil service were also held by Greeks. Although the Ptolemies and the Seleucids were perpetual rivals, both dynasties were Greek and ruled by means of Greek officials and Greek soldiers. Both governments made great efforts to attract immigrants from Greece, thereby adding yet another racial element to the population. Jump up ^ Bugh, Glenn R. (editor). The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, 2007. p. 43. ^ Jump up to: Steven C. Hause; William S. Maltby (2004). Western civilization: a history of European society . Thomson Wadsworth. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-534-62164-3 . The Greco-Macedonian Elite. The Seleucids respected the cultural and religious sensibilities of their subjects but preferred to rely on Greek or Macedonian soldiers and administrators for the day-to-day business of governing. The Greek population of the cities, reinforced until the second century BC by emigration from Greece, formed a dominant, although not especially cohesive, elite. Jump up ^ Victor, Royce M. (2010). Colonial education and class formation in early Judaism: a postcolonial reading . Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-567-24719-3 . Like other Hellenistic kings, the Seleucids ruled with the help of their `` friends'' and a Greco-Macedonian elite class separate from the native populations whom they governed. Jump up ^ Britannica , Seleucid kingdom , 2008, O.Ed. Jump up ^ Bugh, Glenn R. (editor). The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, 2007, p. 44. Jump up ^ Green (1990), 293-295. Jump up ^ Green (1990), 304. Jump up ^ Green (1990), p. 421. Jump up ^ `` The Pergamon Altar'' . Smarthistory at Khan Academy . Retrieved April 5, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pergamum'' . Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 1 . Missing or empty url= ( help ) Jump up ^ Shipley (2000) pp. 318-319. Jump up ^ Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus , 25.2 and 26.2; the related subject of copulative compounds, where both are of equal weight, is exhaustively treated in Anna Granville Hatcher, Modern English Word-Formation and Neo-Latin: A Study of the Origins of English (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University), 1951. Jump up ^ This distinction is remarked upon in William M. Ramsay (revised by Mark W. Wilson), Historical Commentary on Galatians 1997:302; Ramsay notes the 4th century AD Paphlagonian Themistius ' usage Γαλατίᾳ τῇ Ἑλληνίδι . Jump up ^ McGing, B.C. (1986). The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus . Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill. pp. 91-- 92. Jump up ^ Grousset pp.90-91 Jump up ^ Bivar, A.D.H. (1983), `` The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids'' , in Yarshater, Ehsan, Cambridge History of Iran 3.1, Cambridge UP, pp. 21-- 99. Jump up ^ Bedal, Leigh-Ann; The Petra Pool-complex: A Hellenistic Paradeisos in the Nabataean Capital, pg 178. Jump up ^ NABATAEAN PANTHEON, http://nabataea.net/gods.html Jump up ^ Discovery of ancient cave paintings in Petra stuns art scholars, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/aug/22/hellenistic-wall-paintings-petra Jump up ^ Green (1990), p. 499. Jump up ^ Green (1990), p. 501. Jump up ^ Green (1990), p. 504. Jump up ^ Ponet, James (22 December 2005). `` The Maccabees and the Hellenists'' . Faith-based . Slate . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Revolt of the Maccabees'' . Simpletoremember.com . Retrieved 2012-08-13 . Jump up ^ Davies, Cuthbert Collin (1959). An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula . Oxford University Press. Jump up ^ Narain, A.K. (1976). The Coin Types of the Indo-Greek Kings . Ares. ISBN 0-89005-109-7 . Jump up ^ Hans Erich Stier, Georg Westermann Verlag, Ernst Kirsten, and Ekkehard Aner. Grosser Atlas zur Weltgeschichte: Vorzeit. Altertum. Mittelalter. Neuzeit. Westermann, 1978, ISBN 3-14-100919-8 . Jump up ^ Bopearachchi, Monnaies , p.63 Jump up ^ Ghose, Sanujit (2011). `` Cultural links between India and the Greco-Roman world'' . Ancient History Encyclopedia. Jump up ^ Yavana#cite note-10 Jump up ^ Yavana#cite note-11 Jump up ^ Boardman, 131-133 Jump up ^ Claessen & Skalník (editors), The Early State, page 428. Jump up ^ Gent, John. The Scythie nations, down to the fall of the Western empire, p. 4. Jump up ^ Pârvan , Vasile. Dacia, page 92. Jump up ^ Pârvan , Vasile. Dacia, page 100. Jump up ^ Curtis E. Larsen. Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society . p. 13. Jump up ^ Ian Morris (ed.). Classical Greece: Ancient histories and modern archaeologies . Routledge. p. 184. Jump up ^ Phillip Ward. Bahrain: A Travel Guide . Oleander Press. p. 68. Jump up ^ W.B. Fisher; et al. (1968). The Cambridge History of Iran . Cambridge University Press. p. 40. Jump up ^ Justin , 19, 1.1 Jump up ^ Prag & Quinn (editors). The Hellenistic West, pp. 229-237. Jump up ^ Green, P. Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age . pp. 98-- 99. ISBN 978-0-7538-2413-9 . Jump up ^ Green, P. Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age . pp. 102-- 103. ISBN 978-0-7538-2413-9 . ^ Jump up to: Holland, T. Rubicon: Triumph and Tragedy in the Roman Republic . ISBN 978-0-349-11563-4 . Jump up ^ Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, Sagan, C 1980, `` Episode 1: The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean'' on YouTube Jump up ^ Green (1990), pp. xx, 68-69. Jump up ^ Bugh, Glenn R. (editor). The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, 2007. p. 190. ^ Jump up to: Roy M. MacLeod (2004). The Library Of Alexandria: Centre Of Learning In The Ancient World . I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-594-4 . Jump up ^ John Boardman, `` The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity'' , Princeton University Press, 1993, p.130: `` The Indian king's grandson, Asoka, was a convert to Buddhism. His edicts appear carved on rocks and a number of free-standing pillars which are found right across India. These owe something to the pervasive influence of Achaemenid architecture and sculpture, with no little Greek architectural ornament and sculptural style as well. Notice the florals on the bull capital from Rampurva, and the style of the horse on the Sarnath capital, now the emblem of the Republic of India.'' ^ Jump up to: Green, p. 21. Jump up ^ Green, p. 23. Jump up ^ Green (1990), p. 313. Jump up ^ Green (1990), p. 315. Jump up ^ Green, p. 22. Jump up ^ Bugh, pp. 206-210. Jump up ^ Bugh, p. 209. Jump up ^ Wallbank et al. (2008), p. 84. Jump up ^ Wallbank et al. (2008), p. 86. Jump up ^ Green (1990), p. 402. Jump up ^ Green (1990), p. 396. Jump up ^ Green (1990), p. 399. Jump up ^ Green (1990), page 66-74. Jump up ^ Green (1990), page 65. Jump up ^ Green (1990), p. 179. Jump up ^ Green, Peter; Alexander to Actium, the historical evolution of the Hellenistic age, page 53. Jump up ^ Bill Casselman . `` One of the Oldest Extant Diagrams from Euclid'' . University of British Columbia . Retrieved 2008-09-26 . Jump up ^ Lloyd (1973), p. 177. Jump up ^ Bugh, p. 245. Jump up ^ Alfred, Randy (June 19, 2008). `` June 19, 240 B.C.E: The Earth Is Round, and It's This Big'' . Wired . Retrieved 2013-06-22 . Jump up ^ `` The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project '' , The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved 2007-07-01 Quote: `` The Antikythera Mechanism is now understood to be dedicated to astronomical phenomena and operates as a complex mechanical ' computer' which tracks the cycles of the Solar System.'' Jump up ^ Paphitis, Nicholas (November 30, 2006). `` Experts: Fragments an Ancient Computer'' . The Washington Post . Imagine tossing a top-notch laptop into the sea, leaving scientists from a foreign culture to scratch their heads over its corroded remains centuries later. A Roman shipmaster inadvertently did something just like it 2,000 years ago off southern Greece, experts said late Thursday. Jump up ^ Otto Neugebauer (1975). A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy . New York: Springer. pp. 284-- 5. ; Lloyd (1973), pp. 69-71. Jump up ^ Schaefer, Bradley E. (2005). `` The Epoch of the Constellations on the Farnese Atlas and Their Origin in Hipparchus's Lost Catalogue'' . Journal for the History of Astronomy . 36 : 167-- 96. Bibcode : 2005JHA... 36..167S . ; But see also Duke, Dennis W. (2006). `` Analysis of the Farnese Globe'' . Journal for the History of Astronomy . 37 : 87-- 100. Bibcode : 2006JHA... 37...87D . ^ Jump up to: Freeth, T.; et al. (2006). `` Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism'' . Nature . 444 (7119): 587-- 91. Bibcode : 2006Natur.444..587F . PMID 17136087 . doi : 10.1038/nature05357 . ; Marchant, Jo (2006). `` In Search of Lost Time'' . Nature . 444 (7119): 534-- 8. Bibcode : 2006Natur.444..534M . PMID 17136067 . doi : 10.1038/444534a . ; Jump up ^ Charette, François (2006). `` High tech from Ancient Greece'' . Nature . 444 (7119): 551-- 2. Bibcode : 2006Natur.444..551C . PMID 17136077 . doi : 10.1038/444551a . ; Noble Wilford, John (2006-11-30). `` Early Astronomical ' Computer' Found to Be Technically Complex'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2006-11-30 . Jump up ^ Green (1990), p. 467. Jump up ^ F.M. Cornford. The Unwritten Philosophy and Other Essays . p. 83. quoted in Lloyd (1973), p. 154. Jump up ^ Russo, Lucio (2004). The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had To Be Reborn . Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-20396-6 . But see the critical reviews by Mott Greene, Nature , vol 430, no. 7000 (5 Aug 2004):614 (2) and Michael Rowan-Robinson, Physics World , vol. 17, no. 4 (April 2004) (3) . Jump up ^ Bugh, p. 285. Jump up ^ Green, Peter; Alexander to Actium, the historical evolution of the Hellenistic age, page 92. Jump up ^ Green (1990), p. 342. Jump up ^ Green, Peter; Alexander to Actium, the historical evolution of the Hellenistic age, page 117-118. Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Natural History (XXXIV, 52) Jump up ^ Green, p. xv. Jump up ^ Herodotus (Holland, T. Persian Fire , p. 193.) Jump up ^ Green. Further reading ( edit ) Austin, Michel M. (1981). The Hellenistic world from Alexander to the Roman conquest: a selection of ancient sources in translation . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22829-8 . Cary, Max (1932). A History of the Greek World from 323 to 146 B.C . London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. `` Under the Influence: Hellenism in Ancient Jewish Life'' Biblical Archaeology Society Chamoux, F. (2002). Hellenistic Civilization . Wiley/Blackwell. Tarn, W; Griffith, G.T. (1952). Hellenistic Civilization . Walbank, F.W. (1981). The Hellenistic World . Harvard University Press. External links ( edit ) Waterloo Institute for Hellenistic Studies Art of the Hellenistic Age and the Hellenistic Tradition at the MET The division of Alexander's empire Hellenistic rulers Argeads Philip II Alexander III the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV Antigonids Antigonus I Monophthalmus Demetrius I Poliorcetes Antigonus II Gonatas Demetrius II Aetolicus Antigonus III Doson Philip V Perseus Philip VI (pretender) Ptolemies Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra (regent) Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III Ptolemy IX Lathyros Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra VI Tryphaena Berenice IV Epiphanea Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemy XV Caesarion Kings of Cyrene Magas Demetrius the Fair Ptolemy VIII Physcon Ptolemy Apion Seleucids Seleucus I Nicator 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where is pituitary gland situated in human body
In vertebrate anatomy , the pituitary gland , or hypophysis , is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams ( 0.018 oz ) in humans . It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain . The hypophysis rests upon the hypophysial fossa of the sphenoid bone in the center of the middle cranial fossa and is surrounded by a small bony cavity ( sella turcica ) covered by a dural fold ( diaphragma sellae ) . The anterior pituitary ( or adenohypophysis ) is a lobe of the gland that regulates several physiological processes ( including stress , growth , reproduction , and lactation ) . The intermediate lobe synthesizes and secretes melanocyte - stimulating hormone . The posterior pituitary ( or neurohypophysis ) is a lobe of the gland that is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the median eminence via a small tube called the pituitary stalk ( also called the infundibular stalk or the infundibulum ) .
[ [ "off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Pituitary gland Located at the base of the brain , the pituitary gland is protected by a bony structure called the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone . Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey . Semidiagrammatic . Details Precursor neural and oral ectoderm , including Rathke 's pouch Artery superior hypophyseal artery , infundibular artery , prechiasmal artery , inferior hypophyseal artery , capsular artery , artery of the inferior cavernous sinus Identifiers Latin hypophysis , glandula pituitaria MeSH D010902 NeuroLex ID birnlex_1353 TA A11. 1.00. 001 FMA 13889 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata )", "Pituitary gland", "Located at the base of the brain , the pituitary gland is protected by a bony structure called the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone .", "Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey . Semidiagrammatic .", "Details", "Precursor neural and oral ectoderm , including Rathke 's pouch", "Artery superior hypophyseal artery , infundibular artery , prechiasmal artery , inferior hypophyseal artery , capsular artery , artery of the inferior cavernous sinus", "Identifiers", "Latin hypophysis , glandula pituitaria", "MeSH D010902", "NeuroLex ID birnlex_1353", "TA A11. 1.00. 001", "FMA 13889", "Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata )", "In vertebrate anatomy , the pituitary gland , or hypophysis , is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams ( 0.018 oz ) in humans . It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain . The hypophysis rests upon the hypophysial fossa of the sphenoid bone in the center of the middle cranial fossa and is surrounded by a small bony cavity ( sella turcica ) covered by a dural fold ( diaphragma sellae ) . The anterior pituitary ( or adenohypophysis ) is a lobe of the gland that regulates several physiological processes ( including stress , growth , reproduction , and lactation ) . The intermediate lobe synthesizes and secretes melanocyte - stimulating hormone . The posterior pituitary ( or neurohypophysis ) is a lobe of the gland that is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the median eminence via a small tube called the pituitary stalk ( also called the infundibular stalk or the infundibulum ) .", "Hormones secreted from the pituitary gland help control : growth , blood pressure , management of energy , all functions of the sex organs , thyroid glands and metabolism as well as some aspects of pregnancy , childbirth , nursing , water / salt concentration at the kidneys , temperature regulation and pain relief .", "The pituitary gland , in humans , is a pea - sized gland that sits in a protective bony enclosure called the sella turcica . It is composed of three lobes : anterior , intermediate , and posterior . In many animals , these three lobes are distinct. The intermediate is avascular and almost absent in human beings . The intermediate lobe is present in many lower animal species , in particular in rodents , mice and rats , that have been used extensively to study pituitary development and function . In all animals , the fleshy , glandular anterior pituitary is distinct from the neural composition of the posterior pituitary , which is an extension of the hypothalamus .", "The anterior pituitary arises from an invagination of the oral ectoderm and forms Rathke 's pouch . This contrasts with the posterior pituitary , which originates from neuroectoderm .", "Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary are controlled by regulatory hormones released by parvocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamic capillaries leading to infundibular blood vessels , which in turn lead to a second capillary bed in the anterior pituitary . This vascular relationship constitutes the hypothalamo - hypophyseal portal system . Diffusing out of the second capillary bed , the hypothalamic releasing hormones then bind to anterior pituitary endocrine cells , upregulating or downregulating their release of hormones .", "The anterior lobe of the pituitary can be divided into the pars tuberalis ( pars glandularis ) and pars distalis ( pars glandularis ) that constitutes ~ 80 % of the gland . The pars intermedia ( the intermediate lobe ) lies between the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis , and is rudimentary in the human , although in other species it is more developed . It develops from a depression in the dorsal wall of the pharynx ( stomal part ) known as Rathke 's pouch .", "The anterior pituitary contains several different types of cells that synthesize and secrete hormones . Usually there is one type of cell for each major hormone formed in anterior pituitary . With special stains attached to high - affinity antibodies that bind with distinctive hormone , at least 5 types of cells can be differentiated .", "S.No . Type of cell Hormone secreted Percentage of type of cell 1 . Somatotropes human growth hormone ( hGH ) 30 - 40 % 2 . Corticotropes adrenocorticotropin ( ACTH ) 20 % 3 . Thyrotropes thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH ) 3 - 5 % 4 . Gonadotropes gonadotropic hormone i.e. , both luteinizing hormone ( LH ) and follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH ) 3 - 5 % 5 . Lactotropes prolactin ( PRL ) 3 - 5 %", "S.No . Type of cell Hormone secreted Percentage of type of cell", "1 . Somatotropes human growth hormone ( hGH ) 30 - 40 %", "2 . Corticotropes adrenocorticotropin ( ACTH ) 20 %", "3 . Thyrotropes thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH ) 3 - 5 %", "4 . Gonadotropes gonadotropic hormone i.e. , both luteinizing hormone ( LH ) and follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH ) 3 - 5 %", "5 . Lactotropes prolactin ( PRL ) 3 - 5 %", "The posterior lobe develops as an extension of the hypothalamus. The Posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized by cell bodies in the hypothalamus . The magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei located in the hypothalamus that project axons down the infundibulum to terminals in the posterior pituitary . This simple arrangement differs sharply from that of the adjacent anterior pituitary , which does not develop from the hypothalamus .", "The release of pituitary hormones by both the anterior and posterior lobes is under the control of the hypothalamus , albeit in different ways .", "The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes hormones . All releasing hormones ( - RH ) referred to , can also be referred to as releasing factors ( - RF ) .", "Human growth hormone ( HGH ) , also referred to as ' growth hormone ' ( GH ) , and also as somatotropin , is released under the influence of hypothalamic growth hormone - releasing hormone ( GHRH ) , and is inhibited by hypothalamic somatostatin .", "Human growth hormone ( HGH ) , also referred to as ' growth hormone ' ( GH ) , and also as somatotropin , is released under the influence of hypothalamic growth hormone - releasing hormone ( GHRH ) , and is inhibited by hypothalamic somatostatin .", "Cleaved from the precursor proopiomelanocortin protein , and include adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) , and beta - endorphin , and melanocyte - stimulating hormone are released under the influence of hypothalamic corticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) .", "Cleaved from the precursor proopiomelanocortin protein , and include adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) , and beta - endorphin , and melanocyte - stimulating hormone are released under the influence of hypothalamic corticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) .", "Thyroid - stimulating hormone ( TSH ) , is released under the influence of hypothalamic thyrotropin - releasing hormone ( TRH ) and is inhibited by somatostatin .", "Thyroid - stimulating hormone ( TSH ) , is released under the influence of hypothalamic thyrotropin - releasing hormone ( TRH ) and is inhibited by somatostatin .", "Luteinizing hormone ( LH ) . Follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ) , both released under influence of Gonadotropin - Releasing Hormone ( GnRH )", "Luteinizing hormone ( LH ) .", "Follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ) , both released under influence of Gonadotropin - Releasing Hormone ( GnRH )", "Prolactin ( PRL ) , whose release is inconsistently stimulated by hypothalamic TRH , oxytocin , vasopressin , vasoactive intestinal peptide , angiotensin II , neuropeptide Y , galanin , substance P , bombesin - like peptides ( gastrin - releasing peptide , neuromedin B and C ) , and neurotensin , and inhibited by hypothalamic dopamine .", "Prolactin ( PRL ) , whose release is inconsistently stimulated by hypothalamic TRH , oxytocin , vasopressin , vasoactive intestinal peptide , angiotensin II , neuropeptide Y , galanin , substance P , bombesin - like peptides ( gastrin - releasing peptide , neuromedin B and C ) , and neurotensin , and inhibited by hypothalamic dopamine .", "These hormones are released from the anterior pituitary under the influence of the hypothalamus . Hypothalamic hormones are secreted to the anterior lobe by way of a special capillary system , called the hypothalamic - hypophysial portal system .", "There is also a non-endocrine cell population called folliculostellate cells .", "The intermediate lobe synthesizes and secretes the following important endocrine hormone :", "Melanocyte -- stimulating hormone ( MSH ) . This is also produced in the anterior lobe . When produced in the intermediate lobe , MSHs are sometimes called `` intermedins '' .", "Melanocyte -- stimulating hormone ( MSH ) . This is also produced in the anterior lobe . When produced in the intermediate lobe , MSHs are sometimes called `` intermedins '' .", "The posterior pituitary stores and secretes ( but does not synthesize ) the following important endocrine hormones :", "Magnocellular neurons :", "Antidiuretic hormone ( ADH , also known as vasopressin and arginine vasopressin AVP ) , the majority of which is released from the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus . Oxytocin , most of which is released from the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus . Oxytocin is one of the few hormones to create a positive feedback loop . For example , uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary , which , in turn , increases uterine contractions . This positive feedback loop continues throughout labour .", "Antidiuretic hormone ( ADH , also known as vasopressin and arginine vasopressin AVP ) , the majority of which is released from the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus .", "Oxytocin , most of which is released from the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus . Oxytocin is one of the few hormones to create a positive feedback loop . For example , uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary , which , in turn , increases uterine contractions . This positive feedback loop continues throughout labour .", "Hormones secreted from the pituitary gland help control the following body processes :", "Growth ( GH ) Blood pressure Some aspects of pregnancy and childbirth including stimulation of uterine contractions during childbirth ( Parturition ) Breast milk production Sex organ functions in both males and females Thyroid gland function The conversion of food into energy ( metabolism ) Water and osmolarity regulation in the body Water balance via the control of reabsorption of water by the kidneys Temperature regulation Pain relief", "Growth ( GH )", "Some aspects of pregnancy and childbirth including stimulation of uterine contractions during childbirth ( Parturition )", "Breast milk production", "Sex organ functions in both males and females", "Thyroid gland function", "The conversion of food into energy ( metabolism )", "Water and osmolarity regulation in the body", "Water balance via the control of reabsorption of water by the kidneys", "Some of the diseases involving the pituitary gland are :", "Central diabetes insipidus caused by a deficiency of vasopressin . Gigantism and acromegaly caused by an excess of growth hormone in childhood and adult respectively . Hypothyroidism caused by a deficiency of thyroid - stimulating hormone . Hyperpituitarism , the increased ( hyper ) secretion of one or more of the hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland . Hypopituitarism , the decreased ( hypo ) secretion of one or more of the hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland . Panhypopituitarism a decreased secretion of most of the pituitary hormones . Pituitary tumours . Pituitary adenomas , noncancerous tumors that occur in the pituitary gland .", "Central diabetes insipidus caused by a deficiency of vasopressin .", "Gigantism and acromegaly caused by an excess of growth hormone in childhood and adult respectively .", "Hypothyroidism caused by a deficiency of thyroid - stimulating hormone .", "Hyperpituitarism , the increased ( hyper ) secretion of one or more of the hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland .", "Hypopituitarism , the decreased ( hypo ) secretion of one or more of the hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland .", "Panhypopituitarism a decreased secretion of most of the pituitary hormones .", "Pituitary tumours .", "Pituitary adenomas , noncancerous tumors that occur in the pituitary gland .", "All of the functions of the pituitary gland can be adversely affected by an over - or under - production of associated hormones .", "The pituitary gland is important for mediating the stress response , via the hypothalamic -- pituitary -- adrenal axis ( HPA axis ) Critically , pituitary gland growth during adolescence can be altered by early life stress such as childhood maltreatment or maternal dysphoric behavior .", "It has been demonstrated that , after controlling for age , sex , and BMI , larger quantities of DHEA and DHEA - S tended to be linked to larger pituitary volume . Additionally , a correlation between pituitary gland volume and Social Anxiety subscale scores was identified which provided a basis for exploring mediation . Again controlling for age , sex , and BMI , DHEA and DHEA - S have been found to be predictive of larger pituitary gland volume , which was also associated with increased ratings of social anxiety . This research provides evidence that pituitary gland volume mediates the link between higher DHEA ( S ) levels ( associated with relatively early adrenarche ) and traits associated with social anxiety . Children who experience early adrenarcheal development tend to have larger pituitary gland volume compared to children with later adrenarcheal development .", "The Greek physician Galen referred to the pituitary gland by only using the ( Ancient Greek ) name ἀδήν , gland . He described the pituitary gland as part of a series of secretory organs for the excretion of nasal mucus . Anatomist Andreas Vesalius translated ἀδήν with glans , in quam pituita destillat , `` gland in which slime ( pituita ) drips '' . Besides this ' descriptive ' name , Vesalius used glandula pituitaria , from which the English name pituitary gland is ultimately derived .", "The expression glandula pituitaria is still used as official synonym beside hypophysis in the official Latin nomenclature Terminologia Anatomica . In the seventeenth century the supposed function of the pituitary gland to produce nasal mucus was debunked . The expression glandula pituitaria and its English equivalent pituitary gland can only be justified from a historical point of view . The inclusion of this synonym is merely justified by noting that the main term hypophysis is a much less popular term .", "The anatomist Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring coined the name hypophysis . This name consists of ὑπό ( ' under ' ) and φύειν ( ' to grow ' ) . In later Greek ὑπόφυσις is used differently by Greek physicians as outgrowth . Sömmering also used the equivalent expression appendix cerebri , with appendix as appendage . In various languages , Hirnanhang in German and hersenaanhangsel in Dutch , the terms are derived from appendix cerebri .", "The pituitary gland is found in all vertebrates , but its structure varies among different groups .", "The division of the pituitary described above is typical of mammals , and is also true , to varying degrees , of all tetrapods . However , only in mammals does the posterior pituitary have a compact shape . In lungfish , it is a relatively flat sheet of tissue lying above the anterior pituitary , but in amphibians , reptiles , and birds , it becomes increasingly well developed . The intermediate lobe is , in general , not well developed in any species and is entirely absent in birds .", "The structure of the pituitary in fish , apart from the lungfish , is generally different from that in other animals . In general , the intermediate lobe tends to be well developed , and may equal the remainder of the anterior pituitary in size . The posterior lobe typically forms a sheet of tissue at the base of the pituitary stalk , and in most cases sends irregular finger - like projection into the tissue of the anterior pituitary , which lies directly beneath it . The anterior pituitary is typically divided into two regions , a more anterior rostral portion and a posterior proximal portion , but the boundary between the two is often not clearly marked . In elasmobranchs there is an additional , ventral lobe beneath the anterior pituitary proper .", "The arrangement in lampreys , which are among the most primitive of all fish , may indicate how the pituitary originally evolved in ancestral vertebrates . Here , the posterior pituitary is a simple flat sheet of tissue at the base of the brain , and there is no pituitary stalk . Rathke 's pouch remains open to the outside , close to the nasal openings . Closely associated with the pouch are three distinct clusters of glandular tissue , corresponding to the intermediate lobe , and the rostral and proximal portions of the anterior pituitary . These various parts are separated by meningial membranes , suggesting that the pituitary of other vertebrates may have formed from the fusion of a pair of separate , but associated , glands .", "Most armadillos also possess a neural secretory gland very similar in form to the posterior pituitary , but located in the tail and associated with the spinal cord . This may have a function in osmoregulation .", "There is a structure analogous to the pituitary in the octopus brain .", "Although rudimentary in humans ( and often considered part of the anterior pituitary ) , the intermediate lobe located between the anterior and posterior pituitary is important to many animals . For instance , in fish , it is believed to control physiological color change . In adult humans , it is just a thin layer of cells between the anterior and posterior pituitary . The intermediate lobe produces melanocyte - stimulating hormone ( MSH ) , although this function is often ( imprecisely ) attributed to the anterior pituitary .", "The intermediate lobe is , in general , not well developed in tetrapods , and is entirely absent in birds .", "Location of the pituitary gland in the human brain Pituitary and pineal glands The arteries of the base of the brain . Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane . Pituitary Pituitary gland Cerebrum. Inferior view. Deep dissection .", "Location of the pituitary gland in the human brain", "Location of the pituitary gland in the human brain", "Pituitary and pineal glands", "Pituitary and pineal glands", "The arteries of the base of the brain .", "The arteries of the base of the brain .", "Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane .", "Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane .", "Pituitary", "Pituitary gland", "Cerebrum. Inferior view. Deep dissection .", "Cerebrum. Inferior view. Deep dissection ." ]
Pituitary gland - wikipedia Pituitary gland Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pituitary gland Located at the base of the brain , the pituitary gland is protected by a bony structure called the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey. Semidiagrammatic. Details Precursor neural and oral ectoderm , including Rathke's pouch Artery superior hypophyseal artery , infundibular artery, prechiasmal artery, inferior hypophyseal artery , capsular artery, artery of the inferior cavernous sinus Identifiers Latin hypophysis, glandula pituitaria MeSH D010902 NeuroLex ID birnlex_1353 TA A11.1.00.001 FMA 13889 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Play media An explanation of the development of the pituitary gland (Hypophysis cerebri) & the congenital anomalies. In vertebrate anatomy , the pituitary gland , or hypophysis , is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams (0.018 oz) in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain . The hypophysis rests upon the hypophysial fossa of the sphenoid bone in the center of the middle cranial fossa and is surrounded by a small bony cavity ( sella turcica ) covered by a dural fold ( diaphragma sellae ). The anterior pituitary (or adenohypophysis) is a lobe of the gland that regulates several physiological processes (including stress, growth, reproduction, and lactation ). The intermediate lobe synthesizes and secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone . The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) is a lobe of the gland that is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the median eminence via a small tube called the pituitary stalk (also called the infundibular stalk or the infundibulum). Hormones secreted from the pituitary gland help control: growth , blood pressure , management of energy, all functions of the sex organs , thyroid glands and metabolism as well as some aspects of pregnancy , childbirth , nursing , water/salt concentration at the kidneys , temperature regulation and pain relief. Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Anterior 1.2 Posterior 2 Function 2.1 Anterior 2.2 Intermediate 2.3 Posterior 2.4 Hormones 3 Clinical significance 4 History 4.1 Etymology 4.1.1 Pituitary gland 4.1.2 Hypophysis 5 Other animals 5.1 Intermediate lobe 6 Additional images 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) The pituitary gland, in humans, is a pea-sized gland that sits in a protective bony enclosure called the sella turcica . It is composed of three lobes: anterior , intermediate , and posterior . In many animals, these three lobes are distinct.The intermediate is avascular and almost absent in human beings. The intermediate lobe is present in many lower animal species, in particular in rodents, mice and rats, that have been used extensively to study pituitary development and function. In all animals, the fleshy, glandular anterior pituitary is distinct from the neural composition of the posterior pituitary , which is an extension of the hypothalamus . Histology of pituitary gland Anterior ( edit ) Main article: Anterior pituitary The anterior pituitary arises from an invagination of the oral ectoderm and forms Rathke's pouch . This contrasts with the posterior pituitary , which originates from neuroectoderm . Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary are controlled by regulatory hormones released by parvocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamic capillaries leading to infundibular blood vessels, which in turn lead to a second capillary bed in the anterior pituitary. This vascular relationship constitutes the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system . Diffusing out of the second capillary bed, the hypothalamic releasing hormones then bind to anterior pituitary endocrine cells, upregulating or downregulating their release of hormones. The anterior lobe of the pituitary can be divided into the pars tuberalis (pars glandularis) and pars distalis (pars glandularis) that constitutes ~80% of the gland. The pars intermedia (the intermediate lobe) lies between the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis, and is rudimentary in the human, although in other species it is more developed. It develops from a depression in the dorsal wall of the pharynx (stomal part) known as Rathke's pouch . The anterior pituitary contains several different types of cells that synthesize and secrete hormones. Usually there is one type of cell for each major hormone formed in anterior pituitary . With special stains attached to high-affinity antibodies that bind with distinctive hormone, at least 5 types of cells can be differentiated. S.No. Type of cell Hormone secreted Percentage of type of cell 1. Somatotropes human growth hormone (hGH) 30-40% 2. Corticotropes adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) 20% 3. Thyrotropes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 3-5% 4. Gonadotropes gonadotropic hormone i.e., both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 3-5% 5. Lactotropes prolactin (PRL) 3-5% Posterior ( edit ) Main article: Posterior pituitary The posterior lobe develops as an extension of the hypothalamus.The Posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized by cell bodies in the hypothalamus . The magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei located in the hypothalamus that project axons down the infundibulum to terminals in the posterior pituitary. This simple arrangement differs sharply from that of the adjacent anterior pituitary, which does not develop from the hypothalamus. The release of pituitary hormones by both the anterior and posterior lobes is under the control of the hypothalamus , albeit in different ways. Function ( edit ) Anterior ( edit ) The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes hormones. All releasing hormones (-RH) referred to, can also be referred to as releasing factors (-RF). Somatotropes : Human growth hormone (HGH), also referred to as ' growth hormone' (GH), and also as somatotropin, is released under the influence of hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), and is inhibited by hypothalamic somatostatin . Corticotropes : Cleaved from the precursor proopiomelanocortin protein, and include adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and beta-endorphin , and melanocyte-stimulating hormone are released under the influence of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Thyrotropes : Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), is released under the influence of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and is inhibited by somatostatin. Gonadotropes : Luteinizing hormone (LH). Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), both released under influence of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Lactotropes : Prolactin (PRL), whose release is inconsistently stimulated by hypothalamic TRH, oxytocin, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, angiotensin II, neuropeptide Y, galanin, substance P, bombesin-like peptides (gastrin-releasing peptide, neuromedin B and C), and neurotensin, and inhibited by hypothalamic dopamine. These hormones are released from the anterior pituitary under the influence of the hypothalamus . Hypothalamic hormones are secreted to the anterior lobe by way of a special capillary system, called the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system . There is also a non-endocrine cell population called folliculostellate cells. Intermediate ( edit ) The intermediate lobe synthesizes and secretes the following important endocrine hormone: Melanocyte-- stimulating hormone (MSH). This is also produced in the anterior lobe. When produced in the intermediate lobe, MSHs are sometimes called `` intermedins'' . Posterior ( edit ) The posterior pituitary stores and secretes (but does not synthesize) the following important endocrine hormones: Magnocellular neurons : Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also known as vasopressin and arginine vasopressin AVP), the majority of which is released from the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus . Oxytocin , most of which is released from the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus . Oxytocin is one of the few hormones to create a positive feedback loop. For example, uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which, in turn, increases uterine contractions. This positive feedback loop continues throughout labour. Hormones ( edit ) Hormones secreted from the pituitary gland help control the following body processes: Growth (GH) Blood pressure Some aspects of pregnancy and childbirth including stimulation of uterine contractions during childbirth (Parturition) Breast milk production Sex organ functions in both males and females Thyroid gland function The conversion of food into energy ( metabolism ) Water and osmolarity regulation in the body Water balance via the control of reabsorption of water by the kidneys Temperature regulation Pain relief Clinical significance ( edit ) A normal sized hand (left) and the enlarged hand of someone with acromegaly (right) Main article: Pituitary disease Some of the diseases involving the pituitary gland are: Central diabetes insipidus caused by a deficiency of vasopressin . Gigantism and acromegaly caused by an excess of growth hormone in childhood and adult respectively. Hypothyroidism caused by a deficiency of thyroid-stimulating hormone . Hyperpituitarism , the increased (hyper) secretion of one or more of the hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland. Hypopituitarism , the decreased (hypo) secretion of one or more of the hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland. Panhypopituitarism a decreased secretion of most of the pituitary hormones. Pituitary tumours . Pituitary adenomas , noncancerous tumors that occur in the pituitary gland. All of the functions of the pituitary gland can be adversely affected by an over- or under-production of associated hormones. The pituitary gland is important for mediating the stress response, via the hypothalamic-- pituitary-- adrenal axis (HPA axis) Critically, pituitary gland growth during adolescence can be altered by early life stress such as childhood maltreatment or maternal dysphoric behavior. It has been demonstrated that, after controlling for age, sex, and BMI, larger quantities of DHEA and DHEA-S tended to be linked to larger pituitary volume. Additionally, a correlation between pituitary gland volume and Social Anxiety subscale scores was identified which provided a basis for exploring mediation. Again controlling for age, sex, and BMI, DHEA and DHEA-S have been found to be predictive of larger pituitary gland volume, which was also associated with increased ratings of social anxiety. This research provides evidence that pituitary gland volume mediates the link between higher DHEA(S) levels (associated with relatively early adrenarche) and traits associated with social anxiety. Children who experience early adrenarcheal development tend to have larger pituitary gland volume compared to children with later adrenarcheal development. History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) Pituitary gland ( edit ) The Greek physician Galen referred to the pituitary gland by only using the ( Ancient Greek ) name ἀδήν , gland . He described the pituitary gland as part of a series of secretory organs for the excretion of nasal mucus . Anatomist Andreas Vesalius translated ἀδήν with glans, in quam pituita destillat , `` gland in which slime ( pituita ) drips'' . Besides this ' descriptive' name, Vesalius used glandula pituitaria , from which the English name pituitary gland is ultimately derived. The expression glandula pituitaria is still used as official synonym beside hypophysis in the official Latin nomenclature Terminologia Anatomica . In the seventeenth century the supposed function of the pituitary gland to produce nasal mucus was debunked. The expression glandula pituitaria and its English equivalent pituitary gland can only be justified from a historical point of view. The inclusion of this synonym is merely justified by noting that the main term hypophysis is a much less popular term. Hypophysis ( edit ) The anatomist Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring coined the name hypophysis . This name consists of ὑπό (' under' ) and φύειν (' to grow' ). In later Greek ὑπόφυσις is used differently by Greek physicians as outgrowth . Sömmering also used the equivalent expression appendix cerebri , with appendix as appendage . In various languages, Hirnanhang in German and hersenaanhangsel in Dutch , the terms are derived from appendix cerebri . Other animals ( edit ) The pituitary gland is found in all vertebrates, but its structure varies among different groups. The division of the pituitary described above is typical of mammals , and is also true, to varying degrees, of all tetrapods . However, only in mammals does the posterior pituitary have a compact shape. In lungfish , it is a relatively flat sheet of tissue lying above the anterior pituitary, but in amphibians , reptiles , and birds , it becomes increasingly well developed. The intermediate lobe is, in general, not well developed in any species and is entirely absent in birds. The structure of the pituitary in fish, apart from the lungfish, is generally different from that in other animals. In general, the intermediate lobe tends to be well developed, and may equal the remainder of the anterior pituitary in size. The posterior lobe typically forms a sheet of tissue at the base of the pituitary stalk, and in most cases sends irregular finger-like projection into the tissue of the anterior pituitary, which lies directly beneath it. The anterior pituitary is typically divided into two regions, a more anterior rostral portion and a posterior proximal portion, but the boundary between the two is often not clearly marked. In elasmobranchs there is an additional, ventral lobe beneath the anterior pituitary proper. The arrangement in lampreys , which are among the most primitive of all fish, may indicate how the pituitary originally evolved in ancestral vertebrates. Here, the posterior pituitary is a simple flat sheet of tissue at the base of the brain, and there is no pituitary stalk. Rathke's pouch remains open to the outside, close to the nasal openings. Closely associated with the pouch are three distinct clusters of glandular tissue, corresponding to the intermediate lobe, and the rostral and proximal portions of the anterior pituitary. These various parts are separated by meningial membranes, suggesting that the pituitary of other vertebrates may have formed from the fusion of a pair of separate, but associated, glands. Most armadillos also possess a neural secretory gland very similar in form to the posterior pituitary, but located in the tail and associated with the spinal cord . This may have a function in osmoregulation . There is a structure analogous to the pituitary in the octopus brain. Intermediate lobe ( edit ) Although rudimentary in humans (and often considered part of the anterior pituitary ), the intermediate lobe located between the anterior and posterior pituitary is important to many animals. For instance, in fish, it is believed to control physiological color change. In adult humans, it is just a thin layer of cells between the anterior and posterior pituitary. The intermediate lobe produces melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), although this function is often (imprecisely) attributed to the anterior pituitary. The intermediate lobe is, in general, not well developed in tetrapods, and is entirely absent in birds. Additional images ( edit ) Location of the pituitary gland in the human brain Pituitary and pineal glands The arteries of the base of the brain. Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane. Pituitary Pituitary gland Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep dissection. See also ( edit ) Dantian Head and neck anatomy Melanotroph References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gibo H, Hokama M, Kyoshima K, Kobayashi S (1993). `` (Arteries to the pituitary)'' . Nippon Rinsho. 51 (10): 2550-- 4. PMID 8254920 . Jump up ^ Mancall, Elliott L.; Brock, David G., eds. (2011). `` Cranial Fossae'' . Gray's Clinical Anatomy . Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 154. ISBN 9781437735802 . ^ Jump up to: Melmed, Shlomo (2011). The Pituitary - (Third Edition) . San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA: Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier. pp. 23-- 25. ISBN 978-0-12-380926-1 . ^ Jump up to: Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L. (2009). Medical Physiology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. pp. 1016-- 1017. ISBN 978-1-4160-3115-4 . Jump up ^ Textbook of Medical Physiology . Elsevier Saunders. Jump up ^ Knepel W, Homolka L, Vlaskovska M, Nutto D. (1984). Stimulation of adrenocorticotropin/beta-endorphin release by synthetic ovine corticotropin-releasing factor in vitro. Enhancement by various vasopressin analogs. Neuroendocrinology. 38(5):344-50. Jump up ^ Brunton, Laurence L.; Chabner, Bruce A.; Knollmann, Björn C., eds. (2011). Goodman & Gilman's pharmacological basis of therapeutics (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8 . Jump up ^ Shlomo Melmed (3 December 2010). The pituitary . Academic Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-12-380926-1 . Jump up ^ Pocock, Gillian (2006). Human Physiology (Third ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-19-856878-0 . Jump up ^ Ganella, Despina E.; Allen, Nicholas B.; Simmons, Julian G.; Schwartz, Orli; Kim, Jee Hyun; Sheeber, Lisa; Whittle, Sarah. `` Early life stress alters pituitary growth during adolescence-- A longitudinal study'' . Psychoneuroendocrinology. 53 : 185-- 194. doi : 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.01.005 . PMID 25622011 . ^ Jump up to: Murray, CR; Simmons, JG; Allen, NB; Byrne, ML; Mundy, LK; Seal, ML; Patton, GC; Olsson, CA; Whittle, S (February 2016). `` Associations between dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels, pituitary volume, and social anxiety in children'' . Psychoneuroendocrinology. 64 : 31-- 9. doi : 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.11.004 . PMID 26600008 . ^ Jump up to: Hyrtl, J. (1880). Onomatologia Anatomica. Geschichte und Kritik der anatomischen Sprache der Gegenwart. Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller . K.K. Hof- und Universitätsbuchhändler . ^ Jump up to: Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ^ Jump up to: Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. (1879). A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ^ Jump up to: Schreger, C.H.Th.(1805). Synonymia anatomica. Synonymik der anatomischen Nomenclatur. Fürth : im Bureau für Literatur. Jump up ^ Anderson, D.M. (2000). Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary (29th edition). Philadelphia/London/Toronto/Montreal/Sydney/Tokyo: W.B. Saunders Company. Jump up ^ Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998). Terminologia Anatomica . Stuttgart: Thieme ^ Jump up to: Triepel, H. (1927). Die anatomischen Namen. Ihre Ableitung und Aussprache. Anhang: Biographische Notizen. (Elfte Auflage). München : Verlag J.F. Bergmann. Jump up ^ International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee (1966). Nomina Anatomica . Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation, p. 62 Jump up ^ Pinkhof, H. (1923). Vertalend en verklarend woordenboek van uitheemsche geneeskundige termen. Haarlem: De Erven F. Bohn. ^ Jump up to: Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 549-- 550. ISBN 0-03-910284-X . Jump up ^ Wells, M.J. ; Wells, J. (1969). `` Pituitary Analogue in the Octopus'' . Nature . 222 (5190): 293-- 294. doi : 10.1038/222293a0 . External links ( edit ) Look up pituitary gland or hypophysis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Pituitary gland at Encyclopædia Britannica hier-382 at NeuroNames Histology image: 14201loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University The Pituitary Gland, from the UMM Endocrinology Health Guide Oklahoma State, Endocrine System The Pituitary Foundation The Pituitary Network Association -- pituitary.org Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone (clavicle) Thigh bone (femur) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans ( hide ) Anatomy of the endocrine system Pituitary gland Anterior Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis Pars distalis Acidophil cell Somatotropic cell Prolactin cell Somatomammotrophic cell Basophil cell Corticotropic cell Gonadotropic cell Thyrotropic cell Chromophobe cell Posterior Pars nervosa Median eminence Stalk Pituicyte Herring bodies Thyroid Follicular cell Parafollicular cell Parathyroid gland Chief cell Oxyphil cell Adrenal gland Cortex Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Medulla Chromaffin cell Gonads Testicle Leydig cell Sertoli cell Ovary Theca interna Granulosa cell Corpus luteum Islets of pancreas Alpha cell Beta cell PP cell Delta cell Epsilon cell Pineal gland Pinealocyte Corpora arenacea Other Enteroendocrine cell Paraganglia Organ of Zuckerkandl Placenta Development List of human endocrine organs and actions ( hide ) Anatomy of the diencephalon of the human brain Epithalamus Surface Pineal gland Habenula Habenular trigone Habenular commissure Grey matter Pretectal area Habenular nuclei Subcommissural organ Thalamus Surface Stria medullaris of thalamus Thalamic reticular nucleus Taenia thalami Grey matter / nuclei paired: AN Ventral VA / VL VP / VPM / VPL Lateral LD LP Pulvinar nuclei Metathalamus MG LG P cell M cell K cell midline: MD Intralaminar Centromedian Midline nuclear group Interthalamic adhesion White matter Mammillothalamic fasciculus Pallidothalamic tracts Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Thalamic fasciculus PCML Medial lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral lemniscus Dentatothalamic tract Acoustic radiation Optic radiation Subthalamic fasciculus Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Medullary laminae Hypothalamus Surface Median eminence / Tuber cinereum Mammillary body Infundibulum Grey matter Autonomic zones Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss) Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation) Endocrine posterior pituitary : Paraventricular Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Parvocellular neurosecretory cell Supraoptic oxytocin / vasopressin other: Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH) Preoptic (GnRH) Suprachiasmatic (melatonin) Emotion Lateral Ventromedial Dorsomedial White matter afferent Medial forebrain bundle Retinohypothalamic tract efferent Mammillothalamic fasciculus Stria terminalis Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Pituitary Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular Subthalamus Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta Nuclei campi perizonalis ( Fields of Forel ) GND : 4026389-7 NDL : 00565139 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&oldid=841551234 '' Categories : Endocrine system Human head and neck Neuroendocrinology Human female endocrine system Pituitary gland Hidden categories: Pages with unresolved properties Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца )‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 67 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018, at 14:41. 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the lodge season 2 release date in the us
The premiere episode of The Lodge , `` The New Girl '' , was released online in the UK on 8 September 2016 , more than two weeks before its television premiere . The series premiered in the United States on Disney Channel on 17 October 2016 . At the end of 2016 and beginning of 2017 , the series will be released in 108 additional countries within the EMEA region .
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[ "The Lodge Genre Mystery Drama Based on North Star by Michal Cooper Keren Starring Sophie Simnett Luke Newton Thomas Doherty Bethan Wright Jayden Revri Jade Alleyne Joshua Sinclair - Evans Mia Jenkins Theme music composer Jeannie Lurie Aristeidis Archontis Chen Neeman Opening theme `` Starting Over , Starting Now '' Composer ( s ) Jeannie Lurie Aris Archontis Chen Neeman Matthew Tishler Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 25 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Steven Andrew Producer ( s ) Raymond Lau Running time 21 -- 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Zodiak Kids Studios Release Original network Disney Channel Original release 23 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) -- present External links Website disneychannel.disney.co.uk/the-lodge", "The Lodge", "Genre Mystery Drama", "Mystery Drama", "Based on North Star by Michal Cooper Keren", "Starring Sophie Simnett Luke Newton Thomas Doherty Bethan Wright Jayden Revri Jade Alleyne Joshua Sinclair - Evans Mia Jenkins", "Sophie Simnett Luke Newton Thomas Doherty Bethan Wright Jayden Revri Jade Alleyne Joshua Sinclair - Evans Mia Jenkins", "Joshua Sinclair - Evans", "Theme music composer Jeannie Lurie Aristeidis Archontis Chen Neeman", "Jeannie Lurie Aristeidis Archontis Chen Neeman", "Opening theme `` Starting Over , Starting Now ''", "Composer ( s ) Jeannie Lurie Aris Archontis Chen Neeman Matthew Tishler", "Jeannie Lurie Aris Archontis Chen Neeman Matthew Tishler", "Country of origin United Kingdom", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of seasons", "No. of episodes 25 ( list of episodes )", "Production", "Executive producer ( s ) Steven Andrew", "Producer ( s ) Raymond Lau", "Running time 21 -- 23 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Zodiak Kids Studios", "Release", "Original network Disney Channel", "Original release 23 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) -- present", "External links", "Website disneychannel.disney.co.uk/the-lodge", "The Lodge is a British mystery and drama television series that premiered in the United Kingdom on Disney Channel on 23 September 2016 and in the United States on Disney Channel on 17 October 2016 . The series is based on the Israeli series North Star and stars Sophie Simnett , Luke Newton , Thomas Doherty , Bethan Wright , Jayden Revri , Jade Alleyne , Joshua Sinclair - Evans , and Mia Jenkins .", "Fifteen - year - old Skye moves with her father from the big city to rural Northern Ireland , where they take over a local hotel called North Star Lodge , which was previously owned and managed by Skye 's grandfather . At their new home , Skye tries to build a life , but this new life is far from complication free as she must navigate through the everyday stresses of life as a teenager . She struggles to integrate into a group of teenagers who live and work in the hotel , but discovers that most of them do not have good intentions . When she discovers that her father is planning to sell the hotel , Skye becomes upset as she has developed an emotional attachment to it . Skye decides to convince her father not to sell the hotel only to discover that the man wanting to buy it is her new friend 's father . Skye receives the support of her friends , but not everyone is as interested as she is in saving it . Skye discovers secrets over time that will affect not only her life , but that of the hotel .", "Sophie Simnett as Skye Luke Newton as Ben Thomas Doherty as Sean Bethan Wright as Danielle Jayden Revri as Noah Jade Alleyne as Kaylee Joshua Sinclair - Evans as Josh Mia Jenkins as Alex ( season 2 )", "Sophie Simnett as Skye", "Luke Newton as Ben", "Thomas Doherty as Sean", "Bethan Wright as Danielle", "Jayden Revri as Noah", "Jade Alleyne as Kaylee", "Joshua Sinclair - Evans as Josh", "Mia Jenkins as Alex ( season 2 )", "Marcus Garvey as Ed John Hopkins as SJ Geoffrey McGivern as Patrick Dan Richardson as Gil Ellie Taylor as Christina Laila Rouass as Olivia Dominic Harrison as Oz Tom Hudson as Kyle Martin Anzor as Aaron Sarah Nauta as Lori Clara Rugaard as Ana Cameron King as Ethan Emma Campbell - Jones as Ella Lina Larissa Strahl as Frankie Kimberley Walsh as Rebecca Dove Cameron as Jess", "Marcus Garvey as Ed", "John Hopkins as SJ", "Geoffrey McGivern as Patrick", "Dan Richardson as Gil", "Ellie Taylor as Christina", "Laila Rouass as Olivia", "Dominic Harrison as Oz", "Tom Hudson as Kyle", "Martin Anzor as Aaron", "Sarah Nauta as Lori", "Clara Rugaard as Ana", "Cameron King as Ethan", "Emma Campbell - Jones as Ella", "Lina Larissa Strahl as Frankie", "Kimberley Walsh as Rebecca", "Dove Cameron as Jess", "In July 2015 , the British Disney Channel gave the green light for the production of the series The Lodge , which had the working title of North Star ... For the first season , 13 episodes were originally announced , each with a running time of 22 minutes , though the amount was later reduced to 10 episodes . The main character , Skye , was originally named Maia , like in the Israeli Disney Channel original series North Star . The series The Lodge , filmed in Northern Ireland , takes place in the county of County Down . Most of the scenes are filmed in Montalto Estate and at The Carriage Rooms , which are in Ballynahinch .", "On 13 December 2016 , it was announced that the series was renewed for a second season , which premiered in 2017 . On 21 February 2017 , it was announced that production had begun on the second season and it would consist of 15 episodes .", "Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 17 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) 25 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) 15 9 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 3 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 )", "Season Episodes Originally aired", "First aired Last aired", "10 17 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) 25 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 )", "15 9 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 3 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 )", "Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 10 23 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 0.26 25 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) 0.12 0.17 15 9 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 0.14 3 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 0.10 0.11", "Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions )", "Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions )", "10 23 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 0.26 25 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) 0.12 0.17", "15 9 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 0.14 3 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 0.10 0.11", "Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 10 17 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) 0.80 25 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) 0.60 0.73", "Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions )", "Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions )", "10 17 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) 0.80 25 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) 0.60 0.73", "The premiere episode of The Lodge , `` The New Girl '' , was released online in the UK on 8 September 2016 , more than two weeks before its television premiere . The series premiered in the United States on Disney Channel on 17 October 2016 . At the end of 2016 and beginning of 2017 , the series will be released in 108 additional countries within the EMEA region ." ]
The Lodge (tv series) - wikipedia The Lodge (tv series) Jump to: navigation , search The Lodge Genre Mystery Drama Based on North Star by Michal Cooper Keren Starring Sophie Simnett Luke Newton Thomas Doherty Bethan Wright Jayden Revri Jade Alleyne Joshua Sinclair-Evans Mia Jenkins Theme music composer Jeannie Lurie Aristeidis Archontis Chen Neeman Opening theme `` Starting Over, Starting Now'' Composer(s) Jeannie Lurie Aris Archontis Chen Neeman Matthew Tishler Country of origin United Kingdom Original language(s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 25 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) Steven Andrew Producer(s) Raymond Lau Running time 21-- 23 minutes Production company(s) Zodiak Kids Studios Release Original network Disney Channel Original release 23 September 2016 ( 2016-09-23 ) -- present External links Website disneychannel.disney.co.uk/the-lodge The Lodge is a British mystery and drama television series that premiered in the United Kingdom on Disney Channel on 23 September 2016 and in the United States on Disney Channel on 17 October 2016. The series is based on the Israeli series North Star and stars Sophie Simnett, Luke Newton, Thomas Doherty , Bethan Wright, Jayden Revri, Jade Alleyne , Joshua Sinclair-Evans, and Mia Jenkins. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 5.1 UK ratings 5.2 U.S. ratings 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Fifteen-year-old Skye moves with her father from the big city to rural Northern Ireland, where they take over a local hotel called North Star Lodge , which was previously owned and managed by Skye's grandfather. At their new home, Skye tries to build a life, but this new life is far from complication free as she must navigate through the everyday stresses of life as a teenager. She struggles to integrate into a group of teenagers who live and work in the hotel, but discovers that most of them do not have good intentions. When she discovers that her father is planning to sell the hotel, Skye becomes upset as she has developed an emotional attachment to it. Skye decides to convince her father not to sell the hotel only to discover that the man wanting to buy it is her new friend's father. Skye receives the support of her friends, but not everyone is as interested as she is in saving it. Skye discovers secrets over time that will affect not only her life, but that of the hotel. Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Sophie Simnett as Skye Luke Newton as Ben Thomas Doherty as Sean Bethan Wright as Danielle Jayden Revri as Noah Jade Alleyne as Kaylee Joshua Sinclair-Evans as Josh Mia Jenkins as Alex (season 2) Recurring ( edit ) Marcus Garvey as Ed John Hopkins as SJ Geoffrey McGivern as Patrick Dan Richardson as Gil Ellie Taylor as Christina Laila Rouass as Olivia Dominic Harrison as Oz Tom Hudson as Kyle Martin Anzor as Aaron Sarah Nauta as Lori Clara Rugaard as Ana Cameron King as Ethan Emma Campbell-Jones as Ella Lina Larissa Strahl as Frankie Kimberley Walsh as Rebecca Dove Cameron as Jess Production ( edit ) In July 2015, the British Disney Channel gave the green light for the production of the series The Lodge , which had the working title of North Star ... For the first season, 13 episodes were originally announced, each with a running time of 22 minutes, though the amount was later reduced to 10 episodes. The main character, Skye, was originally named Maia, like in the Israeli Disney Channel original series North Star . The series The Lodge , filmed in Northern Ireland , takes place in the county of County Down . Most of the scenes are filmed in Montalto Estate and at The Carriage Rooms, which are in Ballynahinch . On 13 December 2016, it was announced that the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered in 2017. On 21 February 2017, it was announced that production had begun on the second season and it would consist of 15 episodes. Episodes ( edit ) Main article: List of The Lodge episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 17 October 2016 ( 2016-10-17 ) 25 November 2016 ( 2016-11-25 ) 15 9 June 2017 ( 2017-06-09 ) 3 November 2017 ( 2017-11-03 ) Ratings ( edit ) UK ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg. viewers (millions) Date Viewers (millions) Date Viewers (millions) 10 23 September 2016 ( 2016-09-23 ) 0.26 25 November 2016 ( 2016-11-25 ) 0.12 0.17 15 9 June 2017 ( 2017-06-09 ) 0.14 3 November 2017 ( 2017-11-03 ) 0.10 0.11 U.S. ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg. viewers (millions) Date Viewers (millions) Date Viewers (millions) 10 17 October 2016 ( 2016-10-17 ) 0.80 25 November 2016 ( 2016-11-25 ) 0.60 0.73 Broadcast ( edit ) The premiere episode of The Lodge , `` The New Girl'' , was released online in the UK on 8 September 2016, more than two weeks before its television premiere. The series premiered in the United States on Disney Channel on 17 October 2016. At the end of 2016 and beginning of 2017, the series will be released in 108 additional countries within the EMEA region. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seán Brosnan (24 March 2016). `` Disney Channel Series The Lodge Begins Filming in Northern Ireland'' . IFTN . Retrieved 2016-07-05 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel Greenlights New Local Production North Star'' . Zodiak Media . 10 July 2015 . Retrieved 2016-07-05 . ^ Jump up to: `` Disney Channel Begins Filming The Lodge in Northern Ireland'' . Discover Northern Ireland . 24 March 2016 . Retrieved 2016-07-05 . Jump up ^ Wendy Goldman Getzler (10 July 2015). `` Disney Lights Up North Star in Europe'' . Kidscreen . Retrieved 2016-07-05 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel: Major Musical Drama The Lodge Filming in Northern Ireland'' . BBC . 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 2016-07-05 . Jump up ^ Disney Channel UK (13 December 2016). The Lodge Season 2 Coming 2017! . YouTube . Retrieved 2016-12-13 . Jump up ^ David Sztypuljak (21 February 2017). `` The first look photos from Disney's The Lodge Season 2 as production begins'' . HeyUGuys . Retrieved 2017-06-17 . Jump up ^ `` Disney's The Lodge Season 2 starts production in Northern Ireland'' . Advanced Television . 21 February 2017 . Retrieved 2017-06-17 . ^ Jump up to: `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes'' . BARB . Select `` Disney Channel Total'' and choose the week the episode aired. Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (18 October 2016). `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals: 10.17.2016'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 2016-10-18 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (29 November 2016). `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 11.25.2016'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 2016-11-29 . ^ Jump up to: Elizabeth Wagmeister (30 August 2016). `` Musical Mystery Series ' The Lodge' to Be Distributed Globally by Disney Channel'' . Variety . Retrieved 2016-09-03 . External links ( edit ) The Lodge on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lodge_(TV_series)&oldid=817166203 '' Categories : 2010s British children's television series 2016 British television programme debuts Disney Channel shows English-language television programs Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017, at 16:40. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
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where is my mind it's a piano cover by maxence cyrin
On Tuesday , April 13 , 2004 , NASA used `` Where Is My Mind ? '' to wake up the team working on the Mars rover , Spirit , in honor of its software transplant .
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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "`` Where Is My Mind ? '' Song by Pixies from the album Surfer Rosa Released March 21 , 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 21 ) Recorded November 1987 Studio Downtown Recorders , South End , Boston Genre Alternative rock indie rock Length 3 : 53 Label Rough Trade Songwriter ( s ) Black Francis Surfer Rosa track listing `` River Euphrates '' ( 6 ) `` Where Is My Mind ? '' ( 7 ) `` Cactus '' ( 8 ) Audio sample Sample of end of 3rd verse and part of chorus file help", "`` Where Is My Mind ? ''", "Song by Pixies", "from the album Surfer Rosa", "Released March 21 , 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 21 )", "Recorded November 1987", "Studio Downtown Recorders , South End , Boston", "Genre Alternative rock indie rock", "Alternative rock indie rock", "Length 3 : 53", "Label Rough Trade", "Songwriter ( s ) Black Francis", "Surfer Rosa track listing", "`` River Euphrates '' ( 6 ) `` Where Is My Mind ? '' ( 7 ) `` Cactus '' ( 8 )", "`` River Euphrates '' ( 6 ) `` Where Is My Mind ? '' ( 7 ) `` Cactus '' ( 8 )", "`` River Euphrates '' ( 6 ) `` Where Is My Mind ? '' ( 7 ) `` Cactus '' ( 8 )", "Audio sample", "Sample of end of 3rd verse and part of chorus file help", "file help", "`` Where Is My Mind ? '' is a song by the American alternative rock band Pixies . It is the seventh track on their 1988 debut album Surfer Rosa . The song was written by frontman Black Francis while he attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst , inspired by his experiences while scuba diving in the Caribbean . He later said he had `` this very small fish trying to chase me . I do n't know why -- I do n't know too much about fish behavior . '' Although the song was never released as a single , it is one of the band 's signature songs . A live version of the song recorded at 2004 's Coachella was released free through BitTorrent . It has been awarded Silver Certification by the BPI for UK singles .", "This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( September 2016 )", "This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( September 2016 )", "In 2005 , the song was used in some commercials for The Weather Man . In 2009 , it was featured in an HBO commercial for The Dark Knight . In 2011 , an instrumental cover was used in the Microsoft advertisement `` The Kinect Effect '' , while a version by Sunday Girl was used by Thomson Holidays for a TV advertisement as part of their `` Time for a Holiday ? '' campaign . In the same year , the original version of the song was featured in a commercial for Milk Every Moment . In 2013 , the version by Sunday Girl was also used in a trailer for the ITV series Vera . A piano version by Maxence Cyrin was used in a commercial for AT&T 's `` It Can Wait '' campaign . Another piano cover was used in the commercial `` Why Bring a Child into this World ? '' by Unilever 's `` Project Sunlight '' campaign . In 2014 , it was used to advertise the video game Dark Souls II . In 2015 , Maxence Cyrin 's version was used to advertise Naughty Dog 's `` Uncharted 4 '' In 2015 , an instrumental , chamber music version was used as the sound track in Acura 's `` Lightning in a bottle '' ad for the 2016 Acura ILX . A version by The Hit House appeared in the cinematic promo for Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End . In 2016 , the Nada Surf cover was used in Samsung Gear VR TV Commercial , ' Sharing a Virtual World ' . Samsung used the original for the ' A Perfect Day ' short , promoting their Galaxy , Gear , & IconX lines . In 2017 , the song is featured in an advert for Galaxy chocolate bar .", "In 2005 , the song was used in some commercials for The Weather Man .", "In 2009 , it was featured in an HBO commercial for The Dark Knight .", "In 2011 , an instrumental cover was used in the Microsoft advertisement `` The Kinect Effect '' , while a version by Sunday Girl was used by Thomson Holidays for a TV advertisement as part of their `` Time for a Holiday ? '' campaign . In the same year , the original version of the song was featured in a commercial for Milk Every Moment .", "In 2013 , the version by Sunday Girl was also used in a trailer for the ITV series Vera . A piano version by Maxence Cyrin was used in a commercial for AT&T 's `` It Can Wait '' campaign . Another piano cover was used in the commercial `` Why Bring a Child into this World ? '' by Unilever 's `` Project Sunlight '' campaign .", "In 2014 , it was used to advertise the video game Dark Souls II .", "In 2015 , Maxence Cyrin 's version was used to advertise Naughty Dog 's `` Uncharted 4 ''", "In 2015 , an instrumental , chamber music version was used as the sound track in Acura 's `` Lightning in a bottle '' ad for the 2016 Acura ILX . A version by The Hit House appeared in the cinematic promo for Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End .", "In 2016 , the Nada Surf cover was used in Samsung Gear VR TV Commercial , ' Sharing a Virtual World ' . Samsung used the original for the ' A Perfect Day ' short , promoting their Galaxy , Gear , & IconX lines .", "In 2017 , the song is featured in an advert for Galaxy chocolate bar .", "In 1990 , the song was featured in A Matter of Degrees . In 1998 , The Adventures of Sebastian Cole used the song during closing credits . In 1999 , Fight Club prominently featured the song during the final scene and ending credits . The film 's usage of the song was what initially brought large interest to the song . In 2003 , Gaz Bar Blues ended with this song . Janis and John also used this song . In 2009 , a cover by City Wolf was featured in Observe and Report . The original version of the song was featured in the documentary Ghost Bird . In 2010 , it appeared in Mr. Nobody and in the closing credits of BBC Documentary Madness in the Fast Lane . In the same year , an instrumental cover by Maxence Cyrin appeared in the film It 's Kind of a Funny Story . In 2011 , a cover of the song was included in Sucker Punch , performed by Yoav and Emily Browning . In 2012 , ACAB -- All Cops Are Bastards featured this song . Detention of the Dead also used this song . In 2013 , it was used in Horns . Big Ass Spider featured a cover of this song in the opening scene . In 2014 , it was used in Welcome to Me . In 2015 , it was used in Knock Knock and Man Up .", "In 1990 , the song was featured in A Matter of Degrees .", "In 1998 , The Adventures of Sebastian Cole used the song during closing credits .", "In 1999 , Fight Club prominently featured the song during the final scene and ending credits . The film 's usage of the song was what initially brought large interest to the song .", "In 2003 , Gaz Bar Blues ended with this song . Janis and John also used this song .", "In 2009 , a cover by City Wolf was featured in Observe and Report . The original version of the song was featured in the documentary Ghost Bird .", "In 2010 , it appeared in Mr. Nobody and in the closing credits of BBC Documentary Madness in the Fast Lane . In the same year , an instrumental cover by Maxence Cyrin appeared in the film It 's Kind of a Funny Story .", "In 2011 , a cover of the song was included in Sucker Punch , performed by Yoav and Emily Browning .", "In 2012 , ACAB -- All Cops Are Bastards featured this song . Detention of the Dead also used this song .", "In 2013 , it was used in Horns . Big Ass Spider featured a cover of this song in the opening scene .", "In 2014 , it was used in Welcome to Me .", "In 2015 , it was used in Knock Knock and Man Up .", "In 2005 , the song was used in `` Driver Ed '' , an episode of Veronica Mars . In 2006 , the song was used in `` Cupcake '' , an episode of How I Met Your Mother . It was also the intro in the episode `` Sex , Birth , Death '' of the CBS series Criminal Minds . In 2007 , it appeared in `` The Great Leap Forward '' , the final episode of The 4400 . In 2008 , the song was used in `` True Calling '' , an episode of Cold Case . In 2011 , it was sung by Claudia Donovan ( played by Allison Scagliotti ) on the Syfy TV show Warehouse 13 in the episode `` Do n't Hate the Player '' . In 2012 , the song was used at the end of the episode `` Things Just Got Real '' of the ABC series The Neighbors . An instrumental lullaby version by Rockabye Baby ! appeared in `` The Lesson '' , another episode of Criminal Minds . A cover of the song by Jade Williams was used at the end of the episode `` Battle of the Proxies '' of the CBS series The Good Wife . In 2013 , it was used in the intro of the Covert Affairs episode `` Dead '' . In the episode `` The Return of The Aquabats ! '' of the television series The Aquabats ! Super Show ! , one of the main characters , suffering from amnesia , attempts to recall a memory and exactly quotes the first three lines of the song 's second verse . The same character also quotes lines from `` Gigantic '' and `` River Euphrates '' in the episode . In 2014 , a cover version by The Coral Sea appears in the episode `` Dicks '' of the Showtime series Californication . It also appeared in one episode of Foo Fighters : Sonic Highways . In 2015 , Telepathic Teddy Bear 's version appeared at the end of season 1 , episode 9 of USA 's Mr. Robot , entitled `` eps1. 8m1rr0r1ng. qt '' , as a deliberate nod to plot similarities with Fight Club . The second season of the HBO series The Leftovers featured two versions of `` Where Is My Mind ? '' with the original version in episode 2 `` A Matter of Geography '' and Maxence Cyrin 's cover in 3 other episodes . A cover version by Mindy Jones appeared at the end of season 1 , episode 9 of the NBC series Blindspot , entitled `` Authentic Flirt '' . In 2016 , the cover version by Sunday Girl was used in the first season , first episode of Crazyhead ( TV series ) . In 2017 , Maxence Cyrin 's version appeared at the beginning of season 1 , episode 9 of Imposters . A kazoo cover is heard in the second episode of the first season of The Tick . This is done as a deliberate nod to `` Fight Club '' .", "In 2005 , the song was used in `` Driver Ed '' , an episode of Veronica Mars .", "In 2006 , the song was used in `` Cupcake '' , an episode of How I Met Your Mother . It was also the intro in the episode `` Sex , Birth , Death '' of the CBS series Criminal Minds .", "In 2007 , it appeared in `` The Great Leap Forward '' , the final episode of The 4400 .", "In 2008 , the song was used in `` True Calling '' , an episode of Cold Case .", "In 2011 , it was sung by Claudia Donovan ( played by Allison Scagliotti ) on the Syfy TV show Warehouse 13 in the episode `` Do n't Hate the Player '' .", "In 2012 , the song was used at the end of the episode `` Things Just Got Real '' of the ABC series The Neighbors . An instrumental lullaby version by Rockabye Baby ! appeared in `` The Lesson '' , another episode of Criminal Minds . A cover of the song by Jade Williams was used at the end of the episode `` Battle of the Proxies '' of the CBS series The Good Wife .", "In 2013 , it was used in the intro of the Covert Affairs episode `` Dead '' . In the episode `` The Return of The Aquabats ! '' of the television series The Aquabats ! Super Show ! , one of the main characters , suffering from amnesia , attempts to recall a memory and exactly quotes the first three lines of the song 's second verse . The same character also quotes lines from `` Gigantic '' and `` River Euphrates '' in the episode .", "In 2014 , a cover version by The Coral Sea appears in the episode `` Dicks '' of the Showtime series Californication . It also appeared in one episode of Foo Fighters : Sonic Highways .", "In 2015 , Telepathic Teddy Bear 's version appeared at the end of season 1 , episode 9 of USA 's Mr. Robot , entitled `` eps1. 8m1rr0r1ng. qt '' , as a deliberate nod to plot similarities with Fight Club . The second season of the HBO series The Leftovers featured two versions of `` Where Is My Mind ? '' with the original version in episode 2 `` A Matter of Geography '' and Maxence Cyrin 's cover in 3 other episodes . A cover version by Mindy Jones appeared at the end of season 1 , episode 9 of the NBC series Blindspot , entitled `` Authentic Flirt '' .", "In 2016 , the cover version by Sunday Girl was used in the first season , first episode of Crazyhead ( TV series ) .", "In 2017 , Maxence Cyrin 's version appeared at the beginning of season 1 , episode 9 of Imposters . A kazoo cover is heard in the second episode of the first season of The Tick . This is done as a deliberate nod to `` Fight Club '' .", "In 2011 , it was featured in the video game Rocksmith . In 2016 , it was released as DLC for Rock Band 4 .", "In 2011 , it was featured in the video game Rocksmith .", "In 2016 , it was released as DLC for Rock Band 4 .", "This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions .", "This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions .", "A + Machines covered the song on multiple occasions at their live concerts . Sammy Adams uses part of the main riff in his song `` Blow Up '' Ásgeir Trausti covered their song as a bonus track of his second album , `` Afterglow '' . Rockabye Baby ! published an instrumental lullaby version of the song on their 2008 album Rockabye Baby ! Lullaby Renditions of the Pixies by Mike Baiardi Bobby Bare , Jr. covered the song on his 2006 album The Longest Meow . Bassnectar remixed the song in 2010 . James Blunt sang a cover version of the song in a live show on the BBC in 2005 , and performed his cover during his US Tour at Radio City Music Hall . The Coral Sea covered this song . Maxence Cyrin recorded a piano arrangement in his 2010 album Novö Piano . Dikembe performed a cover of the song and others for a cover set at The Fest in Gainesville , Florida . Alice Donut covered the song for their 2009 album Ten Glorious Animals , with the vocal line being replaced by trombone make it fully instrumental . Arcade Fire covered the song in 2007 . Sunday Girl covered the song in 2011 . Black Francis re-recorded the song in 2004 and released it on his album Frank Black Francis and recorded a live version with The Catholics at the Melkweg on March 24 , 2001 . Emmy the Great covered the song as a bonus in their album First Love . Ghoti Hook covered the song on their 1999 album of covers , Songs We Did n't Write . Professor Green covered the song under the name `` Spinning Out '' On his 2011 album , At Your Inconvenience . The Gosh Guys covered the song on a compilation of 4AD covers called `` Thurtene -- A Collection of 4AD Covers '' . Glen Hansard with guests Bitch Falcon covered the song on December 21 , 2015 during a show at Vicar Street , Dublin . Hey covered the song on their 2003 live album , Koncertowy . Hurra Torpedo covered the song for their concerts and the song was included on the live - DVD World Tour 2010 -- Live at Rockefeller Music Hall . Illy covered the song for radio station Triple J 's program , Like a Version . Storm Large covered the song on her 2009 album , Crazy Enough . Kings of Leon covered the song in several concerts throughout 2010 . M.I.A. covered the chorus of this song on the track `` 20 Dollar '' from her album , Kala . Mt . Eden covered the song . Ariane Moffatt recorded an acoustic version of the song for the score of the French Canadian television program , Trauma . Placebo covered the song for their Sleeping with Ghosts bonus track disc . In 2003 , they also performed the song live in Paris , with Black Francis as a special guest . The performance can be found on the DVD , Soulmates Never Die . Nada Surf covered the song for Where Is My Mind ? A Tribute to the Pixies . Power of Trinity covered the song for their 2011 release Loccomotiv . The Kissaway Trail used to play the song live in 2010 . THePETEBOX made a prominent beatboxing remix of this song using looping station which has gained substantial success on YouTube . The Supervillains covered this song . The Toadies covered the song on The Best of Toadies -- Live From Paradise . Trampled By Turtles covered the song in live performances and , in October 2011 , they released their version as a single , available for free download on their website . The single is also for sale through digital retailers with proceeds benefiting WhyHunger . Umphrey 's McGee debuted a cover of the song on November 8 , 2014 , the band 's 2000th show , at The Orpheum Theatre in Madison , WI . White Wives covered the song for their 2011 release Situationist EP . Zombina and the Skeletones covered the song for their 2008 album B - sides . Telepathic Teddy Bear covered the more electronic version of song . Seether 's Shaun Morgan covered the song with Adam Gontier and his band Saint Astonia", "A + Machines covered the song on multiple occasions at their live concerts .", "Sammy Adams uses part of the main riff in his song `` Blow Up ''", "Ásgeir Trausti covered their song as a bonus track of his second album , `` Afterglow '' .", "Rockabye Baby ! published an instrumental lullaby version of the song on their 2008 album Rockabye Baby ! Lullaby Renditions of the Pixies by Mike Baiardi", "Bobby Bare , Jr. covered the song on his 2006 album The Longest Meow .", "Bassnectar remixed the song in 2010 .", "James Blunt sang a cover version of the song in a live show on the BBC in 2005 , and performed his cover during his US Tour at Radio City Music Hall .", "The Coral Sea covered this song .", "Maxence Cyrin recorded a piano arrangement in his 2010 album Novö Piano .", "Dikembe performed a cover of the song and others for a cover set at The Fest in Gainesville , Florida .", "Alice Donut covered the song for their 2009 album Ten Glorious Animals , with the vocal line being replaced by trombone make it fully instrumental .", "Arcade Fire covered the song in 2007 .", "Sunday Girl covered the song in 2011 .", "Black Francis re-recorded the song in 2004 and released it on his album Frank Black Francis and recorded a live version with The Catholics at the Melkweg on March 24 , 2001 .", "Emmy the Great covered the song as a bonus in their album First Love .", "Ghoti Hook covered the song on their 1999 album of covers , Songs We Did n't Write .", "Professor Green covered the song under the name `` Spinning Out '' On his 2011 album , At Your Inconvenience .", "The Gosh Guys covered the song on a compilation of 4AD covers called `` Thurtene -- A Collection of 4AD Covers '' .", "Glen Hansard with guests Bitch Falcon covered the song on December 21 , 2015 during a show at Vicar Street , Dublin .", "Hey covered the song on their 2003 live album , Koncertowy .", "Hurra Torpedo covered the song for their concerts and the song was included on the live - DVD World Tour 2010 -- Live at Rockefeller Music Hall .", "Illy covered the song for radio station Triple J 's program , Like a Version .", "Storm Large covered the song on her 2009 album , Crazy Enough .", "Kings of Leon covered the song in several concerts throughout 2010 .", "M.I.A. covered the chorus of this song on the track `` 20 Dollar '' from her album , Kala .", "Mt . Eden covered the song .", "Ariane Moffatt recorded an acoustic version of the song for the score of the French Canadian television program , Trauma .", "Placebo covered the song for their Sleeping with Ghosts bonus track disc . In 2003 , they also performed the song live in Paris , with Black Francis as a special guest . The performance can be found on the DVD , Soulmates Never Die .", "Nada Surf covered the song for Where Is My Mind ? A Tribute to the Pixies .", "Power of Trinity covered the song for their 2011 release Loccomotiv .", "The Kissaway Trail used to play the song live in 2010 .", "THePETEBOX made a prominent beatboxing remix of this song using looping station which has gained substantial success on YouTube .", "The Supervillains covered this song .", "The Toadies covered the song on The Best of Toadies -- Live From Paradise .", "Trampled By Turtles covered the song in live performances and , in October 2011 , they released their version as a single , available for free download on their website . The single is also for sale through digital retailers with proceeds benefiting WhyHunger .", "Umphrey 's McGee debuted a cover of the song on November 8 , 2014 , the band 's 2000th show , at The Orpheum Theatre in Madison , WI .", "White Wives covered the song for their 2011 release Situationist EP .", "Zombina and the Skeletones covered the song for their 2008 album B - sides .", "Telepathic Teddy Bear covered the more electronic version of song .", "Seether 's Shaun Morgan covered the song with Adam Gontier and his band Saint Astonia", "Locas Electronicas , a project of Locas in Love and Wolke covered the song with German lyrics . The songs of both Locas Electronicas and Wolke are called `` Wo ist mein Kopf '' ( `` Where is my head '' ) , although the translation of the songtext slightly differs . A Spanish version by Azucarillo Kings of 1998 uses mostly Spanish lyrics ( ¿ Me Lo Dices O Me Lo Cuentas ? ) and transforms the song to Flamenco - style . A Dutch version titled `` Waar Is Mijn Hoofd '' ( `` Where is my head '' ) by Koos Kreuk was released on the Pixies tribute album Death to the Pixies -- We 're Better ! in 1998 .", "Locas Electronicas , a project of Locas in Love and Wolke covered the song with German lyrics . The songs of both Locas Electronicas and Wolke are called `` Wo ist mein Kopf '' ( `` Where is my head '' ) , although the translation of the songtext slightly differs .", "A Spanish version by Azucarillo Kings of 1998 uses mostly Spanish lyrics ( ¿ Me Lo Dices O Me Lo Cuentas ? ) and transforms the song to Flamenco - style .", "A Dutch version titled `` Waar Is Mijn Hoofd '' ( `` Where is my head '' ) by Koos Kreuk was released on the Pixies tribute album Death to the Pixies -- We 're Better ! in 1998 .", "End of Fashion have been criticised for their uncredited copying of the guitar riff from the `` Where Is My Mind ? '' , for their song `` O Yeah '' . For example , Rockus Online Magazine reviewer Jonathon Miller called the song `` disturbingly Pixies - ish '' and went on to write :", "`` End of Fashion are having no problem appealing to the 95 % of people that have n't heard ( and still remember ) the Pixies ' `` Where Is My Mind ? '' and have never experienced a truly exciting live show , and if that 's what the band is aiming for , then they are a complete success . ''", "`` Where Is My Mind ? '' was voted number 29 in the `` Hottest 100 of All Time '' music poll conducted by Australian radio station Triple J in 2009 . Over half a million votes were cast in the poll .", "On Tuesday , April 13 , 2004 , NASA used `` Where Is My Mind ? '' to wake up the team working on the Mars rover , Spirit , in honor of its software transplant ." ]
Where is My Mind? - Wikipedia Where is My Mind? Jump to: navigation , search For the tribute album named Where Is My Mind? A Tribute to the Pixies, see List of Pixies tribute albums . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Where Is My Mind?'' Song by Pixies from the album Surfer Rosa Released March 21, 1988 ( 1988-03-21 ) Recorded November 1987 Studio Downtown Recorders , South End , Boston Genre Alternative rock indie rock Length 3 : 53 Label Rough Trade Songwriter(s) Black Francis Surfer Rosa track listing `` River Euphrates'' (6) `` Where Is My Mind? '' (7) `` Cactus '' (8) Audio sample Sample of end of 3rd verse and part of chorus file help `` Where Is My Mind? '' is a song by the American alternative rock band Pixies . It is the seventh track on their 1988 debut album Surfer Rosa . The song was written by frontman Black Francis while he attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst , inspired by his experiences while scuba diving in the Caribbean . He later said he had `` this very small fish trying to chase me. I don't know why-- I don't know too much about fish behavior.'' Although the song was never released as a single, it is one of the band's signature songs . A live version of the song recorded at 2004's Coachella was released free through BitTorrent . It has been awarded Silver Certification by the BPI for UK singles. Contents ( hide ) 1 In popular culture 1.1 Advertisements 1.2 Films 1.3 TV series 1.4 Video games 1.5 Cover versions 1.6 Covers in different languages 1.7 Uncredited cover versions 2 Legacy 3 References 4 External links In popular culture ( edit ) This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined, unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Where appropriate, incorporate items into the main body of the article. (September 2016) Advertisements ( edit ) In 2005, the song was used in some commercials for The Weather Man . In 2009, it was featured in an HBO commercial for The Dark Knight . In 2011, an instrumental cover was used in the Microsoft advertisement `` The Kinect Effect'' , while a version by Sunday Girl was used by Thomson Holidays for a TV advertisement as part of their `` Time for a Holiday?'' campaign. In the same year, the original version of the song was featured in a commercial for Milk Every Moment. In 2013, the version by Sunday Girl was also used in a trailer for the ITV series Vera . A piano version by Maxence Cyrin was used in a commercial for AT&T's `` It Can Wait'' campaign. Another piano cover was used in the commercial `` Why Bring a Child into this World?'' by Unilever 's `` Project Sunlight'' campaign. In 2014, it was used to advertise the video game Dark Souls II . In 2015, Maxence Cyrin's version was used to advertise Naughty Dog's `` Uncharted 4'' In 2015, an instrumental, chamber music version was used as the sound track in Acura's `` Lightning in a bottle'' ad for the 2016 Acura ILX. A version by The Hit House appeared in the cinematic promo for Uncharted 4: A Thief's End . In 2016, the Nada Surf cover was used in Samsung Gear VR TV Commercial, ' Sharing a Virtual World' . Samsung used the original for the ' A Perfect Day' short, promoting their Galaxy, Gear, & IconX lines. In 2017, the song is featured in an advert for Galaxy chocolate bar. Films ( edit ) In 1990, the song was featured in A Matter of Degrees . In 1998, The Adventures of Sebastian Cole used the song during closing credits. In 1999, Fight Club prominently featured the song during the final scene and ending credits. The film's usage of the song was what initially brought large interest to the song. In 2003, Gaz Bar Blues ended with this song. Janis and John also used this song. In 2009, a cover by City Wolf was featured in Observe and Report . The original version of the song was featured in the documentary Ghost Bird . In 2010, it appeared in Mr. Nobody and in the closing credits of BBC Documentary Madness in the Fast Lane . In the same year, an instrumental cover by Maxence Cyrin appeared in the film It's Kind of a Funny Story . In 2011, a cover of the song was included in Sucker Punch , performed by Yoav and Emily Browning . In 2012, ACAB -- All Cops Are Bastards featured this song. Detention of the Dead also used this song. In 2013, it was used in Horns . Big Ass Spider featured a cover of this song in the opening scene. In 2014, it was used in Welcome to Me . In 2015, it was used in Knock Knock and Man Up . TV series ( edit ) In 2005, the song was used in `` Driver Ed '' , an episode of Veronica Mars . In 2006, the song was used in `` Cupcake '' , an episode of How I Met Your Mother . It was also the intro in the episode `` Sex, Birth, Death'' of the CBS series Criminal Minds . In 2007, it appeared in `` The Great Leap Forward '' , the final episode of The 4400 . In 2008, the song was used in `` True Calling'' , an episode of Cold Case . In 2011, it was sung by Claudia Donovan (played by Allison Scagliotti ) on the Syfy TV show Warehouse 13 in the episode `` Don't Hate the Player '' . In 2012, the song was used at the end of the episode `` Things Just Got Real'' of the ABC series The Neighbors . An instrumental lullaby version by Rockabye Baby! appeared in `` The Lesson'' , another episode of Criminal Minds . A cover of the song by Jade Williams was used at the end of the episode `` Battle of the Proxies'' of the CBS series The Good Wife . In 2013, it was used in the intro of the Covert Affairs episode `` Dead'' . In the episode `` The Return of The Aquabats!'' of the television series The Aquabats! Super Show! , one of the main characters, suffering from amnesia , attempts to recall a memory and exactly quotes the first three lines of the song's second verse. The same character also quotes lines from `` Gigantic '' and `` River Euphrates'' in the episode. In 2014, a cover version by The Coral Sea appears in the episode `` Dicks'' of the Showtime series Californication . It also appeared in one episode of Foo Fighters: Sonic Highways . In 2015, Telepathic Teddy Bear's version appeared at the end of season 1, episode 9 of USA's Mr. Robot , entitled `` eps1.8m1rr0r1ng.qt'' , as a deliberate nod to plot similarities with Fight Club . The second season of the HBO series The Leftovers featured two versions of `` Where Is My Mind?'' with the original version in episode 2 `` A Matter of Geography'' and Maxence Cyrin's cover in 3 other episodes. A cover version by Mindy Jones appeared at the end of season 1, episode 9 of the NBC series Blindspot , entitled `` Authentic Flirt'' . In 2016, the cover version by Sunday Girl was used in the first season, first episode of Crazyhead (TV series) . In 2017, Maxence Cyrin's version appeared at the beginning of season 1, episode 9 of Imposters . A kazoo cover is heard in the second episode of the first season of The Tick . This is done as a deliberate nod to `` Fight Club'' . Video games ( edit ) In 2011, it was featured in the video game Rocksmith . In 2016, it was released as DLC for Rock Band 4 . Cover versions ( edit ) This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions. A+Machines covered the song on multiple occasions at their live concerts. Sammy Adams uses part of the main riff in his song `` Blow Up'' Ásgeir Trausti covered their song as a bonus track of his second album, `` Afterglow'' . Rockabye Baby! published an instrumental lullaby version of the song on their 2008 album Rockabye Baby! Lullaby Renditions of the Pixies by Mike Baiardi Bobby Bare, Jr. covered the song on his 2006 album The Longest Meow . Bassnectar remixed the song in 2010. James Blunt sang a cover version of the song in a live show on the BBC in 2005, and performed his cover during his US Tour at Radio City Music Hall. The Coral Sea covered this song. Maxence Cyrin recorded a piano arrangement in his 2010 album Novö Piano . Dikembe performed a cover of the song and others for a cover set at The Fest in Gainesville, Florida . Alice Donut covered the song for their 2009 album Ten Glorious Animals , with the vocal line being replaced by trombone make it fully instrumental. Arcade Fire covered the song in 2007. Sunday Girl covered the song in 2011. Black Francis re-recorded the song in 2004 and released it on his album Frank Black Francis and recorded a live version with The Catholics at the Melkweg on March 24, 2001. Emmy the Great covered the song as a bonus in their album First Love . Ghoti Hook covered the song on their 1999 album of covers, Songs We Didn't Write . Professor Green covered the song under the name `` Spinning Out'' On his 2011 album, At Your Inconvenience . The Gosh Guys covered the song on a compilation of 4AD covers called `` Thurtene -- A Collection of 4AD Covers'' . Glen Hansard with guests Bitch Falcon covered the song on December 21, 2015 during a show at Vicar Street , Dublin. Hey covered the song on their 2003 live album, Koncertowy . Hurra Torpedo covered the song for their concerts and the song was included on the live-DVD World Tour 2010 -- Live at Rockefeller Music Hall . Illy covered the song for radio station Triple J 's program, Like a Version . Storm Large covered the song on her 2009 album, Crazy Enough . Kings of Leon covered the song in several concerts throughout 2010. M.I.A. covered the chorus of this song on the track `` 20 Dollar'' from her album, Kala . Mt. Eden covered the song. Ariane Moffatt recorded an acoustic version of the song for the score of the French Canadian television program , Trauma . Placebo covered the song for their Sleeping with Ghosts bonus track disc. In 2003, they also performed the song live in Paris, with Black Francis as a special guest. The performance can be found on the DVD, Soulmates Never Die . Nada Surf covered the song for Where Is My Mind? A Tribute to the Pixies . Power of Trinity covered the song for their 2011 release Loccomotiv . The Kissaway Trail used to play the song live in 2010. THePETEBOX made a prominent beatboxing remix of this song using looping station which has gained substantial success on YouTube. The Supervillains covered this song. The Toadies covered the song on The Best of Toadies -- Live From Paradise . Trampled By Turtles covered the song in live performances and, in October 2011, they released their version as a single, available for free download on their website. The single is also for sale through digital retailers with proceeds benefiting WhyHunger . Umphrey's McGee debuted a cover of the song on November 8, 2014, the band's 2000th show, at The Orpheum Theatre in Madison, WI. White Wives covered the song for their 2011 release Situationist EP . Zombina and the Skeletones covered the song for their 2008 album B-sides . Telepathic Teddy Bear covered the more electronic version of song. Seether's Shaun Morgan covered the song with Adam Gontier and his band Saint Astonia Covers in different languages ( edit ) Locas Electronicas, a project of Locas in Love and Wolke covered the song with German lyrics. The songs of both Locas Electronicas and Wolke are called `` Wo ist mein Kopf'' (`` Where is my head'' ), although the translation of the songtext slightly differs. A Spanish version by Azucarillo Kings of 1998 uses mostly Spanish lyrics ( ¿ Me Lo Dices O Me Lo Cuentas? ) and transforms the song to Flamenco -style. A Dutch version titled `` Waar Is Mijn Hoofd'' (`` Where is my head'' ) by Koos Kreuk was released on the Pixies tribute album Death to the Pixies-- We're Better! in 1998. Uncredited cover versions ( edit ) End of Fashion have been criticised for their uncredited copying of the guitar riff from the `` Where Is My Mind?'' , for their song `` O Yeah '' . For example, Rockus Online Magazine reviewer Jonathon Miller called the song `` disturbingly Pixies-ish'' and went on to write: `` End of Fashion are having no problem appealing to the 95% of people that haven't heard (and still remember) the Pixies' `` Where Is My Mind?'' and have never experienced a truly exciting live show, and if that's what the band is aiming for, then they are a complete success.'' Legacy ( edit ) `` Where Is My Mind?'' was voted number 29 in the `` Hottest 100 of All Time'' music poll conducted by Australian radio station Triple J in 2009. Over half a million votes were cast in the poll. On Tuesday, April 13, 2004, NASA used `` Where Is My Mind?'' to wake up the team working on the Mars rover , Spirit , in honor of its software transplant. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Biel, Jean-Michel; Gourraud, Christophe. `` Pixies Titles/Names'' . Alec Eiffel . Retrieved 2007-04-07 . Jump up ^ `` BitTorrent Bundle - Pixies'' . BitTorrent Bundles . Jump up ^ The Dark Knight - HBO TV spot `` Where is My Mind?'' Jump up ^ Kinect Effect - Trailer - Xbox360 Jump up ^ Thomson TV Advert ' Time for a Holiday?' with Sunday Girl `` 40'' Jump up ^ FALSE STARTS: Milk Commercial 2011 Jump up ^ ITV Press Release of Vera series three trailer Jump up ^ It Can Wait - Chance's Story Jump up ^ Unilever Launches Emotionally Charged Project Sunlight Campaign Jump up ^ Dark Souls 2 UK Cinema Spot Jump up ^ `` Acura - 2016 ILX - Lightning in a Bottle'' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Perry, Spencer (2015-12-21). `` Nathan Drake risks it all in new Uncharted 4 Promo'' . ComingSoon.net. Jump up ^ A Matter Of Degrees -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Jump up ^ The Adventures of Sebastian Cole (1998) -- Soundtracks Jump up ^ Fight Club (1999) -- Soundtracks Jump up ^ Gaz Bar Blues (2003) -- Soundtracks Jump up ^ Janis and John (2003) -- Soundtracks Jump up ^ Observe and Report (2009) -- Soundtracks Jump up ^ Ghost Bird -- Soundtrack Music Jump up ^ Mr. Nobody (2009) -- Soundtracks Jump up ^ Madness in the Fast Lane Jump up ^ Original Soundtrack -- It's Kind of a Funny Story Jump up ^ Sucker Punch Advertisements (2011-02-24). `` Sucker Punch Movie Soundtrack'' . Soundtrack-movie.com . Retrieved 2012-03-14 . Jump up ^ A.C.A.B. (2012) -- Soundtracks Jump up ^ Detention of the Dead (2012) -- Soundtracks Jump up ^ Horns (2013) -- Soundtracks Jump up ^ Piven, Shira (2015-05-01), Welcome to Me , retrieved 2016-03-10 Jump up ^ Californication (TV Series) Dicks (2014) -- Soundtracks Jump up ^ `` Mr. Robot Rundown: Where Is My Mind?'' . Pajiba . August 20, 2015 . Retrieved September 5, 2016 . Jump up ^ Sullivan, Kevin (September 3, 2015). `` Mr. Robot creator explains why you were supposed to guess the big twist'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 5, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack for A Very Trippy Horse '' . Jump up ^ Thurtene - A Collection of 4AD Covers Jump up ^ Sweeney, Eamon (2015-12-21). `` Glen Hansard at Vicar St, Dublin review: ' An evening of stark contrasts that doesn't leave any musical stone unturned ' '' . Independent.ie . Retrieved 2017-06-28 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20eXqlU8joc Jump up ^ Beatboxer THePETEBOX beatbox and guitar cover of Pixies - Where Is My Mind by Petebox on YouTube Jump up ^ Locas Electronicas -- Wo ist mein Kopf -- Musik hören & Statistiken bei Last.fm Jump up ^ Wolke -- wo ist mein kopf -- Musik hören & Statistiken bei Last.fm Jump up ^ Jonathon Miller, rockus.com Archived October 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Countdown Hottest 100 - Of All Time triple j'' . Abc.net.au. 2009-07-20 . Retrieved 2010-05-02 . Jump up ^ Colin Fries (2010-04-20). `` CHRONOLOGY OF WAKEUP CALLS'' (PDF) . NASA History Division. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-18 . Retrieved 2010-05-09 . External links ( edit ) Pixies `` Where Is My Mind'' lyrics Where Is My Mind? - Kings of Leon on YouTube Where Is My Mind? - Stormy Strong on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Pixies Black Francis Joey Santiago David Lovering Paz Lenchantin Kim Deal Kim Shattuck Studio albums Surfer Rosa Doolittle Bossanova Trompe le Monde Indie Cindy Head Carrier Extended plays Come On Pilgrim Pixies EP1 EP2 EP3 Compilations Death to the Pixies Pixies at the BBC Complete ' B' Sides Wave of Mutilation: Best of Pixies Minotaur Singles `` Gigantic '' `` Monkey Gone to Heaven '' `` Here Comes Your Man '' `` Velouria '' `` Dig for Fire '' `` Planet of Sound '' `` Alec Eiffel '' `` Letter to Memphis '' `` Head On '' `` Debaser '' `` Bam Thwok '' Other songs `` Cactus '' `` Where Is My Mind? '' `` Crackity Jones '' `` In Heaven (Lady in the Radiator Song) '' Related articles Discography Songs Tributes Frank Black Francis The Breeders Frank Black and the Catholics The Amps The Martinis Grand Duchy Zoo TV Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Is_My_Mind%3F&oldid=816475878 '' Categories : Pixies (band) songs 1988 songs Songs written by Black Francis Song recordings produced by Steve Albini Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing cleanup from September 2016 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from September 2016 Articles with too many examples Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Nāhuatl Português Русский Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017, at 16:05. 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can two out of three triplets be identical
In certain medieval European chivalric romances , such as Marie de France 's Le Fresne , a woman cites a multiple birth ( often to a lower - class woman ) as proof of adultery on her part ; while this may reflect a widespread belief , it is invariably treated as malicious slander , to be justly punished by the accuser having a multiple birth of her own , and the events of the romance are triggered by her attempt to hide one or more of the children . A similar effect occurs in the Knight of the Swan romance , in the Beatrix variants of the Swan - Children ; her taunt is punished by giving birth to seven children at once , and her wicked mother - in - law returns her taunt before exposing the children .
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[ "A multiple birth is the culmination of one multiple pregnancy , wherein the mother delivers two or more offspring . A term most applicable to placental species , multiple births occur in most kinds of mammals , with varying frequencies . Such births are often named according to the number of offspring , as in twins and triplets . In non-humans , the whole group may also be referred to as a litter , and multiple births may be more common than single births . Multiple births in humans are the exception , and can be exceptionally rare in the largest mammals .", "Each single fertilized egg ( zygote ) may produce a single embryo , or it may split into two or more embryos , each carrying the same genetic material . Fetuses resulting from different zygotes are called fraternal and share only 50 % of their genetic material , as ordinary full siblings from separate births do . Fetuses resulting from the same zygote share 100 % of their genetic material , and are hence called identical and are always of the same sex ( except in cases of Turner syndrome ) .", "A multiple pregnancy may be the result of the fertilization of a single egg that then splits to create identical fetuses , or it may be the result of the fertilization of multiple eggs that create fraternal fetuses , or it may be a combination of these two . A multiple pregnancy from a single zygote is called monozygotic , from two zygotes is called dizygotic , or from two or more zygotes is called polyzygotic .", "Similarly , the siblings themselves from a multiple birth may be referred to as monozygotic if they are identical , or as polyzygotic if they are fraternal .", "Terms used for multiple births or the genetic relationships of their offspring :", "Monozygotic -- multiple ( typically two ) fetuses produced by the splitting of a single zygote Dizygotic -- multiple ( typically two ) fetuses produced by two zygotes Trizygotic -- three or more fetuses produced by three zygotes Polyzygotic -- multiple fetuses produced by two or more zygotes", "Monozygotic -- multiple ( typically two ) fetuses produced by the splitting of a single zygote", "Dizygotic -- multiple ( typically two ) fetuses produced by two zygotes", "Trizygotic -- three or more fetuses produced by three zygotes", "Polyzygotic -- multiple fetuses produced by two or more zygotes", "Terms used for the number of offspring in a multiple birth :", "Two offspring - twins Three offspring - triplets Four offspring - quadruplets Five offspring - quintuplets Six offspring - sextuplets Seven offspring - septuplets Eight offspring - octuplets Nine offspring - nonuplets Ten offspring - decuplets", "Two offspring - twins", "Three offspring - triplets", "Four offspring - quadruplets", "Five offspring - quintuplets", "Six offspring - sextuplets", "Seven offspring - septuplets", "Eight offspring - octuplets", "Nine offspring - nonuplets", "Ten offspring - decuplets", "See List of Multiple Births", "In humans , the average length of pregnancy ( two weeks fewer than gestation ) is 38 weeks with a single fetus . This average decreases for each additional fetus : to thirty - six weeks for twin births , thirty - two weeks for triplets , and thirty weeks for quadruplets . With the decreasing gestation time , the risks from immaturity at birth and subsequent viability increase with the size of the sibling group . Only as of the twentieth century have more than four all survived infancy .", "Recent history has also seen increasing numbers of multiple births . In the United States , it has been estimated that by 2011 , 36 % of twin births and 78 % of triplet and higher - order births resulted from conception by assisted reproductive technology .", "Twins are by far the most common form of multiple births in humans . The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report more than 132,000 sets of twins out of 3.9 million births of all kinds each year , about 3.4 % , or 1 in 30 .", "Identical triplets come from a monozygotic pregnancy , three fetuses from one egg . The most common set , strictly fraternal triplets , comes from a polyzygotic pregnancy of three eggs . Between these types , triplets that include an identical ( monozygotic ) pair of siblings plus a fraternal sibling are the result of a dizygotic pregnancy , where one zygote divides into two fetuses and the other does n't .", "Triplets are far less common than twins , according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , accounting for only about 4300 sets in 3.9 million births , just a little more than 0.1 % , or 1 in 1000 . According to the American Society of Reproductive Medicine , only about 10 % of these are identical triplets : about 1 in ten thousand . Nevertheless , only 4 sets of identical triplets were reported in the U.S. during 2015 , about one in a million . According to Victor Khouzami , Chairman of Obstetrics at Greater Baltimore Medical Center , `` No one really knows the incidence '' .", "Identical triplets or quadruplets are very rare and result when the original fertilized egg splits and then one of the resultant cells splits again ( for triplets ) or , even more rarely , a further split occurs ( for quadruplets ) . The odds of having identical triplets is unclear . News articles and other non-scientific organizations give odds from one in 60,000 to one in 200 million pregnancies .", "Quadruplets are much rarer than twins or triplets . As of 2007 , there were approximately 3500 sets recorded worldwide . Quadruplet births are becoming increasingly common due to fertility treatments . There are around 70 sets of all - identical quadruplets worldwide . Many sets of quadruplets contain a mixture of identical and fraternal siblings , such as three identical and one fraternal , two identical and two fraternal , or two pairs of identicals . One famous set of identical quadruplets was the Genain quadruplets , all of whom developed schizophrenia . Quadruplets are sometimes referred to as `` quads '' in Britain .", "Quintuplets occur naturally in 1 in 55,000,000 births . The first quintuplets known to survive infancy were the all - female Canadian Dionne Quintuplets , born in 1934 . Quintuplets are sometimes referred to as `` quins '' in the UK and `` quints '' in North America .", "Born in Liverpool , England on 18 November 1983 , the Walton sextuplets were the world 's first all - female surviving sextuplets , and the world 's fourth known set of surviving sextuplets . Another well - known set of sextuplets is the Gosselin sextuplets , born May 10 , 2004 in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Reality television shows called Jon & Kate Plus 8 and later Kate Plus 8 have chronicled the lives of these sextuplets .", "In 1997 , the McCaughey septuplets were born in Carlisle , Iowa . Multiple births of as many as eight babies have been born alive , the first set on record to the Chukwu family in Texas in 1998 ; one died and seven survived . In 2009 , a second set , the Suleman octuplets , were born in Bellflower , California . The most recent report that all were still alive shortly before their fifth birthday .", "There have been a few sets of nonuplets ( nine ) in which a few babies were born alive , though none lived longer than a few days . There have been cases of human pregnancies that started out with ten , eleven , twelve or fifteen fetuses , but no instances of live births . The pregnancies of the 10 , 11 and 15 fetuses have all resulted from fertility medications and assisted reproductive technology ( ART ) . However , there has been one documented case when 12 fetuses were conceived naturally .", "The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The frequency of N multiple births from natural pregnancies has been given as approximately 1 : 89 ( Hellin 's law ) and as about 1 : 80 . This gives :", "1 : 89 ( = 1.1 % ) or 1 : 80 ( = 1.25 % ) for twins 1 : 89 ( = 1 : 7921 , about 0.013 % ) or 1 : 80 ( = 1 : 6400 ) for triplets 1 : 89 ( = approx . 0.000142 % , less than 1 : 700,000 ) or 1 : 80 for quadruplets", "1 : 89 ( = 1.1 % ) or 1 : 80 ( = 1.25 % ) for twins", "1 : 89 ( = 1 : 7921 , about 0.013 % ) or 1 : 80 ( = 1 : 6400 ) for triplets", "1 : 89 ( = approx . 0.000142 % , less than 1 : 700,000 ) or 1 : 80 for quadruplets", "North American dizygotic twinning occurs about once in 83 conceptions , and triplets about once in 8000 conceptions . US figures for 2010 were :", "Twins , 132,562 , 3.31 % Triplets , 5,503 , 0.14 % Quadruplets , 313 , 0.0078 % Quintuplets and more , 37 , 0.00092 %", "Twins , 132,562 , 3.31 %", "Triplets , 5,503 , 0.14 %", "Quadruplets , 313 , 0.0078 %", "Quintuplets and more , 37 , 0.00092 %", "Human multiple births can occur either naturally ( the woman ovulates multiple eggs or the fertilized egg splits into two ) or as the result of infertility treatments such as IVF ( several embryos are often transferred to compensate for lower quality ) or fertility drugs ( which can cause multiple eggs to mature in one ovulatory cycle ) .", "For reasons that are not yet known , the older a woman is , the more likely she is to have a multiple birth naturally . It is theorized that this is due to the higher level of follicle - stimulating hormone that older women sometimes have as their ovaries respond more slowly to FSH stimulation .", "The number of multiple births has increased over the last decade . For example , in Canada between 1979 and 1999 , the number of multiple birth babies increased 35 % . Before the advent of ovulation - stimulating drugs , triplets were quite rare ( approximately 1 in 8000 births ) and higher - order births much rarer still . Much of the increase can probably be attributed to the impact of fertility treatments , such as in - vitro fertilization . Younger patients who undergo treatment with fertility medication containing artificial FSH , followed by intrauterine insemination , are particularly at risk for multiple births of higher order .", "Certain factors appear to increase the likelihood that a woman will naturally conceive multiples . These include :", "mother 's age : women over 35 are more likely to have multiples than younger women mother 's use of fertility drugs : approximately 35 % of pregnancies arising through the use of fertility treatments such as IVF involve more than one child", "mother 's age : women over 35 are more likely to have multiples than younger women", "mother 's use of fertility drugs : approximately 35 % of pregnancies arising through the use of fertility treatments such as IVF involve more than one child", "The increasing use of fertility drugs and consequent increased rate of multiple births has made the phenomenon of multiples more frequent and hence more visible . In 2004 the birth of sextuplets , six children , to Pennsylvania couple Kate and Jon Gosselin helped them to launch their television series , originally Jon & Kate Plus 8 and ( following their divorce ) Kate Plus 8 , which became the highest - rated show on the TLC network .", "Babies born from multiple - birth pregnancies are much more likely to result in premature birth than those from single pregnancies. 51 % of twins and 91 % of triplets are born preterm , compared to 9.4 % in singletons. 14 % of twins and 41 % of triplets are even born very preterm , compared to 1.7 % in singletons .", "At present , there is no way to stop twins being born early . In women with single pregnancies drugs called betamimetics can relax the muscles of the uterus and delay birth . Giving betamimetics can give more time to give steroids , for the baby 's lung development , or to transfer the mother to a hospital with a special care unit .", "However , there is not enough evidence to say whether or not women with twin pregnancies should be given oral betamimetics to reduce the risk of preterm birth . In some studies betamimetics have reduced the rate of preterm labour in twin pregnancies however the studies are too small to draw any solid conclusions . Likewise , putting a stitch in the neck of the womb ( a cervical suture ) to prevent premature birth has not been shown to work in women carrying more than one baby due to the small sample sizes in the studies .", "The preterm births also result in multiples tending to have a lower birth weight compared to singletons .", "Some evidence indicates that only 1.10 % of singletons are born with a very low birth weight and 10.12 % twins and 31.88 % triplets were found to be born with very low birth weight . This study was conducted by looking at the statistics from the U.S. Natality Files ( 5 ) .", "Among the exceptions are the Kupresak triplets of Mississauga , Ontario , Canada ; their combined weight at birth in 2008 , of 17 lbs , 2.7 ounces , set a world record .", "Cerebral palsy is more common among multiple births than single births , being 2.3 per 1,000 survivors in singletons , 13 in twins , and 45 in triplets in North West England . This is likely a side effect of premature birth and low birth weight .", "Multiples may be monochorionic , sharing the same chorion , with resultant risk of twin - to - twin transfusion syndrome . Monochorionic multiples may even be monoamniotic , sharing the same amniotic sac , resulting in risk of umbilical cord compression and nuchal cord . In very rare cases , there may be conjoined twins , possibly impairing function of internal organs .", "Multiples are also known to have a higher mortality rate . It is more common for multiple births to be stillborn , while for singletons the risk is not as high . A literary review on multiple pregnancies shows a study done on one set each of septuplets and octuplets , two sets of sextuplets , 8 sets of quintuplets , 17 sets of quadruplets , and 228 sets of triplets . By doing this study , Hammond found that the mean gestational age ( how many weeks when birthed ) at birth was 33.4 weeks for triplets and 31 weeks for quadruplets . This shows that stillbirth happens usually 3 -- 5 weeks before the woman reaches full term and also that for sextuplets or higher it almost always ends in death of the fetuses . Though multiples are at a greater risk of being stillborn , there is inconclusive evidence whether the actual mortality rate is higher in multiples than in singletons .", "Today many multiple pregnancies are the result of in vitro fertilisation ( IVF ) . In a study in 1997 of 2,173 embryo transfers performed as part of in vitro fertilisation ( IVF ) , 34 % were successfully delivered pregnancies . The overall multiple pregnancy rate was 31.3 % ( 24.7 % twins , 5.8 % triplets , and . 08 % quadruplets ) . Because IVFs are producing more multiples , a number of efforts are being made to reduce the risk of multiple births - specifically triplets or more . Medical practitioners are doing this by limiting the number of embryos per embryo transfer to one or two . That way , the risks for the mother and fetuses are decreased .", "The appropriate number of embryos to be transferred depends on the age of the woman , whether it is the first , second or third full IVF cycle attempt and whether there are top - quality embryos available . According to a guideline from The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence ( NICE ) in 2013 , the number of embryos transferred in a cycle should be chosen as in following table :", "Age Attempt no . Embryos transferred < 37 years 1st 2nd 1 if top - quality 3rd No more than 2 37 -- 39 years 1st & 2nd 1 if top - quality 2 if not top - quality 3rd No more than 2 40 -- 42 years", "Age Attempt no . Embryos transferred", "< 37 years 1st", "2nd 1 if top - quality", "3rd No more than 2", "37 -- 39 years 1st & 2nd 1 if top - quality", "2 if not top - quality", "3rd No more than 2", "40 -- 42 years", "Also , it is recommended to use single embryo transfer in all situations if a top - quality blastocyst is available .", "Bed rest has not been found to change outcomes and therefore is not generally recommended outside of a research study .", "Selective reduction is the termination of one or more , but not all , of the fetuses in a multiple pregnancy . This is often done in pregnancies with multiple gestations to increase the likelihood that one child may live a healthy life . Armour reported a loss rate of 5.4 % in a review of 1,000 cases of selective reduction . Fifteen percent of the losses occurred within 4 weeks of the procedures and more than 50 % occurred after 8 weeks . This suggests that the reduction was successful at reducing the embryos from multiple gestations to single .", "Though selective reduction seems to be effective , mothers of multiples who undergo this procedure are at a higher risk of miscarrying compared to that of an unreduced multiple pregnancy . A study done by looking at 158 pregnant women who underwent selective reduction from higher order multiples to twins showed that the mother had a 10.6 % chance of miscarriage . Mothers of twin pregnancies without reduction only had a 9.5 % chance of miscarriage . A study by Antsaklis showed a small increase in mortality for reduced twin pregnancies versus unreduced twin pregnancies .", "However , there is a lack of good quality research on the risks and benefits of selective reduction procedures . Many parents often find the suggestion of selective termination upsetting particularly if the pregnancy is a result of IVF or they have had difficulty getting pregnant in the past . Background , religious or personal beliefs can all play a part in effecting whether parents want to go through with the procedure and could be the reason why research in this area is scarce .", "Competition among fertility clinics does not appear to increase rates of multiple births from fertility treatment by promoting more aggressive embryo transfer decisions .", "Women with a multiple pregnancy are usually seen more regularly by midwives or doctors than those with singleton pregnancies because of the higher risks of complications . However , there is currently no evidence to suggest that specialised antenatal services produce better outcomes for mother or babies than ' normal ' antenatal care .", "As preterm birth is such a risk for women with multiple pregnancies , it has been suggested that these women should be encouraged to follow a high - calorie diet to increase the birth weights of the babies . Evidence around this subject is not yet good enough to advise women to do this because the long term effects of the high - calorie diets on the mother are not known .", "A study in 2013 involving 106 participating centers in 25 countries came to the conclusion that , in a twin pregnancy of a gestational age between 32 weeks 0 days and 38 weeks 6 days , and the first twin is in cephalic presentation , planned Cesarean section does not significantly decrease or increase the risk of fetal or neonatal death or serious neonatal disability , as compared with planned vaginal delivery . In this study , 44 % of the women planned for vaginal delivery still ended up having Cesarean section for unplanned reasons such as pregnancy complications . In comparison , it has been estimated that 75 % of twin pregnancies in the United States were delivered by Cesarean section in 2008 . Also in comparison , the rate of Cesarean section for all pregnancies in the general population varies between 40 % and 14 % .", "Fetal position ( the way the babies are lying in the womb ) usually determines if they are delivered by caesarean section or vaginally . A review of good quality research on this subject found that if the twin that will be born first ( i.e. is lowest in the womb ) is head down there is no good evidence that caesarean section will be safer than a vaginal birth for the mother or babies .", "Monoamniotic twins ( twins that form after the splitting of a fertilised egg and share the same amniotic fluid sac ) are at more risk of complications than twins that have their own sacs . There is also insufficient evidence around whether to deliver the babies early by caesarean section or to wait for labour to start naturally while running checks on the babies ' wellbeing . The birth of this type of twins should therefore be decided with the mother and her family and should take into account the need for good neonatal care services .", "Cesarean delivery is needed when first twin is in non cephalic presentation or when it is a monoamniotic twin pregnancy .", "Multiple - birth infants are usually admitted to neonatal intensive care immediately after being born . The records for all the triplet pregnancies managed and delivered from 1992 - 1996 were looked over to see what the neonatal statistics were . Kaufman found from reviewing these files that during a five - year period , 55 triplet pregnancies , which is 165 babies , were delivered . Of the 165 babies 149 were admitted to neonatal intensive care after the delivery .", "A study by the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality found that , in 2011 , pregnant women covered by private insurance in the United States were older and more likely to have multiple gestation than women covered by Medicaid .", "Certain cultures consider multiple births a portent of either good or evil .", "Mayan culture saw twins as a blessing , and was fascinated by the idea of two bodies looking alike . The Mayans used to believe that twins were one soul that had fragmented .", "In Ancient Rome , the legend of the twin brothers who founded the city ( Romulus and Remus ) made the birth of twin boys a blessing , while twin girls were seen as an unlucky burden , since both would have to be provided with an expensive dowry at about the same time .", "In Greek mythology , fraternal twins Castor and Polydeuces , and Heracles and Iphicles , are sons of two different fathers . One of the twins ( Polydeuces , Heracles ) is the illegitimate son of the god Zeus ; his brother is the son of their mother 's mortal husband . A similar pair of twin sisters are Helen ( of Troy ) and Clytemnestra ( who are also sisters of Castor and Polydeuces ) . The theme occurs in other mythologies as well , and is called superfecundation .", "In certain medieval European chivalric romances , such as Marie de France 's Le Fresne , a woman cites a multiple birth ( often to a lower - class woman ) as proof of adultery on her part ; while this may reflect a widespread belief , it is invariably treated as malicious slander , to be justly punished by the accuser having a multiple birth of her own , and the events of the romance are triggered by her attempt to hide one or more of the children . A similar effect occurs in the Knight of the Swan romance , in the Beatrix variants of the Swan - Children ; her taunt is punished by giving birth to seven children at once , and her wicked mother - in - law returns her taunt before exposing the children ." ]
Multiple birth - wikipedia Multiple birth Jump to: navigation , search `` Triplets'' redirects here. For other uses, see Triplet . Identical triplet brothers at graduation. Identical triplets are extremely rare. A multiple birth is the culmination of one multiple pregnancy , wherein the mother delivers two or more offspring. A term most applicable to placental species, multiple births occur in most kinds of mammals, with varying frequencies. Such births are often named according to the number of offspring, as in twins and triplets . In non-humans, the whole group may also be referred to as a litter , and multiple births may be more common than single births. Multiple births in humans are the exception, and can be exceptionally rare in the largest mammals. Each single fertilized egg ( zygote ) may produce a single embryo, or it may split into two or more embryos, each carrying the same genetic material. Fetuses resulting from different zygotes are called fraternal and share only 50% of their genetic material, as ordinary full siblings from separate births do. Fetuses resulting from the same zygote share 100% of their genetic material, and are hence called identical and are always of the same sex (except in cases of Turner syndrome ). A multiple pregnancy may be the result of the fertilization of a single egg that then splits to create identical fetuses, or it may be the result of the fertilization of multiple eggs that create fraternal fetuses, or it may be a combination of these two. A multiple pregnancy from a single zygote is called monozygotic , from two zygotes is called dizygotic , or from two or more zygotes is called polyzygotic . Similarly, the siblings themselves from a multiple birth may be referred to as monozygotic if they are identical, or as polyzygotic if they are fraternal. Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Human multiple births 2.1 Twins 2.2 Triplets 2.3 Quadruplets 2.4 Quintuplets 2.5 Sextuplets 2.6 Very high-order multiple births 3 Causes and frequency 4 Risks 4.1 Premature birth and low birth weight 4.2 Cerebral palsy 4.3 Incomplete separation 4.4 Mortality rate (stillbirth) 4.5 Prevention in IVF 5 Management 5.1 Selective reduction 5.2 Care in pregnancy 5.3 Nutrition 5.4 Cesarean section or vaginal delivery 5.5 Neonatal intensive care 6 Society and culture 6.1 Insurance coverage 6.2 Cultural aspects 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Terminology ( edit ) Fraternal twins at two weeks old. The technical term for `` fraternal'' is `` polyzygotic'' . Fraternal twin sisters taking a nap. Nonidentical twins, the most common kind of multiple birth among humans, occur in about 1 out of every 80 pregnancies. Terms used for multiple births or the genetic relationships of their offspring: Monozygotic -- multiple (typically two) fetuses produced by the splitting of a single zygote Dizygotic -- multiple (typically two) fetuses produced by two zygotes Trizygotic -- three or more fetuses produced by three zygotes Polyzygotic -- multiple fetuses produced by two or more zygotes Terms used for the number of offspring in a multiple birth: Two offspring - twins Three offspring - triplets Four offspring - quadruplets Five offspring - quintuplets Six offspring - sextuplets Seven offspring - septuplets Eight offspring - octuplets Nine offspring - nonuplets Ten offspring - decuplets See List of Multiple Births Human multiple births ( edit ) In humans, the average length of pregnancy (two weeks fewer than gestation ) is 38 weeks with a single fetus. This average decreases for each additional fetus: to thirty-six weeks for twin births, thirty-two weeks for triplets, and thirty weeks for quadruplets. With the decreasing gestation time, the risks from immaturity at birth and subsequent viability increase with the size of the sibling group. Only as of the twentieth century have more than four all survived infancy. Recent history has also seen increasing numbers of multiple births. In the United States, it has been estimated that by 2011, 36% of twin births and 78% of triplet and higher-order births resulted from conception by assisted reproductive technology . Twins ( edit ) Main article: Twin Twins are by far the most common form of multiple births in humans. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report more than 132,000 sets of twins out of 3.9 million births of all kinds each year, about 3.4%, or 1 in 30. Triplets ( edit ) Identical triplets like these three sisters occur when a single fertilized egg splits in two and then one of the resulting two eggs splits again. Play media Monoamniotic triplets as seen on ultrasound Identical triplets come from a monozygotic pregnancy, three fetuses from one egg. The most common set, strictly fraternal triplets, comes from a polyzygotic pregnancy of three eggs. Between these types, triplets that include an identical (monozygotic) pair of siblings plus a fraternal sibling are the result of a dizygotic pregnancy, where one zygote divides into two fetuses and the other doesn't . Triplets are far less common than twins, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accounting for only about 4300 sets in 3.9 million births, just a little more than 0.1%, or 1 in 1000. According to the American Society of Reproductive Medicine, only about 10% of these are identical triplets: about 1 in ten thousand. Nevertheless, only 4 sets of identical triplets were reported in the U.S. during 2015, about one in a million. According to Victor Khouzami, Chairman of Obstetrics at Greater Baltimore Medical Center, `` No one really knows the incidence'' . Identical triplets or quadruplets are very rare and result when the original fertilized egg splits and then one of the resultant cells splits again (for triplets) or, even more rarely, a further split occurs (for quadruplets). The odds of having identical triplets is unclear. News articles and other non-scientific organizations give odds from one in 60,000 to one in 200 million pregnancies. Quadruplets ( edit ) Quadruplets are much rarer than twins or triplets. As of 2007, there were approximately 3500 sets recorded worldwide. Quadruplet births are becoming increasingly common due to fertility treatments. There are around 70 sets of all-identical quadruplets worldwide. Many sets of quadruplets contain a mixture of identical and fraternal siblings, such as three identical and one fraternal, two identical and two fraternal, or two pairs of identicals. One famous set of identical quadruplets was the Genain quadruplets , all of whom developed schizophrenia . Quadruplets are sometimes referred to as `` quads'' in Britain. Quintuplets ( edit ) The Canadian Dionne sisters , seen in this 1947 photograph, were the first quintuplets known to survive infancy. Quintuplets occur naturally in 1 in 55,000,000 births. The first quintuplets known to survive infancy were the all-female Canadian Dionne Quintuplets , born in 1934. Quintuplets are sometimes referred to as `` quins'' in the UK and `` quints'' in North America. Sextuplets ( edit ) Born in Liverpool, England on 18 November 1983, the Walton sextuplets were the world's first all-female surviving sextuplets, and the world's fourth known set of surviving sextuplets. Another well-known set of sextuplets is the Gosselin sextuplets, born May 10, 2004 in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Reality television shows called Jon & Kate Plus 8 and later Kate Plus 8 have chronicled the lives of these sextuplets. Very high-order multiple births ( edit ) In 1997, the McCaughey septuplets were born in Carlisle, Iowa. Multiple births of as many as eight babies have been born alive, the first set on record to the Chukwu family in Texas in 1998; one died and seven survived. In 2009, a second set, the Suleman octuplets , were born in Bellflower, California . The most recent report that all were still alive shortly before their fifth birthday. There have been a few sets of nonuplets (nine) in which a few babies were born alive, though none lived longer than a few days. There have been cases of human pregnancies that started out with ten, eleven, twelve or fifteen fetuses, but no instances of live births. The pregnancies of the 10, 11 and 15 fetuses have all resulted from fertility medications and assisted reproductive technology (ART) . However, there has been one documented case when 12 fetuses were conceived naturally. Causes and frequency ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate. (December 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The frequency of N multiple births from natural pregnancies has been given as approximately 1:89 ( Hellin's law ) and as about 1:80 . This gives: 1:89 (= 1.1%) or 1:80 (= 1.25%) for twins 1:89 (= 1:7921, about 0.013%) or 1:80 (= 1:6400) for triplets 1:89 (= approx. 0.000142%, less than 1:700,000) or 1:80 for quadruplets North American dizygotic twinning occurs about once in 83 conceptions, and triplets about once in 8000 conceptions. US figures for 2010 were: Twins, 132,562, 3.31% Triplets, 5,503, 0.14% Quadruplets, 313, 0.0078% Quintuplets and more, 37, 0.00092% Human multiple births can occur either naturally (the woman ovulates multiple eggs or the fertilized egg splits into two) or as the result of infertility treatments such as IVF (several embryos are often transferred to compensate for lower quality) or fertility drugs (which can cause multiple eggs to mature in one ovulatory cycle). For reasons that are not yet known, the older a woman is, the more likely she is to have a multiple birth naturally. It is theorized that this is due to the higher level of follicle-stimulating hormone that older women sometimes have as their ovaries respond more slowly to FSH stimulation. The number of multiple births has increased over the last decade. For example, in Canada between 1979 and 1999, the number of multiple birth babies increased 35%. Before the advent of ovulation-stimulating drugs, triplets were quite rare (approximately 1 in 8000 births) and higher-order births much rarer still. Much of the increase can probably be attributed to the impact of fertility treatments, such as in-vitro fertilization . Younger patients who undergo treatment with fertility medication containing artificial FSH , followed by intrauterine insemination , are particularly at risk for multiple births of higher order. The Gosselin sextuplets with their parents and sisters, cover of KoreAm , May 2008 Certain factors appear to increase the likelihood that a woman will naturally conceive multiples. These include: mother's age: women over 35 are more likely to have multiples than younger women mother's use of fertility drugs : approximately 35% of pregnancies arising through the use of fertility treatments such as IVF involve more than one child The increasing use of fertility drugs and consequent increased rate of multiple births has made the phenomenon of multiples more frequent and hence more visible. In 2004 the birth of sextuplets, six children, to Pennsylvania couple Kate and Jon Gosselin helped them to launch their television series, originally Jon & Kate Plus 8 and (following their divorce) Kate Plus 8 , which became the highest-rated show on the TLC network. Risks ( edit ) Premature birth and low birth weight ( edit ) Babies born from multiple-birth pregnancies are much more likely to result in premature birth than those from single pregnancies. 51% of twins and 91% of triplets are born preterm, compared to 9.4% in singletons. 14% of twins and 41% of triplets are even born very preterm , compared to 1.7% in singletons. At present, there is no way to stop twins being born early. In women with single pregnancies drugs called betamimetics can relax the muscles of the uterus and delay birth. Giving betamimetics can give more time to give steroids, for the baby's lung development, or to transfer the mother to a hospital with a special care unit. However, there is not enough evidence to say whether or not women with twin pregnancies should be given oral betamimetics to reduce the risk of preterm birth. In some studies betamimetics have reduced the rate of preterm labour in twin pregnancies however the studies are too small to draw any solid conclusions. Likewise, putting a stitch in the neck of the womb (a cervical suture ) to prevent premature birth has not been shown to work in women carrying more than one baby due to the small sample sizes in the studies. The preterm births also result in multiples tending to have a lower birth weight compared to singletons. Some evidence indicates that only 1.10% of singletons are born with a very low birth weight and 10.12% twins and 31.88% triplets were found to be born with very low birth weight. This study was conducted by looking at the statistics from the U.S. Natality Files (5). Among the exceptions are the Kupresak triplets of Mississauga , Ontario , Canada; their combined weight at birth in 2008, of 17 lbs, 2.7 ounces, set a world record. Cerebral palsy ( edit ) Cerebral palsy is more common among multiple births than single births, being 2.3 per 1,000 survivors in singletons, 13 in twins, and 45 in triplets in North West England . This is likely a side effect of premature birth and low birth weight. Incomplete separation ( edit ) Further information: Twin § Degree of separation Multiples may be monochorionic , sharing the same chorion , with resultant risk of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome . Monochorionic multiples may even be monoamniotic , sharing the same amniotic sac , resulting in risk of umbilical cord compression and nuchal cord . In very rare cases, there may be conjoined twins , possibly impairing function of internal organs. Mortality rate (stillbirth) ( edit ) Multiples are also known to have a higher mortality rate. It is more common for multiple births to be stillborn, while for singletons the risk is not as high. A literary review on multiple pregnancies shows a study done on one set each of septuplets and octuplets, two sets of sextuplets, 8 sets of quintuplets, 17 sets of quadruplets, and 228 sets of triplets. By doing this study, Hammond found that the mean gestational age (how many weeks when birthed) at birth was 33.4 weeks for triplets and 31 weeks for quadruplets. This shows that stillbirth happens usually 3-- 5 weeks before the woman reaches full term and also that for sextuplets or higher it almost always ends in death of the fetuses. Though multiples are at a greater risk of being stillborn, there is inconclusive evidence whether the actual mortality rate is higher in multiples than in singletons. Prevention in IVF ( edit ) Today many multiple pregnancies are the result of in vitro fertilisation (IVF). In a study in 1997 of 2,173 embryo transfers performed as part of in vitro fertilisation (IVF), 34% were successfully delivered pregnancies. The overall multiple pregnancy rate was 31.3% (24.7% twins, 5.8% triplets, and .08% quadruplets). Because IVFs are producing more multiples, a number of efforts are being made to reduce the risk of multiple births- specifically triplets or more. Medical practitioners are doing this by limiting the number of embryos per embryo transfer to one or two. That way, the risks for the mother and fetuses are decreased. The appropriate number of embryos to be transferred depends on the age of the woman, whether it is the first, second or third full IVF cycle attempt and whether there are top-quality embryos available. According to a guideline from The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in 2013, the number of embryos transferred in a cycle should be chosen as in following table: Age Attempt no. Embryos transferred < 37 years 1st 2nd 1 if top-quality 3rd No more than 2 37-- 39 years 1st & 2nd 1 if top-quality 2 if not top-quality 3rd No more than 2 40-- 42 years Also, it is recommended to use single embryo transfer in all situations if a top-quality blastocyst is available. Management ( edit ) Bed rest has not been found to change outcomes and therefore is not generally recommended outside of a research study. Selective reduction ( edit ) Main article: Selective reduction Selective reduction is the termination of one or more, but not all, of the fetuses in a multiple pregnancy. This is often done in pregnancies with multiple gestations to increase the likelihood that one child may live a healthy life. Armour reported a loss rate of 5.4% in a review of 1,000 cases of selective reduction. Fifteen percent of the losses occurred within 4 weeks of the procedures and more than 50% occurred after 8 weeks. This suggests that the reduction was successful at reducing the embryos from multiple gestations to single. Though selective reduction seems to be effective, mothers of multiples who undergo this procedure are at a higher risk of miscarrying compared to that of an unreduced multiple pregnancy. A study done by looking at 158 pregnant women who underwent selective reduction from higher order multiples to twins showed that the mother had a 10.6% chance of miscarriage. Mothers of twin pregnancies without reduction only had a 9.5% chance of miscarriage. A study by Antsaklis showed a small increase in mortality for reduced twin pregnancies versus unreduced twin pregnancies. However, there is a lack of good quality research on the risks and benefits of selective reduction procedures. Many parents often find the suggestion of selective termination upsetting particularly if the pregnancy is a result of IVF or they have had difficulty getting pregnant in the past. Background, religious or personal beliefs can all play a part in effecting whether parents want to go through with the procedure and could be the reason why research in this area is scarce. Competition among fertility clinics does not appear to increase rates of multiple births from fertility treatment by promoting more aggressive embryo transfer decisions. Care in pregnancy ( edit ) Women with a multiple pregnancy are usually seen more regularly by midwives or doctors than those with singleton pregnancies because of the higher risks of complications. However, there is currently no evidence to suggest that specialised antenatal services produce better outcomes for mother or babies than ' normal' antenatal care. Nutrition ( edit ) As preterm birth is such a risk for women with multiple pregnancies, it has been suggested that these women should be encouraged to follow a high-calorie diet to increase the birth weights of the babies. Evidence around this subject is not yet good enough to advise women to do this because the long term effects of the high-calorie diets on the mother are not known. Cesarean section or vaginal delivery ( edit ) A study in 2013 involving 106 participating centers in 25 countries came to the conclusion that, in a twin pregnancy of a gestational age between 32 weeks 0 days and 38 weeks 6 days, and the first twin is in cephalic presentation , planned Cesarean section does not significantly decrease or increase the risk of fetal or neonatal death or serious neonatal disability , as compared with planned vaginal delivery. In this study, 44% of the women planned for vaginal delivery still ended up having Cesarean section for unplanned reasons such as pregnancy complications . In comparison, it has been estimated that 75% of twin pregnancies in the United States were delivered by Cesarean section in 2008. Also in comparison, the rate of Cesarean section for all pregnancies in the general population varies between 40% and 14%. Fetal position (the way the babies are lying in the womb) usually determines if they are delivered by caesarean section or vaginally. A review of good quality research on this subject found that if the twin that will be born first (i.e. is lowest in the womb) is head down there is no good evidence that caesarean section will be safer than a vaginal birth for the mother or babies. Monoamniotic twins (twins that form after the splitting of a fertilised egg and share the same amniotic fluid sac) are at more risk of complications than twins that have their own sacs. There is also insufficient evidence around whether to deliver the babies early by caesarean section or to wait for labour to start naturally while running checks on the babies' wellbeing. The birth of this type of twins should therefore be decided with the mother and her family and should take into account the need for good neonatal care services. Cesarean delivery is needed when first twin is in non cephalic presentation or when it is a monoamniotic twin pregnancy. Neonatal intensive care ( edit ) Multiple-birth infants are usually admitted to neonatal intensive care immediately after being born. The records for all the triplet pregnancies managed and delivered from 1992-1996 were looked over to see what the neonatal statistics were. Kaufman found from reviewing these files that during a five-year period, 55 triplet pregnancies, which is 165 babies, were delivered. Of the 165 babies 149 were admitted to neonatal intensive care after the delivery. Society and culture ( edit ) A women bearing 9 or 11 children, Prodigiorum ac ostentorum chronicon , 1557, by Conrad Lycosthenes Insurance coverage ( edit ) A study by the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality found that, in 2011, pregnant women covered by private insurance in the United States were older and more likely to have multiple gestation than women covered by Medicaid. Cultural aspects ( edit ) Certain cultures consider multiple births a portent of either good or evil. Mayan culture saw twins as a blessing, and was fascinated by the idea of two bodies looking alike. The Mayans used to believe that twins were one soul that had fragmented. In Ancient Rome, the legend of the twin brothers who founded the city ( Romulus and Remus ) made the birth of twin boys a blessing, while twin girls were seen as an unlucky burden, since both would have to be provided with an expensive dowry at about the same time. Beatrix with her seven swan-children, in the Knight of the Swan romance ( Talbot Shrewsbury Book ) In Greek mythology, fraternal twins Castor and Polydeuces , and Heracles and Iphicles , are sons of two different fathers. One of the twins ( Polydeuces , Heracles ) is the illegitimate son of the god Zeus ; his brother is the son of their mother's mortal husband. A similar pair of twin sisters are Helen (of Troy ) and Clytemnestra (who are also sisters of Castor and Polydeuces ). The theme occurs in other mythologies as well, and is called superfecundation . In certain medieval European chivalric romances , such as Marie de France 's Le Fresne , a woman cites a multiple birth (often to a lower-class woman) as proof of adultery on her part; while this may reflect a widespread belief, it is invariably treated as malicious slander, to be justly punished by the accuser having a multiple birth of her own, and the events of the romance are triggered by her attempt to hide one or more of the children. A similar effect occurs in the Knight of the Swan romance, in the Beatrix variants of the Swan-Children; her taunt is punished by giving birth to seven children at once, and her wicked mother-in-law returns her taunt before exposing the children. See also ( edit ) Biological reproduction Conjoined twins The Loud House a 2016 animated series, the character Rita Loud was the mother of eleven children. Half a Dozen Babies a 1999 drama film, about the 1993 born Dilley sextuplets . List of multiple births List of twins Only child Superfecundation (multiple pregnancy resulting from separate sexual intercourses) Twin Feodor Vassilyev References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kulkarni AD, Jamieson DJ, Jones HW, Kissin DM, Gallo MF, Macaluso M, Adashi EY (2013). `` Fertility Treatments and Multiple Births in the United States'' . New England Journal of Medicine . 369 (23): 2218-- 2225. doi : 10.1056/NEJMoa1301467 . PMID 24304051 . ^ Jump up to: Cohn, Meredith (October 23, 2015). `` Rare identical triplets born to Baltimore couple'' . Baltim. Sun . Retrieved October 23, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UOTW #19 - Ultrasound of the Week'' . Ultrasound of the Week . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Keating, Caitlin (January 10, 2015). `` 1 in a Million Chance: Minnesota Mom Welcomes Identical Triplets'' . People . Retrieved January 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rare identical triplets born in Austria'' . Vienna. Reuters. August 8, 2007 . Retrieved January 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ Mohney, Gillian (December 5, 2013). `` Identical Triplets, Conceived without Fertility Drugs, are ' One in a Million ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ Fierro, Pamela Prindle (December 15, 2014). `` Identical Triplets'' . About.com . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mothers of Supertwins: Supertwins Statistics'' . Archived from the original on January 18, 2015 . Retrieved January 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed.: `` quads'' used for `` quadruplets'' Jump up ^ Multiples in pregnancy - twins triplets quads identical and fraternal development information . Baby2see.com. Retrieved on 2015-04-15. Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed.: `` quads'' used for `` quadruplets'' and `` quins'' for `` quintuplets'' in various senses Jump up ^ http://news.psu.edu/story/215904/2004/05/10/day-after-mothers-day-gosselin-sextuplets-arrive Jump up ^ US woman gives birth to octuplets , BBC Jump up ^ Octuplets born in Bellflower , LA Times Jump up ^ 8 facts about ' Octomom' Nadya Suleman Jump up ^ Facts About Multiples Jump up ^ Melissa Bush, MD, & Martin L. Pernoll, MD (2006). Multiple Pregnancy . Pregnancy Health Center -Multiple Pregnancy . McGraw Hill Professional . Retrieved 2007-06-20 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ National Center for Health Statistics - Multiple Births Jump up ^ National Vital Statistics Reports, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Volume 61, Number 1, August 28, 2012, Births: Final Data for 2010 Jump up ^ Beemsterboer SN, Homburg R, Gorter NA, Schats R, Hompes PG, Lambalk CB (2006). `` The paradox of declining fertility but increasing twinning rates with advancing maternal age'' . Hum. Reprod. 21 (6): 1531-- 2. doi : 10.1093/humrep/del009 . PMID 16497698 . Jump up ^ `` Multiple Pregnancy - ACOG'' . www.acog.org . Retrieved 2016-01-13 . ^ Jump up to: Alexander G., Kogan M., Martin J., Papiernik E. (1998). `` What are the fetal growth patterns of singletons, twins, and triplets in the United States?'' . Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 41 (1): 114-- 125. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Note: This study was done by looking at the 1991-- 1995 U.S. Natality Files, which were received from the National Center for Health Statistics ^ Jump up to: Yamasmit, W; Chaithongwongwatthana, S; Tolosa, JE; Limpongsanurak, S; Pereira, L; Lumbiganon, P (8 December 2015). `` Prophylactic oral betamimetics for reducing preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy'' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 12 : CD004733. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD004733.pub4 . PMID 26645888 . ^ Jump up to: Neilson, JP; West, HM; Dowswell, T (5 February 2014). `` Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour'' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 2 : CD004352. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD004352.pub3 . PMID 24500892 . Jump up ^ Rafael, TJ; Berghella, V; Alfirevic, Z (10 September 2014). `` Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in multiple pregnancy'' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 9 : CD009166. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD009166.pub2 . PMID 25208049 . Jump up ^ Le, Julia (26 July 2011). `` Scale-tipping triplets set world record'' . Mississauga News . Mississauga ON . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . ; note that the record wasn't confirmed until July 2011. Jump up ^ Pharoah PO, Cooke T (1996). `` Cerebral palsy and multiple births'' . Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed . 75 (3): F174-- 7. doi : 10.1136/fn.75.3.f174 . PMC 1061194 . PMID 8976682 . Note: They conducted a study by looking at the registered births of babies born with cerebral palsy during the periods of 1982-1989 in the counties of Merseyside and Cheshire. Jump up ^ Hammond KR (1998). `` Multifetal pregnancy reduction'' . J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 27 (3): 338-- 43. doi : 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1998.tb02657.x . PMID 9620827 . ^ Jump up to: Elsner CW, Tucker MJ, Sweitzer CL, Brockman WD, Morton PC, Wright G, Toledo AA (1997). `` Multiple pregnancy rate and embryo number transferred during in vitro fertilization'' . Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 177 (2): 350-- 5; discussion 355-- 7. PMID 9290450 . ^ Jump up to: Fertility: assessment and treatment for people with fertility problems . NICE clinical guideline CG156 - Issued: February 2013 Jump up ^ McCall, CA; Grimes, DA; Lyerly, AD (June 2013). `` '' Therapeutic'' bed rest in pregnancy: unethical and unsupported by data`` . Obstetrics and gynecology. 121 (6): 1305-- 8. doi : 10.1097/aog.0b013e318293f12f . PMID 23812466 . Jump up ^ Armour KL, Callister LC (2005). `` Prevention of triplets and higher order multiples: trends in reproductive medicine'' . J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 19 (2): 103-- 11. doi : 10.1097/00005237-200504000-00006 . PMID 15923959 . Jump up ^ Antsaklis A, Drakakis P, Vlazakis G, Michalas S (1998). `` Reduction of multifetal pregnancies to twins does not increase obstetrics or perinatal risks'' . Human Reproduction. 14 (5): 1338-- 1340. doi : 10.1093/humrep/14.5.1338 . ^ Jump up to: Dodd, JM; Dowswell, T; Crowther, CA (4 November 2015). `` Reduction of the number of fetuses for women with a multiple pregnancy'' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 11 : CD003932. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD003932.pub3 . PMID 26544079 . Jump up ^ Henne MB, Bundorf MK (April 2010). `` The effects of competition on assisted reproductive technology outcomes'' . Fertil. Steril. 93 (6): 1820-- 30. doi : 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.02.159 . PMID 18442821 . Jump up ^ Dodd, JM; Dowswell, T; Crowther, CA (6 November 2015). `` Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes'' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 11 : CD005300. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD005300.pub4 . PMID 26545291 . Jump up ^ Dodd JM, Dowswell T, Crowther CA (2015). `` Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes'' . Cochrane Database Syst Rev (11): CD005300. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD005300.pub4 . PMID 26545291 . Jump up ^ Bricker, L; Reed, K; Wood, L; Neilson, JP (24 November 2015). `` Nutritional advice for improving outcomes in multiple pregnancies'' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 11 : CD008867. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD008867.pub3 . PMID 26599328 . Jump up ^ Barrett JF, Hannah ME, Hutton EK, Willan AR, Allen AC, Armson BA, Gafni A, Joseph KS, Mason D, Ohlsson A, Ross S, Sanchez JJ, Asztalos EV (2013). `` A Randomized Trial of Planned Cesarean or Vaginal Delivery for Twin Pregnancy'' . New England Journal of Medicine . 369 (14): 1295-- 1305. doi : 10.1056/NEJMoa1214939 . PMC 3954096 . PMID 24088091 . Jump up ^ Lee HC, Gould JB, Boscardin WJ, El-Sayed YY, Blumenfeld YJ (2011). `` Trends in Cesarean Delivery for Twin Births in the United States'' . Obstetrics & Gynecology. 118 (5): 1095-- 101. doi : 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182318651 . PMC 3202294 . PMID 22015878 . Jump up ^ Women can choose Caesarean birth - BBC article by James Gallagher. 2011. Jump up ^ Hofmeyr, GJ; Barrett, JF; Crowther, CA (19 December 2015). `` Planned caesarean section for women with a twin pregnancy'' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 12 : CD006553. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD006553.pub3 . PMC 4110647 . PMID 26684389 . Jump up ^ Shub, A; Walker, SP (23 April 2015). `` Planned early delivery versus expectant management for monoamniotic twins'' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 4 : CD008820. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD008820.pub2 . PMID 25906204 . Jump up ^ Shub, A; Walker, SP (23 April 2015). `` Planned early delivery versus expectant management for monoamniotic twins'' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 4 : CD008820. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD008820.pub2 . PMID 25906204 . Jump up ^ Kaufman GE, Malone FD, Harvey-Wilkes KB, Chelmow D, Penzias AS, D'Alton ME (1998). `` Neonatal morbidity and mortality associated with triplet pregnancy'' . Obstet Gynecol. 91 (3): 342-- 8. doi : 10.1016/s0029-7844(97)00686-8 . PMID 9491857 . Jump up ^ Moore JE, Witt WP, Elixhauser A (April 2014). `` Complicating Conditions Associate With Childbirth, by Delivery Method and Payer, 2011'' . HCUP Statistical Brief #173 . Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Jump up ^ `` Korea's ' lucky' triplets seized'' . Herald Sun . Fairfax. 2003-03-30. Jump up ^ Laura A. Hibbard, Medieval Romance in England p295, 244 New York Burt Franklin,1963 Jump up ^ Laura A. Hibbard, Medieval Romance in England p239, 243 New York Burt Franklin,1963 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Multiple births . Look up twin , triplet , quadruplet , or quintuplet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Facts About Multiples HFEA consultation on multiple births after IVF D.L. Ashliman , Multiple Births in Legend and Folklore Twins and Multiple Births Association Pregnancy and childbirth Planning Birth control Natural family planning Pre-conception counseling Conception Assisted reproductive technology Artificial insemination Fertility medication In vitro fertilisation Fertility awareness Unintended pregnancy Testing 3D ultrasound Obstetric ultrasonography Pregnancy test Home testing Prenatal diagnosis Prenatal Anatomy Amniotic fluid Amniotic sac Endometrium Placenta Development Fundal height Gestational age Human embryogenesis Maternal physiological changes Postpartum physiological changes Care Nutrition Environmental toxicants In pregnancy Prenatal Concomitant conditions Drinking Diabetes mellitus Smoking Vaping SLE Sexual activity during pregnancy Procedures Amniocentesis Cardiotocography Chorionic villus sampling Nonstress test Abortion Childbirth Preparation Bradley method Hypnobirthing Lamaze Nesting instinct Roles Doula Birth attendant Men's roles Midwife Obstetrician Perinatal nurse Traditional birth attendant Delivery Bloody show Childbirth positions Home birth Multiple birth Natural childbirth Pelvimetry / Bishop score Cervical dilation Cervical effacement Position Presentation Breech Cephalic Shoulder Rupture of membranes Unassisted childbirth Uterine contraction Water birth Postpartum Maternal Postpartum confinement Sex after pregnancy Psychiatric disorders of childbirth Postpartum physiological changes Roles Doula Health visitor Lactation consultant Monthly nurse Confinement nanny Infant Adaptation to extrauterine life Child care Congenital disorders Obstetric history Gravidity Parity TPAL GND : 4344754-5 NARA : 10647431 NKC : ph937506 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multiple_birth&oldid=840317765 '' Categories : Multiple births Sibling Zoology Women's health Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2017 Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 North America-centric All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto 한국어 ქართული मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Simple English Suomi Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018, at 03:09. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
-4002369237362459418
what is the difference between internal and external links
An internal link is a type of hyperlink on a webpage to another page or resource , such as an image or document , on the same website or domain . Hyperlinks are considered either `` external '' or `` internal '' depending on their target or destination . Generally , a link to a page outside the same domain or website is considered external , whereas one that points at another section of the same webpage or to another page of the same website or domain is considered internal .
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[ "( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( May 2009 ) This article contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( May 2009 ) This article contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( May 2009 )", "This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( May 2009 )", "This article contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( January 2016 )", "This article contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( January 2016 )", "An internal link is a type of hyperlink on a webpage to another page or resource , such as an image or document , on the same website or domain . Hyperlinks are considered either `` external '' or `` internal '' depending on their target or destination . Generally , a link to a page outside the same domain or website is considered external , whereas one that points at another section of the same webpage or to another page of the same website or domain is considered internal .", "However , these definitions become clouded when the same organization operates multiple domains functioning as a single web experience , e.g. when a secure commerce website is used for purchasing things displayed on a non-secure website . In these cases , links that are `` external '' by the above definition can conceivably be classified as `` internal '' for some purposes . Ultimately , an internal link points to a web page or resource in the same root directory .", "Similarly , seemingly `` internal '' links are in fact `` external '' for many purposes , for example in the case of linking among subdomains of a main domain , which are not operated by the same person ( s ) . For example , a blogging platform , such as WordPress , Blogger or Tumblr host thousands of different blogs on subdomains , which are entirely unrelated and the authors of which are generally unknown to each other . In these contexts one might view a link as `` internal '' only if it linked within the same blog , not to other blogs within the same domain .", "Both internal and external links allow users of the website to navigate to another web page or resource . This is the basis or founding idea or principal behind the internet . That users can navigate from one resource to another by clicking on hyperlinks . Internal links help users navigate the same website , whereas external links generally take users to a different webpage or website .", "Both internal and external links help users surf the internet as well as having Search engine optimization value . Internal linking allows for good website nagivation and structure and allows search engines to crawl or spider websites .", "Make a header linkable :", "then link to it :" ]
Internal link - Wikipedia Internal link Jump to: navigation , search For information about one more name of internal links in Wikipedia, see: Wikipedia:Free links . For information about external links in Wikipedia,see: Wikipedia:External links . For information about internal links in Wikipedia, see: Help:Link . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions. (May 2009) This article contains instructions, advice, or how-to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts, not to train. Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how-to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . (January 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An internal link is a type of hyperlink on a webpage to another page or resource, such as an image or document, on the same website or domain . Hyperlinks are considered either `` external'' or `` internal'' depending on their target or destination. Generally, a link to a page outside the same domain or website is considered external, whereas one that points at another section of the same webpage or to another page of the same website or domain is considered internal. However, these definitions become clouded when the same organization operates multiple domains functioning as a single web experience, e.g. when a secure commerce website is used for purchasing things displayed on a non-secure website . In these cases, links that are `` external'' by the above definition can conceivably be classified as `` internal'' for some purposes. Ultimately, an internal link points to a web page or resource in the same root directory . Similarly, seemingly `` internal'' links are in fact `` external'' for many purposes, for example in the case of linking among subdomains of a main domain, which are not operated by the same person(s). For example, a blogging platform, such as WordPress , Blogger or Tumblr host thousands of different blogs on subdomains, which are entirely unrelated and the authors of which are generally unknown to each other. In these contexts one might view a link as `` internal'' only if it linked within the same blog, not to other blogs within the same domain. Both internal and external links allow users of the website to navigate to another web page or resource. This is the basis or founding idea or principal behind the internet . That users can navigate from one resource to another by clicking on hyperlinks. Internal links help users navigate the same website, whereas external links generally take users to a different webpage or website. Both internal and external links help users surf the internet as well as having Search engine optimization value. Internal linking allows for good website nagivation and structure and allows search engines to crawl or spider websites. Contents ( hide ) 1 Examples 1.1 HTML 2 See also 3 References Examples ( edit ) HTML ( edit ) Make a header linkable: < h1 id= `` seealso'' > See also < /h1> then link to it: < a href= `` #seealso'' > Go to the see also section < /a> See also ( edit ) Link awareness References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Riley, Julie (2011). Microsoft Expression Web 3 : illustrated introductory . Australia: Course Technology Cengage Learning. p. 53. ISBN 0538750413 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderson, Shaun (2014). `` SEO, Internal Links, Website Navigation & Structure'' . UK: Hoboweb . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . This World Wide Web -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_link&oldid=808465698 '' Categories : Hypertext Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from May 2009 All articles needing rewrite Articles needing cleanup from January 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles containing how-to sections Articles with multiple maintenance issues All stub articles World Wide Web stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017, at 01:07. About Wikipedia
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who is the best player in la liga this season
2015 -- 16 Jan Oblak ( Atlético Madrid ) Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Diego Godín ( Atlético Madrid ) Gerard Piqué ( Barcelona ) Marcelo ( Real Madrid ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Sergio Busquets ( Barcelona ) Luka Modrić ( Real Madrid ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Luis Suárez ( Barcelona )
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[ "The La Liga Awards , previously known as the LFP Awards , are presented annually by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) to the best players and coach in La Liga , the first division of association football in Spain . Established in the 2008 -- 09 season , they are the first official awards in the history of the Spanish competition . La Liga 's best coach and player in each position -- goalkeeper , defender , midfielder , and forward -- are chosen based on a voting by the captain and vice-captains of each club , while the best player overall is determined via statistical analysis .", "Since the La Liga Awards ' creation , Barcelona players have won 32 honours in the six main categories , almost triple the number won by any other club . Barcelona forward Lionel Messi has been named La Liga 's best player six years out of eight and La Liga 's best forward seven times out of eight . Across all positions , the other outstanding individuals are Barcelona midfielder Andrés Iniesta with five wins , Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola with four wins , Real Madrid defender Sergio Ramos with four wins , and goalkeepers Iker Casillas of Real Madrid and Víctor Valdés of Barcelona with two wins each .", "Season Category Best Player Best Goalkeeper Best Defender Best Midfielder Best Forward Best Coach 2008 -- 09 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Iker Casillas ( Real Madrid ) Dani Alves ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Pep Guardiola ( Barcelona ) 2009 -- 10 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Víctor Valdés ( Barcelona ) Gerard Piqué ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Jesús Navas ( Sevilla ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Pep Guardiola ( Barcelona ) 2010 -- 11 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Víctor Valdés ( Barcelona ) Éric Abidal ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Pep Guardiola ( Barcelona ) 2011 -- 12 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Iker Casillas ( Real Madrid ) Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Xabi Alonso ( Real Madrid ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Pep Guardiola ( Barcelona ) 2012 -- 13 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Thibaut Courtois ( Atlético Madrid ) Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Asier Illarramendi ( Real Sociedad ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Diego Simeone ( Atlético Madrid ) 2013 -- 14 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Keylor Navas ( Levante ) Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Luka Modrić ( Real Madrid ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Diego Simeone ( Atlético Madrid ) 2014 -- 15 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Claudio Bravo ( Barcelona ) Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) James Rodríguez ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Luis Enrique ( Barcelona ) 2015 -- 16 Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) Jan Oblak ( Atlético Madrid ) Diego Godín ( Atlético Madrid ) Luka Modrić ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Diego Simeone ( Atlético Madrid )", "Season Category", "Best Player Best Goalkeeper Best Defender Best Midfielder Best Forward Best Coach", "2008 -- 09 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Iker Casillas ( Real Madrid ) Dani Alves ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Pep Guardiola ( Barcelona )", "2009 -- 10 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Víctor Valdés ( Barcelona ) Gerard Piqué ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Jesús Navas ( Sevilla ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Pep Guardiola ( Barcelona )", "2010 -- 11 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Víctor Valdés ( Barcelona ) Éric Abidal ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Pep Guardiola ( Barcelona )", "2011 -- 12 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Iker Casillas ( Real Madrid ) Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Xabi Alonso ( Real Madrid ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Pep Guardiola ( Barcelona )", "2012 -- 13 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Thibaut Courtois ( Atlético Madrid ) Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Asier Illarramendi ( Real Sociedad ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Diego Simeone ( Atlético Madrid )", "2013 -- 14 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Keylor Navas ( Levante ) Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Luka Modrić ( Real Madrid ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Diego Simeone ( Atlético Madrid )", "2014 -- 15 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Claudio Bravo ( Barcelona ) Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) James Rodríguez ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Luis Enrique ( Barcelona )", "2015 -- 16 Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) Jan Oblak ( Atlético Madrid ) Diego Godín ( Atlético Madrid ) Luka Modrić ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Diego Simeone ( Atlético Madrid )", "Wins by individual ( edit ) Best Player Lionel Messi 6 Cristiano Ronaldo Antoine Griezmann Wins by club ( edit ) Best Player Barcelona 6 Real Madrid Atlético Madrid", "Wins by individual ( edit ) Best Player Lionel Messi 6 Cristiano Ronaldo Antoine Griezmann Wins by club ( edit ) Best Player Barcelona 6 Real Madrid Atlético Madrid", "Best Player Lionel Messi 6 Cristiano Ronaldo Antoine Griezmann", "Best Player", "Lionel Messi 6", "Cristiano Ronaldo", "Antoine Griezmann", "Best Player Barcelona 6 Real Madrid Atlético Madrid", "Best Player", "Barcelona 6", "Real Madrid", "Atlético Madrid", "Best Goalkeeper Iker Casillas Víctor Valdés Thibaut Courtois Keylor Navas Claudio Bravo Jan Oblak Best Goalkeeper Barcelona Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Levante", "Best Goalkeeper Iker Casillas Víctor Valdés Thibaut Courtois Keylor Navas Claudio Bravo Jan Oblak Best Goalkeeper Barcelona Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Levante", "Best Goalkeeper Iker Casillas Víctor Valdés Thibaut Courtois Keylor Navas Claudio Bravo Jan Oblak", "Best Goalkeeper", "Iker Casillas", "Víctor Valdés", "Thibaut Courtois", "Keylor Navas", "Claudio Bravo", "Jan Oblak", "Best Goalkeeper Barcelona Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Levante", "Best Goalkeeper", "Barcelona", "Real Madrid", "Atlético Madrid", "Levante", "Best Defender Sergio Ramos Dani Alves Gerard Piqué Éric Abidal Diego Godín Best Defender Real Madrid Barcelona Atlético Madrid", "Best Defender Sergio Ramos Dani Alves Gerard Piqué Éric Abidal Diego Godín Best Defender Real Madrid Barcelona Atlético Madrid", "Best Defender Sergio Ramos Dani Alves Gerard Piqué Éric Abidal Diego Godín", "Best Defender", "Sergio Ramos", "Dani Alves", "Gerard Piqué", "Éric Abidal", "Diego Godín", "Best Defender Real Madrid Barcelona Atlético Madrid", "Best Defender", "Real Madrid", "Barcelona", "Atlético Madrid", "Best Midfielder Andrés Iniesta 5 Xavi Luka Modrić Xabi Alonso Asier Illarramendi James Rodríguez Best Midfielder Barcelona 8 Real Madrid Real Sociedad", "Best Midfielder Andrés Iniesta 5 Xavi Luka Modrić Xabi Alonso Asier Illarramendi James Rodríguez Best Midfielder Barcelona 8 Real Madrid Real Sociedad", "Best Midfielder Andrés Iniesta 5 Xavi Luka Modrić Xabi Alonso Asier Illarramendi James Rodríguez", "Best Midfielder", "Andrés Iniesta 5", "Xavi", "Luka Modrić", "Xabi Alonso", "Asier Illarramendi", "James Rodríguez", "Best Midfielder Barcelona 8 Real Madrid Real Sociedad", "Best Midfielder", "Barcelona 8", "Real Madrid", "Real Sociedad", "Best Forward Lionel Messi 7 Cristiano Ronaldo Best Forward Barcelona 7 Real Madrid", "Best Forward Lionel Messi 7 Cristiano Ronaldo Best Forward Barcelona 7 Real Madrid", "Best Forward Lionel Messi 7 Cristiano Ronaldo", "Best Forward", "Lionel Messi 7", "Cristiano Ronaldo", "Best Forward Barcelona 7 Real Madrid", "Best Forward", "Barcelona 7", "Real Madrid", "Best Coach Pep Guardiola Diego Simeone Luis Enrique Best Coach Barcelona 5 Atlético Madrid", "Best Coach Pep Guardiola Diego Simeone Luis Enrique Best Coach Barcelona 5 Atlético Madrid", "Best Coach Pep Guardiola Diego Simeone Luis Enrique", "Best Coach", "Pep Guardiola", "Diego Simeone", "Luis Enrique", "Best Coach Barcelona 5 Atlético Madrid", "Best Coach", "Barcelona 5", "Atlético Madrid", "Season Category Fair Play Breakthrough Player World Player Fans ' Five - Star Player 2008 -- 09 Juan Carlos Valerón ( Deportivo ) Sergio Busquets ( Barcelona ) Not awarded Not awarded 2009 -- 10 Marcos Senna ( Villarreal ) Pedro ( Barcelona ) Not awarded Not awarded 2010 -- 11 Alberto Rivera ( Sporting Gijón ) Iker Muniain ( Athletic Bilbao ) Not awarded Not awarded 2011 -- 12 Carles Puyol ( Barcelona ) Isco ( Málaga ) Not awarded Not awarded 2012 -- 13 Iker Casillas ( Real Madrid ) Asier Illarramendi ( Real Sociedad ) Not awarded Not awarded 2013 -- 14 Ivan Rakitić ( Sevilla ) Rafinha ( Celta Vigo ) Carlos Bacca ( Sevilla ) Yacine Brahimi ( Granada ) Not awarded 2014 -- 15 Not awarded Not awarded Neymar ( Barcelona ) Sofiane Feghouli ( Valencia ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) 2015 -- 16 Not awarded Marco Asensio ( Espanyol ) Luis Suárez ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid )", "Season Category", "Fair Play Breakthrough Player World Player Fans ' Five - Star Player", "2008 -- 09 Juan Carlos Valerón ( Deportivo ) Sergio Busquets ( Barcelona ) Not awarded Not awarded", "2009 -- 10 Marcos Senna ( Villarreal ) Pedro ( Barcelona ) Not awarded Not awarded", "2010 -- 11 Alberto Rivera ( Sporting Gijón ) Iker Muniain ( Athletic Bilbao ) Not awarded Not awarded", "2011 -- 12 Carles Puyol ( Barcelona ) Isco ( Málaga ) Not awarded Not awarded", "2012 -- 13 Iker Casillas ( Real Madrid ) Asier Illarramendi ( Real Sociedad ) Not awarded Not awarded", "2013 -- 14 Ivan Rakitić ( Sevilla ) Rafinha ( Celta Vigo ) Carlos Bacca ( Sevilla ) Yacine Brahimi ( Granada ) Not awarded", "2014 -- 15 Not awarded Not awarded Neymar ( Barcelona ) Sofiane Feghouli ( Valencia ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid )", "2015 -- 16 Not awarded Marco Asensio ( Espanyol ) Luis Suárez ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid )", "The following awards were presented once :", "Season Category Recipient 2012 -- 13 Most Valuable Player Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) 2013 -- 14 Best Goal Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid )", "Season Category Recipient", "2012 -- 13 Most Valuable Player Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid )", "2013 -- 14 Best Goal Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid )", "Season Category Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards 2013 -- 14 Thibaut Courtois ( Atlético Madrid ) Juanfran ( Atlético Madrid ) Aymeric Laporte ( Athletic Bilbao ) Diego Godín ( Atlético Madrid ) Filipe Luís ( Atlético Madrid ) Ander Iturraspe ( Athletic Bilbao ) Gabi ( Atlético Madrid ) Koke ( Atlético Madrid ) Ivan Rakitić ( Sevilla ) Diego Costa ( Atlético Madrid ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) 2014 -- 15 Claudio Bravo ( Barcelona ) Dani Alves ( Barcelona ) Nicolás Otamendi ( Valencia ) Gerard Piqué ( Barcelona ) Jordi Alba ( Barcelona ) Grzegorz Krychowiak ( Sevilla ) Ivan Rakitić ( Barcelona ) James Rodríguez ( Real Madrid ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) 2015 -- 16 Jan Oblak ( Atlético Madrid ) Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Diego Godín ( Atlético Madrid ) Gerard Piqué ( Barcelona ) Marcelo ( Real Madrid ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Sergio Busquets ( Barcelona ) Luka Modrić ( Real Madrid ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Luis Suárez ( Barcelona )", "Season Category", "Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards", "2013 -- 14 Thibaut Courtois ( Atlético Madrid ) Juanfran ( Atlético Madrid ) Aymeric Laporte ( Athletic Bilbao ) Diego Godín ( Atlético Madrid ) Filipe Luís ( Atlético Madrid ) Ander Iturraspe ( Athletic Bilbao ) Gabi ( Atlético Madrid ) Koke ( Atlético Madrid ) Ivan Rakitić ( Sevilla ) Diego Costa ( Atlético Madrid ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid )", "2014 -- 15 Claudio Bravo ( Barcelona ) Dani Alves ( Barcelona ) Nicolás Otamendi ( Valencia ) Gerard Piqué ( Barcelona ) Jordi Alba ( Barcelona ) Grzegorz Krychowiak ( Sevilla ) Ivan Rakitić ( Barcelona ) James Rodríguez ( Real Madrid ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid )", "2015 -- 16 Jan Oblak ( Atlético Madrid ) Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Diego Godín ( Atlético Madrid ) Gerard Piqué ( Barcelona ) Marcelo ( Real Madrid ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Sergio Busquets ( Barcelona ) Luka Modrić ( Real Madrid ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Luis Suárez ( Barcelona )" ]
La Liga awards - wikipedia La Liga awards Jump to: navigation , search Barcelona's forward Lionel Messi has dominated La Liga 's best player and best forward awards, with 6 and 7 wins respectively. The La Liga Awards , previously known as the LFP Awards , are presented annually by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional (LFP) to the best players and coach in La Liga , the first division of association football in Spain. Established in the 2008-- 09 season , they are the first official awards in the history of the Spanish competition. La Liga's best coach and player in each position-- goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, and forward-- are chosen based on a voting by the captain and vice-captains of each club, while the best player overall is determined via statistical analysis. Since the La Liga Awards' creation, Barcelona players have won 32 honours in the six main categories, almost triple the number won by any other club. Barcelona forward Lionel Messi has been named La Liga's best player six years out of eight and La Liga's best forward seven times out of eight. Across all positions, the other outstanding individuals are Barcelona midfielder Andrés Iniesta with five wins, Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola with four wins, Real Madrid defender Sergio Ramos with four wins, and goalkeepers Iker Casillas of Real Madrid and Víctor Valdés of Barcelona with two wins each. Contents ( hide ) 1 Main categories 1.1 Winners 1.2 Wins by individual 1.3 Wins by club 2 Additional categories 3 Other La Liga honours 3.1 Team of the season 3.2 Player and manager of the month 4 See also 5 References Main categories ( edit ) Winners ( edit ) Season Category Best Player Best Goalkeeper Best Defender Best Midfielder Best Forward Best Coach 2008-- 09 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Iker Casillas ( Real Madrid ) Dani Alves ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Pep Guardiola ( Barcelona ) 2009-- 10 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Víctor Valdés ( Barcelona ) Gerard Piqué ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Jesús Navas ( Sevilla ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Pep Guardiola ( Barcelona ) 2010-- 11 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Víctor Valdés ( Barcelona ) Éric Abidal ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Pep Guardiola ( Barcelona ) 2011-- 12 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Iker Casillas ( Real Madrid ) Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Xabi Alonso ( Real Madrid ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Pep Guardiola ( Barcelona ) 2012-- 13 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Thibaut Courtois ( Atlético Madrid ) Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Asier Illarramendi ( Real Sociedad ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Diego Simeone ( Atlético Madrid ) 2013-- 14 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Keylor Navas ( Levante ) Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Luka Modrić ( Real Madrid ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Diego Simeone ( Atlético Madrid ) 2014-- 15 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Claudio Bravo ( Barcelona ) Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) James Rodríguez ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Luis Enrique ( Barcelona ) 2015-- 16 Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) Jan Oblak ( Atlético Madrid ) Diego Godín ( Atlético Madrid ) Luka Modrić ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Diego Simeone ( Atlético Madrid ) Wins by individual ( edit ) Best Player Lionel Messi 6 Cristiano Ronaldo Antoine Griezmann Wins by club ( edit ) Best Player Barcelona 6 Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Best Goalkeeper Iker Casillas Víctor Valdés Thibaut Courtois Keylor Navas Claudio Bravo Jan Oblak Best Goalkeeper Barcelona Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Levante Best Defender Sergio Ramos Dani Alves Gerard Piqué Éric Abidal Diego Godín Best Defender Real Madrid Barcelona Atlético Madrid Best Midfielder Andrés Iniesta 5 Xavi Luka Modrić Xabi Alonso Asier Illarramendi James Rodríguez Best Midfielder Barcelona 8 Real Madrid Real Sociedad Best Forward Lionel Messi 7 Cristiano Ronaldo Best Forward Barcelona 7 Real Madrid Best Coach Pep Guardiola Diego Simeone Luis Enrique Best Coach Barcelona 5 Atlético Madrid Additional categories ( edit ) Season Category Fair Play Breakthrough Player World Player Fans' Five-Star Player 2008-- 09 Juan Carlos Valerón ( Deportivo ) Sergio Busquets ( Barcelona ) Not awarded Not awarded 2009-- 10 Marcos Senna ( Villarreal ) Pedro ( Barcelona ) Not awarded Not awarded 2010-- 11 Alberto Rivera ( Sporting Gijón ) Iker Muniain ( Athletic Bilbao ) Not awarded Not awarded 2011-- 12 Carles Puyol ( Barcelona ) Isco ( Málaga ) Not awarded Not awarded 2012-- 13 Iker Casillas ( Real Madrid ) Asier Illarramendi ( Real Sociedad ) Not awarded Not awarded 2013-- 14 Ivan Rakitić ( Sevilla ) Rafinha ( Celta Vigo ) Carlos Bacca ( Sevilla ) Yacine Brahimi ( Granada ) Not awarded 2014-- 15 Not awarded Not awarded Neymar ( Barcelona ) Sofiane Feghouli ( Valencia ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) 2015-- 16 Not awarded Marco Asensio ( Espanyol ) Luis Suárez ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) The following awards were presented once: Season Category Recipient 2012-- 13 Most Valuable Player Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) 2013-- 14 Best Goal Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Other La Liga honours ( edit ) Team of the season ( edit ) Season Category Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards 2013-- 14 Thibaut Courtois ( Atlético Madrid ) Juanfran ( Atlético Madrid ) Aymeric Laporte ( Athletic Bilbao ) Diego Godín ( Atlético Madrid ) Filipe Luís ( Atlético Madrid ) Ander Iturraspe ( Athletic Bilbao ) Gabi ( Atlético Madrid ) Koke ( Atlético Madrid ) Ivan Rakitić ( Sevilla ) Diego Costa ( Atlético Madrid ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) 2014-- 15 Claudio Bravo ( Barcelona ) Dani Alves ( Barcelona ) Nicolás Otamendi ( Valencia ) Gerard Piqué ( Barcelona ) Jordi Alba ( Barcelona ) Grzegorz Krychowiak ( Sevilla ) Ivan Rakitić ( Barcelona ) James Rodríguez ( Real Madrid ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) 2015-- 16 Jan Oblak ( Atlético Madrid ) Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Diego Godín ( Atlético Madrid ) Gerard Piqué ( Barcelona ) Marcelo ( Real Madrid ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Sergio Busquets ( Barcelona ) Luka Modrić ( Real Madrid ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Luis Suárez ( Barcelona ) Player and manager of the month ( edit ) Main articles: La Liga Player of the Month and La Liga Manager of the Month See also ( edit ) Don Balón Award Miguel Muñoz Trophy Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano Trofeo Aldo Rovira Trofeo EFE Ricardo Zamora Trophy Pichichi Trophy Zarra Trophy References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Until 2015, the category was divided into Best Midfielder (listed first) and Best Attacking Midfielder. Jump up ^ In 2014 and 2015, the category was divided into Best American Player and Best African Player. Citations Jump up ^ `` Memoria de la Liga de Fútbol Profesional 2009-- 10'' (pdf) (in Spanish). Liga de Fútbol Profesional. pp. 149-- 152 . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prize categories in Premios LaLiga'' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 28 November 2015 . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Ganadores de las cuatro ediciones de premios de la LFP'' . ABC (in Spanish). Agencia EFE. 13 November 2012 . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Ben, Bloom (3 December 2013). `` Lionel Messi completes double at La Liga awards while Cristiano Ronaldo picks up newly created prize'' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Rigg, Nicholas (28 October 2014). `` Atlético Madrid snubbed at La Liga awards despite winning league ahead of Spanish giants Real Madrid and Barcelona'' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Messi beats Ronaldo to top prize at La Liga awards'' . Four Four Two . 30 November 2015 . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Griezmann named La Liga player of year, Diego Simeone top coach'' . ESPN FC . Associated Press. 24 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Liga BBVA team of the season'' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014-- 15 Liga BBVA Ideal XI'' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Liga BBVA 2015-- 16 Team of the Season'' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . La Liga 2017-- 18 clubs Alavés Athletic Bilbao Atlético Madrid Barcelona Betis Celta Vigo Deportivo La Coruña Eibar Espanyol Getafe Girona Las Palmas Leganés Levante Málaga Real Madrid Real Sociedad Sevilla Valencia Villarreal Former clubs Albacete Alcoyano AD Almería UD Almería Arenas Getxo Atlético Tetuán Burgos Cádiz Castellón Compostela Condal Córdoba Cultural Leonesa Elche Europa Extremadura Gimnàstic Granada Hércules Jaén Lleida CD Logroñés CD Málaga Mallorca CP Mérida Rayo Vallecano Murcia Numancia Osasuna Oviedo Pontevedra Racing Santander Real Burgos Real Unión Recreativo Huelva Sabadell Salamanca Sporting Gijón Tenerife Valladolid Xerez Zaragoza Competition Clubs Seasons & winners Relegation play-offs Players foreign Managers Winners Stadia Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All-time table LFP Awards Top Scorer (LFP) Top Scorer (Pichichi) Spanish Top Scorer (Zarra) Best Goalkeeper (Zamora) Best Manager (Miguel Muñoz ) Best referee (Guruceta) Don Balón Award Player of the Month Manager of the Month Finances Richest clubs: Deloitte list Forbes' list Team owners Associated competitions Supercopa de España Copa del Rey UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League laliga.es facebook.com/LaLiga twitter.com/LaLiga youtube.com/laliga National Footballer of the Year award UEFA Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium GS PFA ES Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia VL-HNS SN SD Czech Republic FA ČR KSN Czechoslovakia Denmark East Germany England PFA FWA Premier League Player of the Season Estonia Faroe Islands Finland Player of the Year Ilta-Sanomat Award France UNFP Ligue 1 FF OM Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Serie A Italian Footballer of the Year Serie A Footballer of the Year Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland FWA Ulster Norway Poland Portugal LPFP CNID PGB Romania Russia `` Sport-Express'' `` Futbol'' San Marino Scotland PFA Scotland SFWA Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union Spain LFP `` Don Balón '' `` Marca'' Sweden Switzerland `` Sport'' ASF-SFV Turkey Ukraine Wales Yugoslavia AFC Australia A-League PFA China Hong Kong Indonesia Iran Japan Maldives Singapore South Korea K-League MVP Players' Player of the Year Thailand UAE Uzbekistan Vietnam CAF Algeria Ballon d'or APFA Maracana Foot DZFoot d'Or Ghana Ivory Coast Kenya South Africa SAFA PSL Zimbabwe CONMEBOL Argentina Brazil Bola de Ouro Craque do Brasileirão Chile Paraguay CONCACAF Canada Mexico Suriname United States USSF MLS NWSL ESPY Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Liga_Awards&oldid=842910179 '' Categories : La Liga Spanish football trophies and awards 2009 establishments in Spain Awards established in 2009 Annual events in Spain Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Português Русский Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 14:22. 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when was the last time the us lost the olympics in basketball
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[ "United States 2016 United States men 's Olympic basketball team FIBA ranking Joined FIBA 1934 FIBA zone FIBA Americas National federation USA Basketball Coach Gregg Popovich Olympic Games Appearances 18 Medals Gold ( 1936 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1960 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1996 , 2000 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 ) Silver ( 1972 ) Bronze ( 1988 , 2004 ) FIBA World Cup Appearances 17 Medals Gold ( 1954 , 1986 , 1994 , 2010 , 2014 ) Silver ( 1950 , 1959 , 1982 ) Bronze ( 1974 , 1990 , 1998 , 2006 ) FIBA AmeriCup Appearances 10 Medals Gold ( 1992 , 1993 , 1997 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2017 ) Silver ( 1989 ) Pan American Games Appearances 17 Medals Gold ( 1951 , 1955 , 1959 , 1963 , 1967 , 1975 , 1979 , 1983 ) Silver ( 1987 , 1995 , 1999 ) Bronze ( 1991 , 2011 , 2015 ) Uniforms Home Alternate Away First international United States 2 -- 0 Spain ( forfeit ) Berlin , Germany -- August 7 , 1936 Biggest win United States 156 -- 73 Nigeria London , United Kingdom -- August 2 , 2012 Biggest defeat United States 69 -- 108 Argentina Neuquen , Argentina -- August 17 , 2001 Medal record ( hide ) Event 1st 2nd 3rd Olympic Games 15 FIBA World Cup 5 FIBA AmeriCup 7 0 Pan American Games 8 Total 34 8 9", "United States", "2016 United States men 's Olympic basketball team", "2016 United States men 's Olympic basketball team", "2016 United States men 's Olympic basketball team", "FIBA ranking", "Joined FIBA 1934", "FIBA zone FIBA Americas", "National federation USA Basketball", "Coach Gregg Popovich", "Olympic Games", "Appearances 18", "Medals Gold ( 1936 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1960 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1996 , 2000 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 ) Silver ( 1972 ) Bronze ( 1988 , 2004 )", "FIBA World Cup", "Appearances 17", "Medals Gold ( 1954 , 1986 , 1994 , 2010 , 2014 ) Silver ( 1950 , 1959 , 1982 ) Bronze ( 1974 , 1990 , 1998 , 2006 )", "FIBA AmeriCup", "Appearances 10", "Medals Gold ( 1992 , 1993 , 1997 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2017 ) Silver ( 1989 )", "Pan American Games", "Appearances 17", "Medals Gold ( 1951 , 1955 , 1959 , 1963 , 1967 , 1975 , 1979 , 1983 ) Silver ( 1987 , 1995 , 1999 ) Bronze ( 1991 , 2011 , 2015 )", "Uniforms", "Home Alternate Away", "Home Alternate Away", "Home Alternate Away", "First international", "United States 2 -- 0 Spain ( forfeit ) Berlin , Germany -- August 7 , 1936", "Biggest win", "United States 156 -- 73 Nigeria London , United Kingdom -- August 2 , 2012", "Biggest defeat", "United States 69 -- 108 Argentina Neuquen , Argentina -- August 17 , 2001", "Medal record ( hide ) Event 1st 2nd 3rd Olympic Games 15 FIBA World Cup 5 FIBA AmeriCup 7 0 Pan American Games 8 Total 34 8 9", "Event 1st 2nd 3rd Olympic Games 15 FIBA World Cup 5 FIBA AmeriCup 7 0 Pan American Games 8 Total 34 8 9", "Event 1st 2nd 3rd Olympic Games 15 FIBA World Cup 5 FIBA AmeriCup 7 0 Pan American Games 8 Total 34 8 9", "Event 1st 2nd 3rd Olympic Games 15 FIBA World Cup 5 FIBA AmeriCup 7 0 Pan American Games 8 Total 34 8 9", "Event 1st 2nd 3rd", "Olympic Games 15", "FIBA World Cup 5", "FIBA AmeriCup 7 0", "Pan American Games 8", "Total 34 8 9", "The USA Basketball Men 's Senior National Team , commonly known as the United States Men 's National Basketball Team , is the most successful team in international competition , winning medals in all eighteen Olympic tournaments it has entered , coming away with fifteen golds . Two of its gold medal - winning teams were inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in August 2010 -- the 1960 team , which featured six Hall of Famers ( 4 players , 2 coaches ) , and the 1992 `` Dream Team '' , featuring 14 Hall of Famers ( 11 players , 3 coaches ) . The United States is currently ranked first in the FIBA World Rankings .", "United States and Argentina are the only two national teams in the FIBA Americas zone that have won the quadruple crown : FIBA World Cup Gold medal , Olympic Gold Medal , FIBA AmeriCup Gold medal and Pan American Gold Medal .", "Traditionally composed of amateur players , a 1989 rule change by FIBA allowed USA Basketball to field teams with professional players . The first such team , known as the `` Dream Team '' , won the gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , being superior in all matches .", "With the introduction of professionals , the team was able to spark a second run of dominance after capturing only a bronze medal in 1988 . A team of professional players competed at the 1994 FIBA World Championship , finishing first . In 1996 , 2000 , 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 the USA again captured gold medals at the Olympics .", "Facing increased competition , the USA failed to win a medal at the 2002 FIBA World Championship , finishing sixth . The 2004 Summer Olympic team lost three games on its way to a bronze medal , a record that represented more losses in a single year than the country 's Olympic teams had suffered in all previous Olympiads combined .", "Determined to put an end to these failures , USA Basketball initiated a long - term project aimed at creating better , more cohesive teams . The USA won its first seven games at the 2006 FIBA World Championship in Japan before losing against Greece in the semi-finals , ending the competition with the bronze medal . The USA won gold two years later , though , at the 2008 Summer Olympics with a dominant performance . This success was followed up at the 2010 FIBA World Championship , where despite fielding a roster featuring no players from the 2008 Olympic team , the USA did not lose a single game en route to defeating host Turkey for the gold medal . The USA continued this streak of dominance by going undefeated and capturing gold once more at the 2012 Summer Olympics , 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup , and 2016 Summer Olympics .", "The United States possessed a clear advantage in the early decades of international play ( though they were defeated by Argentina in the First FIBA World Championships in 1950 ) . The US men were dominant from the first Olympic tournament to hold basketball , held in Berlin in 1936 , going 5 -- 0 to win the gold , and joined by continental neighbors Canada and Mexico on the medal platform . Through the next six tournaments , the United States went undefeated , collecting gold while not losing a single contest in the games held in London , Helsinki , Melbourne , Rome , Tokyo , and Mexico City . Participation in these tournaments were limited to amateurs , but the US teams during this period featured players who would later go on to become superstars in professional basketball , including all - time greats Bill Russell , Oscar Robertson , Jerry West , and Jerry Lucas ; the latter three competed on the 1960 Rome team often credited as the best U.S. roster until the formation of the 1992 Dream Team .", "Alex Groza and Ralph Beard , both briefly NBA stars , made the 1948 squad as Kentucky Wildcats , with 3 - time Oklahoma State All - American and 6 - time AAU All - American , and Hall of Famer Bob Kurland leading the way . The 1952 team included big man Clyde Lovellette of the University of Kansas , a future Hall of Famer and NBA star , but Kurland once again led the team to victory . The 1956 team was led by San Francisco Dons Bill Russell and K.C. Jones .", "The 1960 team included nine future NBA players , including not just Robertson , Lucas and West , but Bob Boozer , Adrian Smith ( 1966 All Star game MVP ) , Jay Arnette , Terry Dischinger , Rookie of the Year in 1963 , and another Hall of Famer in Walt Bellamy .", "The 1972 Olympic men 's basketball gold medal game , marking the first ever loss for the USA in Olympic play , is arguably the most controversial in Olympic history . The United States rode their seven consecutive gold medals and 63 -- 0 Olympic record to Munich for the 1972 Summer Olympics . The team won its first eight games in convincing fashion , setting up a final against the Soviet Union .", "With three seconds left in the gold medal game , American forward Doug Collins sank two free throws to put the Americans up 50 -- 49 . However , the buzzer sounded before Collins ' second free throw . Immediately following Collins ' free throws , the Soviets inbounded the ball and failed to score . But one official had whistled play to stop with one second remaining after hearing the earlier horn and seeing a disturbance near the scorers table . The Soviets argued that they had requested a timeout before Collins ' foul shots . The referees ordered the clock reset to three seconds and the game 's final seconds replayed . However , the clock was in the process of being reset when the referees put the ball in play . The horn once again sounded as a length - of - the - court Soviet pass was being released from the inbounding player , the pass missed its mark , and the U.S. again began celebrating .", "However , final three seconds was replayed for a third time . This time , the Soviets ' Alexander Belov and the USA 's Kevin Joyce and Jim Forbes went up for the pass , and Belov caught the long pass from Ivan Edeshko near the American basket , sending the two Americans sprawling . Belov then laid the ball in for the winning points as the buzzer sounded . Herbert Mols , Resident Manager of the US team with help from MK Summers , President of the US Olympic Basketball Committee , filed an extensive and detailed appeal , protesting the final game result to a five - man Jury of Appeal , which voted down the protest and awarded the gold medals to the Soviet team . The U.S. players voted unanimously to refuse their silver medals , and at least one team member , Kenny Davis , has directed in his will that his heirs are never to accept the medals , even posthumously .", "After the controversial loss in Munich , 1976 saw Dean Smith coach the USA to a 7 -- 0 record and its eighth Olympic gold medal in Montreal . The success at this tournament pushed the USA 's all - time Olympic record to an impressive 78 -- 1 .", "The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan prompted 62 countries , including the United States , to boycott the 1980 Olympics in Moscow .", "The 1980 U.S. team , which featured a number of future NBA players , was the youngest American national team ever assembled . This team featured : Mark Aguirre , Rolando Blackman , Sam Bowie , Michael Brooks , Bill Hanzlik , Alton Lister , Rodney McCray , Isiah Thomas , Darnell Valentine , Danny Vranes , Buck Williams and Al Wood . Unable to compete in the Olympics due to the boycott , it instead participated in the `` Gold Medal Series '' , a series of games against NBA all - star teams in various U.S. cities , recording a 5 -- 1 record . It was coached by Dave Gavitt .", "In response to the American - led boycott of the 1980 games , the Soviet Union led a boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics . In addition to the Soviets , the Communist countries of Cuba , East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Czechoslovakia , Bulgaria , Mongolia , Afghanistan , North Korea , Vietnam , Angola , Ethiopia , and Laos boycotted the 1984 Games , held in Los Angeles .", "Michael Jordan , Patrick Ewing , and Chris Mullin , future members of the ' 92 Dream Team , made their Olympic debuts . Jordan led the team with 17.1 points per game , and Bob Knight coached the team to an 8 -- 0 record and another Olympic gold .", "A roster that included future NBA all - stars David Robinson , Danny Manning , and Mitch Richmond came up short , winning the bronze medal . The American team lost its only game to the Soviets 82 -- 76 , then went on to beat Australia 78 -- 49 in the bronze medal game . Dan Majerle led the team in scoring , averaging 14.1 points per game . This was the last time the American Team consisted of only amateur college stars .", "The decade started with a semifinal loss to Yugoslavia in the 1990 FIBA World Championship , followed by another semifinal defeat to Puerto Rico in the 1991 Pan American Games in Havana .", "The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full - time basis .", "In 1989 , FIBA , international basketball 's governing body , allowed professional NBA players to participate in the Olympics for the first time . Prior to the 1992 Summer Olympics , only European and South American teams were allowed to field professionals in the Olympics .", "The team assembled by USA Basketball for the tournament in Barcelona in 1992 was one of the most illustrious collections of talent assembled in the history of international sport . Of the twelve players on the team , ten were named in 1996 among the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History , the NBA 's official list of the 50 greatest players of the league 's first 50 years . Magic Johnson and Larry Bird served as co-captains .", "Because of this star line - up , the team 's games usually featured opposing teams asking for pregame photos and autographs with their U.S. opponents -- their idols . The USA team was so much better than the competition that head coach Chuck Daly did not call a single timeout during the tournament . The 1992 Dream Team won by an average of 43.8 points , an Olympic record , and the closest a team came to challenging the U.S. was Croatia , which was beaten by 32 . Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen became the first players to win both NBA championship and Olympic gold medal in the same year , having played for the Chicago Bulls .", "Regarding drug - testing the athletes , according to USA Basketball spokesman Craig Miller , `` Since 1990 , all of our teams have been tested in competition . I believe since around 1988 we have also been subject to out - of - competition testing . We have been 100 percent fully compliant with USADA and WADA . ''", "The United States fielded another team composed of professional players in the 1994 World Championship , held in Toronto , Canada . This was an entirely new roster , as USA Basketball elected to showcase stars who were not present at the 1992 Olympics . Composed primarily of younger NBA players , the team lacked the widespread appeal of its predecessor but nevertheless continued its dominance . Those players were Derrick Coleman , Joe Dumars , Kevin Johnson , Larry Johnson , Shawn Kemp , Dan Majerle , Reggie Miller , Alonzo Mourning , Shaquille O'Neal , Mark Price , Steve Smith and Dominique Wilkins . Coached by Don Nelson of the Golden State Warriors , this team easily captured the gold medal in tournament play , though many fans and critics were pointedly harsh towards what was perceived to be poor sportsmanship ( including taunting , obscene gestures , and yelling at referees ) by Dream Team II . The team was marketed as `` Dream Team II '' .", "The third team composed of NBA players participated in the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta . The star quality of the team was impressive as it featured five members of the original Dream Team ( Barkley , Malone , Pippen , Robinson , and Stockton ) , plus two other members of the NBA 50 Greatest Players list , Hakeem Olajuwon and Shaquille O'Neal . Lenny Wilkens coached the team .", "The Americans won another gold medal with an average margin of victory of 31.8 points per game . They captured the gold medal after defeating Yugoslavia 95 -- 69 . With Atlanta being home to the Hawks , these games were the first Olympics to take place in a city with an NBA team since the league started allowing its players to compete in the Olympics .", "The team was commonly referred to and marketed as `` Dream Team III '' .", "The 1998 World Championship in Athens , Greece was different from the previous teams , as none of its players were current members of NBA teams . Because of a labor dispute that led to a lockout , no active NBA players were permitted to compete in the tournament . The 12 NBA players picked before the lockout were Tim Duncan , Tim Hardaway , Vin Baker , Gary Payton , Terrell Brandon , Kevin Garnett , Tom Gugliotta , Grant Hill , Allan Houston , Christian Laettner , Glen Rice , and Chris Webber .", "The replacement team was composed largely of players from American colleges , the minor - league Continental Basketball Association , or European pro leagues . The unheralded roster captured a bronze medal , considered a solid achievement given its lack of top - notch talent . The team was nicknamed the `` Dirty Dozen '' for its work ethic and teamwork . Undrafted free agent Brad Miller became a two - time NBA All - Star . Some of the other team members -- including Trajan Langdon , Kiwane Garris , David Wood and Michael Hawkins -- had brief spells in the NBA . All went on to have careers in Europe , with Langdon being named to the Euroleague 's All - Decade Team for the 2000s .", "During the late 1990s , international basketball began to gather attention as more and more foreign players became stars in the NBA . Therefore , the 2000 U.S. team had the enormous task of proving that American basketball could remain the best in the world . The new team that was assembled again featured NBA players , but this time few of them were considered to be true superstars , as several elite players elected not to participate .", "The U.S. team participated in the 2000 Olympics in Sydney , Australia and was coached by Rudy Tomjanovich . It won its first two games by lopsided margins , but faced more difficult competition thereafter . In a preliminary game against Lithuania , the U.S. team won 85 -- 76 , marking the first time a team of professional American players failed to win by double digits . Two games later , in a 106 -- 94 victory over France , Vince Carter pulled off one of the most famous dunks in basketball history , jumping over the 7 ft 2 in ( 2.18 m ) French center Frédéric Weis on his way to the basket . ( The French media would dub Carter 's feat le dunk de la mort -- `` the dunk of death '' . )", "A shock came in the semifinals when the United States defeated Lithuania by the close score of 85 -- 83 . Lithuanian star ( and future NBA player , first with the Indiana Pacers and later with the Golden State Warriors ) Šarūnas Jasikevičius missed a desperation 3 at the buzzer that would have won the game .", "The closeness of the semifinal game was so shocking that NBC took the unusual step of showing the gold medal game live rather than on tape delay . ( The game started around 2 p.m. Sydney time on Sunday , October 1 , which is late Saturday evening in the USA . NBC originally planned to show the game almost 24 hours later during its Sunday prime time broadcast . ) The USA won the gold medal against France in a close game , 85 -- 75 . Though the US went undefeated on its way to the gold medal , the team began to lose its aura of invincibility for the first time .", "The 2002 team competed in the World Championship in Indianapolis , Indiana , USA . Coached by George Karl , the team finished a surprisingly disappointing sixth in the competition . During the tournament , Argentina defeated the USA in the second preliminary round group stage , thus becoming the first team ever to defeat a USA team composed of NBA players . Yugoslavia knocked out the USA in the quarterfinals , becoming the first team ever to defeat USA team of NBA players in knockout stage . Then Spain repeated the outcome in the 5th place playoff . To a greater degree than in 2000 , a number of top NBA players declined to participate , forcing USA Basketball to resort to picking mostly second - tier players . George Karl had a dispute with Paul Pierce , one of the few superstars on the team , which led to Karl benching Pierce , the team 's leading scorer , in Team USA 's final game . The group has been considered as one of sport 's greatest flops , as they failed to produce as previous teams had . The United States lost 3 games in the tournament to countries with current or future NBA stars , like Argentina ( led by Manu Ginóbili ) , Yugoslavia ( led by Peja Stojaković and Vlade Divac ) and Spain ( led by Pau Gasol ) .", "Two NBA superstars , Ray Allen and Jason Kidd , accepted roles to play on the World Championship team , but were unable to play on that team due to injuries . Many other superstars , including Kobe Bryant , Shaquille O'Neal , and Kevin Garnett , turned down invitations to play in that tournament .", "The close outcome of 2000 and the humiliating results of 2002 prompted a number of NBA superstars to agree to join the team for the FIBA Americas Championship 2003 , dubbed as the Dream Team IV , which the squad was required to participate in to qualify for the 2004 Summer Olympics . The team easily cruised to a first - place finish , earning it a spot in Athens , Greece , the following summer .", "However , the dominant team that competed in 2003 could not be kept together . Nine of its 12 players elected not to participate in Athens . The new team consisted of some young NBA stars early in their careers , such as Dwyane Wade , LeBron James and Carmelo Anthony . Only Richard Jefferson , Tim Duncan and Allen Iverson were part of the 2003 FIBA Americas San Juan gold medal team . The team was coached by Larry Brown .", "After struggles in several exhibition matches , the vulnerability of the 2004 team was confirmed when Puerto Rico defeated them 92 -- 73 , from what they earned the nickname `` Nightmare team '' ( as mock opposed to the Dream Team concept ) , in the first game of the Olympic tournament in Athens . The 19 point defeat was the most lopsided loss for the USA in the history of international competition . After the game , Larry Brown had strong comments about his coaching performance : `` I 'm humiliated , not for the loss -- I can always deal with wins and losses -- but I 'm disappointed because I had a job to do as a coach , to get us to understand how we 're supposed to play as a team and act as a team , and I do n't think we did that '' .", "After winning close games against Greece and Australia , The USA fell to Lithuania , dropping to 2 -- 2 in the Olympic tournament . Even after an 89 -- 53 win over Angola , the Americans entered the knockout rounds in fourth place due to goal average , the lowest seed of their group . The Americans faced undefeated Spain in their quarterfinal game , winning 102 -- 94 .", "However , the semifinal match saw the team defeated by Argentina 89 -- 81 , ending the United States ' hold on the gold medal . The USA did rebound to capture the bronze medal by defeating Lithuania . Still , it marked only the third time that an American team failed to win gold ( excluding the 1980 Moscow Olympics boycott ) , and the first time for an American team composed of professionals .", "Following the disappointments in 2002 and 2004 , USA Basketball appointed Jerry Colangelo to be solely responsible for selecting the team . Colangelo made it clear that he would ask players for a three - year commitment -- the 2006 FIBA World Championship and the 2008 Summer Olympics . In the 2006 Worlds , the team was eliminated by Greece in the semifinal , losing the game 101 -- 95 . The head coach was Duke University 's Mike Krzyzewski , with assistants Jim Boeheim , Mike D'Antoni , and Nate McMillan . While some prominent players , such as Tim Duncan and Kevin Garnett , stated that they did not plan to play for the team , superstars Dwyane Wade , Kobe Bryant and LeBron James publicly announced their commitment for the 2006 Worlds and the ensuing 2008 Olympics . Wade , James and Carmelo Anthony were named captains of the 2006 USA World Championship Team .", "The United States Team , dubbed Dream Team V or the Redeem Team , dominated Group B in pool play , defeating China , Angola , Greece , world champion Spain , and Germany by an average of 32.2 points . After finishing first in their group , the USA earned the right to play the fourth - place finishers in Group A , Australia . The United States soundly defeated Australia 116 -- 85 in the quarterfinal . Next up for the Americans in the semifinals was the 2004 Olympic gold medalist Argentina , led by Manu Ginóbili -- the team that had beaten them in the semifinals four years prior . However , Ginóbili was hobbled by an ankle injury and only played sparing minutes in the first half . Behind Carmelo Anthony 's 21 points , the USA defeated Argentina 101 -- 81 to reach the gold medal game .", "On August 24 , the United States defeated Spain 118 -- 107 to capture the Olympic gold medal with the electrifying spark by team U.S.A. leading scorer Dwyane Wade adding 27 points with 4 3 's and 100 % shooting inside the line . The victory ended an eight - year drought at major international competitions ( Olympics & World Championships ) with the first win since 2000 .", "Due to winning gold at the 2008 Olympics , the USA automatically qualified for the World Championships . The USA had not won the FIBA World Championship since 1994 . It was initially believed that there would be only 2 -- 3 spots available with most players returning from the 2008 Olympic team . However , by early July 2010 , all ten invited players declined to participate , due to injury , free agency , rest , or personal commitments . Due to the roster being filled with 12 new players and the lack of star power , the team was dubbed the `` B Team '' . Also , the coaches were criticized for selecting too many guards and inexperienced players , and not enough tall players .", "However , the team won all five of its preliminary games , four of those by double digits ( the exception being the win against Brazil by 2 points ) . The success continued in the knockout stage with victories by 55 , 10 and 15 . In the 2010 FIBA World Championship Final , the USA beat host nation Turkey by 17 points and clinched a berth in the 2012 Olympics . Tournament MVP Kevin Durant broke several Team USA scoring records ( most points in a tournament - 205 , most points in a single game - 38 , and average points per game - 22.8 ) . In addition , Lamar Odom became the first player to win the NBA and FIBA World championships in the same year .", "Team USA executive director Jerry Colangelo has said he 's open to anyone from the 2010 team to play in future tournaments .", "The US team , dubbed Dream Team VI , clinched a berth in the 2012 Olympics in London by winning the 2010 World Championship . The Olympic team lost some players to injuries who might have made the team , and appeared to be short on big men . Their roster featured five players returning from the 2008 Olympic team and five others from the 2010 World Championship team .", "The US went undefeated but appeared vulnerable at times in winning five exhibition games . They finished the tournament with a perfect 8 -- 0 record , defeating opponents by an average of 32 points while trailing in the fourth quarter only once . The Americans often played with a small lineup that emphasized speed , quickness , and outside shooting . The team set an Olympic single - game record with 156 points scored against Nigeria in the preliminary round . In a rematch of the 2008 finals , Team USA again narrowly defeated Spain to capture the gold .", "This was announced as the final Olympic Games for Kobe Bryant . By winning the gold medal , the USA automatically qualified for the 2014 FIBA World Cup .", "The United States had automatically qualified for the World Cup by virtue of the gold medal won by their 2012 Olympic team . The Americans were widely expected to win the World Cup . The roster was filled with two players returning from the 2012 Olympic team , three from the 2010 FIBA Championship Team , and seven other professional NBA players. The 2014 roster featured four players 6 feet 10 inches ( 2.08 m ) or larger , the most of any USA team since Mike Krzyzewski began coaching the team in 2006. The team was also the youngest American team since 1992 , when professionals were first allowed on the team ; the average player was 24.08 years old , roughly a half - year younger than their 2010 team .", "The team , dubbed Dream Team VII , advanced to the knockout phase after starting the tournament 5 -- 0 during the group stage . They went undefeated 9 -- 0 in the tournament , winning by an average margin of 33.0 points . The United States was just the third country in World Cup history to repeat as champions . Combined with their 2010 World Championship along with gold by their 2008 and 2012 Olympic teams , they also became the first country in FIBA basketball history to win four consecutive major titles . The United States defeated Serbia in the World Cup Final by 37 points and clinched a berth for the 2016 Summer Olympics .", "Following the changes that took place regarding the qualifying format of teams , the United States men 's National team will include NBA G League players . U.S. rosters for the World Cup itself , as well as the Olympics , will continue to feature NBA stars . But the players entrusted to secure qualification for those events have to come from elsewhere because the NBA does not intend to release its players -- of any nationality -- for the in - season World Cup qualifying windows that begin later this year .", "Legend Gold medal Silver medal Bronze medal Knockout stage Group stage Did not compete", "Legend", "Gold medal Silver medal Bronze medal", "Knockout stage Group stage Did not compete", "( show ) Summer Olympic Games Year Pos . Rec . Tournament Head coach Host 1936 5 -- 0 Basketball at the 1936 Summer Olympics Jimmy Needles Berlin , Germany 1948 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 1948 Summer Olympics Omar Browning London , United Kingdom 1952 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 1952 Summer Olympics Warren Womble Helsinki , Finland 1956 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 1956 Summer Olympics Nigel Gall Melbourne , Australia 1960 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 1960 Summer Olympics Pete Newell Rome , Italy 1964 9 -- 0 Basketball at the 1964 Summer Olympics Henry Iba Tokyo , Japan 1968 9 -- 0 Basketball at the 1968 Summer Olympics Henry Iba Mexico City , Mexico 1972 8 -- 1 Basketball at the 1972 Summer Olympics Henry Iba Munich , Germany 1976 7 -- 0 Basketball at the 1976 Summer Olympics Dean Smith Montreal , Canada 1980 Withdrew Basketball at the 1980 Summer Olympics -- Moscow , Soviet Union 1984 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 1984 Summer Olympics Bob Knight Los Angeles , United States 1988 7 -- 1 Basketball at the 1988 Summer Olympics John Thompson Seoul , South Korea 1992 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics Chuck Daly Barcelona , Spain 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 1996 Summer Olympics Lenny Wilkens Atlanta , United States 2000 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 2000 Summer Olympics Rudy Tomjanovich Sydney , Australia 5 -- 3 Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics Larry Brown Athens , Greece 2008 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 2008 Summer Olympics Mike Krzyzewski Beijing , China 2012 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 2012 Summer Olympics Mike Krzyzewski London , United Kingdom 2016 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics Mike Krzyzewski Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 2020 TBD TBD Basketball at the 2020 Summer Olympics TBD Tokyo , Japan 2024 TBD TBD Basketball at the 2024 Summer Olympics TBD Paris , France 2028 TBD TBD Basketball at the 2028 Summer Olympics TBD Los Angeles , United States", "( show ) Summer Olympic Games", "Year Pos . Rec . Tournament Head coach Host", "1936 5 -- 0 Basketball at the 1936 Summer Olympics Jimmy Needles Berlin , Germany", "1948 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 1948 Summer Olympics Omar Browning London , United Kingdom", "1952 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 1952 Summer Olympics Warren Womble Helsinki , Finland", "1956 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 1956 Summer Olympics Nigel Gall Melbourne , Australia", "1960 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 1960 Summer Olympics Pete Newell Rome , Italy", "1964 9 -- 0 Basketball at the 1964 Summer Olympics Henry Iba Tokyo , Japan", "1968 9 -- 0 Basketball at the 1968 Summer Olympics Henry Iba Mexico City , Mexico", "1972 8 -- 1 Basketball at the 1972 Summer Olympics Henry Iba Munich , Germany", "1976 7 -- 0 Basketball at the 1976 Summer Olympics Dean Smith Montreal , Canada", "1980 Withdrew Basketball at the 1980 Summer Olympics -- Moscow , Soviet Union", "1984 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 1984 Summer Olympics Bob Knight Los Angeles , United States", "1988 7 -- 1 Basketball at the 1988 Summer Olympics John Thompson Seoul , South Korea", "1992 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics Chuck Daly Barcelona , Spain", "8 -- 0 Basketball at the 1996 Summer Olympics Lenny Wilkens Atlanta , United States", "2000 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 2000 Summer Olympics Rudy Tomjanovich Sydney , Australia", "5 -- 3 Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics Larry Brown Athens , Greece", "2008 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 2008 Summer Olympics Mike Krzyzewski Beijing , China", "2012 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 2012 Summer Olympics Mike Krzyzewski London , United Kingdom", "2016 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics Mike Krzyzewski Rio de Janeiro , Brazil", "2020 TBD TBD Basketball at the 2020 Summer Olympics TBD Tokyo , Japan", "2024 TBD TBD Basketball at the 2024 Summer Olympics TBD Paris , France", "2028 TBD TBD Basketball at the 2028 Summer Olympics TBD Los Angeles , United States", "( show ) FIBA Basketball World Cup Year Pos . Rec . Tournament Head coach Host 1950 02 ! 5 -- 1 1950 FIBA World Championship Gordon Carpenter Argentina 1954 01 ! 9 -- 0 1954 FIBA World Championship Warren Womble Brazil 1959 02 ! 7 -- 2 1959 FIBA World Championship Charles Bennett Chile 1963 6 -- 3 1963 FIBA World Championship Garland F. Pinholster Brazil 1967 7 -- 2 1967 FIBA World Championship Hal Fischer Uruguay 1970 5 6 -- 3 1970 FIBA World Championship Hal Fischer Yugoslavia 03 ! 8 -- 1 1974 FIBA World Championship Gene Bartow Puerto Rico 1978 5 6 -- 4 1978 FIBA World Championship Bill Oates Philippines 1982 02 ! 7 -- 2 1982 FIBA World Championship Bob Weltlich Colombia 1986 01 ! 9 -- 1 1986 FIBA World Championship Lute Olson Spain 1990 03 ! 6 -- 2 1990 FIBA World Championship Mike Krzyzewski Argentina 1994 01 ! 8 -- 0 1994 FIBA World Championship Don Nelson Canada 1998 03 ! 7 -- 2 1998 FIBA World Championship Rudy Tomjanovich Greece 2002 6 6 -- 3 2002 FIBA World Championship George Karl United States 2006 03 ! 8 -- 1 2006 FIBA World Championship Mike Krzyzewski Japan 01 ! 9 -- 0 2010 FIBA World Championship Mike Krzyzewski Turkey 2014 01 ! 9 -- 0 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup Mike Krzyzewski Spain", "( show ) FIBA Basketball World Cup", "Year Pos . Rec . Tournament Head coach Host", "1950 02 ! 5 -- 1 1950 FIBA World Championship Gordon Carpenter Argentina", "1954 01 ! 9 -- 0 1954 FIBA World Championship Warren Womble Brazil", "1959 02 ! 7 -- 2 1959 FIBA World Championship Charles Bennett Chile", "1963 6 -- 3 1963 FIBA World Championship Garland F. Pinholster Brazil", "1967 7 -- 2 1967 FIBA World Championship Hal Fischer Uruguay", "1970 5 6 -- 3 1970 FIBA World Championship Hal Fischer Yugoslavia", "03 ! 8 -- 1 1974 FIBA World Championship Gene Bartow Puerto Rico", "1978 5 6 -- 4 1978 FIBA World Championship Bill Oates Philippines", "1982 02 ! 7 -- 2 1982 FIBA World Championship Bob Weltlich Colombia", "1986 01 ! 9 -- 1 1986 FIBA World Championship Lute Olson Spain", "1990 03 ! 6 -- 2 1990 FIBA World Championship Mike Krzyzewski Argentina", "1994 01 ! 8 -- 0 1994 FIBA World Championship Don Nelson Canada", "1998 03 ! 7 -- 2 1998 FIBA World Championship Rudy Tomjanovich Greece", "2002 6 6 -- 3 2002 FIBA World Championship George Karl United States", "2006 03 ! 8 -- 1 2006 FIBA World Championship Mike Krzyzewski Japan", "01 ! 9 -- 0 2010 FIBA World Championship Mike Krzyzewski Turkey", "2014 01 ! 9 -- 0 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup Mike Krzyzewski Spain", "( show ) FIBA AmeriCup Year Pos . Rec . Tournament Head coach Host 1980 -- -- 1980 Tournament of the Americas -- Puerto Rico 1984 -- -- 1984 Tournament of the Americas -- Brazil 1988 -- -- 1988 Tournament of the Americas -- Uruguay 1989 02 ! 6 -- 2 1989 Tournament of the Americas Bobby Cremins Mexico 1992 01 ! 6 -- 0 1992 Tournament of the Americas Chuck Daly United States 1993 01 ! 6 -- 1 1993 Tournament of the Americas Mike Thibault Puerto Rico 1995 -- -- 1995 Tournament of the Americas -- Argentina 1997 01 ! 8 -- 1 1997 Tournament of the Americas Morris McHone Uruguay 1999 01 ! 10 -- 0 1999 Tournament of the Americas Larry Brown Puerto Rico 10 0 -- 4 2001 Tournament of the Americas Dan Sparks Argentina 2003 01 ! 10 -- 0 2003 Tournament of the Americas Larry Brown Puerto Rico 2005 4 -- 6 2005 FIBA Americas Championship Morris McHone Dominican Republic 2007 01 ! 10 -- 0 2007 FIBA Americas Championship Mike Krzyzewski United States 2009 -- -- 2009 FIBA Americas Championship -- Puerto Rico 2011 -- -- 2011 FIBA Americas Championship -- Argentina 2013 -- -- 2013 FIBA Americas Championship -- Venezuela 2015 -- -- 2015 FIBA Americas Championship -- Mexico 2017 01 ! 5 -- 0 2017 FIBA AmeriCup Jeff Van Gundy Argentina , Colombia , Uruguay", "( show ) FIBA AmeriCup", "Year Pos . Rec . Tournament Head coach Host", "1980 -- -- 1980 Tournament of the Americas -- Puerto Rico", "1984 -- -- 1984 Tournament of the Americas -- Brazil", "1988 -- -- 1988 Tournament of the Americas -- Uruguay", "1989 02 ! 6 -- 2 1989 Tournament of the Americas Bobby Cremins Mexico", "1992 01 ! 6 -- 0 1992 Tournament of the Americas Chuck Daly United States", "1993 01 ! 6 -- 1 1993 Tournament of the Americas Mike Thibault Puerto Rico", "1995 -- -- 1995 Tournament of the Americas -- Argentina", "1997 01 ! 8 -- 1 1997 Tournament of the Americas Morris McHone Uruguay", "1999 01 ! 10 -- 0 1999 Tournament of the Americas Larry Brown Puerto Rico", "10 0 -- 4 2001 Tournament of the Americas Dan Sparks Argentina", "2003 01 ! 10 -- 0 2003 Tournament of the Americas Larry Brown Puerto Rico", "2005 4 -- 6 2005 FIBA Americas Championship Morris McHone Dominican Republic", "2007 01 ! 10 -- 0 2007 FIBA Americas Championship Mike Krzyzewski United States", "2009 -- -- 2009 FIBA Americas Championship -- Puerto Rico", "2011 -- -- 2011 FIBA Americas Championship -- Argentina", "2013 -- -- 2013 FIBA Americas Championship -- Venezuela", "2015 -- -- 2015 FIBA Americas Championship -- Mexico", "2017 01 ! 5 -- 0 2017 FIBA AmeriCup Jeff Van Gundy Argentina , Colombia , Uruguay", "( show ) Pan American Games Year Pos . Rec . Tournament Head coach Host 1951 01 ! 6 -- 0 Basketball at the 1951 Pan American Games John Longfellow Argentina 1955 01 ! 4 -- 1 Basketball at the 1955 Pan American Games Norman Pilgrim Mexico 1959 01 ! 6 -- 0 Basketball at the 1959 Pan American Games Fred Schaus United States 1963 01 ! 6 -- 0 Basketball at the 1963 Pan American Games Garland F. Pinholster Brazil 1967 01 ! 9 -- 0 Basketball at the 1967 Pan American Games Hal Fischer Canada 1971 7 2 -- 1 Basketball at the 1971 Pan American Games Jim Gudger Colombia 01 ! 9 -- 0 Basketball at the 1975 Pan American Games Marv Harshman Mexico 1979 01 ! 9 -- 0 Basketball at the 1979 Pan American Games Bob Knight Puerto Rico 01 ! 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 1983 Pan American Games Jack Hartman Venezuela 02 ! 6 -- 1 Basketball at the 1987 Pan American Games Denny Crum United States 1991 03 ! 6 -- 1 Basketball at the 1991 Pan American Games Gene Keady Cuba 1995 02 ! 4 -- 3 Basketball at the 1995 Pan American Games Mike Thibault Argentina 1999 02 ! 4 -- 1 Basketball at the 1999 Pan American Games Morris McHone Canada 2003 2 -- 3 Basketball at the 2003 Pan American Games Tom Izzo Dominican Republic 2007 5 3 -- 2 Basketball at the 2007 Pan American Games Jay Wright Brazil 2011 03 ! 3 -- 2 Basketball at the 2011 Pan American Games Nate Tibbetts Mexico 2015 03 ! 3 -- 2 Basketball at the 2015 Pan American Games Mark Few Canada", "( show ) Pan American Games", "Year Pos . Rec . Tournament Head coach Host", "1951 01 ! 6 -- 0 Basketball at the 1951 Pan American Games John Longfellow Argentina", "1955 01 ! 4 -- 1 Basketball at the 1955 Pan American Games Norman Pilgrim Mexico", "1959 01 ! 6 -- 0 Basketball at the 1959 Pan American Games Fred Schaus United States", "1963 01 ! 6 -- 0 Basketball at the 1963 Pan American Games Garland F. Pinholster Brazil", "1967 01 ! 9 -- 0 Basketball at the 1967 Pan American Games Hal Fischer Canada", "1971 7 2 -- 1 Basketball at the 1971 Pan American Games Jim Gudger Colombia", "01 ! 9 -- 0 Basketball at the 1975 Pan American Games Marv Harshman Mexico", "1979 01 ! 9 -- 0 Basketball at the 1979 Pan American Games Bob Knight Puerto Rico", "01 ! 8 -- 0 Basketball at the 1983 Pan American Games Jack Hartman Venezuela", "02 ! 6 -- 1 Basketball at the 1987 Pan American Games Denny Crum United States", "1991 03 ! 6 -- 1 Basketball at the 1991 Pan American Games Gene Keady Cuba", "1995 02 ! 4 -- 3 Basketball at the 1995 Pan American Games Mike Thibault Argentina", "1999 02 ! 4 -- 1 Basketball at the 1999 Pan American Games Morris McHone Canada", "2003 2 -- 3 Basketball at the 2003 Pan American Games Tom Izzo Dominican Republic", "2007 5 3 -- 2 Basketball at the 2007 Pan American Games Jay Wright Brazil", "2011 03 ! 3 -- 2 Basketball at the 2011 Pan American Games Nate Tibbetts Mexico", "2015 03 ! 3 -- 2 Basketball at the 2015 Pan American Games Mark Few Canada", "As of September 3 , 2017", "Event Per . 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Summer Olympic Games 138 5 . 965 15 18 FIBA Basketball World Cup 123 27 . 820 5 12 FIBA AmeriCup 65 14 . 823 7 0 8 Pan American Games 90 17 . 841 8 14 Total 417 63 . 869 35 8 9 52", "Event Per . 01 ! 02 ! 03 !", "Summer Olympic Games 138 5 . 965 15 18", "FIBA Basketball World Cup 123 27 . 820 5 12", "FIBA AmeriCup 65 14 . 823 7 0 8", "Pan American Games 90 17 . 841 8 14", "Total 417 63 . 869 35 8 9 52", "Roster for the 2017 FIBA AmeriCup .", "United States men 's national basketball team -- 2017 AmeriCup roster Players Coaches Pos . # Name Age -- Date of birth Ht . Club Ctr . 1.5 ! G 30 Baron , Billy 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1990 - 12 - 11 ) December 11 , 1990 74 ! 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) Eskişehir TUR ! 5.0 ! C 87 Brown , Alec 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 -- ( 1992 - 07 - 23 ) July 23 , 1992 85 ! 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) Estudiantes ESP ! 1.5 ! G 31 Drew , Larry II 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 03 - 05 ) March 5 , 1990 74 ! 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) Sioux Falls Skyforce USA ! 1.5 ! G 71 Hearn , Reggie 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1991 - 08 - 14 ) August 14 , 1991 76 ! 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Reno Bighorns USA ! 3.5 ! F 73 Hilliard , Darrun 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 -- ( 1993 - 04 - 13 ) April 13 , 1993 78 ! 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) Detroit Pistons USA ! 3.5 ! F 62 Holmes , Jonathan 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 -- ( 1992 - 12 - 09 ) December 9 , 1992 81 ! 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) Canton Charge USA ! 1.5 ! G 34 Marshall , Kendall 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1991 - 08 - 19 ) August 19 , 1991 76 ! 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Reno Bighorns USA ! 1.5 ! G 41 Munford , Xavier 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 -- ( 1992 - 06 - 01 ) June 1 , 1992 75 ! 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Greensboro Swarm USA ! 5.0 ! C 18 Plumlee , Marshall 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 -- ( 1992 - 07 - 14 ) July 14 , 1992 84 ! 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) New York Knicks USA ! 3.5 ! F 19 Warney , Jameel 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1994 - 01 - 31 ) January 31 , 1994 79 ! 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) Texas Legends USA ! 1.5 ! G 42 Williams , C.J. 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1990 77 ! 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) Texas Legends USA ! 2.5 ! G / F 44 Williams , Reggie 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 -- ( 1986 - 09 - 14 ) September 14 , 1986 80 ! 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) Oklahoma City Blue USA ! Head coach Jeff Van Gundy Assistant coach ( es ) Tyrone Ellis Mo McHone Legend Club -- describes last club before the tournament Age -- describes age on August 25 , 2017", "United States men 's national basketball team -- 2017 AmeriCup roster", "Players Coaches", "Pos . # Name Age -- Date of birth Ht . Club Ctr . 1.5 ! G 30 Baron , Billy 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1990 - 12 - 11 ) December 11 , 1990 74 ! 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) Eskişehir TUR ! 5.0 ! C 87 Brown , Alec 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 -- ( 1992 - 07 - 23 ) July 23 , 1992 85 ! 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) Estudiantes ESP ! 1.5 ! G 31 Drew , Larry II 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 03 - 05 ) March 5 , 1990 74 ! 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) Sioux Falls Skyforce USA ! 1.5 ! G 71 Hearn , Reggie 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1991 - 08 - 14 ) August 14 , 1991 76 ! 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Reno Bighorns USA ! 3.5 ! F 73 Hilliard , Darrun 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 -- ( 1993 - 04 - 13 ) April 13 , 1993 78 ! 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) Detroit Pistons USA ! 3.5 ! F 62 Holmes , Jonathan 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 -- ( 1992 - 12 - 09 ) December 9 , 1992 81 ! 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) Canton Charge USA ! 1.5 ! G 34 Marshall , Kendall 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1991 - 08 - 19 ) August 19 , 1991 76 ! 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Reno Bighorns USA ! 1.5 ! G 41 Munford , Xavier 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 -- ( 1992 - 06 - 01 ) June 1 , 1992 75 ! 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Greensboro Swarm USA ! 5.0 ! C 18 Plumlee , Marshall 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 -- ( 1992 - 07 - 14 ) July 14 , 1992 84 ! 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) New York Knicks USA ! 3.5 ! F 19 Warney , Jameel 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1994 - 01 - 31 ) January 31 , 1994 79 ! 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) Texas Legends USA ! 1.5 ! G 42 Williams , C.J. 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1990 77 ! 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) Texas Legends USA ! 2.5 ! G / F 44 Williams , Reggie 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 -- ( 1986 - 09 - 14 ) September 14 , 1986 80 ! 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) Oklahoma City Blue USA ! Head coach Jeff Van Gundy Assistant coach ( es ) Tyrone Ellis Mo McHone Legend Club -- describes last club before the tournament Age -- describes age on August 25 , 2017", "Pos . # Name Age -- Date of birth Ht . Club Ctr . 1.5 ! G 30 Baron , Billy 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1990 - 12 - 11 ) December 11 , 1990 74 ! 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) Eskişehir TUR ! 5.0 ! C 87 Brown , Alec 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 -- ( 1992 - 07 - 23 ) July 23 , 1992 85 ! 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) Estudiantes ESP ! 1.5 ! G 31 Drew , Larry II 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 03 - 05 ) March 5 , 1990 74 ! 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) Sioux Falls Skyforce USA ! 1.5 ! G 71 Hearn , Reggie 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1991 - 08 - 14 ) August 14 , 1991 76 ! 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Reno Bighorns USA ! 3.5 ! F 73 Hilliard , Darrun 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 -- ( 1993 - 04 - 13 ) April 13 , 1993 78 ! 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) Detroit Pistons USA ! 3.5 ! F 62 Holmes , Jonathan 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 -- ( 1992 - 12 - 09 ) December 9 , 1992 81 ! 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) Canton Charge USA ! 1.5 ! G 34 Marshall , Kendall 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1991 - 08 - 19 ) August 19 , 1991 76 ! 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Reno Bighorns USA ! 1.5 ! G 41 Munford , Xavier 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 -- ( 1992 - 06 - 01 ) June 1 , 1992 75 ! 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Greensboro Swarm USA ! 5.0 ! C 18 Plumlee , Marshall 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 -- ( 1992 - 07 - 14 ) July 14 , 1992 84 ! 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) New York Knicks USA ! 3.5 ! F 19 Warney , Jameel 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1994 - 01 - 31 ) January 31 , 1994 79 ! 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) Texas Legends USA ! 1.5 ! G 42 Williams , C.J. 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1990 77 ! 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) Texas Legends USA ! 2.5 ! G / F 44 Williams , Reggie 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 -- ( 1986 - 09 - 14 ) September 14 , 1986 80 ! 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) Oklahoma City Blue USA !", "Pos . # Name Age -- Date of birth Ht . Club Ctr .", "1.5 ! G 30 Baron , Billy 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1990 - 12 - 11 ) December 11 , 1990 74 ! 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) Eskişehir TUR !", "5.0 ! C 87 Brown , Alec 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 -- ( 1992 - 07 - 23 ) July 23 , 1992 85 ! 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) Estudiantes ESP !", "1.5 ! G 31 Drew , Larry II 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 03 - 05 ) March 5 , 1990 74 ! 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) Sioux Falls Skyforce USA !", "1.5 ! G 71 Hearn , Reggie 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1991 - 08 - 14 ) August 14 , 1991 76 ! 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Reno Bighorns USA !", "3.5 ! F 73 Hilliard , Darrun 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 -- ( 1993 - 04 - 13 ) April 13 , 1993 78 ! 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) Detroit Pistons USA !", "3.5 ! F 62 Holmes , Jonathan 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 -- ( 1992 - 12 - 09 ) December 9 , 1992 81 ! 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) Canton Charge USA !", "1.5 ! G 34 Marshall , Kendall 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1991 - 08 - 19 ) August 19 , 1991 76 ! 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Reno Bighorns USA !", "1.5 ! G 41 Munford , Xavier 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 -- ( 1992 - 06 - 01 ) June 1 , 1992 75 ! 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Greensboro Swarm USA !", "5.0 ! C 18 Plumlee , Marshall 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 -- ( 1992 - 07 - 14 ) July 14 , 1992 84 ! 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) New York Knicks USA !", "3.5 ! F 19 Warney , Jameel 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1994 - 01 - 31 ) January 31 , 1994 79 ! 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) Texas Legends USA !", "1.5 ! G 42 Williams , C.J. 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1990 77 ! 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) Texas Legends USA !", "2.5 ! G / F 44 Williams , Reggie 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 -- ( 1986 - 09 - 14 ) September 14 , 1986 80 ! 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) Oklahoma City Blue USA !", "Head coach", "Jeff Van Gundy", "Jeff Van Gundy", "Assistant coach ( es )", "Assistant coach ( es )", "Tyrone Ellis Mo McHone", "Legend", "Club -- describes last club before the tournament Age -- describes age on August 25 , 2017", "Club -- describes last club before the tournament", "Age -- describes age on August 25 , 2017", "Players are selected to form the USA Basketball Men 's Select Team to scrimmage against the national team . The Dream Team in 1992 lost a scrimmage to a select group of college All - Stars , 62 -- 54 . In a televised exhibition against the 1996 national team , The New York Times wrote that the Select Team `` was outhustling the National Basketball Association stars , outplaying them and nearly outscoring them . '' The Select Team led by 17 points at halftime before losing 96 -- 90 .", "The roster for the 2002 FIBA World Championship is not listed below . For details , please see this list .", "Summer Olympics United States basketball squad -- 1936 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Balter 5 Bishop 6 Fortenberry 7 Gibbons 8 Johnson 9 Knowles 10 Lubin 11 Mollner 12 Piper 13 Ragland 14 Schmidt 15 Shy 16 Swanson 17 Wheatley Coach : Needles United States basketball squad -- 1948 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barker 5 Barksdale 6 Beard 7 Beck 8 Boryla 9 Carpenter 10 Groza 11 Jones 12 Kurland 13 Lumpp 14 Pitts 15 Renick 16 Robinson 17 Rollins Coach : Browning United States basketball squad -- 1952 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Bontemps 5 Freiberger 6 Glasgow 7 Hoag 8 Hougland 9 Keller 10 Kelley 11 Kenney 12 Kurland 13 McCabe 14 Lienhard 15 Lovellette 16 Pippin 17 Williams Coach : Womble United States basketball squad -- 1956 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Cain 5 Hougland 6 Jones 7 Russell 8 Walsh 9 Evans 10 Haldorson 11 Tomsic 12 Boushka 13 Ford 14 Jeangerard 15 Darling Coach : Tucker United States basketball squad -- 1960 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Arnette 5 Bellamy 6 Boozer 7 Dischinger 8 Haldorson 9 Imhoff 10 Kelley 11 Lane 12 Lucas 13 Robertson 14 Smith 15 West Coach : Newell United States basketball squad -- 1964 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barnes 5 Bradley 6 Brown 7 Caldwell 8 Counts 9 Davies 10 Hazzard 11 Jackson 12 McCaffrey 13 Mullins 14 Shipp 15 Wilson Coach : Iba United States basketball squad -- 1968 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barrett 5 Clawson 6 Dee 7 Fowler 8 Haywood 9 Hosket 10 King 11 Saulters 12 Scott 13 Silliman 14 Spain 15 White Coach : Iba United States basketball squad -- 1972 Summer Olympics -- Silver medal 4 Davis 5 Collins 6 Henderson 7 Bantom 8 B. Jones 9 D. Jones 10 Forbes 11 Brewer 12 Burleson 13 McMillen 14 Joyce 15 Ratleff Coach : Iba United States men 's basketball squad -- 1976 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Ford 5 Sheppard 6 Dantley 7 Davis 8 Buckner 9 Grunfeld 10 Carr 11 May 12 Armstrong 13 LaGarde 14 Hubbard 15 Kupchak Coach : Smith United States men 's basketball squad -- 1984 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Alford 5 Turner 6 Ewing 7 Fleming 8 Robertson 9 Jordan 10 Kleine 11 Koncak 12 Mullin 13 Tisdale 14 Perkins 15 Wood Coach : Knight United States men 's basketball squad -- 1988 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal 4 Richmond 5 C. Smith IV 6 Coles 7 Hawkins 8 Grayer 9 C.D. Smith 10 Anderson 11 Augmon 12 Majerle 13 Manning 14 Reid 15 Robinson Coach : Thompson United States men 's basketball squad -- 1992 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly United States men 's basketball squad -- 1996 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barkley 5 Hill 6 Hardaway 7 Robinson 8 Pippen 9 Richmond 10 Miller 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 O'Neal 14 Payton 15 Olajuwon Coach : Wilkens United States men 's basketball squad -- 2000 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Smith 5 Kidd 6 Houston 7 Mourning 8 Hardaway 9 Carter 10 Garnett 11 Baker 12 Allen 13 McDyess 14 Payton 15 Abdur - Rahim Coach : Tomjanovich United States men 's basketball squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal 4 Iverson 5 Marbury 6 Wade 7 Boozer 8 Anthony 9 James 10 Okafor 11 Marion 12 Stoudemire 13 Duncan 14 Odom 15 Jefferson Coach : Brown United States men 's basketball squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Boozer 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Wade 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Bosh 13 Paul 14 Prince 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Chandler 5 Durant 6 James 7 Westbrook 8 Williams 9 Iguodala 10 Bryant 11 Love 12 Harden 13 Paul 14 Davis 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2016 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Butler 5 Durant 6 Jordan 7 Lowry 8 Barnes 9 DeRozan 10 Irving 11 Thompson 12 Cousins 13 George 14 Green 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski", "Summer Olympics", "United States basketball squad -- 1936 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Balter 5 Bishop 6 Fortenberry 7 Gibbons 8 Johnson 9 Knowles 10 Lubin 11 Mollner 12 Piper 13 Ragland 14 Schmidt 15 Shy 16 Swanson 17 Wheatley Coach : Needles United States basketball squad -- 1948 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barker 5 Barksdale 6 Beard 7 Beck 8 Boryla 9 Carpenter 10 Groza 11 Jones 12 Kurland 13 Lumpp 14 Pitts 15 Renick 16 Robinson 17 Rollins Coach : Browning United States basketball squad -- 1952 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Bontemps 5 Freiberger 6 Glasgow 7 Hoag 8 Hougland 9 Keller 10 Kelley 11 Kenney 12 Kurland 13 McCabe 14 Lienhard 15 Lovellette 16 Pippin 17 Williams Coach : Womble United States basketball squad -- 1956 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Cain 5 Hougland 6 Jones 7 Russell 8 Walsh 9 Evans 10 Haldorson 11 Tomsic 12 Boushka 13 Ford 14 Jeangerard 15 Darling Coach : Tucker United States basketball squad -- 1960 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Arnette 5 Bellamy 6 Boozer 7 Dischinger 8 Haldorson 9 Imhoff 10 Kelley 11 Lane 12 Lucas 13 Robertson 14 Smith 15 West Coach : Newell United States basketball squad -- 1964 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barnes 5 Bradley 6 Brown 7 Caldwell 8 Counts 9 Davies 10 Hazzard 11 Jackson 12 McCaffrey 13 Mullins 14 Shipp 15 Wilson Coach : Iba United States basketball squad -- 1968 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barrett 5 Clawson 6 Dee 7 Fowler 8 Haywood 9 Hosket 10 King 11 Saulters 12 Scott 13 Silliman 14 Spain 15 White Coach : Iba United States basketball squad -- 1972 Summer Olympics -- Silver medal 4 Davis 5 Collins 6 Henderson 7 Bantom 8 B. Jones 9 D. Jones 10 Forbes 11 Brewer 12 Burleson 13 McMillen 14 Joyce 15 Ratleff Coach : Iba United States men 's basketball squad -- 1976 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Ford 5 Sheppard 6 Dantley 7 Davis 8 Buckner 9 Grunfeld 10 Carr 11 May 12 Armstrong 13 LaGarde 14 Hubbard 15 Kupchak Coach : Smith United States men 's basketball squad -- 1984 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Alford 5 Turner 6 Ewing 7 Fleming 8 Robertson 9 Jordan 10 Kleine 11 Koncak 12 Mullin 13 Tisdale 14 Perkins 15 Wood Coach : Knight United States men 's basketball squad -- 1988 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal 4 Richmond 5 C. Smith IV 6 Coles 7 Hawkins 8 Grayer 9 C.D. Smith 10 Anderson 11 Augmon 12 Majerle 13 Manning 14 Reid 15 Robinson Coach : Thompson United States men 's basketball squad -- 1992 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly United States men 's basketball squad -- 1996 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barkley 5 Hill 6 Hardaway 7 Robinson 8 Pippen 9 Richmond 10 Miller 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 O'Neal 14 Payton 15 Olajuwon Coach : Wilkens United States men 's basketball squad -- 2000 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Smith 5 Kidd 6 Houston 7 Mourning 8 Hardaway 9 Carter 10 Garnett 11 Baker 12 Allen 13 McDyess 14 Payton 15 Abdur - Rahim Coach : Tomjanovich United States men 's basketball squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal 4 Iverson 5 Marbury 6 Wade 7 Boozer 8 Anthony 9 James 10 Okafor 11 Marion 12 Stoudemire 13 Duncan 14 Odom 15 Jefferson Coach : Brown United States men 's basketball squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Boozer 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Wade 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Bosh 13 Paul 14 Prince 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Chandler 5 Durant 6 James 7 Westbrook 8 Williams 9 Iguodala 10 Bryant 11 Love 12 Harden 13 Paul 14 Davis 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2016 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Butler 5 Durant 6 Jordan 7 Lowry 8 Barnes 9 DeRozan 10 Irving 11 Thompson 12 Cousins 13 George 14 Green 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski", "United States basketball squad -- 1936 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Balter 5 Bishop 6 Fortenberry 7 Gibbons 8 Johnson 9 Knowles 10 Lubin 11 Mollner 12 Piper 13 Ragland 14 Schmidt 15 Shy 16 Swanson 17 Wheatley Coach : Needles", "United States basketball squad -- 1936 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal", "", "4 Balter 5 Bishop 6 Fortenberry 7 Gibbons 8 Johnson 9 Knowles 10 Lubin 11 Mollner 12 Piper 13 Ragland 14 Schmidt 15 Shy 16 Swanson 17 Wheatley Coach : Needles", "4 Balter 5 Bishop 6 Fortenberry 7 Gibbons 8 Johnson 9 Knowles 10 Lubin 11 Mollner 12 Piper 13 Ragland 14 Schmidt 15 Shy 16 Swanson 17 Wheatley Coach : Needles", "Coach : Needles", "United States basketball squad -- 1948 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barker 5 Barksdale 6 Beard 7 Beck 8 Boryla 9 Carpenter 10 Groza 11 Jones 12 Kurland 13 Lumpp 14 Pitts 15 Renick 16 Robinson 17 Rollins Coach : Browning", "United States basketball squad -- 1948 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal", "", "4 Barker 5 Barksdale 6 Beard 7 Beck 8 Boryla 9 Carpenter 10 Groza 11 Jones 12 Kurland 13 Lumpp 14 Pitts 15 Renick 16 Robinson 17 Rollins Coach : Browning", "4 Barker 5 Barksdale 6 Beard 7 Beck 8 Boryla 9 Carpenter 10 Groza 11 Jones 12 Kurland 13 Lumpp 14 Pitts 15 Renick 16 Robinson 17 Rollins Coach : Browning", "Coach : Browning", "United States basketball squad -- 1952 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Bontemps 5 Freiberger 6 Glasgow 7 Hoag 8 Hougland 9 Keller 10 Kelley 11 Kenney 12 Kurland 13 McCabe 14 Lienhard 15 Lovellette 16 Pippin 17 Williams Coach : Womble", "United States basketball squad -- 1952 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal", "", "4 Bontemps 5 Freiberger 6 Glasgow 7 Hoag 8 Hougland 9 Keller 10 Kelley 11 Kenney 12 Kurland 13 McCabe 14 Lienhard 15 Lovellette 16 Pippin 17 Williams Coach : Womble", "4 Bontemps 5 Freiberger 6 Glasgow 7 Hoag 8 Hougland 9 Keller 10 Kelley 11 Kenney 12 Kurland 13 McCabe 14 Lienhard 15 Lovellette 16 Pippin 17 Williams Coach : Womble", "Coach : Womble", "United States basketball squad -- 1956 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Cain 5 Hougland 6 Jones 7 Russell 8 Walsh 9 Evans 10 Haldorson 11 Tomsic 12 Boushka 13 Ford 14 Jeangerard 15 Darling Coach : Tucker", "United States basketball squad -- 1956 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal", "", "4 Cain 5 Hougland 6 Jones 7 Russell 8 Walsh 9 Evans 10 Haldorson 11 Tomsic 12 Boushka 13 Ford 14 Jeangerard 15 Darling Coach : Tucker", "4 Cain 5 Hougland 6 Jones 7 Russell 8 Walsh 9 Evans 10 Haldorson 11 Tomsic 12 Boushka 13 Ford 14 Jeangerard 15 Darling Coach : Tucker", "Coach : Tucker", "United States basketball squad -- 1960 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Arnette 5 Bellamy 6 Boozer 7 Dischinger 8 Haldorson 9 Imhoff 10 Kelley 11 Lane 12 Lucas 13 Robertson 14 Smith 15 West Coach : Newell", "United States basketball squad -- 1960 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal", "", "4 Arnette 5 Bellamy 6 Boozer 7 Dischinger 8 Haldorson 9 Imhoff 10 Kelley 11 Lane 12 Lucas 13 Robertson 14 Smith 15 West Coach : Newell", "4 Arnette 5 Bellamy 6 Boozer 7 Dischinger 8 Haldorson 9 Imhoff 10 Kelley 11 Lane 12 Lucas 13 Robertson 14 Smith 15 West Coach : Newell", "Coach : Newell", "United States basketball squad -- 1964 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barnes 5 Bradley 6 Brown 7 Caldwell 8 Counts 9 Davies 10 Hazzard 11 Jackson 12 McCaffrey 13 Mullins 14 Shipp 15 Wilson Coach : Iba", "United States basketball squad -- 1964 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal", "", "4 Barnes 5 Bradley 6 Brown 7 Caldwell 8 Counts 9 Davies 10 Hazzard 11 Jackson 12 McCaffrey 13 Mullins 14 Shipp 15 Wilson Coach : Iba", "4 Barnes 5 Bradley 6 Brown 7 Caldwell 8 Counts 9 Davies 10 Hazzard 11 Jackson 12 McCaffrey 13 Mullins 14 Shipp 15 Wilson Coach : Iba", "Coach : Iba", "United States basketball squad -- 1968 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barrett 5 Clawson 6 Dee 7 Fowler 8 Haywood 9 Hosket 10 King 11 Saulters 12 Scott 13 Silliman 14 Spain 15 White Coach : Iba", "United States basketball squad -- 1968 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal", "", "4 Barrett 5 Clawson 6 Dee 7 Fowler 8 Haywood 9 Hosket 10 King 11 Saulters 12 Scott 13 Silliman 14 Spain 15 White Coach : Iba", "4 Barrett 5 Clawson 6 Dee 7 Fowler 8 Haywood 9 Hosket 10 King 11 Saulters 12 Scott 13 Silliman 14 Spain 15 White Coach : Iba", "Coach : Iba", "United States basketball squad -- 1972 Summer Olympics -- Silver medal 4 Davis 5 Collins 6 Henderson 7 Bantom 8 B. Jones 9 D. Jones 10 Forbes 11 Brewer 12 Burleson 13 McMillen 14 Joyce 15 Ratleff Coach : Iba", "United States basketball squad -- 1972 Summer Olympics -- Silver medal", "", "4 Davis 5 Collins 6 Henderson 7 Bantom 8 B. Jones 9 D. Jones 10 Forbes 11 Brewer 12 Burleson 13 McMillen 14 Joyce 15 Ratleff Coach : Iba", "4 Davis 5 Collins 6 Henderson 7 Bantom 8 B. Jones 9 D. Jones 10 Forbes 11 Brewer 12 Burleson 13 McMillen 14 Joyce 15 Ratleff Coach : Iba", "8 B. Jones", "9 D. Jones", "Coach : Iba", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1976 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Ford 5 Sheppard 6 Dantley 7 Davis 8 Buckner 9 Grunfeld 10 Carr 11 May 12 Armstrong 13 LaGarde 14 Hubbard 15 Kupchak Coach : Smith", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1976 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal", "", "4 Ford 5 Sheppard 6 Dantley 7 Davis 8 Buckner 9 Grunfeld 10 Carr 11 May 12 Armstrong 13 LaGarde 14 Hubbard 15 Kupchak Coach : Smith", "4 Ford 5 Sheppard 6 Dantley 7 Davis 8 Buckner 9 Grunfeld 10 Carr 11 May 12 Armstrong 13 LaGarde 14 Hubbard 15 Kupchak Coach : Smith", "Coach : Smith", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1984 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Alford 5 Turner 6 Ewing 7 Fleming 8 Robertson 9 Jordan 10 Kleine 11 Koncak 12 Mullin 13 Tisdale 14 Perkins 15 Wood Coach : Knight", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1984 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal", "", "4 Alford 5 Turner 6 Ewing 7 Fleming 8 Robertson 9 Jordan 10 Kleine 11 Koncak 12 Mullin 13 Tisdale 14 Perkins 15 Wood Coach : Knight", "4 Alford 5 Turner 6 Ewing 7 Fleming 8 Robertson 9 Jordan 10 Kleine 11 Koncak 12 Mullin 13 Tisdale 14 Perkins 15 Wood Coach : Knight", "Coach : Knight", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1988 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal 4 Richmond 5 C. Smith IV 6 Coles 7 Hawkins 8 Grayer 9 C.D. Smith 10 Anderson 11 Augmon 12 Majerle 13 Manning 14 Reid 15 Robinson Coach : Thompson", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1988 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal", "", "4 Richmond 5 C. Smith IV 6 Coles 7 Hawkins 8 Grayer 9 C.D. Smith 10 Anderson 11 Augmon 12 Majerle 13 Manning 14 Reid 15 Robinson Coach : Thompson", "4 Richmond 5 C. Smith IV 6 Coles 7 Hawkins 8 Grayer 9 C.D. Smith 10 Anderson 11 Augmon 12 Majerle 13 Manning 14 Reid 15 Robinson Coach : Thompson", "5 C. Smith IV", "9 C.D. Smith", "Coach : Thompson", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1992 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1992 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal", "", "4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly", "4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly", "Coach : Daly", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1996 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barkley 5 Hill 6 Hardaway 7 Robinson 8 Pippen 9 Richmond 10 Miller 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 O'Neal 14 Payton 15 Olajuwon Coach : Wilkens", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1996 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal", "", "4 Barkley 5 Hill 6 Hardaway 7 Robinson 8 Pippen 9 Richmond 10 Miller 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 O'Neal 14 Payton 15 Olajuwon Coach : Wilkens", "4 Barkley 5 Hill 6 Hardaway 7 Robinson 8 Pippen 9 Richmond 10 Miller 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 O'Neal 14 Payton 15 Olajuwon Coach : Wilkens", "Coach : Wilkens", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 2000 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Smith 5 Kidd 6 Houston 7 Mourning 8 Hardaway 9 Carter 10 Garnett 11 Baker 12 Allen 13 McDyess 14 Payton 15 Abdur - Rahim Coach : Tomjanovich", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 2000 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal", "", "4 Smith 5 Kidd 6 Houston 7 Mourning 8 Hardaway 9 Carter 10 Garnett 11 Baker 12 Allen 13 McDyess 14 Payton 15 Abdur - Rahim Coach : Tomjanovich", "4 Smith 5 Kidd 6 Houston 7 Mourning 8 Hardaway 9 Carter 10 Garnett 11 Baker 12 Allen 13 McDyess 14 Payton 15 Abdur - Rahim Coach : Tomjanovich", "15 Abdur - Rahim", "Coach : Tomjanovich", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal 4 Iverson 5 Marbury 6 Wade 7 Boozer 8 Anthony 9 James 10 Okafor 11 Marion 12 Stoudemire 13 Duncan 14 Odom 15 Jefferson Coach : Brown", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal", "", "4 Iverson 5 Marbury 6 Wade 7 Boozer 8 Anthony 9 James 10 Okafor 11 Marion 12 Stoudemire 13 Duncan 14 Odom 15 Jefferson Coach : Brown", "4 Iverson 5 Marbury 6 Wade 7 Boozer 8 Anthony 9 James 10 Okafor 11 Marion 12 Stoudemire 13 Duncan 14 Odom 15 Jefferson Coach : Brown", "Coach : Brown", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Boozer 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Wade 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Bosh 13 Paul 14 Prince 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal", "", "4 Boozer 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Wade 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Bosh 13 Paul 14 Prince 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski", "4 Boozer 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Wade 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Bosh 13 Paul 14 Prince 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski", "Coach : Krzyzewski", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Chandler 5 Durant 6 James 7 Westbrook 8 Williams 9 Iguodala 10 Bryant 11 Love 12 Harden 13 Paul 14 Davis 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal", "", "4 Chandler 5 Durant 6 James 7 Westbrook 8 Williams 9 Iguodala 10 Bryant 11 Love 12 Harden 13 Paul 14 Davis 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski", "4 Chandler 5 Durant 6 James 7 Westbrook 8 Williams 9 Iguodala 10 Bryant 11 Love 12 Harden 13 Paul 14 Davis 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski", "Coach : Krzyzewski", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 2016 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Butler 5 Durant 6 Jordan 7 Lowry 8 Barnes 9 DeRozan 10 Irving 11 Thompson 12 Cousins 13 George 14 Green 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 2016 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal", "", "4 Butler 5 Durant 6 Jordan 7 Lowry 8 Barnes 9 DeRozan 10 Irving 11 Thompson 12 Cousins 13 George 14 Green 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski", "4 Butler 5 Durant 6 Jordan 7 Lowry 8 Barnes 9 DeRozan 10 Irving 11 Thompson 12 Cousins 13 George 14 Green 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski", "Coach : Krzyzewski", "FIBA Basketball World Cup United States squad -- 1950 FIBA World Championship -- Silver medal 4 Fisher 5 Heffley 6 Jaquet 7 Kahler 8 Langdon 9 Metzger 10 Parks 11 Reese 12 Slocum 13 Stanich 14 Williams Coach : Carpenter United States squad -- 1954 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 5 Gott 6 Hamilton 7 Johnson 8 Kelley 9 Minter ( MVP ) 10 Penwell 11 Retherford 12 Sheets 13 Solomon 14 Stratton Coach : Womble United States squad -- 1959 FIBA World Championship -- Silver medal 4 Baker 5 Coshow 6 D'Antonio 7 Hodges 8 Jeangerard 9 McDonald 10 Miller 11 Olsen 12 Riley 13 Vayda 14 Welsh 15 White Coach : Bennett United States squad -- 1963 FIBA World Championship -- 4th place 4 McCaffrey 5 Peterson 6 Reed 7 Gibson 8 Adams 9 Shipp 10 Jackson 11 Bowerman 12 Torrence 13 Ernst 14 Smallwood 15 Kojis Coach : Pinholster United States squad -- 1967 FIBA World Championship -- 4th place 4 McKenzie 5 Benson 6 Cunningham 7 Clawson 8 Miller 9 Silliman 10 Paulk 11 Barrett 12 Carrier 13 Tucker 14 Rhine 15 Williams Coach : Fischer United States squad -- 1970 FIBA World Championship -- 5th place 4 Brody 5 Walton 6 Washington 7 Luchini 8 Silliman 9 Wolfe 10 Williams 11 Wilmore 12 Hillman 13 Isaac 14 McDonald 15 Smith Coach : Fischer United States squad -- 1974 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Lucas 5 Boswell 6 Meriweather 7 Schmidt 8 Kelley 9 Buckner 10 Wilkins 11 Grote 12 Burden 13 Oleynick 14 Short 15 Gerard Coach : Bartow ; McCutchan United States squad -- 1978 FIBA World Championship -- 5th place 4 Hoffman 5 D. Jackson 6 Parker 7 Delph 8 Smith 9 Hall 10 Drollinger 11 Schneeberger 12 M. Jackson 13 - 14 Wansley 15 Kiffin Coach : Oates United States squad -- 1982 FIBA World Championship -- Silver medal 4 Carr 5 Turner 6 Jones 7 Kitchel 8 Kleine 9 Pinone 10 Reynolds 11 Rivers 12 Sundvold 13 Thomas 14 West 15 Wiggins Coach : Weltlich United States squad -- 1986 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Amaker 5 Bogues 6 Elliott 7 Gilliam 8 Hammonds 9 Kerr 10 McKey 11 Robinson 12 Seikaly 13 Shaw 14 C. Smith 15 K. Smith Coach : Olson United States squad -- 1990 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 D. Smith 5 Randall 6 Mayberry 7 Williams 8 C. Smith 9 Anderson 10 Stith 11 Day 12 Gatling 13 Laettner 14 Owens 15 Mourning Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 1994 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Dumars 5 Price 6 Coleman 7 Kemp 8 Smith 9 Majerle 10 Miller 11 K. Johnson 12 Wilkins 13 O'Neal ( MVP ) 14 Mourning 15 L. Johnson Coach : Nelson United States squad -- 1998 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Langdon 5 Hawkins 6 Garris 7 Sasser 8 J. King 9 Edwards 10 Oliver 11 Alexis 12 G. King 13 Wood 14 Amaya 15 Miller Coach : Tomjanovich United States squad -- 2006 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Johnson 5 Hinrich 6 James 7 Jamison 8 Battier 9 Wade 10 Paul 11 Bosh 12 Howard 13 Miller 14 Brand 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2010 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Durant ( MVP ) 6 Rose 7 Westbrook 8 Gay 9 Iguodala 10 Granger 11 Curry 12 Gordon 13 Love 14 Odom 15 Chandler Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup -- Gold medal 4 Curry 5 Thompson 6 Rose 7 Faried 8 Gay 9 DeRozan 10 Irving ( MVP ) 11 Plumlee 12 Cousins 13 Harden 14 Davis 15 Drummond Coach : Krzyzewski", "FIBA Basketball World Cup", "United States squad -- 1950 FIBA World Championship -- Silver medal 4 Fisher 5 Heffley 6 Jaquet 7 Kahler 8 Langdon 9 Metzger 10 Parks 11 Reese 12 Slocum 13 Stanich 14 Williams Coach : Carpenter United States squad -- 1954 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 5 Gott 6 Hamilton 7 Johnson 8 Kelley 9 Minter ( MVP ) 10 Penwell 11 Retherford 12 Sheets 13 Solomon 14 Stratton Coach : Womble United States squad -- 1959 FIBA World Championship -- Silver medal 4 Baker 5 Coshow 6 D'Antonio 7 Hodges 8 Jeangerard 9 McDonald 10 Miller 11 Olsen 12 Riley 13 Vayda 14 Welsh 15 White Coach : Bennett United States squad -- 1963 FIBA World Championship -- 4th place 4 McCaffrey 5 Peterson 6 Reed 7 Gibson 8 Adams 9 Shipp 10 Jackson 11 Bowerman 12 Torrence 13 Ernst 14 Smallwood 15 Kojis Coach : Pinholster United States squad -- 1967 FIBA World Championship -- 4th place 4 McKenzie 5 Benson 6 Cunningham 7 Clawson 8 Miller 9 Silliman 10 Paulk 11 Barrett 12 Carrier 13 Tucker 14 Rhine 15 Williams Coach : Fischer United States squad -- 1970 FIBA World Championship -- 5th place 4 Brody 5 Walton 6 Washington 7 Luchini 8 Silliman 9 Wolfe 10 Williams 11 Wilmore 12 Hillman 13 Isaac 14 McDonald 15 Smith Coach : Fischer United States squad -- 1974 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Lucas 5 Boswell 6 Meriweather 7 Schmidt 8 Kelley 9 Buckner 10 Wilkins 11 Grote 12 Burden 13 Oleynick 14 Short 15 Gerard Coach : Bartow ; McCutchan United States squad -- 1978 FIBA World Championship -- 5th place 4 Hoffman 5 D. Jackson 6 Parker 7 Delph 8 Smith 9 Hall 10 Drollinger 11 Schneeberger 12 M. Jackson 13 - 14 Wansley 15 Kiffin Coach : Oates United States squad -- 1982 FIBA World Championship -- Silver medal 4 Carr 5 Turner 6 Jones 7 Kitchel 8 Kleine 9 Pinone 10 Reynolds 11 Rivers 12 Sundvold 13 Thomas 14 West 15 Wiggins Coach : Weltlich United States squad -- 1986 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Amaker 5 Bogues 6 Elliott 7 Gilliam 8 Hammonds 9 Kerr 10 McKey 11 Robinson 12 Seikaly 13 Shaw 14 C. Smith 15 K. Smith Coach : Olson United States squad -- 1990 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 D. Smith 5 Randall 6 Mayberry 7 Williams 8 C. Smith 9 Anderson 10 Stith 11 Day 12 Gatling 13 Laettner 14 Owens 15 Mourning Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 1994 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Dumars 5 Price 6 Coleman 7 Kemp 8 Smith 9 Majerle 10 Miller 11 K. Johnson 12 Wilkins 13 O'Neal ( MVP ) 14 Mourning 15 L. Johnson Coach : Nelson United States squad -- 1998 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Langdon 5 Hawkins 6 Garris 7 Sasser 8 J. King 9 Edwards 10 Oliver 11 Alexis 12 G. King 13 Wood 14 Amaya 15 Miller Coach : Tomjanovich United States squad -- 2006 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Johnson 5 Hinrich 6 James 7 Jamison 8 Battier 9 Wade 10 Paul 11 Bosh 12 Howard 13 Miller 14 Brand 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2010 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Durant ( MVP ) 6 Rose 7 Westbrook 8 Gay 9 Iguodala 10 Granger 11 Curry 12 Gordon 13 Love 14 Odom 15 Chandler Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup -- Gold medal 4 Curry 5 Thompson 6 Rose 7 Faried 8 Gay 9 DeRozan 10 Irving ( MVP ) 11 Plumlee 12 Cousins 13 Harden 14 Davis 15 Drummond Coach : Krzyzewski", "United States squad -- 1950 FIBA World Championship -- Silver medal 4 Fisher 5 Heffley 6 Jaquet 7 Kahler 8 Langdon 9 Metzger 10 Parks 11 Reese 12 Slocum 13 Stanich 14 Williams Coach : Carpenter", "United States squad -- 1950 FIBA World Championship -- Silver medal", "", "4 Fisher 5 Heffley 6 Jaquet 7 Kahler 8 Langdon 9 Metzger 10 Parks 11 Reese 12 Slocum 13 Stanich 14 Williams Coach : Carpenter", "4 Fisher 5 Heffley 6 Jaquet 7 Kahler 8 Langdon 9 Metzger 10 Parks 11 Reese 12 Slocum 13 Stanich 14 Williams Coach : Carpenter", "Coach : Carpenter", "United States squad -- 1954 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 5 Gott 6 Hamilton 7 Johnson 8 Kelley 9 Minter ( MVP ) 10 Penwell 11 Retherford 12 Sheets 13 Solomon 14 Stratton Coach : Womble", "United States squad -- 1954 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal", "", "5 Gott 6 Hamilton 7 Johnson 8 Kelley 9 Minter ( MVP ) 10 Penwell 11 Retherford 12 Sheets 13 Solomon 14 Stratton Coach : Womble", "5 Gott 6 Hamilton 7 Johnson 8 Kelley 9 Minter ( MVP ) 10 Penwell 11 Retherford 12 Sheets 13 Solomon 14 Stratton Coach : Womble", "9 Minter ( MVP )", "Coach : Womble", "United States squad -- 1959 FIBA World Championship -- Silver medal 4 Baker 5 Coshow 6 D'Antonio 7 Hodges 8 Jeangerard 9 McDonald 10 Miller 11 Olsen 12 Riley 13 Vayda 14 Welsh 15 White Coach : Bennett", "United States squad -- 1959 FIBA World Championship -- Silver medal", "", "4 Baker 5 Coshow 6 D'Antonio 7 Hodges 8 Jeangerard 9 McDonald 10 Miller 11 Olsen 12 Riley 13 Vayda 14 Welsh 15 White Coach : Bennett", "4 Baker 5 Coshow 6 D'Antonio 7 Hodges 8 Jeangerard 9 McDonald 10 Miller 11 Olsen 12 Riley 13 Vayda 14 Welsh 15 White Coach : Bennett", "Coach : Bennett", "United States squad -- 1963 FIBA World Championship -- 4th place 4 McCaffrey 5 Peterson 6 Reed 7 Gibson 8 Adams 9 Shipp 10 Jackson 11 Bowerman 12 Torrence 13 Ernst 14 Smallwood 15 Kojis Coach : Pinholster", "United States squad -- 1963 FIBA World Championship -- 4th place", "", "4 McCaffrey 5 Peterson 6 Reed 7 Gibson 8 Adams 9 Shipp 10 Jackson 11 Bowerman 12 Torrence 13 Ernst 14 Smallwood 15 Kojis Coach : Pinholster", "4 McCaffrey 5 Peterson 6 Reed 7 Gibson 8 Adams 9 Shipp 10 Jackson 11 Bowerman 12 Torrence 13 Ernst 14 Smallwood 15 Kojis Coach : Pinholster", "Coach : Pinholster", "United States squad -- 1967 FIBA World Championship -- 4th place 4 McKenzie 5 Benson 6 Cunningham 7 Clawson 8 Miller 9 Silliman 10 Paulk 11 Barrett 12 Carrier 13 Tucker 14 Rhine 15 Williams Coach : Fischer", "United States squad -- 1967 FIBA World Championship -- 4th place", "", "4 McKenzie 5 Benson 6 Cunningham 7 Clawson 8 Miller 9 Silliman 10 Paulk 11 Barrett 12 Carrier 13 Tucker 14 Rhine 15 Williams Coach : Fischer", "4 McKenzie 5 Benson 6 Cunningham 7 Clawson 8 Miller 9 Silliman 10 Paulk 11 Barrett 12 Carrier 13 Tucker 14 Rhine 15 Williams Coach : Fischer", "Coach : Fischer", "United States squad -- 1970 FIBA World Championship -- 5th place 4 Brody 5 Walton 6 Washington 7 Luchini 8 Silliman 9 Wolfe 10 Williams 11 Wilmore 12 Hillman 13 Isaac 14 McDonald 15 Smith Coach : Fischer", "United States squad -- 1970 FIBA World Championship -- 5th place", "", "4 Brody 5 Walton 6 Washington 7 Luchini 8 Silliman 9 Wolfe 10 Williams 11 Wilmore 12 Hillman 13 Isaac 14 McDonald 15 Smith Coach : Fischer", "4 Brody 5 Walton 6 Washington 7 Luchini 8 Silliman 9 Wolfe 10 Williams 11 Wilmore 12 Hillman 13 Isaac 14 McDonald 15 Smith Coach : Fischer", "Coach : Fischer", "United States squad -- 1974 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Lucas 5 Boswell 6 Meriweather 7 Schmidt 8 Kelley 9 Buckner 10 Wilkins 11 Grote 12 Burden 13 Oleynick 14 Short 15 Gerard Coach : Bartow ; McCutchan", "United States squad -- 1974 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal", "", "4 Lucas 5 Boswell 6 Meriweather 7 Schmidt 8 Kelley 9 Buckner 10 Wilkins 11 Grote 12 Burden 13 Oleynick 14 Short 15 Gerard Coach : Bartow ; McCutchan", "4 Lucas 5 Boswell 6 Meriweather 7 Schmidt 8 Kelley 9 Buckner 10 Wilkins 11 Grote 12 Burden 13 Oleynick 14 Short 15 Gerard Coach : Bartow ; McCutchan", "Coach : Bartow ; McCutchan", "United States squad -- 1978 FIBA World Championship -- 5th place 4 Hoffman 5 D. Jackson 6 Parker 7 Delph 8 Smith 9 Hall 10 Drollinger 11 Schneeberger 12 M. Jackson 13 - 14 Wansley 15 Kiffin Coach : Oates", "United States squad -- 1978 FIBA World Championship -- 5th place", "", "4 Hoffman 5 D. Jackson 6 Parker 7 Delph 8 Smith 9 Hall 10 Drollinger 11 Schneeberger 12 M. Jackson 13 - 14 Wansley 15 Kiffin Coach : Oates", "4 Hoffman 5 D. Jackson 6 Parker 7 Delph 8 Smith 9 Hall 10 Drollinger 11 Schneeberger 12 M. Jackson 13 - 14 Wansley 15 Kiffin Coach : Oates", "5 D. Jackson", "12 M. Jackson", "Coach : Oates", "United States squad -- 1982 FIBA World Championship -- Silver medal 4 Carr 5 Turner 6 Jones 7 Kitchel 8 Kleine 9 Pinone 10 Reynolds 11 Rivers 12 Sundvold 13 Thomas 14 West 15 Wiggins Coach : Weltlich", "United States squad -- 1982 FIBA World Championship -- Silver medal", "", "4 Carr 5 Turner 6 Jones 7 Kitchel 8 Kleine 9 Pinone 10 Reynolds 11 Rivers 12 Sundvold 13 Thomas 14 West 15 Wiggins Coach : Weltlich", "4 Carr 5 Turner 6 Jones 7 Kitchel 8 Kleine 9 Pinone 10 Reynolds 11 Rivers 12 Sundvold 13 Thomas 14 West 15 Wiggins Coach : Weltlich", "Coach : Weltlich", "United States squad -- 1986 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Amaker 5 Bogues 6 Elliott 7 Gilliam 8 Hammonds 9 Kerr 10 McKey 11 Robinson 12 Seikaly 13 Shaw 14 C. Smith 15 K. Smith Coach : Olson", "United States squad -- 1986 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal", "", "4 Amaker 5 Bogues 6 Elliott 7 Gilliam 8 Hammonds 9 Kerr 10 McKey 11 Robinson 12 Seikaly 13 Shaw 14 C. Smith 15 K. Smith Coach : Olson", "4 Amaker 5 Bogues 6 Elliott 7 Gilliam 8 Hammonds 9 Kerr 10 McKey 11 Robinson 12 Seikaly 13 Shaw 14 C. Smith 15 K. Smith Coach : Olson", "14 C. Smith", "15 K. Smith", "Coach : Olson", "United States squad -- 1990 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 D. Smith 5 Randall 6 Mayberry 7 Williams 8 C. Smith 9 Anderson 10 Stith 11 Day 12 Gatling 13 Laettner 14 Owens 15 Mourning Coach : Krzyzewski", "United States squad -- 1990 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal", "", "4 D. Smith 5 Randall 6 Mayberry 7 Williams 8 C. Smith 9 Anderson 10 Stith 11 Day 12 Gatling 13 Laettner 14 Owens 15 Mourning Coach : Krzyzewski", "4 D. Smith 5 Randall 6 Mayberry 7 Williams 8 C. Smith 9 Anderson 10 Stith 11 Day 12 Gatling 13 Laettner 14 Owens 15 Mourning Coach : Krzyzewski", "4 D. Smith", "8 C. Smith", "Coach : Krzyzewski", "United States squad -- 1994 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Dumars 5 Price 6 Coleman 7 Kemp 8 Smith 9 Majerle 10 Miller 11 K. Johnson 12 Wilkins 13 O'Neal ( MVP ) 14 Mourning 15 L. Johnson Coach : Nelson", "United States squad -- 1994 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal", "", "4 Dumars 5 Price 6 Coleman 7 Kemp 8 Smith 9 Majerle 10 Miller 11 K. Johnson 12 Wilkins 13 O'Neal ( MVP ) 14 Mourning 15 L. Johnson Coach : Nelson", "4 Dumars 5 Price 6 Coleman 7 Kemp 8 Smith 9 Majerle 10 Miller 11 K. Johnson 12 Wilkins 13 O'Neal ( MVP ) 14 Mourning 15 L. Johnson Coach : Nelson", "11 K. Johnson", "13 O'Neal ( MVP )", "15 L. Johnson", "Coach : Nelson", "United States squad -- 1998 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Langdon 5 Hawkins 6 Garris 7 Sasser 8 J. King 9 Edwards 10 Oliver 11 Alexis 12 G. King 13 Wood 14 Amaya 15 Miller Coach : Tomjanovich", "United States squad -- 1998 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal", "", "4 Langdon 5 Hawkins 6 Garris 7 Sasser 8 J. King 9 Edwards 10 Oliver 11 Alexis 12 G. King 13 Wood 14 Amaya 15 Miller Coach : Tomjanovich", "4 Langdon 5 Hawkins 6 Garris 7 Sasser 8 J. King 9 Edwards 10 Oliver 11 Alexis 12 G. King 13 Wood 14 Amaya 15 Miller Coach : Tomjanovich", "8 J. King", "12 G. King", "Coach : Tomjanovich", "United States squad -- 2006 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Johnson 5 Hinrich 6 James 7 Jamison 8 Battier 9 Wade 10 Paul 11 Bosh 12 Howard 13 Miller 14 Brand 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski", "United States squad -- 2006 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal", "", "4 Johnson 5 Hinrich 6 James 7 Jamison 8 Battier 9 Wade 10 Paul 11 Bosh 12 Howard 13 Miller 14 Brand 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski", "4 Johnson 5 Hinrich 6 James 7 Jamison 8 Battier 9 Wade 10 Paul 11 Bosh 12 Howard 13 Miller 14 Brand 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski", "Coach : Krzyzewski", "United States squad -- 2010 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Durant ( MVP ) 6 Rose 7 Westbrook 8 Gay 9 Iguodala 10 Granger 11 Curry 12 Gordon 13 Love 14 Odom 15 Chandler Coach : Krzyzewski", "United States squad -- 2010 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal", "", "4 Billups 5 Durant ( MVP ) 6 Rose 7 Westbrook 8 Gay 9 Iguodala 10 Granger 11 Curry 12 Gordon 13 Love 14 Odom 15 Chandler Coach : Krzyzewski", "4 Billups 5 Durant ( MVP ) 6 Rose 7 Westbrook 8 Gay 9 Iguodala 10 Granger 11 Curry 12 Gordon 13 Love 14 Odom 15 Chandler Coach : Krzyzewski", "5 Durant ( MVP )", "Coach : Krzyzewski", "United States squad -- 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup -- Gold medal 4 Curry 5 Thompson 6 Rose 7 Faried 8 Gay 9 DeRozan 10 Irving ( MVP ) 11 Plumlee 12 Cousins 13 Harden 14 Davis 15 Drummond Coach : Krzyzewski", "United States squad -- 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup -- Gold medal", "", "4 Curry 5 Thompson 6 Rose 7 Faried 8 Gay 9 DeRozan 10 Irving ( MVP ) 11 Plumlee 12 Cousins 13 Harden 14 Davis 15 Drummond Coach : Krzyzewski", "4 Curry 5 Thompson 6 Rose 7 Faried 8 Gay 9 DeRozan 10 Irving ( MVP ) 11 Plumlee 12 Cousins 13 Harden 14 Davis 15 Drummond Coach : Krzyzewski", "10 Irving ( MVP )", "Coach : Krzyzewski", "Goodwill Games United States men 's basketball squad -- 1986 Goodwill Games -- Gold medal 4 Amaker 5 Bogues 6 Elliott 7 Gilliam 8 Hammonds 9 Kerr 10 McKey 11 Robinson 12 Seikaly 13 Shaw 14 C. Smith 15 K. Smith Coach : Olson United States men 's basketball squad -- 1990 Goodwill Games -- Silver medal Anderson Day Gatling Hurley Laettner Mayberry Mourning Owens Randall C. Smith D. Smith Stith Weatherspoon Williams Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 1994 Goodwill Games -- Bronze medal Allen Beck DeClercq Duncan Edney Finley Henderson Parks Respert Roe Stoudamire Thurman Coach : Raveling United States men 's basketball squad -- 1998 Goodwill Games -- Gold medal Booth Brand Cardinal Carter El - Amin Glover Guyton Jones Lewis Miller Posey Szczerbiak Coach : Haskins United States men 's basketball squad -- 2001 Goodwill Games -- Gold medal Battier Booth Davis Fizer Lewis Madsen Marion Martin A. Miller M. Miller O'Neal Szczerbiak Terry Coach : Saunders", "Goodwill Games", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1986 Goodwill Games -- Gold medal 4 Amaker 5 Bogues 6 Elliott 7 Gilliam 8 Hammonds 9 Kerr 10 McKey 11 Robinson 12 Seikaly 13 Shaw 14 C. Smith 15 K. Smith Coach : Olson United States men 's basketball squad -- 1990 Goodwill Games -- Silver medal Anderson Day Gatling Hurley Laettner Mayberry Mourning Owens Randall C. Smith D. Smith Stith Weatherspoon Williams Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 1994 Goodwill Games -- Bronze medal Allen Beck DeClercq Duncan Edney Finley Henderson Parks Respert Roe Stoudamire Thurman Coach : Raveling United States men 's basketball squad -- 1998 Goodwill Games -- Gold medal Booth Brand Cardinal Carter El - Amin Glover Guyton Jones Lewis Miller Posey Szczerbiak Coach : Haskins United States men 's basketball squad -- 2001 Goodwill Games -- Gold medal Battier Booth Davis Fizer Lewis Madsen Marion Martin A. Miller M. Miller O'Neal Szczerbiak Terry Coach : Saunders", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1986 Goodwill Games -- Gold medal 4 Amaker 5 Bogues 6 Elliott 7 Gilliam 8 Hammonds 9 Kerr 10 McKey 11 Robinson 12 Seikaly 13 Shaw 14 C. Smith 15 K. Smith Coach : Olson", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1986 Goodwill Games -- Gold medal", "", "4 Amaker 5 Bogues 6 Elliott 7 Gilliam 8 Hammonds 9 Kerr 10 McKey 11 Robinson 12 Seikaly 13 Shaw 14 C. Smith 15 K. Smith Coach : Olson", "4 Amaker 5 Bogues 6 Elliott 7 Gilliam 8 Hammonds 9 Kerr 10 McKey 11 Robinson 12 Seikaly 13 Shaw 14 C. Smith 15 K. Smith Coach : Olson", "14 C. Smith", "15 K. Smith", "Coach : Olson", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1990 Goodwill Games -- Silver medal Anderson Day Gatling Hurley Laettner Mayberry Mourning Owens Randall C. Smith D. Smith Stith Weatherspoon Williams Coach : Krzyzewski", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1990 Goodwill Games -- Silver medal", "", "Anderson Day Gatling Hurley Laettner Mayberry Mourning Owens Randall C. Smith D. Smith Stith Weatherspoon Williams Coach : Krzyzewski", "Anderson Day Gatling Hurley Laettner Mayberry Mourning Owens Randall C. Smith D. Smith Stith Weatherspoon Williams Coach : Krzyzewski", "Coach : Krzyzewski", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1994 Goodwill Games -- Bronze medal Allen Beck DeClercq Duncan Edney Finley Henderson Parks Respert Roe Stoudamire Thurman Coach : Raveling", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1994 Goodwill Games -- Bronze medal", "", "Allen Beck DeClercq Duncan Edney Finley Henderson Parks Respert Roe Stoudamire Thurman Coach : Raveling", "Allen Beck DeClercq Duncan Edney Finley Henderson Parks Respert Roe Stoudamire Thurman Coach : Raveling", "Coach : Raveling", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1998 Goodwill Games -- Gold medal Booth Brand Cardinal Carter El - Amin Glover Guyton Jones Lewis Miller Posey Szczerbiak Coach : Haskins", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 1998 Goodwill Games -- Gold medal", "", "Booth Brand Cardinal Carter El - Amin Glover Guyton Jones Lewis Miller Posey Szczerbiak Coach : Haskins", "Booth Brand Cardinal Carter El - Amin Glover Guyton Jones Lewis Miller Posey Szczerbiak Coach : Haskins", "El - Amin", "Coach : Haskins", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 2001 Goodwill Games -- Gold medal Battier Booth Davis Fizer Lewis Madsen Marion Martin A. Miller M. Miller O'Neal Szczerbiak Terry Coach : Saunders", "United States men 's basketball squad -- 2001 Goodwill Games -- Gold medal", "", "Battier Booth Davis Fizer Lewis Madsen Marion Martin A. Miller M. Miller O'Neal Szczerbiak Terry Coach : Saunders", "Battier Booth Davis Fizer Lewis Madsen Marion Martin A. Miller M. Miller O'Neal Szczerbiak Terry Coach : Saunders", "Coach : Saunders", "FIBA AmeriCup United States squad -- 1989 Tournament of the Americas -- Silver medal Bullard Corchiani Davis Dennis Laettner Matthews Monroe Owens Payton Perry Simmons Smith Coach : Cremins United States squad -- 1992 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly United States squad -- 1993 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal Copa Ellis Jent Jordan A. Martin B. Martin Mason Neal Rahilly Recasner Weems White Coach : Thibault United States squad -- 1997 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal Beck Burns Farmer Griffin Holmes Jordan LaRue Martin McDonald Millard Sasser Williams Coach : McHone United States squad -- 1999 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal Baker Brand Duncan Garnett Gugliotta Hamilton Hardaway Houston Kidd Payton Smith Szczerbiak Coach : Brown United States squad -- 2003 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal 4 Iverson 5 Kidd 6 McGrady 7 O'Neal 8 Carter 9 Collison 10 Bibby 11 Martin 12 Allen 13 Duncan 14 Brand 15 Jefferson Coach : Brown United States squad -- 2005 FIBA Americas Championship -- 4th place 4 Edney 5 Perry 6 Greer 7 Bell 8 Scales 9 Hamilton 10 Slay 11 Chubb 12 Felix 13 McGhee 14 Beasley 15 Lang Coach : McHone United States squad -- 2007 FIBA Americas Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Prince 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Stoudemire 13 Miller 14 Chandler 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2017 FIBA AmeriCup -- Gold medal 4 Marshall 5 Baron 6 Drew II 7 R. Williams 8 C.J. Williams 9 Munford 10 Hearn 11 Plumlee 12 Hilliard 13 Warney 14 Holmes 15 Brown Coach : Van Gundy", "FIBA AmeriCup", "United States squad -- 1989 Tournament of the Americas -- Silver medal Bullard Corchiani Davis Dennis Laettner Matthews Monroe Owens Payton Perry Simmons Smith Coach : Cremins United States squad -- 1992 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly United States squad -- 1993 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal Copa Ellis Jent Jordan A. Martin B. Martin Mason Neal Rahilly Recasner Weems White Coach : Thibault United States squad -- 1997 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal Beck Burns Farmer Griffin Holmes Jordan LaRue Martin McDonald Millard Sasser Williams Coach : McHone United States squad -- 1999 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal Baker Brand Duncan Garnett Gugliotta Hamilton Hardaway Houston Kidd Payton Smith Szczerbiak Coach : Brown United States squad -- 2003 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal 4 Iverson 5 Kidd 6 McGrady 7 O'Neal 8 Carter 9 Collison 10 Bibby 11 Martin 12 Allen 13 Duncan 14 Brand 15 Jefferson Coach : Brown United States squad -- 2005 FIBA Americas Championship -- 4th place 4 Edney 5 Perry 6 Greer 7 Bell 8 Scales 9 Hamilton 10 Slay 11 Chubb 12 Felix 13 McGhee 14 Beasley 15 Lang Coach : McHone United States squad -- 2007 FIBA Americas Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Prince 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Stoudemire 13 Miller 14 Chandler 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2017 FIBA AmeriCup -- Gold medal 4 Marshall 5 Baron 6 Drew II 7 R. Williams 8 C.J. Williams 9 Munford 10 Hearn 11 Plumlee 12 Hilliard 13 Warney 14 Holmes 15 Brown Coach : Van Gundy", "United States squad -- 1989 Tournament of the Americas -- Silver medal Bullard Corchiani Davis Dennis Laettner Matthews Monroe Owens Payton Perry Simmons Smith Coach : Cremins", "United States squad -- 1989 Tournament of the Americas -- Silver medal", "", "Bullard Corchiani Davis Dennis Laettner Matthews Monroe Owens Payton Perry Simmons Smith Coach : Cremins", "Bullard Corchiani Davis Dennis Laettner Matthews Monroe Owens Payton Perry Simmons Smith Coach : Cremins", "Coach : Cremins", "United States squad -- 1992 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly", "United States squad -- 1992 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal", "", "4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly", "4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly", "Coach : Daly", "United States squad -- 1993 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal Copa Ellis Jent Jordan A. Martin B. Martin Mason Neal Rahilly Recasner Weems White Coach : Thibault", "United States squad -- 1993 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal", "", "Copa Ellis Jent Jordan A. Martin B. Martin Mason Neal Rahilly Recasner Weems White Coach : Thibault", "Copa Ellis Jent Jordan A. Martin B. Martin Mason Neal Rahilly Recasner Weems White Coach : Thibault", "Coach : Thibault", "United States squad -- 1997 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal Beck Burns Farmer Griffin Holmes Jordan LaRue Martin McDonald Millard Sasser Williams Coach : McHone", "United States squad -- 1997 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal", "", "Beck Burns Farmer Griffin Holmes Jordan LaRue Martin McDonald Millard Sasser Williams Coach : McHone", "Beck Burns Farmer Griffin Holmes Jordan LaRue Martin McDonald Millard Sasser Williams Coach : McHone", "Coach : McHone", "United States squad -- 1999 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal Baker Brand Duncan Garnett Gugliotta Hamilton Hardaway Houston Kidd Payton Smith Szczerbiak Coach : Brown", "United States squad -- 1999 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal", "", "Baker Brand Duncan Garnett Gugliotta Hamilton Hardaway Houston Kidd Payton Smith Szczerbiak Coach : Brown", "Baker Brand Duncan Garnett Gugliotta Hamilton Hardaway Houston Kidd Payton Smith Szczerbiak Coach : Brown", "Coach : Brown", "United States squad -- 2003 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal 4 Iverson 5 Kidd 6 McGrady 7 O'Neal 8 Carter 9 Collison 10 Bibby 11 Martin 12 Allen 13 Duncan 14 Brand 15 Jefferson Coach : Brown", "United States squad -- 2003 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal", "", "4 Iverson 5 Kidd 6 McGrady 7 O'Neal 8 Carter 9 Collison 10 Bibby 11 Martin 12 Allen 13 Duncan 14 Brand 15 Jefferson Coach : Brown", "4 Iverson 5 Kidd 6 McGrady 7 O'Neal 8 Carter 9 Collison 10 Bibby 11 Martin 12 Allen 13 Duncan 14 Brand 15 Jefferson Coach : Brown", "Coach : Brown", "United States squad -- 2005 FIBA Americas Championship -- 4th place 4 Edney 5 Perry 6 Greer 7 Bell 8 Scales 9 Hamilton 10 Slay 11 Chubb 12 Felix 13 McGhee 14 Beasley 15 Lang Coach : McHone", "United States squad -- 2005 FIBA Americas Championship -- 4th place", "", "4 Edney 5 Perry 6 Greer 7 Bell 8 Scales 9 Hamilton 10 Slay 11 Chubb 12 Felix 13 McGhee 14 Beasley 15 Lang Coach : McHone", "4 Edney 5 Perry 6 Greer 7 Bell 8 Scales 9 Hamilton 10 Slay 11 Chubb 12 Felix 13 McGhee 14 Beasley 15 Lang Coach : McHone", "Coach : McHone", "United States squad -- 2007 FIBA Americas Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Prince 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Stoudemire 13 Miller 14 Chandler 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski", "United States squad -- 2007 FIBA Americas Championship -- Gold medal", "", "4 Billups 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Prince 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Stoudemire 13 Miller 14 Chandler 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski", "4 Billups 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Prince 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Stoudemire 13 Miller 14 Chandler 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski", "Coach : Krzyzewski", "United States squad -- 2017 FIBA AmeriCup -- Gold medal 4 Marshall 5 Baron 6 Drew II 7 R. Williams 8 C.J. Williams 9 Munford 10 Hearn 11 Plumlee 12 Hilliard 13 Warney 14 Holmes 15 Brown Coach : Van Gundy", "United States squad -- 2017 FIBA AmeriCup -- Gold medal", "", "4 Marshall 5 Baron 6 Drew II 7 R. Williams 8 C.J. Williams 9 Munford 10 Hearn 11 Plumlee 12 Hilliard 13 Warney 14 Holmes 15 Brown Coach : Van Gundy", "4 Marshall 5 Baron 6 Drew II 7 R. Williams 8 C.J. Williams 9 Munford 10 Hearn 11 Plumlee 12 Hilliard 13 Warney 14 Holmes 15 Brown Coach : Van Gundy", "6 Drew II", "7 R. Williams", "8 C.J. Williams", "Coach : Van Gundy", "Pan American Games United States basketball squad -- 1951 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Adkins Atha Babcock Barksdale Faszholz Gilbert Kern Lambdin Leslie E. Longfellow Murray O'Neill Powell Turner Coach : Fischer / J. Longfellow United States men 's basketball squad -- 1955 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Byrd Faulkner Hoverder Kelley Kenney LeBuhn Leslie Olson Paxson Poole Rundell Silas Wilfong Williams Coach : Pilgrim United States men 's basketball squad -- 1959 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Adams Bon Salle Boozer Boushka Byrd Evans Goldstein Haldorson Jeangerard Robertson Smith Swartz Thompson West Coach : Schaus United States men 's basketball squad -- 1963 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Adams Bradds Ernst Gibson Jackson Kojis McKinney Peterson Reed Shipp Smallwood Torrence Coach : Pinholster United States men 's basketball squad -- 1967 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Carey Carrier Clawson Dove Fowler Logan Rhine Silliman Sullivan Unseld White Williams Coach : Fischer United States men 's basketball squad -- 1971 Pan American Games -- 7th place Buse Chones Davis Forbes Ford Jones McAdoo Taylor Terry Westphal Wilmore Witte Coach : Gudger United States men 's basketball squad -- 1975 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Birdsong Bond Cook Davis Douglas Grunfeld Hassett LaGarde Parish Parkinson Robey Rollins Coach : Harshman United States men 's basketball squad -- 1979 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Brooks Clancy Duren Lester Macy McHale O'Koren Sampson Thomas Tolbert Vranes Woodson Coach : Knight United States men 's basketball squad -- 1983 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Cage Jordan Master Mullin Perkins Pinckney Price Reynolds Sitton Stokes Tisdale Wood Coach : Hartman United States men 's basketball squad -- 1987 Pan American Games -- Silver medal Anderson Berry Chapman Dembo Ellison Garrett Lane Lebo Manning Richardson Robinson Smart Coach : Crum United States men 's basketball squad -- 1991 Pan American Games -- Bronze medal Bennett Dehere G. Hill T. Hill Jackson Keefe Laettner Montross Murray Peplowski Weatherspoon Williams Coach : Keady United States basketball squad -- 1995 Pan American Games -- Silver medal Davis Gay Jamerson Lewis Martin Paddock Robinson Thomas Weems White Williams Wynder Coach : Thibault United States men 's basketball squad -- 1999 Pan American Games -- Silver medal Bailey Blackwell Hawkins Holmes Houston Lindeman Martin Moore Smith Steigenga Thomas Williams Coach : McHone United States men 's basketball squad -- 2003 Pan American Games -- 4th place Barrett Childress Diogu Gordon Hayes Hill Jackson Johnson Mouton Okafor Paulding Stepp Coach : Izzo United States men 's basketball squad -- 2007 Pan American Games -- 5th place Dorsey Ellington Foster Gist Hibbert Leunen Low Maynor Neitzel Reynolds Weaver White Coach : Wright United States men 's basketball squad -- 2011 Pan American Games -- Bronze medal Ahearn Butch Dentmon Dyson Ehambe Lewis Lyons Major Sloan Stiemsma Sumpter Thomas Coach : Tibbetts United States men 's basketball squad -- 2015 Pan American Games -- Bronze medal 4 Trimble 5 Langford 6 Brown 7 Baker 8 Brogdon 9 Valentine 10 Long 11 Randolph 12 Wilkins 13 Tarczewski 14 Prince 15 Hollins Coach : Few", "Pan American Games", "United States basketball squad -- 1951 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Adkins Atha Babcock Barksdale Faszholz Gilbert Kern Lambdin Leslie E. Longfellow Murray O'Neill Powell Turner Coach : Fischer / J. Longfellow United States men 's basketball squad -- 1955 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Byrd Faulkner Hoverder Kelley Kenney LeBuhn Leslie Olson Paxson Poole Rundell Silas Wilfong Williams Coach : Pilgrim United States men 's basketball squad -- 1959 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Adams Bon Salle Boozer Boushka Byrd Evans Goldstein Haldorson Jeangerard Robertson Smith Swartz Thompson West Coach : Schaus United States men 's basketball squad -- 1963 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Adams Bradds Ernst Gibson Jackson Kojis McKinney Peterson Reed Shipp Smallwood Torrence Coach : Pinholster United States men 's basketball squad -- 1967 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Carey Carrier Clawson Dove Fowler Logan Rhine Silliman Sullivan Unseld White Williams Coach : Fischer United States men 's basketball squad -- 1971 Pan American Games -- 7th place Buse Chones Davis Forbes Ford Jones McAdoo Taylor Terry Westphal Wilmore Witte Coach : Gudger United States men 's basketball squad -- 1975 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Birdsong Bond Cook Davis Douglas Grunfeld Hassett LaGarde Parish Parkinson Robey Rollins Coach : Harshman United States men 's basketball squad -- 1979 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Brooks Clancy Duren Lester Macy McHale O'Koren Sampson Thomas Tolbert Vranes Woodson Coach : Knight United States men 's basketball squad -- 1983 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Cage Jordan Master Mullin Perkins Pinckney Price Reynolds Sitton Stokes Tisdale Wood Coach : Hartman United States men 's basketball squad -- 1987 Pan American Games -- Silver medal Anderson Berry Chapman Dembo Ellison Garrett Lane Lebo Manning Richardson Robinson Smart Coach : Crum United States men 's basketball squad -- 1991 Pan American Games -- Bronze medal Bennett Dehere G. 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Hill Jackson Keefe Laettner Montross Murray Peplowski Weatherspoon Williams Coach : Keady United States basketball squad -- 1995 Pan American Games -- Silver medal Davis Gay Jamerson Lewis Martin Paddock Robinson Thomas Weems White Williams Wynder Coach : Thibault United States men 's basketball squad -- 1999 Pan American Games -- Silver medal Bailey Blackwell Hawkins Holmes Houston Lindeman Martin Moore Smith Steigenga Thomas Williams Coach : McHone United States men 's basketball squad -- 2003 Pan American Games -- 4th place Barrett Childress Diogu Gordon Hayes Hill Jackson Johnson Mouton Okafor Paulding Stepp Coach : Izzo United States men 's basketball squad -- 2007 Pan American Games -- 5th place Dorsey Ellington Foster Gist Hibbert Leunen Low Maynor Neitzel Reynolds Weaver White Coach : Wright United States men 's basketball squad -- 2011 Pan American Games -- Bronze medal Ahearn Butch Dentmon Dyson Ehambe Lewis Lyons Major Sloan Stiemsma Sumpter Thomas Coach : Tibbetts United States men 's basketball squad -- 2015 Pan American Games -- Bronze medal 4 Trimble 5 Langford 6 Brown 7 Baker 8 Brogdon 9 Valentine 10 Long 11 Randolph 12 Wilkins 13 Tarczewski 14 Prince 15 Hollins Coach : Few", "United States basketball squad -- 1951 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Adkins Atha Babcock Barksdale Faszholz Gilbert Kern Lambdin Leslie E. 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United States Men's national Basketball team - wikipedia United States Men's national Basketball team Jump to: navigation , search `` United States national basketball team'' redirects here. For the women's team, see United States women's national basketball team . `` Team USA Basketball'' redirects here. For the video game, see Team USA Basketball (video game) . United States 2016 United States men's Olympic basketball team FIBA ranking Joined FIBA 1934 FIBA zone FIBA Americas National federation USA Basketball Coach Gregg Popovich Olympic Games Appearances 18 Medals Gold ( 1936 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1960 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1996 , 2000 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 ) Silver ( 1972 ) Bronze ( 1988 , 2004 ) FIBA World Cup Appearances 17 Medals Gold ( 1954 , 1986 , 1994 , 2010 , 2014 ) Silver ( 1950 , 1959 , 1982 ) Bronze ( 1974 , 1990 , 1998 , 2006 ) FIBA AmeriCup Appearances 10 Medals Gold ( 1992 , 1993 , 1997 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2017 ) Silver ( 1989 ) Pan American Games Appearances 17 Medals Gold ( 1951 , 1955 , 1959 , 1963 , 1967 , 1975 , 1979 , 1983 ) Silver ( 1987 , 1995 , 1999 ) Bronze ( 1991 , 2011 , 2015 ) Uniforms Home Alternate Away First international United States 2-- 0 Spain (forfeit) Berlin , Germany -- August 7, 1936 Biggest win United States 156-- 73 Nigeria London , United Kingdom -- August 2, 2012 Biggest defeat United States 69-- 108 Argentina Neuquen , Argentina -- August 17, 2001 Medal record (hide) Event 1st 2nd 3rd Olympic Games 15 FIBA World Cup 5 FIBA AmeriCup 7 0 Pan American Games 8 Total 34 8 9 The USA Basketball Men's Senior National Team , commonly known as the United States Men's National Basketball Team , is the most successful team in international competition, winning medals in all eighteen Olympic tournaments it has entered, coming away with fifteen golds. Two of its gold medal-winning teams were inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in August 2010 -- the 1960 team, which featured six Hall of Famers (4 players, 2 coaches), and the 1992 `` Dream Team'' , featuring 14 Hall of Famers (11 players, 3 coaches). The United States is currently ranked first in the FIBA World Rankings . United States and Argentina are the only two national teams in the FIBA Americas zone that have won the quadruple crown: FIBA World Cup Gold medal , Olympic Gold Medal , FIBA AmeriCup Gold medal and Pan American Gold Medal . Traditionally composed of amateur players, a 1989 rule change by FIBA allowed USA Basketball to field teams with professional players. The first such team, known as the `` Dream Team'' , won the gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , being superior in all matches. With the introduction of professionals, the team was able to spark a second run of dominance after capturing only a bronze medal in 1988. A team of professional players competed at the 1994 FIBA World Championship , finishing first. In 1996 , 2000 , 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 the USA again captured gold medals at the Olympics. Facing increased competition, the USA failed to win a medal at the 2002 FIBA World Championship , finishing sixth. The 2004 Summer Olympic team lost three games on its way to a bronze medal, a record that represented more losses in a single year than the country's Olympic teams had suffered in all previous Olympiads combined. Determined to put an end to these failures, USA Basketball initiated a long-term project aimed at creating better, more cohesive teams. The USA won its first seven games at the 2006 FIBA World Championship in Japan before losing against Greece in the semi-finals, ending the competition with the bronze medal. The USA won gold two years later, though, at the 2008 Summer Olympics with a dominant performance. This success was followed up at the 2010 FIBA World Championship , where despite fielding a roster featuring no players from the 2008 Olympic team, the USA did not lose a single game en route to defeating host Turkey for the gold medal. The USA continued this streak of dominance by going undefeated and capturing gold once more at the 2012 Summer Olympics , 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup , and 2016 Summer Olympics . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1936-- 68: Early dominance 1.2 1970s-- 1980s 1.2.1 Controversy at the 1972 Summer Olympics 1.2.2 1976-- 80: Bounce back and boycott 1.2.3 1984 Summer Olympics 1.2.4 1988 Summer Olympics 1.3 1990s 1.3.1 1992 Summer Olympics 1.3.2 1994 FIBA World Championship 1.3.3 1996 Summer Olympics 1.3.4 1998 FIBA World Championship 1.4 2000s 1.4.1 2000 Summer Olympics 1.4.2 2002 FIBA World Championship 1.4.3 2004 Summer Olympics 1.4.4 2006-- 08 1.4.5 2008 Summer Olympics 1.5 2010s 1.5.1 2010 FIBA World Championship 1.5.2 2012 Summer Olympics 1.5.3 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup 1.5.4 2016 Summer Olympics 1.5.5 2019 FIBA World Cup Qualification 2 Competitions 2.1 Olympic Games 2.2 FIBA Basketball World Cup 2.3 FIBA AmeriCup 2.4 Pan American Games 2.5 Cumulative performance 3 Team 3.1 Current roster 3.2 Select Team 3.3 Past rosters 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) 1936-- 68: early dominance ( edit ) See also: 1936 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1960 , 1964 , and 1968 United States men's Olympic basketball teams Game between the United States and the Brazil national team in 1957. Team USA versus the Soviet Union men's national basketball team . The United States possessed a clear advantage in the early decades of international play (though they were defeated by Argentina in the First FIBA World Championships in 1950). The US men were dominant from the first Olympic tournament to hold basketball, held in Berlin in 1936 , going 5-- 0 to win the gold, and joined by continental neighbors Canada and Mexico on the medal platform. Through the next six tournaments, the United States went undefeated, collecting gold while not losing a single contest in the games held in London , Helsinki , Melbourne , Rome , Tokyo , and Mexico City . Participation in these tournaments were limited to amateurs, but the US teams during this period featured players who would later go on to become superstars in professional basketball, including all-time greats Bill Russell , Oscar Robertson , Jerry West , and Jerry Lucas ; the latter three competed on the 1960 Rome team often credited as the best U.S. roster until the formation of the 1992 Dream Team. Alex Groza and Ralph Beard , both briefly NBA stars, made the 1948 squad as Kentucky Wildcats , with 3-time Oklahoma State All-American and 6-time AAU All-American, and Hall of Famer Bob Kurland leading the way. The 1952 team included big man Clyde Lovellette of the University of Kansas, a future Hall of Famer and NBA star, but Kurland once again led the team to victory. The 1956 team was led by San Francisco Dons Bill Russell and K.C. Jones. The 1960 team included nine future NBA players, including not just Robertson, Lucas and West, but Bob Boozer, Adrian Smith (1966 All Star game MVP), Jay Arnette, Terry Dischinger , Rookie of the Year in 1963, and another Hall of Famer in Walt Bellamy . 1970s-- 1980s ( edit ) Controversy at the 1972 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article: 1972 Olympic Men's Basketball Final The 1972 Olympic men's basketball gold medal game, marking the first ever loss for the USA in Olympic play, is arguably the most controversial in Olympic history. The United States rode their seven consecutive gold medals and 63-- 0 Olympic record to Munich for the 1972 Summer Olympics . The team won its first eight games in convincing fashion, setting up a final against the Soviet Union. With three seconds left in the gold medal game, American forward Doug Collins sank two free throws to put the Americans up 50-- 49. However, the buzzer sounded before Collins' second free throw. Immediately following Collins' free throws, the Soviets inbounded the ball and failed to score. But one official had whistled play to stop with one second remaining after hearing the earlier horn and seeing a disturbance near the scorers table. The Soviets argued that they had requested a timeout before Collins' foul shots. The referees ordered the clock reset to three seconds and the game's final seconds replayed. However, the clock was in the process of being reset when the referees put the ball in play. The horn once again sounded as a length-of-the-court Soviet pass was being released from the inbounding player, the pass missed its mark, and the U.S. again began celebrating. However, final three seconds was replayed for a third time. This time, the Soviets' Alexander Belov and the USA's Kevin Joyce and Jim Forbes went up for the pass, and Belov caught the long pass from Ivan Edeshko near the American basket, sending the two Americans sprawling. Belov then laid the ball in for the winning points as the buzzer sounded. Herbert Mols, Resident Manager of the US team with help from MK Summers, President of the US Olympic Basketball Committee, filed an extensive and detailed appeal, protesting the final game result to a five-man Jury of Appeal, which voted down the protest and awarded the gold medals to the Soviet team. The U.S. players voted unanimously to refuse their silver medals, and at least one team member, Kenny Davis, has directed in his will that his heirs are never to accept the medals, even posthumously. 1976-- 80: bounce Back and boycott ( edit ) Main articles: Basketball at the 1976 Summer Olympics and Basketball at the 1980 Summer Olympics After the controversial loss in Munich, 1976 saw Dean Smith coach the USA to a 7-- 0 record and its eighth Olympic gold medal in Montreal . The success at this tournament pushed the USA's all-time Olympic record to an impressive 78-- 1. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan prompted 62 countries, including the United States, to boycott the 1980 Olympics in Moscow. The 1980 U.S. team, which featured a number of future NBA players, was the youngest American national team ever assembled. This team featured: Mark Aguirre , Rolando Blackman , Sam Bowie , Michael Brooks , Bill Hanzlik , Alton Lister , Rodney McCray , Isiah Thomas , Darnell Valentine , Danny Vranes , Buck Williams and Al Wood . Unable to compete in the Olympics due to the boycott, it instead participated in the `` Gold Medal Series '' , a series of games against NBA all-star teams in various U.S. cities, recording a 5-- 1 record. It was coached by Dave Gavitt . 1984 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article: 1984 United States men's Olympic basketball team In response to the American-led boycott of the 1980 games, the Soviet Union led a boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics . In addition to the Soviets, the Communist countries of Cuba, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Mongolia, Afghanistan, North Korea, Vietnam, Angola, Ethiopia, and Laos boycotted the 1984 Games, held in Los Angeles. Michael Jordan , Patrick Ewing , and Chris Mullin , future members of the ' 92 Dream Team, made their Olympic debuts. Jordan led the team with 17.1 points per game, and Bob Knight coached the team to an 8-- 0 record and another Olympic gold. Members of the Team USA during the 1987 Pan American Games . 1988 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article: Basketball at the 1988 Summer Olympics A roster that included future NBA all-stars David Robinson , Danny Manning , and Mitch Richmond came up short, winning the bronze medal. The American team lost its only game to the Soviets 82-- 76, then went on to beat Australia 78-- 49 in the bronze medal game. Dan Majerle led the team in scoring, averaging 14.1 points per game. This was the last time the American Team consisted of only amateur college stars. 1990s ( edit ) The decade started with a semifinal loss to Yugoslavia in the 1990 FIBA World Championship , followed by another semifinal defeat to Puerto Rico in the 1991 Pan American Games in Havana. 1992 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article: 1992 United States men's Olympic basketball team Michael Jordan as part of the Dream Team during the 1992 Olympics. The advent of the state-sponsored `` full-time amateur athlete'' of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis. In 1989, FIBA , international basketball's governing body, allowed professional NBA players to participate in the Olympics for the first time. Prior to the 1992 Summer Olympics , only European and South American teams were allowed to field professionals in the Olympics. The team assembled by USA Basketball for the tournament in Barcelona in 1992 was one of the most illustrious collections of talent assembled in the history of international sport. Of the twelve players on the team, ten were named in 1996 among the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History , the NBA's official list of the 50 greatest players of the league's first 50 years. Magic Johnson and Larry Bird served as co-captains. Because of this star line-up, the team's games usually featured opposing teams asking for pregame photos and autographs with their U.S. opponents-- their idols. The USA team was so much better than the competition that head coach Chuck Daly did not call a single timeout during the tournament. The 1992 Dream Team won by an average of 43.8 points, an Olympic record, and the closest a team came to challenging the U.S. was Croatia, which was beaten by 32. Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen became the first players to win both NBA championship and Olympic gold medal in the same year, having played for the Chicago Bulls . Regarding drug-testing the athletes, according to USA Basketball spokesman Craig Miller, `` Since 1990, all of our teams have been tested in competition. I believe since around 1988 we have also been subject to out-of-competition testing. We have been 100 percent fully compliant with USADA and WADA.'' 1994 FIBA World Championship ( edit ) The United States fielded another team composed of professional players in the 1994 World Championship , held in Toronto , Canada. This was an entirely new roster, as USA Basketball elected to showcase stars who were not present at the 1992 Olympics. Composed primarily of younger NBA players, the team lacked the widespread appeal of its predecessor but nevertheless continued its dominance. Those players were Derrick Coleman , Joe Dumars , Kevin Johnson , Larry Johnson , Shawn Kemp , Dan Majerle , Reggie Miller , Alonzo Mourning , Shaquille O'Neal , Mark Price , Steve Smith and Dominique Wilkins . Coached by Don Nelson of the Golden State Warriors , this team easily captured the gold medal in tournament play, though many fans and critics were pointedly harsh towards what was perceived to be poor sportsmanship (including taunting, obscene gestures, and yelling at referees) by Dream Team II. The team was marketed as `` Dream Team II'' . 1996 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article: 1996 United States men's Olympic basketball team The third team composed of NBA players participated in the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta . The star quality of the team was impressive as it featured five members of the original Dream Team (Barkley, Malone, Pippen, Robinson, and Stockton), plus two other members of the NBA 50 Greatest Players list, Hakeem Olajuwon and Shaquille O'Neal . Lenny Wilkens coached the team. The Americans won another gold medal with an average margin of victory of 31.8 points per game. They captured the gold medal after defeating Yugoslavia 95-- 69. With Atlanta being home to the Hawks , these games were the first Olympics to take place in a city with an NBA team since the league started allowing its players to compete in the Olympics. The team was commonly referred to and marketed as `` Dream Team III'' . 1998 FIBA World Championship ( edit ) The 1998 World Championship in Athens, Greece was different from the previous teams, as none of its players were current members of NBA teams. Because of a labor dispute that led to a lockout , no active NBA players were permitted to compete in the tournament. The 12 NBA players picked before the lockout were Tim Duncan , Tim Hardaway , Vin Baker , Gary Payton , Terrell Brandon , Kevin Garnett , Tom Gugliotta , Grant Hill , Allan Houston , Christian Laettner , Glen Rice , and Chris Webber . The replacement team was composed largely of players from American colleges, the minor-league Continental Basketball Association , or European pro leagues. The unheralded roster captured a bronze medal, considered a solid achievement given its lack of top-notch talent. The team was nicknamed the `` Dirty Dozen'' for its work ethic and teamwork. Undrafted free agent Brad Miller became a two-time NBA All-Star . Some of the other team members-- including Trajan Langdon , Kiwane Garris , David Wood and Michael Hawkins -- had brief spells in the NBA. All went on to have careers in Europe, with Langdon being named to the Euroleague 's All-Decade Team for the 2000s. 2000s ( edit ) 2000 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article: Basketball at the 2000 Summer Olympics -- Men's tournament During the late 1990s, international basketball began to gather attention as more and more foreign players became stars in the NBA. Therefore, the 2000 U.S. team had the enormous task of proving that American basketball could remain the best in the world. The new team that was assembled again featured NBA players, but this time few of them were considered to be true superstars, as several elite players elected not to participate. The U.S. team participated in the 2000 Olympics in Sydney , Australia and was coached by Rudy Tomjanovich . It won its first two games by lopsided margins, but faced more difficult competition thereafter. In a preliminary game against Lithuania , the U.S. team won 85-- 76, marking the first time a team of professional American players failed to win by double digits. Two games later, in a 106-- 94 victory over France , Vince Carter pulled off one of the most famous dunks in basketball history, jumping over the 7 ft 2 in (2.18 m) French center Frédéric Weis on his way to the basket. (The French media would dub Carter's feat le dunk de la mort -- `` the dunk of death'' .) A shock came in the semifinals when the United States defeated Lithuania by the close score of 85-- 83. Lithuanian star (and future NBA player, first with the Indiana Pacers and later with the Golden State Warriors ) Šarūnas Jasikevičius missed a desperation 3 at the buzzer that would have won the game. The closeness of the semifinal game was so shocking that NBC took the unusual step of showing the gold medal game live rather than on tape delay . (The game started around 2 p.m. Sydney time on Sunday, October 1, which is late Saturday evening in the USA. NBC originally planned to show the game almost 24 hours later during its Sunday prime time broadcast.) The USA won the gold medal against France in a close game, 85-- 75. Though the US went undefeated on its way to the gold medal, the team began to lose its aura of invincibility for the first time. 2002 FIBA World Championship ( edit ) The 2002 team competed in the World Championship in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. Coached by George Karl, the team finished a surprisingly disappointing sixth in the competition. During the tournament, Argentina defeated the USA in the second preliminary round group stage, thus becoming the first team ever to defeat a USA team composed of NBA players. Yugoslavia knocked out the USA in the quarterfinals, becoming the first team ever to defeat USA team of NBA players in knockout stage. Then Spain repeated the outcome in the 5th place playoff. To a greater degree than in 2000, a number of top NBA players declined to participate, forcing USA Basketball to resort to picking mostly second-tier players. George Karl had a dispute with Paul Pierce , one of the few superstars on the team, which led to Karl benching Pierce, the team's leading scorer, in Team USA's final game. The group has been considered as one of sport's greatest flops, as they failed to produce as previous teams had. The United States lost 3 games in the tournament to countries with current or future NBA stars, like Argentina (led by Manu Ginóbili ), Yugoslavia (led by Peja Stojaković and Vlade Divac ) and Spain (led by Pau Gasol ). Two NBA superstars, Ray Allen and Jason Kidd , accepted roles to play on the World Championship team, but were unable to play on that team due to injuries. Many other superstars, including Kobe Bryant , Shaquille O'Neal , and Kevin Garnett , turned down invitations to play in that tournament. 2004 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article: Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics -- Men's tournament See also: Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics -- Men's team squads Team USA members warm up before the game in 2004. The close outcome of 2000 and the humiliating results of 2002 prompted a number of NBA superstars to agree to join the team for the FIBA Americas Championship 2003 , dubbed as the Dream Team IV, which the squad was required to participate in to qualify for the 2004 Summer Olympics . The team easily cruised to a first-place finish, earning it a spot in Athens , Greece, the following summer. However, the dominant team that competed in 2003 could not be kept together. Nine of its 12 players elected not to participate in Athens. The new team consisted of some young NBA stars early in their careers, such as Dwyane Wade , LeBron James and Carmelo Anthony . Only Richard Jefferson , Tim Duncan and Allen Iverson were part of the 2003 FIBA Americas San Juan gold medal team. The team was coached by Larry Brown . After struggles in several exhibition matches, the vulnerability of the 2004 team was confirmed when Puerto Rico defeated them 92-- 73, from what they earned the nickname `` Nightmare team'' (as mock opposed to the Dream Team concept), in the first game of the Olympic tournament in Athens. The 19 point defeat was the most lopsided loss for the USA in the history of international competition. After the game, Larry Brown had strong comments about his coaching performance: `` I'm humiliated, not for the loss -- I can always deal with wins and losses -- but I'm disappointed because I had a job to do as a coach, to get us to understand how we're supposed to play as a team and act as a team, and I don't think we did that'' . After winning close games against Greece and Australia, The USA fell to Lithuania , dropping to 2-- 2 in the Olympic tournament. Even after an 89-- 53 win over Angola, the Americans entered the knockout rounds in fourth place due to goal average, the lowest seed of their group. The Americans faced undefeated Spain in their quarterfinal game, winning 102-- 94. However, the semifinal match saw the team defeated by Argentina 89-- 81, ending the United States' hold on the gold medal. The USA did rebound to capture the bronze medal by defeating Lithuania. Still, it marked only the third time that an American team failed to win gold (excluding the 1980 Moscow Olympics boycott), and the first time for an American team composed of professionals. 2006-- 08 ( edit ) Following the disappointments in 2002 and 2004, USA Basketball appointed Jerry Colangelo to be solely responsible for selecting the team. Colangelo made it clear that he would ask players for a three-year commitment-- the 2006 FIBA World Championship and the 2008 Summer Olympics . In the 2006 Worlds, the team was eliminated by Greece in the semifinal, losing the game 101-- 95. The head coach was Duke University 's Mike Krzyzewski , with assistants Jim Boeheim , Mike D'Antoni , and Nate McMillan . While some prominent players, such as Tim Duncan and Kevin Garnett , stated that they did not plan to play for the team, superstars Dwyane Wade , Kobe Bryant and LeBron James publicly announced their commitment for the 2006 Worlds and the ensuing 2008 Olympics. Wade, James and Carmelo Anthony were named captains of the 2006 USA World Championship Team. 2008 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article: 2008 United States men's Olympic basketball team See also: Basketball at the 2008 Summer Olympics -- Men and Basketball at the 2008 Summer Olympics -- Men's team rosters The USA players standing prior to a game against China in the Beijing Olympics Oprah Winfrey with the Redeem Team at September 3 taping of season-opening September 8, 2008 Oprah Winfrey Show at the Jay Pritzker Pavilion The United States Team, dubbed Dream Team V or the Redeem Team, dominated Group B in pool play, defeating China , Angola , Greece , world champion Spain , and Germany by an average of 32.2 points. After finishing first in their group, the USA earned the right to play the fourth-place finishers in Group A, Australia . The United States soundly defeated Australia 116-- 85 in the quarterfinal. Next up for the Americans in the semifinals was the 2004 Olympic gold medalist Argentina, led by Manu Ginóbili -- the team that had beaten them in the semifinals four years prior. However, Ginóbili was hobbled by an ankle injury and only played sparing minutes in the first half. Behind Carmelo Anthony's 21 points, the USA defeated Argentina 101-- 81 to reach the gold medal game. On August 24, the United States defeated Spain 118-- 107 to capture the Olympic gold medal with the electrifying spark by team U.S.A. leading scorer Dwyane Wade adding 27 points with 4 3's and 100% shooting inside the line. The victory ended an eight-year drought at major international competitions (Olympics & World Championships) with the first win since 2000 . 2010s ( edit ) 2010 FIBA World Championship ( edit ) Main article: 2010 United States men's FIBA World Championship team Due to winning gold at the 2008 Olympics, the USA automatically qualified for the World Championships. The USA had not won the FIBA World Championship since 1994 . It was initially believed that there would be only 2-- 3 spots available with most players returning from the 2008 Olympic team. However, by early July 2010, all ten invited players declined to participate, due to injury, free agency, rest, or personal commitments. Due to the roster being filled with 12 new players and the lack of star power, the team was dubbed the `` B Team'' . Also, the coaches were criticized for selecting too many guards and inexperienced players, and not enough tall players. However, the team won all five of its preliminary games, four of those by double digits (the exception being the win against Brazil by 2 points). The success continued in the knockout stage with victories by 55, 10 and 15. In the 2010 FIBA World Championship Final , the USA beat host nation Turkey by 17 points and clinched a berth in the 2012 Olympics . Tournament MVP Kevin Durant broke several Team USA scoring records (most points in a tournament-205, most points in a single game-38, and average points per game-22.8). In addition, Lamar Odom became the first player to win the NBA and FIBA World championships in the same year. Team USA executive director Jerry Colangelo has said he's open to anyone from the 2010 team to play in future tournaments. 2012 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article: 2012 United States men's Olympic basketball team The 2012 team practicing in Washington, D.C. The US team, dubbed Dream Team VI, clinched a berth in the 2012 Olympics in London by winning the 2010 World Championship. The Olympic team lost some players to injuries who might have made the team, and appeared to be short on big men. Their roster featured five players returning from the 2008 Olympic team and five others from the 2010 World Championship team. The US went undefeated but appeared vulnerable at times in winning five exhibition games. They finished the tournament with a perfect 8-- 0 record, defeating opponents by an average of 32 points while trailing in the fourth quarter only once. The Americans often played with a small lineup that emphasized speed, quickness, and outside shooting. The team set an Olympic single-game record with 156 points scored against Nigeria in the preliminary round. In a rematch of the 2008 finals, Team USA again narrowly defeated Spain to capture the gold. This was announced as the final Olympic Games for Kobe Bryant. By winning the gold medal, the USA automatically qualified for the 2014 FIBA World Cup . 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup ( edit ) Main article: 2014 United States FIBA Basketball World Cup team The United States had automatically qualified for the World Cup by virtue of the gold medal won by their 2012 Olympic team . The Americans were widely expected to win the World Cup . The roster was filled with two players returning from the 2012 Olympic team, three from the 2010 FIBA Championship Team, and seven other professional NBA players.The 2014 roster featured four players 6 feet 10 inches (2.08 m) or larger, the most of any USA team since Mike Krzyzewski began coaching the team in 2006.The team was also the youngest American team since 1992 , when professionals were first allowed on the team; the average player was 24.08 years old, roughly a half-year younger than their 2010 team. The team, dubbed Dream Team VII, advanced to the knockout phase after starting the tournament 5-- 0 during the group stage. They went undefeated 9-- 0 in the tournament, winning by an average margin of 33.0 points. The United States was just the third country in World Cup history to repeat as champions. Combined with their 2010 World Championship along with gold by their 2008 and 2012 Olympic teams, they also became the first country in FIBA basketball history to win four consecutive major titles. The United States defeated Serbia in the World Cup Final by 37 points and clinched a berth for the 2016 Summer Olympics . 2016 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article: 2016 United States men's Olympic basketball team 2019 FIBA World Cup qualification ( edit ) Following the changes that took place regarding the qualifying format of teams, the United States men's National team will include NBA G League players. U.S. rosters for the World Cup itself, as well as the Olympics, will continue to feature NBA stars. But the players entrusted to secure qualification for those events have to come from elsewhere because the NBA does not intend to release its players -- of any nationality -- for the in-season World Cup qualifying windows that begin later this year. Competitions ( edit ) Members of the 2008 United States men's Olympic basketball team in a huddle Members of the 2010 United States men's FIBA World Championship team on defense versus Lithuania . Members of the 2012 United States men's Olympic basketball team on the bench Legend Gold medal Silver medal Bronze medal Knockout stage Group stage Did not compete Olympic Games ( edit ) Further information: List of results of the United States men's basketball team at the Olympics ( show ) Summer Olympic Games Year Pos. Rec. Tournament Head coach Host 1936 5-- 0 Basketball at the 1936 Summer Olympics Jimmy Needles Berlin, Germany 1948 8-- 0 Basketball at the 1948 Summer Olympics Omar Browning London, United Kingdom 1952 8-- 0 Basketball at the 1952 Summer Olympics Warren Womble Helsinki , Finland 1956 8-- 0 Basketball at the 1956 Summer Olympics Nigel Gall Melbourne , Australia 1960 8-- 0 Basketball at the 1960 Summer Olympics Pete Newell Rome, Italy 1964 9-- 0 Basketball at the 1964 Summer Olympics Henry Iba Tokyo, Japan 1968 9-- 0 Basketball at the 1968 Summer Olympics Henry Iba Mexico City , Mexico 1972 8-- 1 Basketball at the 1972 Summer Olympics Henry Iba Munich , Germany 1976 7-- 0 Basketball at the 1976 Summer Olympics Dean Smith Montreal , Canada 1980 Withdrew Basketball at the 1980 Summer Olympics -- Moscow, Soviet Union 1984 8-- 0 Basketball at the 1984 Summer Olympics Bob Knight Los Angeles, United States 1988 7-- 1 Basketball at the 1988 Summer Olympics John Thompson Seoul , South Korea 1992 8-- 0 Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics Chuck Daly Barcelona , Spain 8-- 0 Basketball at the 1996 Summer Olympics Lenny Wilkens Atlanta , United States 2000 8-- 0 Basketball at the 2000 Summer Olympics Rudy Tomjanovich Sydney , Australia 5-- 3 Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics Larry Brown Athens , Greece 2008 8-- 0 Basketball at the 2008 Summer Olympics Mike Krzyzewski Beijing , China 2012 8-- 0 Basketball at the 2012 Summer Olympics Mike Krzyzewski London, United Kingdom 2016 8-- 0 Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics Mike Krzyzewski Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 2020 TBD TBD Basketball at the 2020 Summer Olympics TBD Tokyo , Japan 2024 TBD TBD Basketball at the 2024 Summer Olympics TBD Paris , France 2028 TBD TBD Basketball at the 2028 Summer Olympics TBD Los Angeles , United States FIBA Basketball World Cup ( edit ) ( show ) FIBA Basketball World Cup Year Pos. Rec. Tournament Head coach Host 1950 02 ! 5-- 1 1950 FIBA World Championship Gordon Carpenter Argentina 1954 01 ! 9-- 0 1954 FIBA World Championship Warren Womble Brazil 1959 02 ! 7-- 2 1959 FIBA World Championship Charles Bennett Chile 1963 6-- 3 1963 FIBA World Championship Garland F. Pinholster Brazil 1967 7-- 2 1967 FIBA World Championship Hal Fischer Uruguay 1970 5 6-- 3 1970 FIBA World Championship Hal Fischer Yugoslavia 03 ! 8-- 1 1974 FIBA World Championship Gene Bartow Puerto Rico 1978 5 6-- 4 1978 FIBA World Championship Bill Oates Philippines 1982 02 ! 7-- 2 1982 FIBA World Championship Bob Weltlich Colombia 1986 01 ! 9-- 1 1986 FIBA World Championship Lute Olson Spain 1990 03 ! 6-- 2 1990 FIBA World Championship Mike Krzyzewski Argentina 1994 01 ! 8-- 0 1994 FIBA World Championship Don Nelson Canada 1998 03 ! 7-- 2 1998 FIBA World Championship Rudy Tomjanovich Greece 2002 6 6-- 3 2002 FIBA World Championship George Karl United States 2006 03 ! 8-- 1 2006 FIBA World Championship Mike Krzyzewski Japan 01 ! 9-- 0 2010 FIBA World Championship Mike Krzyzewski Turkey 2014 01 ! 9-- 0 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup Mike Krzyzewski Spain FIBA AmeriCup ( edit ) ( show ) FIBA AmeriCup Year Pos. Rec. Tournament Head coach Host 1980 -- -- 1980 Tournament of the Americas -- Puerto Rico 1984 -- -- 1984 Tournament of the Americas -- Brazil 1988 -- -- 1988 Tournament of the Americas -- Uruguay 1989 02 ! 6-- 2 1989 Tournament of the Americas Bobby Cremins Mexico 1992 01 ! 6-- 0 1992 Tournament of the Americas Chuck Daly United States 1993 01 ! 6-- 1 1993 Tournament of the Americas Mike Thibault Puerto Rico 1995 -- -- 1995 Tournament of the Americas -- Argentina 1997 01 ! 8-- 1 1997 Tournament of the Americas Morris McHone Uruguay 1999 01 ! 10-- 0 1999 Tournament of the Americas Larry Brown Puerto Rico 10 0-- 4 2001 Tournament of the Americas Dan Sparks Argentina 2003 01 ! 10-- 0 2003 Tournament of the Americas Larry Brown Puerto Rico 2005 4-- 6 2005 FIBA Americas Championship Morris McHone Dominican Republic 2007 01 ! 10-- 0 2007 FIBA Americas Championship Mike Krzyzewski United States 2009 -- -- 2009 FIBA Americas Championship -- Puerto Rico 2011 -- -- 2011 FIBA Americas Championship -- Argentina 2013 -- -- 2013 FIBA Americas Championship -- Venezuela 2015 -- -- 2015 FIBA Americas Championship -- Mexico 2017 01 ! 5-- 0 2017 FIBA AmeriCup Jeff Van Gundy Argentina , Colombia , Uruguay Pan American Games ( edit ) ( show ) Pan American Games Year Pos. Rec. Tournament Head coach Host 1951 01 ! 6-- 0 Basketball at the 1951 Pan American Games John Longfellow Argentina 1955 01 ! 4-- 1 Basketball at the 1955 Pan American Games Norman Pilgrim Mexico 1959 01 ! 6-- 0 Basketball at the 1959 Pan American Games Fred Schaus United States 1963 01 ! 6-- 0 Basketball at the 1963 Pan American Games Garland F. Pinholster Brazil 1967 01 ! 9-- 0 Basketball at the 1967 Pan American Games Hal Fischer Canada 1971 7 2-- 1 Basketball at the 1971 Pan American Games Jim Gudger Colombia 01 ! 9-- 0 Basketball at the 1975 Pan American Games Marv Harshman Mexico 1979 01 ! 9-- 0 Basketball at the 1979 Pan American Games Bob Knight Puerto Rico 01 ! 8-- 0 Basketball at the 1983 Pan American Games Jack Hartman Venezuela 02 ! 6-- 1 Basketball at the 1987 Pan American Games Denny Crum United States 1991 03 ! 6-- 1 Basketball at the 1991 Pan American Games Gene Keady Cuba 1995 02 ! 4-- 3 Basketball at the 1995 Pan American Games Mike Thibault Argentina 1999 02 ! 4-- 1 Basketball at the 1999 Pan American Games Morris McHone Canada 2003 2-- 3 Basketball at the 2003 Pan American Games Tom Izzo Dominican Republic 2007 5 3-- 2 Basketball at the 2007 Pan American Games Jay Wright Brazil 2011 03 ! 3-- 2 Basketball at the 2011 Pan American Games Nate Tibbetts Mexico 2015 03 ! 3-- 2 Basketball at the 2015 Pan American Games Mark Few Canada Cumulative performance ( edit ) As of September 3, 2017 Event Per. 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Summer Olympic Games 138 5 .965 15 18 FIBA Basketball World Cup 123 27 .820 5 12 FIBA AmeriCup 65 14 .823 7 0 8 Pan American Games 90 17 .841 8 14 Total 417 63 .869 35 8 9 52 Team ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) Roster for the 2017 FIBA AmeriCup . United States men's national basketball team -- 2017 AmeriCup roster Players Coaches Pos. # Name Age -- Date of birth Ht. Club Ctr. 1.5 ! G 30 Baron, Billy 7001260000000000000♠ 26 -- ( 1990-12-11 ) December 11, 1990 74 ! 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) Eskişehir TUR ! 5.0 ! C 87 Brown, Alec 7001250000000000000♠ 25 -- ( 1992-07-23 ) July 23, 1992 85 ! 7 ft 1 in (2.16 m) Estudiantes ESP ! 1.5 ! G 31 Drew, Larry II 7001270000000000000♠ 27 -- ( 1990-03-05 ) March 5, 1990 74 ! 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) Sioux Falls Skyforce USA ! 1.5 ! G 71 Hearn, Reggie 7001260000000000000♠ 26 -- ( 1991-08-14 ) August 14, 1991 76 ! 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) Reno Bighorns USA ! 3.5 ! F 73 Hilliard, Darrun 7001240000000000000♠ 24 -- ( 1993-04-13 ) April 13, 1993 78 ! 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) Detroit Pistons USA ! 3.5 ! F 62 Holmes, Jonathan 7001240000000000000♠ 24 -- ( 1992-12-09 ) December 9, 1992 81 ! 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) Canton Charge USA ! 1.5 ! G 34 Marshall, Kendall 7001260000000000000♠ 26 -- ( 1991-08-19 ) August 19, 1991 76 ! 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) Reno Bighorns USA ! 1.5 ! G 41 Munford, Xavier 7001250000000000000♠ 25 -- ( 1992-06-01 ) June 1, 1992 75 ! 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) Greensboro Swarm USA ! 5.0 ! C 18 Plumlee, Marshall 7001250000000000000♠ 25 -- ( 1992-07-14 ) July 14, 1992 84 ! 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m) New York Knicks USA ! 3.5 ! F 19 Warney, Jameel 7001230000000000000♠ 23 -- ( 1994-01-31 ) January 31, 1994 79 ! 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) Texas Legends USA ! 1.5 ! G 42 Williams, C.J. 7001270000000000000♠ 27 -- ( 1990-02-06 ) February 6, 1990 77 ! 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) Texas Legends USA ! 2.5 ! G/F 44 Williams, Reggie 7001300000000000000♠ 30 -- ( 1986-09-14 ) September 14, 1986 80 ! 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) Oklahoma City Blue USA ! Head coach Jeff Van Gundy Assistant coach(es) Tyrone Ellis Mo McHone Legend Club -- describes last club before the tournament Age -- describes age on August 25, 2017 Select team ( edit ) Players are selected to form the USA Basketball Men's Select Team to scrimmage against the national team. The Dream Team in 1992 lost a scrimmage to a select group of college All-Stars, 62-- 54. In a televised exhibition against the 1996 national team, The New York Times wrote that the Select Team `` was outhustling the National Basketball Association stars, outplaying them and nearly outscoring them.'' The Select Team led by 17 points at halftime before losing 96-- 90. Past rosters ( edit ) The roster for the 2002 FIBA World Championship is not listed below. For details, please see this list . Summer Olympics United States basketball squad -- 1936 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Balter 5 Bishop 6 Fortenberry 7 Gibbons 8 Johnson 9 Knowles 10 Lubin 11 Mollner 12 Piper 13 Ragland 14 Schmidt 15 Shy 16 Swanson 17 Wheatley Coach: Needles United States basketball squad -- 1948 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barker 5 Barksdale 6 Beard 7 Beck 8 Boryla 9 Carpenter 10 Groza 11 Jones 12 Kurland 13 Lumpp 14 Pitts 15 Renick 16 Robinson 17 Rollins Coach: Browning United States basketball squad -- 1952 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Bontemps 5 Freiberger 6 Glasgow 7 Hoag 8 Hougland 9 Keller 10 Kelley 11 Kenney 12 Kurland 13 McCabe 14 Lienhard 15 Lovellette 16 Pippin 17 Williams Coach: Womble United States basketball squad -- 1956 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Cain 5 Hougland 6 Jones 7 Russell 8 Walsh 9 Evans 10 Haldorson 11 Tomsic 12 Boushka 13 Ford 14 Jeangerard 15 Darling Coach: Tucker United States basketball squad -- 1960 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Arnette 5 Bellamy 6 Boozer 7 Dischinger 8 Haldorson 9 Imhoff 10 Kelley 11 Lane 12 Lucas 13 Robertson 14 Smith 15 West Coach: Newell United States basketball squad -- 1964 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barnes 5 Bradley 6 Brown 7 Caldwell 8 Counts 9 Davies 10 Hazzard 11 Jackson 12 McCaffrey 13 Mullins 14 Shipp 15 Wilson Coach: Iba United States basketball squad -- 1968 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barrett 5 Clawson 6 Dee 7 Fowler 8 Haywood 9 Hosket 10 King 11 Saulters 12 Scott 13 Silliman 14 Spain 15 White Coach: Iba United States basketball squad -- 1972 Summer Olympics -- Silver medal 4 Davis 5 Collins 6 Henderson 7 Bantom 8 B. Jones 9 D. Jones 10 Forbes 11 Brewer 12 Burleson 13 McMillen 14 Joyce 15 Ratleff Coach: Iba United States men's basketball squad -- 1976 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Ford 5 Sheppard 6 Dantley 7 Davis 8 Buckner 9 Grunfeld 10 Carr 11 May 12 Armstrong 13 LaGarde 14 Hubbard 15 Kupchak Coach: Smith United States men's basketball squad -- 1984 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Alford 5 Turner 6 Ewing 7 Fleming 8 Robertson 9 Jordan 10 Kleine 11 Koncak 12 Mullin 13 Tisdale 14 Perkins 15 Wood Coach: Knight United States men's basketball squad -- 1988 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal 4 Richmond 5 C. Smith IV 6 Coles 7 Hawkins 8 Grayer 9 C.D. Smith 10 Anderson 11 Augmon 12 Majerle 13 Manning 14 Reid 15 Robinson Coach: Thompson United States men's basketball squad -- 1992 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach: Daly United States men's basketball squad -- 1996 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barkley 5 Hill 6 Hardaway 7 Robinson 8 Pippen 9 Richmond 10 Miller 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 O'Neal 14 Payton 15 Olajuwon Coach: Wilkens United States men's basketball squad -- 2000 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Smith 5 Kidd 6 Houston 7 Mourning 8 Hardaway 9 Carter 10 Garnett 11 Baker 12 Allen 13 McDyess 14 Payton 15 Abdur-Rahim Coach: Tomjanovich United States men's basketball squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal 4 Iverson 5 Marbury 6 Wade 7 Boozer 8 Anthony 9 James 10 Okafor 11 Marion 12 Stoudemire 13 Duncan 14 Odom 15 Jefferson Coach: Brown United States men's basketball squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Boozer 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Wade 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Bosh 13 Paul 14 Prince 15 Anthony Coach: Krzyzewski United States men's basketball squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Chandler 5 Durant 6 James 7 Westbrook 8 Williams 9 Iguodala 10 Bryant 11 Love 12 Harden 13 Paul 14 Davis 15 Anthony Coach: Krzyzewski United States men's basketball squad -- 2016 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Butler 5 Durant 6 Jordan 7 Lowry 8 Barnes 9 DeRozan 10 Irving 11 Thompson 12 Cousins 13 George 14 Green 15 Anthony Coach: Krzyzewski FIBA Basketball World Cup United States squad -- 1950 FIBA World Championship -- Silver medal 4 Fisher 5 Heffley 6 Jaquet 7 Kahler 8 Langdon 9 Metzger 10 Parks 11 Reese 12 Slocum 13 Stanich 14 Williams Coach: Carpenter United States squad -- 1954 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 5 Gott 6 Hamilton 7 Johnson 8 Kelley 9 Minter ( MVP ) 10 Penwell 11 Retherford 12 Sheets 13 Solomon 14 Stratton Coach: Womble United States squad -- 1959 FIBA World Championship -- Silver medal 4 Baker 5 Coshow 6 D'Antonio 7 Hodges 8 Jeangerard 9 McDonald 10 Miller 11 Olsen 12 Riley 13 Vayda 14 Welsh 15 White Coach: Bennett United States squad -- 1963 FIBA World Championship -- 4th place 4 McCaffrey 5 Peterson 6 Reed 7 Gibson 8 Adams 9 Shipp 10 Jackson 11 Bowerman 12 Torrence 13 Ernst 14 Smallwood 15 Kojis Coach: Pinholster United States squad -- 1967 FIBA World Championship -- 4th place 4 McKenzie 5 Benson 6 Cunningham 7 Clawson 8 Miller 9 Silliman 10 Paulk 11 Barrett 12 Carrier 13 Tucker 14 Rhine 15 Williams Coach: Fischer United States squad -- 1970 FIBA World Championship -- 5th place 4 Brody 5 Walton 6 Washington 7 Luchini 8 Silliman 9 Wolfe 10 Williams 11 Wilmore 12 Hillman 13 Isaac 14 McDonald 15 Smith Coach: Fischer United States squad -- 1974 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Lucas 5 Boswell 6 Meriweather 7 Schmidt 8 Kelley 9 Buckner 10 Wilkins 11 Grote 12 Burden 13 Oleynick 14 Short 15 Gerard Coach: Bartow ; McCutchan United States squad -- 1978 FIBA World Championship -- 5th place 4 Hoffman 5 D. Jackson 6 Parker 7 Delph 8 Smith 9 Hall 10 Drollinger 11 Schneeberger 12 M. Jackson 13 - 14 Wansley 15 Kiffin Coach: Oates United States squad -- 1982 FIBA World Championship -- Silver medal 4 Carr 5 Turner 6 Jones 7 Kitchel 8 Kleine 9 Pinone 10 Reynolds 11 Rivers 12 Sundvold 13 Thomas 14 West 15 Wiggins Coach: Weltlich United States squad -- 1986 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Amaker 5 Bogues 6 Elliott 7 Gilliam 8 Hammonds 9 Kerr 10 McKey 11 Robinson 12 Seikaly 13 Shaw 14 C. Smith 15 K. Smith Coach: Olson United States squad -- 1990 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 D. Smith 5 Randall 6 Mayberry 7 Williams 8 C. Smith 9 Anderson 10 Stith 11 Day 12 Gatling 13 Laettner 14 Owens 15 Mourning Coach: Krzyzewski United States squad -- 1994 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Dumars 5 Price 6 Coleman 7 Kemp 8 Smith 9 Majerle 10 Miller 11 K. Johnson 12 Wilkins 13 O'Neal ( MVP ) 14 Mourning 15 L. Johnson Coach: Nelson United States squad -- 1998 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Langdon 5 Hawkins 6 Garris 7 Sasser 8 J. King 9 Edwards 10 Oliver 11 Alexis 12 G. King 13 Wood 14 Amaya 15 Miller Coach: Tomjanovich United States squad -- 2006 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Johnson 5 Hinrich 6 James 7 Jamison 8 Battier 9 Wade 10 Paul 11 Bosh 12 Howard 13 Miller 14 Brand 15 Anthony Coach: Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2010 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Durant ( MVP ) 6 Rose 7 Westbrook 8 Gay 9 Iguodala 10 Granger 11 Curry 12 Gordon 13 Love 14 Odom 15 Chandler Coach: Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup -- Gold medal 4 Curry 5 Thompson 6 Rose 7 Faried 8 Gay 9 DeRozan 10 Irving ( MVP ) 11 Plumlee 12 Cousins 13 Harden 14 Davis 15 Drummond Coach: Krzyzewski Goodwill Games United States men's basketball squad -- 1986 Goodwill Games -- Gold medal 4 Amaker 5 Bogues 6 Elliott 7 Gilliam 8 Hammonds 9 Kerr 10 McKey 11 Robinson 12 Seikaly 13 Shaw 14 C. Smith 15 K. Smith Coach: Olson United States men's basketball squad -- 1990 Goodwill Games -- Silver medal Anderson Day Gatling Hurley Laettner Mayberry Mourning Owens Randall C. Smith D. Smith Stith Weatherspoon Williams Coach: Krzyzewski United States men's basketball squad -- 1994 Goodwill Games -- Bronze medal Allen Beck DeClercq Duncan Edney Finley Henderson Parks Respert Roe Stoudamire Thurman Coach: Raveling United States men's basketball squad -- 1998 Goodwill Games -- Gold medal Booth Brand Cardinal Carter El-Amin Glover Guyton Jones Lewis Miller Posey Szczerbiak Coach: Haskins United States men's basketball squad -- 2001 Goodwill Games -- Gold medal Battier Booth Davis Fizer Lewis Madsen Marion Martin A. Miller M. Miller O'Neal Szczerbiak Terry Coach: Saunders FIBA AmeriCup United States squad -- 1989 Tournament of the Americas -- Silver medal Bullard Corchiani Davis Dennis Laettner Matthews Monroe Owens Payton Perry Simmons Smith Coach: Cremins United States squad -- 1992 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach: Daly United States squad -- 1993 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal Copa Ellis Jent Jordan A. Martin B. Martin Mason Neal Rahilly Recasner Weems White Coach: Thibault United States squad -- 1997 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal Beck Burns Farmer Griffin Holmes Jordan LaRue Martin McDonald Millard Sasser Williams Coach: McHone United States squad -- 1999 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal Baker Brand Duncan Garnett Gugliotta Hamilton Hardaway Houston Kidd Payton Smith Szczerbiak Coach: Brown United States squad -- 2003 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal 4 Iverson 5 Kidd 6 McGrady 7 O'Neal 8 Carter 9 Collison 10 Bibby 11 Martin 12 Allen 13 Duncan 14 Brand 15 Jefferson Coach: Brown United States squad -- 2005 FIBA Americas Championship -- 4th place 4 Edney 5 Perry 6 Greer 7 Bell 8 Scales 9 Hamilton 10 Slay 11 Chubb 12 Felix 13 McGhee 14 Beasley 15 Lang Coach: McHone United States squad -- 2007 FIBA Americas Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Prince 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Stoudemire 13 Miller 14 Chandler 15 Anthony Coach: Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2017 FIBA AmeriCup -- Gold medal 4 Marshall 5 Baron 6 Drew II 7 R. Williams 8 C.J. Williams 9 Munford 10 Hearn 11 Plumlee 12 Hilliard 13 Warney 14 Holmes 15 Brown Coach: Van Gundy Pan American Games United States basketball squad -- 1951 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Adkins Atha Babcock Barksdale Faszholz Gilbert Kern Lambdin Leslie E. Longfellow Murray O'Neill Powell Turner Coach: Fischer / J. Longfellow United States men's basketball squad -- 1955 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Byrd Faulkner Hoverder Kelley Kenney LeBuhn Leslie Olson Paxson Poole Rundell Silas Wilfong Williams Coach: Pilgrim United States men's basketball squad -- 1959 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Adams Bon Salle Boozer Boushka Byrd Evans Goldstein Haldorson Jeangerard Robertson Smith Swartz Thompson West Coach: Schaus United States men's basketball squad -- 1963 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Adams Bradds Ernst Gibson Jackson Kojis McKinney Peterson Reed Shipp Smallwood Torrence Coach: Pinholster United States men's basketball squad -- 1967 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Carey Carrier Clawson Dove Fowler Logan Rhine Silliman Sullivan Unseld White Williams Coach: Fischer United States men's basketball squad -- 1971 Pan American Games -- 7th place Buse Chones Davis Forbes Ford Jones McAdoo Taylor Terry Westphal Wilmore Witte Coach: Gudger United States men's basketball squad -- 1975 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Birdsong Bond Cook Davis Douglas Grunfeld Hassett LaGarde Parish Parkinson Robey Rollins Coach: Harshman United States men's basketball squad -- 1979 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Brooks Clancy Duren Lester Macy McHale O'Koren Sampson Thomas Tolbert Vranes Woodson Coach: Knight United States men's basketball squad -- 1983 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Cage Jordan Master Mullin Perkins Pinckney Price Reynolds Sitton Stokes Tisdale Wood Coach: Hartman United States men's basketball squad -- 1987 Pan American Games -- Silver medal Anderson Berry Chapman Dembo Ellison Garrett Lane Lebo Manning Richardson Robinson Smart Coach: Crum United States men's basketball squad -- 1991 Pan American Games -- Bronze medal Bennett Dehere G. Hill T. Hill Jackson Keefe Laettner Montross Murray Peplowski Weatherspoon Williams Coach: Keady United States basketball squad -- 1995 Pan American Games -- Silver medal Davis Gay Jamerson Lewis Martin Paddock Robinson Thomas Weems White Williams Wynder Coach: Thibault United States men's basketball squad -- 1999 Pan American Games -- Silver medal Bailey Blackwell Hawkins Holmes Houston Lindeman Martin Moore Smith Steigenga Thomas Williams Coach: McHone United States men's basketball squad -- 2003 Pan American Games -- 4th place Barrett Childress Diogu Gordon Hayes Hill Jackson Johnson Mouton Okafor Paulding Stepp Coach: Izzo United States men's basketball squad -- 2007 Pan American Games -- 5th place Dorsey Ellington Foster Gist Hibbert Leunen Low Maynor Neitzel Reynolds Weaver White Coach: Wright United States men's basketball squad -- 2011 Pan American Games -- Bronze medal Ahearn Butch Dentmon Dyson Ehambe Lewis Lyons Major Sloan Stiemsma Sumpter Thomas Coach: Tibbetts United States men's basketball squad -- 2015 Pan American Games -- Bronze medal 4 Trimble 5 Langford 6 Brown 7 Baker 8 Brogdon 9 Valentine 10 Long 11 Randolph 12 Wilkins 13 Tarczewski 14 Prince 15 Hollins Coach: Few See also ( edit ) United States men's national under-19 basketball team United States men's national under-17 basketball team United States women's national basketball team United States women's national under-19 basketball team United States women's national under-17 basketball team United States women's national 3x3 team References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` USA Basketball Men's Senior National Team All-Time Roster'' . usabasketball.com . Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Announces Class of 2010'' (Press release). Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. 2010-04-05 . Retrieved 2010-04-05 . Jump up ^ The Oakland Press: Sports Columnists: The Dream Team is over and what's left is a nightmare Archived September 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` PopMatters Sports Feature The Globalized Association'' . PopMatters.com . Retrieved 2010-08-27 . Jump up ^ Dreaming about the Dream Team vabulous69's Blog -- FOX Sports Blogs Jump up ^ (1) Archived October 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men'' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010-08-27 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men'' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010-08-27 . Jump up ^ Gary Smith (1992-06-15). `` Pieces of Silver'' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2010-08-27 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men'' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010-08-27 . ^ Jump up to: `` USAB: Games of the XXIInd Olympiad -- 1980'' . Usabasketball.com . Retrieved 2012-08-08 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men'' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010-08-27 . Jump up ^ Schantz, Otto. `` The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses -- from Coubertin to Samaranch'' (PDF) . Comité International Pierre De Coubertin. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 September 2016 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Benjamin, Daniel (1992-07-27). `` Traditions Pro Vs. Amateur'' . Time . Retrieved 2009-03-18 . Jump up ^ Jet Magazine Jul 13, 1992 . Johnson Publishing Company . Retrieved 2010-10-14 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men'' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010-08-27 . Jump up ^ (2) Archived February 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1994 World Championship for Men'' ...fiba.com archive. 1994-08-14 . Retrieved 2010-08-27 . Jump up ^ Araton, Harvey (August 15, 1994). `` BASKETBALL; Dream Team Ends Its Sequel Predictably'' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Jump up ^ Taylor, Phil (August 22, 1994). `` Yes, It Was A Joke'' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Jump up ^ `` 2000 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men'' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010-08-27 . Jump up ^ `` VIBE Magazine -- 1996'' . vibe.com . Retrieved 2012-07-07 . Jump up ^ Rhoden, William C. (July 23, 1996). `` Sports of The Times;Competitors Without a Competition'' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Jump up ^ `` NBA Stars Locked Out Of Team USA'' . cbs.com. 1998-07-07 . Retrieved 2010-09-21 . Jump up ^ `` THIRTEENTH WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP -- 1998'' . usabasketball.com . Retrieved 2010-09-21 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men'' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010-08-27 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 World Championship for Men'' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010-08-27 . Jump up ^ Will Leitch (2016-06-29). `` The Dream Team hangs over every USA basketball team.'' . Sports on Earth . Retrieved 2017-03-06 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball: `` Dream Team IV'' löst Tickets für Sydney -- SPIEGEL ONLINE`` . Spiegel.de. 1999-07-24 . Retrieved 2017-03-06 . Jump up ^ `` Page 2 : This Dream Team is doomed'' . ESPN.com. 1999-02-22 . Retrieved 2017-03-06 . Jump up ^ `` U.S.: 3-for-24 from 3-point range'' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved October 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men'' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010-08-27 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men'' . archive.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010-08-27 . Jump up ^ Sheridan, Chris (2009-07-22). `` Coach Krzyzewski putting legacy at risk'' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2010-09-15 . ^ Jump up to: Sheridan, Chris. `` ' 08 Olympians to skip basketball worlds'' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2010-09-15 . Jump up ^ Thamel, Pete (July 22, 2010). `` Not the Redeem Team, but Still Chasing a Dream'' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Thamel, Pete (2010-08-12). `` Durant Lifts Americans Back to Top at Worlds'' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010-09-13 . Jump up ^ Hoffman, Benjamin (August 12, 2012). `` A Close Game, a Statement by James'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` El Dream Team VII sufre ante Australia La Crónica de Hoy'' . Cronica.com.mx. 2016-08-11 . Retrieved 2017-03-06 . Jump up ^ Rapp, Timothy. `` Non-NBA Players to Make Up Team USA Roster for 2019 FIBA World Cup Qualifying'' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017-05-19 . Jump up ^ 2017 FIBA AmeriCup roster Jump up ^ `` Ten Players Named To USA Basketball Select Team'' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Johnson, Mack named to USA Select team'' . USA Today . Associated Press. July 8, 2010. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Jump up ^ Deitsch, Richard (June 13, 2012). `` Dream Team doc goes behind the scenes of greatest team in history'' . SI.com . Archived from the original on August 15, 2012. ^ Jump up to: Roberts, Selena (July 7, 1996). `` Down by 17, the Dream Team Rallies to Avoid Ridicule'' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States men's national basketball team . 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who won the red army or the white army
The Russian Civil War ( Russian : Гражда́нская война́ в Росси́и , tr . Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossiyi ; November 1917 -- October 1922 ) was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the Russian Revolutions of 1917 , as many factions vied to determine Russia 's political future . The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army , fighting for the Bolshevik form of socialism led by Vladimir Lenin , and the loosely allied forces known as the White Army , which included diverse interests favoring monarchism , capitalism and alternative forms of socialism , each with democratic and antidemocratic variants . In addition , rival militant socialists and nonideological Green armies fought against both the Bolsheviks and the Whites . Eight foreign nations intervened against the Red Army , notably the Allied Forces and the pro-German armies . The Red Army defeated the White Armed Forces of South Russia in Ukraine and the army led by Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak in Siberia in 1919 . The remains of the White forces commanded by Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel were beaten in Crimea and evacuated in late 1920 . Lesser battles of the war continued on the periphery for two more years , and minor skirmishes with the remnants of the White forces in the Far East continued well into 1923 . The war ended in 1923 in the sense that Red control of the newly formed Soviet Union was now assured , although armed national resistance in Central Asia was not completely crushed until 1934 . There were an estimated 7,000,000 -- 12,000,000 casualties during the war , mostly civilians . The Russian Civil War has been described by some as the greatest national catastrophe that Europe had yet seen .
[ [ "The Red Army" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "Russian Civil War Clockwise from top : Soldiers of the Don Army in 1919 ; a White infantry division in March 1920 ; soldiers of the 1st Cavalry Army ; Leon Trotsky in 1918 ; hanging of workers in Yekaterinoslav by the Austro - Hungarian Army , April 1918 . Date November 7 , 1917 -- October 25 , 1922 / June 16 , 1923 ( Revolt against Soviet rule continued in Central Asia until 1934 ) Location Former Russian Empire : Mongolia Tuva Persia Result Victory for the Red Army in Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , South Caucasus , Central Asia , Tuva , and Mongolia Victory for pro-independence movements in Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland Territorial changes Establishment of the Soviet Union Independence of Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland Belligerents Russian SFSR ( 1917 -- 22 ) Ukrainian SSR ( 1917 -- 22 ) Soviet Union ( from 1922 ) Left SR Green armies ( 1919 -- 20 ) Makhnovschyna ( 1918 -- 20 ) White Movement Including : ( show ) Orenburg Cossacks ( 1917 -- 21 ) Don Republic ( 1917 -- 20 ) Siberia ( 1917 -- 18 ) Kuban PR ( Jan - Mar 1918 ; 1918 -- 20 ) Komuch ( Jun -- Sept 1918 ) VOPU ( Jul -- Nov 1918 ) Northern Army ( 1918 -- 20 ) PARG ( 1918 -- 20 ) Northwestern army ( 1918 -- 19 ) South Russia ( 1918 -- 20 ) Pskov Voyevodship ( May -- Aug 1919 ) WRVA ( May -- Dec 1919 ) Allied Intervention : United Kingdom Canada Australia United States Japan France China Czechoslovakia Including : ( show ) Greece Hungary Serbia Romania Italy Green armies ( 1920 ) Makhnovschyna ( 1920 -- 21 ) Newly emerged republics : Poland Finland Ukraine Including : ( show ) Estonia Latvia Lithuania Belarus Moldova Georgia Armenia Azerbaijan Karelia Mountain PR ( 1917 -- 21 ) Abkhazia ( 1917 -- 18 ) Idel - Ural ( 1917 -- 18 ) Alash Orda ( 1917 -- 20 ) Green Ukraine ( 1918 -- 22 ) Uhtua ( 1918 -- 20 ) Centrocaspia ( Aug -- Sept 1918 ) Araks Republic ( 1918 -- 19 ) Western Ingria ( 1919 -- 20 ) North Ingria ( 1919 -- 20 ) Olonets Government ( 1918 -- 20 ) German - led intervention : Germany Landeswehr Freikorps Tambov rebels ( 1920 -- 21 ) Kronstadt rebels Basmachi Bukhara Khiva Ottoman Empire Mongolia Various anti-soviet factions also fought among each other . Commanders and leaders Vladimir Lenin Leon Trotsky Jukums Vācietis Sergey Kamenev Nestor Makhno Alexander Kolchak Lavr Kornilov † Anton Denikin Pyotr Wrangel Edmund Ironside William S. Graves George E. Stewart Yui Mitsue Alexander Antonov † Nestor Makhno Józef Piłsudski CGE Mannerheim Symon Petliura Wilhelm II Rüdiger von der Goltz Stepan Petrichenko Enver Pasha Alim Khan Sayid Abdullah Mehmed VI Bogd Khan Strength 3,000,000 103,000 Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine 2,400,000 White Russians Unknown Casualties and losses ~ ' 1,488,612 ' 259,213 killed 60,059 missing 616,605 died of disease / wounds 3,878 died in accidents / suicides 548,857 wounded / frostbitten At least 1,500,000 Unknown Total of 5,000,000 -- 9,000,000 deaths", "Russian Civil War", "Clockwise from top : Soldiers of the Don Army in 1919 ; a White infantry division in March 1920 ; soldiers of the 1st Cavalry Army ; Leon Trotsky in 1918 ; hanging of workers in Yekaterinoslav by the Austro - Hungarian Army , April 1918 .", "Date November 7 , 1917 -- October 25 , 1922 / June 16 , 1923 ( Revolt against Soviet rule continued in Central Asia until 1934 ) Location Former Russian Empire : Mongolia Tuva Persia Result Victory for the Red Army in Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , South Caucasus , Central Asia , Tuva , and Mongolia Victory for pro-independence movements in Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland Territorial changes Establishment of the Soviet Union Independence of Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland", "Date November 7 , 1917 -- October 25 , 1922 / June 16 , 1923 ( Revolt against Soviet rule continued in Central Asia until 1934 ) Location Former Russian Empire : Mongolia Tuva Persia Result Victory for the Red Army in Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , South Caucasus , Central Asia , Tuva , and Mongolia Victory for pro-independence movements in Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland Territorial changes Establishment of the Soviet Union Independence of Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland", "Date November 7 , 1917 -- October 25 , 1922 / June 16 , 1923 ( Revolt against Soviet rule continued in Central Asia until 1934 )", "Location Former Russian Empire : Mongolia Tuva Persia", "Mongolia Tuva", "Result Victory for the Red Army in Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , South Caucasus , Central Asia , Tuva , and Mongolia Victory for pro-independence movements in Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland", "Victory for the Red Army in Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , South Caucasus , Central Asia , Tuva , and Mongolia Victory for pro-independence movements in Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland", "Victory for the Red Army in Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , South Caucasus , Central Asia , Tuva , and Mongolia", "Victory for pro-independence movements in Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland", "Territorial changes Establishment of the Soviet Union Independence of Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland", "Establishment of the Soviet Union Independence of Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland", "Establishment of the Soviet Union", "Independence of Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland", "Belligerents", "Russian SFSR ( 1917 -- 22 ) Ukrainian SSR ( 1917 -- 22 ) Soviet Union ( from 1922 ) Left SR Green armies ( 1919 -- 20 ) Makhnovschyna ( 1918 -- 20 ) White Movement Including : ( show ) Orenburg Cossacks ( 1917 -- 21 ) Don Republic ( 1917 -- 20 ) Siberia ( 1917 -- 18 ) Kuban PR ( Jan - Mar 1918 ; 1918 -- 20 ) Komuch ( Jun -- Sept 1918 ) VOPU ( Jul -- Nov 1918 ) Northern Army ( 1918 -- 20 ) PARG ( 1918 -- 20 ) Northwestern army ( 1918 -- 19 ) South Russia ( 1918 -- 20 ) Pskov Voyevodship ( May -- Aug 1919 ) WRVA ( May -- Dec 1919 ) Allied Intervention : United Kingdom Canada Australia United States Japan France China Czechoslovakia Including : ( show ) Greece Hungary Serbia Romania Italy Green armies ( 1920 ) Makhnovschyna ( 1920 -- 21 ) Newly emerged republics : Poland Finland Ukraine Including : ( show ) Estonia Latvia Lithuania Belarus Moldova Georgia Armenia Azerbaijan Karelia Mountain PR ( 1917 -- 21 ) Abkhazia ( 1917 -- 18 ) Idel - Ural ( 1917 -- 18 ) Alash Orda ( 1917 -- 20 ) Green Ukraine ( 1918 -- 22 ) Uhtua ( 1918 -- 20 ) Centrocaspia ( Aug -- Sept 1918 ) Araks Republic ( 1918 -- 19 ) Western Ingria ( 1919 -- 20 ) North Ingria ( 1919 -- 20 ) Olonets Government ( 1918 -- 20 ) German - led intervention : Germany Landeswehr Freikorps Tambov rebels ( 1920 -- 21 ) Kronstadt rebels Basmachi Bukhara Khiva Ottoman Empire Mongolia Various anti-soviet factions also fought among each other .", "Russian SFSR ( 1917 -- 22 ) Ukrainian SSR ( 1917 -- 22 ) Soviet Union ( from 1922 )", "Left SR Green armies ( 1919 -- 20 )", "Orenburg Cossacks ( 1917 -- 21 ) Don Republic ( 1917 -- 20 ) Siberia ( 1917 -- 18 ) Kuban PR ( Jan - Mar 1918 ; 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Graves George E. Stewart Yui Mitsue Alexander Antonov † Nestor Makhno Józef Piłsudski CGE Mannerheim Symon Petliura Wilhelm II Rüdiger von der Goltz Stepan Petrichenko Enver Pasha Alim Khan Sayid Abdullah Mehmed VI Bogd Khan", "Vladimir Lenin Leon Trotsky Jukums Vācietis Sergey Kamenev", "Alexander Kolchak Lavr Kornilov † Anton Denikin Pyotr Wrangel", "Edmund Ironside William S. Graves George E. 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Vietnamese War Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 Summer Olympics", "Cambodian - Vietnamese War", "Soviet -- Afghan War", "1980 Summer Olympics", "( 1980 Olympic boycott 1984 Olympic boycott )", "( 1980 Olympic boycott", "1984 Olympic boycott )", "Polish strike Death and funeral", "Death and funeral", "1982 -- 1991 Leadership changes and collapse", "Invasion of Grenada Glasnost Perestroika Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan Singing Revolution ( Baltic Way Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia Estonian Sovereignty Declaration ) Revolutions of 1989 ( Pan-European picnic Die Wende Peaceful Revolution Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution End of communist rule in Hungary Romanian Revolution German reunification ) Dissolution ( Jeltoqsan Nagorno - Karabakh War 9 April tragedy Black January Osh riots War of Laws Dushanbe riots January Events The Barricades Referendum Union of Sovereign States August Coup Ukrainian independence ( referendum ) Belavezha Accords Alma - Ata Protocol )", "Invasion of Grenada Glasnost Perestroika Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan", "Invasion of Grenada", "Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan", "( Baltic Way Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia Estonian Sovereignty Declaration )", "( Baltic Way", "Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania", "On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia", "Estonian Sovereignty Declaration )", "( Pan-European picnic Die Wende Peaceful Revolution Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution End of communist rule in Hungary Romanian Revolution German reunification )", "( Pan-European picnic", "Fall of the Berlin Wall", "End of communist rule in Hungary", "German reunification )", "( Jeltoqsan Nagorno - Karabakh War 9 April tragedy Black January Osh riots War of Laws Dushanbe riots January Events The Barricades Referendum Union of Sovereign States August Coup Ukrainian independence ( referendum ) Belavezha Accords Alma - 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Lenin 2 . Stalin 3 . Malenkov 4 . Khrushchev 5 . Brezhnev 6 . Andropov 7 . Chernenko 8 . Gorbachev", "1 . Lenin 2 . Stalin 3 . Malenkov 4 . Khrushchev 5 . Brezhnev 6 . Andropov 7 . Chernenko 8 . Gorbachev", "1 . Lenin", "2 . Stalin", "3 . Malenkov", "4 . Khrushchev", "5 . Brezhnev", "6 . Andropov", "7 . Chernenko", "8 . Gorbachev", "Culture Economy Education Geography Politics", "Culture Economy Education Geography Politics", "Soviet Union portal", "", "", "The Russian Civil War ( Russian : Гражда́нская война́ в Росси́и , tr . Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossiyi ; November 1917 -- October 1922 ) was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the Russian Revolutions of 1917 , as many factions vied to determine Russia 's political future . The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army , fighting for the Bolshevik form of socialism led by Vladimir Lenin , and the loosely allied forces known as the White Army , which included diverse interests favoring monarchism , capitalism and alternative forms of socialism , each with democratic and antidemocratic variants . In addition , rival militant socialists and nonideological Green armies fought against both the Bolsheviks and the Whites . Eight foreign nations intervened against the Red Army , notably the Allied Forces and the pro-German armies . The Red Army defeated the White Armed Forces of South Russia in Ukraine and the army led by Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak in Siberia in 1919 . The remains of the White forces commanded by Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel were beaten in Crimea and evacuated in late 1920 . Lesser battles of the war continued on the periphery for two more years , and minor skirmishes with the remnants of the White forces in the Far East continued well into 1923 . The war ended in 1923 in the sense that Red control of the newly formed Soviet Union was now assured , although armed national resistance in Central Asia was not completely crushed until 1934 . There were an estimated 7,000,000 -- 12,000,000 casualties during the war , mostly civilians . The Russian Civil War has been described by some as the greatest national catastrophe that Europe had yet seen .", "Many pro-independence movements emerged after the break - up of the Russian Empire and fought in the war . Several parts of the former Russian Empire -- Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland -- were established as sovereign states , with their own civil wars and wars of independence . The rest of the former Russian Empire was consolidated into the Soviet Union shortly afterwards .", "After the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia , the Russian Provisional Government was established during the February Revolution of 1917 .", "From mid-1917 onwards , the Russian Army , the successor - organisation of the old Russian Imperial Army , started to disintegrate ; the Bolsheviks used the volunteer - based Red Guards as their main military force , augmented by an armed military component of the Cheka ( the Bolshevik state - security apparatus ) . In January 1918 , after significant Bolshevik reverses in combat , the future People 's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs Leon Trotsky headed the reorganization of the Red Guards into a Workers ' and Peasants ' Red Army in order to create a more effective fighting force . The Bolsheviks appointed political commissars to each unit of the Red Army to maintain morale and to ensure loyalty .", "In June 1918 , when it had become apparent that a revolutionary army composed solely of workers would not suffice , Trotsky instituted mandatory conscription of the rural peasantry into the Red Army . The Bolsheviks overcame opposition of rural Russians to Red - Army conscription units by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance , exactly the same practices used by the White Army officers . The Red Army utilized former Tsarist officers as `` military specialists '' ( voenspetsy ) , sometimes their families were taken hostage in order to ensure their loyalty . At the start of the civil war , former Tsarist officers comprised three - quarters of the Red Army officer - corps . By its end , 83 % of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers .", "While resistance to the Red Guard began on the very day after the Bolshevik uprising , the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk and the political ban became a catalyst for the formation of anti-Bolshevik groups both inside and outside Russia , pushing them into action against the new regime .", "A loose confederation of anti-Bolshevik forces aligned against the Communist government , including landowners , republicans , conservatives , middle - class citizens , reactionaries , pro-monarchists , liberals , army generals , non-Bolshevik socialists who still had grievances and democratic reformists voluntarily united only in their opposition to Bolshevik rule . Their military forces , bolstered by forced conscriptions and terror and by foreign influence and led by Gen. Yudenich , Adm. Kolchak and Gen. Denikin , became known as the White movement ( sometimes referred to as the `` White Army '' ) and controlled significant parts of the former Russian Empire for most of the war .", "A Ukrainian nationalist movement was active in Ukraine during the war . More significant was the emergence of an anarchist political and military movement known as the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine or the Anarchist Black Army led by Nestor Makhno . The Black Army , which counted numerous Jews and Ukrainian peasants in its ranks , played a key part in halting Gen. Denikin 's White Army offensive towards Moscow during 1919 , later ejecting White forces from Crimea .", "The remoteness of the Volga Region , the Ural Region , Siberia and the Far East was favorable for the anti-Bolshevik forces , and the Whites set up a number of organizations in the cities of these regions . Some of the military forces were set up on the basis of clandestine officers ' organizations in the cities .", "The Czechoslovak Legions had been part of the Russian army and numbered around 30,000 troops by October 1917 . They had an agreement with the new Bolshevik government to be evacuated from the Eastern Front via the port of Vladivostok to France . The transport from the Eastern Front to Vladivostok slowed down in the chaos , and the troops became dispersed all along the Trans - Siberian Railway . Under pressure from the Central Powers , Trotsky ordered the disarming and arrest of the legionaries , which created tensions with the Bolsheviks .", "The Western Allies armed and supported opponents of the Bolsheviks . They were worried about ( 1 ) a possible Russo - German alliance , ( 2 ) the prospect of the Bolsheviks making good on their threats to default on Imperial Russia 's massive foreign loans and ( 3 ) the possibility that the Communist revolutionary ideas would spread ( a concern shared by many Central Powers ) . Hence , many of these countries expressed their support for the Whites , including the provision of troops and supplies . Winston Churchill declared that Bolshevism must be `` strangled in its cradle '' . The British and French had supported Russia during World War I on a massive scale with war materials . After the treaty , it looked like much of that material would fall into the hands of the Germans . Under this pretext began allied intervention in the Russian Civil War with the United Kingdom and France sending troops into Russian ports . There were violent clashes with troops loyal to the Bolsheviks .", "The German Empire created several short - lived satellite buffer states within its sphere of influence after the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk : the `` United Baltic Duchy '' , `` Duchy of Courland and Semigallia '' , `` Kingdom of Lithuania '' , `` Kingdom of Poland '' , the `` Belarusian People 's Republic '' , and the `` Ukrainian State '' . Following the defeat of Germany in World War I in November 1918 , these states were abolished .", "Finland was the first republic that declared its independence from Russia in December 1917 and established itself in the ensuing Finnish Civil War from January -- May 1918 . The Second Polish Republic , Lithuania , Latvia and Estonia formed their own armies immediately after the abolition of the Brest - Litovsk Treaty and the start of the Soviet westward offensive in November 1918 .", "In the European part of Russia the war was fought across three main fronts : the eastern , the southern and the northwestern . It can also be roughly split into the following periods .", "The first period lasted from the Revolution until the Armistice . Already on the date of the Revolution , Cossack Gen. Kaledin refused to recognize it and assumed full governmental authority in the Don region , where the Volunteer Army began amassing support . The signing of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk also resulted in direct Allied intervention in Russia and the arming of military forces opposed to the Bolshevik government . There were also many German commanders who offered support against the Bolsheviks , fearing a confrontation with them was impending as well .", "During this first period the Bolsheviks took control of Central Asia out of the hands of the Provisional Government and White Army , setting up a base for the Communist Party in the Steppe and Turkestan , where nearly two million Russian settlers were located .", "Most of the fighting in this first period was sporadic , involving only small groups amid a fluid and rapidly shifting strategic scene . Among the antagonists were the Czechs , known as the Czechoslovak Legion or `` White Czechs '' , the Poles of the Polish 5th Rifle Division and the pro-Bolshevik Red Latvian riflemen .", "The second period of the war lasted from January to November 1919 . At first the White armies ' advances from the south ( under Gen. Denikin ) , the east ( under Adm. Kolchak ) and the northwest ( under Gen. Yudenich ) were successful , forcing the Red Army and its allies back on all three fronts . In July 1919 the Red Army suffered another reverse after a mass defection of units in the Crimea to the anarchist Black Army under Nestor Makhno , enabling anarchist forces to consolidate power in Ukraine . Leon Trotsky soon reformed the Red Army , concluding the first of two military alliances with the anarchists . In June the Red Army first checked Kolchak 's advance . After a series of engagements , assisted by a Black Army offensive against White supply lines , the Red Army defeated Denikin 's and Yudenich 's armies in October and November .", "The third period of the war was the extended siege of the last White forces in the Crimea. Gen. Wrangel had gathered the remnants of Denikin 's armies , occupying much of the Crimea . An attempted invasion of southern Ukraine was rebuffed by the anarchist Black Army under the command of Nestor Makhno . Pursued into the Crimea by Makhno 's troops , Wrangel went over to the defensive in the Crimea . After an abortive move north against the Red Army , Wrangel 's troops were forced south by Red Army and Black Army forces ; Wrangel and the remains of his army were evacuated to Constantinople in November 1920 .", "In the October Revolution the Bolshevik Party directed the Red Guard ( armed groups of workers and Imperial army deserters ) to seize control of Petrograd ( Saint Petersburg ) and immediately began the armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire . In January 1918 the Bolsheviks dissolved the Russian Constituent Assembly and proclaimed the Soviets ( workers ' councils ) as the new government of Russia .", "The first attempt to regain power from the Bolsheviks was made by the Kerensky - Krasnov uprising in October 1917 . It was supported by the Junker Mutiny in Petrograd but was quickly put down by the Red Guard , notably the Latvian rifle division .", "The initial groups that fought against the Communists were local Cossack armies that had declared their loyalty to the Provisional Government . Gen. Kaledin of the Don Cossacks and Gen. Semenov of the Siberian Cossacks were prominent among them . The leading Tsarist officers of the old regime also started to resist . In November , Gen. Alekseev , the Tsar 's Chief of Staff during the First World War , began to organize the Volunteer Army in Novocherkassk . Volunteers of this small army were mostly officers of the old Russian army , military cadets and students . In December 1917 Alekseev was joined by Gen. Kornilov , Denikin and other Tsarist officers who had escaped from the jail , where they had been imprisoned following the abortive Kornilov affair just before the Revolution . At the beginning of December 1917 groups of volunteers and Cossacks captured Rostov .", "Having stated in the November 1917 `` Declaration of Rights of Nations of Russia '' that any nation under imperial Russian rule should be immediately given the power of self - determination , the Bolsheviks had begun to usurp the power of the Provisional Government in the territories of Central Asia soon after the establishment of the Turkestan Committee in Tashkent . In April 1917 the Provisional Government set up this committee , which was mostly made up of former Tsarist officials . The Bolsheviks attempted to take control of the Committee in Tashkent on 12 September 1917 but it was unsuccessful , and many leaders were arrested . However , because the Committee lacked representation of the native population and poor Russian settlers , they had to release the Bolshevik prisoners almost immediately due to public outcry , and a successful takeover of this government body took place two months later in November . The triumph of the Bolshevik party over the Provisional Government during 1917 was mostly due to the support they received from the working class of Central Asia . The Leagues of Mohammedam Working People , which Russian settlers and natives who had been sent to work behind the lines for the Tsarist government in 1916 formed in March 1917 , had led numerous strikes in the industrial centers throughout September 1917 . However , after the Bolshevik destruction of the Provisional Government in Tashkent , Muslim elites formed an autonomous government in Turkestan , commonly called the `` Kokand autonomy '' ( or simply Kokand ) . The White Russians supported this government body , which lasted several months because of Bolshevik troop isolation from Moscow . In January 1918 the Soviet forces under Lt. Col. Muravyov invaded Ukraine and invested Kiev , where the Central Council of the Ukrainian People 's Republic held power . With the help of the Kiev Arsenal Uprising , the Bolsheviks captured the city on 26 January .", "The Bolsheviks decided to immediately make peace with the German Empire and the Central Powers , as they had promised the Russian people before the Revolution . Vladimir Lenin 's political enemies attributed that decision to his sponsorship by the Foreign Office of Wilhelm II , German Emperor , offered to Lenin in hope that , with a revolution , Russia would withdraw from World War I. That suspicion was bolstered by the German Foreign Ministry 's sponsorship of Lenin 's return to Petrograd . However , after the military fiasco of the summer offensive ( June 1917 ) by the Russian Provisional Government , and in particular after the failed summer offensive of the Provisional Government had devastated the structure of the Russian army , it became crucial that Lenin realize the promised peace . Even before the failed summer offensive the Russian population was very skeptical about the continuation of the war . Western socialists had promptly arrived from France and from the UK to convince the Russians to continue the fight , but could not change the new pacifist mood of Russia .", "On 16 December 1917 an armistice was signed between Russia and the Central Powers in Brest - Litovsk and peace talks began . As a condition for peace , the proposed treaty by the Central Powers conceded huge portions of the former Russian Empire to the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire , greatly upsetting nationalists and conservatives . Leon Trotsky , representing the Bolsheviks , refused at first to sign the treaty while continuing to observe a unilateral cease - fire , following the policy of `` No war , no peace '' .", "In view of this , on 18 February 1918 the Germans began Operation Faustschlag on the Eastern Front , encountering virtually no resistance in a campaign that lasted 11 days . Signing a formal peace treaty was the only option in the eyes of the Bolsheviks because the Russian army was demobilized , and the newly formed Red Guard was incapable of stopping the advance . They also understood that the impending counterrevolutionary resistance was more dangerous than the concessions of the treaty , which Lenin viewed as temporary in the light of aspirations for a world revolution . The Soviets acceded to a peace treaty , and the formal agreement , the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , was ratified on 6 March . The Soviets viewed the treaty as merely a necessary and expedient means to end the war . Therefore , they ceded large amounts of territory to the German Empire .", "Under Soviet pressure , the Volunteer Army embarked on the epic Ice March from Yekaterinodar to Kuban on 22 February 1918 , where they joined with the Kuban Cossacks to mount an abortive assault on Yekaterinodar . The Soviets recaptured Rostov on the next day . Gen. Kornilov was killed in the fighting on 13 April , and Gen. Denikin took over command . Fighting off its pursuers without respite , the army succeeded in breaking its way through back towards the Don , where the Cossack uprising against Bolsheviks had started .", "The Baku Soviet Commune was established on 13 April . Germany landed its Caucasus Expedition troops in Poti on 8 June . The Ottoman Army of Islam ( in coalition with Azerbaijan ) drove them out of Baku on 26 July 1918 . Subsequently , the Dashanaks , Right SRs and Mensheviks started negotiations with Gen. Dunsterville , the commander of the British troops in Persia . The Bolsheviks and their Left SR allies were opposed to it , but on 25 July the majority of the Soviet voted to call in the British and the Bolsheviks resigned . The Baku Soviet Commune ended its existence and was replaced by the Central Caspian Dictatorship .", "In June 1918 the Volunteer Army , numbering some 9,000 men , started its second Kuban campaign . Yekaterinodar was encircled on 1 August and fell on the 3rd . In September -- October , heavy fighting took place at Armavir and Stavropol . On 13 October Gen. Kazanovich 's division took Armavir , and on 1 November Gen. Pyotr Wrangel secured Stavropol . This time Red forces had no escape , and by the beginning of 1919 the whole Northern Caucasus was controlled by the Volunteer Army .", "In October Gen. Alekseev , the leader of the White armies in southern Russia , died of a heart attack . An agreement was reached between Denikin , head of the Volunteer Army , and PN Krasnov , Ataman of the Don Cossacks , which united their forces under the sole command of Denikin . The Armed Forces of South Russia were thus created .", "The revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion broke out in May 1918 , and the legionaries took control of Chelyabinsk in June . Simultaneously Russian officers ' organizations overthrew the Bolsheviks in Petropavlovsk ( in present - day Kazakhstan ) and in Omsk . Within a month the Whites controlled most of the Trans - Siberian Railroad between Lake Baikal and the Ural regions . During the summer Bolshevik power in Siberia was eliminated . The Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia formed in Omsk . By the end of July the Whites had extended their gains westwards , capturing Ekaterinburg on 26 July 1918 . Shortly before the fall of Yekaterinburg on 17 July 1918 , the former Tsar and his family were executed by the Ural Soviet to prevent them falling into the hands of the Whites .", "Mensheviks and Socialist - Revolutionaries supported peasants fighting against Soviet control of food supplies . In May 1918 , with the support of the Czechoslovak Legion , they took Samara and Saratov , establishing the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly -- known as the `` Komuch '' . By July the authority of the Komuch extended over much of the area controlled by the Czechoslovak Legion . The Komuch pursued an ambivalent social policy , combining democratic and socialist measures , such as the institution of an eight - hour working day , with `` restorative '' actions , such as returning both factories and land to their former owners . After the fall of Kazan , Vladimir Lenin called for the dispatch of Petrograd workers to the Kazan Front : `` We must send down the maximum number of Petrograd workers : ( 1 ) a few dozen ' leaders ' like Kayurov ; ( 2 ) a few thousand militants ' from the ranks ' '' .", "After a series of reverses at the front , the Bolsheviks ' War Commissar , Trotsky , instituted increasingly harsh measures in order to prevent unauthorized withdrawals , desertions and mutinies in the Red Army . In the field the Cheka special investigations forces , termed the Special Punitive Department of the All - Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combat of Counter-Revolution and Sabotage or Special Punitive Brigades , followed the Red Army , conducting field tribunals and summary executions of soldiers and officers who deserted , retreated from their positions or failed to display sufficient offensive zeal . Trotsky extended the use of the death penalty to the occasional political commissar whose detachment retreated or broke in the face of the enemy . In August , frustrated at continued reports of Red Army troops breaking under fire , Trotsky authorized the formation of barrier troops - stationed behind unreliable Red Army units and given with orders to shoot anyone withdrawing from the battle line without authorization .", "In September 1918 Komuch , the Siberian Provisional Government and other local anti-Soviet governments met in Ufa and agreed to form a new Provisional All - Russian Government in Omsk , headed by a Directory of five : three Socialist - Revolutionaries ( Nikolai Avksentiev , Boldyrev and Vladimir Zenzinov ) and two Kadets , ( V.A. Vinogradov ( ru ) and PV Vologodskii ) .", "By the fall of 1918 anti-Bolshevik White forces in the east included the People 's Army ( Komuch ) , the Siberian Army ( of the Siberian Provisional Government ) and insurgent Cossack units of Orenburg , Ural , Siberia , Semirechye , Baikal , Amur and Ussuri Cossacks , nominally under the orders of Gen. V.G. Boldyrev , Commander - in - Chief , appointed by the Ufa Directorate .", "On the Volga , Col. Kappel 's White detachment captured Kazan on 7 August , but the Reds re-captured the city on 8 September 1918 following a counteroffensive . On the 11th Simbirsk fell , and on 8 October Samara . The Whites fell back eastwards to Ufa and Orenburg .", "In Omsk the Russian Provisional Government quickly came under the influence - then the dominance - of its new War Minister , Rear - Admiral Kolchak . On 18 November a coup d'état established Kolchak as dictator . The members of the Directory were arrested and Kolchak proclaimed the `` Supreme Ruler of Russia '' . By mid-December 1918 White armies had to leave Ufa , but they balanced this failure with a successful drive towards Perm , which they took on 24 December .", "In February 1918 the Red Army overthrew the White Russian - supported Kokand autonomy of Turkestan . Although this move seemed to solidify Bolshevik power in Central Asia , more troubles soon arose for the Red Army as the Allied Forces began to intervene . British support of the White Army provided the greatest threat to the Red Army in Central Asia during 1918 . Great Britain sent three prominent military leaders to the area . One was Lt. Col. Bailey , who recorded a mission to Tashkent , from where the Bolsheviks forced him to flee . Another was Gen. Malleson , leading the Malleson Mission , who assisted the Mensheviks in Ashkhabad ( now the capital of Turkmenistan ) with a small Anglo - Indian force . However , he failed to gain control of Tashkent , Bukhara and Khiva . The third was Maj. Gen. Dunsterville , who the Bolsheviks drove out of Central Asia only a month after his arrival in August 1918 . Despite setbacks due to British invasions during 1918 , the Bolsheviks continued to make progress in bringing the Central Asian population under their influence . The first regional congress of the Russian Communist Party convened in the city of Tashkent in June 1918 in order to build support for a local Bolshevik Party .", "In July two Left SR and Cheka employees , Blyumkin and Andreyev , assassinated the German ambassador , Count Mirbach . In Moscow a Left SR uprising was put down by the Bolsheviks , using Cheka military detachments . Lenin personally apologized to the Germans for the assassination . Mass arrests of Socialist - Revolutionaries followed .", "Estonia cleared its territory of the Red Army by January 1919 . Baltic German volunteers captured Riga from the Red Latvian Riflemen on 22 May , but the Estonian 3rd Division defeated the Baltic Germans a month later , aiding the establishment of the Republic of Latvia .", "This rendered possible another threat to the Red Army -- one from Gen. Yudenich , who had spent the summer organizing the Northwestern Army in Estonia with local and British support . In October 1919 he tried to capture Petrograd in a sudden assault with a force of around 20,000 men . The attack was well - executed , using night attacks and lightning cavalry maneuvers to turn the flanks of the defending Red Army . Yudenich also had six British tanks , which caused panic whenever they appeared . The Allies gave large quantities of aid to Yudenich , who , however , complained that he was receiving insufficient support .", "By 19 October Yudenich 's troops had reached the outskirts of the city . Some members of the Bolshevik central committee in Moscow were willing to give up Petrograd , but Trotsky refused to accept the loss of the city and personally organized its defenses . He declared , `` It is impossible for a little army of 15,000 ex-officers to master a working - class capital of 700,000 inhabitants . '' He settled on a strategy of urban defense , proclaiming that the city would `` defend itself on its own ground '' and that the White Army would be lost in a labyrinth of fortified streets and there `` meet its grave '' .", "Trotsky armed all available workers , men and women , ordering the transfer of military forces from Moscow . Within a few weeks the Red Army defending Petrograd had tripled in size and outnumbered Yudenich three to one . At this point Yudenich , short of supplies , decided to call off the siege of the city and withdrew , repeatedly asking permission to withdraw his army across the border to Estonia . However , units retreating across the border were disarmed and interned by order of the Estonian government , which had entered into peace negotiations with the Soviet Government on 16 September and had been informed by the Soviet authorities of their 6 November decision that , should the White Army be allowed to retreat into Estonia , it would be pursued across the border by the Reds . In fact , the Reds attacked Estonian army positions and fighting continued until a cease - fire went into effect on 3 January 1920 . Following the Treaty of Tartu most of Yudenich 's soldiers went into exile . Finnish Gen. Mannerheim planned an intervention to help the Whites in Russia capture Petrograd . He did not , however , gain the necessary support for the endeavor . Lenin considered it `` completely certain , that the slightest aid from Finland would have determined the fate of Petrograd '' .", "The British occupied Murmansk and , alongside the Americans , seized Arkhangelsk . With the retreat of Kolchak in Siberia , they pulled their troops out of the cities before the winter trapped them in the port . The remaining White forces under Yevgenii Miller evacuated the region in February 1920 .", "At the beginning of March 1919 the general offensive of the Whites on the eastern front began . Ufa was retaken on 13 March ; by mid-April , the White Army stopped at the Glazov -- Chistopol -- Bugulma -- Buguruslan -- Sharlyk line . Reds started their counteroffensive against Kolchak 's forces at the end of April . The Red Army , led by the capable commander Tukhachevsky , captured Elabuga on 26 May , Sarapul on 2 June and Izevsk on the 7th and continued to push forward . Both sides had victories and losses , but by the middle of summer the Red Army was larger than the White Army and had managed to recapture territory previously lost .", "Following the abortive offensive at Chelyabinsk , the White armies withdrew beyond the Tobol . In September 1919 a White offensive was launched against the Tobol front , the last attempt to change the course of events . However , on 14 October the Reds counterattacked , and thus began the uninterrupted retreat of the Whites to the east .", "On 14 November 1919 the Red Army captured Omsk . Adm. Kolchak lost control of his government shortly after this defeat ; White Army forces in Siberia essentially ceased to exist by December . Retreat of the eastern front by White armies lasted three months , until mid-February 1920 , when the survivors , after crossing Lake Baikal , reached Chita area and joined Ataman Semenov 's forces .", "The Cossacks had been unable to organize and capitalize on their successes at the end of 1918 . By 1919 they had begun to run short of supplies . Consequently , when the Soviet counteroffensive began in January 1919 under the Bolshevik leader Antonov - Ovseenko , the Cossack forces rapidly fell apart . The Red Army captured Kiev on 3 February 1919 .", "Gen. Denikin 's military strength continued to grow in the spring of 1919 . During several months in winter and spring of 1919 , hard fighting with doubtful outcomes took place in the Donbass , where the attacking Bolsheviks met White forces . At the same time Denikin 's Armed Forces of South Russia ( AFSR ) completed the elimination of Red forces in the northern Caucasus and advanced towards Tsaritsyn . At the end of April and beginning of May the AFSR attacked on all fronts from the Dnepr to the Volga , and by the beginning of the summer they had won numerous battles . French forces landed in Odessa but , after having done almost no fighting , withdrew on 8 April 1919 . By mid-June the Reds were chased from the Crimea and the Odessa area . Denikin 's troops took the cities of Kharkov and Belgorod . At the same time White troops under Wrangel 's command took Tsaritsyn on 17 June 1919 . On 20 June Denikin issued his famous `` Moscow directive '' , ordering all AFSR units to get ready for a decisive offensive to take Moscow .", "Although Great Britain had withdrawn its own troops from the theater , it continued to give significant military aid ( money , weapons , food , ammunition and some military advisors ) to the White Armies during 1919 . Major Ewen Cameron Bruce of the British Army had volunteered to command a British tank mission assisting the White Army . He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his bravery during the June 1919 battle of Tsaritsyn for single - handedly storming and capturing the fortified city of Tsaritsyn , under heavy shell fire in a single tank ; this led to the successful capture of over 40,000 prisoners . The fall of Tsaritsyn is viewed `` as one of the key battles of the Russian Civil War '' which greatly helped the White Russian Cause . Notable historian Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart comments that Bruce 's tank action during this battle is to be seen as `` one of the most remarkable feats in the whole history of the Tank Corps '' .", "After the capture of Tsaritsyn , Wrangel pushed towards Saratov but Trotsky , seeing the danger of the union with Kolchak , against whom the Red command was concentrating large masses of troops , repulsed his attempts with heavy losses . When Kolchak 's army in the east began to retreat in June and July , the bulk of the Red Army , free now from any serious danger from Siberia , was directed against Denikin .", "Denikin 's forces constituted a real threat and for a time threatened to reach Moscow . The Red Army , stretched thin by fighting on all fronts , was forced out of Kiev on 30 August . Kursk and Orel were taken . The Cossack Don Army under the command of Gen. Konstantin Mamontov continued north towards Voronezh , but there Tukhachevsky 's army defeated them on 24 October . Tukhachevsky 's army then turned towards yet another threat , the rebuilt Volunteer Army of Gen. Denikin .", "The high tide of the White movement against the Soviets had been reached in September 1919 . By this time Denikin 's forces were dangerously overextended . The White front had no depth or stability -- it had become a series of patrols with occasional columns of slowly advancing troops without reserves . Lacking ammunition , artillery and fresh reinforcements , Denikin 's army was decisively defeated in a series of battles in October and November 1919 . The Red Army recaptured Kiev on 17 December and the defeated Cossacks fled back towards the Black Sea .", "While the White armies were being routed in the center and the east , they had succeeded in driving Nestor Makhno 's anarchist Black Army ( formally known as the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine ) out of part of southern Ukraine and the Crimea . Despite this setback , Moscow was loath to aid Makhno and the Black Army and refused to provide arms to anarchist forces in Ukraine . The main body of White forces , the Volunteers and the Don Army , pulled back towards the Don , to Rostov . The smaller body ( Kiev and Odessa troops ) withdrew to Odessa and the Crimea , which it had managed to protect from the Bolsheviks during the winter of 1919 -- 1920 .", "By February 1919 the British government had pulled its military forces out of Central Asia . Despite this success for the Red Army , the White Army 's assaults in European Russia and other areas broke communication between Moscow and Tashkent . For a time Central Asia was completely cut off from Red Army forces in Siberia . Although this communication failure weakened the Red Army , the Bolsheviks continued their efforts to gain support for the Bolshevik Party in Central Asia by holding a second regional conference in March . During this conference a regional bureau of Muslim organizations of the Russian Bolshevik Party was formed . The Bolshevik Party continued to try to gain support among the native population by giving them the impression of better representation for the Central Asian population and throughout the end of the year were able to maintain harmony with the Central Asian people .", "Communication difficulties with Red Army forces in Siberia and European Russia ceased to be a problem by mid-November 1919 . Due to Red Army successes north of Central Asia , communication with Moscow was re-established and the Bolsheviks were able to claim victory over the White Army in Turkestan .", "By the beginning of 1920 the main body of the Armed Forces of South Russia was rapidly retreating towards the Don , to Rostov . Denikin hoped to hold the crossings of the Don , then rest and reform his troops , but the White Army was not able to hold the Don area and at the end of February 1920 , started a retreat across Kuban towards Novorossiysk . Slipshod evacuation of Novorossiysk proved to be a dark event for the White Army . About 40,000 men were evacuated by Russian and Allied ships from Novorossiysk to the Crimea , without horses or any heavy equipment , while about 20,000 men were left behind and either dispersed or captured by the Red Army . Following the disastrous Novorossiysk evacuation , Denikin stepped down and the military council elected Wrangel as the new Commander - in - Chief of the White Army . He was able to restore order to the dispirited troops and reshape an army that could fight as a regular force again . This remained an organized force in the Crimea throughout 1920 .", "After Moscow 's Bolshevik government signed a military and political alliance with Nestor Makhno and the Ukrainian anarchists , the Black Army attacked and defeated several regiments of Wrangel 's troops in southern Ukraine , forcing him to retreat before he could capture that year 's grain harvest . Stymied in his efforts to consolidate his hold , Wrangel then attacked north in an attempt to take advantage of recent Red Army defeats at the close of the Polish -- Soviet War of 1919 -- 1920 . This offensive was eventually halted by the Red Army , and Wrangel 's troops were forced to retreat to the Crimea in November 1920 pursued by both the Red and Black cavalry and infantry . Wrangel and the remains of his army were evacuated from the Crimea to Constantinople on 14 November 1920 . Thus ended the struggle of Reds and Whites in Southern Russia .", "After the defeat of Wrangel , the Red Army immediately repudiated its 1920 treaty of alliance with Nestor Makhno and attacked the anarchist Black Army ; the campaign to liquidate Makhno and the Ukrainian anarchists began with an attempted assassination of Makhno by Cheka agents . Angered by continued repression by the Bolshevik Communist government and its liberal use of the Cheka to put down anarchist elements , a naval mutiny erupted at Kronstadt , followed by peasant revolts . Red Army attacks on the anarchist forces and their sympathizers increased in ferocity throughout 1921 .", "In Siberia , Adm. Kolchak 's army had disintegrated . He himself gave up command after the loss of Omsk and designated Gen. Grigory Semyonov as the new leader of the White Army in Siberia . Not long after this Kolchak was arrested by the disaffected Czechoslovak Corps as he traveled towards Irkutsk without the protection of the army , and turned over to the socialist Political Centre in Irkutsk . Six days later this regime was replaced by a Bolshevik - dominated Military - Revolutionary Committee . On 6 -- 7 February Kolchak and his prime minister Victor Pepelyaev were shot and their bodies thrown through the ice of the frozen Angara River , just before the arrival of the White Army in the area .", "Remnants of Kolchak 's army reached Transbaikalia and joined Semyonov 's troops , forming the Far Eastern army . With the support of the Japanese army it was able to hold Chita , but after withdrawal of Japanese soldiers from Transbaikalia , Semenov 's position became untenable , and in November 1920 he was driven by the Red Army from Transbaikalia and took refuge in China . The Japanese , who had plans to annex the Amur Krai , finally pulled their troops out as Bolshevik forces gradually asserted control over the Russian Far East . On 25 October 1922 Vladivostok fell to the Red Army , and the Provisional Priamur Government was extinguished .", "In central Asia Red Army troops continued to face resistance into 1923 , where basmachi ( armed bands of Islamic guerrillas ) had formed to fight the Bolshevik takeover . The Soviets engaged non-Russian peoples in Central Asia , like Magaza Masanchi , commander of the Dungan Cavalry Regiment , to fight against the Basmachis . The Communist Party did not completely dismantle this group until 1934 .", "Gen. Anatoly Pepelyayev continued armed resistance in the Ayano - Maysky District until June 1923 . The regions of Kamchatka and Northern Sakhalin remained under Japanese occupation until their treaty with the Soviet Union in 1925 , when their forces were finally withdrawn .", "The results of the civil war were momentous . Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated the total number of men killed in action in the Civil War and Polish -- Soviet War as 300,000 ( 125,000 in the Red Army , 175,500 White armies and Poles ) and the total number of military personnel dead from disease ( on both sides ) as 450,000 .", "During the Red Terror , estimates of Cheka executions range from 12,733 to 1.7 million . William Henry Chamberlin suspected that there were about 50,000 . Evan Mawdsley suspected that there were more than 12,733 , and less than 200,000 . Some sources claimed at least 250,000 summary executions of `` enemies of the people '' with estimates reaching above a million . More modest estimates put the numbers executed by the Bolsheviks between December 1917 and February 1922 at around 28,000 per year , with roughly 10,000 executions during the Red Terror .", "Some 300,000 -- 500,000 Cossacks were killed or deported during decossackization , out of a population of around three million . An estimated 100,000 Jews were killed in Ukraine , mostly by the White Army . Punitive organs of the All Great Don Cossack Host sentenced 25,000 people to death between May 1918 and January 1919 . Kolchak 's government shot 25,000 people in Ekaterinburg province alone . `` White terror '' has killed about 300,000 people in total .", "At the end of the Civil War the Russian SFSR was exhausted and near ruin . The droughts of 1920 and 1921 , as well as the 1921 famine , worsened the disaster still further . Disease had reached pandemic proportions , with 3,000,000 dying of typhus alone in 1920 . Millions more also died of widespread starvation , wholesale massacres by both sides and pogroms against Jews in Ukraine and southern Russia . By 1922 there were at least 7,000,000 street children in Russia as a result of nearly ten years of devastation from the Great War and the civil war .", "Another one to two million people , known as the White émigrés , fled Russia , many with Gen. Wrangel -- some through the Far East , others west into the newly independent Baltic countries . These émigrés included a large percentage of the educated and skilled population of Russia .", "The Russian economy was devastated by the war , with factories and bridges destroyed , cattle and raw materials pillaged , mines flooded and machines damaged . The industrial production value descended to one - seventh of the value of 1913 and agriculture to one - third . According to Pravda , `` The workers of the towns and some of the villages choke in the throes of hunger . The railways barely crawl . The houses are crumbling . The towns are full of refuse . Epidemics spread and death strikes -- industry is ruined . '' It is estimated that the total output of mines and factories in 1921 had fallen to 20 % of the pre-World War level , and many crucial items experienced an even more drastic decline . For example , cotton production fell to 5 % , and iron to 2 % , of pre-war levels .", "War Communism saved the Soviet government during the Civil War , but much of the Russian economy had ground to a standstill . The peasants responded to requisitions by refusing to till the land . By 1921 cultivated land had shrunk to 62 % of the pre-war area , and the harvest yield was only about 37 % of normal . The number of horses declined from 35 million in 1916 to 24 million in 1920 and cattle from 58 to 37 million . The exchange rate with the US dollar declined from two rubles in 1914 to 1,200 in 1920 .", "With the end of the war the Communist Party no longer faced an acute military threat to its existence and power . However , the perceived threat of another intervention , combined with the failure of socialist revolutions in other countries -- most notably the German Revolution -- contributed to the continued militarization of Soviet society . Although Russia experienced extremely rapid economic growth in the 1930s , the combined effect of World War I and the Civil War left a lasting scar on Russian society and had permanent effects on the development of the Soviet Union .", "British historian Orlando Figes has contended that the root of the Whites ' defeat was their inability to dispel the popular image that they were dually associated with Tsarist Russia and supportive of a Tsarist restoration .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "25 October 1917 -- Alexander Kerensky and his supporters flee Petrograd . 5 January 1918 -- The Red Guard breaks up a meeting of the Constituent Assembly on Lenin 's orders . 28 January 1918 -- Trotsky sets up the Red army . March 1918 -- Bolsheviks move the Russian capital to Moscow from Petrograd for protection and better communications , as it is in the center of their territory . 14 October 1919 -- Gen. Denikin 's army reaches Orel 300 km from Moscow . 22 October 1919 -- White forces reach the outskirts of Petrograd . Trotsky organizes a counterattack . Early November 1919 -- Western allies pull the plug on support for the Whites . Troops begin to desert . 7 February 1920 -- Kolchak is executed by the Bolsheviks after being handed over by the Czech Legion . April 1920 -- Poles are driven back into Poland by the Bolsheviks 1921 -- Kronstadt uprising crushed 1922 - Provisional Priamur Republic dissolved . 1923 - Yakut Revolt put down , ending the last White resistance in Russia . 1934 - Basmachi Revolt finally put down .", "25 October 1917 -- Alexander Kerensky and his supporters flee Petrograd .", "5 January 1918 -- The Red Guard breaks up a meeting of the Constituent Assembly on Lenin 's orders .", "28 January 1918 -- Trotsky sets up the Red army .", "March 1918 -- Bolsheviks move the Russian capital to Moscow from Petrograd for protection and better communications , as it is in the center of their territory .", "14 October 1919 -- Gen. Denikin 's army reaches Orel 300 km from Moscow .", "22 October 1919 -- White forces reach the outskirts of Petrograd . Trotsky organizes a counterattack .", "Early November 1919 -- Western allies pull the plug on support for the Whites . Troops begin to desert .", "7 February 1920 -- Kolchak is executed by the Bolsheviks after being handed over by the Czech Legion .", "April 1920 -- Poles are driven back into Poland by the Bolsheviks", "1921 -- Kronstadt uprising crushed", "1922 - Provisional Priamur Republic dissolved .", "1923 - Yakut Revolt put down , ending the last White resistance in Russia .", "1934 - Basmachi Revolt finally put down .", "The Road to Calvary ( 1922 -- 41 ) by Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy Chapaev ( 1923 ) by Dmitri Furmanov The Iron Flood ( 1924 ) by Alexander Serafimovich Red Cavalry ( 1926 ) by Isaac Babel The Rout ( 1927 ) by Alexander Fadeyev How the Steel Was Tempered ( 1934 ) by Nikolai Ostrovsky Optimistic Tragedy ( 1934 ) by Vsevolod Vishnevsky And Quiet Flows the Don ( 1928 -- 1940 ) by Mikhail Sholokhov The Don Flows Home to the Sea ( 1940 ) by Mikhail Sholokhov Doctor Zhivago ( 1957 ) by Boris Pasternak The White Guard ( 1966 ) by Mikhail Bulgakov Byzantium Endures ( 1981 ) by Michael Moorcock Chevengur ( novel ) ( ru ) ( written in 1927 , first published in 1988 in the USSR ) by Andrei Platonov . Fall of Giants ( 2010 ) by Ken Follett A Splendid Little War ( 2012 ) by Derek Robinson ( novelist )", "The Road to Calvary ( 1922 -- 41 ) by Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy", "Chapaev ( 1923 ) by Dmitri Furmanov", "The Iron Flood ( 1924 ) by Alexander Serafimovich", "Red Cavalry ( 1926 ) by Isaac Babel", "The Rout ( 1927 ) by Alexander Fadeyev", "How the Steel Was Tempered ( 1934 ) by Nikolai Ostrovsky", "Optimistic Tragedy ( 1934 ) by Vsevolod Vishnevsky", "And Quiet Flows the Don ( 1928 -- 1940 ) by Mikhail Sholokhov", "The Don Flows Home to the Sea ( 1940 ) by Mikhail Sholokhov", "Doctor Zhivago ( 1957 ) by Boris Pasternak", "The White Guard ( 1966 ) by Mikhail Bulgakov", "Byzantium Endures ( 1981 ) by Michael Moorcock", "Chevengur ( novel ) ( ru ) ( written in 1927 , first published in 1988 in the USSR ) by Andrei Platonov .", "Fall of Giants ( 2010 ) by Ken Follett", "A Splendid Little War ( 2012 ) by Derek Robinson ( novelist )", "Arsenal ( 1928 ) Storm Over Asia ( 1928 ) Chapaev ( 1934 ) Thirteen ( 1936 ) , directed by Mikhail Romm We Are from Kronstadt ( 1936 ) , directed by Yefim Dzigan Knight Without Armour ( 1937 ) The Year 1919 ( 1938 ) , directed by Ilya Trauberg The Baltic Marines ( 1939 ) , directed by A. Faintsimmer Shchors ( 1939 ) , directed by Dovzhenko Pavel Korchagin ( 1956 ) , directed by A. Alov and V. Naumov The Forty - First ( 1956 ) , directed by Grigori Chukhrai And Quiet Flows the Don ( 1958 ) , directed by Sergei Gerasimov The Wind ( 1958 ) , directed by A. Alov and V. Naumov Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) , directed by David Lean The Elusive Avengers ( 1966 ) The Red and the White ( 1967 ) The Flight ( 1970 ) , directed by A. Alov and V. Naumov Nicholas and Alexandra ( 1971 ) directed by Franklin Schaffner briefly mentioned Reds ( 1981 ) , directed by Warren Beatty Corto Maltese in Siberia ( 2002 ) Admiral ( 2008 ) Sunstroke ( 2014 ) , directed by Nikita Mikhalkov", "Arsenal ( 1928 )", "Storm Over Asia ( 1928 )", "Chapaev ( 1934 )", "Thirteen ( 1936 ) , directed by Mikhail Romm", "We Are from Kronstadt ( 1936 ) , directed by Yefim Dzigan", "Knight Without Armour ( 1937 )", "The Year 1919 ( 1938 ) , directed by Ilya Trauberg", "The Baltic Marines ( 1939 ) , directed by A. Faintsimmer", "Shchors ( 1939 ) , directed by Dovzhenko", "Pavel Korchagin ( 1956 ) , directed by A. Alov and V. Naumov", "The Forty - First ( 1956 ) , directed by Grigori Chukhrai", "And Quiet Flows the Don ( 1958 ) , directed by Sergei Gerasimov", "The Wind ( 1958 ) , directed by A. Alov and V. Naumov", "Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) , directed by David Lean", "The Elusive Avengers ( 1966 )", "The Red and the White ( 1967 )", "The Flight ( 1970 ) , directed by A. Alov and V. Naumov", "Nicholas and Alexandra ( 1971 ) directed by Franklin Schaffner briefly mentioned", "Reds ( 1981 ) , directed by Warren Beatty", "Corto Maltese in Siberia ( 2002 )", "Admiral ( 2008 )", "Sunstroke ( 2014 ) , directed by Nikita Mikhalkov", "Battlefield 1 ( 2016 ) ; In The Name of the Tsar expansion released in 2017", "Battlefield 1 ( 2016 ) ; In The Name of the Tsar expansion released in 2017" ]
Russian Civil War - wikipedia Russian Civil War Jump to: navigation , search Russian Civil War Clockwise from top: Soldiers of the Don Army in 1919; a White infantry division in March 1920; soldiers of the 1st Cavalry Army ; Leon Trotsky in 1918; hanging of workers in Yekaterinoslav by the Austro-Hungarian Army , April 1918. Date November 7, 1917 -- October 25, 1922/June 16, 1923 ( Revolt against Soviet rule continued in Central Asia until 1934) Location Former Russian Empire : Mongolia Tuva Persia Result Victory for the Red Army in Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , South Caucasus , Central Asia , Tuva , and Mongolia Victory for pro-independence movements in Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland Territorial changes Establishment of the Soviet Union Independence of Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland Belligerents Russian SFSR (1917-- 22) Ukrainian SSR (1917-- 22) Soviet Union (from 1922) Left SR Green armies (1919-- 20) Makhnovschyna (1918-- 20) White Movement Including: (show) Orenburg Cossacks (1917-- 21) Don Republic (1917-- 20) Siberia (1917-- 18) Kuban PR ( Jan-Mar 1918; 1918-- 20) Komuch ( Jun-- Sept 1918) VOPU ( Jul-- Nov 1918) Northern Army (1918-- 20) PARG (1918-- 20) Northwestern army (1918-- 19) South Russia (1918-- 20) Pskov Voyevodship ( May-- Aug 1919) WRVA ( May-- Dec 1919) Allied Intervention : United Kingdom Canada Australia United States Japan France China Czechoslovakia Including: (show) Greece Hungary Serbia Romania Italy Green armies (1920) Makhnovschyna (1920-- 21) Newly emerged republics : Poland Finland Ukraine Including: (show) Estonia Latvia Lithuania Belarus Moldova Georgia Armenia Azerbaijan Karelia Mountain PR (1917-- 21) Abkhazia (1917-- 18) Idel-Ural (1917-- 18) Alash Orda (1917-- 20) Green Ukraine (1918-- 22) Uhtua (1918-- 20) Centrocaspia ( Aug-- Sept 1918) Araks Republic (1918-- 19) Western Ingria (1919-- 20) North Ingria (1919-- 20) Olonets Government (1918-- 20) German-led intervention: Germany Landeswehr Freikorps Tambov rebels (1920-- 21) Kronstadt rebels Basmachi Bukhara Khiva Ottoman Empire Mongolia Various anti-soviet factions also fought among each other. Commanders and leaders Vladimir Lenin Leon Trotsky Jukums Vācietis Sergey Kamenev Nestor Makhno Alexander Kolchak Lavr Kornilov † Anton Denikin Pyotr Wrangel Edmund Ironside William S. Graves George E. Stewart Yui Mitsue Alexander Antonov † Nestor Makhno Józef Piłsudski CGE Mannerheim Symon Petliura Wilhelm II Rüdiger von der Goltz Stepan Petrichenko Enver Pasha Alim Khan Sayid Abdullah Mehmed VI Bogd Khan Strength 3,000,000 103,000 Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine 2,400,000 White Russians Unknown Casualties and losses ~' 1,488,612' 259,213 killed 60,059 missing 616,605 died of disease/wounds 3,878 died in accidents/suicides 548,857 wounded/frostbitten At least 1,500,000 Unknown Total of 5,000,000-- 9,000,000 deaths Theaters of the Russian Civil War October Revolution Left-wing uprisings Allied Intervention ( Siberia , North Russia ) Northern Vaga River Bolshie Ozerki Western Finland Heimosodat Estonia Latvia Lithuania Southern Ukraine West Ukraine Poland Ossetia Georgia Armenia and Azerbaijan Soviet invasion of Azerbaijan Tambov Eastern Yakutia Central Asian Basmachi Part of a series on the History of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) 1917-- 1927 Revolutionary Beginnings Revolution Civil War New Economic Policy 1922 Treaty National delimitation 1927-- 1953 Stalinist rule Socialism in One Country Great Purge Soviet famine of 1932-- 33 ( Holodomor Kazakhstan famine of 1932-1933 ) World War II ( Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Great Patriotic War Operation Barbarossa Occupation of the Baltic states Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Battle of Berlin Soviet invasion of Manchuria ) Soviet deportations Soviet famine of 1946-- 47 Cold War Korean War 1953-- 1964 Post-Stalin era Berlin blockade 1954 transfer of Crimea Khrushchev Thaw On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences We will bury you 9 March riots Wage reforms Cuban Revolution Sino-Soviet split Space program Cuban Missile Crisis 1964-- 1982 Stagnated economy Brezhnev Doctrine Era of Stagnation 50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests Prague Spring Vietnam War ( Laotian Civil War Operation Menu Cambodian Civil War Fall of Saigon ) Six-Day War Détente Yom Kippur War Dirty War Wars in Africa ( Angolan War of Independence Angolan Civil War Mozambican War of Independence Mozambican Civil War South African Border War Rhodesian Bush War ) Cambodian-Vietnamese War Soviet-- Afghan War 1980 Summer Olympics Olympic boycotts ( 1980 Olympic boycott 1984 Olympic boycott ) Polish strike Death and funeral 1982-- 1991 Leadership changes and collapse Invasion of Grenada Glasnost Perestroika Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan Singing Revolution ( Baltic Way Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia Estonian Sovereignty Declaration ) Revolutions of 1989 ( Pan-European picnic Die Wende Peaceful Revolution Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution End of communist rule in Hungary Romanian Revolution German reunification ) Dissolution ( Jeltoqsan Nagorno-Karabakh War 9 April tragedy Black January Osh riots War of Laws Dushanbe riots January Events The Barricades Referendum Union of Sovereign States August Coup Ukrainian independence ( referendum ) Belavezha Accords Alma-Ata Protocol ) History of Russia Moscow Kiev Minsk Former Soviet Republics Soviet leadership 1. Lenin 2. Stalin 3. Malenkov 4. Khrushchev 5. Brezhnev 6. Andropov 7. Chernenko 8. Gorbachev Culture Economy Education Geography Politics Soviet Union portal The Russian Civil War ( Russian : Гражда́нская война́ в Росси́и , tr. Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossiyi ; November 1917 -- October 1922) was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the Russian Revolutions of 1917 , as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army , fighting for the Bolshevik form of socialism led by Vladimir Lenin , and the loosely allied forces known as the White Army , which included diverse interests favoring monarchism , capitalism and alternative forms of socialism, each with democratic and antidemocratic variants. In addition, rival militant socialists and nonideological Green armies fought against both the Bolsheviks and the Whites. Eight foreign nations intervened against the Red Army, notably the Allied Forces and the pro-German armies. The Red Army defeated the White Armed Forces of South Russia in Ukraine and the army led by Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak in Siberia in 1919. The remains of the White forces commanded by Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel were beaten in Crimea and evacuated in late 1920. Lesser battles of the war continued on the periphery for two more years, and minor skirmishes with the remnants of the White forces in the Far East continued well into 1923. The war ended in 1923 in the sense that Red control of the newly formed Soviet Union was now assured, although armed national resistance in Central Asia was not completely crushed until 1934. There were an estimated 7,000,000-- 12,000,000 casualties during the war, mostly civilians. The Russian Civil War has been described by some as the greatest national catastrophe that Europe had yet seen. Many pro-independence movements emerged after the break-up of the Russian Empire and fought in the war. Several parts of the former Russian Empire-- Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland -- were established as sovereign states , with their own civil wars and wars of independence. The rest of the former Russian Empire was consolidated into the Soviet Union shortly afterwards. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 February Revolution 1.2 Formation of the Red Army 1.3 Anti-Bolshevik movement 2 Geography and chronology 3 Warfare 3.1 October Revolution 3.2 Initial anti-Bolshevik uprisings 3.3 Peace with the Central Powers 3.4 Ukraine, South Russia, and Caucasus 1918 3.5 Eastern Russia, Siberia and Far East of Russia, 1918 3.6 Central Asia 1918 3.7 Left SR uprising 3.8 Estonia, Latvia and Petrograd 3.9 Northern Russia 1919 3.10 Siberia 1919 3.11 South Russia 1919 3.12 Central Asia 1919 3.13 South Russia, Ukraine and Kronstadt 1920-- 21 3.14 Siberia and the Far East 1920-- 22 4 Aftermath 4.1 Ensuing rebellion 4.2 Casualties 4.3 Brief Timeline 5 In fiction 5.1 Literature 5.2 Film 5.3 Video Games 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) February Revolution ( edit ) Main article: February Revolution After the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia , the Russian Provisional Government was established during the February Revolution of 1917. Formation of the Red Army ( edit ) Main article: Red Army From mid-1917 onwards, the Russian Army , the successor-organisation of the old Russian Imperial Army , started to disintegrate; the Bolsheviks used the volunteer-based Red Guards as their main military force, augmented by an armed military component of the Cheka (the Bolshevik state-security apparatus). In January 1918, after significant Bolshevik reverses in combat, the future People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs Leon Trotsky headed the reorganization of the Red Guards into a Workers' and Peasants' Red Army in order to create a more effective fighting force. The Bolsheviks appointed political commissars to each unit of the Red Army to maintain morale and to ensure loyalty. In June 1918, when it had become apparent that a revolutionary army composed solely of workers would not suffice, Trotsky instituted mandatory conscription of the rural peasantry into the Red Army. The Bolsheviks overcame opposition of rural Russians to Red-Army conscription units by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance, exactly the same practices used by the White Army officers. The Red Army utilized former Tsarist officers as `` military specialists'' ( voenspetsy ), sometimes their families were taken hostage in order to ensure their loyalty. At the start of the civil war, former Tsarist officers comprised three-quarters of the Red Army officer-corps. By its end, 83% of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers. Anti-Bolshevik movement ( edit ) Main articles: White movement , Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine , Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War , Pro-independence movements in Russian Civil War , and Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks While resistance to the Red Guard began on the very day after the Bolshevik uprising, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the political ban became a catalyst for the formation of anti-Bolshevik groups both inside and outside Russia, pushing them into action against the new regime. A loose confederation of anti-Bolshevik forces aligned against the Communist government, including landowners, republicans , conservatives, middle-class citizens, reactionaries , pro-monarchists , liberals , army generals, non-Bolshevik socialists who still had grievances and democratic reformists voluntarily united only in their opposition to Bolshevik rule. Their military forces, bolstered by forced conscriptions and terror and by foreign influence and led by Gen. Yudenich, Adm. Kolchak and Gen. Denikin, became known as the White movement (sometimes referred to as the `` White Army'' ) and controlled significant parts of the former Russian Empire for most of the war. A Ukrainian nationalist movement was active in Ukraine during the war. More significant was the emergence of an anarchist political and military movement known as the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine or the Anarchist Black Army led by Nestor Makhno . The Black Army, which counted numerous Jews and Ukrainian peasants in its ranks, played a key part in halting Gen. Denikin's White Army offensive towards Moscow during 1919, later ejecting White forces from Crimea. The remoteness of the Volga Region , the Ural Region , Siberia and the Far East was favorable for the anti-Bolshevik forces, and the Whites set up a number of organizations in the cities of these regions. Some of the military forces were set up on the basis of clandestine officers' organizations in the cities. The Czechoslovak Legions had been part of the Russian army and numbered around 30,000 troops by October 1917. They had an agreement with the new Bolshevik government to be evacuated from the Eastern Front via the port of Vladivostok to France. The transport from the Eastern Front to Vladivostok slowed down in the chaos, and the troops became dispersed all along the Trans-Siberian Railway . Under pressure from the Central Powers, Trotsky ordered the disarming and arrest of the legionaries, which created tensions with the Bolsheviks. The Western Allies armed and supported opponents of the Bolsheviks. They were worried about (1) a possible Russo-German alliance, (2) the prospect of the Bolsheviks making good on their threats to default on Imperial Russia's massive foreign loans and (3) the possibility that the Communist revolutionary ideas would spread (a concern shared by many Central Powers ). Hence, many of these countries expressed their support for the Whites, including the provision of troops and supplies. Winston Churchill declared that Bolshevism must be `` strangled in its cradle'' . The British and French had supported Russia during World War I on a massive scale with war materials. After the treaty, it looked like much of that material would fall into the hands of the Germans. Under this pretext began allied intervention in the Russian Civil War with the United Kingdom and France sending troops into Russian ports. There were violent clashes with troops loyal to the Bolsheviks. The German Empire created several short-lived satellite buffer states within its sphere of influence after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk : the `` United Baltic Duchy '' , `` Duchy of Courland and Semigallia '' , `` Kingdom of Lithuania '' , `` Kingdom of Poland '' , the `` Belarusian People's Republic '' , and the `` Ukrainian State '' . Following the defeat of Germany in World War I in November 1918, these states were abolished. Finland was the first republic that declared its independence from Russia in December 1917 and established itself in the ensuing Finnish Civil War from January-- May 1918. The Second Polish Republic , Lithuania , Latvia and Estonia formed their own armies immediately after the abolition of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty and the start of the Soviet westward offensive in November 1918. Geography and chronology ( edit ) Main articles: Southern Front of the Russian Civil War , North Russia Campaign , Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War , Yakut Revolt , and Finnish civil war In the European part of Russia the war was fought across three main fronts: the eastern, the southern and the northwestern. It can also be roughly split into the following periods. The first period lasted from the Revolution until the Armistice. Already on the date of the Revolution, Cossack Gen. Kaledin refused to recognize it and assumed full governmental authority in the Don region, where the Volunteer Army began amassing support. The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk also resulted in direct Allied intervention in Russia and the arming of military forces opposed to the Bolshevik government. There were also many German commanders who offered support against the Bolsheviks, fearing a confrontation with them was impending as well. During this first period the Bolsheviks took control of Central Asia out of the hands of the Provisional Government and White Army, setting up a base for the Communist Party in the Steppe and Turkestan, where nearly two million Russian settlers were located. Anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army in South Russia, January 1918 Russian soldiers of the anti-Bolshevik Siberian Army in 1919 Most of the fighting in this first period was sporadic, involving only small groups amid a fluid and rapidly shifting strategic scene. Among the antagonists were the Czechs, known as the Czechoslovak Legion or `` White Czechs'' , the Poles of the Polish 5th Rifle Division and the pro-Bolshevik Red Latvian riflemen . The second period of the war lasted from January to November 1919. At first the White armies' advances from the south (under Gen. Denikin ), the east (under Adm. Kolchak ) and the northwest (under Gen. Yudenich ) were successful, forcing the Red Army and its allies back on all three fronts. In July 1919 the Red Army suffered another reverse after a mass defection of units in the Crimea to the anarchist Black Army under Nestor Makhno , enabling anarchist forces to consolidate power in Ukraine. Leon Trotsky soon reformed the Red Army, concluding the first of two military alliances with the anarchists. In June the Red Army first checked Kolchak's advance. After a series of engagements, assisted by a Black Army offensive against White supply lines, the Red Army defeated Denikin's and Yudenich's armies in October and November. The third period of the war was the extended siege of the last White forces in the Crimea. Gen. Wrangel had gathered the remnants of Denikin's armies, occupying much of the Crimea. An attempted invasion of southern Ukraine was rebuffed by the anarchist Black Army under the command of Nestor Makhno. Pursued into the Crimea by Makhno's troops, Wrangel went over to the defensive in the Crimea. After an abortive move north against the Red Army, Wrangel's troops were forced south by Red Army and Black Army forces; Wrangel and the remains of his army were evacuated to Constantinople in November 1920. Warfare ( edit ) October Revolution ( edit ) Main article: October Revolution European theatre of the Russian Civil War In the October Revolution the Bolshevik Party directed the Red Guard (armed groups of workers and Imperial army deserters) to seize control of Petrograd (Saint Petersburg) and immediately began the armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire. In January 1918 the Bolsheviks dissolved the Russian Constituent Assembly and proclaimed the Soviets (workers' councils) as the new government of Russia. Initial anti-Bolshevik uprisings ( edit ) Main articles: Kerensky-Krasnov uprising , Junker mutiny , and Volunteer Army Summer 1917 in Russia near Moscow. In the park of the dacha , a German babushka and her two granddaughters. The children fled with their Swiss parents (probably in 1921) to Switzerland in a dramatic escape, living first in the south of Russia ( Rostov-on-Don ), later fleeing through Odessa by sealed cattle carriage to Warsaw . When the family arrived in Basel , they had to endure a mandatory quarantine . The first attempt to regain power from the Bolsheviks was made by the Kerensky-Krasnov uprising in October 1917. It was supported by the Junker Mutiny in Petrograd but was quickly put down by the Red Guard, notably the Latvian rifle division . The initial groups that fought against the Communists were local Cossack armies that had declared their loyalty to the Provisional Government. Gen. Kaledin of the Don Cossacks and Gen. Semenov of the Siberian Cossacks were prominent among them. The leading Tsarist officers of the old regime also started to resist. In November, Gen. Alekseev , the Tsar's Chief of Staff during the First World War, began to organize the Volunteer Army in Novocherkassk . Volunteers of this small army were mostly officers of the old Russian army, military cadets and students. In December 1917 Alekseev was joined by Gen. Kornilov , Denikin and other Tsarist officers who had escaped from the jail, where they had been imprisoned following the abortive Kornilov affair just before the Revolution. At the beginning of December 1917 groups of volunteers and Cossacks captured Rostov . Having stated in the November 1917 `` Declaration of Rights of Nations of Russia '' that any nation under imperial Russian rule should be immediately given the power of self-determination, the Bolsheviks had begun to usurp the power of the Provisional Government in the territories of Central Asia soon after the establishment of the Turkestan Committee in Tashkent. In April 1917 the Provisional Government set up this committee, which was mostly made up of former Tsarist officials. The Bolsheviks attempted to take control of the Committee in Tashkent on 12 September 1917 but it was unsuccessful, and many leaders were arrested. However, because the Committee lacked representation of the native population and poor Russian settlers, they had to release the Bolshevik prisoners almost immediately due to public outcry, and a successful takeover of this government body took place two months later in November. The triumph of the Bolshevik party over the Provisional Government during 1917 was mostly due to the support they received from the working class of Central Asia. The Leagues of Mohammedam Working People, which Russian settlers and natives who had been sent to work behind the lines for the Tsarist government in 1916 formed in March 1917, had led numerous strikes in the industrial centers throughout September 1917. However, after the Bolshevik destruction of the Provisional Government in Tashkent , Muslim elites formed an autonomous government in Turkestan, commonly called the `` Kokand autonomy'' (or simply Kokand ). The White Russians supported this government body, which lasted several months because of Bolshevik troop isolation from Moscow. In January 1918 the Soviet forces under Lt. Col. Muravyov invaded Ukraine and invested Kiev , where the Central Council of the Ukrainian People's Republic held power. With the help of the Kiev Arsenal Uprising, the Bolsheviks captured the city on 26 January. Peace with the Central Powers ( edit ) Main article: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Soviet delegation with Trotsky greeted by German officers at Brest-Litovsk, 8 January 1918 The Bolsheviks decided to immediately make peace with the German Empire and the Central Powers , as they had promised the Russian people before the Revolution. Vladimir Lenin 's political enemies attributed that decision to his sponsorship by the Foreign Office of Wilhelm II, German Emperor , offered to Lenin in hope that, with a revolution, Russia would withdraw from World War I. That suspicion was bolstered by the German Foreign Ministry's sponsorship of Lenin's return to Petrograd . However, after the military fiasco of the summer offensive (June 1917) by the Russian Provisional Government , and in particular after the failed summer offensive of the Provisional Government had devastated the structure of the Russian army, it became crucial that Lenin realize the promised peace. Even before the failed summer offensive the Russian population was very skeptical about the continuation of the war. Western socialists had promptly arrived from France and from the UK to convince the Russians to continue the fight, but could not change the new pacifist mood of Russia. On 16 December 1917 an armistice was signed between Russia and the Central Powers in Brest-Litovsk and peace talks began. As a condition for peace, the proposed treaty by the Central Powers conceded huge portions of the former Russian Empire to the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire , greatly upsetting nationalists and conservatives . Leon Trotsky, representing the Bolsheviks, refused at first to sign the treaty while continuing to observe a unilateral cease-fire, following the policy of `` No war, no peace'' . In view of this, on 18 February 1918 the Germans began Operation Faustschlag on the Eastern Front, encountering virtually no resistance in a campaign that lasted 11 days. Signing a formal peace treaty was the only option in the eyes of the Bolsheviks because the Russian army was demobilized, and the newly formed Red Guard was incapable of stopping the advance. They also understood that the impending counterrevolutionary resistance was more dangerous than the concessions of the treaty, which Lenin viewed as temporary in the light of aspirations for a world revolution . The Soviets acceded to a peace treaty, and the formal agreement, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk , was ratified on 6 March. The Soviets viewed the treaty as merely a necessary and expedient means to end the war. Therefore, they ceded large amounts of territory to the German Empire. Ukraine, South Russia, and Caucasus 1918 ( edit ) Main articles: Ukrainian People's Republic , Kiev Arsenal January Uprising , Ice March , 26 Baku Commissars , German Caucasus Expedition , Battle of Baku , and Central Caspian Dictatorship February 1918 article from The New York Times showing a map of the Russian Imperial territories claimed by Ukrainian People's Republic at the time, before the annexation of the Austro-Hungarian lands of the West Ukrainian People's Republic . Under Soviet pressure, the Volunteer Army embarked on the epic Ice March from Yekaterinodar to Kuban on 22 February 1918, where they joined with the Kuban Cossacks to mount an abortive assault on Yekaterinodar. The Soviets recaptured Rostov on the next day. Gen. Kornilov was killed in the fighting on 13 April, and Gen. Denikin took over command. Fighting off its pursuers without respite, the army succeeded in breaking its way through back towards the Don, where the Cossack uprising against Bolsheviks had started. The Baku Soviet Commune was established on 13 April. Germany landed its Caucasus Expedition troops in Poti on 8 June. The Ottoman Army of Islam (in coalition with Azerbaijan ) drove them out of Baku on 26 July 1918. Subsequently, the Dashanaks , Right SRs and Mensheviks started negotiations with Gen. Dunsterville , the commander of the British troops in Persia . The Bolsheviks and their Left SR allies were opposed to it, but on 25 July the majority of the Soviet voted to call in the British and the Bolsheviks resigned. The Baku Soviet Commune ended its existence and was replaced by the Central Caspian Dictatorship. In June 1918 the Volunteer Army, numbering some 9,000 men, started its second Kuban campaign. Yekaterinodar was encircled on 1 August and fell on the 3rd. In September-- October, heavy fighting took place at Armavir and Stavropol . On 13 October Gen. Kazanovich's division took Armavir, and on 1 November Gen. Pyotr Wrangel secured Stavropol. This time Red forces had no escape, and by the beginning of 1919 the whole Northern Caucasus was controlled by the Volunteer Army. In October Gen. Alekseev, the leader of the White armies in southern Russia, died of a heart attack. An agreement was reached between Denikin, head of the Volunteer Army, and PN Krasnov, Ataman of the Don Cossacks, which united their forces under the sole command of Denikin. The Armed Forces of South Russia were thus created. Eastern Russia, Siberia and Far east of Russia, 1918 ( edit ) Main article: Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion The revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion broke out in May 1918, and the legionaries took control of Chelyabinsk in June. Simultaneously Russian officers' organizations overthrew the Bolsheviks in Petropavlovsk (in present-day Kazakhstan) and in Omsk . Within a month the Whites controlled most of the Trans-Siberian Railroad between Lake Baikal and the Ural regions. During the summer Bolshevik power in Siberia was eliminated. The Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia formed in Omsk. By the end of July the Whites had extended their gains westwards, capturing Ekaterinburg on 26 July 1918. Shortly before the fall of Yekaterinburg on 17 July 1918, the former Tsar and his family were executed by the Ural Soviet to prevent them falling into the hands of the Whites. Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries supported peasants fighting against Soviet control of food supplies. In May 1918, with the support of the Czechoslovak Legion, they took Samara and Saratov , establishing the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly -- known as the `` Komuch'' . By July the authority of the Komuch extended over much of the area controlled by the Czechoslovak Legion. The Komuch pursued an ambivalent social policy, combining democratic and socialist measures, such as the institution of an eight-hour working day , with `` restorative'' actions, such as returning both factories and land to their former owners. After the fall of Kazan , Vladimir Lenin called for the dispatch of Petrograd workers to the Kazan Front: `` We must send down the maximum number of Petrograd workers: (1) a few dozen ' leaders' like Kayurov ; (2) a few thousand militants ' from the ranks' '' . After a series of reverses at the front, the Bolsheviks' War Commissar, Trotsky, instituted increasingly harsh measures in order to prevent unauthorized withdrawals, desertions and mutinies in the Red Army. In the field the Cheka special investigations forces, termed the Special Punitive Department of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combat of Counter-Revolution and Sabotage or Special Punitive Brigades , followed the Red Army, conducting field tribunals and summary executions of soldiers and officers who deserted, retreated from their positions or failed to display sufficient offensive zeal. Trotsky extended the use of the death penalty to the occasional political commissar whose detachment retreated or broke in the face of the enemy. In August, frustrated at continued reports of Red Army troops breaking under fire, Trotsky authorized the formation of barrier troops - stationed behind unreliable Red Army units and given with orders to shoot anyone withdrawing from the battle line without authorization. Bolsheviks killed by Czechoslovak legionaries of the 8th Regiment at Nikolsk-Ussuriysky , 1918. In September 1918 Komuch, the Siberian Provisional Government and other local anti-Soviet governments met in Ufa and agreed to form a new Provisional All-Russian Government in Omsk, headed by a Directory of five: three Socialist-Revolutionaries ( Nikolai Avksentiev , Boldyrev and Vladimir Zenzinov ) and two Kadets , ( V.A. Vinogradov ( ru ) and PV Vologodskii). By the fall of 1918 anti-Bolshevik White forces in the east included the People's Army ( Komuch ), the Siberian Army (of the Siberian Provisional Government) and insurgent Cossack units of Orenburg, Ural, Siberia, Semirechye, Baikal, Amur and Ussuri Cossacks, nominally under the orders of Gen. V.G. Boldyrev, Commander-in-Chief, appointed by the Ufa Directorate. On the Volga, Col. Kappel 's White detachment captured Kazan on 7 August, but the Reds re-captured the city on 8 September 1918 following a counteroffensive. On the 11th Simbirsk fell, and on 8 October Samara . The Whites fell back eastwards to Ufa and Orenburg. In Omsk the Russian Provisional Government quickly came under the influence - then the dominance - of its new War Minister, Rear-Admiral Kolchak . On 18 November a coup d'état established Kolchak as dictator. The members of the Directory were arrested and Kolchak proclaimed the `` Supreme Ruler of Russia'' . By mid-December 1918 White armies had to leave Ufa , but they balanced this failure with a successful drive towards Perm , which they took on 24 December. Central Asia 1918 ( edit ) In February 1918 the Red Army overthrew the White Russian-supported Kokand autonomy of Turkestan. Although this move seemed to solidify Bolshevik power in Central Asia, more troubles soon arose for the Red Army as the Allied Forces began to intervene. British support of the White Army provided the greatest threat to the Red Army in Central Asia during 1918. Great Britain sent three prominent military leaders to the area. One was Lt. Col. Bailey , who recorded a mission to Tashkent, from where the Bolsheviks forced him to flee. Another was Gen. Malleson , leading the Malleson Mission , who assisted the Mensheviks in Ashkhabad (now the capital of Turkmenistan) with a small Anglo-Indian force. However, he failed to gain control of Tashkent, Bukhara and Khiva. The third was Maj. Gen. Dunsterville , who the Bolsheviks drove out of Central Asia only a month after his arrival in August 1918. Despite setbacks due to British invasions during 1918, the Bolsheviks continued to make progress in bringing the Central Asian population under their influence. The first regional congress of the Russian Communist Party convened in the city of Tashkent in June 1918 in order to build support for a local Bolshevik Party. London Geographical Institute's 1919 map of Europe after the treaties of Brest-Litovsk and Batum and before the treaties of Tartu , Kars , and Riga Left SR uprising ( edit ) Main article: Left SR uprising In July two Left SR and Cheka employees, Blyumkin and Andreyev, assassinated the German ambassador, Count Mirbach . In Moscow a Left SR uprising was put down by the Bolsheviks, using Cheka military detachments. Lenin personally apologized to the Germans for the assassination. Mass arrests of Socialist-Revolutionaries followed. Estonia, Latvia and Petrograd ( edit ) Estonia cleared its territory of the Red Army by January 1919. Baltic German volunteers captured Riga from the Red Latvian Riflemen on 22 May, but the Estonian 3rd Division defeated the Baltic Germans a month later, aiding the establishment of the Republic of Latvia . Gen. Nikolai Yudenich . This rendered possible another threat to the Red Army-- one from Gen. Yudenich , who had spent the summer organizing the Northwestern Army in Estonia with local and British support. In October 1919 he tried to capture Petrograd in a sudden assault with a force of around 20,000 men. The attack was well-executed, using night attacks and lightning cavalry maneuvers to turn the flanks of the defending Red Army. Yudenich also had six British tanks, which caused panic whenever they appeared. The Allies gave large quantities of aid to Yudenich, who, however, complained that he was receiving insufficient support. By 19 October Yudenich's troops had reached the outskirts of the city. Some members of the Bolshevik central committee in Moscow were willing to give up Petrograd, but Trotsky refused to accept the loss of the city and personally organized its defenses. He declared, `` It is impossible for a little army of 15,000 ex-officers to master a working-class capital of 700,000 inhabitants.'' He settled on a strategy of urban defense, proclaiming that the city would `` defend itself on its own ground'' and that the White Army would be lost in a labyrinth of fortified streets and there `` meet its grave'' . Trotsky armed all available workers, men and women, ordering the transfer of military forces from Moscow. Within a few weeks the Red Army defending Petrograd had tripled in size and outnumbered Yudenich three to one. At this point Yudenich, short of supplies, decided to call off the siege of the city and withdrew, repeatedly asking permission to withdraw his army across the border to Estonia. However, units retreating across the border were disarmed and interned by order of the Estonian government, which had entered into peace negotiations with the Soviet Government on 16 September and had been informed by the Soviet authorities of their 6 November decision that, should the White Army be allowed to retreat into Estonia, it would be pursued across the border by the Reds. In fact, the Reds attacked Estonian army positions and fighting continued until a cease-fire went into effect on 3 January 1920. Following the Treaty of Tartu most of Yudenich's soldiers went into exile. Finnish Gen. Mannerheim planned an intervention to help the Whites in Russia capture Petrograd. He did not, however, gain the necessary support for the endeavor. Lenin considered it `` completely certain, that the slightest aid from Finland would have determined the fate of Petrograd'' . Northern Russia 1919 ( edit ) Main article: North Russia Intervention The British occupied Murmansk and, alongside the Americans , seized Arkhangelsk . With the retreat of Kolchak in Siberia, they pulled their troops out of the cities before the winter trapped them in the port. The remaining White forces under Yevgenii Miller evacuated the region in February 1920. Siberia 1919 ( edit ) Admiral Kolchak reviewing the troops, 1919. At the beginning of March 1919 the general offensive of the Whites on the eastern front began. Ufa was retaken on 13 March; by mid-April, the White Army stopped at the Glazov -- Chistopol -- Bugulma -- Buguruslan -- Sharlyk line. Reds started their counteroffensive against Kolchak's forces at the end of April. The Red Army, led by the capable commander Tukhachevsky , captured Elabuga on 26 May, Sarapul on 2 June and Izevsk on the 7th and continued to push forward. Both sides had victories and losses, but by the middle of summer the Red Army was larger than the White Army and had managed to recapture territory previously lost. Following the abortive offensive at Chelyabinsk , the White armies withdrew beyond the Tobol . In September 1919 a White offensive was launched against the Tobol front, the last attempt to change the course of events. However, on 14 October the Reds counterattacked, and thus began the uninterrupted retreat of the Whites to the east . On 14 November 1919 the Red Army captured Omsk . Adm. Kolchak lost control of his government shortly after this defeat; White Army forces in Siberia essentially ceased to exist by December. Retreat of the eastern front by White armies lasted three months, until mid-February 1920, when the survivors, after crossing Lake Baikal , reached Chita area and joined Ataman Semenov 's forces. South Russia 1919 ( edit ) The Cossacks had been unable to organize and capitalize on their successes at the end of 1918. By 1919 they had begun to run short of supplies. Consequently, when the Soviet counteroffensive began in January 1919 under the Bolshevik leader Antonov-Ovseenko , the Cossack forces rapidly fell apart. The Red Army captured Kiev on 3 February 1919. White propaganda poster `` For united Russia'' representing the Bolsheviks as a fallen communist dragon and the White Cause as a crusading knight. Gen. Denikin's military strength continued to grow in the spring of 1919. During several months in winter and spring of 1919, hard fighting with doubtful outcomes took place in the Donbass , where the attacking Bolsheviks met White forces. At the same time Denikin's Armed Forces of South Russia (AFSR) completed the elimination of Red forces in the northern Caucasus and advanced towards Tsaritsyn . At the end of April and beginning of May the AFSR attacked on all fronts from the Dnepr to the Volga, and by the beginning of the summer they had won numerous battles. French forces landed in Odessa but, after having done almost no fighting, withdrew on 8 April 1919. By mid-June the Reds were chased from the Crimea and the Odessa area. Denikin's troops took the cities of Kharkov and Belgorod . At the same time White troops under Wrangel's command took Tsaritsyn on 17 June 1919 . On 20 June Denikin issued his famous `` Moscow directive'' , ordering all AFSR units to get ready for a decisive offensive to take Moscow. Although Great Britain had withdrawn its own troops from the theater, it continued to give significant military aid (money, weapons, food, ammunition and some military advisors) to the White Armies during 1919. Major Ewen Cameron Bruce of the British Army had volunteered to command a British tank mission assisting the White Army. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his bravery during the June 1919 battle of Tsaritsyn for single-handedly storming and capturing the fortified city of Tsaritsyn, under heavy shell fire in a single tank; this led to the successful capture of over 40,000 prisoners. The fall of Tsaritsyn is viewed `` as one of the key battles of the Russian Civil War'' which greatly helped the White Russian Cause. Notable historian Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart comments that Bruce's tank action during this battle is to be seen as `` one of the most remarkable feats in the whole history of the Tank Corps'' . After the capture of Tsaritsyn, Wrangel pushed towards Saratov but Trotsky, seeing the danger of the union with Kolchak , against whom the Red command was concentrating large masses of troops, repulsed his attempts with heavy losses. When Kolchak's army in the east began to retreat in June and July, the bulk of the Red Army, free now from any serious danger from Siberia, was directed against Denikin. Denikin's forces constituted a real threat and for a time threatened to reach Moscow. The Red Army, stretched thin by fighting on all fronts, was forced out of Kiev on 30 August. Kursk and Orel were taken. The Cossack Don Army under the command of Gen. Konstantin Mamontov continued north towards Voronezh , but there Tukhachevsky's army defeated them on 24 October. Tukhachevsky's army then turned towards yet another threat, the rebuilt Volunteer Army of Gen. Denikin. American troops in Vladivostok during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War (August 1918) The high tide of the White movement against the Soviets had been reached in September 1919. By this time Denikin's forces were dangerously overextended. The White front had no depth or stability-- it had become a series of patrols with occasional columns of slowly advancing troops without reserves. Lacking ammunition, artillery and fresh reinforcements, Denikin's army was decisively defeated in a series of battles in October and November 1919. The Red Army recaptured Kiev on 17 December and the defeated Cossacks fled back towards the Black Sea . While the White armies were being routed in the center and the east, they had succeeded in driving Nestor Makhno 's anarchist Black Army (formally known as the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine ) out of part of southern Ukraine and the Crimea. Despite this setback, Moscow was loath to aid Makhno and the Black Army and refused to provide arms to anarchist forces in Ukraine. The main body of White forces, the Volunteers and the Don Army, pulled back towards the Don, to Rostov. The smaller body (Kiev and Odessa troops) withdrew to Odessa and the Crimea, which it had managed to protect from the Bolsheviks during the winter of 1919-- 1920. Central Asia 1919 ( edit ) By February 1919 the British government had pulled its military forces out of Central Asia. Despite this success for the Red Army, the White Army's assaults in European Russia and other areas broke communication between Moscow and Tashkent. For a time Central Asia was completely cut off from Red Army forces in Siberia. Although this communication failure weakened the Red Army, the Bolsheviks continued their efforts to gain support for the Bolshevik Party in Central Asia by holding a second regional conference in March. During this conference a regional bureau of Muslim organizations of the Russian Bolshevik Party was formed. The Bolshevik Party continued to try to gain support among the native population by giving them the impression of better representation for the Central Asian population and throughout the end of the year were able to maintain harmony with the Central Asian people. Communication difficulties with Red Army forces in Siberia and European Russia ceased to be a problem by mid-November 1919. Due to Red Army successes north of Central Asia, communication with Moscow was re-established and the Bolsheviks were able to claim victory over the White Army in Turkestan. South Russia, Ukraine and Kronstadt 1920-- 21 ( edit ) Victims of the Russian famine of 1921 By the beginning of 1920 the main body of the Armed Forces of South Russia was rapidly retreating towards the Don, to Rostov. Denikin hoped to hold the crossings of the Don, then rest and reform his troops, but the White Army was not able to hold the Don area and at the end of February 1920, started a retreat across Kuban towards Novorossiysk . Slipshod evacuation of Novorossiysk proved to be a dark event for the White Army. About 40,000 men were evacuated by Russian and Allied ships from Novorossiysk to the Crimea , without horses or any heavy equipment, while about 20,000 men were left behind and either dispersed or captured by the Red Army. Following the disastrous Novorossiysk evacuation, Denikin stepped down and the military council elected Wrangel as the new Commander-in-Chief of the White Army. He was able to restore order to the dispirited troops and reshape an army that could fight as a regular force again. This remained an organized force in the Crimea throughout 1920. After Moscow's Bolshevik government signed a military and political alliance with Nestor Makhno and the Ukrainian anarchists, the Black Army attacked and defeated several regiments of Wrangel's troops in southern Ukraine, forcing him to retreat before he could capture that year's grain harvest. Stymied in his efforts to consolidate his hold, Wrangel then attacked north in an attempt to take advantage of recent Red Army defeats at the close of the Polish-- Soviet War of 1919-- 1920. This offensive was eventually halted by the Red Army, and Wrangel's troops were forced to retreat to the Crimea in November 1920 pursued by both the Red and Black cavalry and infantry. Wrangel and the remains of his army were evacuated from the Crimea to Constantinople on 14 November 1920. Thus ended the struggle of Reds and Whites in Southern Russia. Red Army troops attack Kronstadt sailors in March 1921 After the defeat of Wrangel, the Red Army immediately repudiated its 1920 treaty of alliance with Nestor Makhno and attacked the anarchist Black Army ; the campaign to liquidate Makhno and the Ukrainian anarchists began with an attempted assassination of Makhno by Cheka agents. Angered by continued repression by the Bolshevik Communist government and its liberal use of the Cheka to put down anarchist elements, a naval mutiny erupted at Kronstadt , followed by peasant revolts. Red Army attacks on the anarchist forces and their sympathizers increased in ferocity throughout 1921. Siberia and the Far east 1920-- 22 ( edit ) Main article: Far Eastern Front in the Russian Civil War In Siberia, Adm. Kolchak's army had disintegrated. He himself gave up command after the loss of Omsk and designated Gen. Grigory Semyonov as the new leader of the White Army in Siberia. Not long after this Kolchak was arrested by the disaffected Czechoslovak Corps as he traveled towards Irkutsk without the protection of the army, and turned over to the socialist Political Centre in Irkutsk. Six days later this regime was replaced by a Bolshevik-dominated Military-Revolutionary Committee. On 6-- 7 February Kolchak and his prime minister Victor Pepelyaev were shot and their bodies thrown through the ice of the frozen Angara River, just before the arrival of the White Army in the area. Remnants of Kolchak's army reached Transbaikalia and joined Semyonov's troops, forming the Far Eastern army. With the support of the Japanese army it was able to hold Chita , but after withdrawal of Japanese soldiers from Transbaikalia, Semenov's position became untenable, and in November 1920 he was driven by the Red Army from Transbaikalia and took refuge in China. The Japanese, who had plans to annex the Amur Krai , finally pulled their troops out as Bolshevik forces gradually asserted control over the Russian Far East. On 25 October 1922 Vladivostok fell to the Red Army, and the Provisional Priamur Government was extinguished. Aftermath ( edit ) Ensuing rebellion ( edit ) In central Asia Red Army troops continued to face resistance into 1923, where basmachi (armed bands of Islamic guerrillas) had formed to fight the Bolshevik takeover. The Soviets engaged non-Russian peoples in Central Asia, like Magaza Masanchi , commander of the Dungan Cavalry Regiment, to fight against the Basmachis. The Communist Party did not completely dismantle this group until 1934. Gen. Anatoly Pepelyayev continued armed resistance in the Ayano-Maysky District until June 1923. The regions of Kamchatka and Northern Sakhalin remained under Japanese occupation until their treaty with the Soviet Union in 1925, when their forces were finally withdrawn. Casualties ( edit ) Victims of the Red Terror in Crimea , 1918 Street children during the Russian Civil War The results of the civil war were momentous. Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated the total number of men killed in action in the Civil War and Polish-- Soviet War as 300,000 (125,000 in the Red Army, 175,500 White armies and Poles) and the total number of military personnel dead from disease (on both sides) as 450,000. During the Red Terror , estimates of Cheka executions range from 12,733 to 1.7 million. William Henry Chamberlin suspected that there were about 50,000. Evan Mawdsley suspected that there were more than 12,733, and less than 200,000. Some sources claimed at least 250,000 summary executions of `` enemies of the people '' with estimates reaching above a million. More modest estimates put the numbers executed by the Bolsheviks between December 1917 and February 1922 at around 28,000 per year, with roughly 10,000 executions during the Red Terror. Some 300,000-- 500,000 Cossacks were killed or deported during decossackization , out of a population of around three million. An estimated 100,000 Jews were killed in Ukraine, mostly by the White Army. Punitive organs of the All Great Don Cossack Host sentenced 25,000 people to death between May 1918 and January 1919. Kolchak's government shot 25,000 people in Ekaterinburg province alone. `` White terror'' has killed about 300,000 people in total. At the end of the Civil War the Russian SFSR was exhausted and near ruin. The droughts of 1920 and 1921, as well as the 1921 famine , worsened the disaster still further. Disease had reached pandemic proportions, with 3,000,000 dying of typhus alone in 1920. Millions more also died of widespread starvation, wholesale massacres by both sides and pogroms against Jews in Ukraine and southern Russia. By 1922 there were at least 7,000,000 street children in Russia as a result of nearly ten years of devastation from the Great War and the civil war. Refugees on flatcars . Another one to two million people, known as the White émigrés , fled Russia, many with Gen. Wrangel-- some through the Far East, others west into the newly independent Baltic countries. These émigrés included a large percentage of the educated and skilled population of Russia. The Russian economy was devastated by the war, with factories and bridges destroyed, cattle and raw materials pillaged, mines flooded and machines damaged. The industrial production value descended to one-seventh of the value of 1913 and agriculture to one-third. According to Pravda , `` The workers of the towns and some of the villages choke in the throes of hunger. The railways barely crawl. The houses are crumbling. The towns are full of refuse. Epidemics spread and death strikes-- industry is ruined.'' It is estimated that the total output of mines and factories in 1921 had fallen to 20% of the pre-World War level, and many crucial items experienced an even more drastic decline. For example, cotton production fell to 5%, and iron to 2%, of pre-war levels. War Communism saved the Soviet government during the Civil War, but much of the Russian economy had ground to a standstill. The peasants responded to requisitions by refusing to till the land. By 1921 cultivated land had shrunk to 62% of the pre-war area, and the harvest yield was only about 37% of normal. The number of horses declined from 35 million in 1916 to 24 million in 1920 and cattle from 58 to 37 million. The exchange rate with the US dollar declined from two rubles in 1914 to 1,200 in 1920. With the end of the war the Communist Party no longer faced an acute military threat to its existence and power. However, the perceived threat of another intervention, combined with the failure of socialist revolutions in other countries-- most notably the German Revolution -- contributed to the continued militarization of Soviet society. Although Russia experienced extremely rapid economic growth in the 1930s, the combined effect of World War I and the Civil War left a lasting scar on Russian society and had permanent effects on the development of the Soviet Union . British historian Orlando Figes has contended that the root of the Whites' defeat was their inability to dispel the popular image that they were dually associated with Tsarist Russia and supportive of a Tsarist restoration. Brief timeline ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1920 Nikolayevsk Incident : anarchist Yakov Triapitsyn massacred most of the inhabitants of the town of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur in the Russian Far East. 25 October 1917-- Alexander Kerensky and his supporters flee Petrograd. 5 January 1918-- The Red Guard breaks up a meeting of the Constituent Assembly on Lenin's orders. 28 January 1918-- Trotsky sets up the Red army. March 1918-- Bolsheviks move the Russian capital to Moscow from Petrograd for protection and better communications, as it is in the center of their territory. 14 October 1919-- Gen. Denikin's army reaches Orel 300 km from Moscow. 22 October 1919-- White forces reach the outskirts of Petrograd. Trotsky organizes a counterattack. Early November 1919-- Western allies pull the plug on support for the Whites. Troops begin to desert. 7 February 1920-- Kolchak is executed by the Bolsheviks after being handed over by the Czech Legion. April 1920-- Poles are driven back into Poland by the Bolsheviks 1921-- Kronstadt uprising crushed 1922- Provisional Priamur Republic dissolved. 1923- Yakut Revolt put down, ending the last White resistance in Russia. 1934- Basmachi Revolt finally put down. In fiction ( edit ) Literature ( edit ) The Road to Calvary (1922-- 41) by Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy Chapaev (1923) by Dmitri Furmanov The Iron Flood (1924) by Alexander Serafimovich Red Cavalry (1926) by Isaac Babel The Rout (1927) by Alexander Fadeyev How the Steel Was Tempered (1934) by Nikolai Ostrovsky Optimistic Tragedy (1934) by Vsevolod Vishnevsky And Quiet Flows the Don (1928-- 1940) by Mikhail Sholokhov The Don Flows Home to the Sea (1940) by Mikhail Sholokhov Doctor Zhivago (1957) by Boris Pasternak The White Guard (1966) by Mikhail Bulgakov Byzantium Endures (1981) by Michael Moorcock Chevengur (novel) ( ru ) (written in 1927, first published in 1988 in the USSR) by Andrei Platonov . Fall of Giants (2010) by Ken Follett A Splendid Little War (2012) by Derek Robinson (novelist) Film ( edit ) Arsenal (1928) Storm Over Asia (1928) Chapaev (1934) Thirteen (1936), directed by Mikhail Romm We Are from Kronstadt (1936), directed by Yefim Dzigan Knight Without Armour (1937) The Year 1919 (1938), directed by Ilya Trauberg The Baltic Marines (1939), directed by A. Faintsimmer Shchors (1939), directed by Dovzhenko Pavel Korchagin (1956), directed by A. Alov and V. Naumov The Forty-First (1956), directed by Grigori Chukhrai And Quiet Flows the Don (1958), directed by Sergei Gerasimov The Wind (1958), directed by A. Alov and V. Naumov Doctor Zhivago (1965), directed by David Lean The Elusive Avengers (1966) The Red and the White (1967) The Flight (1970), directed by A. Alov and V. Naumov Nicholas and Alexandra (1971) directed by Franklin Schaffner briefly mentioned Reds (1981), directed by Warren Beatty Corto Maltese in Siberia (2002) Admiral (2008) Sunstroke (2014), directed by Nikita Mikhalkov Video Games ( edit ) Battlefield 1 (2016); In The Name of the Tsar expansion released in 2017 See also ( edit ) Soviet Union portal Revolutionary Mass Festivals Timeline of the Russian Civil War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Russian Civil War Polities'' worldstatesmen.org Jump up ^ worldstatesmen.org ^ Jump up to: `` Russian Civil War Polities'' www.worldstatesmen.org/Russia_war.html Jump up ^ `` Russian Civil War Polities'' www.worldstatesmen.org ^ Jump up to: Mawdsley, pp. 3, 230 Jump up ^ Последние бои на Дальнем Востоке . М. , Центрполиграф , 2005. ^ Jump up to: Bullock, p. 7 `` Peripheral regions of the former Russian Empire that had broken away to form new nations had to fight for independence: Finland, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia and Azerbaijan.'' ^ Jump up to: G.F. Krivosheev, Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century , pp. 7-- 38. There were an additional 6,242,926 hospitalizations due to sickness. Jump up ^ `` Russian Civil War'' . Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2010-12-05 . Retrieved 2011-01-24 . Jump up ^ Russian Civil War Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2012 Jump up ^ Mawdsley, Evan (2007). The Russian Civil War . Pegasus Book. p. 287. ISBN 9781933648156 . Jump up ^ Calder, Kenneth J. (1976). Britain and the Origins of the New Europe 1914-1918 . International Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 166. ISBN 9780521208970 . Retrieved 2017-10-06 . (...) the Russian army disintegrated after the failure of the Galician offensive in July 1917. Jump up ^ Read, Christopher, From Tsar to Soviets , Oxford University Press (1996), p. 237: By 1920 77% of the Red Army's enlisted ranks comprised peasant conscripts. Jump up ^ Williams, Beryl, The Russian Revolution 1917-- 1921, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. (1987), ISBN 978-0-631-15083-1 , ISBN 0-631-15083-8 : Typically, men of conscriptible age (17 to 40 years old) in a village would vanish when Red Army draft-units approached. The taking of hostages and a few summary executions usually brought the men back. ^ Jump up to: Orlando Figes, A people's tragedy -- History of the Russian Revolution (Penguin Books 1996): To mobilize the peasants Kolchak's army resorted increasingly to terror. There was no effective local administration to enforce the conscription in any other way, and in any case the Whites' world-view ruled out the need to persuade the peasants. It was taken for granted that it was the peasant's place to serve in the White army, just as he had served in the ranks of the Tsar's , and that if he refused it was the army's right to punish him, even executing him if necessary as a warning to others. Peasants were flogged and tortured, hostages were taken and shot and whole villages were burned to the ground to force conscripts into the army. Kolchak's cavalry would ride into towns on market day, round up young men at gunpoint and take them off to the front. Much of this terror was concealed from the Allies so as not to jeopardize their aid, but Gen. Graves, the commander of US troops, was well informed and horrified by it. As he realized, the forcible mass conscription of the peasantry `` was a long step towards the end of Kolchak's regime'' . It soon destroyed the discipline and fighting morale of his army. Of every five peasants forcibly conscripted, four would desert: many of them went over to the Reds, taking with them their supplies and weapons. Knox was livid when he first saw Red troops on the Eastern Front: they were wearing British uniforms. From the start of its campaign, Kolchak's army was forced to deal with numerous peasant revolts in the rear, notably in Slavgorod, southeast of Omsk, and in Minusinsk on the Yenisei. White forces' requisitioning and mobilizations were their principal cause. Without its own structures of local government in the rural areas, Kolchak's regime could do very little, other than send in the Cossacks with their whips to stop the peasants from reforming their Soviets to defend the local village revolution. By the height of the Kolchak offensive peasant revolts engulfed whole areas of the Siberian rear. Jump up ^ Overy, R.J., The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia , W.W. Norton & Company (2004), ISBN 0-393-02030-4 , ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4 , p. 446: By the end of the civil war, one-third of all Red Army officers were ex-Tsarist voenspetsy ; ^ Jump up to: Williams, Beryl, The Russian Revolution 1917-- 1921, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. (1987), ISBN 978-0-631-15083-1 , ISBN 0-631-15083-8 Jump up ^ Overy, R.J., The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia , W.W. Norton & Company (2004), ISBN 0-393-02030-4 , ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4 , p. 446 Jump up ^ John M. Thompson. A Vision Unfulfilled. Russia and the Soviet Union in the Twentieth Century (Lexington, MA; 1996) 159. Jump up ^ Cover Story: Churchill's Greatness. Archived 2006-10-04 at the Wayback Machine . Interview with Jeffrey Wallin. (The Churchill Centre) Jump up ^ Каледин , Алексей Максимович . A biography of Kaledin (in Russian) Jump up ^ Geoffrey Wheeler, The Modern History of Soviet Central Asia (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1964), 103. Jump up ^ The Czech Legion Jump up ^ Mawdsley, p. 27 Jump up ^ W.P. and Zelda K. Coates, Soviets in Central Asia (New York: Philosophical Library, 1951), 72. Jump up ^ Wheeler, The Modern History of Soviet Central Asia, 104. Jump up ^ P. and Coates, Soviets in Central Asia, 70. Jump up ^ P. and Coates, Soviets in Central Asia, 68-- 69. Jump up ^ P. and Coates, Soviets in Central Asia, 74. Jump up ^ Edward Allworth, Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule(New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 226. Jump up ^ Mawdsley, p. 35 Jump up ^ Orlando Figes (in `` A People's Tragedy--History of the Russian Revolution'' , Penguin Books 1996) is quoting such comments from the peasant soldiers during the first weeks of the war: We have talked it over among ourselves; if the Germans want payment, it would be better to pay ten rubles a head than to kill people. Or: Is it not all the same what Tsar we live under? It cannot be worse under the German one. Or: Let them go and fight themselves. Wait a while, we will settle accounts with you. Or: ' What devil has brought this war on us? We are butting into other people's business.' Jump up ^ Lenin Jump up ^ Orlando Figes, in `` A People's Tragedy--History of the Russian Revolution'' (Penguin Books 1996), wrote: As Brusilov saw it, the soldiers were so obsessed with the idea of peace that they would have been prepared to support the Tsar himself, so long as he promised to bring the war to an end. This alone, Brusilov claimed, rather than the belief in some abstract ' socialism' , explained their attraction to the Bolsheviks. The mass of the soldiers were simple peasants, they wanted land and freedom, and they began to call this ' Bolshevism' because only that party promised peace. This ' trench Bolshevism' , as Allan Wildman has called it in his magisterial study of the Russian army during 1917, was not necessarily organized through formal party channels, or even encouraged by the Bolshevik agents. Jump up ^ Orlando Figes, in `` A People's Tragedy--History of the Russian Revolution'' (Penguin Books 1996) wrote: It was partly a case of the usual military failings: units had been sent into battle without machine-guns; untrained soldiers had been ordered to engage in complex manoeuvres using hand grenades and ended up throwing them without first pulling the pins. But the main reason for the fiasco was the simple reluctance of the soldiers to fight. Having advanced two miles, the front-line troops felt they had done their bit and refused to go any further, while those in the second line would not take their places. The advance thus broke down as the men began to run away. In one night alone the shock battalions of the Eleventh Army arrested 12,000 deserters near the town of Volochinsk. Many soldiers turned their guns against their commanding officers rather ... than fight against the enemy. The retreat degenerated into chaos as soldiers looted shops and stores, raped peasant girls and murdered Jews. The collapse of the offensive dealt a fatal blow to the Provisional Government and the personal authority of its leaders. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers were killed. Millions of square miles of territory were lost. The leaders of the government had gambled everything on the offensive in the hope that it might rally the country behind them in the national defence of democracy. The coalition had been based upon this hope; and it held together as long as there was a chance of military success. But as the collapse of the offensive became clear, so the coalition fell apart. Jump up ^ Orlando Figes, `` A People's Tragedy--History of the Russian Revolution'' (Penguin Books 1996): This new civic patriotism did not extend beyond the urban middle classes, although the leaders of the Provisional Government deluded themselves that it did. The visit of the Allied socialists--Albert Thomas from France, Emile Vandervelde from Belgium and Arthur Henderson from Britain--was a typical case in point. They had come to Russia to plead with `` the people'' not to leave the war, yet very few people bothered to listen to them. Konstantin Paustovsky recalls Thomas speaking in vain from the balcony of the building that was later to become the Moscow Soviet. Thomas spoke in French, and the small crowd that had gathered could not understand what he said. `` But everything in his speech could be understood without words. Bobbing up and down on his bowed legs, Thomas showed us graphically what would happen to Russia if it left the war. He twirled his moustache, like the Kaiser's , narrowed his eyes rapaciously, and jumped up and down choking the throat of an imaginary Russia.'' For several minutes the Frenchman continued with this circus act, hurling the body of Russia to the ground and jumping up and down on it, until the crowd began to hiss and boo and laugh. Thomas mistook this for a sign of approval and saluted the crowd with his bowler hat. But the laughter and booing got louder: ' Get that clown off!' one worker cried. Then, at last, someone else appeared on the balcony and diplomatically led him inside. Jump up ^ Mawdsley, p. 42 ^ Jump up to: Smith, David A.; Tucker, Spencer C. (2005). `` Faustschlag, Operation'' . World War One . ABC-CLIO. p. 663. ISBN 1851098798 . Jump up ^ Mawdsley, p. 29 Jump up ^ Mawdsley, p. 28 Jump up ^ Mawdsley, pp. 62-- 8 Jump up ^ Haupt, Georges & Marie, Jean-Jacques (1974). `` Makers of the Russian revolution'' . London: George Allen & Unwin: 222. Jump up ^ Chamberlain, William Henry, The Russian Revolution: 1917-- 1921 , New York: Macmillan Co. (1957), p. 131: Frequently the deserters' families were taken hostage to force a surrender; a portion were customarily executed, as an example to the others. Jump up ^ Daniels, Robert V., `` A Documentary History of Communism in Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev'' , UPNE (1993), ISBN 0-87451-616-1 , ISBN 978-0-87451-616-6 , p. 70: The Cheka special investigations forces were also charged with the detection of sabotage and counter-revolutionary activity by Red Army soldiers and commanders. Jump up ^ Dmitri Volkogonov, Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary , transl. & edited by Harold Shukman, HarperCollins Publishers, London (1996), p. 180: By December 1918 Trotsky had ordered the formation of special detachments to serve as blocking units throughout the Red Army. On 18 December he cabled: `` How do things stand with the blocking units? ... It is absolutely essential that we have at least an embryonic network of blocking units and that we work out a procedure for bringing them up to strength and deploying them.'' Jump up ^ Teresa Rakowska-Harmstone, `` Russia and Nationalism in Central Asia: The Case of Tadzhikistan'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1970), 19. Jump up ^ P. and Coates, Soviets in Central Asia, 75. Jump up ^ Allworth, Central Asia, 232. Jump up ^ Baltic War of Liberation Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ `` Generalkommando VI Reservekorps'' . Axis History. Jump up ^ Williams, Beryl, The Russian Revolution 1917-- 1921 , Blackwell Publishing (1987), ISBN 978-0-631-15083-1 , ISBN 0-631-15083-8 Jump up ^ Rosenthal, Reigo (2006). Loodearmee (Estonian language/Northwestern Army) . Tallinn: Argo. p. 516. ISBN 9949-415-45-4 . Jump up ^ `` Bolsheviki Grain Near Petrograd'' . New York Tribune . Washington, DC. Library of Congress . 15 November 1919. p. 4 . Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Distinguished Service Order citation for Bruce in the 1920 London Gazette ^ Jump up to: Kinvig, Clifford. `` Churchill's Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia, 1918-- 1920'' . Hambledon Continuum: 2006, p. 225; ISBN 9781847250216 . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart, Basil. `` The Tanks: The History Of The Royal Tank Regiment And Its Predecessors, Heavy Branch Machine-Gun Corps, Tank Corps And Royal Tank Corps, 1914-- 1945. Vol I'' . Cassell: 1959, p. 211. Jump up ^ Allworth, Central Asia, 231. ^ Jump up to: P. and Coates, `` Soviets in Central Asia'' , 76. Jump up ^ Allworth, Central Asia, 232-- 233. Jump up ^ Berland, Pierre, Mhakno , Le Temps, 28 August 1934: In addition to supplying White Army forces and their sympathizers with food, a successful seizure of the 1920 Ukrainian grain harvest would have had a devastating effect on food supplies to Bolshevik-held cities, while depriving both Red Army and Ukrainian Black Army troops of their usual bread rations. Jump up ^ Mawdsley, pp. 319-- 21 Jump up ^ Wheeler, `` The Modern History of Soviet Central Asia'' , 107. Jump up ^ Urlanis B. Wars and Population . Moscow, Progress publishers, 1971. Jump up ^ Chamberlain, W.H., The Russian Revolution , vol. 2, p. 75 Jump up ^ Mawdsley, Evan. The Russian Civil War , p. 286. Jump up ^ Stewart-Smith, D.G. `` The Defeat of Communism'' . London: Ludgate Press Ltd., 1964. Jump up ^ Rummel, Rudolph, `` Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917'' (1990). Jump up ^ p. 28 , Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield , paperback ed., Basic books, 1999. Jump up ^ page 180, Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia , W.W. Norton & Company; 1st American ed., 2004. Jump up ^ Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence . London: Routledge . pp. 2 & 114. ISBN 978-1-138-81568-1 . Jump up ^ Robert Gellately . `` Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe'' Knopf , 2007 ISBN 1-4000-4005-1 pp. 70-- 1. Jump up ^ Kenez, Peter; Pipe, Richard; Pipes, Richard (1991). `` The Prosecution of Soviet History: A Critique of Richard Pipes' The Russian Revolution'' . Russian Review . 50 (3): 345-- 51. JSTOR 131078 . doi : 10.2307/131078 . Jump up ^ Holquist, Peter (2002). `` Making War, Forging Revolution: Russia's Continuum of Crisis, 1914-- 1921'' . Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 164. ISBN 0-674-00907-X . Jump up ^ Колчаковщина (in Russian). RU: Cult Info. Archived from the original on 2005-05-10. Jump up ^ Эрлихман , Вадим (2004). Потери народонаселения в XX веке . Издательский дом ``Русская панорама ''. ISBN 5931651071 . Jump up ^ And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918-- 1930 , Thomas J. Hegarty, Canadian Slavonic Papers Jump up ^ Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy--History of the Russian Revolution (Penguin Books 1996): At the root of the Whites' defeat was a failure of politics. They proved to be both unable and unwilling to frame policies capable of getting the mass of the population on their side. Their movement was based, in Wrangel's phrase, on `` the cruel sword of vengeance'' ; their only idea was to put the clock back to the `` happy days'' before 1917; and they failed to see the need to adapt themselves to the realities of the revolution. The Whites' failure to recognize the peasant revolution on the land and the national independence movements doomed them to defeat. As Denikin was the first to acknowledge, victory depended on a popular revolt against the Reds within central Russia--yet that revolt never came. Rather than rallying the people to their side, the Whites, in Wrangel's words, `` turned them into enemies'' . This was partly a problem of image. Although Kolchak and Denikin both denied being monarchists, there were too many supporters of a tsarist restoration within their ranks, which created the popular image--and gave ammunition to the propaganda of their enemies--that they were associated with the old regime. The Whites made no real effort to overcome this problem with their image. Their propaganda was extremely primitive and, in any case, it's doubtful whether any propaganda could have overcome this mistrust. In the end, then, the defeat of the Whites comes down largely to their own dismal failure to break with the past and regain the initiative within the agenda of 1917. The problem of the Russian counter-revolution was precisely that: it was too counter-revolutionary. (...) This is clearly shown by the story of the return of the peasant deserters to the Red Army. Until June the Reds' campaign against desertion had relied on violent repressive measures against the villages suspected of harboring deserters. This had been largely counter-productive, resulting in a wave of peasant revolts behind the Red Front which had facilitated the White advance. However, in June the Bolsheviks switched to the more conciliatory tactic of `` amnesty weeks'' . During these weeks, which were much propagandized and often extended indefinitely, the deserters were invited to return to the ranks without punishment. In a sense it was a sign of the Bolshevik belief in the need to reform the nature of the peasant and to make him conscious of his revolutionary duty--thus the Reds punished ' malicious' deserters but tried to reform the ' weak-willed' ones--as opposed to the practice of the Whites of executing all deserters equally. Between July and September, as the threat of a White victory grew, nearly a quarter of a million deserters returned to the Red Army from the two military districts of Orel and Moscow alone. Many of them called themselves ' volunteers' , and said they were ready to fight against the Whites, whom they associated with the restoration of the gentry on the land. Further reading ( edit ) Acton, Edward, V. et al. eds. Critical companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914-1921 (Indiana UP, 1997). Brovkin, Vladimir N... Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War: Political Parties and Social Movements in Russia, 1918-- 1922. (Princeton UP, 1994). ISBN 0-691-03278-5 Bullock, David. The Russian Civil War 1918-- 22. Osprey Publishing , 2008. ISBN 978-1-84603-271-4 Dupuy, T.N. The Encyclopedia of Military History (many editions) Harper & Row Publishers. Ford, Chris. `` Reconsidering the Ukrainian Revolution 1917-- 1921: The Dialectics of National Liberation and Social Emancipation.'' Debatte 15.3 (2007): 279-306. Peter Kenez . Civil War in South Russia, 1918: The First Year of the Volunteer Army (U of California Press, 1971). Peter Kenez . Civil War in South Russia, 1919-- 1920: The Defeat of the Whites (U of California Press, 1977. Lincoln, W. Bruce. Red victory: A history of the Russian Civil War (1989). Marples, David R. Lenin's Revolution: Russia, 1917-1921 (Routledge, 2014). Mawdsley, Evan. The Russian Civil War . New York: Pegasus Books, 2007. Smele, Jonathan. The ' Russian' Civil Wars, 1916-1926: Ten Years That Shook the World (Oxford UP, 2016). Smele, Jonathan D. Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926 (2 Vol. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015). Stewart, George. The White Armies of Russia: A Chronicle of Counter-Revolution and Allied Intervention . Stone, David R. `` The Russian Civil War, 1917-- 1921,'' in The Military History of the Soviet Union . Swain, Geoffrey. The Origins of the Russian Civil War . Bailey F.M. `` Mission to Tashkent'' Jonathan Cape 1946. Teague-Jones Reginand `` The Spy who disappeared'' Gollance 1990 (UK) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Civil war of Russia . Russian Revolution and Civil War archive at libcom.org/library `` BBC History of the Russian Revolution'' (3 February 2007) `` Russian Civil War'' (Spartacus History, downloaded 3 January 2006) `` Russian Civil War 1918-- 1920'' (On War website, downloaded 4 January 2006) `` Civil War of 1917 -- 1922 at Encyclopedia of Russian History (3 February 2007) `` Russian Civil War Polities'' (World Statesmen.org, downloaded 16 February 2007) World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South-West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian, Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy 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Armenian War (1920) Iraqi revolt (1920) Polish-- Lithuanian War (1920) Vlora War (1920) Franco-Syrian War (1920) Soviet-- Georgian War (1921) Irish Civil War (1922-- 23) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan (German) Plan XVII (French) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire Sykes-- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 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waiting for a star to fall song meaning
The song was inspired by an actual falling star that Shannon Rubicam had seen at one of Whitney Houston 's concerts at the Greek Theatre . Initially , the duo did not consider recording it , and instead submitted the song to Clive Davis hoping he would decide to use it on Houston 's next album . He rejected it , suggesting that it did not suit her . The song was then offered to and recorded by Belinda Carlisle for her 1987 release Heaven on Earth , at the insistence of her label , but Carlisle disliked it and refused to include it on the album . This version has , however , circulated on an unofficial compilation of that album 's outtakes .
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[ "`` Waiting for a Star to Fall '' Single by Boy Meets Girl from the album Reel Life A-side `` Waiting for a Star to Fall '' B - side `` No Apologies '' Released June 10 , 1988 ( U.S. ) November 30 , 1988 ( UK ) Format 7 '' single , 12 '' single , CD single Recorded Genre Pop Length 4 : 32 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Shannon Rubicam , George Merrill Producer ( s ) George Merrill , Arif Mardin & Thomas Hart Boy Meets Girl singles chronology `` Oh Girl '' ( 1985 ) `` Waiting for a Star to Fall '' ( 1988 ) `` Bring Down the Moon '' ( 1988 ) Music video `` Waiting for a Star to Fall '' on YouTube", "`` Waiting for a Star to Fall ''", "Single by Boy Meets Girl", "from the album Reel Life", "A-side `` Waiting for a Star to Fall ''", "B - side `` No Apologies ''", "Released June 10 , 1988 ( U.S. ) November 30 , 1988 ( UK )", "Format 7 '' single , 12 '' single , CD single", "Recorded", "Genre Pop", "Length 4 : 32", "Label RCA", "Songwriter ( s ) Shannon Rubicam , George Merrill", "Producer ( s ) George Merrill , Arif Mardin & Thomas Hart", "Boy Meets Girl singles chronology", "`` Oh Girl '' ( 1985 ) `` Waiting for a Star to Fall '' ( 1988 ) `` Bring Down the Moon '' ( 1988 )", "`` Oh Girl '' ( 1985 ) `` Waiting for a Star to Fall '' ( 1988 ) `` Bring Down the Moon '' ( 1988 )", "`` Oh Girl '' ( 1985 ) `` Waiting for a Star to Fall '' ( 1988 ) `` Bring Down the Moon '' ( 1988 )", "Music video", "`` Waiting for a Star to Fall '' on YouTube", "`` Waiting for a Star to Fall '' is a song released by the pop duo Boy Meets Girl in 1988 . It was a worldwide hit and became their signature song . Since its release , it has been remixed and covered by many artists , including Cabin Crew and Sunset Strippers .", "The song was inspired by an actual falling star that Shannon Rubicam had seen at one of Whitney Houston 's concerts at the Greek Theatre . Initially , the duo did not consider recording it , and instead submitted the song to Clive Davis hoping he would decide to use it on Houston 's next album . He rejected it , suggesting that it did not suit her . The song was then offered to and recorded by Belinda Carlisle for her 1987 release Heaven on Earth , at the insistence of her label , but Carlisle disliked it and refused to include it on the album . This version has , however , circulated on an unofficial compilation of that album 's outtakes .", "The alto saxophone solo on the Boy Meets Girl version was provided in a session recording early in the career of Andy Snitzer who later found success as a solo artist .", "Merrill and Rubicam decided to record the song themselves for their second album Reel Life . Released as a single on June 10 , 1988 , it became a hit in the United States , slowly climbing the charts and eventually reaching number one on the Billboard Adult Contemporary Chart and number five on the Billboard Hot 100 . Released in the United Kingdom on November 30 , 1988 , the song reached number nine on the UK charts during January 1989 , having entered the chart in December 1988 . It also reached number 35 on Australia 's ARIA Charts in April 1989 .", "The song was used as the closing track to the 1990 movie Three Men and a Little Lady , and the single was re-released as a movie tie - in , with a new picture sleeve featuring the actors of the film . It peaked at number 76 in the UK .", "The video game Grand Theft Auto IV included the song in the playlist for the in - game radio station Vice City FM .", "Johnny Loftus of AllMusic remarked that the song was `` just classic '' , and that `` the urgency as it drives toward its chorus is a clinic for durable songwriting . ''", "The video for the song , directed by Australian director Claudia Castle , features scenes of Merrill and Rubicam singing it on a beach and inside a house . Also featured are scenes of a group of children playing with bubbles , including the couple 's young daughter Hilary .", "George Merrill : lead vocals , piano , synthesizer , bass guitar , drum programming John Goux : guitar Denny Fongheiser : drums Michael Jochum : additional drums Andy Snitzer : saxophone Shannon Rubicam , Susan Boyd : vocals Joe Mardin : `` Crowning Touch '' ( synthesizer )", "George Merrill : lead vocals , piano , synthesizer , bass guitar , drum programming", "John Goux : guitar", "Denny Fongheiser : drums", "Michael Jochum : additional drums", "Andy Snitzer : saxophone", "Shannon Rubicam , Susan Boyd : vocals", "Joe Mardin : `` Crowning Touch '' ( synthesizer )", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position Canadian The Record Singles Chart UK Singles Chart 9 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 U.S. Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay Chart 7 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary New Zealand Singles Chart 25 Australian ARIA Singles Chart 35 Irish Singles Chart 5 German Singles Chart 22 Dutch Singles Chart 62 Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 76 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 93 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position Canadian The Record Singles Chart UK Singles Chart 9 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 U.S. Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay Chart 7 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary New Zealand Singles Chart 25 Australian ARIA Singles Chart 35 Irish Singles Chart 5 German Singles Chart 22 Dutch Singles Chart 62 Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 76 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 93 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position Canadian The Record Singles Chart UK Singles Chart 9 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 U.S. Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay Chart 7 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary New Zealand Singles Chart 25 Australian ARIA Singles Chart 35 Irish Singles Chart 5 German Singles Chart 22 Dutch Singles Chart 62 Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 76", "Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position", "Canadian The Record Singles Chart", "UK Singles Chart 9", "U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5", "U.S. Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay Chart 7", "U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary", "New Zealand Singles Chart 25", "Australian ARIA Singles Chart 35", "Irish Singles Chart 5", "German Singles Chart 22", "Dutch Singles Chart 62", "Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position", "UK Singles Chart 76", "Chart ( 1989 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 93", "Chart ( 1989 ) Position", "Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 93", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales", "United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000", "sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "`` Star to Fall '' Single by Cabin Crew Released 2005 Format CD Genre Dance - pop , house Songwriter ( s ) Shannon Rubicam , George Merrill", "`` Star to Fall ''", "Single by Cabin Crew", "Released 2005", "Format CD", "Genre Dance - pop , house", "Songwriter ( s ) Shannon Rubicam , George Merrill", "The song has been remixed several times , resulting each time in new interest in both the original and the Boy Meets Girl duo . The dance outfit Cabin Crew originally remixed the song as `` Star to Fall '' ( or `` Star2Fall '' ) , but were refused use of sample of the original lyrics by SonyBMG . Liking what Cabin Crew had done , however , George Merrill agreed to re-record the vocals for their version . Cabin Crew 's version made number four on the UK Singles Chart in March 2005 . Meanwhile , SonyBMG had Sunset Strippers remix the original track under the title `` Falling Stars '' , which was released a week after the Cabin Crew version , and made number three on the UK Singles Chart . This caused some confusion at the time , with two songs being released into the charts around the same time that sounded essentially the same .", "The track `` In My Arms '' by British electronic musician Mylo sampled the song and was featured on Mylo 's album Destroy Rock & Roll . His version also sampled Kim Carnes ' `` Bette Davis Eyes '' and made it to number 13 in the United Kingdom in 2005 . In 2007 , German hardstyle musician Dan Winter recorded a remix titled `` Carry Your Heart '' . In December 2013 , a folk cover of the song by Icelandic singer Yohanna surfaced on the Internet . In March 2014 , a folk cover of the song by English singer Diana Vickers surfaced on the Internet . In September 2017 , Australian singer George Maple interpolated the song as part of her single `` Hero ''", "The track `` In My Arms '' by British electronic musician Mylo sampled the song and was featured on Mylo 's album Destroy Rock & Roll . His version also sampled Kim Carnes ' `` Bette Davis Eyes '' and made it to number 13 in the United Kingdom in 2005 .", "In 2007 , German hardstyle musician Dan Winter recorded a remix titled `` Carry Your Heart '' .", "In December 2013 , a folk cover of the song by Icelandic singer Yohanna surfaced on the Internet .", "In March 2014 , a folk cover of the song by English singer Diana Vickers surfaced on the Internet .", "In September 2017 , Australian singer George Maple interpolated the song as part of her single `` Hero ''", "Star to Fall ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 25 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 51 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 37 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 53 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 35 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Italy ( FIMI ) 31 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 15 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 84 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Year - end charts Chart ( 2005 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 80 Falling Stars ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 26 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 43 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 23 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) 7 Year - end charts Chart ( 2005 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 46", "Star to Fall ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 25 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 51 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 37 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 53 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 35 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Italy ( FIMI ) 31 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 15 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 84 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Year - end charts Chart ( 2005 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 80 Falling Stars ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 26 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 43 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 23 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) 7 Year - end charts Chart ( 2005 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 46", "Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 25 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 51 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 37 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 53 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 35 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Italy ( FIMI ) 31 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 15 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 84 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) 8", "Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position", "Australia ( ARIA ) 25", "Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 51", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 37", "Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista )", "France ( SNEP ) 53", "Germany ( Official German Charts ) 35", "Ireland ( IRMA ) 13", "Italy ( FIMI ) 31", "Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 15", "Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24", "Scotland ( Official Charts Company )", "Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 84", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )", "UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) 8", "Year - end charts", "Chart ( 2005 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 80", "Chart ( 2005 ) Position", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 80", "Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 26 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 43 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 23 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) 7", "Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position", "Australia ( ARIA ) 26", "Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 43", "Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 8", "Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19", "Ireland ( IRMA ) 5", "Scotland ( Official Charts Company )", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 23", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )", "UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) 7", "Year - end charts", "Chart ( 2005 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 46", "Chart ( 2005 ) Position", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 46" ]
Waiting for a Star to Fall - wikipedia Waiting for a Star to Fall `` Waiting for a Star to Fall'' Single by Boy Meets Girl from the album Reel Life A-side `` Waiting for a Star to Fall'' B-side `` No Apologies'' Released June 10, 1988 (U.S.) November 30, 1988 (UK) Format 7'' single , 12'' single , CD single Recorded Genre Pop Length 4 : 32 Label RCA Songwriter(s) Shannon Rubicam , George Merrill Producer(s) George Merrill, Arif Mardin & Thomas Hart Boy Meets Girl singles chronology `` Oh Girl'' (1985) `` Waiting for a Star to Fall '' (1988) `` Bring Down the Moon '' (1988) Music video `` Waiting for a Star to Fall'' on YouTube `` Waiting for a Star to Fall '' is a song released by the pop duo Boy Meets Girl in 1988. It was a worldwide hit and became their signature song. Since its release, it has been remixed and covered by many artists, including Cabin Crew and Sunset Strippers . Contents 1 Background 2 Release and reception 3 Music video 4 Personnel 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year-end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 Covers and remixes 6.1 Charts 6.1.1 Star to Fall 6.1.2 Falling Stars 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The song was inspired by an actual falling star that Shannon Rubicam had seen at one of Whitney Houston 's concerts at the Greek Theatre . Initially, the duo did not consider recording it, and instead submitted the song to Clive Davis hoping he would decide to use it on Houston's next album. He rejected it, suggesting that it did not suit her. The song was then offered to and recorded by Belinda Carlisle for her 1987 release Heaven on Earth , at the insistence of her label, but Carlisle disliked it and refused to include it on the album. This version has, however, circulated on an unofficial compilation of that album's outtakes. The alto saxophone solo on the Boy Meets Girl version was provided in a session recording early in the career of Andy Snitzer who later found success as a solo artist. Release and reception ( edit ) Merrill and Rubicam decided to record the song themselves for their second album Reel Life . Released as a single on June 10, 1988, it became a hit in the United States, slowly climbing the charts and eventually reaching number one on the Billboard Adult Contemporary Chart and number five on the Billboard Hot 100. Released in the United Kingdom on November 30, 1988, the song reached number nine on the UK charts during January 1989, having entered the chart in December 1988. It also reached number 35 on Australia's ARIA Charts in April 1989. The song was used as the closing track to the 1990 movie Three Men and a Little Lady , and the single was re-released as a movie tie-in, with a new picture sleeve featuring the actors of the film. It peaked at number 76 in the UK. The video game Grand Theft Auto IV included the song in the playlist for the in-game radio station Vice City FM. Johnny Loftus of AllMusic remarked that the song was `` just classic'' , and that `` the urgency as it drives toward its chorus is a clinic for durable songwriting.'' Music video ( edit ) The video for the song, directed by Australian director Claudia Castle, features scenes of Merrill and Rubicam singing it on a beach and inside a house. Also featured are scenes of a group of children playing with bubbles, including the couple's young daughter Hilary. Personnel ( edit ) George Merrill : lead vocals, piano, synthesizer, bass guitar, drum programming John Goux: guitar Denny Fongheiser: drums Michael Jochum: additional drums Andy Snitzer: saxophone Shannon Rubicam , Susan Boyd: vocals Joe Mardin : `` Crowning Touch'' (synthesizer) Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart (1988) Peak position Canadian The Record Singles Chart UK Singles Chart 9 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 U.S. Radio & Records CHR/Pop Airplay Chart 7 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary New Zealand Singles Chart 25 Australian ARIA Singles Chart 35 Irish Singles Chart 5 German Singles Chart 22 Dutch Singles Chart 62 Chart (1991) Peak position UK Singles Chart 76 Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (1989) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 93 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units /Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 sales+streaming figures based on certification alone Covers and remixes ( edit ) `` Star to Fall'' Single by Cabin Crew Released 2005 Format CD Genre Dance-pop , house Songwriter(s) Shannon Rubicam , George Merrill The song has been remixed several times, resulting each time in new interest in both the original and the Boy Meets Girl duo. The dance outfit Cabin Crew originally remixed the song as `` Star to Fall '' (or `` Star2Fall '' ), but were refused use of sample of the original lyrics by SonyBMG. Liking what Cabin Crew had done, however, George Merrill agreed to re-record the vocals for their version. Cabin Crew's version made number four on the UK Singles Chart in March 2005. Meanwhile, SonyBMG had Sunset Strippers remix the original track under the title `` Falling Stars '' , which was released a week after the Cabin Crew version, and made number three on the UK Singles Chart. This caused some confusion at the time, with two songs being released into the charts around the same time that sounded essentially the same. The track `` In My Arms '' by British electronic musician Mylo sampled the song and was featured on Mylo's album Destroy Rock & Roll . His version also sampled Kim Carnes ' `` Bette Davis Eyes '' and made it to number 13 in the United Kingdom in 2005. In 2007, German hardstyle musician Dan Winter recorded a remix titled `` Carry Your Heart'' . In December 2013, a folk cover of the song by Icelandic singer Yohanna surfaced on the Internet. In March 2014, a folk cover of the song by English singer Diana Vickers surfaced on the Internet. In September 2017, Australian singer George Maple interpolated the song as part of her single `` Hero'' Charts ( edit ) Star to Fall ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart (2005) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 25 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 51 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) 37 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 53 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 35 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Italy ( FIMI ) 31 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 15 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24 Scotland (Official Charts Company) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 84 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) UK Dance (Official Charts Company) 8 Year-end charts Chart (2005) Position UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 80 Falling Stars ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart (2005) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 26 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 43 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Scotland (Official Charts Company) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 23 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) UK Dance (Official Charts Company) 7 Year-end charts Chart (2005) Position UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 46 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Belinda Carlisle - Waiting for a Star To Fall . 2 March 2010 -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ (1) Jump up ^ `` Boy Meets Girl Chart History'' . billboard.com . Retrieved 6 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Meets Girl -- Waiting for a Star to Fall -- Chart History'' . Billboard . Retrieved July 3, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Meets Girl UK Chart History'' . chartstats.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 6 December 2009 . Jump up ^ VICE CITY FM: Boy Meets Girl - Waiting For A Star To Fall . 16 May 2010 -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ Johnny Loftus. `` Reel Life -- Boy Meets Girl -- Review'' . Allmusic . Retrieved March 5, 2012 . Jump up ^ Boy Meets Girl - Waiting for a Star to Fall . 21 February 2014 -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ Boy Meets Girl- Reel Life LP (lists song-by-song personnel) @Discogs.com Retrieved 7-11-2014. Jump up ^ `` Canadian Singles Chart from Nanda Lwin ; Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide (2000)'' ^ Jump up to: Waiting for a Star to Fall UK Top 40 database. Accessed: September 27, 2009 Jump up ^ http://wweb.uta.edu/faculty/gghunt/charts/bmg.html Jump up ^ http://wweb.uta.edu/faculty/gghunt/charts/Songruns/B/boymeetsgirlwaiting_for_a_star_to_fall.htm Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 51, No. 8, December 23, 1989'' . RPM . December 23, 1999 . Retrieved November 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Boy Meets Girl -- Waiting for a Star to Fall'' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 11, 2018 . Select singles in the Format field. Select Silver in the Certification field. Type Waiting for a Star to Fall in the `` Search BPI Awards'' field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` Dan Winter - Carry Your Heart'' . Discogs . Retrieved 2017-12-17 . Jump up ^ `` Song `` Waiting For A Star To Fall '' `` . www.yohanna.de . Retrieved 2017-12-17 . Jump up ^ Jord C (2014-03-20), Diana Vickers - Waiting For a Star to Fall , retrieved 2017-12-17 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-H02qzUofVo Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Cabin Crew -- Star to Fall'' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Cabin Crew -- Star to Fall'' (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Cabin Crew -- Star to Fall'' (in Dutch). Ultratop 50 . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Cabin Crew: Star to Fall'' (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Cabin Crew -- Star to Fall'' (in French). Les classement single . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Cabin Crew -- Star to Fall'' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Star to Fall'' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Cabin Crew -- Star to Fall'' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 13, 2005 '' (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Cabin Crew -- Star to Fall'' (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Cabin Crew -- Star to Fall'' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ Jump up to: `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2005'' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Sunset Strippers -- Falling Stars (Waiting for a Star to Fall)'' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Sunset Strippers -- Falling Stars (Waiting for a Star to Fall)'' (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Sunset Strippers -- Falling Stars (Waiting for a Star to Fall)'' . Tracklisten . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Sunset Strippers -- Falling Stars (Waiting for a Star to Fall)'' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Falling Stars'' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Sunset Strippers -- Falling Stars (Waiting for a Star to Fall)'' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 11, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 11, 2018. External links ( edit ) Full lyrics at Boy Meets Girl Music (2) Boy Meets Girl George Merrill Shannon Rubicam Studio albums Boy Meets Girl Reel Life Singles `` Waiting for a Star to Fall '' Record labels A&M Records RCA Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waiting_for_a_Star_to_Fall&oldid=865296154 '' Categories : 1988 songs 1988 singles 2005 singles Boy Meets Girl (band) songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles Songs written by Shannon Rubicam Songs written by George Merrill (songwriter) RCA Records singles Hidden categories: Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Sweden Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018, at 01:00 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
-285104145075326976
who got hit in the eye with a flag
Brown was signed as an unrestricted free agent by the `` reactivated '' Cleveland Browns before the 1999 season . During a December 19 , 1999 game against the Jacksonville Jaguars , Brown was accidentally hit in the right eye by a penalty flag weighted with ball bearings thrown by referee Jeff Triplette . Triplette immediately apologized to Brown . Brown left the game temporarily , then returned to the field only to shove Triplette , knocking him to the ground . Brown was ejected from the game and had to be escorted off the field by his teammates . Brown was subsequently suspended by the NFL , but the suspension was lifted when the severity of his injury became apparent . Brown would miss three seasons due to temporary blindness . Brown was one of only two players to have played for the original Cleveland Browns and the Browns after the team was revived in 1999 , as most of the Browns roster was moved to Baltimore . The other player is Antonio Langham .
[ [] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "Orlando Brown No. 77 , 78 Position : Tackle Born : ( 1970 - 12 - 12 ) December 12 , 1970 Washington , D.C. Died : September 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 23 ) ( aged 40 ) Baltimore , Maryland Height : 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) Weight : 360 lb ( 163 kg ) Career information High school : Washington ( DC ) Woodson College : South Carolina State Undrafted : 1993 Career history Cleveland Browns ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Cleveland Browns ( 1999 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Career NFL statistics Games played : 129 Games started : 119 Fumble recoveries : 3 Player stats at NFL.com", "No. 77 , 78", "Position : Tackle", "Born : ( 1970 - 12 - 12 ) December 12 , 1970 Washington , D.C.", "Died : September 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 23 ) ( aged 40 ) Baltimore , Maryland", "Height : 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m )", "Weight : 360 lb ( 163 kg )", "Career information", "High school : Washington ( DC ) Woodson", "College : South Carolina State", "Undrafted : 1993", "Career history", "Cleveland Browns ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Cleveland Browns ( 1999 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2003 -- 2005 )", "Cleveland Browns ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Cleveland Browns ( 1999 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2003 -- 2005 )", "Cleveland Browns ( 1993 -- 1995 )", "Baltimore Ravens ( 1996 -- 1998 )", "Cleveland Browns ( 1999 )", "Baltimore Ravens ( 2003 -- 2005 )", "Career NFL statistics", "Games played : 129 Games started : 119 Fumble recoveries : 3 Player stats at NFL.com", "Games played : 129 Games started : 119 Fumble recoveries : 3 Player stats at NFL.com", "Games played : 129", "Games started : 119", "Fumble recoveries : 3", "Player stats at NFL.com", "Orlando Claude `` Zeus '' Brown ( December 12 , 1970 -- September 23 , 2011 ) was an American football player who played offensive tackle in the NFL for the Baltimore Ravens and Cleveland Browns . He attended Howard D. Woodson High School . He played college football for Willie Jeffries at South Carolina State University .", "Orlando Brown was born in 1970 in Washington , D.C. Brown attended H.D. Woodson Senior High School . He went to South Carolina State University and played offensive tackle .", "Orlando Brown signed with the Cleveland Browns as an undrafted free agent in 1993 . He spent three seasons with the Browns .", "In 1996 , the Browns franchise was moved by owner Art Modell to Baltimore and became the Baltimore Ravens . In his first stint as a Raven , Brown who , at 6 - foot - 7 , 360 pounds , was known as an energetic and intimidating player , earned the nickname `` Zeus '' . In his prime he was one of the highest - paid offensive linemen in the NFL .", "Brown was signed as an unrestricted free agent by the `` reactivated '' Cleveland Browns before the 1999 season . During a December 19 , 1999 game against the Jacksonville Jaguars , Brown was accidentally hit in the right eye by a penalty flag weighted with ball bearings thrown by referee Jeff Triplette . Triplette immediately apologized to Brown . Brown left the game temporarily , then returned to the field only to shove Triplette , knocking him to the ground . Brown was ejected from the game and had to be escorted off the field by his teammates . Brown was subsequently suspended by the NFL , but the suspension was lifted when the severity of his injury became apparent . Brown would miss three seasons due to temporary blindness . Brown was one of only two players to have played for the original Cleveland Browns and the Browns after the team was revived in 1999 , as most of the Browns roster was moved to Baltimore . The other player is Antonio Langham .", "Brown sat out the entire 2000 season waiting for his right eye to heal . The Browns released him after the season . In 2001 , he sued the NFL for $200 million in damages . According to reports , he settled for a sum between $15 million and $25 million in 2002 .", "Brown spent the 2001 and 2002 seasons in rehabilitation before he was picked back up by the Ravens in 2003 .", "During the 2003 season while playing for the Ravens , Brown started at both offensive and defensive tackle in a game against the Oakland Raiders . He remained with the team until being released in March 2006 . Following his retirement , Brown retained ties with the Ravens and mentored players .", "After retiring from football , Brown went into the restaurant business , and became the owner of the first Fatburger franchise in Maryland .", "In September 2009 , Brown was arrested and charged with third - degree burglary and destruction of property . The charges were later dropped .", "Brown was found dead on September 23 , 2011 , in his Baltimore townhouse . The state medical examiner ruled that Brown died of diabetic ketoacidosis , an ailment common among diabetics and caused by high blood sugar and lack of insulin . He is survived by three sons : Orlando , Jr. , Justin and Braxton ; and two daughters : Tanisha and India .", "His son , Orlando Brown Jr. played for the Oklahoma Sooners from 2014 - 2017 and is a projected second round pick in the 2018 NFL Draft ." ]
Orlando Brown (American football) - wikipedia Orlando Brown (American football) Jump to: navigation , search For other people with the same name, see Orlando Brown . Orlando Brown No. 77, 78 Position: Tackle Born: ( 1970-12-12 ) December 12, 1970 Washington, D.C. Died: September 23, 2011 (2011-09-23) (aged 40) Baltimore, Maryland Height: 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) Weight: 360 lb (163 kg) Career information High school: Washington (DC) Woodson College: South Carolina State Undrafted: 1993 Career history Cleveland Browns ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Cleveland Browns ( 1999 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Career NFL statistics Games played: 129 Games started: 119 Fumble recoveries: 3 Player stats at NFL.com Orlando Claude `` Zeus'' Brown (December 12, 1970 -- September 23, 2011) was an American football player who played offensive tackle in the NFL for the Baltimore Ravens and Cleveland Browns . He attended Howard D. Woodson High School . He played college football for Willie Jeffries at South Carolina State University . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 NFL career 2.1 First stint with Browns 2.2 First stint with Ravens 2.3 Second stint with Browns 2.4 Out of football, injuries, and lawsuits 2.5 Second stint with Ravens 3 After football 4 Death 5 Personal life 6 References Early years ( edit ) Orlando Brown was born in 1970 in Washington, D.C. Brown attended H.D. Woodson Senior High School. He went to South Carolina State University and played offensive tackle . NFL career ( edit ) First stint with Browns ( edit ) Orlando Brown signed with the Cleveland Browns as an undrafted free agent in 1993. He spent three seasons with the Browns. First stint with Ravens ( edit ) In 1996, the Browns franchise was moved by owner Art Modell to Baltimore and became the Baltimore Ravens . In his first stint as a Raven, Brown who, at 6-foot-7, 360 pounds, was known as an energetic and intimidating player, earned the nickname `` Zeus'' . In his prime he was one of the highest-paid offensive linemen in the NFL. Second stint with Browns ( edit ) Brown was signed as an unrestricted free agent by the `` reactivated'' Cleveland Browns before the 1999 season. During a December 19, 1999 game against the Jacksonville Jaguars , Brown was accidentally hit in the right eye by a penalty flag weighted with ball bearings thrown by referee Jeff Triplette . Triplette immediately apologized to Brown. Brown left the game temporarily, then returned to the field only to shove Triplette, knocking him to the ground. Brown was ejected from the game and had to be escorted off the field by his teammates. Brown was subsequently suspended by the NFL, but the suspension was lifted when the severity of his injury became apparent. Brown would miss three seasons due to temporary blindness. Brown was one of only two players to have played for the original Cleveland Browns and the Browns after the team was revived in 1999, as most of the Browns roster was moved to Baltimore. The other player is Antonio Langham . Out of football, injuries, and lawsuits ( edit ) Brown sat out the entire 2000 season waiting for his right eye to heal. The Browns released him after the season. In 2001, he sued the NFL for $200 million in damages. According to reports, he settled for a sum between $15 million and $25 million in 2002. Second stint with Ravens ( edit ) Brown spent the 2001 and 2002 seasons in rehabilitation before he was picked back up by the Ravens in 2003. During the 2003 season while playing for the Ravens, Brown started at both offensive and defensive tackle in a game against the Oakland Raiders . He remained with the team until being released in March 2006. Following his retirement, Brown retained ties with the Ravens and mentored players. After football ( edit ) After retiring from football, Brown went into the restaurant business, and became the owner of the first Fatburger franchise in Maryland . In September 2009, Brown was arrested and charged with third-degree burglary and destruction of property. The charges were later dropped. Death ( edit ) Brown was found dead on September 23, 2011, in his Baltimore townhouse. The state medical examiner ruled that Brown died of diabetic ketoacidosis , an ailment common among diabetics and caused by high blood sugar and lack of insulin. He is survived by three sons: Orlando, Jr. , Justin and Braxton; and two daughters: Tanisha and India. Personal life ( edit ) His son, Orlando Brown Jr. played for the Oklahoma Sooners from 2014-2017 and is a projected second round pick in the 2018 NFL Draft . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Orlando Brown Stats, News, Photos'' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 1, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: Slotnik, Daniel E. (23 September 2011). `` Orlando Brown, Who Sued N.F.L. Over Errant Flag, Dies at 40'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TRANSACTIONS'' . nytimes.com. March 17, 2006 . Retrieved February 20, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fog Cutter Capital Group, Inc.'s Fatburger Unit Opens First Maryland Restaurant with Former NFL Player Orlando Brown'' (Press release). Fatburger . January 12, 2009. Archived from the original on April 11, 2010 . Retrieved May 1, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Brown arrested, charged twice'' . ESPN . September 4, 2009 . Retrieved September 4, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Charges dismissed against Orlando Brown'' . Scout.com . January 9, 2010 . Retrieved December 27, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Former Ravens Player Orlando Brown Found Dead'' . WBALTV.com . September 23, 2011 . Retrieved September 23, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Ravens tackle Orlando Brown dies'' . ESPN.com . September 23, 2011 . Retrieved September 23, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Medical examiner: Orlando Brown died of diabetes complications'' . October 3, 2011 . Retrieved October 3, 2011 . Jump up ^ Dan Parr (January 3, 2018). `` Oklahoma OT Orlando Brown intends to enter 2018 NFL Draft'' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 20, 2018 . ( hide ) Baltimore Ravens 1996 inaugural season roster Vashone Adams Derrick Alexander Herman Arvie Randy Baldwin Harold Bishop Jeff Blackshear Issac Booth Donny Brady Dorian Brew Orlando Brown Sr. Rob Burnett Earnest Byner Mike Caldwell Sedric Clark Mike Croel Dexter Daniels Corey Dowden Ray Ethridge Steve Everitt Dan Footman Elliott Fortune Mike Frederick Carwell Gardner Tim Goad Keith Goganious Eric Green Frank Hartley Leroy Hoard Earnest Hunter Sale Isaia Michael Jackson DeRon Jenkins James Jones Tony Jones Brian Kinchen Antonio Langham Jermaine Lewis Ray Lewis Rick Lyle Greg Montgomery Stevon Moore Bam Morris Quentin Neujahr Jonathan Ogden Anthony Pleasant Craig Powell James Roe Matt Stover Ed Sutter Vinny Testaverde Bennie Thompson Eric Turner Floyd Turner Calvin Williams Jerrol Williams Wally Williams Eric Zeier Head coach: Ted Marchibroda Assistant coaches: Maxie Baughan Jacob Burney Kirk Ferentz Pat Hill Al Lavan Marvin Lewis Eric Mangini Scott O'Brien Alvin Reynolds John Settle Jerry Simmons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Brown_(American_football)&oldid=828924062 '' Categories : 1970 births 2011 deaths American football offensive tackles Baltimore Ravens players Central State Marauders football players Cleveland Browns players Players of American football from Washington, D.C. South Carolina State Bulldogs football players Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links NFL player missing current team parameter Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text and caption Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018, at 16:09. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
3108135957789950173
what season is pepper in american horror story
Naomi Grossman ( born February 6 , 1975 ) is an American actress , writer , and producer best known for her role as Pepper in the second and fourth seasons of the FX horror television series American Horror Story .
[ [ "the second and fourth seasons" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "Naomi Grossman Grossman in May 2015 ( 1975 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1975 ( age 43 ) Denver , Colorado , U.S. Nationality American Alma mater Northwestern University Occupation Actress writer producer Years active 1990 -- Present Website www.naomigrossman.net", "Naomi Grossman", "Grossman in May 2015", "( 1975 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1975 ( age 43 ) Denver , Colorado , U.S.", "Nationality American", "Alma mater Northwestern University", "Occupation Actress writer producer", "Actress writer producer", "Years active 1990 -- Present", "Website www.naomigrossman.net", "Naomi Grossman ( born February 6 , 1975 ) is an American actress , writer , and producer best known for her role as Pepper in the second and fourth seasons of the FX horror television series American Horror Story .", "Grossman was born in Denver , Colorado . In her early life , she performed in community theatre shows . After attending high school in Argentina , she attended and graduated from Northwestern University with a theatre major , as the only university she applied to . She was a member of improvisational and sketch comedy troupe The Groundlings in Los Angeles , California , and wanted to ultimately perform on Saturday Night Live . When the group cut ties with her , she began teaching the Spanish language and separating herself from her acting career . Grossman also writes and produces and has cited Lily Tomlin , Tracy Ullman , Gilda Radner and Carol Burnett as inspirations .", "Grossman began her career in 1990 with minor television roles , along with commercial and theatre appearances .", "Not knowing what role she was auditioning for , Grossman sent in an audition for American Horror Story : Asylum in mid-2012 and was cast in soon after as Pepper , a microcephalic ; the season premiered later that year on October 17 . In preparation for the role , she shaved her head bald . In 2014 , it was revealed that Grossman would return to the series in its fourth season , American Horror Story : Freak Show , reprising her role as Pepper from the second season , making her the first to play the same role in two different seasons of the show . She spoke of her casting in the fourth season saying that reprising her role was `` the last thing from ( her ) mind '' since it had never been done before .", "Year Title Role Notes 2000 Marisa , Where Art Thou ? Wendy Short film 2005 Over the Shoulder Goth Girl Short film 2007 Bubbles Mama Short film Wacky Spoof Commercials People 's Bank Gal 2 Short film 2008 Yes Bonnie Short film Men at Work Woman 2009 Represent Shania Short film Table for Three Actress The Hollywood Housesitter Waitress Short film My Boyfriend Is a Blimp Suzy Short film Jesus 's Secretary Mary Short film Hot Yoga Amani Short film Food Poisoning Naomi Short film Burka Girls Gone Wild Unknown Random Chapters in the Life of Some Guy Wife Short film Paradrunken Activity Katie Short film 2011 Chubduction Hilary Q . Teat the Parents Girlfriend Short film 2012 Kev Jumba Dances with the Stars ! Dot Touch My Junk Traveler Short film 2013 Bakersfield , Earth Unknown Short film Rip Bella Tiavas Stylized as # RIP 2014 Just Me and All of You Katrina Short film 2015 The Ones Dance Instructor Post-production The Chair Mother Pre-production 2016 Fear , Inc . Cat 2018 Painkillers Nurse Sheralyn", "Year Title Role Notes", "2000 Marisa , Where Art Thou ? Wendy Short film", "2005 Over the Shoulder Goth Girl Short film", "2007 Bubbles Mama Short film", "Wacky Spoof Commercials People 's Bank Gal 2 Short film", "2008 Yes Bonnie Short film", "Men at Work Woman", "2009 Represent Shania Short film", "Table for Three Actress", "The Hollywood Housesitter Waitress Short film", "My Boyfriend Is a Blimp Suzy Short film", "Jesus 's Secretary Mary Short film", "Hot Yoga Amani Short film", "Food Poisoning Naomi Short film", "Burka Girls Gone Wild Unknown", "Random Chapters in the Life of Some Guy Wife Short film", "Paradrunken Activity Katie Short film", "2011 Chubduction Hilary Q .", "Teat the Parents Girlfriend Short film", "2012 Kev Jumba Dances with the Stars ! Dot", "Touch My Junk Traveler Short film", "2013 Bakersfield , Earth Unknown Short film", "Rip Bella Tiavas Stylized as # RIP", "2014 Just Me and All of You Katrina Short film", "2015 The Ones Dance Instructor Post-production", "The Chair Mother Pre-production", "2016 Fear , Inc . Cat", "2018 Painkillers Nurse Sheralyn", "Year Title Role Notes Father Dowling Mysteries Confirmation Kid Episode : `` The Passionate Painter Mystery '' 1998 Sabrina , the Teenage Witch Cheerleader Episode : `` The Pom Pom Incident '' 2007 Destination Truth Herself / Translator 3 episodes 2012 FammGlamm Gazelda Episode : `` Quality Control '' 2012 -- 13 American Horror Story : Asylum Pepper 7 episodes 2014 American Horror Story : Freak Show 10 episodes 2017 Hell 's Kitchen Herself Episode : `` Leaving It on the Line ''", "Year Title Role Notes", "Father Dowling Mysteries Confirmation Kid Episode : `` The Passionate Painter Mystery ''", "1998 Sabrina , the Teenage Witch Cheerleader Episode : `` The Pom Pom Incident ''", "2007 Destination Truth Herself / Translator 3 episodes", "2012 FammGlamm Gazelda Episode : `` Quality Control ''", "2012 -- 13 American Horror Story : Asylum Pepper 7 episodes", "2014 American Horror Story : Freak Show 10 episodes", "2017 Hell 's Kitchen Herself Episode : `` Leaving It on the Line ''" ]
Naomi Grossman - wikipedia Naomi Grossman Jump to: navigation , search Naomi Grossman Grossman in May 2015 ( 1975-02-06 ) February 6, 1975 (age 43) Denver , Colorado , U.S. Nationality American Alma mater Northwestern University Occupation Actress writer producer Years active 1990-- Present Website www.naomigrossman.net Naomi Grossman (born February 6, 1975) is an American actress, writer, and producer best known for her role as Pepper in the second and fourth seasons of the FX horror television series American Horror Story . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Grossman was born in Denver , Colorado . In her early life, she performed in community theatre shows. After attending high school in Argentina , she attended and graduated from Northwestern University with a theatre major, as the only university she applied to. She was a member of improvisational and sketch comedy troupe The Groundlings in Los Angeles , California , and wanted to ultimately perform on Saturday Night Live . When the group cut ties with her, she began teaching the Spanish language and separating herself from her acting career. Grossman also writes and produces and has cited Lily Tomlin , Tracy Ullman , Gilda Radner and Carol Burnett as inspirations. Career ( edit ) Grossman began her career in 1990 with minor television roles, along with commercial and theatre appearances. Not knowing what role she was auditioning for, Grossman sent in an audition for American Horror Story: Asylum in mid-2012 and was cast in soon after as Pepper , a microcephalic ; the season premiered later that year on October 17. In preparation for the role, she shaved her head bald. In 2014, it was revealed that Grossman would return to the series in its fourth season, American Horror Story: Freak Show , reprising her role as Pepper from the second season, making her the first to play the same role in two different seasons of the show. She spoke of her casting in the fourth season saying that reprising her role was `` the last thing from (her) mind'' since it had never been done before. Filmography ( edit ) Grossman at PaleyFest 2013 for American Horror Story: Asylum Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Marisa, Where Art Thou? Wendy Short film 2005 Over the Shoulder Goth Girl Short film 2007 Bubbles Mama Short film Wacky Spoof Commercials People's Bank Gal 2 Short film 2008 Yes Bonnie Short film Men at Work Woman 2009 Represent Shania Short film Table for Three Actress The Hollywood Housesitter Waitress Short film My Boyfriend Is a Blimp Suzy Short film Jesus's Secretary Mary Short film Hot Yoga Amani Short film Food Poisoning Naomi Short film Burka Girls Gone Wild Unknown Random Chapters in the Life of Some Guy Wife Short film Paradrunken Activity Katie Short film 2011 Chubduction Hilary Q. Teat the Parents Girlfriend Short film 2012 Kev Jumba Dances with the Stars! Dot Touch My Junk Traveler Short film 2013 Bakersfield, Earth Unknown Short film Rip Bella Tiavas Stylized as #RIP 2014 Just Me and All of You Katrina Short film 2015 The Ones Dance Instructor Post-production The Chair Mother Pre-production 2016 Fear, Inc. Cat 2018 Painkillers Nurse Sheralyn Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Father Dowling Mysteries Confirmation Kid Episode: `` The Passionate Painter Mystery'' 1998 Sabrina, the Teenage Witch Cheerleader Episode: `` The Pom Pom Incident'' 2007 Destination Truth Herself/Translator 3 episodes 2012 FammGlamm Gazelda Episode: `` Quality Control'' 2012-- 13 American Horror Story: Asylum Pepper 7 episodes 2014 American Horror Story: Freak Show 10 episodes 2017 Hell's Kitchen Herself Episode: `` Leaving It on the Line'' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Williams, Tenere. `` Naomi Grossman: Actress - `` I Could Be On A Desert Island with a Pen, Paper, a Camera, and YouTube and Be Happy '' `` . Retrieved January 6, 2015 . Jump up ^ Renken, Charlotte (November 2, 2014). `` Santa Fe Comic Con: Naomi Grossman `` Play With Me! Inside American Horror Story '' `` . Hush Comics . Retrieved January 6, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Hayne, Michael (October 24, 2014). `` Naomi Grossman of `` American Horror Story'' : `` I've never been told I was so pretty until played the ugliest person on TV '' `` . Salon . Retrieved January 6, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season 2'' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 6, 2015 . Jump up ^ Branch, Chris (December 12, 2014). `` ' American Horror Story' Star Naomi Grossman: Pepper Made Ryan Murphy Break His Own Rule'' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 6, 2015 . External links ( edit ) Naomi Grossman on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naomi_Grossman&oldid=832681940 '' Categories : 21st-century American actresses American television actresses Northwestern University School of Communication alumni Actresses from Denver 20th-century American actresses American film actresses 1975 births Living people Hidden categories: Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Русский 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018, at 12:04. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
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when did the grand ole opry move from ryman
The Ryman Auditorium was home to the Opry until 1974 . By the late 1960s , National Life & Accident desired a new , larger and more modern home for the long - running radio show . Ryman Auditorium , already 51 years old at the time the Opry moved there , was beginning to suffer from disrepair as the downtown neighborhood around it fell victim to increasing urban decay . Despite these shortcomings , the show 's popularity was increasing and its weekly crowds were outgrowing the 3,000 - seat venue . The Opry 's operators were seeking to build a new air - conditioned theatre with a greater capacity , ample parking , and the ability to easily serve as a television production facility . The ideal location would be in a less urbanized area of town , providing visitors a more controlled , safer , and more enjoyable experience .
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[ "Grand Ole Opry Genre Country , bluegrass , gospel Running time 30 - minute segments ( 7 : 00 pm -- 9 : 30 pm ) Country of origin United States Language ( s ) English Home station WSM radio Sirius XM Satellite Radio Announcer Eddie Stubbs Created by George D. Hay Recording studio Nashville , Tennessee Original release November 28 , 1925 ( 1925 - 11 - 28 ) -- present Sponsored by Humana Cracker Barrel Dollar General Website www.opry.com", "Genre Country , bluegrass , gospel", "Running time 30 - minute segments ( 7 : 00 pm -- 9 : 30 pm )", "Country of origin United States", "Language ( s ) English", "Home station WSM radio Sirius XM Satellite Radio", "Announcer Eddie Stubbs", "Created by George D. Hay", "Recording studio Nashville , Tennessee", "Original release November 28 , 1925 ( 1925 - 11 - 28 ) -- present", "Sponsored by Humana Cracker Barrel Dollar General", "Humana Cracker Barrel Dollar General", "Website www.opry.com", "The Grand Ole Opry is a weekly country - music stage concert in Nashville , Tennessee , which was founded on November 28 , 1925 , by George D. Hay as a one - hour radio `` barn dance '' on WSM . Currently owned and operated by Opry Entertainment ( a division of Ryman Hospitality Properties , Inc . ) , it is the longest - running radio broadcast in US history . Dedicated to honoring country music and its history , the Opry showcases a mix of famous singers and contemporary chart - toppers performing country , bluegrass , Americana , folk , gospel , and comedic performances and skits . It attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors from around the world and millions of radio and Internet listeners .", "The Opry 's current primary slogan is `` The Show that Made Country Music Famous '' . Other slogans include `` Home of American Music '' and `` Country 's Most Famous Stage '' .", "In the 1930s the show began hiring professionals and expanded to four hours ; and WSM , broadcasting by then with 50,000 watts , made the program a Saturday night musical tradition in nearly 30 states . In 1939 , it debuted nationally on NBC Radio . The Opry moved to a permanent home , the Ryman Auditorium , in 1943 . As it developed in importance , so did the city of Nashville , which became America 's `` country music capital '' . The Grand Ole Opry holds such significance in Nashville that its name is included on the city / county line signs on all major roadways . The signs read `` Music City Metropolitan Nashville Davidson County Home of the Grand Ole Opry '' .", "Membership in the Opry remains one of country music 's crowning achievements . Such country music legends as Hank Williams , Johnny Cash , Patsy Cline , Marty Robbins , Roy Acuff , the Carter family , Bill Monroe , Ernest Tubb , Kitty Wells , and Minnie Pearl became regulars on the Opry 's stage . In recent decades , the Opry has hosted such contemporary country stars as Dolly Parton , Loretta Lynn , Alan Jackson , Garth Brooks , Reba McEntire , Josh Turner , Carrie Underwood , Brad Paisley , Rascal Flatts , Dierks Bentley , Little Big Town , Blake Shelton , Chris Young , and Ricky Skaggs . Since 1974 , the show has been broadcast from the Grand Ole Opry House east of downtown Nashville , with an annual three - month winter foray back to the Ryman since 1999 . Performances have been sporadically televised in addition to the radio programs .", "The Grand Ole Opry started as the WSM Barn Dance in the new fifth - floor radio studio of the National Life & Accident Insurance Company in downtown Nashville on November 28 , 1925 . On October 18 , 1925 , management began a program featuring `` Dr. Humphrey Bate and his string quartet of old - time musicians . '' On November 2 , WSM hired long - time announcer and program director George D. `` Judge '' Hay , an enterprising pioneer from the National Barn Dance program at WLS in Chicago , who was also named the most popular radio announcer in America as a result of his radio work with both WLS and WMC in Memphis , Tennessee . Hay launched the WSM Barn Dance with 77 - year - old fiddler Uncle Jimmy Thompson on November 28 , 1925 , which is celebrated as the birth date of the Grand Ole Opry .", "Some of the bands regularly on the show during its early days included Bill Monroe , the Possum Hunters ( with Dr. Humphrey Bate ) , the Fruit Jar Drinkers with Uncle Dave Macon , the Crook Brothers , the Binkley Brothers ' Dixie Clodhoppers , Sid Harkreader , Deford Bailey , Fiddlin ' Arthur Smith , and the Gully Jumpers .", "Judge Hay , however , liked the Fruit Jar Drinkers and asked them to appear last on each show because he wanted to always close each segment with `` red hot fiddle playing '' . They were the second band accepted on Barn Dance , with the Crook Brothers being the first . When the Opry began having square dancers on the show , the Fruit Jar Drinkers always played for them . In 1926 , Uncle Dave Macon , a Tennessee banjo player who had recorded several songs and toured the vaudeville circuit , became its first real star .", "The phrase `` Grand Ole Opry '' was first uttered on the air on December 10 , 1927 . At the time , Barn Dance followed the NBC Red Network 's Music Appreciation Hour , a program of classical music and selections from grand opera presented by classical conductor Walter Damrosch . On that particular night , Damrosch had remarked that `` there is no place in the classics for realism . '' In response , Opry presenter George Hay said :", "Friends , the program which just came to a close was devoted to the classics . Doctor Damrosch told us that there is no place in the classics for realism . However , from here on out for the next three hours , we will present nothing but realism . It will be down to earth for the `` earthy '' .", "Hay then introduced DeFord Bailey , the man he had dubbed the `` Harmonica Wizard '' , saying :", "For the past hour , we have been listening to music taken largely from Grand Opera . From now on , we will present the `` Grand Ole Opry '' .", "Bailey then stepped up to the mic to play `` The Pan-American Blues , '' his song inspired by the Pan-American , a premier L&N Railroad passenger train .", "As audiences for the live show increased , National Life & Accident Insurance 's radio venue became too small to accommodate the hordes of fans . They built a larger studio , but it was still not large enough . After several months with no audiences , National Life decided to allow the show to move outside its home offices . In October 1934 , the Opry moved into then - suburban Hillsboro Theatre ( now the Belcourt ) ; and then on June 13 , 1936 , to the Dixie Tabernacle in East Nashville . The Opry then moved to the War Memorial Auditorium , a downtown venue adjacent to the State Capitol . A 25 - cent admission was charged to try to curb the large crowds , but to no avail . On June 5 , 1943 , the Opry moved to the Ryman Auditorium .", "Top - charting country music acts performed during the Ryman years , including Roy Acuff called the King of Country Music , Hank Williams , Webb Pierce , Faron Young , Martha Carson , Lefty Frizzell , and many others .", "One hour of the Opry was nationally broadcast by the NBC Red Network from 1939 to 1956 ; for much of its run , it aired one hour after the program that had inspired it , National Barn Dance . The NBC segment , originally known by the name of its sponsor , The Prince Albert Show , was first hosted by Acuff , who was succeeded by Red Foley from 1946 to 1954 . From October 15 , 1955 to September 1956 , ABC - TV aired a live , hour - long television version once a month on Saturday nights ( sponsored by Ralston - Purina ) , pre-empting one hour of the then - 90 - minute Ozark Jubilee . From 1955 to 1957 , Al Gannaway owned and produced both The Country Show and Stars of the Grand Ole Opry , filmed programs syndicated by Flamingo Films . Gannaway 's Stars of the Grand Ole Opry was the first television show shot in color .", "On October 2 , 1954 , a teenage Elvis Presley made his only Opry performance . Although the audience reacted politely to his revolutionary brand of rockabilly music , after the show Opry manager Jim Denny told Presley 's producer Sam Phillips that the singer 's style did not suit the program .", "In the 1960s , as the hippie counterculture movement spread , the Opry maintained a strait - laced , conservative image with `` longhairs '' not being featured on the show . The Byrds were a notable exception . Country rock pioneer Gram Parsons , who at that time was a member of The Byrds , was in Nashville to work on the band 's country rock album , Sweetheart of the Rodeo . The band 's record label , Columbia Records , had arranged for The Byrds to be allowed to perform at the Ryman on March 15 , 1968 , a prospect that thrilled Parsons . However , when the band took the stage the audience 's response was immediately hostile , resulting in derisive heckling , booing and mocking calls of `` tweet , tweet '' and `` cut your hair '' The Byrds further outraged the Opry establishment by breaking with accepted protocol when they performed Parsons ' song `` Hickory Wind '' instead of the Merle Haggard song `` Life in Prison '' , as had been announced by Tompall Glaser . Two decades later , long after Parsons 's death , members of The Byrds would reconcile with the Opry and collaborate on the 1989 album Will the Circle Be Unbroken : Volume Two .", "Another artist that ran afoul of the Opry 's stringent standards was Jerry Lee Lewis , who , after several years of success on the country charts , made his first and only appearance on the show on January 20 , 1973 . Given two conditions for his appearance ( no rock and roll and no profanity ) , Lewis proceeded to disregard both ( referring to himself as a certain unairable maternal insult at one point ) and , in a continuous 40 - minute set , played a mixture of his rock and roll hits and covers of other singers ' country songs . Lewis was said to be bitter about how he was treated when he first arrived in Nashville in 1955 and supposedly used his Opry appearance to exact revenge on the Nashville music industry .", "Grand Ole Opry House U.S. National Register of Historic Places Grand Ole Opry House Show map of Tennessee Show map of the US Show all Location 2804 Opryland Drive , Nashville , Tennessee 37214 Coordinates 36 ° 12 ′ 24 '' N 86 ° 41 ′ 32 '' W  /  36.20667 ° N 86.69222 ° W  / 36.20667 ; - 86.69222 Coordinates : 36 ° 12 ′ 24 '' N 86 ° 41 ′ 32 '' W  /  36.20667 ° N 86.69222 ° W  / 36.20667 ; - 86.69222 Area 4 acres ( approx . ) Built 1972 - 74 Architect Welton Becket & Associates ; Pierre Cabrol Architectural style Modern / Brutalist Restored 2010 ( flood damage remediation ) NRHP reference # 14001222 Added to NRHP January 27 , 2015", "Grand Ole Opry House", "U.S. National Register of Historic Places", "Grand Ole Opry House", "Show map of Tennessee Show map of the US Show all", "Location 2804 Opryland Drive , Nashville , Tennessee 37214", "Coordinates 36 ° 12 ′ 24 '' N 86 ° 41 ′ 32 '' W  /  36.20667 ° N 86.69222 ° W  / 36.20667 ; - 86.69222 Coordinates : 36 ° 12 ′ 24 '' N 86 ° 41 ′ 32 '' W  /  36.20667 ° N 86.69222 ° W  / 36.20667 ; - 86.69222", "Area 4 acres ( approx . )", "Built 1972 - 74", "Architect Welton Becket & Associates ; Pierre Cabrol", "Architectural style Modern / Brutalist", "Restored 2010 ( flood damage remediation )", "NRHP reference # 14001222", "Added to NRHP January 27 , 2015", "The Ryman Auditorium was home to the Opry until 1974 . By the late 1960s , National Life & Accident desired a new , larger and more modern home for the long - running radio show . Ryman Auditorium , already 51 years old at the time the Opry moved there , was beginning to suffer from disrepair as the downtown neighborhood around it fell victim to increasing urban decay . Despite these shortcomings , the show 's popularity was increasing and its weekly crowds were outgrowing the 3,000 - seat venue . The Opry 's operators were seeking to build a new air - conditioned theatre with a greater capacity , ample parking , and the ability to easily serve as a television production facility . The ideal location would be in a less urbanized area of town , providing visitors a more controlled , safer , and more enjoyable experience .", "National Life & Accident purchased farmland owned by a local sausage manufacturer ( Rudy 's Farm ) in the Pennington Bend area of Nashville , nine miles east of downtown , and adjacent to the newly constructed Briley Parkway . The new Opry venue was to be the centerpiece of a grand entertainment complex at that location , which would later come to include Opryland USA Theme Park and Opryland Hotel .", "The theme park opened to the public on June 30 , 1972 , well ahead of the 4,000 - seat Opry House , which debuted nearly two years later , on Saturday , March 16 , 1974 .", "Opening night was attended by sitting U.S. President Richard Nixon , who played a few songs on the piano . To carry on the tradition of the show 's run at the Ryman , a six - foot circle of oak was cut from the corner of the Ryman 's stage and inlaid into center stage at the new venue . The artists on stage usually stand on the circle as they perform .", "While the theme park was closed and demolished following the 1997 season , the Grand Ole Opry House remains in use . The immediate area around it was left intact through the construction of Opry Mills , which opened in May 2000 .", "The Opry continues to be performed every Tuesday , Friday and Saturday at the Grand Ole Opry House from March through November each year .", "The Grand Ole Opry House was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 27 , 2015 .", "Following the departure of the Opry , Ryman Auditorium sat mostly vacant and decaying for twenty years . An initial effort by National Life & Accident to tear down the Ryman and use its bricks to build a chapel at Opryland USA was met with resounding resistance from the public , including the influential musicians of the time . The plans were abandoned , and the building remained standing with an uncertain future . Despite the absence of performances , the building still held such significance as an attraction that it would remain open for tours .", "In 1991 and 1992 , Emmylou Harris performed a series of concerts there and released some of the recordings as an album entitled At the Ryman . The concert and album 's high acclaim renewed interest in reviving Ryman Auditorium as an active venue . Beginning in September 1993 , Gaylord Entertainment undertook a full renovation of the Ryman , restoring it into a world - class concert hall that reopened with a broadcast of A Prairie Home Companion on June 4 , 1994 .", "On Sunday , October 18 , 1998 , the Opry held a benefit show at Ryman Auditorium , marking its return to the venue for the first time since its final show on March 15 , 1974 . The show was well received by fans , performers , and management alike , and so the decision was made to host the Opry 's regular shows there on January 15 & 16 , 1999 as part of the celebration to commemorate 25 years at the new venue .", "Beginning in November 1999 , the Opry was held at Ryman Auditorium for three months , partly due to the ongoing construction of Opry Mills . The Opry has returned to the Ryman for the three winter months every year since , allowing the show to acknowledge its roots while also taking advantage of a smaller venue during an off - peak season for tourism . While still officially the Grand Ole Opry , the shows there are billed as Opry At The Ryman . From 2002 to 2014 , a traveling version of the Radio City Christmas Spectacular took up residence at the Grand Ole Opry House each holiday season while the Opry was away . It was replaced by Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical beginning in 2015 .", "In May 2010 , the Opry House was flooded , along with much of Nashville , due to the Cumberland River overflowing its banks . While repairs were made , the Opry itself remained uninterrupted . Over the course of the summer of 2010 , the broadcast temporarily originated from alternate venues in Nashville , with Ryman Auditorium hosting the majority of the shows . Other venues included the TPAC War Memorial Auditorium , another former Opry home ; TPAC 's Andrew Jackson Hall ; Nashville Municipal Auditorium ; Allen Arena at Lipscomb University ; and the Two Rivers Baptist Church .", "Much of the auditorium 's main floor seating , the backstage areas and the entire stage ( including the inlaid circle of wood from the Ryman 's stage ) was underwater during the flood . While the Grand Ole Opry House 's stage was replaced thereafter , the Ryman circle was restored and again placed at center stage in the Grand Ole Opry House before shows resumed . The remediation following the flood also resulted in a renovated backstage area , including the construction of more dressing rooms and a performer 's lounge .", "The Opry returned to the Grand Ole Opry House on September 28 , 2010 in a special edition of the Opry entitled Country Comes Home that was televised live on Great American Country . The evening was filled with one - of - a-kind Opry moments . Martina McBride and Connie Smith dueted on Smith 's signature hit `` Once a Day '' , and other collaborations included Dierks Bentley and Del McCoury ( `` Roll On Buddy , Roll On '' ) , Josh Turner and Lorrie Morgan ( `` Golden Ring '' ) , and Montgomery Gentry and Charlie Daniels Band ( `` Devil Went Down To Georgia '' ) , among others . The show closed with an all - star guitar jam featuring Brad Paisley , Keith Urban , Steve Wariner , Ricky Skaggs , and Marty Stuart .", "The Grand Ole Opry is broadcast live on WSM - AM at 7 p.m. CT on Saturday nights , shortened from a previous time start of 6 : 30 . A similar program , the Friday Night Opry , airs live on Friday nights. From February through December , the Tuesday Night Opry is also aired live . Wednesday shows are typically presented in the summer months . The length of the show varies ; as of October 2016 , the show runs three nights a week for 21⁄4 hours each night ( the Saturday night shows have often extended as late as midnight ) .", "The Opry can also be heard live on Willie 's Roadhouse on channel 59 on Sirius XM Satellite Radio . The program is also streamed on WSM 's website .", "ABC broadcast the Grand Ole Opry as a monthly series from 1955 to 1956 . PBS televised annual live performances from 1978 to 1981 . In 1985 , The Nashville Network began airing an edited half - hour version of the program as Grand Ole Opry Live ; the show moved to Country Music Television ( expanding to an hour in the process ) , and then to the Great American Country ( GAC ) cable network with its Opry Live show no longer televised . RFD - TV carries reruns of Opry telecasts under the title Opry Encore .", "Main Article : List of Grand Ole Opry Members", "Main Article : List of Grand Ole Opry Members", "Regular performers at the Grand Ole Opry can be inducted into the organization as a member , by way of an existing member nominating them . Opry membership must be maintained throughout an artist 's career and expires when the performer dies . Although a number of legendary country artists either lost their Opry membership ( such as Hank Williams , Sr. and Willie Nelson ) or never received it in their lifetimes ( longtime leading hitmakers Merle Haggard , George Strait , and Conway Twitty being prominent examples ) , receiving Opry membership is considered an honor equivalent to a hall of fame induction .", "In April 1963 Opry management made a rule that members had to perform on at least 26 shows a year to keep their membership active . WSM dropped the number of required performances to 20 in January 1964 ; in 2000 the minimum number of Opry performances was at 12 . The minimum number of performances has reduced over the years , but artists offered membership are expected to show a dedication to the Opry with frequent attendance .", "Another controversy that raged for years was over allowable instrumentation , especially the use of drums and electrically amplified instruments . Some purists were appalled at the prospect ; traditionally a string bass provided the rhythm component in country music and percussion instruments were seldom used . Electric amplification , then new , was regarded as the province of popular music and jazz in 1940s . Though the Opry allowed electric guitars and steel guitars by World War II , the restrictions against drums and horns continued . They caused a conflict when Bob Wills and Pee Wee King defied the show 's ban on drums .", "The company has enforced its trademark on the name `` Grand Ole Opry '' , for which it owns trademark registrations in the United States and in numerous countries around the world . It has taken court action to limit use of the word `` opry '' ( which the organization has not directly trademarked ) to members of the Opry and products associated with or licensed by it , and to discourage use of the word in ways that would imply a connection to the Grand Ole Opry . In late 1968 , for instance , WSM sued Opry Records , a record label that was independent of WSM , and the court stated that `` the record is replete with newspaper and magazine articles and clippings which demonstrate conclusively that the term ' Opry ' , standing alone as defendant has used it , is constantly used in country and western music circles in referring to plaintiff 's ' Grand Ole Opry ' . '' The court also stated `` the defendant has appropriated , at its peril , the dominant or salient term in the plaintiff 's mark , a term which identified the ' Grand Ole Opry ' in the mind of the public many years before the inception of ' Opry Records ' -- the name adopted by defendant . '' In another case , the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board granted summary judgment that the term `` Opry '' is a generic term ( and thus no more protected than the words `` Grand '' or `` Ole '' ) but the Federal Circuit court reversed this decision . As recently as 2009 , the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board granted judgment against Texas Opry House , LLC , which had filed a trademark application for TEXAS OPRY HOUSE .", "In 2004 , it was announced that the Grand Ole Opry had contracted for the first time with a `` presenting sponsor '' , Cracker Barrel , and the sponsoring company 's name would be associated with Grand Ole Opry in all its advertising . Humana , Inc. , Cracker Barrel , and Dollar General are the present sponsors of the Opry .", "Peabody Award , 1983 National Radio Hall of Fame induction , 1992", "Peabody Award , 1983", "National Radio Hall of Fame induction , 1992" ]
Grand Ole Opry - wikipedia Grand Ole Opry Jump to: navigation , search Grand Ole Opry Genre Country , bluegrass , gospel Running time 30-minute segments (7:00 pm-- 9:30 pm) Country of origin United States Language(s) English Home station WSM radio Sirius XM Satellite Radio Announcer Eddie Stubbs Created by George D. Hay Recording studio Nashville, Tennessee Original release November 28, 1925 ( 1925-11-28 ) -- present Sponsored by Humana Cracker Barrel Dollar General Website www.opry.com The Grand Ole Opry is a weekly country-music stage concert in Nashville, Tennessee , which was founded on November 28, 1925, by George D. Hay as a one-hour radio `` barn dance'' on WSM . Currently owned and operated by Opry Entertainment (a division of Ryman Hospitality Properties, Inc. ), it is the longest-running radio broadcast in US history. Dedicated to honoring country music and its history, the Opry showcases a mix of famous singers and contemporary chart-toppers performing country, bluegrass , Americana , folk , gospel , and comedic performances and skits . It attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors from around the world and millions of radio and Internet listeners. The Opry's current primary slogan is `` The Show that Made Country Music Famous'' . Other slogans include `` Home of American Music'' and `` Country's Most Famous Stage'' . In the 1930s the show began hiring professionals and expanded to four hours; and WSM, broadcasting by then with 50,000 watts , made the program a Saturday night musical tradition in nearly 30 states. In 1939, it debuted nationally on NBC Radio . The Opry moved to a permanent home, the Ryman Auditorium , in 1943. As it developed in importance, so did the city of Nashville, which became America's `` country music capital'' . The Grand Ole Opry holds such significance in Nashville that its name is included on the city/county line signs on all major roadways. The signs read `` Music City Metropolitan Nashville Davidson County Home of the Grand Ole Opry '' . Membership in the Opry remains one of country music's crowning achievements. Such country music legends as Hank Williams , Johnny Cash , Patsy Cline , Marty Robbins , Roy Acuff , the Carter family , Bill Monroe , Ernest Tubb , Kitty Wells , and Minnie Pearl became regulars on the Opry's stage. In recent decades, the Opry has hosted such contemporary country stars as Dolly Parton , Loretta Lynn , Alan Jackson , Garth Brooks , Reba McEntire , Josh Turner , Carrie Underwood , Brad Paisley , Rascal Flatts , Dierks Bentley , Little Big Town , Blake Shelton , Chris Young , and Ricky Skaggs . Since 1974, the show has been broadcast from the Grand Ole Opry House east of downtown Nashville, with an annual three-month winter foray back to the Ryman since 1999. Performances have been sporadically televised in addition to the radio programs. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Beginnings 1.2 Name 1.3 Larger venues 1.4 1960s 1.5 Grand Ole Opry House 1.6 Return to Ryman Auditorium 1.7 2010 flooding 2 Broadcasts 3 Membership 4 Controversies 5 Commercialization 6 Honors 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Beginnings ( edit ) Decorative brickwork at Opryland Hotel depicting Ryman Auditorium with Minnie Pearl and Roy Acuff The Grand Ole Opry started as the WSM Barn Dance in the new fifth-floor radio studio of the National Life & Accident Insurance Company in downtown Nashville on November 28, 1925. On October 18, 1925, management began a program featuring `` Dr. Humphrey Bate and his string quartet of old-time musicians.'' On November 2, WSM hired long-time announcer and program director George D. `` Judge'' Hay , an enterprising pioneer from the National Barn Dance program at WLS in Chicago, who was also named the most popular radio announcer in America as a result of his radio work with both WLS and WMC in Memphis, Tennessee. Hay launched the WSM Barn Dance with 77-year-old fiddler Uncle Jimmy Thompson on November 28, 1925, which is celebrated as the birth date of the Grand Ole Opry . Some of the bands regularly on the show during its early days included Bill Monroe , the Possum Hunters (with Dr. Humphrey Bate ), the Fruit Jar Drinkers with Uncle Dave Macon , the Crook Brothers, the Binkley Brothers' Dixie Clodhoppers , Sid Harkreader , Deford Bailey , Fiddlin' Arthur Smith , and the Gully Jumpers . Judge Hay, however, liked the Fruit Jar Drinkers and asked them to appear last on each show because he wanted to always close each segment with `` red hot fiddle playing'' . They were the second band accepted on Barn Dance , with the Crook Brothers being the first. When the Opry began having square dancers on the show, the Fruit Jar Drinkers always played for them. In 1926, Uncle Dave Macon, a Tennessee banjo player who had recorded several songs and toured the vaudeville circuit, became its first real star. Signs welcoming motorists to Nashville on all major roadways include the phrase `` Home Of The Grand Ole Opry'' . Name ( edit ) The phrase `` Grand Ole Opry'' was first uttered on the air on December 10, 1927. At the time, Barn Dance followed the NBC Red Network's Music Appreciation Hour , a program of classical music and selections from grand opera presented by classical conductor Walter Damrosch . On that particular night, Damrosch had remarked that `` there is no place in the classics for realism.'' In response, Opry presenter George Hay said: Friends, the program which just came to a close was devoted to the classics. Doctor Damrosch told us that there is no place in the classics for realism. However, from here on out for the next three hours, we will present nothing but realism. It will be down to earth for the `` earthy'' . Hay then introduced DeFord Bailey , the man he had dubbed the `` Harmonica Wizard'' , saying: For the past hour, we have been listening to music taken largely from Grand Opera. From now on, we will present the `` Grand Ole Opry'' . Bailey then stepped up to the mic to play `` The Pan-American Blues,'' his song inspired by the Pan-American , a premier L&N Railroad passenger train. Larger venues ( edit ) As audiences for the live show increased, National Life & Accident Insurance's radio venue became too small to accommodate the hordes of fans. They built a larger studio, but it was still not large enough. After several months with no audiences, National Life decided to allow the show to move outside its home offices. In October 1934, the Opry moved into then- suburban Hillsboro Theatre (now the Belcourt); and then on June 13, 1936, to the Dixie Tabernacle in East Nashville. The Opry then moved to the War Memorial Auditorium , a downtown venue adjacent to the State Capitol . A 25-cent admission was charged to try to curb the large crowds, but to no avail. On June 5, 1943, the Opry moved to the Ryman Auditorium . Roy Acuff Ryman Auditorium , the `` Mother Church of Country Music'' Top-charting country music acts performed during the Ryman years, including Roy Acuff called the King of Country Music , Hank Williams , Webb Pierce , Faron Young , Martha Carson , Lefty Frizzell , and many others. One hour of the Opry was nationally broadcast by the NBC Red Network from 1939 to 1956; for much of its run, it aired one hour after the program that had inspired it, National Barn Dance . The NBC segment, originally known by the name of its sponsor, The Prince Albert Show , was first hosted by Acuff, who was succeeded by Red Foley from 1946 to 1954. From October 15, 1955 to September 1956, ABC-TV aired a live, hour-long television version once a month on Saturday nights (sponsored by Ralston-Purina), pre-empting one hour of the then-90-minute Ozark Jubilee . From 1955 to 1957, Al Gannaway owned and produced both The Country Show and Stars of the Grand Ole Opry, filmed programs syndicated by Flamingo Films. Gannaway's Stars of the Grand Ole Opry was the first television show shot in color. On October 2, 1954, a teenage Elvis Presley made his only Opry performance. Although the audience reacted politely to his revolutionary brand of rockabilly music , after the show Opry manager Jim Denny told Presley's producer Sam Phillips that the singer's style did not suit the program. 1960s ( edit ) In the 1960s, as the hippie counterculture movement spread, the Opry maintained a strait-laced, conservative image with `` longhairs'' not being featured on the show. The Byrds were a notable exception. Country rock pioneer Gram Parsons , who at that time was a member of The Byrds, was in Nashville to work on the band's country rock album, Sweetheart of the Rodeo . The band's record label , Columbia Records , had arranged for The Byrds to be allowed to perform at the Ryman on March 15, 1968, a prospect that thrilled Parsons. However, when the band took the stage the audience's response was immediately hostile, resulting in derisive heckling, booing and mocking calls of `` tweet, tweet'' and `` cut your hair'' The Byrds further outraged the Opry establishment by breaking with accepted protocol when they performed Parsons' song `` Hickory Wind '' instead of the Merle Haggard song `` Life in Prison'' , as had been announced by Tompall Glaser . Two decades later, long after Parsons's death, members of The Byrds would reconcile with the Opry and collaborate on the 1989 album Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume Two . Another artist that ran afoul of the Opry 's stringent standards was Jerry Lee Lewis , who, after several years of success on the country charts, made his first and only appearance on the show on January 20, 1973. Given two conditions for his appearance (no rock and roll and no profanity ), Lewis proceeded to disregard both (referring to himself as a certain unairable maternal insult at one point) and, in a continuous 40-minute set, played a mixture of his rock and roll hits and covers of other singers' country songs. Lewis was said to be bitter about how he was treated when he first arrived in Nashville in 1955 and supposedly used his Opry appearance to exact revenge on the Nashville music industry . Grand Ole Opry House ( edit ) Grand Ole Opry House U.S. National Register of Historic Places Grand Ole Opry House Show map of Tennessee Show map of the US Show all Location 2804 Opryland Drive, Nashville, Tennessee 37214 Coordinates 36° 12′ 24'' N 86° 41′ 32'' W  /  36.20667° N 86.69222° W  / 36.20667; -86.69222 Coordinates : 36° 12′ 24'' N 86° 41′ 32'' W  /  36.20667° N 86.69222° W  / 36.20667; -86.69222 Area 4 acres (approx.) Built 1972-74 Architect Welton Becket & Associates; Pierre Cabrol Architectural style Modern/Brutalist Restored 2010 (flood damage remediation) NRHP reference # 14001222 Added to NRHP January 27, 2015 The Ryman Auditorium was home to the Opry until 1974. By the late 1960s, National Life & Accident desired a new, larger and more modern home for the long-running radio show. Ryman Auditorium, already 51 years old at the time the Opry moved there, was beginning to suffer from disrepair as the downtown neighborhood around it fell victim to increasing urban decay . Despite these shortcomings, the show's popularity was increasing and its weekly crowds were outgrowing the 3,000-seat venue. The Opry's operators were seeking to build a new air-conditioned theatre with a greater capacity, ample parking, and the ability to easily serve as a television production facility. The ideal location would be in a less urbanized area of town, providing visitors a more controlled, safer, and more enjoyable experience. National Life & Accident purchased farmland owned by a local sausage manufacturer (Rudy's Farm) in the Pennington Bend area of Nashville, nine miles east of downtown, and adjacent to the newly constructed Briley Parkway . The new Opry venue was to be the centerpiece of a grand entertainment complex at that location, which would later come to include Opryland USA Theme Park and Opryland Hotel . The theme park opened to the public on June 30, 1972, well ahead of the 4,000-seat Opry House, which debuted nearly two years later, on Saturday, March 16, 1974. Opening night was attended by sitting U.S. President Richard Nixon , who played a few songs on the piano. To carry on the tradition of the show's run at the Ryman, a six-foot circle of oak was cut from the corner of the Ryman's stage and inlaid into center stage at the new venue. The artists on stage usually stand on the circle as they perform. While the theme park was closed and demolished following the 1997 season, the Grand Ole Opry House remains in use. The immediate area around it was left intact through the construction of Opry Mills , which opened in May 2000. The Opry continues to be performed every Tuesday, Friday and Saturday at the Grand Ole Opry House from March through November each year. Grand Ole Opry logo used from 2005 to 2015 The Grand Ole Opry House was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 27, 2015. Return to Ryman Auditorium ( edit ) Following the departure of the Opry , Ryman Auditorium sat mostly vacant and decaying for twenty years. An initial effort by National Life & Accident to tear down the Ryman and use its bricks to build a chapel at Opryland USA was met with resounding resistance from the public, including the influential musicians of the time. The plans were abandoned, and the building remained standing with an uncertain future. Despite the absence of performances, the building still held such significance as an attraction that it would remain open for tours. In 1991 and 1992, Emmylou Harris performed a series of concerts there and released some of the recordings as an album entitled At the Ryman . The concert and album's high acclaim renewed interest in reviving Ryman Auditorium as an active venue. Beginning in September 1993, Gaylord Entertainment undertook a full renovation of the Ryman, restoring it into a world-class concert hall that reopened with a broadcast of A Prairie Home Companion on June 4, 1994. On Sunday, October 18, 1998, the Opry held a benefit show at Ryman Auditorium, marking its return to the venue for the first time since its final show on March 15, 1974. The show was well received by fans, performers, and management alike, and so the decision was made to host the Opry 's regular shows there on January 15 & 16, 1999 as part of the celebration to commemorate 25 years at the new venue. Beginning in November 1999, the Opry was held at Ryman Auditorium for three months, partly due to the ongoing construction of Opry Mills. The Opry has returned to the Ryman for the three winter months every year since, allowing the show to acknowledge its roots while also taking advantage of a smaller venue during an off-peak season for tourism. While still officially the Grand Ole Opry , the shows there are billed as Opry At The Ryman . From 2002 to 2014, a traveling version of the Radio City Christmas Spectacular took up residence at the Grand Ole Opry House each holiday season while the Opry was away. It was replaced by Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical beginning in 2015. 2010 flooding ( edit ) In May 2010, the Opry House was flooded, along with much of Nashville, due to the Cumberland River overflowing its banks . While repairs were made, the Opry itself remained uninterrupted. Over the course of the summer of 2010, the broadcast temporarily originated from alternate venues in Nashville, with Ryman Auditorium hosting the majority of the shows. Other venues included the TPAC War Memorial Auditorium , another former Opry home; TPAC's Andrew Jackson Hall; Nashville Municipal Auditorium ; Allen Arena at Lipscomb University ; and the Two Rivers Baptist Church. Much of the auditorium's main floor seating, the backstage areas and the entire stage (including the inlaid circle of wood from the Ryman's stage) was underwater during the flood. While the Grand Ole Opry House's stage was replaced thereafter, the Ryman circle was restored and again placed at center stage in the Grand Ole Opry House before shows resumed. The remediation following the flood also resulted in a renovated backstage area, including the construction of more dressing rooms and a performer's lounge. The Opry returned to the Grand Ole Opry House on September 28, 2010 in a special edition of the Opry entitled Country Comes Home that was televised live on Great American Country . The evening was filled with one-of-a-kind Opry moments. Martina McBride and Connie Smith dueted on Smith's signature hit `` Once a Day'' , and other collaborations included Dierks Bentley and Del McCoury (`` Roll On Buddy, Roll On'' ), Josh Turner and Lorrie Morgan (`` Golden Ring'' ), and Montgomery Gentry and Charlie Daniels Band (`` Devil Went Down To Georgia'' ), among others. The show closed with an all-star guitar jam featuring Brad Paisley, Keith Urban, Steve Wariner, Ricky Skaggs, and Marty Stuart. Broadcasts ( edit ) Dolly Parton at the Opry in 2005 The Grand Ole Opry is broadcast live on WSM-AM at 7 p.m. CT on Saturday nights, shortened from a previous time start of 6:30. A similar program, the Friday Night Opry , airs live on Friday nights.From February through December, the Tuesday Night Opry is also aired live. Wednesday shows are typically presented in the summer months. The length of the show varies; as of October 2016, the show runs three nights a week for 21⁄4hours each night (the Saturday night shows have often extended as late as midnight). The Opry can also be heard live on Willie's Roadhouse on channel 59 on Sirius XM Satellite Radio . The program is also streamed on WSM's website. ABC broadcast the Grand Ole Opry as a monthly series from 1955 to 1956. PBS televised annual live performances from 1978 to 1981. In 1985, The Nashville Network began airing an edited half-hour version of the program as Grand Ole Opry Live ; the show moved to Country Music Television (expanding to an hour in the process), and then to the Great American Country (GAC) cable network with its Opry Live show no longer televised. RFD-TV carries reruns of Opry telecasts under the title Opry Encore . Membership ( edit ) Main Article: List of Grand Ole Opry Members Little Jimmy Dickens , at the time the second-oldest living Opry member, at Opry House in 2004. The circle of wood is from the Ryman Auditorium's stage. Regular performers at the Grand Ole Opry can be inducted into the organization as a member, by way of an existing member nominating them. Opry membership must be maintained throughout an artist's career and expires when the performer dies. Although a number of legendary country artists either lost their Opry membership (such as Hank Williams, Sr. and Willie Nelson ) or never received it in their lifetimes (longtime leading hitmakers Merle Haggard , George Strait , and Conway Twitty being prominent examples), receiving Opry membership is considered an honor equivalent to a hall of fame induction. Controversies ( edit ) In April 1963 Opry management made a rule that members had to perform on at least 26 shows a year to keep their membership active. WSM dropped the number of required performances to 20 in January 1964; in 2000 the minimum number of Opry performances was at 12. The minimum number of performances has reduced over the years, but artists offered membership are expected to show a dedication to the Opry with frequent attendance. Another controversy that raged for years was over allowable instrumentation, especially the use of drums and electrically amplified instruments. Some purists were appalled at the prospect; traditionally a string bass provided the rhythm component in country music and percussion instruments were seldom used. Electric amplification, then new, was regarded as the province of popular music and jazz in 1940s. Though the Opry allowed electric guitars and steel guitars by World War II, the restrictions against drums and horns continued. They caused a conflict when Bob Wills and Pee Wee King defied the show's ban on drums. Commercialization ( edit ) June Carter Cash at the Opry in 1999 The company has enforced its trademark on the name `` Grand Ole Opry'' , for which it owns trademark registrations in the United States and in numerous countries around the world. It has taken court action to limit use of the word `` opry'' (which the organization has not directly trademarked) to members of the Opry and products associated with or licensed by it, and to discourage use of the word in ways that would imply a connection to the Grand Ole Opry. In late 1968, for instance, WSM sued Opry Records, a record label that was independent of WSM, and the court stated that `` the record is replete with newspaper and magazine articles and clippings which demonstrate conclusively that the term ' Opry' , standing alone as defendant has used it, is constantly used in country and western music circles in referring to plaintiff's ' Grand Ole Opry' .'' The court also stated `` the defendant has appropriated, at its peril, the dominant or salient term in the plaintiff's mark, a term which identified the ' Grand Ole Opry' in the mind of the public many years before the inception of ' Opry Records' -- the name adopted by defendant.'' In another case, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board granted summary judgment that the term `` Opry'' is a generic term (and thus no more protected than the words `` Grand'' or `` Ole'' ) but the Federal Circuit court reversed this decision. As recently as 2009, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board granted judgment against Texas Opry House, LLC, which had filed a trademark application for TEXAS OPRY HOUSE. In 2004, it was announced that the Grand Ole Opry had contracted for the first time with a `` presenting sponsor'' , Cracker Barrel , and the sponsoring company's name would be associated with Grand Ole Opry in all its advertising. Humana, Inc. , Cracker Barrel , and Dollar General are the present sponsors of the Opry. Honors ( edit ) Peabody Award , 1983 National Radio Hall of Fame induction, 1992 See also ( edit ) Country music portal Country Music Association Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum Music & the Spoken Word - `` The longest-running continuous network radio program in the world'' (began July 15th, 1929). Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What Was America's Longest Running Radio Show?'' . Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media ( George Mason University ). Jump up ^ `` Grand Ole Opry'' . National Radio Hall of Fame . National Radio Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 21, 2017 . radio's longest-running musical program ^ Jump up to: `` About The Opry'' . Grand Ole Opry . Gaylord Entertainment . Retrieved January 26, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Ole Opry'' . Gaylord Opryland . Gaylord Hotels . Retrieved January 26, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Music/Grand Ole Opry'' . The Radio Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008 . Retrieved January 26, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Ole Opry'' . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed . Columbia University Press. Missing or empty url= ( help ); access-date= requires url= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Country Music History'' . Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum . Country Music Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on November 3, 2010 . Retrieved January 28, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Opry'' . Grand Ole Opry . Retrieved August 8, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Tassin, Myron (1975), Fifty Years at the Grand Ole Opry (1st ed.), Pelican Publishing, ISBN 978-0882890890 ^ Jump up to: `` Deford Bailey'' . Country Music Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on August 19, 2011 . Retrieved July 21, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lost and Found Sound: The Pan American Blues'' . NPR. November 20, 2000 . Retrieved July 21, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ABC-TV to Air ' Ole Opry' Live Once Monthly'' (October 8, 1955), The Billboard , p. 1 Jump up ^ Gaar, Gillian G. `` Box Set Spotlights Elvis Presley's Surviving Early Work at Sun Studio.'' Goldmine Feb. 2013: 40-44. Print. ^ Jump up to: Rogan, Johnny. (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited . Rogan House. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X . Jump up ^ Allen, Michael. (2005). `` I Just Want to Be a Cosmic Cowboy'' . Jump up ^ Fricke, David. (2003). Sweetheart of the Rodeo: Legacy Edition (2003 CD liner notes) . Jump up ^ Dunkerley, Beville. Flashback: Jerry Lee Lewis Drops an F-Bomb on the Grand Ole Opry . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 21, 2015. Jump up ^ National Park Service (2010-07-09). `` National Register Information System'' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. ^ Jump up to: `` National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Grand Ole Opry House'' (PDF) . Jump up ^ The Grand Ole Opry: The Making of an American Icon - Colin Escott - Google Boeken . Books.google.com . Retrieved August 9, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Theme Park Timelines'' . Timelines.home.insightbb.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012 . Retrieved August 9, 2012 . Jump up ^ Hurst, Jack Nashville's Grand Ole Opry (New York: H.N. Abrams, 1975) Jump up ^ Smith, Loran (January 24, 2013). `` A visit to the Grand Ole Opry brings precious memories'' . The News-Reporter . Retrieved November 29, 2014 . Jump up ^ Eleanor Kennedy, `` Nashville's newest historic place: The Grand Ole Opry House '' , Nashville Business Journal , February 26, 2015. Jump up ^ Todd Barnes, (Grand Ole Opry House added to National Register), The Tennessean , February 27, 2015. ^ Jump up to: The Encyclopedia of Country Music . Oxford University Press, USA. January 4, 2012. p. 444. ISBN 978-0-19-992083-9 . ^ Jump up to: Fay, Byron (January 25, 2010). `` Grand Ole Opry Ryman Reunion Celebration-October 18, 1998'' . Fayfare's Opry Blog . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Grinch to Steal Christmas in Nashville'' . PR Newswire . May 13, 2015 . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home Grand Ole Opry'' . Search2.opry.com . Retrieved February 5, 2014 . Jump up ^ Cooper, Peter (May 10, 2010). `` Opry House's famed circle stays center stage after flood'' . USA Today . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . Jump up ^ Hackett, Vernell (August 25, 2010). `` Grand Ole Opry Floor Restored for September 28 Reopening'' . TheBoot.com . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . Jump up ^ (1) Archived August 31, 2013, at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to: `` Tune In'' . Grand Ole Opry . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . Jump up ^ Fay, Byron. `` First Televised Opry Show on PBS-March 4, 1978'' . FayFare's Opry Blog . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Opry'' . Grand Ole Opry . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GAC's Presents Opry Live'' . GAC (Great American Country). Archived from the original on September 6, 2012 . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Opry Encore'' . ^ Jump up to: `` Four Dropped From ' Opry' To Return on Christmas'' . Billboard : 50. November 27, 1965. ^ Jump up to: Morris, Edward (April 20, 2000). `` Grand Ole Opry Looking Toward Building Its Audience'' . CMT/CMT News . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . Jump up ^ Kienzle, Richard. (2003). Southwest shuffle: pioneers of honky-tonk, Western swing, and country jazz. New York: Routledge. pp. 254-257. Jump up ^ Hall, Wade. (1998). `` Pee Wee King'' . In The Encyclopedia of Country Music . Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 283-- 4. Jump up ^ `` WSM Back in Court Again - Files 2d Suit Over Name'' . Billboard. 81 (21): 51. May 24, 1969. Jump up ^ `` Opry Records Sued For Infringement'' . Billboard. 80 (50): 29. December 14, 1968 . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . Jump up ^ WSM v. Bailey, United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee.297 F. Supp. 870 (M.D. Tenn. 1969), at 872-3 . Jump up ^ WSM v. Bailey, 297 F. Supp. 870 (M.D. Tenn. 1969), at 873 . Jump up ^ Opryland USA, Inc. v. The Great American Music Show, Inc., 970 F.2d 847 (Fed. Cir. 1992) . Jump up ^ US Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, opposition number 91188534 . Jump up ^ Lovel, Jim (December 20, 2004). `` Cracker Barrel Reloads Marketing Arsenal'' . AdWeek . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sponsors'' . Grand Ole Opry . Retrieved December 9, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Music & the Spoken Word'' . National Radio Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 21, 2017 . References ( edit ) Hay, George D. A Story of the Grand Ole Opry. 1945. Kingsbury, Paul (1998). `` Grand Ole Opry'' . In The Encyclopedia of Country Music . Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 208-- 9. Wolfe, Charles K. A Good-Natured Riot: The Birth of the Grand Ole Opry . Nashville: Country Music Foundation Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8265-1331-X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grand Ole Opry . Official website Grand Ole Opry on TV Internet Archive Complete show of April 28, 1956 in black & white Library of Congress Local Legacies Project: Grand Ole Opry Grand Ole Opry at Outlaws Old Time Radio Corner Music venues of Tennessee Outdoor venues Ascend Amphitheater Finley Stadium Great Stage Park Levitt Shell Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium Mud Island Nissan Stadium Theaters and clubs Bijou Theatre Bluebird Café Exit/In Grand Ole Opry Ryman Auditorium Tennessee Theatre War Memorial Auditorium Station Inn Robert's Western World Arenas Bridgestone Arena FedExForum Freedom Hall Civic Center McKenzie Arena Murphy Center Nashville Municipal Auditorium Oman Arena Thompson-- Boling Arena Viking Hall Civic Center Festivals Bonnaroo Music Festival Historic venues Pyramid Arena Starwood Amphitheatre Grand Ole Opry Founder: George D. Hay Member Groups Diamond Rio Gatlin Brothers Montgomery Gentry Oak Ridge Boys Old Crow Medicine Show Osborne Brothers Rascal Flatts Riders in the Sky The Whites Member Female Artists Terri Clark Emmylou Harris Alison Krauss Patty Loveless Loretta Lynn Martina McBride Reba McEntire Lorrie Morgan Dolly Parton Jeanne Pruett Jeannie Seely Connie Smith Pam Tillis Carrie Underwood Trisha Yearwood Member Male Artists Trace Adkins Bill Anderson Clint Black Garth Brooks Jim Ed Brown Roy Clark John Conlee Jimmy Dickens Joe Diffie Vince Gill Jack Greene George Hamilton IV Alan Jackson Stonewall Jackson Hal Ketchum Del McCoury Jesse McReynolds Ronnie Milsap Craig Morgan Jimmy C. 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Hall George Hamilton IV Sid Harkreader Emmylou Harris Hawkshaw Hawkins George D. Hay Hoot Hester Goldie Hill David Houston Jan Howard Ferlin Husky Alan Jackson Stonewall Jackson Sonny James Chris Janson Norma Jean Jim & Jesse Johnnie & Jack George Jones Grandpa Jones The Jordanaires Doug Kershaw Hal Ketchum Bradley Kincaid Pee Wee King Alison Krauss Little Big Town Hank Locklin Lonzo and Oscar Bobby Lord The Louvin Brothers Charlie Louvin Ira Louvin Patty Loveless Bob Luman Loretta Lynn Uncle Dave Macon Rose Maddox Barbara Mandrell Kerry Marx Martina McBride Del McCoury Mel McDaniel Reba McEntire McGee Brothers Jesse McReynolds Ronnie Milsap Bill Monroe Montgomery Gentry Craig Morgan George Morgan Lorrie Morgan Moon Mullican Willie Nelson Jimmy C. Newman The Oak Ridge Boys Old Crow Medicine Show Osborne Brothers Brad Paisley Dolly Parton Johnny Paycheck Minnie Pearl Stu Phillips Webb Pierce Ray Pillow Ray Price Charley Pride Jeanne Pruett Rascal Flatts Del Reeves Jim Reeves Riders in the Sky Tex Ritter Marty Robbins Darius Rucker Johnny Russell Rusty and Doug Earl Scruggs Jeannie Seely Blake Shelton Ricky Van Shelton Jean Shepard Ricky Skaggs Mississippi Slim Carl Smith Connie Smith Fiddlin' Arthur Smith Mike Snider Hank Snow Red Sovine Ralph Stanley Marty Stuart Texas Ruby B.J. 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Bass Pro Shops' Outdoor World (minority interest) Acuff-Rose Music Grand Ole Opry Tours Opryland River Taxis Opryland Productions Opryland Theatricals Corporate Magic The Nashville Network CMT CMT Europe Nashville Predators (minority interest) Opry Mills (minority interest) Word Entertainment Gaylord Films Pandora Z Music Television (Christian music video channel) The Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers musicforce.com lightsource.com Gaylord Digital rymanhp.com VIAF : 175788511 LCCN : n80050011 GND : 4550190-7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Ole_Opry&oldid=825228757 '' Categories : Grand Ole Opry Ryman Hospitality Properties Concerts in the United States 1920s American radio programs 1925 radio programme debuts American country music radio programs Country music television series Culture of Nashville, Tennessee History of Tennessee Landmarks in Tennessee National Radio Hall of Fame inductees Peabody Award winners Radio programs on XM Radio Television series based on radio programs Tennessee culture United States National Recording Registry recordings Tourist attractions in Nashville, Tennessee Organizations based in Nashville, Tennessee 1925 establishments in Tennessee Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee NBC radio programs National Register of Historic Places in Nashville, Tennessee Hidden categories: Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018, at 05:06. 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2261470970644578485
chicken noodle soup with soda on the side song
US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) 15
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[ "`` Chicken Noodle Soup '' Single by Webstar & Young B featuring The Voice of Harlem from the album Webstar Presents : Caught in the Web Released September 12 , 2006 Format CD single , Digital download Recorded 2006 Genre Hip hop Length 3 : 21 Label Scilla Hill , Universal Republic Songwriter ( s ) Young B Producer ( s ) Da Drizzle Webstar singles chronology `` Chicken Noodle Soup '' ( 2006 ) `` Uptown Harlem '' ( 2008 ) `` Chicken Noodle Soup '' `` Uptown Harlem '' ( 2008 ) Young B singles chronology `` Chicken Noodle Soup '' ( 2006 ) Chicken Noodle Soup2006 `` It Takes Two '' ( 2008 ) The Voice of Harlem singles chronology `` Chicken Noodle Soup '' ( 2006 ) Chicken Noodle Soup2006 It Takes Two2008", "`` Chicken Noodle Soup ''", "Single by Webstar & Young B featuring The Voice of Harlem", "from the album Webstar Presents : Caught in the Web", "Released September 12 , 2006", "Format CD single , Digital download", "Recorded 2006", "Genre Hip hop", "Length 3 : 21", "Label Scilla Hill , Universal Republic", "Songwriter ( s ) Young B", "Producer ( s ) Da Drizzle", "Webstar singles chronology", "`` Chicken Noodle Soup '' ( 2006 ) `` Uptown Harlem '' ( 2008 )", "`` Chicken Noodle Soup '' ( 2006 ) `` Uptown Harlem '' ( 2008 )", "`` Chicken Noodle Soup '' ( 2006 ) `` Uptown Harlem '' ( 2008 )", "`` Chicken Noodle Soup '' `` Uptown Harlem '' ( 2008 )", "`` Chicken Noodle Soup '' `` Uptown Harlem '' ( 2008 )", "`` Chicken Noodle Soup '' `` Uptown Harlem '' ( 2008 )", "Young B singles chronology", "`` Chicken Noodle Soup '' ( 2006 ) Chicken Noodle Soup2006 `` It Takes Two '' ( 2008 ) The Voice of Harlem singles chronology `` Chicken Noodle Soup '' ( 2006 ) Chicken Noodle Soup2006 It Takes Two2008", "`` Chicken Noodle Soup '' ( 2006 ) Chicken Noodle Soup2006 `` It Takes Two '' ( 2008 ) The Voice of Harlem singles chronology `` Chicken Noodle Soup '' ( 2006 ) Chicken Noodle Soup2006 It Takes Two2008", "`` Chicken Noodle Soup '' ( 2006 ) Chicken Noodle Soup2006 `` It Takes Two '' ( 2008 )", "The Voice of Harlem singles chronology", "`` Chicken Noodle Soup '' ( 2006 ) Chicken Noodle Soup2006", "`` Chicken Noodle Soup '' ( 2006 ) Chicken Noodle Soup2006", "`` Chicken Noodle Soup '' ( 2006 ) Chicken Noodle Soup2006", "It Takes Two2008", "`` Chicken Noodle Soup '' is a song by producer Da Drizzle from Webstar 's album Webstar Presents : Caught in the Web ( 2006 ) . It features rappers Young B and the Voice of Harlem . The song also has an associated dance .", "The song is characterized by a bass / club beat accompanied by an air raid siren , and Young B 's vocals on most of the song .", "The remix features rapper Trina with Webstar , Young B , and Voice of Harlem as well as Rihanna .", "`` Chicken Noodle Soup '' also has an accompanying dance . Originating in Harlem , the dance spread virally during 2006 on YouTube .", "The basic dance features exaggerated shuffling , arm swinging , and a pantomime of the song 's lyrics .", "Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 45 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 30 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) 15", "Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position", "US Billboard Hot 100 45", "US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 30", "US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) 15" ]
Chicken Noodle Soup (song) - wikipedia Chicken Noodle Soup (song) Jump to: navigation , search `` Chicken Noodle Soup'' Single by Webstar & Young B featuring The Voice of Harlem from the album Webstar Presents: Caught in the Web Released September 12, 2006 Format CD single , Digital download Recorded 2006 Genre Hip hop Length 3 : 21 Label Scilla Hill, Universal Republic Songwriter(s) Young B Producer(s) Da Drizzle Webstar singles chronology `` Chicken Noodle Soup '' (2006) `` Uptown Harlem'' (2008) `` Chicken Noodle Soup '' `` Uptown Harlem'' (2008) Young B singles chronology `` Chicken Noodle Soup '' (2006) Chicken Noodle Soup2006 `` It Takes Two'' (2008) The Voice of Harlem singles chronology `` Chicken Noodle Soup '' (2006) Chicken Noodle Soup2006 It Takes Two2008 `` Chicken Noodle Soup '' is a song by producer Da Drizzle from Webstar 's album Webstar Presents: Caught in the Web (2006). It features rappers Young B and the Voice of Harlem. The song also has an associated dance. Contents ( hide ) 1 Song background 2 Accompanying dance 3 Charts 4 References Song background ( edit ) The song is characterized by a bass/club beat accompanied by an air raid siren , and Young B's vocals on most of the song. The remix features rapper Trina with Webstar, Young B, and Voice of Harlem as well as Rihanna . Accompanying dance ( edit ) `` Chicken Noodle Soup'' also has an accompanying dance. Originating in Harlem, the dance spread virally during 2006 on YouTube . The basic dance features exaggerated shuffling, arm swinging, and a pantomime of the song's lyrics. Charts ( edit ) Chart (2006) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 45 US Hot R&B /Hip-Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 30 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) 15 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ (1) Archived 2009-11-01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Webstar Chart History (Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Retrieved November 19, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Webstar Chart History (Hot R&B /Hip-Hop Songs)'' . Billboard . Retrieved November 19, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Webstar Chart History (Hot Rap Songs)'' . Billboard . Retrieved November 19, 2011. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicken_Noodle_Soup_(song)&oldid=818043824 '' Categories : 2006 singles DJ Webstar songs Debut singles Novelty and fad dances Hip hop dance Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Music infoboxes with malformed table placement Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018, at 05:10. About Wikipedia
-5662406348461189725
protects features that gives a unique look or outward appearance to a product
Brian W. Gray & Effie Bouzalas , editors , Industrial Design Rights : An International Perspective ( Kluwer Law International : The Hague , 2001 ) ISBN 90 - 411 - 9684 - 6
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[ "Intellectual property and Intellectual rights law Primary rights Copyright Patent Trademark Trade dress Trade secret Geographical indication Sui generis rights Authors ' rights Database right Indigenous intellectual property Industrial design right Integrated circuit layout design protection Moral rights Plant breeders ' rights Related rights Supplementary protection certificate Utility model Related topics Abandonware Anti-copyright Bioprospecting Limitations and exceptions to copyright ( Fair dealing Fair use Right to quote ) Orphan works Public domain Societal views Outline of intellectual property", "Intellectual property and Intellectual rights law", "Primary rights", "Copyright Patent Trademark Trade dress Trade secret Geographical indication", "Copyright Patent Trademark Trade dress Trade secret Geographical indication", "Sui generis rights", "Authors ' rights Database right Indigenous intellectual property Industrial design right Integrated circuit layout design protection Moral rights Plant breeders ' rights Related rights Supplementary protection certificate Utility model", "Authors ' rights Database right Indigenous intellectual property Industrial design right Integrated circuit layout design protection Moral rights Plant breeders ' rights Related rights Supplementary protection certificate Utility model", "Authors ' rights", "Indigenous intellectual property", "Industrial design right", "Integrated circuit layout design protection", "Plant breeders ' rights", "Supplementary protection certificate", "Related topics", "Abandonware Anti-copyright Bioprospecting Limitations and exceptions to copyright ( Fair dealing Fair use Right to quote ) Orphan works Public domain Societal views Outline of intellectual property", "Abandonware Anti-copyright Bioprospecting Limitations and exceptions to copyright", "Limitations and exceptions to copyright", "( Fair dealing Fair use Right to quote )", "( Fair dealing", "Right to quote )", "Orphan works Public domain Societal views", "Outline of intellectual property", "Outline of intellectual property", "", "", "An industrial design right is an intellectual property right that protects the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian . An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape , configuration or composition of pattern or color , or combination of pattern and color in three - dimensional form containing aesthetic value . An industrial design can be a two - or three - dimensional pattern used to produce a product , industrial commodity or handicraft .", "Under the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs , a WIPO - administered treaty , a procedure for an international registration exists . To qualify for registration , the national laws of most member states of WIPO require the design to be novel . An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty . The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired . Design rights started in the United Kingdom in 1787 with the Designing and Printing of Linen Act and have expanded from there .", "Registering for an industrial design right is related to granting a patent .", "According to industrial property Act 2001 , an industrial design is defined as `` any composition of lines or colours or any three - dimensional form whether or not associated with lines or colours , provided that such composition or form gives a special appearance to a product of industry or handicraft and can serve as pattern for a product of industry or handicraft '' .", "An industrial design is registrable if it is new . An industrial design is deemed to be new if it has not been disclosed to the public , anywhere in the world , by publication in tangible form or , in Kenya by use or in any other way , prior to the filing date or , where applicable , the priority date of the application for registration . However a disclosure of the industrial design is not taken into consideration if it occurred not earlier than twelve months before the filing date or , where applicable , the priority date of the application and if it was by reason or in consequence of acts committed by the applicant or his predecessor in title ; or an evident abuse committed by a third party in relation to the applicant or his predecessor in title .", "India 's Design Act , 2000 was enacted to consolidate and amend the law relating to protection of design and to comply with the articles 25 and 26 of TRIPS agreement . The new act , ( earlier Patent and Design Act , 1911 was repealed by this act ) now defines `` design '' to mean only the features of shape , configuration , pattern , ornament , or composition of lines or colours applied to any article , whether in two - or three - dimensional , or in both forms , by any industrial process or means , whether manual or mechanical or chemical , separate or combined , which in the finished article appeal to and are judged solely by the eye ; but does not include any mode or principle of construction .", "In Indonesia the protection of the Right to Industrial Design shall be granted for 10 ( ten ) years commencing from the filing date and there is not any renewal or annuity after the given period .", "Industrial Designs that are Granted Protection", "Industrial Designs that are Granted Protection", "1 . The Right to Industrial Design shall be granted for an Industrial Design that is novel / new 2 . An Industrial Design shall be deemed new if on the filing date , such Industrial Design is not the same as any previous disclosure . 3 . The previous disclosure as referred to in point 2 shall be one which before : a . The filing date or b . The Priority Date , if the applicant is filed with priority right . c . Has been announced or used in Indonesia or outside Indonesia .", "An industrial design shall not be deemed to have been announced if within the period of 6 ( six ) months at the latest before the filing date , such industrial design a . Has been displayed in a national or international exhibition in Indonesia or overseas that is official or deemed to be official ; or , b . Has been used in Indonesia by the designer in an experiment for the purposes of education , research or development .", "Canadian law affords ten years of protection to industrial designs that are registered ; there is no protection for unregistered designs . The Industrial Design Act defines `` design '' or `` industrial design '' to mean `` features of shape , configuration , pattern or ornament and any combination of those features that , in a finished article , appeal to and are judged solely by the eye . '' The design must also be original : in 2012 , the Patent Appeal Board rejected a design for a trash can , and gave guidance as to what the Act requires :", "The degree of originality required to register an original design is greater than that laid down by Canadian copyright legislation , but less than that required to register a patent . The articles being compared should not be examined side by side , but separate so that imperfect recollection comes into play . One is to look at the design as a whole . Any change must be substantial . It must not be trivial or infinitesimal .", "The degree of originality required to register an original design is greater than that laid down by Canadian copyright legislation , but less than that required to register a patent . The articles being compared should not be examined side by side , but separate so that imperfect recollection comes into play . One is to look at the design as a whole . Any change must be substantial . It must not be trivial or infinitesimal .", "The degree of originality required to register an original design is greater than that laid down by Canadian copyright legislation , but less than that required to register a patent . The articles being compared should not be examined side by side , but separate so that imperfect recollection comes into play . One is to look at the design as a whole . Any change must be substantial . It must not be trivial or infinitesimal .", "The degree of originality required to register an original design is greater than that laid down by Canadian copyright legislation , but less than that required to register a patent .", "The articles being compared should not be examined side by side , but separate so that imperfect recollection comes into play .", "One is to look at the design as a whole .", "Any change must be substantial . It must not be trivial or infinitesimal .", "During the existence of an exclusive right , no person can `` make , import for the purpose of trade or business , or sell , rent , or offer or expose for sale or rent , any article in respect of which the design is registered . '' The rule also applies to kits and substantial differences are in reference to previously published designs .", "Registering an industrial design in Canada may be appropriate for a variety of articles such as consumer products , vehicles , sports equipment , packaging , etc. , having an original aesthetic appearance , and may even be used to protect new technologies such as electronic icons . Industrial designs can also serve to complement other forms of intellectual property rights such as patents and trade - marks .", "The Canadian courts see infrequent litigation concerning industrial designs -- the first case in almost two decades took place in 2012 between Bodum and Trudeau Corporation concerning visual features of double wall drinking glasses .", "It is possible for a registered design to also receive protection under Canadian copyright or trademark law :", "a `` useful article '' ( ie , one with a utilitarian function ) will receive copyright protection where it is reproduced in a quantity of fifty or less , but that limitation does not apply with respect to : a graphic or photographic representation that is applied to the face of an article a trade - mark or a representation thereof or a label material that has a woven or knitted pattern or that is suitable for piece goods or surface coverings or for making wearing apparel a representation of a real or fictitious being , event or place that is applied to an article as a feature of shape , configuration , pattern or ornament where a registered design has become publicly identifiable with the product , it may be eligible for registration as a `` distinguishing guise '' under trademark law , but such registration can not be used to limit the development of any art or industry", "a `` useful article '' ( ie , one with a utilitarian function ) will receive copyright protection where it is reproduced in a quantity of fifty or less , but that limitation does not apply with respect to : a graphic or photographic representation that is applied to the face of an article a trade - mark or a representation thereof or a label material that has a woven or knitted pattern or that is suitable for piece goods or surface coverings or for making wearing apparel a representation of a real or fictitious being , event or place that is applied to an article as a feature of shape , configuration , pattern or ornament where a registered design has become publicly identifiable with the product , it may be eligible for registration as a `` distinguishing guise '' under trademark law , but such registration can not be used to limit the development of any art or industry", "a `` useful article '' ( ie , one with a utilitarian function ) will receive copyright protection where it is reproduced in a quantity of fifty or less , but that limitation does not apply with respect to : a graphic or photographic representation that is applied to the face of an article a trade - mark or a representation thereof or a label material that has a woven or knitted pattern or that is suitable for piece goods or surface coverings or for making wearing apparel a representation of a real or fictitious being , event or place that is applied to an article as a feature of shape , configuration , pattern or ornament where a registered design has become publicly identifiable with the product , it may be eligible for registration as a `` distinguishing guise '' under trademark law , but such registration can not be used to limit the development of any art or industry", "a `` useful article '' ( ie , one with a utilitarian function ) will receive copyright protection where it is reproduced in a quantity of fifty or less , but that limitation does not apply with respect to : a graphic or photographic representation that is applied to the face of an article a trade - mark or a representation thereof or a label material that has a woven or knitted pattern or that is suitable for piece goods or surface coverings or for making wearing apparel a representation of a real or fictitious being , event or place that is applied to an article as a feature of shape , configuration , pattern or ornament", "a graphic or photographic representation that is applied to the face of an article a trade - mark or a representation thereof or a label material that has a woven or knitted pattern or that is suitable for piece goods or surface coverings or for making wearing apparel a representation of a real or fictitious being , event or place that is applied to an article as a feature of shape , configuration , pattern or ornament", "a graphic or photographic representation that is applied to the face of an article", "a trade - mark or a representation thereof or a label", "material that has a woven or knitted pattern or that is suitable for piece goods or surface coverings or for making wearing apparel", "a representation of a real or fictitious being , event or place that is applied to an article as a feature of shape , configuration , pattern or ornament", "where a registered design has become publicly identifiable with the product , it may be eligible for registration as a `` distinguishing guise '' under trademark law , but such registration can not be used to limit the development of any art or industry", "Registered and unregistered community designs are available which provide a unitary right covering the European Community . Protection for a registered community design is for up to 25 years , subject to the payment of renewal fees every five years . The unregistered community design lasts for three years after a design is made available to the public and infringement only occurs if the protected design has been copied .", "Legislation given in Britain during the years 1787 to 1839 protected designs for textiles . The Copyright of Design Act passed in 1842 allowed other material designs , such as those for metal and earthenware objects , to be registered with a diamond mark to indicate the date of registration .", "In addition to the design protection available under community designs , UK law provides its own national registered design right and an unregistered design right . The unregistered right , which exists automatically if the requirements are met , can last for up to 15 years . The registered design right can last up to 25 years subject to the payment of maintenance fees . The topography of semi-conductor circuits are also covered by integrated circuit layout design protection , a form of protection which lasts 10 years .", "Article 1 of the Japanese Design Law states : `` This law was designed to protect and utilize designs and to encourage creation of designs in order to contribute to industrial development '' . The protection period in Japan is 20 years from the day of registration .", "U.S. design patents last fifteen years from the date of grant if filed on or after May 13 , 2015 ( fourteen years if filed before May 13 , 2015 ) and cover the ornamental aspects of utilitarian objects . Objects that lack a use beyond that conferred by their appearance or the information they convey , may be covered by copyright -- a form of intellectual property of much longer duration that exists as soon as a qualifying work is created . In some circumstances , rights may also be acquired in trade dress , but trade dress protection is akin to trademark rights and requires that the design have source significance or `` secondary meaning . '' It is useful only to prevent source misrepresentations ; trade dress protection .", "In Australia , design patent registration lasts for 5 years , with an option to be extended once for an additional 5 years . For the patent to be granted , a formalities exam is needed . If infringement action is to be taken , the design needs to become certified which involves a substantive examination .", "Brian W. Gray & Effie Bouzalas , editors , Industrial Design Rights : An International Perspective ( Kluwer Law International : The Hague , 2001 ) ISBN 90 - 411 - 9684 - 6", "Brian W. Gray & Effie Bouzalas , editors , Industrial Design Rights : An International Perspective ( Kluwer Law International : The Hague , 2001 ) ISBN 90 - 411 - 9684 - 6" ]
Industrial design right - wikipedia Industrial design right Jump to: navigation , search Intellectual property and Intellectual rights law Primary rights Copyright Patent Trademark Trade dress Trade secret Geographical indication Sui generis rights Authors' rights Database right Indigenous intellectual property Industrial design right Integrated circuit layout design protection Moral rights Plant breeders' rights Related rights Supplementary protection certificate Utility model Related topics Abandonware Anti-copyright Bioprospecting Limitations and exceptions to copyright ( Fair dealing Fair use Right to quote ) Orphan works Public domain Societal views Outline of intellectual property An industrial design right is an intellectual property right that protects the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three-dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft. Under the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs , a WIPO -administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. To qualify for registration, the national laws of most member states of WIPO require the design to be novel. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired. Design rights started in the United Kingdom in 1787 with the Designing and Printing of Linen Act and have expanded from there. Registering for an industrial design right is related to granting a patent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legislation 1.1 Kenya 1.2 India 1.3 Indonesia 1.4 Canada 1.5 Europe 1.5.1 United Kingdom 1.6 Japan 1.7 United States 1.8 Australia 2 Bibliography 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Legislation ( edit ) Kenya ( edit ) According to industrial property Act 2001, an industrial design is defined as `` any composition of lines or colours or any three-dimensional form whether or not associated with lines or colours, provided that such composition or form gives a special appearance to a product of industry or handicraft and can serve as pattern for a product of industry or handicraft'' . An industrial design is registrable if it is new. An industrial design is deemed to be new if it has not been disclosed to the public, anywhere in the world, by publication in tangible form or, in Kenya by use or in any other way, prior to the filing date or, where applicable, the priority date of the application for registration. However a disclosure of the industrial design is not taken into consideration if it occurred not earlier than twelve months before the filing date or, where applicable, the priority date of the application and if it was by reason or in consequence of acts committed by the applicant or his predecessor in title; or an evident abuse committed by a third party in relation to the applicant or his predecessor in title. India ( edit ) India's Design Act, 2000 was enacted to consolidate and amend the law relating to protection of design and to comply with the articles 25 and 26 of TRIPS agreement. The new act, (earlier Patent and Design Act, 1911 was repealed by this act) now defines `` design'' to mean only the features of shape, configuration, pattern, ornament, or composition of lines or colours applied to any article, whether in two- or three-dimensional, or in both forms, by any industrial process or means, whether manual or mechanical or chemical, separate or combined, which in the finished article appeal to and are judged solely by the eye; but does not include any mode or principle of construction. Indonesia ( edit ) In Indonesia the protection of the Right to Industrial Design shall be granted for 10 (ten) years commencing from the filing date and there is not any renewal or annuity after the given period. Industrial Designs that are Granted Protection 1. The Right to Industrial Design shall be granted for an Industrial Design that is novel/new 2. An Industrial Design shall be deemed new if on the filing date, such Industrial Design is not the same as any previous disclosure. 3. The previous disclosure as referred to in point 2 shall be one which before : a. The filing date or b. The Priority Date, if the applicant is filed with priority right. c. Has been announced or used in Indonesia or outside Indonesia. An industrial design shall not be deemed to have been announced if within the period of 6 (six) months at the latest before the filing date, such industrial design a. Has been displayed in a national or international exhibition in Indonesia or overseas that is official or deemed to be official; or, b. Has been used in Indonesia by the designer in an experiment for the purposes of education, research or development. Canada ( edit ) Canadian law affords ten years of protection to industrial designs that are registered; there is no protection for unregistered designs. The Industrial Design Act defines `` design'' or `` industrial design'' to mean `` features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament and any combination of those features that, in a finished article, appeal to and are judged solely by the eye.'' The design must also be original: in 2012, the Patent Appeal Board rejected a design for a trash can , and gave guidance as to what the Act requires: The degree of originality required to register an original design is greater than that laid down by Canadian copyright legislation, but less than that required to register a patent. The articles being compared should not be examined side by side, but separate so that imperfect recollection comes into play. One is to look at the design as a whole. Any change must be substantial. It must not be trivial or infinitesimal. During the existence of an exclusive right, no person can `` make, import for the purpose of trade or business, or sell, rent, or offer or expose for sale or rent, any article in respect of which the design is registered.'' The rule also applies to kits and substantial differences are in reference to previously published designs. Registering an industrial design in Canada may be appropriate for a variety of articles such as consumer products, vehicles, sports equipment, packaging, etc., having an original aesthetic appearance, and may even be used to protect new technologies such as electronic icons. Industrial designs can also serve to complement other forms of intellectual property rights such as patents and trade-marks. The Canadian courts see infrequent litigation concerning industrial designs -- the first case in almost two decades took place in 2012 between Bodum and Trudeau Corporation concerning visual features of double wall drinking glasses. It is possible for a registered design to also receive protection under Canadian copyright or trademark law: a `` useful article'' (ie, one with a utilitarian function) will receive copyright protection where it is reproduced in a quantity of fifty or less, but that limitation does not apply with respect to: a graphic or photographic representation that is applied to the face of an article a trade-mark or a representation thereof or a label material that has a woven or knitted pattern or that is suitable for piece goods or surface coverings or for making wearing apparel a representation of a real or fictitious being, event or place that is applied to an article as a feature of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament where a registered design has become publicly identifiable with the product, it may be eligible for registration as a `` distinguishing guise'' under trademark law, but such registration cannot be used to limit the development of any art or industry Europe ( edit ) Main article: Industrial design rights in the European Union Registered and unregistered community designs are available which provide a unitary right covering the European Community . Protection for a registered community design is for up to 25 years, subject to the payment of renewal fees every five years. The unregistered community design lasts for three years after a design is made available to the public and infringement only occurs if the protected design has been copied. United Kingdom ( edit ) Legislation given in Britain during the years 1787 to 1839 protected designs for textiles. The Copyright of Design Act passed in 1842 allowed other material designs, such as those for metal and earthenware objects, to be registered with a diamond mark to indicate the date of registration. In addition to the design protection available under community designs, UK law provides its own national registered design right and an unregistered design right. The unregistered right, which exists automatically if the requirements are met, can last for up to 15 years. The registered design right can last up to 25 years subject to the payment of maintenance fees. The topography of semi-conductor circuits are also covered by integrated circuit layout design protection , a form of protection which lasts 10 years. Japan ( edit ) Main article: Japanese design law Article 1 of the Japanese Design Law states: `` This law was designed to protect and utilize designs and to encourage creation of designs in order to contribute to industrial development'' . The protection period in Japan is 20 years from the day of registration. United states ( edit ) U.S. design patents last fifteen years from the date of grant if filed on or after May 13, 2015 (fourteen years if filed before May 13, 2015) and cover the ornamental aspects of utilitarian objects. Objects that lack a use beyond that conferred by their appearance or the information they convey, may be covered by copyright-- a form of intellectual property of much longer duration that exists as soon as a qualifying work is created. In some circumstances, rights may also be acquired in trade dress, but trade dress protection is akin to trademark rights and requires that the design have source significance or `` secondary meaning.'' It is useful only to prevent source misrepresentations; trade dress protection. Australia ( edit ) In Australia, design patent registration lasts for 5 years, with an option to be extended once for an additional 5 years. For the patent to be granted, a formalities exam is needed. If infringement action is to be taken, the design needs to become certified which involves a substantive examination. Bibliography ( edit ) Brian W. Gray & Effie Bouzalas, editors, Industrial Design Rights: An International Perspective (Kluwer Law International: The Hague, 2001) ISBN 90-411-9684-6 See also ( edit ) Design patent (US patent law) Geschmacksmuster (German design law) Industrial design rights in the European Union Open design Utility model References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Making Design Registration Cheaper and Easier'' . WIPO. ^ Jump up to: Trinder, Barrie (1992). `` design registration'' . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Industrial Archaeology . Blackwell Publishers. pp. 207-- 8. ISBN 0631142169 . Jump up ^ `` The Design Act, 2000 (16 of 2000)'' . patentoficce.nic.in. Archived from the original on 2010-05-22. Jump up ^ The Design Act of Indonesia, 2000 (31 of 2000) Industrial Design Attorney in Indonesia Jump up ^ `` Industrial Design Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. I-9)'' . Jump up ^ `` Industrial Design Act , s. 2'' . Jump up ^ Alain Provost (2012). `` Recent Guidance on the Criteria for Originality in Canadian Industrial Designs'' . Robic Newsletter . ROBIC LLP. 16 (2). , discussing Re Victor Stanley Inc. , 2012 CarswellNat 885 Jump up ^ `` Industrial Design Act , s. 11'' . ^ Jump up to: André Thériault ; Christopher N. Hunter (November 2012). `` Hen's tooth found: Federal Court decides industrial design infringement case'' . Norton Rose Fulbright . Archived from the original on 2014-01-16. Jump up ^ Bodum USA, Inc. v. Trudeau Corporation (1889) Inc. 2012 FC 1128 (26 September 2012) Jump up ^ `` Copyright Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-42), s. 64'' . Jump up ^ `` Trade-marks Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. T-13), s. 13'' . Jump up ^ `` How to Patent Designs'' . Baxterip.com.au. Archived from the original on 2011-09-10 . Retrieved 2012-09-12 . External links ( edit ) Information about industrial design rights on the Kenya Industrial Property Institute website. Information about industrial design rights on the IPAustralia website. Information about industrial design rights on the UK Patent Office web site International Designs on the WIPO web site Hague System for the International Registration of Industrial Designs on the WIPO web site www.handsoffmydesign.com e-Learning about European Union Design Protection Ebook on legal protection * (http://www.thehagueuniversity.com/ www.thehagueuniversity.com Industrial Design Engineering (IDE) -- full time) of textile designs Design Outline Portal Designer Disciplines Communication design Advertising Book design Corporate design Exhibit design Film title design Graphic design Motion Postage stamp design Print design Illustration Information design Instructional design News design Photography Retail design Signage / Traffic sign design Typography / Type design Video design Visual merchandising Environmental design Architecture Architectural lighting design Building design Passive solar Ecological design Environmental impact design Garden design Computer-aided Healthy community design Hotel design Interior architecture Interior design EID Keyline design Landscape architecture Sustainable Landscape design Spatial design Urban design Industrial design Automotive design Automotive suspension design CMF design Corrugated box design Electric guitar design Furniture design Sustainable Hardware interface design Motorcycle design Packaging and labeling Photographic lens design Product design Production design Sensory design Service design Interaction design Experience design EED Game design Level design Video game design Hardware interface design Icon design Immersive design Information design Sonic interaction design User experience design User interface design Web design Other applied arts Public art design Ceramic / glass design Fashion design Costume design Jewelry design Floral design Game art design Property design Scenic design Sound design Stage/set lighting design Textile design Other design & engineering Algorithm design Boiler design Conceptual design Database design Drug design Electrical system design Experimental design Filter design Job design Integrated circuit design Circuit design Physical design Power network design Mechanism design Nuclear weapon design Nucleic acid design Organization design Process design Processor design Protein design Research design Social design Software design Spacecraft design Strategic design Systems design Approaches Activity-centered Adaptive web Affective Brainstorming By committee By contract C-K theory Closure Co-design Concept-oriented Contextual Continuous Cradle-to-cradle Creative problem-solving Creativity techniques Critical Design fiction Defensive Design-- bid-- build Design-- build architect-led Domain-driven Ecodesign Energy neutral Engineering design process Probabilistic design Error-tolerant Fault-tolerant Framework-oriented For assembly For behaviour change For manufacturability For Six Sigma For testing For X Functional Generative Geodesign High-level Integrated Integrated topside Intelligence-based Iterative KISS principle Low-level Metadesign Mind mapping Modular New Wave Object-oriented Open Parametric Participatory Platform-based Policy-based Process-centered Public interest Rational Regenerative Reliability engineering Research-based Responsibility-driven RWD Safe-life Sustainable Systemic SOD Tableless web Theory of constraints Top-down and bottom-up Transformation Transgenerational TRIZ Universal Design for All Usage-centered Use-centered User-centered Empathic User innovation Value-driven Value sensitive Privacy by Design choice computing controls flow leadership management marker methods pattern research science strategy theory thinking Tools Intellectual property Organizations Awards Tools AAD Architectural model Blueprint Comprehensive layout CAD CAID Virtual home design software CAutoD Design quality indicator Electronic design automation Flowchart Mockup Product design specification Prototype Sketch Storyboard Technical drawing Web design program Website wireframe Intellectual property Community design Design around Design patent Fashion design copyright Geschmacksmuster Industrial design rights European Union Organizations AIGA Chartered Society of Designers Design and Industries Association Design Council International Forum Design The Design Society Design Research Society Awards European Design Award German Design Award Good Design Award (Chicago) Good Design Award (Japan) Graphex IF product design award James Dyson Award Prince Philip Designers Prize Related topics Aesthetics Agile Concept art Creative industries Cultural icon .design Enterprise architecture Futures studies Innovation Management Intelligent design Lean Startup New product development OODA Loop Philosophy of design Process simulation Slow design STEAM fields Unintelligent design Visualization Wicked problem Design brief change classic director education elements and principles engineer firm history knowledge language life load museum paradigm rationale review specification studio technology Commons Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_design_right&oldid=814604895 '' Categories : Industrial design Intellectual property law Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia Tools Čeština Dansk Español Français 한국어 עברית Nederlands Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017, at 20:57. 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who played the little girl in the movie matilda
Mara Elizabeth Wilson ( born July 24 , 1987 ) is an American author and former child actress . She is known for playing Natalie Hillard in Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) , Susan Walker in Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) , and Matilda Wormwood in Matilda ( 1996 ) . Since retiring from film acting , Wilson has focused on writing .
[ [ "Mara Elizabeth Wilson" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "Mara Wilson Mara Elizabeth Wilson ( 1987 - 07 - 24 ) July 24 , 1987 ( age 30 ) Burbank , California , U.S. Residence Queens , New York Alma mater New York University ( 2009 ) Occupation Actress , author Years active 1993 -- 2000 2012 -- present Relatives Ben Shapiro ( cousin ) Website www.marawilsonwritesstuff.com", "Mara Wilson", "Mara Elizabeth Wilson ( 1987 - 07 - 24 ) July 24 , 1987 ( age 30 ) Burbank , California , U.S.", "Residence Queens , New York", "Alma mater New York University ( 2009 )", "Occupation Actress , author", "Years active 1993 -- 2000 2012 -- present", "1993 -- 2000 2012 -- present", "1993 -- 2000", "2012 -- present", "Relatives Ben Shapiro ( cousin )", "Website www.marawilsonwritesstuff.com", "Mara Elizabeth Wilson ( born July 24 , 1987 ) is an American author and former child actress . She is known for playing Natalie Hillard in Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) , Susan Walker in Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) , and Matilda Wormwood in Matilda ( 1996 ) . Since retiring from film acting , Wilson has focused on writing .", "Wilson was born in Burbank , California , on July 24 , 1987 to Mike Wilson , a television broadcast engineer , and the late Suzie Shapiro Wilson , a homemaker . Wilson 's mother was Jewish , and her father is of part Irish descent . She was raised Jewish and became an atheist when she was 15 . She has three older brothers named Danny , Jon , and Joel , and a younger sister named Anna . Her mother was diagnosed with breast cancer on March 10 , 1995 , and died on April 26 , 1996 , after the filming of Matilda . The movie was released after her death and was dedicated to Suzie 's memory . After her mother died , Wilson lost some of her passion for acting .", "Wilson became interested in acting after watching her oldest brother Danny act . Mara 's parents refused to let her act , but they eventually reluctantly agreed to let her go into acting . After acting in commercials for Lunchables , Bank of America , Texaco , and Marshall 's , Mara was invited to audition for the 1993 comedy film Mrs. Doubtfire and won the part of Natalie Hillard . This was followed by the 1994 remake of Miracle on 34th Street . In 1994 , she had a recurring role as Nikki Petrova on Melrose Place and played Barbara Barton in the television film A Time to Heal .", "Wilson sang `` Make ' Em Laugh '' at the 67th Academy Awards telecast on March 27 , 1995 , with Tim Curry and Kathy Najimy . In 1995 , she won the ShoWest Award for `` Young Star of the Year '' . Her performances in those films caught the attention of Danny DeVito and led to her being cast as Matilda Wormwood in Matilda . She then went on to star in A Simple Wish alongside Martin Short .", "In 1999 , she played Willow Johnson in the 1999 Disney Channel television film Balloon Farm .", "Wilson auditioned for the 1998 remake of The Parent Trap , but she was considered to be too young for the role .", "In 1998 Wilson went to a table reading of What Dreams May Come starring Robin Williams , but she did not get the part .", "Her appearance in the 2000 film Thomas and the Magic Railroad was her last major film role to date . At that point , scripts were being sent to her so that she did not have to go to auditions .", "Before taking a 12 - year hiatus from acting , she got the script for Donnie Darko but declined to audition for the film .", "In 2012 , Wilson appeared briefly in one episode of a web series called Missed Connection in the role of Bitty and made special appearances on internet review shows for That Guy with the Glasses -- most notably a comedic turn playing an adult Matilda during a review of Matilda by The Nostalgia Chick , Lindsay Ellis . That year , when asked why she quit film acting , Wilson explained : `` Film acting is not very fun . Doing the same thing over and over again until , in the director 's eyes , you ' get it right ' , does not allow for very much creative freedom . The best times I had on film sets were the times the director let me express myself , but those were rare . ''", "Wilson has a recurring role on the podcast Welcome to Night Vale as `` The Faceless Old Woman Who Secretly Lives in Your Home '' , as well as her own storytelling show called What Are You Afraid Of ? Her goal is to turn What Are You Afraid Of ? into a podcast . In 2016 , Wilson made a brief return to television by appearing as a waitress on an episode of Broad City . She also voiced Jill Pill , a writer / director anthropomorphic spider , in season 3 of BoJack Horseman .", "In May 2013 , Wilson wrote an article for online magazine Cracked.com , offering her opinion of the delinquency of some former child stars .", "As of 2013 , she works for Publicolor .", "Her play Sheeple was produced in 2013 for the New York International Fringe Festival .", "In an interview that December , Wilson stated that her film acting days are over , and that she is instead focusing on writing .", "Wilson went to the Idyllwild Arts Academy near Palm Springs , California , and graduated in 2009 from New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts . While at New York University she appeared in her own one - woman show called Were n't You That Girl ?", "When Wilson was 12 , she was diagnosed with obsessive -- compulsive disorder . Wilson has struggled with anxiety and depression . In 2015 , she teamed up with Project UROK , a nonprofit organization whose mission is to aid teens with mental illness . Wilson appeared in a video in which she talks about the mental illnesses she has experienced , including anxiety , depression , and obsessive - compulsive disorder .", "As of 2013 , she lives in Queens , New York , and is involved with New York storytelling and comedy .", "Following the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting , Wilson came out as bisexual in solidarity with the LGBT community .", "In an NPR interview , Nancy Cartwright stated that a young Mara Wilson was the inspiration for a character 's voice on The Simpsons episode `` Bart Sells His Soul . ''", "Year Title Role Notes Mrs. Doubtfire Natalie `` Nattie '' Hillard Debut film 1994 Miracle on 34th Street Susan Walker Matilda Matilda Wormwood Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film Won -- Young Star Award for Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy Film A Simple Wish Anabel Greening Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film Nominated -- Young Star Award for Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy Film 2000 Thomas and the Magic Railroad Lily Stone Nominated -- Young Star Award for Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy Film Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film", "Year Title Role Notes", "Mrs. Doubtfire Natalie `` Nattie '' Hillard Debut film", "1994 Miracle on 34th Street Susan Walker", "Matilda Matilda Wormwood Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film Won -- Young Star Award for Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy Film", "A Simple Wish Anabel Greening Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film Nominated -- Young Star Award for Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy Film", "2000 Thomas and the Magic Railroad Lily Stone Nominated -- Young Star Award for Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy Film Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film", "Year Title Role Notes 1994 Melrose Place Nicole `` Nikki '' Petrova 5 episodes 1994 A Time to Heal Barbara Barton TV movie Pearl Samantha Stein Episode : `` The Tutor '' ( Season 1 , Episode 11 ) 1999 Batman Beyond Tamara ( voice ) Episode : `` Mind Games '' ( Season 2 , Episode 10 ) 1999 Balloon Farm Willow Johnson TV movie 2016 Broad City Waitress Episode : `` Burning Bridges '' ( Season 3 , Episode 8 ) 2016 BoJack Horseman Jill Pill ( voice ) 4 episodes", "Year Title Role Notes", "1994 Melrose Place Nicole `` Nikki '' Petrova 5 episodes", "1994 A Time to Heal Barbara Barton TV movie", "Pearl Samantha Stein Episode : `` The Tutor '' ( Season 1 , Episode 11 )", "1999 Batman Beyond Tamara ( voice ) Episode : `` Mind Games '' ( Season 2 , Episode 10 )", "1999 Balloon Farm Willow Johnson TV movie", "2016 Broad City Waitress Episode : `` Burning Bridges '' ( Season 3 , Episode 8 )", "2016 BoJack Horseman Jill Pill ( voice ) 4 episodes", "Year Title series Role Notes 2012 Nostalgia Critic Herself Episode : `` A Simple Wish '' Nostalgia Chick Episode : `` Matilda '' Demo Reel Donnie DuPre 's wife ( voice ) Episode : `` Lost in Translation ( Bromance Version ) '' Shut Up and Talk Herself Episode : `` Guest : Mara Wilson '' Missed Connection Bitty Episode : `` Bad Dates '' Filmed in 2011 2013 Welcome to Night Vale The Faceless Old Woman Who Secretly Lives In Your Home Episodes : `` 26 -- Faceless Old Woman '' , `` 31 -- A Blinking Light up on the Mountain '' , `` Condos '' , `` The Debate '' , `` 49 -- Old Oak Doors '' , `` 53 -- The September Monologues '' , `` The Librarian '' , `` 65 -- Voicemail '' , `` 66 -- worms ... '' 2014 Keith and The Girl Herself Episode : `` 2002 : Boobs '' Nostalgia Chick Episode : `` Nostalgic Foods of Yore '' Amy Poehler 's Smart Girls Episode : `` The In Too Steep Tea Party '' Maven of the Eventide Pumpktoberfest Vlogs , Episodes 5 and 12 I Do n't Even Own a Television Episode : `` 016 -- Covert Conception ( w / Mara Wilson ) '' 2015 Keith and The Girl Episode : `` 2147 : Gang Dick '' That 's the Show with Danny Episode : `` 117 : The One with Mara Wilson '' Gilmore Guys Episode 4.21 2016 Mouth Time with Reductress Ruth Hrorgen Mouth Time LIVE ! With Mara Wilson 2017 I Do n't Even Own a Television Herself Episode : `` 081 : I 'm With the Band ( w / Mara Wilson ) ''", "Year Title series Role Notes", "2012 Nostalgia Critic Herself Episode : `` A Simple Wish ''", "Nostalgia Chick Episode : `` Matilda ''", "Demo Reel Donnie DuPre 's wife ( voice ) Episode : `` Lost in Translation ( Bromance Version ) ''", "Shut Up and Talk Herself Episode : `` Guest : Mara Wilson ''", "Missed Connection Bitty Episode : `` Bad Dates '' Filmed in 2011", "2013 Welcome to Night Vale The Faceless Old Woman Who Secretly Lives In Your Home Episodes : `` 26 -- Faceless Old Woman '' , `` 31 -- A Blinking Light up on the Mountain '' , `` Condos '' , `` The Debate '' , `` 49 -- Old Oak Doors '' , `` 53 -- The September Monologues '' , `` The Librarian '' , `` 65 -- Voicemail '' , `` 66 -- worms ... ''", "2014 Keith and The Girl Herself Episode : `` 2002 : Boobs ''", "Nostalgia Chick Episode : `` Nostalgic Foods of Yore ''", "Amy Poehler 's Smart Girls Episode : `` The In Too Steep Tea Party ''", "Maven of the Eventide Pumpktoberfest Vlogs , Episodes 5 and 12", "I Do n't Even Own a Television Episode : `` 016 -- Covert Conception ( w / Mara Wilson ) ''", "2015 Keith and The Girl Episode : `` 2147 : Gang Dick ''", "That 's the Show with Danny Episode : `` 117 : The One with Mara Wilson ''", "Gilmore Guys Episode 4.21", "2016 Mouth Time with Reductress Ruth Hrorgen Mouth Time LIVE ! With Mara Wilson", "2017 I Do n't Even Own a Television Herself Episode : `` 081 : I 'm With the Band ( w / Mara Wilson ) ''", "Wilson won a Young Artist Award for her role in A Simple Wish in `` Best Performance in a Feature Film Leading Young Actress '' and a Young Star Award for Matilda in `` Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy Film '' . She was twice nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor , for Matilda and A Simple Wish .", "1995 -- ShoWest Award -- Young Star of the Year .", "1995 -- ShoWest Award -- Young Star of the Year .", "Cinderella ( 2005 ) Were n't You That Girl ? ( 2009 ) What Are You Afraid Of ? ( 2014 )", "Cinderella ( 2005 )", "Were n't You That Girl ? ( 2009 )", "What Are You Afraid Of ? ( 2014 )", "Sheeple ( 2013 ) Where Am I Now ? : True Stories of Girlhood and Accidental Fame ( 2016 )", "Sheeple ( 2013 )", "Where Am I Now ? : True Stories of Girlhood and Accidental Fame ( 2016 )" ]
Mara Wilson - wikipedia Mara Wilson Jump to: navigation , search Mara Wilson Mara Elizabeth Wilson ( 1987-07-24 ) July 24, 1987 (age 30) Burbank, California , U.S. Residence Queens , New York Alma mater New York University (2009) Occupation Actress, author Years active 1993-- 2000 2012-- present Relatives Ben Shapiro (cousin) Website www.marawilsonwritesstuff.com Mara Elizabeth Wilson (born July 24, 1987) is an American author and former child actress. She is known for playing Natalie Hillard in Mrs. Doubtfire (1993), Susan Walker in Miracle on 34th Street (1994), and Matilda Wormwood in Matilda (1996). Since retiring from film acting, Wilson has focused on writing. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting 2.2 Writing 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Internet 5 Awards 6 Stage 7 Writings 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Wilson was born in Burbank, California , on July 24, 1987 to Mike Wilson, a television broadcast engineer, and the late Suzie Shapiro Wilson, a homemaker. Wilson's mother was Jewish , and her father is of part Irish descent. She was raised Jewish and became an atheist when she was 15. She has three older brothers named Danny, Jon, and Joel, and a younger sister named Anna. Her mother was diagnosed with breast cancer on March 10, 1995, and died on April 26, 1996, after the filming of Matilda . The movie was released after her death and was dedicated to Suzie's memory. After her mother died, Wilson lost some of her passion for acting. Career ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) Wilson became interested in acting after watching her oldest brother Danny act. Mara's parents refused to let her act, but they eventually reluctantly agreed to let her go into acting. After acting in commercials for Lunchables , Bank of America, Texaco, and Marshall's , Mara was invited to audition for the 1993 comedy film Mrs. Doubtfire and won the part of Natalie Hillard. This was followed by the 1994 remake of Miracle on 34th Street . In 1994, she had a recurring role as Nikki Petrova on Melrose Place and played Barbara Barton in the television film A Time to Heal . Wilson sang `` Make ' Em Laugh '' at the 67th Academy Awards telecast on March 27, 1995, with Tim Curry and Kathy Najimy . In 1995, she won the ShoWest Award for `` Young Star of the Year'' . Her performances in those films caught the attention of Danny DeVito and led to her being cast as Matilda Wormwood in Matilda . She then went on to star in A Simple Wish alongside Martin Short . In 1999, she played Willow Johnson in the 1999 Disney Channel television film Balloon Farm . Wilson auditioned for the 1998 remake of The Parent Trap , but she was considered to be too young for the role. In 1998 Wilson went to a table reading of What Dreams May Come starring Robin Williams , but she did not get the part. Her appearance in the 2000 film Thomas and the Magic Railroad was her last major film role to date. At that point, scripts were being sent to her so that she did not have to go to auditions. Before taking a 12-year hiatus from acting, she got the script for Donnie Darko but declined to audition for the film. In 2012, Wilson appeared briefly in one episode of a web series called Missed Connection in the role of Bitty and made special appearances on internet review shows for That Guy with the Glasses -- most notably a comedic turn playing an adult Matilda during a review of Matilda by The Nostalgia Chick, Lindsay Ellis. That year, when asked why she quit film acting, Wilson explained: `` Film acting is not very fun. Doing the same thing over and over again until, in the director's eyes, you ' get it right' , does not allow for very much creative freedom. The best times I had on film sets were the times the director let me express myself, but those were rare.'' Wilson has a recurring role on the podcast Welcome to Night Vale as `` The Faceless Old Woman Who Secretly Lives in Your Home'' , as well as her own storytelling show called What Are You Afraid Of? Her goal is to turn What Are You Afraid Of? into a podcast. In 2016, Wilson made a brief return to television by appearing as a waitress on an episode of Broad City . She also voiced Jill Pill, a writer/director anthropomorphic spider, in season 3 of BoJack Horseman . Writing ( edit ) In May 2013, Wilson wrote an article for online magazine Cracked.com , offering her opinion of the delinquency of some former child stars. As of 2013, she works for Publicolor . Her play Sheeple was produced in 2013 for the New York International Fringe Festival . In an interview that December, Wilson stated that her film acting days are over, and that she is instead focusing on writing. Personal life ( edit ) Wilson went to the Idyllwild Arts Academy near Palm Springs, California , and graduated in 2009 from New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts . While at New York University she appeared in her own one-woman show called Weren't You That Girl? When Wilson was 12, she was diagnosed with obsessive-- compulsive disorder . Wilson has struggled with anxiety and depression. In 2015, she teamed up with Project UROK, a nonprofit organization whose mission is to aid teens with mental illness. Wilson appeared in a video in which she talks about the mental illnesses she has experienced, including anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. As of 2013, she lives in Queens, New York , and is involved with New York storytelling and comedy. Following the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting , Wilson came out as bisexual in solidarity with the LGBT community . In an NPR interview, Nancy Cartwright stated that a young Mara Wilson was the inspiration for a character's voice on The Simpsons episode `` Bart Sells His Soul.'' Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Mrs. Doubtfire Natalie `` Nattie'' Hillard Debut film 1994 Miracle on 34th Street Susan Walker Matilda Matilda Wormwood Nominated-- Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated-- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film Won-- Young Star Award for Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy Film A Simple Wish Anabel Greening Nominated-- Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated-- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film Nominated-- Young Star Award for Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy Film 2000 Thomas and the Magic Railroad Lily Stone Nominated-- Young Star Award for Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy Film Nominated-- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1994 Melrose Place Nicole `` Nikki'' Petrova 5 episodes 1994 A Time to Heal Barbara Barton TV movie Pearl Samantha Stein Episode: `` The Tutor'' (Season 1, Episode 11) 1999 Batman Beyond Tamara (voice) Episode: `` Mind Games'' (Season 2, Episode 10) 1999 Balloon Farm Willow Johnson TV movie 2016 Broad City Waitress Episode: `` Burning Bridges'' (Season 3, Episode 8) 2016 BoJack Horseman Jill Pill (voice) 4 episodes Internet ( edit ) Year Title series Role Notes 2012 Nostalgia Critic Herself Episode: `` A Simple Wish'' Nostalgia Chick Episode: `` Matilda'' Demo Reel Donnie DuPre's wife (voice) Episode: `` Lost in Translation (Bromance Version)'' Shut Up and Talk Herself Episode: `` Guest: Mara Wilson'' Missed Connection Bitty Episode: `` Bad Dates'' Filmed in 2011 2013 Welcome to Night Vale The Faceless Old Woman Who Secretly Lives In Your Home Episodes: `` 26 -- Faceless Old Woman'' , `` 31 -- A Blinking Light up on the Mountain'' , `` Condos'' , `` The Debate'' , `` 49 -- Old Oak Doors'' , `` 53 -- The September Monologues'' , `` The Librarian'' , `` 65 -- Voicemail'' , `` 66 -- worms...'' 2014 Keith and The Girl Herself Episode: `` 2002: Boobs'' Nostalgia Chick Episode: `` Nostalgic Foods of Yore'' Amy Poehler's Smart Girls Episode: `` The In Too Steep Tea Party'' Maven of the Eventide Pumpktoberfest Vlogs, Episodes 5 and 12 I Don't Even Own a Television Episode: `` 016 -- Covert Conception (w/ Mara Wilson)'' 2015 Keith and The Girl Episode: `` 2147: Gang Dick'' That's the Show with Danny Episode: `` 117: The One with Mara Wilson'' Gilmore Guys Episode 4.21 2016 Mouth Time with Reductress Ruth Hrorgen Mouth Time LIVE! With Mara Wilson 2017 I Don't Even Own a Television Herself Episode: `` 081: I'm With the Band (w/ Mara Wilson)'' Awards ( edit ) Wilson won a Young Artist Award for her role in A Simple Wish in `` Best Performance in a Feature Film Leading Young Actress'' and a Young Star Award for Matilda in `` Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy Film'' . She was twice nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor , for Matilda and A Simple Wish . 1995 -- ShoWest Award -- Young Star of the Year. Stage ( edit ) Cinderella (2005) Weren't You That Girl? (2009) What Are You Afraid Of? (2014) Writings ( edit ) Sheeple (2013) Where Am I Now?: True Stories of Girlhood and Accidental Fame (2016) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McNamara, Neal (2014-01-24). `` Justin Bieber a symptom of a big problem'' . KTTH. Archived from the original on 2015-07-03 . Retrieved 2017-09-20 . ^ Jump up to: `` Mara Wilson Biography (1987-- )'' . FilmReference.com . Retrieved June 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaufman, Amy (September 15, 2016). `` Actress Mara Wilson has a memoir. She's not Matilda anymore.'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ @MaraWritesStuff (May 27, 2012). `` I'm half Jewish and a quarter Irish. I BURN. RT @Pixiebybirth Do you burn, tan or none of ze above?'' (Tweet) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ @MaraWritesStuff (February 2, 2012). `` @rare_basement He is short, half-Jewish, dark-haired, acted in an adaptation of a British kids' book and has a nickel allergy. HE IS ME.'' (Tweet) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mara Wilson Interview Pt. 2 -- Running Late with Scott Rogowsky on YouTube Jump up ^ `` She's His G-- damn Kid Too: Mara Wilson On ' Mrs. Doubtfire' 20th Anniversary'' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Zachary Stewart (August 7, 2013). `` Atheism, 9/11 Conspiracy Theories, and Sheeple with Mara Wilson and Max Reuben'' . TheaterMania.com. Jump up ^ Jr, HOWELL J. MALHAM (July 26, 1994). `` To Her, It's Kids' Stuff : Movies: Mara Wilson, 7, is earning praise from her co-stars in the upcoming ' Miracle on 34th Street,' but acting is just something she says she likes--for now.'' -- via LA Times. Jump up ^ Cerio, Gregory (April 29, 1996). `` Lessons in Courage'' . People . Retrieved June 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mara Wilson - Matilda Star: ' Danny Devito And Perlman Helped Me When Mum Lost Cancer Battle ' '' . ContactMusic.com. WENN . Jump up ^ `` Why Hollywood didn't want the child star of Matilda, Mara Wilson'' . NewsComAu . Jump up ^ `` Being Matilda'' . Jump up ^ `` Mara Wilson's Role Is A Wish Come True'' . Jump up ^ Archerd, Army (March 14, 1995). Oscars plan to ' Make ' em Laugh' . Variety . Jump up ^ Short Works Magic in Uneven A Simple Wish Jump up ^ HEFFLEY, LYNNE (March 27, 1999). `` Rip Torn, Mara Wilson Help Keep Disney's ' Balloon Farm' Aloft'' -- via LA Times. Jump up ^ `` ' Matilda' Star Mara Wilson Reviews ' Matilda the Musical' '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ ABC News. `` Mara Wilson Recalls Robin Williams ' Was Different With Grown-Ups ' '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Mara Wilson Interview'' . contactmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Mara Wilson on the sickness-induced reason she hates Gary Jules' `` Mad World '' `` . avclub.com . Jump up ^ `` Child Star Mara Wilson: Why I Quit Film Acting'' . usmagazine.com. April 17, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Mara Wilson's ' What are you afraid of?' at Union Hall'' . The Brooklyn Paper . Jump up ^ `` Interview: Former ' Matilda' Star Mara Wilson on Leaving Hollywood and Becoming a Writer : Longreads Blog'' . Longreads Blog . Jump up ^ `` How Broad City Convinced Mara Wilson to Get Back Into Acting'' . Jump up ^ Mizoguchi, Karen (April 8, 2016). `` Mara Wilson on Her Return to Acting for Broad City's Homage to Mrs. Doubtfire: ' This Movie Did a Lot for Me ' '' . People . Archived from the original on June 15, 2016 . Retrieved June 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BoJack Horseman rides into season three atop the Secretariat Oscar campaign'' . July 22, 2016. Jump up ^ Wilson, Mara (May 28, 2013). `` 7 Reasons Child Stars Go Crazy (An Insider's Perspective)'' . Cracked.com . Archived from the original on June 15, 2016 . Retrieved June 13, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Where Are They Now? #1: Mara Wilson'' . thehollywoodnews.com . Jump up ^ `` Sheeple'' . NYC-Arts.org . August 10, 2013. Archived from the original on June 15, 2016 . Retrieved June 13, 2013 . Jump up ^ Neumyer, Scott. `` Mara Wilson Talks Matilda, the Loss of Her Mother, and Quitting Acting'' . Parade . Jump up ^ `` Matilda Reunion! Mara Wilson and Kiami Davael Are Still Friends and Hanging Out 19 Years Later-- See the Photo!'' . E! News. February 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Ghert-Zand, Renee (April 18, 2012). `` Mara Wilson Hated Being a Movie Star'' . The Forward . Jump up ^ `` What happened to the original Matilda? As the hit musical dominates Olivier awards, former child star Mara Wilson'' . London: Daily Mail . April 17, 2012 . Retrieved April 20, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mara Wilson On Child Stardom, Morons Wanting to `` Party With Matilda'' -- NYU Local`` . NYU Local . Jump up ^ `` What is Mara Wilson afraid of?'' . The Daily Dot . Jump up ^ Holmes, Lindsay (October 9, 2015). `` Mara Wilson On Dealing With Mental Illness In The Public Eye'' -- via Huff Post. Jump up ^ Pittman, Taylor (May 5, 2015). `` Mara Wilson's Important Message For Teens Living With Mental Illness'' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Mara Wilson: Why Mrs. Doubtfire Star Quit Hollywood over Scrutiny of Her Looks'' . August 24, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Mara Wilson Comes Out as Bisexual in Wake of Orlando Shooting'' . June 15, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Bart's Girlfriend (with Mara Wilson)'' . August 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` A Simple Wish'' . Thatguywiththeglasses.com. May 1, 2012 . Retrieved August 13, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda'' . Thatguywiththeglasses.com. October 11, 2012 . Retrieved August 13, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Missed Connection: `` Bad Dates '' `` . Comediva. January 30, 2012 . Retrieved August 13, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 31 -- A Blinking Light up on the Mountain from Welcome to Night Vale on podbay'' . Podbay.fm . Retrieved August 13, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boobs (Keith and The Girl) -- Comedy Talk Show & Podcast'' . Keith and The Girl. June 25, 2014 . Retrieved August 13, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 016 -- Covert Conception (w/ Mara Wilson)'' . i don't even own a television . 2014-08-08 . Retrieved 2017-09-07 . Jump up ^ `` Gang Dick (Keith and The Girl)'' . Keith and The Girl. March 16, 2015 . Retrieved August 10, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The One with Mara Wilson (That's the Show with Danny)'' . That's the Show with Danny. March 19, 2015 . Retrieved August 10, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Episode: `` Mouth Time LIVE! With Mara Wilson '' `` . Mouth Time with Reductress. June 1, 2016 . Retrieved September 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 081 -- I'm with the Band (w/ Mara Wilson)'' . i don't even own a television . 2017-05-14 . Retrieved 2017-09-11 . Jump up ^ Joshua L. Weinstein. `` Unconventional kudos nab stars'' . Variety . External links ( edit ) Mara Wilson Writes Stuff Mara Wilson on IMDb Mara Wilson at TV.com Sheeple Interview with Mara Wilson, The Spectrum, Accessed April 10, 2017. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mara_Wilson&oldid=806753910 '' Categories : 1987 births 20th-century American actresses Actresses from Los Angeles American atheists American child actresses American female singers American film actresses American musical theatre actresses American people of Irish descent American podcasters American soap opera actresses American voice actresses American women bloggers American women writers Bisexual actresses Bisexual writers Jewish American actresses Jewish American dramatists and playwrights Jewish American writers Jewish atheists Jewish women writers LGBT dramatists and playwrights LGBT Jews LGBT people from California Living people People with obsessive-compulsive disorder Singers from Los Angeles Tisch School of the Arts alumni Writers from Los Angeles Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from October 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017, at 23:10. 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who was appointed to the supreme court in 1987
Sandra Day O'Connor ( Born 1930 ) - judge of the Arizona Court of Appeals ( Nominated and Confirmed )
[ [] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "Speculation abounded over potential nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States by Ronald Reagan even before his presidency officially began , due to the advanced ages of several justices , and Reagan 's own highlighting of Supreme Court nominations as a campaign issue . Reagan had promised `` to appoint only those opposed to abortion and the ' judicial activism ' of the Warren and Burger Courts '' . Conversely , some opposed to Reagan argued that he could `` appoint as many as five Justices '' and would `` use the opportunity to stack the Court against women , minorities and social justice '' .", "During his 1980 campaign , Reagan pledged that , if given the opportunity , he would appoint the first female Supreme Court Justice . That opportunity came in his first year in office when he nominated Sandra Day O'Connor to fill the vacancy created by the retirement of Justice Potter Stewart . O'Connor was approved by the Senate by a vote of 99 - 0 on September 21 , 1981 . Senator Max Baucus ( D - MT ) did not vote .", "In his second term , Reagan elevated William Rehnquist to succeed Warren Burger as Chief Justice . Rehnquist 's confirmation was largely split along party lines , showing that he had not improved his standing among Senate Democrats since his contentious 1971 nomination to the Court . Rehnquist 's elevation to Chief Justice was approved by the Senate by a vote of 65 - 33 on September 17 , 1986 . Senators Jake Garn ( R - UT ) and Barry Goldwater ( R - AZ ) did not vote . Senator Alan Simpson ( R - WY ) made public note on the Senate floor that Senator Garn 's vote would have been to confirm had he been present .", "Democratic Senators who voted against Rehnquist 's confirmation as an Associate Justice in 1971 and as Chief Justice in 1986 were Alan Cranston ( CA ) , Daniel Inouye ( HI ) , Edward M. Kennedy ( MA ) and Claiborne Pell ( RI ) . Two Democrats who voted for Rehnquist 's nomination as Associate Justice voted against his nomination as Chief Justice , Thomas Eagleton ( MO ) and Robert Byrd ( WV ) .", "After deciding to elevate Rehnquist to Chief Justice , Reagan considered both Robert Bork and Antonin Scalia to fill the vacant seat left by Rehnquist 's elevation , but ultimately chose the younger and more charismatic Scalia . Scalia was approved by the Senate by a vote of 98 - 0 on September 17 , 1986 . Senators Jake Garn ( R - UT ) and Barry Goldwater ( R - AZ ) did not vote .", "Supreme Court Justice Lewis Powell was a moderate , and even before his expected retirement on June 27 , 1987 , Senate Democrats had asked liberal leaders to form `` a solid phalanx '' to oppose whomever President Ronald Reagan nominated to replace him , assuming it would tilt the court rightward ; Democrats warned Reagan there would be a fight . Reagan considered appointing Utah Senator Orrin Hatch to the seat , but Congress had approved $6,000 pay raises for Supreme Court Justices in February , raising a problem under the Ineligibility Clause of the United States Constitution , which prohibits a member of Congress from accepting an appointment for which the pay had been increased during that member 's term . A memorandum by Assistant Attorney General Charles J. Cooper rejected the notion that a Saxbe fix -- a rollback of the salary for the position -- could satisfy the Ineligibility Clause . Hatch had been on the short list of two finalists with Robert Bork , but after the Ineligibility Clause had been brought to light , Hatch was no longer under consideration . Reagan nominated Robert Bork for the seat on July 1 , 1987 .", "Within 45 minutes of Bork 's nomination to the Court , Ted Kennedy ( D - MA ) took to the Senate floor with a strong condemnation of Bork in a nationally televised speech , declaring , `` Robert Bork 's America is a land in which women would be forced into back - alley abortions , blacks would sit at segregated lunch counters , rogue police could break down citizens ' doors in midnight raids , schoolchildren could not be taught about evolution , writers and artists could be censored at the whim of the Government , and the doors of the Federal courts would be shut on the fingers of millions of citizens . ''", "A brief was prepared for Joe Biden , head of the Senate Judiciary Committee , called the Biden Report . Bork later said in his best - selling book The Tempting of America that the report `` so thoroughly misrepresented a plain record that it easily qualifies as world class in the category of scurrility '' . TV ads narrated by Gregory Peck attacked Bork as an extremist , and Kennedy 's speech successfully fueled widespread public skepticism of Bork 's nomination . The rapid response of Kennedy 's `` Robert Bork 's America '' speech stunned the Reagan White House ; though conservatives considered Kennedy 's accusations slanderous , the attacks went unanswered for two - and - a-half months .", "A hotly contested United States Senate debate over Bork 's nomination ensued , partly fueled by strong opposition by civil rights and women 's rights groups concerned with what they claimed was Bork 's desire to roll back civil rights decisions of the Warren and Burger courts . Bork is one of only four Supreme Court nominees to ever be opposed by the ACLU . Bork was also criticized for being an `` advocate of disproportionate powers for the executive branch of Government , almost executive supremacy '' , as demonstrated by his role in the Saturday Night Massacre .", "During debate over his nomination , Bork 's video rental history was leaked to the press , which led to the enactment of the 1988 Video Privacy Protection Act . His video rental history was unremarkable , and included such harmless titles as A Day at the Races , Ruthless People and The Man Who Knew Too Much . The list of rentals was originally printed by Washington D.C. 's City Paper .", "To pro-choice legal groups , Bork 's originalist views and his belief that the Constitution does not contain a general `` right to privacy '' were viewed as a clear signal that , should he become a Justice of the Supreme Court , he would vote to reverse the Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade . Accordingly , a large number of liberal advocacy groups mobilized to press for Bork 's rejection , and the resulting 1987 Senate confirmation hearings became an intensely partisan battle . Bork was faulted for his bluntness before the committee , including his criticism of the reasoning underlying Roe v. Wade .", "As Chairman of the Judiciary Committee , Senator Joe Biden presided over Bork 's hearing . Biden stated his opposition to Bork soon after the nomination , reversing an approval in an interview of a hypothetical Bork nomination he had made the previous year and angering conservatives who thought he could not conduct the hearings dispassionately . At the close , Biden won praise for conducting the proceedings fairly and with good humor and courage , as his 1988 presidential campaign collapsed in the middle of the hearings . Biden framed his discussion around the belief that the U.S. Constitution provides rights to liberty and privacy that extend beyond those explicitly enumerated in the text , and that Bork 's strong originalism was ideologically incompatible with that view . Bork 's nomination was rejected in the committee by a 9 -- 5 vote , and then rejected in the full Senate by a 58 -- 42 margin .", "On October 23 , 1987 , the Senate rejected Bork 's confirmation , with 42 senators voting in favor and 58 voting against . Senators David Boren ( D - OK ) and Ernest Hollings ( D - SC ) voted in favor , with Senators John Chafee ( R - RI ) , Bob Packwood ( R - OR ) , Arlen Specter ( R - PA ) , Robert Stafford ( R - VT ) , John Warner ( R - VA ) and Lowell P. Weicker , Jr . ( R - CT ) all voting no .", "Following Bork 's defeat , Reagan announced his intention to nominate Douglas H. Ginsburg , a former Harvard Law professor whom Reagan had appointed to the District of Columbia Circuit the previous year . Ginsburg almost immediately came under some fire for an entirely different reason when NPR 's Nina Totenberg revealed that Ginsburg had used marijuana `` on a few occasions '' during his student days in the 1960s and while an Assistant Professor at Harvard in the 1970s . In 1991 , a similar admission by then - nominee Clarence Thomas that he had used the drug during his law school days had no effect on his nomination . It was Ginsburg 's continued use of marijuana after graduation and as a professor that made his indiscretions more serious in the minds of many senators and members of the public . Prior to being formally nominated , Ginsburg withdrew his name from consideration due to the allegations but remained on the federal appellate bench .", "After Ginsburg 's withdrawal , Reagan nominated Anthony Kennedy on November 11 , 1987 , and he was then confirmed to fill the vacancy on February 3 , 1988 .", "While vetting Kennedy for potential nomination , some of Reagan 's Justice Department lawyers said Kennedy was too eager to put courts in disputes many conservatives would rather leave to legislatures , and to identify rights not expressly written in the Constitution . Kennedy 's stance in favor of privacy rights drew criticism ; Kennedy cited Roe v. Wade and other privacy right cases favorably , which one lawyer called `` really very distressing '' .", "In another of the opinions Kennedy wrote before coming to the Supreme Court , he criticized ( in dissent ) the police for bribing a child into showing them where the child 's mother hid her heroin ; Kennedy wrote that `` indifference to personal liberty is but the precursor of the state 's hostility to it '' . The Reagan lawyers also criticized Kennedy for citing a report from Amnesty International to bolster his views in that case .", "Another lawyer pointed out `` Generally , ( Kennedy ) seems to favor the judiciary in any contest between the judiciary and another branch . ''", "Kennedy endorsed Griswold as well as the right to privacy , calling it `` a zone of liberty , a zone of protection , a line that 's drawn where the individual can tell the Government , ' Beyond this line you may not go . ' '' This gave Kennedy more bipartisan support than Bork and Ginsburg . The Senate confirmed him by a vote of 97 to 0 .", "Following is a list of individuals who were mentioned in various news accounts and books as having been considered by Reagan or being the most likely potential nominees for a Supreme Court appointment under Reagan :", "William Rehnquist ( 1924 - 2005 ) ( nominated and elevated ) Byron R. White ( 1917 - 2002 ) Sandra Day O'Connor ( Born 1930 )", "William Rehnquist ( 1924 - 2005 ) ( nominated and elevated )", "Byron R. White ( 1917 - 2002 )", "Sandra Day O'Connor ( Born 1930 )", "Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Amalya L. Kearse ( Born 1937 ) Ralph K. Winter , Jr . ( Born 1935 ) Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit A. Leon Higginbotham , Jr. ( 1928 - 1998 ) Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit William W. Wilkins Jr . ( Born 1942 ) Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit Patrick Higginbotham ( Born 1938 ) Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy ( 1923 - 2014 ) Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Anthony Kennedy ( Born 1936 ) ( Nominated and Confirmed ) J. Clifford Wallace ( Born 1928 ) Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit Robert Bork ( 1927 - 2012 ) ( Nomination rejected ) Douglas H. Ginsburg ( Born 1946 ) ( Nomination withdrawn ) Antonin Scalia ( 1936 - 2016 ) ( Nominated and Confirmed ) Malcolm Wilkey ( 1918 - 2009 )", "Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Amalya L. Kearse ( Born 1937 ) Ralph K. Winter , Jr . ( Born 1935 )", "Amalya L. Kearse ( Born 1937 ) Ralph K. Winter , Jr . ( Born 1935 )", "Amalya L. Kearse ( Born 1937 )", "Ralph K. Winter , Jr . ( Born 1935 )", "Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit A. Leon Higginbotham , Jr. ( 1928 - 1998 )", "A. Leon Higginbotham , Jr. ( 1928 - 1998 )", "A. Leon Higginbotham , Jr. ( 1928 - 1998 )", "Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit William W. Wilkins Jr . ( Born 1942 )", "William W. Wilkins Jr . ( Born 1942 )", "William W. Wilkins Jr . ( Born 1942 )", "Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit Patrick Higginbotham ( Born 1938 )", "Patrick Higginbotham ( Born 1938 )", "Patrick Higginbotham ( Born 1938 )", "Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy ( 1923 - 2014 )", "Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy ( 1923 - 2014 )", "Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy ( 1923 - 2014 )", "Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Anthony Kennedy ( Born 1936 ) ( Nominated and Confirmed ) J. Clifford Wallace ( Born 1928 )", "Anthony Kennedy ( Born 1936 ) ( Nominated and Confirmed ) J. Clifford Wallace ( Born 1928 )", "Anthony Kennedy ( Born 1936 ) ( Nominated and Confirmed )", "J. Clifford Wallace ( Born 1928 )", "Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit Robert Bork ( 1927 - 2012 ) ( Nomination rejected ) Douglas H. Ginsburg ( Born 1946 ) ( Nomination withdrawn ) Antonin Scalia ( 1936 - 2016 ) ( Nominated and Confirmed ) Malcolm Wilkey ( 1918 - 2009 )", "Robert Bork ( 1927 - 2012 ) ( Nomination rejected ) Douglas H. Ginsburg ( Born 1946 ) ( Nomination withdrawn ) Antonin Scalia ( 1936 - 2016 ) ( Nominated and Confirmed ) Malcolm Wilkey ( 1918 - 2009 )", "Robert Bork ( 1927 - 2012 ) ( Nomination rejected )", "Douglas H. Ginsburg ( Born 1946 ) ( Nomination withdrawn )", "Antonin Scalia ( 1936 - 2016 ) ( Nominated and Confirmed )", "Malcolm Wilkey ( 1918 - 2009 )", "Charles E. Simons Jr. ( 1916 - 1999 ) - chief judge of the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina", "Charles E. Simons Jr. ( 1916 - 1999 ) - chief judge of the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina", "Mary Stallings Coleman ( 1914 - 2001 ) - Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court C. Bruce Littlejohn ( 1913 - 2007 ) - Associate Justice of the South Carolina Supreme Court Frank Richardson ( 1914 - 1999 ) - Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court Susie Marshall Sharp ( 1907 - 1996 ) - Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court David H. Souter ( Born 1939 ) - Associate Justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court ( Nominated in 1990 by George H.W. Bush and Confirmed )", "Mary Stallings Coleman ( 1914 - 2001 ) - Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court", "C. Bruce Littlejohn ( 1913 - 2007 ) - Associate Justice of the South Carolina Supreme Court", "Frank Richardson ( 1914 - 1999 ) - Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court", "Susie Marshall Sharp ( 1907 - 1996 ) - Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court", "David H. Souter ( Born 1939 ) - Associate Justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court ( Nominated in 1990 by George H.W. Bush and Confirmed )", "William P. Clark ( 1931 - 2013 ) - Deputy Secretary of State Elizabeth Dole ( Born 1936 ) - assistant to the President for public liaison , later Secretary of Transportation Edwin Meese ( Born 1931 ) - Counselor to the President and later Attorney General William French Smith ( 1917 - 1990 ) - Attorney General", "William P. Clark ( 1931 - 2013 ) - Deputy Secretary of State", "Elizabeth Dole ( Born 1936 ) - assistant to the President for public liaison , later Secretary of Transportation", "Edwin Meese ( Born 1931 ) - Counselor to the President and later Attorney General", "William French Smith ( 1917 - 1990 ) - Attorney General", "Anne Armstrong ( 1927 - 2008 ) - former ambassador to Britain Sylvia Bacon ( Born 1931 ) - District of Columbia superior court judge William Thaddeus Coleman , Jr. ( 1920 - 2017 ) - former United States Secretary of Transportation Orrin Hatch ( Born 1934 ) - senator from Utah Rita Hauser ( Born 1934 ) - former representative to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights Carla Anderson Hills ( Born 1934 ) - former United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Mildred Lillie ( 1915 - 2002 ) - California appeals court Judge Wade H. McCree ( 1920 - 1987 ) - former United States Solicitor General Sandra Day O'Connor ( Born 1930 ) - judge of the Arizona Court of Appeals ( Nominated and Confirmed )", "Anne Armstrong ( 1927 - 2008 ) - former ambassador to Britain", "Sylvia Bacon ( Born 1931 ) - District of Columbia superior court judge", "William Thaddeus Coleman , Jr. ( 1920 - 2017 ) - former United States Secretary of Transportation", "Orrin Hatch ( Born 1934 ) - senator from Utah", "Rita Hauser ( Born 1934 ) - former representative to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights", "Carla Anderson Hills ( Born 1934 ) - former United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development", "Mildred Lillie ( 1915 - 2002 ) - California appeals court Judge", "Wade H. McCree ( 1920 - 1987 ) - former United States Solicitor General", "Sandra Day O'Connor ( Born 1930 ) - judge of the Arizona Court of Appeals ( Nominated and Confirmed )" ]
Ronald Reagan Supreme Court candidates - wikipedia Ronald Reagan Supreme Court candidates Speculation abounded over potential nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States by Ronald Reagan even before his presidency officially began, due to the advanced ages of several justices, and Reagan's own highlighting of Supreme Court nominations as a campaign issue. Reagan had promised `` to appoint only those opposed to abortion and the ' judicial activism ' of the Warren and Burger Courts'' . Conversely, some opposed to Reagan argued that he could `` appoint as many as five Justices'' and would `` use the opportunity to stack the Court against women, minorities and social justice'' . Contents 1 Sandra Day O'Connor nomination 2 William Rehnquist elevation 3 Antonin Scalia nomination 4 Anthony Kennedy nomination 4.1 Robert Bork selection 4.2 Douglas Ginsburg selection 4.3 Anthony Kennedy selection 5 Names frequently mentioned 5.1 United States Supreme Court (considered for elevation to Chief Justice) 5.2 United States Courts of Appeals 5.3 United States District Courts 5.4 State Supreme Courts 5.5 Administration officials 5.6 Other backgrounds 6 See also 7 References Sandra Day O'Connor nomination ( edit ) During his 1980 campaign, Reagan pledged that, if given the opportunity, he would appoint the first female Supreme Court Justice. That opportunity came in his first year in office when he nominated Sandra Day O'Connor to fill the vacancy created by the retirement of Justice Potter Stewart . O'Connor was approved by the Senate by a vote of 99-0 on September 21, 1981. Senator Max Baucus (D-MT) did not vote. William Rehnquist elevation ( edit ) In his second term, Reagan elevated William Rehnquist to succeed Warren Burger as Chief Justice . Rehnquist's confirmation was largely split along party lines, showing that he had not improved his standing among Senate Democrats since his contentious 1971 nomination to the Court. Rehnquist's elevation to Chief Justice was approved by the Senate by a vote of 65-33 on September 17, 1986. Senators Jake Garn (R-UT) and Barry Goldwater (R-AZ) did not vote. Senator Alan Simpson (R-WY) made public note on the Senate floor that Senator Garn's vote would have been to confirm had he been present. Democratic Senators who voted against Rehnquist's confirmation as an Associate Justice in 1971 and as Chief Justice in 1986 were Alan Cranston (CA), Daniel Inouye (HI), Edward M. Kennedy (MA) and Claiborne Pell (RI). Two Democrats who voted for Rehnquist's nomination as Associate Justice voted against his nomination as Chief Justice, Thomas Eagleton (MO) and Robert Byrd (WV). Antonin Scalia nomination ( edit ) After deciding to elevate Rehnquist to Chief Justice, Reagan considered both Robert Bork and Antonin Scalia to fill the vacant seat left by Rehnquist's elevation, but ultimately chose the younger and more charismatic Scalia. Scalia was approved by the Senate by a vote of 98-0 on September 17, 1986. Senators Jake Garn (R-UT) and Barry Goldwater (R-AZ) did not vote. Anthony Kennedy nomination ( edit ) Bork (right) with President Ronald Reagan , 1987 Robert Bork selection ( edit ) Main article: Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination Supreme Court Justice Lewis Powell was a moderate, and even before his expected retirement on June 27, 1987, Senate Democrats had asked liberal leaders to form `` a solid phalanx'' to oppose whomever President Ronald Reagan nominated to replace him, assuming it would tilt the court rightward; Democrats warned Reagan there would be a fight. Reagan considered appointing Utah Senator Orrin Hatch to the seat, but Congress had approved $6,000 pay raises for Supreme Court Justices in February, raising a problem under the Ineligibility Clause of the United States Constitution , which prohibits a member of Congress from accepting an appointment for which the pay had been increased during that member's term. A memorandum by Assistant Attorney General Charles J. Cooper rejected the notion that a Saxbe fix -- a rollback of the salary for the position-- could satisfy the Ineligibility Clause. Hatch had been on the short list of two finalists with Robert Bork , but after the Ineligibility Clause had been brought to light, Hatch was no longer under consideration. Reagan nominated Robert Bork for the seat on July 1, 1987. Within 45 minutes of Bork's nomination to the Court, Ted Kennedy (D-MA) took to the Senate floor with a strong condemnation of Bork in a nationally televised speech, declaring, `` Robert Bork's America is a land in which women would be forced into back-alley abortions, blacks would sit at segregated lunch counters, rogue police could break down citizens' doors in midnight raids, schoolchildren could not be taught about evolution, writers and artists could be censored at the whim of the Government, and the doors of the Federal courts would be shut on the fingers of millions of citizens.'' A brief was prepared for Joe Biden , head of the Senate Judiciary Committee, called the Biden Report . Bork later said in his best-selling book The Tempting of America that the report `` so thoroughly misrepresented a plain record that it easily qualifies as world class in the category of scurrility'' . TV ads narrated by Gregory Peck attacked Bork as an extremist, and Kennedy's speech successfully fueled widespread public skepticism of Bork's nomination. The rapid response of Kennedy's `` Robert Bork's America'' speech stunned the Reagan White House; though conservatives considered Kennedy's accusations slanderous, the attacks went unanswered for two-and-a-half months. A hotly contested United States Senate debate over Bork's nomination ensued, partly fueled by strong opposition by civil rights and women's rights groups concerned with what they claimed was Bork's desire to roll back civil rights decisions of the Warren and Burger courts. Bork is one of only four Supreme Court nominees to ever be opposed by the ACLU . Bork was also criticized for being an `` advocate of disproportionate powers for the executive branch of Government, almost executive supremacy'' , as demonstrated by his role in the Saturday Night Massacre . During debate over his nomination, Bork's video rental history was leaked to the press, which led to the enactment of the 1988 Video Privacy Protection Act . His video rental history was unremarkable, and included such harmless titles as A Day at the Races , Ruthless People and The Man Who Knew Too Much . The list of rentals was originally printed by Washington D.C.'s City Paper . To pro-choice legal groups, Bork's originalist views and his belief that the Constitution does not contain a general `` right to privacy '' were viewed as a clear signal that, should he become a Justice of the Supreme Court, he would vote to reverse the Court's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade . Accordingly, a large number of liberal advocacy groups mobilized to press for Bork's rejection, and the resulting 1987 Senate confirmation hearings became an intensely partisan battle. Bork was faulted for his bluntness before the committee, including his criticism of the reasoning underlying Roe v. Wade . As Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, Senator Joe Biden presided over Bork's hearing. Biden stated his opposition to Bork soon after the nomination, reversing an approval in an interview of a hypothetical Bork nomination he had made the previous year and angering conservatives who thought he could not conduct the hearings dispassionately. At the close, Biden won praise for conducting the proceedings fairly and with good humor and courage, as his 1988 presidential campaign collapsed in the middle of the hearings. Biden framed his discussion around the belief that the U.S. Constitution provides rights to liberty and privacy that extend beyond those explicitly enumerated in the text, and that Bork's strong originalism was ideologically incompatible with that view. Bork's nomination was rejected in the committee by a 9-- 5 vote, and then rejected in the full Senate by a 58-- 42 margin. On October 23, 1987, the Senate rejected Bork's confirmation, with 42 senators voting in favor and 58 voting against. Senators David Boren (D-OK) and Ernest Hollings (D-SC) voted in favor, with Senators John Chafee (R-RI), Bob Packwood (R-OR), Arlen Specter (R-PA), Robert Stafford (R-VT), John Warner (R-VA) and Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. (R-CT) all voting no. Douglas Ginsburg selection ( edit ) Following Bork's defeat, Reagan announced his intention to nominate Douglas H. Ginsburg , a former Harvard Law professor whom Reagan had appointed to the District of Columbia Circuit the previous year. Ginsburg almost immediately came under some fire for an entirely different reason when NPR 's Nina Totenberg revealed that Ginsburg had used marijuana `` on a few occasions'' during his student days in the 1960s and while an Assistant Professor at Harvard in the 1970s. In 1991, a similar admission by then-nominee Clarence Thomas that he had used the drug during his law school days had no effect on his nomination. It was Ginsburg's continued use of marijuana after graduation and as a professor that made his indiscretions more serious in the minds of many senators and members of the public. Prior to being formally nominated, Ginsburg withdrew his name from consideration due to the allegations but remained on the federal appellate bench. Anthony Kennedy selection ( edit ) After Ginsburg's withdrawal, Reagan nominated Anthony Kennedy on November 11, 1987, and he was then confirmed to fill the vacancy on February 3, 1988. While vetting Kennedy for potential nomination, some of Reagan's Justice Department lawyers said Kennedy was too eager to put courts in disputes many conservatives would rather leave to legislatures, and to identify rights not expressly written in the Constitution. Kennedy's stance in favor of privacy rights drew criticism; Kennedy cited Roe v. Wade and other privacy right cases favorably, which one lawyer called `` really very distressing'' . In another of the opinions Kennedy wrote before coming to the Supreme Court, he criticized (in dissent) the police for bribing a child into showing them where the child's mother hid her heroin ; Kennedy wrote that `` indifference to personal liberty is but the precursor of the state's hostility to it'' . The Reagan lawyers also criticized Kennedy for citing a report from Amnesty International to bolster his views in that case. Another lawyer pointed out `` Generally, (Kennedy) seems to favor the judiciary in any contest between the judiciary and another branch.'' Kennedy endorsed Griswold as well as the right to privacy , calling it `` a zone of liberty, a zone of protection, a line that's drawn where the individual can tell the Government, ' Beyond this line you may not go.' '' This gave Kennedy more bipartisan support than Bork and Ginsburg. The Senate confirmed him by a vote of 97 to 0. Names frequently mentioned ( edit ) Following is a list of individuals who were mentioned in various news accounts and books as having been considered by Reagan or being the most likely potential nominees for a Supreme Court appointment under Reagan: United States Supreme Court (considered for elevation to Chief Justice) ( edit ) William Rehnquist (1924-2005) (nominated and elevated) Byron R. White (1917-2002) Sandra Day O'Connor (Born 1930) United States Courts of Appeals ( edit ) Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Amalya L. Kearse (Born 1937) Ralph K. Winter, Jr. (Born 1935) Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr. (1928-1998) Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit William W. Wilkins Jr. (Born 1942) Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit Patrick Higginbotham (Born 1938) Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy (1923-2014) Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Anthony Kennedy (Born 1936) (Nominated and Confirmed) J. Clifford Wallace (Born 1928) Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit Robert Bork (1927-2012) (Nomination rejected) Douglas H. Ginsburg (Born 1946) (Nomination withdrawn) Antonin Scalia (1936-2016) (Nominated and Confirmed) Malcolm Wilkey (1918-2009) United States District Courts ( edit ) Charles E. Simons Jr. (1916-1999) - chief judge of the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina State Supreme Courts ( edit ) Mary Stallings Coleman (1914-2001) - Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court C. Bruce Littlejohn (1913-2007) - Associate Justice of the South Carolina Supreme Court Frank Richardson (1914-1999) - Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court Susie Marshall Sharp (1907-1996) - Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court David H. Souter (Born 1939) - Associate Justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court (Nominated in 1990 by George H.W. Bush and Confirmed) Administration officials ( edit ) William P. Clark (1931-2013) - Deputy Secretary of State Elizabeth Dole (Born 1936) - assistant to the President for public liaison, later Secretary of Transportation Edwin Meese (Born 1931) - Counselor to the President and later Attorney General William French Smith (1917-1990) - Attorney General Other backgrounds ( edit ) Anne Armstrong (1927-2008) - former ambassador to Britain Sylvia Bacon (Born 1931) - District of Columbia superior court judge William Thaddeus Coleman, Jr. (1920-2017) - former United States Secretary of Transportation Orrin Hatch (Born 1934) - senator from Utah Rita Hauser (Born 1934) - former representative to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights Carla Anderson Hills (Born 1934) - former United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Mildred Lillie (1915-2002) - California appeals court Judge Wade H. McCree (1920-1987) - former United States Solicitor General Sandra Day O'Connor (Born 1930) - judge of the Arizona Court of Appeals (Nominated and Confirmed) See also ( edit ) United States federal judge Federal judicial appointment history Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination References ( edit ) Jump up ^ David M. O'Brien , Storm Center, Sixth Edition (2003), p. 69. Jump up ^ The National Journal (November 1, 1980), Vol. 12, No. 44; Pg. 1838. ^ Jump up to: David M. O'Brien , Storm Center, Sixth Edition (2003), p. 70. ^ Jump up to: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes - Nomination of Sandra Day O'Connor , senate.gov ^ Jump up to: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes - Nomination of William Rehnquist , senate.gov ^ Jump up to: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes - Nomination of Antonin Scalia , senate.gov Jump up ^ David M. O'Brien , Storm Center, Sixth Edition (2003), p. 71. ^ Jump up to: Manuel Miranda (2005-08-24). `` The Original Borking'' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2007-08-10 . Jump up ^ Memorandum for the Counselor to the Attorney General, from Charles J. Cooper, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, Re: Ineligibility of Sitting Congressman to Assume a Vacancy on the Supreme Court (Aug. 24, 1987) Jump up ^ Volokh, Eugene (2008-11-24). `` Hillary Clinton and the Emoluments Clause'' (Blog) . The Volokh Conspiracy . Retrieved 2008-11-25 . ^ Jump up to: Molotsky, Irvin (1987-06-28). `` Inside Fight Seen Over Court Choice'' (Special) . Special to the New York Times . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008-11-25 . Jump up ^ Church, George J.; Beckwith, David; Constable, Anne (1987-07-06). `` The Court's Pivot Man'' (Article) . Time . Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-11-25 . Jump up ^ Reston, James (July 5, 1987). `` WASHINGTON; Kennedy And Bork'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008-04-28 . Jump up ^ `` Robert H. Bork'' . Harper Collins . Retrieved 2008-10-26 . Jump up ^ Damon W. Root (2008-09-09). `` Straight Talk Slowdown'' . Reason . Retrieved 2008-10-26 . Jump up ^ Gail Russell Chaddock (2005-07-07). `` Court nominees will trigger rapid response'' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2007-08-10 . Jump up ^ New Views Emerge of Bork's Role in Watergate Dismissals , The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Bork Tapes Saga'' . The American Porch . Archived from the original on 2007-10-09 . Retrieved 2007-08-17 . Jump up ^ Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 364. ^ Jump up to: Bronner, Ethan (1989). Battle for Justice: How the Bork Nomination Shook America . W.W. Norton . ISBN 0-393-02690-6 . pp. 138-- 139, 214, 305. ^ Jump up to: Greenhouse, Linda (1987-10-08). `` Washington Talk: The Bork Hearings; For Biden: Epoch of Belief, Epoch of Incredulity'' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes - Nomination of Robert Bork , senate.gov Jump up ^ Nina Totenberg, NPR Biography Jump up ^ The Washington Post : `` Media Frenzies in Our Time'' Special to the washingtonpost.com (1) Jump up ^ Ginsburg was also accused of a financial conflict of interest during his work in the Reagan Administration, but a Department of Justice investigation under the Ethics in Government Act found that allegation baseless in a February 1988 report. Hall, Kermit, ed., The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , page 339, Oxford Press, 1992. Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes - Nomination of Anthony Kennedy , senate.gov Jump up ^ `` Anthony M. Kennedy'' . Supreme Court Historical Society. 1999. Archived from the original on 2007-11-03 . Retrieved 2007-11-12 . Jump up ^ Greenburg, Jan Crawford. Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court.2007. Penguin Books. Page 53. Jump up ^ Greenburg, Jan Crawford. Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court.2007. Penguin Books. Page 54. ^ Jump up to: Greenburg, Jan Crawford. Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court.2007. Penguin Books. Page 55. ^ Jump up to: Greenhouse, Linda. Becoming Justice Blackmun. Times Books. 2005. Page 189. ^ Jump up to: `` Advisers Said to Narrow Choice for Seat on Court'' , The New York Times (June 23, 1981), A-15, Column 2. ^ Jump up to: Elizabeth Olson, `` Reagan may have strong hand over high court'' , United Press International (November 9, 1980). ^ Jump up to: Greenhouse, Linda (1987-10-29). `` A NEW CONTENDER IS SEEN FOR COURT'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009-05-17 . ^ Jump up to: Biskupic, Joan . Sandra Day O'Connor : How the First Woman on the Supreme Court Became Its Most Influential Justice . Ecco Press. pp. 75-- 76. ISBN 978-0-06-059018-5 . ^ Jump up to: Steven R. Weisman, `` Reagan Aides Say ' Short List' of Candidates for Court is Ready'' , The New York Times (July 1, 1981), A-19, Column 1. Ronald Reagan 40th President of the United States (1981-- 1989) 33rd Governor of California (1967-- 1975) Life and politics Birthplace Pitney Store Boyhood home Rancho del Cielo Filmography Presidential Library Death and state funeral Political positions Governship of California Reagan Era Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Domestic policy Economic policy Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 Tax Reform Act of 1986 Assassination attempt Strategic Defense Initiative Foreign policy Reagan Doctrine Cold War 1st term 2nd term 1985 Geneva Summit 1986 Reykjavík Summit INF Treaty 1987 Washington Summit 1988 Moscow Summit Invasion of Grenada Iran-- Contra affair International trips The Grace Commission Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Administration scandals `` We begin bombing in five minutes '' Speeches Ronald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine `` A Time for Choosing'' Reagan's Neshoba County Fair `` states' rights'' speech First inaugural address Second inaugural address `` Ash heap of history'' `` Evil empire'' `` Tear down this wall!'' State of the Union : 1982 1984 1985 1986 Books Where's the Rest of Me? (1965 autobiography with Richard G. Hubler ) An American Life (1990 autobiography with Robert Lindsey ) The Reagan Diaries (2007, edited by Douglas Brinkley ) Elections California gubernatorial election, 1966 1970 Republican Party presidential primaries, 1968 1976 1980 1984 Republican National Convention 1968 1976 1980 1984 Ronald Reagan presidential campaign, 1980 `` There you go again'' `` Make America Great Again'' United States presidential election, 1976 1980 1984 `` Morning in America'' `` Bear in the woods'' Popular culture In fiction In music U.S. Postage stamps The Day Reagan Was Shot (2001 film) The Reagans (2003 film) Reagan (2011 documentary) The Butler (2013 film) Killing Reagan (2016 film) `` What would Reagan do?'' Memorials Ronald Reagan statue, U.S. Capitol USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76) Namesakes and memorials Family Jack Reagan (father) Nelle Wilson Reagan (mother) Neil Reagan (brother) Jane Wyman (first wife) Nancy Reagan (second wife) Maureen Reagan (daughter) Michael Reagan (adopted son) Patti Davis (daughter) Ron Reagan (son) Rex (dog) ← Jimmy Carter George H.W. Bush → Book United States presidents and the federal judiciary Supreme Court candidates and nomination results All Supreme Court nominations Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump All presidential judicial appointments Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts Washington J. Adams Jefferson Madison Monroe J. Q. Adams Jackson Van Buren Tyler Polk Taylor Fillmore Pierce Buchanan Lincoln A. Johnson Grant Hayes Garfield Arthur Cleveland (I) B. Harrison Cleveland (II) McKinley T. Roosevelt Taft Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump Appointment controversies L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump List of Presidents of the United States by judicial appointments Supreme Court demographics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Reagan_Supreme_Court_candidates&oldid=862933800 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court candidates by president Presidency of Ronald Reagan Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018, at 17:27 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
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who did portugal lose to in world cup
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[ "The FIFA World Cup , sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup , but usually referred to simply as the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the men 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 , due to World War II .", "The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals . The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final .", "Portugal have appeared in the finals of the FIFA World Cup on six occasions , the first being in 1966 where they reached the semi final .", "They will make their seventh appearance at the finals in the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia .", "Year Round Position GP GS GA 1930 Did Not Enter 1934 Did Not Qualify 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 Third Place 3rd 6 5 0 17 8 1970 Did Not Qualify 1978 1982 1986 Group Stage 17th 0 Did Not Qualify 1998 2002 Group Stage 21st 0 6 2006 Fourth Place 4th 7 7 5 Round of 16 11th 7 2014 Group Stage 18th 7 2018 Qualified 2022 To Be Determined Total 7 / 21 26 13 9 43 29", "Year Round Position GP GS GA", "1930 Did Not Enter", "1934 Did Not Qualify", "1938", "1950", "1954", "1958", "1962", "1966 Third Place 3rd 6 5 0 17 8", "1970 Did Not Qualify", "1978", "1982", "1986 Group Stage 17th 0", "Did Not Qualify", "1998", "2002 Group Stage 21st 0 6", "2006 Fourth Place 4th 7 7 5", "Round of 16 11th 7", "2014 Group Stage 18th 7", "2018 Qualified", "2022 To Be Determined", "Total 7 / 21 26 13 9 43 29", "Note : Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks .", "Note : Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks .", "Year Round Opponent Score Result Scorers 1966 Round 1 Hungary 3 -- 1 Win José Augusto ( 2 ) , Torres Round 1 Bulgaria 3 -- 0 Win Eusébio , Torres , Own Goal Round 1 Brazil 3 -- 1 Win Simões , Eusébio ( 2 ) Quarter - final North Korea 5 -- 3 Win Eusébio ( 4 ) , José Augusto Semi-final England 1 -- 2 Loss Eusébio Third place match Soviet Union 2 -- 1 Win Eusébio , Torres 1986 Round 1 England 1 -- 0 Win Carlos Manuel Round 1 Poland 0 -- 1 Loss Round 1 Morocco 1 -- 3 Loss Diamantino 2002 Round 1 United States 2 -- 3 Loss Beto , Agoos Round 1 Poland 4 -- 0 Win Pauleta ( 3 ) , Rui Costa Round 1 South Korea 0 -- 1 Loss 2006 Round 1 Angola 1 -- 0 Win Pauleta Round 1 Iran 2 -- 0 Win Deco , Ronaldo Round 1 Mexico 2 -- 1 Win Maniche , Simão Round 2 Netherlands 1 -- 0 Win Maniche Quarter - final England 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 ( pen . ) Draw Semi-final France 0 -- 1 Loss Third place match Germany 1 -- 3 Loss Nuno Gomes Round 1 Ivory Coast 0 -- 0 Draw Round 1 North Korea 7 -- 0 Win Meireles , Simão , Almeida , Tiago ( 2 ) , Liédson , Ronaldo Round 1 Brazil 0 -- 0 Draw Round 2 Spain 0 -- 1 Loss 2014 Round 1 Germany 0 -- 4 Loss Round 1 United States 2 -- 2 Draw Nani , Varela Round 1 Ghana 2 -- 1 Win Ronaldo , Own Goal", "Year Round Opponent Score Result Scorers", "1966 Round 1 Hungary 3 -- 1 Win José Augusto ( 2 ) , Torres", "Round 1 Bulgaria 3 -- 0 Win Eusébio , Torres , Own Goal", "Round 1 Brazil 3 -- 1 Win Simões , Eusébio ( 2 )", "Quarter - final North Korea 5 -- 3 Win Eusébio ( 4 ) , José Augusto", "Semi-final England 1 -- 2 Loss Eusébio", "Third place match Soviet Union 2 -- 1 Win Eusébio , Torres", "1986 Round 1 England 1 -- 0 Win Carlos Manuel", "Round 1 Poland 0 -- 1 Loss", "Round 1 Morocco 1 -- 3 Loss Diamantino", "2002 Round 1 United States 2 -- 3 Loss Beto , Agoos", "Round 1 Poland 4 -- 0 Win Pauleta ( 3 ) , Rui Costa", "Round 1 South Korea 0 -- 1 Loss", "2006 Round 1 Angola 1 -- 0 Win Pauleta", "Round 1 Iran 2 -- 0 Win Deco , Ronaldo", "Round 1 Mexico 2 -- 1 Win Maniche , Simão", "Round 2 Netherlands 1 -- 0 Win Maniche", "Quarter - final England 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 ( pen . ) Draw", "Semi-final France 0 -- 1 Loss", "Third place match Germany 1 -- 3 Loss Nuno Gomes", "Round 1 Ivory Coast 0 -- 0 Draw", "Round 1 North Korea 7 -- 0 Win Meireles , Simão , Almeida , Tiago ( 2 ) , Liédson , Ronaldo", "Round 1 Brazil 0 -- 0 Draw", "Round 2 Spain 0 -- 1 Loss", "2014 Round 1 Germany 0 -- 4 Loss", "Round 1 United States 2 -- 2 Draw Nani , Varela", "Round 1 Ghana 2 -- 1 Win Ronaldo , Own Goal", "No . Name Matches World Cups Cristiano Ronaldo 13 2006 , 2010 and 2014 Simão 11 2006 and 2010 Luís Figo 10 2002 and 2006 Ricardo Carvalho 10 2006 and 2010 5 Pauleta 9 2002 and 2006 Tiago Mendes 9 2006 and 2010 7 Petit 8 2002 and 2006 8 Maniche 7 2006 Fernando Meira 7 2006 Ricardo 7 2006 Miguel Monteiro 7 2006 and 2010 Bruno Alves 7 2010 and 2014", "No . Name Matches World Cups", "Cristiano Ronaldo 13 2006 , 2010 and 2014", "Simão 11 2006 and 2010", "Luís Figo 10 2002 and 2006", "Ricardo Carvalho 10 2006 and 2010", "5 Pauleta 9 2002 and 2006", "Tiago Mendes 9 2006 and 2010", "7 Petit 8 2002 and 2006", "8 Maniche 7 2006", "Fernando Meira 7 2006", "Ricardo 7 2006", "Miguel Monteiro 7 2006 and 2010", "Bruno Alves 7 2010 and 2014", "Eusebio 's nine goals at the 1966 FIFA World Cup made him that tournament 's top goalscorer , which also won him the Bronze Ball .", "No . Name Goals World Cups Eusébio 9 1966 Pauleta 2002 ( 3 ) and 2006 ( 1 ) José Augusto 1966 José Torres 1966 Cristiano Ronaldo 2006 , 2010 and 2014 6 Maniche 2006 Tiago Mendes 8 12 players", "No . Name Goals World Cups", "Eusébio 9 1966", "Pauleta 2002 ( 3 ) and 2006 ( 1 )", "José Augusto 1966", "José Torres 1966", "Cristiano Ronaldo 2006 , 2010 and 2014", "6 Maniche 2006", "Tiago Mendes", "8 12 players" ]
Portugal at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Portugal at the FIFA World Cup Jump to: navigation , search The FIFA World Cup , sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup , but usually referred to simply as the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946, due to World War II . The tournament consists of two parts, the qualification phase and the final phase (officially called the World Cup Finals ). The qualification phase, which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals, is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals. The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title, at venues within the host nation (or nations) over a period of about a month. The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world, with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final . Portugal have appeared in the finals of the FIFA World Cup on six occasions, the first being in 1966 where they reached the semi final. They will make their seventh appearance at the finals in the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. Contents ( hide ) 1 Record 2 Matches 3 Record players 4 Top goalscorers 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Record ( edit ) Year Round Position GP GS GA 1930 Did Not Enter 1934 Did Not Qualify 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 Third Place 3rd 6 5 0 17 8 1970 Did Not Qualify 1978 1982 1986 Group Stage 17th 0 Did Not Qualify 1998 2002 Group Stage 21st 0 6 2006 Fourth Place 4th 7 7 5 Round of 16 11th 7 2014 Group Stage 18th 7 2018 Qualified 2022 To Be Determined Total 7/21 26 13 9 43 29 Note: Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . Matches ( edit ) Year Round Opponent Score Result Scorers 1966 Round 1 Hungary 3-- 1 Win José Augusto (2), Torres Round 1 Bulgaria 3-- 0 Win Eusébio , Torres , Own Goal Round 1 Brazil 3-- 1 Win Simões , Eusébio (2) Quarter-final North Korea 5-- 3 Win Eusébio (4), José Augusto Semi-final England 1-- 2 Loss Eusébio Third place match Soviet Union 2-- 1 Win Eusébio , Torres 1986 Round 1 England 1-- 0 Win Carlos Manuel Round 1 Poland 0-- 1 Loss Round 1 Morocco 1-- 3 Loss Diamantino 2002 Round 1 United States 2-- 3 Loss Beto , Agoos Round 1 Poland 4-- 0 Win Pauleta (3), Rui Costa Round 1 South Korea 0-- 1 Loss 2006 Round 1 Angola 1-- 0 Win Pauleta Round 1 Iran 2-- 0 Win Deco , Ronaldo Round 1 Mexico 2-- 1 Win Maniche , Simão Round 2 Netherlands 1-- 0 Win Maniche Quarter-final England 0-- 0 3-- 1 ( pen. ) Draw Semi-final France 0-- 1 Loss Third place match Germany 1-- 3 Loss Nuno Gomes Round 1 Ivory Coast 0-- 0 Draw Round 1 North Korea 7-- 0 Win Meireles , Simão , Almeida , Tiago (2), Liédson , Ronaldo Round 1 Brazil 0-- 0 Draw Round 2 Spain 0-- 1 Loss 2014 Round 1 Germany 0-- 4 Loss Round 1 United States 2-- 2 Draw Nani , Varela Round 1 Ghana 2-- 1 Win Ronaldo , Own Goal Record players ( edit ) No. Name Matches World Cups Cristiano Ronaldo 13 2006, 2010 and 2014 Simão 11 2006 and 2010 Luís Figo 10 2002 and 2006 Ricardo Carvalho 10 2006 and 2010 5 Pauleta 9 2002 and 2006 Tiago Mendes 9 2006 and 2010 7 Petit 8 2002 and 2006 8 Maniche 7 2006 Fernando Meira 7 2006 Ricardo 7 2006 Miguel Monteiro 7 2006 and 2010 Bruno Alves 7 2010 and 2014 Top goalscorers ( edit ) Eusebio 's nine goals at the 1966 FIFA World Cup made him that tournament's top goalscorer , which also won him the Bronze Ball . No. Name Goals World Cups Eusébio 9 1966 Pauleta 2002 (3) and 2006 (1) José Augusto 1966 José Torres 1966 Cristiano Ronaldo 2006, 2010 and 2014 6 Maniche 2006 Tiago Mendes 8 12 players See also ( edit ) Portugal at the UEFA European Football Championship References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Portugal 2014 FIFA World Cup Qualifying Group Statistics'' . ESPN . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 2 Portugal 3; agg 2-4'' . Daily Telegraph . 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Portugal at FIFA World Cup Finals Statistics Portugal national football team squads Portugal squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup Third Place 1 Américo 2 Carvalho 3 Pereira 4 Vicente 5 Germano 6 Peres 7 Figueiredo 8 Lourenço 9 Hilário 10 Coluna (c) 11 Simões 12 J. Augusto 13 Eusébio 14 Cruz 15 Duarte 16 Graça 17 Morais 18 Torres 19 Pinto 20 Baptista 21 J. Carlos 22 Festa Coach: Glória Portugal squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Bento ( c ) 2 J. Pinto 3 Sousa 4 Ribeiro 5 Álvaro 6 C. Manuel 7 Pacheco 8 Frederico 9 Gomes 10 Futre 11 Bandeirinha 12 Martins 13 Morato 14 Magalhães 15 Oliveira 16 J. António 17 Diamantino 18 Sobrinho 19 Águas 20 Inácio 21 André 22 Damas Coach: Torres Portugal squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 V. Baía 2 J. Costa 3 Xavier 4 Caneira 5 F. Couto ( c ) 6 P. Sousa 7 Figo 8 João Pinto 9 Pauleta 10 Rui Costa 11 S. Conceição 12 Viana 13 Andrade 14 Barbosa 15 Nélson 16 Ricardo 17 Bento 18 Frechaut 19 Capucho 20 Petit 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Beto 23 Rui Jorge Coach: Oliveira Portugal squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Caneira 4 Costa 5 Meira 6 Costinha 7 Figo (c) 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 H. Viana 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Boa Morte 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Santos 23 H. Postiga Coach: Scolari Portugal squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Ferreira 4 Rolando 5 Duda 6 Carvalho 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 P. Mendes 9 Liédson 10 Danny 11 Simão 12 Beto 13 Miguel 14 Veloso 15 Pepe 16 Meireles 17 Amorim 18 H. Almeida 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Costa 22 D. Fernandes 23 Coentrão Coach: Queiroz Portugal squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 William 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Vieirinha 11 Eder 12 Patrício 13 Costa 14 Neto 15 Rafa 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 A. Almeida 20 Amorim 21 Pereira 22 Beto 23 H. Postiga Coach: Bento Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All-time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA, or have competed under another name(s). Have been member of multiple confederations. Team and national federation no longer exist. Portugal national football team General Portuguese Football Federation History Managers Captains Venues Estádio do Jamor Statistics Results and Fixtures All-time record World Cup record European Championship record Hat-tricks Players 25+ caps Previous squads Other categories World Cup Finals General 1966 1986 2002 2006 2014 UEFA Euro Finals General 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 Other tournaments FIFA Confederations Cup * The Olympics Taça das Nações Brazil Independence Cup U.S. Cup SkyDome Cup Lusophony Games Rivalries Rivalry with Brazil Rivalry with Spain Other FPF teams B team Olympic team U21 team U20 team U19 team U18 team U17 team U16 team Women's Futsal Beach soccer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portugal_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=834062185 '' Categories : Portugal at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018, at 19:08. About Wikipedia
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how the characters on the nightmare before christmas died
Bryan Theiss explains this enthusiasm in The Scarecrow Video Movie Guide : `` The last time I went to Disneyland , I saw more Jack Skellington hats than Mickey ears ... because Jack and Sally are ... those rare fantasy characters we can relate to on a certain level as much as we can to real - world characters on a more literal level . '' Jamie Frater adds , `` Jack is perfectly realized as the ' town hero ' who seeks more in his life ( or death , as it may be ) , a place we all find ourselves time to time . Sally is loverlorn and pines for Jack to not only love her , but to just notice her . ''
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[ "This article lists characters seen in the film The Nightmare Before Christmas and two video games : The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King and The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge .", "The filmmakers constructed 230 puppets to represent the characters in the movie , with Jack Skellington having `` around eight hundred heads '' , allowing the expression of every possible emotion . Sally 's mouth movements `` were animated through the replacement method . During the animation process , ... only Sally 's face ' mask ' was removed in order to preserve the order of her long red hair . Sally had ten types of faces , each made with a series of eleven expressions ( e.g. eyes open and closed , and various facial poses ) and synchronised mouth movements . ''", "The film 's protagonist , Jack Skellington is a skeleton who holds the title of The Pumpkin King . Under that alias , he is the titular hero of the prequel video game The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King . He is popular among the inhabitants of Halloween Town , due to his charming personality and aim to please . Despite a lack of inhibition , he means well . He is in charge of Halloween . Having not left it within many years ( as heard in the song Jack 's Lament where he mentions England , Kentucky and France ) , he felt his inspiration for his own holiday waning . Christmas Town gave him new ideas and inspiration . He also appears in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge .", "He is voiced in all appearances by Chris Sarandon , and his singing voice in the film was provided by Danny Elfman . Since the film was originally released as an adults product , as it was thought to be `` too dark and scary for kids '' , in non-English speaking countries , Disney Character Voices International only dubbed the film in a few languages in which adults movies , as well as kids movies , are usually dubbed , while in the rest of countries it was only released with subtitles . A few versions dubbed only the spoken lines , leaving the songs in English .", "( show ) Jack 's dubbers worldwide Language Dialogues Singing Brazilian Portuguese VHS Nelson Machado Filho ( pt ) Brazilian Portuguese DVD Marcelo Coutinho Castilian Spanish Antonio Miguel Fernández Ramos Tony Cruz ( es ) Catalan José Posada Danny Elfman Czech Jan Vondráček Danny Elfman Dutch Florus van Rooijen ( nl ) English Chris Sarandon Danny Elfman French Olivier Constantin ( fr ) German Alexander Goebel ( de ) Greek Unknown Unknown Hungarian Csík Csaba Krisztián ( hu ) Danny Elfman Italian Renato Zero Japanese 市 村 正親 ( Masachika Ichimura ) Korean 김승 죽 ( Kim Seung - jun ) 남경주 ( Nam Gyeong - Ju ) ( ko ) Latin American Spanish Sergio Saldívar Polish Wojciech Paszkowski ( pl ) Russian Алексей Кортнев ( Aleksej Kortnyev ) ( ru ) Slovak Unknown Unknown Thai Unknown Unknown Turkish Unknown Danny Elfman", "( show ) Jack 's dubbers worldwide", "Language Dialogues Singing", "Brazilian Portuguese VHS Nelson Machado Filho ( pt )", "Brazilian Portuguese DVD Marcelo Coutinho", "Castilian Spanish Antonio Miguel Fernández Ramos Tony Cruz ( es )", "Catalan José Posada Danny Elfman", "Czech Jan Vondráček Danny Elfman", "Dutch Florus van Rooijen ( nl )", "English Chris Sarandon Danny Elfman", "French Olivier Constantin ( fr )", "German Alexander Goebel ( de )", "Greek Unknown Unknown", "Hungarian Csík Csaba Krisztián ( hu ) Danny Elfman", "Italian Renato Zero", "Japanese 市 村 正親 ( Masachika Ichimura )", "Korean 김승 죽 ( Kim Seung - jun ) 남경주 ( Nam Gyeong - Ju ) ( ko )", "Latin American Spanish Sergio Saldívar", "Polish Wojciech Paszkowski ( pl )", "Russian Алексей Кортнев ( Aleksej Kortnyev ) ( ru )", "Slovak Unknown Unknown", "Thai Unknown Unknown", "Turkish Unknown Danny Elfman", "Jack Skellington made cameos in the film James and the Giant Peach as the `` pirate captain '' . Jack Skellington appears in the Robot Chicken episode `` Anne Marie 's Pride '' voiced by Victor Yerrid .", "Sally First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by Catherine O'Hara ( The Nightmare Before Christmas , Attractions ) Kath Soucie ( Kingdom Hearts , Kingdom Hearts II and The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge )", "Sally", "First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 )", "Created by Tim Burton", "Voiced by Catherine O'Hara ( The Nightmare Before Christmas , Attractions ) Kath Soucie ( Kingdom Hearts , Kingdom Hearts II and The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge )", "Sally is Jack Skellington 's love interest . She is a very pretty , loving , caring , and shy rag doll who told Jack that Christmas and Halloween should n't be mixed . She is originally patched together by Doctor Finkelstein . She is the only one to have doubts about Jack 's Christmas plan . Although her creator attempts to keep her constantly imprisoned , she often manages escape by slipping him deadly nightshade , causing him to fall asleep . Nightshade is a flower that grows atop the grave of a dead witch , as seen before Jack 's first song which induces temporary somnolence upon consumption . This becomes essential to Sally managing to trick the Doctor and escape . Despite her makeshift appearance , Sally is a determined individual with a good feel for what is right . Fiona Apple provides the vocals for `` Sally 's Song '' on the 2006 special edition of The Nightmare Before Christmas : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , while Amy Lee provides the vocals for `` Sally 's Song '' on Nightmare Revisited . She also appears in Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge .", "Sally is a rag doll - type character , with detachable limbs stuffed with fall leaves . She often falls apart , requiring her to sew herself back together , and carries a set of sewing needles and thread for precisely that purpose . She was created by Doctor Finklestein , Halloween Town 's resident mad scientist , as a companion . Their relationship is rather tense , as Finklestein insists on keeping Sally under lock and key , under the pretext of protecting her from the excitement of the outside world . However Sally is restless , and is intrigued by the wonders of the outside world .", "It is this restlessness , or , more specifically , this desire for something better in her life , that draws her to Jack Skellington . In the beginning of the movie , she idolizes and admires Jack much like any of the other female members of Halloween Town ; however , she quickly discovers that they are connected by the desire for something more in their lives , and her feelings for him intensify . The two refer to each other as `` friends '' , though Jack seems unaware of Sally 's true feelings for him , as she is too shy to make them known to him other than through her sweet actions , however this could be argued because after Boogie 's defeat , Jack and Sally are left alone and Jack sees that Sally tried her best to help him . Thus prompting him to finally realize how much she cares for him and how much he loves her in return .", "On the album to the film it is mentioned that years later Sandy Claws returned to Halloween Town and saw that Jack now had four or five skeleton children of his own . Many fans of the film and of the franchise assume that given the ending to the film , that Jack and Sally eventually got married and had a family of their own .", "Bryan Theiss declares that `` Sally is one of those rare fantasy characters we can relate to on a certain level as much as we can to real - world characters on a more literal level . ''", "Sally 's voice was played by Catherine O'Hara throughout the movie , and Kath Soucie in the video game spin - offs .", "( show ) Sally 's dubbers worldwide Language Dialogues Singing Brazilian Portuguese VHS Marli Bortoleto ( pt ) Brazilian Portuguese DVD Sylvia Salustti ( pt ) Castilian Spanish Ángela González María Caneda Catalan Berta Cortés Catherine O'Hara Czech Tereza Bebarová Catherine O'Hara Dutch Liesbet Hermans English Catherine O'Hara French Dorothée Jemma Nina Morato German Nina Hagen Greek Unknown Unknown Hungarian Kiss Virág ( hu ) Catherine O'Hara Italian Laura Boccanera Marjorie Biondo ( it ) Japanese 土居 裕子 ( Yuko Doi ) ( ja ) Korean 은영 선 ( Eun Yeong - seon ) ( ko ) 이혜경 ( Yi Hye - gyeong ) Latin American Spanish Gabriela Vega Polish Joanna Węgrzynowska ( pl ) Russian Тутта Ларсен ( Tutta Larsen ) Slovak Unknown Unknown Thai รัดเกล้า อาม ระ ดิ ษ ( Ratklao Amaradit ) ( th ) Turkish Unknown Catherine O'Hara", "( show ) Sally 's dubbers worldwide", "Language Dialogues Singing", "Brazilian Portuguese VHS Marli Bortoleto ( pt )", "Brazilian Portuguese DVD Sylvia Salustti ( pt )", "Castilian Spanish Ángela González María Caneda", "Catalan Berta Cortés Catherine O'Hara", "Czech Tereza Bebarová Catherine O'Hara", "Dutch Liesbet Hermans", "English Catherine O'Hara", "French Dorothée Jemma Nina Morato", "German Nina Hagen", "Greek Unknown Unknown", "Hungarian Kiss Virág ( hu ) Catherine O'Hara", "Italian Laura Boccanera Marjorie Biondo ( it )", "Japanese 土居 裕子 ( Yuko Doi ) ( ja )", "Korean 은영 선 ( Eun Yeong - seon ) ( ko ) 이혜경 ( Yi Hye - gyeong )", "Latin American Spanish Gabriela Vega", "Polish Joanna Węgrzynowska ( pl )", "Russian Тутта Ларсен ( Tutta Larsen )", "Slovak Unknown Unknown", "Thai รัดเกล้า อาม ระ ดิ ษ ( Ratklao Amaradit ) ( th )", "Turkish Unknown Catherine O'Hara", "Oogie Boogie First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by Ken Page", "Oogie Boogie", "First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 )", "Created by Tim Burton", "Voiced by Ken Page", "Oogie Boogie is the main antagonist of the film . Oogie Boogie is essentially the Bogeyman , resembling a large burlap sack . When Oogie Boogie is defeated , it is revealed that he is a colony of bugs wrapped in sacking .", "Oogie Boogie did not appear in Tim Burton 's original poem , but Burton later sketched a portrait of what appeared to be a potato sack man with horrible things inside . The Oogie puppet was two feet high , twice the height of the other puppets . In his autobiography Burton on Burton , Burton says that Oogie Boogie was loosely inspired by Cab Calloway 's 1932 appearance in a Betty Boop cartoon , and that he asked Danny Elfman to make Oogie 's song in Nightmare slightly resemble Calloway 's 1931 recording of the song `` Minnie the Moocher '' . Elfman ended up referencing the Betty Boop cartoon The Old Man of the Mountain ( 1933 ) , also featuring Calloway . Santa 's line `` Well , what are you going to do ? '' and Oogie Boogie 's response of `` I 'm gon na do the best I can ! '' are direct quotes from this cartoon . Another idea for Oogie 's identity was for him to be Dr. Finklestein in disguise , gaining revenge on Jack and Sally , but it was not pursued past storyboards since Tim Burton scrapped the idea . This is visible on the Special Edition DVD .", "Unlike all the other inhabitants of Halloween Town , who are merely monsters who scare people simply because they enjoy it as a celebration of their skill and fun , it appears that Oogie is truly evil . It is suggested that his sinister nature had resulted in his exile from the mainstream Halloween Town . He lives in an underground lair full of torture devices , each of which features a casino - like appearance . Red skeletons -- implied to be the remains of previous victims -- are in several of the devices , and overhanging chains are used as perches by skeletal bats . Oogie Boogie 's lair , during his theme song , is lit with black lights in the style of a cheap funhouse . Under these , Oogie himself glows bright green , similar to a glow stick . After the lights dim , however , the bright color is sapped from his lair , transforming its appearance into that of a dank , cellar - like dungeon . Above his lair is the clubhouse of Lock , Shock , and Barrel , who feed him bugs regularly via a metal chute . It is at first believed that Oogie can not be killed or die but it is later revealed he can be destroyed if his brain , the lead bug , is destroyed . In the movie , Lock , Shock and Barrel kidnap Santa Claus and ( against the wishes of Jack , who holds Oogie in great contempt ) send him down to Oogie Boogie 's lair , where he is bound to a giant roulette wheel . According to deleted song material ( found in the soundtrack version ) , Oogie plans to add `` Sandy Claws '' to his new batch of Snake and Spider Stew , to `` add a little Spice '' . Sally , after finding out Santa 's fate , attempts to rescue him but is captured herself . Oogie then tortures and tries to kill Sally and Santa Claus , but is destroyed when Jack pulls a thread loose from him , which rips off the sack covering him and causes the majority of his bugs to fall into the lava pit . The lead bug is then squashed by Santa after it falls next to the pit . The rest of the bugs scurry off after this .", "In The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King , Oogie 's origins and the birth of his rivalry with Jack were revealed . As it turns out , he once had his own holiday , Bug Day , that was ( most likely ) forgotten by the people of the real world and thus vanished . Unfortunately , Oogie escaped , found Halloween Town and decided that it would be the new Bug Day . He and his army of insects invaded the town and nearly took it over . Jack found out and he defeated the bugs and Oogie . Oogie survived the battle , learned to fear the Pumpkin King , and was banished to his underground lair , of which Jack warns that if Oogie ever leave his lair , it would be `` game over ! '' for him ( Oogie ) . Oogie complied , but secretly vowed revenge .", "In the 2004 video game The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , Oogie was resurrected by his henchmen Lock , Shock and Barrel , who sewed him together . He quickly deceived the residents of Halloween Town and tricked the townspeople into making traps for Jack stating that Jack would n't return if they can make an even scarier Halloween for next year . Oogie attempted to become the Seven Holidays King , successfully kidnapped the real leaders and tried to murder Santa Claus again . His plans were foiled by Jack . Desperate , Oogie puts up a fight in the Holiday Trash Hill ( where all the holiday worlds ' garbage goes ) by turning into a gigantic junk - filled version of himself named `` Mega-Oogie '' , but he is again destroyed .", "Oogie also appears with other Disney Villains at Halloween events such as the Haunted Mansion Holiday at Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland , the HalloWishes and Halloween Screams fireworks shows at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland , respectively , and during `` Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party '' and `` Mickey 's Halloween Party '' separate - admission ( `` hard ticket '' ) events .", "Despite the fact that he is hated for the most part by the other inhabitants of Halloween Town , it appears they still allow him to take part in their celebration , as his shadow makes an appearance in the opening musical `` This Is Halloween '' as the `` shadow on the moon at night , filling your dreams to the brim with fright '' . In the version of `` This Is Halloween '' that was heard on The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , a different voice was heard when it came to the shadow on the moon part .", "He is voiced by Ken Page in all of his appearances .", "Oogie Boogie also appears in the video game Kingdom Hearts as a member of Maleficent 's team of Disney villains . He appears again in the sequel Kingdom Hearts II , where he attempts to turn Santa into a Heartless , and in Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories as an enemy based on Sora 's memories of him .", "Doctor Finklestein First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by William Hickey ( film ) Jess Harnell ( video games )", "Doctor Finklestein", "First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 )", "Created by Tim Burton", "Voiced by William Hickey ( film ) Jess Harnell ( video games )", "Doctor Finklestein is a resident of Halloween Town . He is the mad scientist and the `` father '' of Sally . He is described as a pale - as - a-sheet mad scientist with a duckbill - like mouth and a hinged skullcap that he can open up to reveal his brain . For unknown reasons he uses a motorized wheelchair ( early drawings of Finklestein depict him standing freely , and his original action figure followed this example , implying he was not always intended to be a wheelchair user ) . Finklestein is only referred to as the `` Evil Scientist '' in the credits . His true name is only mentioned in the movie when the Mayor calls him up to the front of the line for his Christmas assignment .", "Doctor Finklestein lives in a large observatory with his living rag doll creation Sally and his hunchbacked assistant Igor . James Whale 's Frankenstein is quoted in Finklestein 's line `` I made you with my own hands '' which is ironic as Finklestein 's body appears to be largely if not entirely artificial . Unlike Frankenstein who takes no responsibility for his creations and disowns them almost as soon as they are completed ( much like the original Dr. Frankenstein ) , Finklestein takes full responsibility over Sally and acts as an over-protective father and in some ways an overbearing husband ( thus explaining Sally 's attempts to run away ) by keeping her under lock and key under the pretext of sheltering her from the world . In addition to being an overbearing and antagonistic father figure for Sally to overcome , Finklestein also has a hand in helping Jack Skellington ( of whom he seems to be very fond ) with his plan to take over Christmas by bringing to life several skeletal reindeer to pull Jack 's sleigh . At the end of the film , Finklestein , deciding that Sally is too much of a handful , creates a wife for himself using a portion of his own brain .", "Dr. Finklestein is featured in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge . When Jack is tired of doing the same thing at Halloween , Dr. Finklestein helps him by giving him the Soul Robber , a weapon that allows Jack to change its shape . Jack also tells Dr. Finklestein to watch over the town while he is away . After Oogie Boogie 's revival , Dr. Finklestein was under Oogie 's control by switching his brain to a different one and created monsters that obey Oogie Boogie 's every command . Fortunately , Jack was able to put Dr. Finklestein 's original brain back in place making Dr. Finklestein break from Oogie 's control . In the game spin - offs , Finklestein 's name is pronounced `` steen '' instead of `` stein '' . For some reason , his wife creation `` Jewel '' is not present in the game , and Sally appears to still be living with him even though in the movie she appeared to be free at the end . Sally even says `` He insists on keeping me locked up '' while next to the Hanging Tree in the Graveyard .", "Finklestein also appears in Kingdom Hearts and other games in the series . When the Heartless appear in Halloween Town , Jack thinks of adding them to the Halloween celebrations and asks Dr. Finklestein for advice . Realizing that the Heartless need a heart , the two find the ingredients for one : pulse and emotion ( terror , fear , hope , and despair ) . Their initial experiment fails , and Dr. Finklestein sends Jack off with Sora and the gang to retrieve two more ingredients , memory and surprise , thus completing the heart . However , the heart is stolen by Oogie Boogie . In Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , created from Sora 's memories , Dr. Finklestein creates a potion that allows people to see their true memory . The only problem is that once he sniffed the potion , Heartless appeared . In Kingdom Hearts II Finklestein creates an experiment aided by Lock , Shock , and Barrel . As the Experiment has no heart , it goes on a rampage to steal gifts , in an attempt to understand the emotions behind giving and gain a heart of its own . Sadly , Sora and the gang have no choice but to destroy the Experiment .", "Dr. Finklestein was voiced by William Hickey in the film and by Jess Harnell in the video game spin - offs . His Japanese voice is provided by Yūji Mitsuya .", "The Mayor of Halloween Town First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by Glenn Shadix ( film , Kingdom Hearts II , Oogie 's Revenge ) Jeff Bennett ( Kingdom Hearts )", "The Mayor of Halloween Town", "First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 )", "Created by Tim Burton", "Voiced by Glenn Shadix ( film , Kingdom Hearts II , Oogie 's Revenge ) Jeff Bennett ( Kingdom Hearts )", "The Mayor of Halloween Town is depicted as a short , fat man , who has the appearance of a giant candy corn with a cone - shaped head , wearing an impossibly tall top hat , a spider bolo tie , and a ribbon of office that says `` Mayor '' on it . His cone - shaped head has two faces . One face is peach - skinned , rosy - cheeked , and smiling while the other face is white - skinned , pale and frowning with pointed teeth . Depending on the Mayor 's mood , his head swivels around to display the right face with a loud clicking sound ; the other face , when not in use , has its eyes closed and is considered dormant . This split personality is likely inspired by Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde , and is a literal interpretation of the phrase `` two - faced politicians '' .", "Despite his office , the Mayor apparently has very little actual authority in the day - to - day running of the town , or has very little confidence in his leadership skills , especially in planning for Halloween . This is attested when he arrives at Jack Skellington 's house to discuss some plans with him , not knowing that Jack is not home . When Jack does not answer , the Mayor quickly gets hysterical and yells , more to himself than anyone , `` Jack , please , I 'm only an elected official here ! I ca n't make decisions by myself ! '' . Nonetheless , the Mayor seems to enjoy his position . He apparently owns the only automobile in town , a hearse - like car called the `` Mayor - mobile '' that is equipped with a loudspeaker for making announcements and a black cat - shaped hood ornament that sounds a siren when its tail is cranked . The Mayor supports Jack and helps him in his quest to bring his own version of Christmas to the world , despite his secret misgivings about it . When Jack is apparently killed by the US Army , the Mayor openly admits he had a bad feeling about `` this Christmas thing , '' and sorrowfully goes off in his Mayor - mobile to make the announcement throughout Halloween Town and the surrounding countryside that `` the king of Halloween has been blown to smithereens '' . Later , he is told by Lock , Shock , and Barrel that Jack is in over his head and alive , and comes to retrieve him and Sally after Oogie Boogie has been defeated . The Mayor of Halloween Town is among the citizens surprised ( and once again uneasy ) when it starts snowing in Halloween Town , but when he catches a snowflake on his tongue , his head swivels around to reveal his pleased expression .", "The Mayor of Halloween Town appears in Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II . His role in both games is fairly minor . In the first game , he helps Jack and Sora find an ingredient they need for the heart Dr. Finklestein is making . In the second game , he tries to stop two Heartless outbreaks by yelling at the Heartless through his megaphone , but has no success .", "In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , the Mayor is seen in the opening cut scene congratulating Jack on another `` horrible '' Halloween . He is later seen in the level `` Mayor 's Madhouse '' where Jack rescues him from a cage hanging from the roof of his house . While Jack goes to Christmas Town , the Mayor frees the other holiday leaders .", "He is voiced by Glenn Shadix in the film , Oogie 's Revenge , and Kingdom Hearts II. and by Jeff Bennett in Kingdom Hearts . His Japanese voice actor is Tōru Ōhira .", "Lock , Shock , and Barrel First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by Paul Reubens ( Lock ) Catherine O'Hara ( Shock ) Danny Elfman ( Barrel )", "Lock , Shock , and Barrel", "First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 )", "Created by Tim Burton", "Voiced by Paul Reubens ( Lock ) Catherine O'Hara ( Shock ) Danny Elfman ( Barrel )", "Lock , Shock , and Barrel are introduced as Oogie Boogie 's `` little henchmen '' . The trio are not very loyal to Oogie , as they are simply making mischief both for their own fun and to stay on his good side ( in other words : they serve him out of fear ) and after his death they just have harmless fun , which they seem to enjoy more . However , this is contrasted by their lack of common sense as , presumably due to their lust for mischief they have shown no protest when their master was revived in the spinoffs , and once out of boredom revived him themselves in `` Oogie 's Revenge '' ... They all three are trick - or - treaters , with masks similar to their faces ( e.g. Barrel 's skeleton mask is large and round to fit his face , with a huge grin on it like his near - permanent creepy smile ) . Their names are a play on the phrase , `` lock , stock , and barrel . '' Though not totally antagonistic , they are usually the comedy relief . They appear to be Anti-heroes or merely neutral characters , as they 'll work for most of those who summon them .", "Lock is the leader of Oogie 's Boys , but does not always think through things thoroughly and just likes to be in charge . Lock wears a red devil costume ; his tail is a real devil 's tail , his teeth are pointed sharply . His face is narrow and long - jawed with angular features , and his red and brown hair is formed into two horns making him , literally , a handsome devil . He likes to think highly of himself and gets upset when others insult him or take the lead ; however , he goes along with others ' ideas if he fails to come up with anything himself . Shock is the only female of Oogie 's henchmen . She is the oldest , and the most cunning and intelligent of the three . She has some contempt for the other two and their supposed stupidity , although she often gets tired with them . Shock wears a purple witch costume with an elongated hat and she sometimes carries a broomstick . She has a high - pitched girl 's voice , green skin , a pointed nose , and purple wirey hair . She often takes the lead in many plans and likes to be right . Barrel - is Oogie 's `` star pupil , '' presumably the youngest , and considered the stupidest of the three troublemakers , despite his protests to the contrary . He is the butt of many jokes made by his friends but usually gets even through his own tricks which he always gets away with . Barrel wears a skeleton costume and has deformed feet and almost always carries an orange and black lolipop , otherwise resembling a small human boy , albeit one with white skin , sunken eyes , and perfectly coiffed green hair . His face is round and has a perpetual grin , except when he is angry or scared . Barrel usually pilots the walking bathtub the trio use as transport . He also unintentionally bothers Jack when asking him a number of annoying questions . Often he gets left out of things because he is forever falling over his own deformed feet and he is sometimes slow to catch on .", "Lock is the leader of Oogie 's Boys , but does not always think through things thoroughly and just likes to be in charge . Lock wears a red devil costume ; his tail is a real devil 's tail , his teeth are pointed sharply . His face is narrow and long - jawed with angular features , and his red and brown hair is formed into two horns making him , literally , a handsome devil . He likes to think highly of himself and gets upset when others insult him or take the lead ; however , he goes along with others ' ideas if he fails to come up with anything himself .", "Shock is the only female of Oogie 's henchmen . She is the oldest , and the most cunning and intelligent of the three . She has some contempt for the other two and their supposed stupidity , although she often gets tired with them . Shock wears a purple witch costume with an elongated hat and she sometimes carries a broomstick . She has a high - pitched girl 's voice , green skin , a pointed nose , and purple wirey hair . She often takes the lead in many plans and likes to be right .", "Barrel - is Oogie 's `` star pupil , '' presumably the youngest , and considered the stupidest of the three troublemakers , despite his protests to the contrary . He is the butt of many jokes made by his friends but usually gets even through his own tricks which he always gets away with . Barrel wears a skeleton costume and has deformed feet and almost always carries an orange and black lolipop , otherwise resembling a small human boy , albeit one with white skin , sunken eyes , and perfectly coiffed green hair . His face is round and has a perpetual grin , except when he is angry or scared . Barrel usually pilots the walking bathtub the trio use as transport . He also unintentionally bothers Jack when asking him a number of annoying questions . Often he gets left out of things because he is forever falling over his own deformed feet and he is sometimes slow to catch on .", "Instructing them to `` leave that no - account Oogie Boogie OUT of this ! '' ( they promise to do so , but cross their fingers ) , Jack sends Lock , Shock , and Barrel to `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' ( the Halloween Town residents ' mistaken name for Santa Claus ) . At first , they accidentally capture the Easter Bunny , whereupon Jack tells them to apologize and sends them back . They then capture their true quarry , and Jack takes Santa 's hat . The trio then take Santa Claus to Oogie 's lair , where Oogie taunts and threatens Santa . Once Jack has defeated Oogie and rescued Santa Claus , a hatch above opens and Lock , Shock , and Barrel appear now protagonists , having led the Mayor to Oogie 's lair to find them .", "In The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King , Oogie Boogie sends Lock , Shock , and Barrel out to nab the new `` Pumpkin King . '' They come back with Sally instead , saying she looked like Jack in the dark . Throughout the game , they are behind most of the ruckus going on around town ranging from poisoning the acid pools , driving the leeches crazy , knocking down the town 's street lamps , luring Jack into death traps , and helping Oogie in the final battle .", "In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , Lock , Shock , and Barrel decide to revive Oogie Boogie when they learn that Jack leaving Halloween Town . In the game , Jack encounters the three one by one . In chapter 15 , the threesome try to stop Jack a final time in their mobile bathtub on top of the Mayor of Halloween Town 's house . He defeats them yet they spring a trap and drop him into a maze in Oogie 's lair . They do not appear again in the game afterwards .", "In Kingdom Hearts , after hearing Jack speak of a heart that can control the Heartless , Oogie sends the three out to steal the heart as his plan to take over Halloween Town . After the three are defeated by Sora , Donald , and Goofy , they confess that Oogie made them do it . Later in the game they comment how quiet Halloween town has become without Oogie and consider making a ruckus just to liven things up . In Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days , the three found a Heartless and raised it before it became too big for them to control .", "In Kingdom Hearts II , Lock , Shock , and Barrel start off working as Doctor Finklestein 's ( Not very obedient ) lab assistants , until they encounter Maleficent , who revives Oogie Boogie for them and gives them the `` Prison Keeper '' Heartless to hold off Sora and company . The monster keeps the children in a cage underneath its body , but swallows one of them to act as its `` pilot '' , each giving the monster a different ability and appearance , ultimately swallowing all three of them attacking Sora and party with its full repertoire . After its defeat , the trio run off saying it was ' fun ' and unintentionally reveal Oogie 's return . In the second visit , the three are accused of stealing presents after they enter Santa 's workshop and are caught looking through gifts . Sora and the party have to fight these mischievous rascals by knocking them unconscious and putting them in boxes . In the end , the three claim that they did not steal the presents as they regard Christmas toys to be boring while revealing that they were actually looking for parts for Doctor Finklestein 's Experiment . They also cause mischief as obstacles in the `` Making Presents '' mini game , before and after the fight with the Experiment . After the battle , they run off and are not seen again in the game .", "Despite having apparently reformed at the end of the film in later appearances , they have reverted to being antagonist . This suggests that they like working for Oogie Boogie more than being good .", "In the movie , Lock was voiced by Paul Reubens , Shock was voiced by Catherine O'Hara , and Barrel was voiced by Danny Elfman . In the Kingdom Hearts series , Lock was voiced by Jess Harnell , Shock was voiced by Kath Soucie , and Barrel was voiced by Jeff Bennett . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , Paul Reubens reprised the role of Lock , Kath Soucie reprised the role of Shock from the `` Kingdom Hearts '' series , and Dee Bradley Baker voiced Barrel .", "Santa Claus First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by Ed Ivory ( The Nightmare Before Christmas ) Corey Burton ( video games )", "Santa Claus", "First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 )", "Created by Tim Burton", "Voiced by Ed Ivory ( The Nightmare Before Christmas ) Corey Burton ( video games )", "Santa Claus ( or Sandy Claws as Jack calls him ) is the leader of Christmas Town . When Jack stumbles upon the town , he becomes mesmerized with the holiday and he tries to bring Christmas to Halloween Town . In order to do so , Jack orders Lock , Shock , and Barrel to kidnap Santa on Christmas Eve so Jack can take his place for the Christmas season . The three then take Santa to Oogie Boogie where the holiday figure 's life is threatened . A last minute rescue helps save not only Santa , but the entire holiday of Christmas as well . Santa Claus manages to round up the living gifts and replace them with the right ones . Santa Claus is last seen flying over Halloween Town as snow starts to fall .", "In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , Oogie Boogie targets Santa Claus and leaves him hanging over the tracks for his scissor - tipped Oogie Train to drop him . Santa Claus was saved by Jack Skellington . When Oogie Boogie hijacked Santa 's sleigh , Jack lets him use the same sleigh he used when Jack tried to improvise Christmas .", "Santa Claus appears in Kingdom Hearts II . Sora , Donald Duck , and Goofy meet Santa Claus when they follow Jack Skellington to Christmas Town . He also made a reference about how Jack Skellington tried to improvise Christmas . Maleficent revives Oogie Boogie and sends him to capture Santa Claus . When Sora defeats Oogie Boogie , Santa Claus tells Jack that he should concentrate on Halloween and Santa should concentrate on Christmas . He also tells Sora to believe that he will meet Riku again . Later on , Santa 's presents get stolen by Dr. Finklestein 's Experiment . He helps Jack make decoy presents to attract the Experiment . Jack and company get them back by hiding in a decoy present . After they defeat the Experiment , Santa Claus decides to give Jack a taste of what it 's like to deliver Christmas presents . When Jack finishes delivering presents , Santa takes back his sleigh and brings forth beautiful snow drops as a present to those in Halloween Town .", "Santa Claus is voiced by Ed Ivory in the movie and by Corey Burton in the video game spin - offs .", "Zero First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Created by Tim Burton", "Zero", "First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 )", "Created by Tim Burton", "Zero is Jack 's faithful ghost dog who floats about freely and follows Jack wherever he goes . His nose , which is in the shape of a jack - o - lantern , also doubles as a bright light .", "In the Kingdom Hearts series , Zero is often called upon to search for someone . In the film game , he will disappear and reappear depending on whether the player has completed the Halloween Town story .", "Bats - There are bats seen all over throughout Halloween Town . The most notable ones are the ones seen appearing before Oogie Boogie 's shadow on the moon , and the ones hanging on the Christmas Tree in the real world . Black cat - The black cat is a minor animal character from Halloween Town . They appeared during `` This is Halloween '' and `` Sally 's Song . '' There is a possibility that they might be Sally 's pet . Behemoth ( voiced by Randy Crenshaw ) - A tall , somewhat fat zombie - like man with blue overalls , yellow gloves , and an axe stuck in his head . He looks rather dumb , but looks strong at the same time . He shouted at the Easter Bunny causing him to jump back into the bag . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , it was shown that Behemoth likes to grow pumpkins as mentioned by Mr. Hyde when Behemoth caught him near his pumpkins . Clown with the Tear - Away Face ( voiced by Danny Elfman in the movie , Dee Bradley Baker in the video game spin - off ) - A fat vile - looking clown who rides a unicycle and can tear off his face to reveal complete darkness and disappear into a puff of smoke . When his face is on , he speaks in a high voice . But when his face is off , he speaks in a deep , booming voice . He also appears in Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge where Jack finds him the sewers upon his return . The Clown then unlocks the gate so that Jack could proceed to the graveyard . In the residential areas of Halloween Town , the Clown 's unicycle was out of control causing Jack to use one of Dr. Finklestein 's inventions to stop the unicycle . Corpse Family - A family of zombies consisting of the Corpse Dad ( voiced by Kerry Katz ) , Corpse Mom ( voiced by Debi Durst ) , and Corpse Kid ( voiced by Debi Durst ) . According to The Nightmare Before Christmas Trading Card Game , Corpse Dad is named `` Ned , '' Corpse Mom is named `` Bertha , '' and Corpse Kid is named `` Ethan . '' Corpse Kid would often be seen in the company of Mummy Boy and Withered Winged Demon . Corpse Kid also appears in Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge where he would ask questions to Jack . Creature Under the Bed ( voiced by Carmen Twilie ) - A monster whose sharp teeth and glowing , red eyes are only shown . He is only seen once in the whole entire movie . With the line of `` I am the one hiding under your bed , Teeth ground sharp and eyes glowing red ! '' Creature Under the Stairs ( voiced by Kerry Katz ) - A brownish - grey monster with black and white stipes on his neck . has fingers resembling snake 's . and spider - like hair as his line in `` This is Halloween '' quotes `` I am the one hiding under your stairs , fingers like snakes and spiders in my hair ! '' Unlike most Halloween Town characters , he has no feet . Instead , his body slims down on a board with wheels attached . Cyclops - A thin , black , pointy - eared monster with one eye . He looks rather nervous . His voice actor was never credited . Devil ( voiced by Greg Proops ) - A red devil complete with horns and a goatee . He likes the idea of a Pox being in the box ( Christmas present ) as suggested by the Harlequin Demon during the town hall meeting song . He is seen working the large saw on the bat toy with the Wolfman and the Corpse Dad during the `` Making Christmas '' song . Frankenstein - Frankenstein is seen in Halloween Town during the ending of `` This is Halloween '' clapping in the crowd in Town Square . He is never seen again through the rest of the film and is most likely just an Easter Egg character . Gate Keeper - The keeper of the Halloween Town Gate only seen a few times in the film . He is an anthropomorphic raven with yellow suit and a bowler hat . Ghosts - A quintet of ghosts who provide a chorus role during musical numbers . According to The Nightmare Before Christmas Trading Card Game , their names are Alberto ( a Bass ) , Pietro ( a Baritone ) , Luciano ( a Tenor ) , Sophia ( an Alto ) , and Maria ( a Soprano ) . Grim Reaper - A Grim Reaper was seen only twice in `` This is Halloween '' and at the town meeting . You never see his face and he also carries a scythe . Grim Reaper 's Companion - A strange hooded old witch who sits beside the Reaper during the town meeting . Hanging Tree ( voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in the video game spin - off ) - A spirited tree . The Hanging Tree also appears in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge where Jack helps him find his skeletons after they got separated from him . Hanging Skeletons - A bunch of skeletons hanging from the Hanging Tree 's branches . Harlequin Demon ( voiced by Greg Proops ) - A monster with three moving horns , sharp teeth , and a strange mouth . It attempts to make a hat out of dead rat during the song `` Making Christmas '' . Though Jack voices his opinion and tells the Harlequin Demon to convert a dead bat into a hat . He also has the thought of pox in the box ( Christmas present ) . Igor ( voiced by an uncredited Joe Ranft in the film , Rob Paulsen in the video game sequel ) - Dr. Finklestein 's assistant who enjoys dog bone treats . He is seen giving at the town meeting and later giving Dr. Finklestein the plans for the skeleton reindeer . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , Igor tells Jack Skellington of Dr. Finklestein 's strange behavior . Jack later helps Igor when his bone biscuit treats are stolen . Jack - o ' - lantern - Numerous Jack - O ' - Lanterns can found throughout Halloween Town . One Jack - O ' - Lantern can be seen at the town meeting . Jewel Finklestein ( voiced by Eleanor Bron ) - She is a monster created by Dr. Finklestein ( also thought to be his wife ) to replace Sally as his servant . Throughout the film , he is seen creating her and is finally seen at the end pushing his wheelchair during the finale part when the Halloween Town residents are enjoying the snow . Melting Man - A slimy man in a fancy suit who is always melting . He is seen in the song `` Making Christmas '' trying to pass off a dead turtle as a present . He is also very sticky and can get things stuck to him easily . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King , he was attacked by Oogie during the invitation where Oogie tore him to pieces . The three pieces ( consisting of the `` bog 's brain , '' the `` bone brittle , '' and the `` mucus mold '' ) were used as heads for some headless horsemen while the fourth piece the eyeball was left to roll on the ground . While the Mayor of Halloween Town was looking for ingredients for his lunch , Jack attacks and defeats the horsemen and gathers his piece thinking they were food but when they put them in the pot . The eyeball jumps in and the melting man reassembled himself . He then reveals that Oogie Boogie is behind the bug invasion . To thank Jack , he helps in pulling himself together and he gives him the gum shoes so he can climb up to high places . Mr. Hyde ( voiced by Randy Crenshaw ) - A man with little versions of himself in his top hat ( similar to The Cat in the Hat ) . They also appear in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge where they travel with Jack to serve as the Save Points of the game . Mummy Boy ( voiced by Sherwood Ball ) - A tiny mummy child with one visible yellow eyeball . He is seen in the company of the Corpse Kid or the Withered Winged Demon . The Mummy Boy is also on top of the mayor 's car helping him . Rats - Several rats can be seen running around Halloween Town . One rat is seen with a Christmas present and a party hat upon Santa Claus being brought into Halloween Town by Lock , Shock , and Barrel . Shadows - An assortment of shadows consisting of an odd ghostly demon shadow , a werewolf shadow , and a female Siamese Twin shadow who introduce the song `` This Is Halloween . '' The demon and wolf shadows have exactly the same voice . Skeletal Reindeer - The Skeletal Reindeer were created by Doctor Finklestein in the movie to act as the reindeer that will pull the sleigh that Jack will pilot . They were broken when the air force shot down Jack 's sleigh . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , the Skeletal Reindeer were rebuilt when the sleigh arrives for Santa Claus to use after Oogie Boogie had hijacked Santa 's sleigh . Skeletal Rooster - A Skeletal Rooster is seen crowing before the musical number `` Jack 's Obsession '' . Undersea Gal ( voiced by Carmen Twillie ) - The Undersea Gal is a cross between a gill - man and a mermaid . Vampire Brothers ( voiced by Randy Crenshaw , Kerry Katz , and Sherwood Ball ) - Four vampires that have umbrellas when moving around in the day . They are all a different height and width . Two of them are tall and skinny , the other two are fat . The Vampire Brothers are also apparently of different ranks : Prince , Baron , Lord , and Count . The characters ' last appearance in the movie features them playing ice hockey with a small jack - o ' - lantern as a puck ( a deleted scene on the Collectors ' Edition DVD reveals that the puck was originally the severed head of Tim Burton ) . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King , the Vampire Brothers are among the Halloween Town citizens driven out of town by the bug army . One of them is put into some kind trance by Lock , Shock , and Barrel , but is restored to normal after its death . They reward Jack the bat boomerang upgrade Dr. Finkelstein asked him to deliver . The Vampire Brothers also appear in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge where Jack had to find the bat forms of the Vampire Brothers and return them to their coffins in order to change them back . After that was done , the Vampire Brothers stated to Jack Skellington that they opposed Oogie 's plan stating that it was n't the Halloween that Jack wanted which led to them getting trapped in their bat forms . The Vampire Brothers then give Jack the pieces of the key to the Mayor of Halloween Town 's house . Witches - A tall witch ( voiced by Susan McBride in the movie , Susanne Blakeslee in the video game ) and a short witch ( voiced by Debi Durst ) . While their names are n't given in the movie , the Nightmare Before Christmas trading card game gives them the names `` Helgamine '' ( the tall witch ) and `` Zeldaborne '' ( the short witch ) They also appear in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge where they have a shop near the town hall . Withered Winged Demon ( voiced by Susan McBride ) - A small demon that uses his large , torn , and withered wings to walk . He is often seen in the company of the Corpse Kid and the Mummy Boy . Wolfman ( voiced by Glenn Walters ) - A werewolf that lives in Halloween Town . In the `` Making Christmas '' number , he was seen working with the Corpse Dad and the Devil on a bat toy . Zombie Band - A zombie band that consists of an Accordion player ( voiced by L. Peter Callender who was never credited for the role ) , a bass player , and a saxophone player ( voiced by Greg Proops ) . According to The Nightmare Before Christmas Trading Card Game , the Accordion player is named `` Jimmy '' , the bass player is named `` Jim '' , and the Sax Player ( who is famous for the line `` Nice work , bone daddy '' ) is named `` James '' . Jim 's bass contains a severed head ( which almost resembles Danny Elfman ) in it that spoke .", "Bats - There are bats seen all over throughout Halloween Town . The most notable ones are the ones seen appearing before Oogie Boogie 's shadow on the moon , and the ones hanging on the Christmas Tree in the real world .", "Black cat - The black cat is a minor animal character from Halloween Town . They appeared during `` This is Halloween '' and `` Sally 's Song . '' There is a possibility that they might be Sally 's pet .", "Behemoth ( voiced by Randy Crenshaw ) - A tall , somewhat fat zombie - like man with blue overalls , yellow gloves , and an axe stuck in his head . He looks rather dumb , but looks strong at the same time . He shouted at the Easter Bunny causing him to jump back into the bag . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , it was shown that Behemoth likes to grow pumpkins as mentioned by Mr. Hyde when Behemoth caught him near his pumpkins .", "Clown with the Tear - Away Face ( voiced by Danny Elfman in the movie , Dee Bradley Baker in the video game spin - off ) - A fat vile - looking clown who rides a unicycle and can tear off his face to reveal complete darkness and disappear into a puff of smoke . When his face is on , he speaks in a high voice . But when his face is off , he speaks in a deep , booming voice . He also appears in Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge where Jack finds him the sewers upon his return . The Clown then unlocks the gate so that Jack could proceed to the graveyard . In the residential areas of Halloween Town , the Clown 's unicycle was out of control causing Jack to use one of Dr. Finklestein 's inventions to stop the unicycle .", "Corpse Family - A family of zombies consisting of the Corpse Dad ( voiced by Kerry Katz ) , Corpse Mom ( voiced by Debi Durst ) , and Corpse Kid ( voiced by Debi Durst ) . According to The Nightmare Before Christmas Trading Card Game , Corpse Dad is named `` Ned , '' Corpse Mom is named `` Bertha , '' and Corpse Kid is named `` Ethan . '' Corpse Kid would often be seen in the company of Mummy Boy and Withered Winged Demon . Corpse Kid also appears in Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge where he would ask questions to Jack .", "Creature Under the Bed ( voiced by Carmen Twilie ) - A monster whose sharp teeth and glowing , red eyes are only shown . He is only seen once in the whole entire movie . With the line of `` I am the one hiding under your bed , Teeth ground sharp and eyes glowing red ! ''", "Creature Under the Stairs ( voiced by Kerry Katz ) - A brownish - grey monster with black and white stipes on his neck . has fingers resembling snake 's . and spider - like hair as his line in `` This is Halloween '' quotes `` I am the one hiding under your stairs , fingers like snakes and spiders in my hair ! '' Unlike most Halloween Town characters , he has no feet . Instead , his body slims down on a board with wheels attached .", "Cyclops - A thin , black , pointy - eared monster with one eye . He looks rather nervous . His voice actor was never credited .", "Devil ( voiced by Greg Proops ) - A red devil complete with horns and a goatee . He likes the idea of a Pox being in the box ( Christmas present ) as suggested by the Harlequin Demon during the town hall meeting song . He is seen working the large saw on the bat toy with the Wolfman and the Corpse Dad during the `` Making Christmas '' song .", "Frankenstein - Frankenstein is seen in Halloween Town during the ending of `` This is Halloween '' clapping in the crowd in Town Square . He is never seen again through the rest of the film and is most likely just an Easter Egg character .", "Gate Keeper - The keeper of the Halloween Town Gate only seen a few times in the film . He is an anthropomorphic raven with yellow suit and a bowler hat .", "Ghosts - A quintet of ghosts who provide a chorus role during musical numbers . According to The Nightmare Before Christmas Trading Card Game , their names are Alberto ( a Bass ) , Pietro ( a Baritone ) , Luciano ( a Tenor ) , Sophia ( an Alto ) , and Maria ( a Soprano ) .", "Grim Reaper - A Grim Reaper was seen only twice in `` This is Halloween '' and at the town meeting . You never see his face and he also carries a scythe .", "Grim Reaper 's Companion - A strange hooded old witch who sits beside the Reaper during the town meeting .", "Hanging Tree ( voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in the video game spin - off ) - A spirited tree . The Hanging Tree also appears in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge where Jack helps him find his skeletons after they got separated from him . Hanging Skeletons - A bunch of skeletons hanging from the Hanging Tree 's branches .", "Hanging Skeletons - A bunch of skeletons hanging from the Hanging Tree 's branches .", "Hanging Skeletons - A bunch of skeletons hanging from the Hanging Tree 's branches .", "Harlequin Demon ( voiced by Greg Proops ) - A monster with three moving horns , sharp teeth , and a strange mouth . It attempts to make a hat out of dead rat during the song `` Making Christmas '' . Though Jack voices his opinion and tells the Harlequin Demon to convert a dead bat into a hat . He also has the thought of pox in the box ( Christmas present ) .", "Igor ( voiced by an uncredited Joe Ranft in the film , Rob Paulsen in the video game sequel ) - Dr. Finklestein 's assistant who enjoys dog bone treats . He is seen giving at the town meeting and later giving Dr. Finklestein the plans for the skeleton reindeer . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , Igor tells Jack Skellington of Dr. Finklestein 's strange behavior . Jack later helps Igor when his bone biscuit treats are stolen .", "Jack - o ' - lantern - Numerous Jack - O ' - Lanterns can found throughout Halloween Town . One Jack - O ' - Lantern can be seen at the town meeting .", "Jewel Finklestein ( voiced by Eleanor Bron ) - She is a monster created by Dr. Finklestein ( also thought to be his wife ) to replace Sally as his servant . Throughout the film , he is seen creating her and is finally seen at the end pushing his wheelchair during the finale part when the Halloween Town residents are enjoying the snow .", "Melting Man - A slimy man in a fancy suit who is always melting . He is seen in the song `` Making Christmas '' trying to pass off a dead turtle as a present . He is also very sticky and can get things stuck to him easily . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King , he was attacked by Oogie during the invitation where Oogie tore him to pieces . The three pieces ( consisting of the `` bog 's brain , '' the `` bone brittle , '' and the `` mucus mold '' ) were used as heads for some headless horsemen while the fourth piece the eyeball was left to roll on the ground . While the Mayor of Halloween Town was looking for ingredients for his lunch , Jack attacks and defeats the horsemen and gathers his piece thinking they were food but when they put them in the pot . The eyeball jumps in and the melting man reassembled himself . He then reveals that Oogie Boogie is behind the bug invasion . To thank Jack , he helps in pulling himself together and he gives him the gum shoes so he can climb up to high places .", "Mr. Hyde ( voiced by Randy Crenshaw ) - A man with little versions of himself in his top hat ( similar to The Cat in the Hat ) . They also appear in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge where they travel with Jack to serve as the Save Points of the game .", "Mummy Boy ( voiced by Sherwood Ball ) - A tiny mummy child with one visible yellow eyeball . He is seen in the company of the Corpse Kid or the Withered Winged Demon . The Mummy Boy is also on top of the mayor 's car helping him .", "Rats - Several rats can be seen running around Halloween Town . One rat is seen with a Christmas present and a party hat upon Santa Claus being brought into Halloween Town by Lock , Shock , and Barrel .", "Shadows - An assortment of shadows consisting of an odd ghostly demon shadow , a werewolf shadow , and a female Siamese Twin shadow who introduce the song `` This Is Halloween . '' The demon and wolf shadows have exactly the same voice .", "Skeletal Reindeer - The Skeletal Reindeer were created by Doctor Finklestein in the movie to act as the reindeer that will pull the sleigh that Jack will pilot . They were broken when the air force shot down Jack 's sleigh . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , the Skeletal Reindeer were rebuilt when the sleigh arrives for Santa Claus to use after Oogie Boogie had hijacked Santa 's sleigh .", "Skeletal Rooster - A Skeletal Rooster is seen crowing before the musical number `` Jack 's Obsession '' .", "Undersea Gal ( voiced by Carmen Twillie ) - The Undersea Gal is a cross between a gill - man and a mermaid .", "Vampire Brothers ( voiced by Randy Crenshaw , Kerry Katz , and Sherwood Ball ) - Four vampires that have umbrellas when moving around in the day . They are all a different height and width . Two of them are tall and skinny , the other two are fat . The Vampire Brothers are also apparently of different ranks : Prince , Baron , Lord , and Count . The characters ' last appearance in the movie features them playing ice hockey with a small jack - o ' - lantern as a puck ( a deleted scene on the Collectors ' Edition DVD reveals that the puck was originally the severed head of Tim Burton ) . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King , the Vampire Brothers are among the Halloween Town citizens driven out of town by the bug army . One of them is put into some kind trance by Lock , Shock , and Barrel , but is restored to normal after its death . They reward Jack the bat boomerang upgrade Dr. Finkelstein asked him to deliver . The Vampire Brothers also appear in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge where Jack had to find the bat forms of the Vampire Brothers and return them to their coffins in order to change them back . After that was done , the Vampire Brothers stated to Jack Skellington that they opposed Oogie 's plan stating that it was n't the Halloween that Jack wanted which led to them getting trapped in their bat forms . The Vampire Brothers then give Jack the pieces of the key to the Mayor of Halloween Town 's house .", "Witches - A tall witch ( voiced by Susan McBride in the movie , Susanne Blakeslee in the video game ) and a short witch ( voiced by Debi Durst ) . While their names are n't given in the movie , the Nightmare Before Christmas trading card game gives them the names `` Helgamine '' ( the tall witch ) and `` Zeldaborne '' ( the short witch ) They also appear in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge where they have a shop near the town hall .", "Withered Winged Demon ( voiced by Susan McBride ) - A small demon that uses his large , torn , and withered wings to walk . He is often seen in the company of the Corpse Kid and the Mummy Boy .", "Wolfman ( voiced by Glenn Walters ) - A werewolf that lives in Halloween Town . In the `` Making Christmas '' number , he was seen working with the Corpse Dad and the Devil on a bat toy .", "Zombie Band - A zombie band that consists of an Accordion player ( voiced by L. Peter Callender who was never credited for the role ) , a bass player , and a saxophone player ( voiced by Greg Proops ) . According to The Nightmare Before Christmas Trading Card Game , the Accordion player is named `` Jimmy '' , the bass player is named `` Jim '' , and the Sax Player ( who is famous for the line `` Nice work , bone daddy '' ) is named `` James '' . Jim 's bass contains a severed head ( which almost resembles Danny Elfman ) in it that spoke .", "The following toys were created by the citizens of Halloween Town :", "Giant Snake - A large yellow python with black stripes and large mouth . It almost eats the Corpse Dad . Later it eats a Christmas tree much to a child 's horror until Santa makes him cough out the tree and a gift as well . It is also unknown what the real gift was for the little boy . Jack - in - the - box - A pumpkin - headed jack - in - the - box and a black cat jack - in - the - box were seen being created by the Clown with the Tear Away Face . The pumpkin - headed one was given to a fat kid who was first seen running down a hall in terror and also does an evil laugh . The kid is next seen on a shelf while the jack - in - the - box jumps up and down until Santa rescues him . The fat kid 's real present is a candy cane . It is unknown who Jack gave the black cat jack to . They both have a crazy clown face on the front of their boxes . Man - Eating Wreath - One of the Christmas gifts . Jack gives it to an old lady during his Christmas Eve run . Scary Teddy - A vampire - like teddy bear with a big open mouth grin and Mickey Mouse - like ears that Jack gives on Christmas . It flies and chases a little boy and a little girl until the real Santa Claus returns and grabs the teddy and gives the two a normal Teddy Bear and a toy Sailboat . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , the Scary Teddy appears as a common enemy called `` Trick '' alongside another enemy named `` Treat '' ( a Jack - o ' - lantern , thus creating a nod to `` trick - or - treat '' ) where their vocal effects are provided by Dee Bradley Baker . Shrunken head - A shrunken head that Jack Skellington as Santa Claus gave to a boy which caused the boy 's parents to faint . Santa Claus returned and replaced the shrunken head with a Puppy . Zombie Toy Duck ( voiced by Greg Proops ) - A yellow evil - looking toy duck that has a minor part in the song `` Making Christmas '' being built and painted by the Vampire Brothers . It later chased after some kids until the real Santa Claus returns and grabs the toy duck .", "Giant Snake - A large yellow python with black stripes and large mouth . It almost eats the Corpse Dad . Later it eats a Christmas tree much to a child 's horror until Santa makes him cough out the tree and a gift as well . It is also unknown what the real gift was for the little boy .", "Jack - in - the - box - A pumpkin - headed jack - in - the - box and a black cat jack - in - the - box were seen being created by the Clown with the Tear Away Face . The pumpkin - headed one was given to a fat kid who was first seen running down a hall in terror and also does an evil laugh . The kid is next seen on a shelf while the jack - in - the - box jumps up and down until Santa rescues him . The fat kid 's real present is a candy cane . It is unknown who Jack gave the black cat jack to . They both have a crazy clown face on the front of their boxes .", "Man - Eating Wreath - One of the Christmas gifts . Jack gives it to an old lady during his Christmas Eve run .", "Scary Teddy - A vampire - like teddy bear with a big open mouth grin and Mickey Mouse - like ears that Jack gives on Christmas . It flies and chases a little boy and a little girl until the real Santa Claus returns and grabs the teddy and gives the two a normal Teddy Bear and a toy Sailboat . In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , the Scary Teddy appears as a common enemy called `` Trick '' alongside another enemy named `` Treat '' ( a Jack - o ' - lantern , thus creating a nod to `` trick - or - treat '' ) where their vocal effects are provided by Dee Bradley Baker .", "Shrunken head - A shrunken head that Jack Skellington as Santa Claus gave to a boy which caused the boy 's parents to faint . Santa Claus returned and replaced the shrunken head with a Puppy .", "Zombie Toy Duck ( voiced by Greg Proops ) - A yellow evil - looking toy duck that has a minor part in the song `` Making Christmas '' being built and painted by the Vampire Brothers . It later chased after some kids until the real Santa Claus returns and grabs the toy duck .", "Christmas Elves - Santa Claus 's helpers who are responsible for preparing the gifts and decorations for Christmas . Penguins - Several penguins can be seen in Christmas Town . Santa Claus ' reindeer - Santa Claus ' reindeer fly with magic and pull Santa 's sleigh . Mrs. Claus - Santa Claus 's wife , she is seen in the background as he checks the naughty - nice list .", "Christmas Elves - Santa Claus 's helpers who are responsible for preparing the gifts and decorations for Christmas .", "Penguins - Several penguins can be seen in Christmas Town .", "Santa Claus ' reindeer - Santa Claus ' reindeer fly with magic and pull Santa 's sleigh .", "Mrs. Claus - Santa Claus 's wife , she is seen in the background as he checks the naughty - nice list .", "Colossal Moth - A huge moth that has super acidic saliva and exhales poisonous fumes . Featured in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King . Fire King Skeleton and Ice King Skeleton - Two bosses from The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge . Fought in `` Fire and Ice Frenzy , '' these two big skeletons appear to fight Jack after he replaced the Oogie - Doors with the real Holiday Doors . Use the Santa Jack costume to fight the Fire King Skeleton and the Pumpkin King costume to fight the Ice King Skeleton . Giant Snake - An artificial bug - filled snake who is a boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King . Halloween Ghosts - The Halloween Ghosts appear in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge having been created by Dr. Finklestein at the time when Oogie Boogie tricked the citizens of Halloween Town . The Halloween Ghosts are much different from the ghosts that appear in the movie as they are very fast and great at dodging . Tricking them to come near Jack and sending them into the ground is an easy way to defeat them . They are seen in `` Jack 's Return '' in the Oogie Boogie Shadow battle . King Ghosts - They are stronger than the Halloween Ghosts , but require the same tactics to defeat them . Mega Spider - A Mega Spider is fought three times in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge . It will shoot cobwebs at Jack and even charge . Its weak spot is the pumpkin shape on its abdomen . If successfully attacked there it will go underground and launch Baby Spiders at Jack . Another type of Mega Spider appears in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King as the mutated pet of Lock , Shock , and Barrel . Mother Locust - A locust with an abdomen filled with swollen eggs who is a boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King . Oogie Cycle - A colossal beetle that serves as Oogie 's ride and the final boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King . It acts as a motorcycle - like mode of transportation for Oogie , Lock , Shock , and Barrel . Oogie Train - A scissor - tipped train who is a boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge . Fought in `` Saving Sandy , '' Jack had to always change the train tracks to keep this scissor - tipped train from going on the track leading to the rope that is holding Santa Claus up . Keep attacking the Oogie - Train while evading skeletons disguised as snowmen . Roly Poly - A large but somewhat weak pillbug who is a boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King . Enormous Poly - A large offspring of Rolly Polly . Featured in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King . Skeletons - In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , Oogie Boogie had a bunch of skeletons that served him which were brought to life by Dr. Finklestein at the time when Oogie Boogie tricked the citizens of Halloween Town . They resemble the Skeletons in Oogie Boogie 's lair . Blue Skeletons - The Blue Skeletons are the easiest to defeat . They are slow and have short reaches unless they are mad and spinning . Heat Skeletons - The Heat Skeletons are the most annoying of the enemies Jack fights . They have short reaches , but they can throw boomerangs . Orc Skeletons - They are like the Blue Skeletons except the mad ones wield clubs . Just like the Blue Skeletons , they are slow and have short reaches unless they are mad and spinning . Troll Skeletons - The Troll Skeletons are big and wield big clubs . They can only be grabbed when the Soul Robber is Level 3 . If they drop their clubs , use the Soul Robber to throw the clubs at them . King Skeletons - The King Skeletons are also big and wield big axes . The attack on the King Skeletons are the same as Troll Skeletons , with two exceptions . They can not be grabbed at all , only turned around . They can be only hit while they are growling , or from behind . Zombie Centipede - A huge centipede with wings that was brought back from the dead by Oogie . Featured The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King .", "Colossal Moth - A huge moth that has super acidic saliva and exhales poisonous fumes . Featured in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King .", "Fire King Skeleton and Ice King Skeleton - Two bosses from The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge . Fought in `` Fire and Ice Frenzy , '' these two big skeletons appear to fight Jack after he replaced the Oogie - Doors with the real Holiday Doors . Use the Santa Jack costume to fight the Fire King Skeleton and the Pumpkin King costume to fight the Ice King Skeleton .", "Giant Snake - An artificial bug - filled snake who is a boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King .", "Halloween Ghosts - The Halloween Ghosts appear in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge having been created by Dr. Finklestein at the time when Oogie Boogie tricked the citizens of Halloween Town . The Halloween Ghosts are much different from the ghosts that appear in the movie as they are very fast and great at dodging . Tricking them to come near Jack and sending them into the ground is an easy way to defeat them . They are seen in `` Jack 's Return '' in the Oogie Boogie Shadow battle . King Ghosts - They are stronger than the Halloween Ghosts , but require the same tactics to defeat them .", "King Ghosts - They are stronger than the Halloween Ghosts , but require the same tactics to defeat them .", "King Ghosts - They are stronger than the Halloween Ghosts , but require the same tactics to defeat them .", "Mega Spider - A Mega Spider is fought three times in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge . It will shoot cobwebs at Jack and even charge . Its weak spot is the pumpkin shape on its abdomen . If successfully attacked there it will go underground and launch Baby Spiders at Jack . Another type of Mega Spider appears in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King as the mutated pet of Lock , Shock , and Barrel .", "Mother Locust - A locust with an abdomen filled with swollen eggs who is a boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King .", "Oogie Cycle - A colossal beetle that serves as Oogie 's ride and the final boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King . It acts as a motorcycle - like mode of transportation for Oogie , Lock , Shock , and Barrel .", "Oogie Train - A scissor - tipped train who is a boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge . Fought in `` Saving Sandy , '' Jack had to always change the train tracks to keep this scissor - tipped train from going on the track leading to the rope that is holding Santa Claus up . Keep attacking the Oogie - Train while evading skeletons disguised as snowmen .", "Roly Poly - A large but somewhat weak pillbug who is a boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King . Enormous Poly - A large offspring of Rolly Polly . Featured in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King .", "Enormous Poly - A large offspring of Rolly Polly . Featured in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King .", "Enormous Poly - A large offspring of Rolly Polly . Featured in The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King .", "Skeletons - In The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge , Oogie Boogie had a bunch of skeletons that served him which were brought to life by Dr. Finklestein at the time when Oogie Boogie tricked the citizens of Halloween Town . They resemble the Skeletons in Oogie Boogie 's lair . Blue Skeletons - The Blue Skeletons are the easiest to defeat . They are slow and have short reaches unless they are mad and spinning . Heat Skeletons - The Heat Skeletons are the most annoying of the enemies Jack fights . They have short reaches , but they can throw boomerangs . Orc Skeletons - They are like the Blue Skeletons except the mad ones wield clubs . Just like the Blue Skeletons , they are slow and have short reaches unless they are mad and spinning . Troll Skeletons - The Troll Skeletons are big and wield big clubs . They can only be grabbed when the Soul Robber is Level 3 . If they drop their clubs , use the Soul Robber to throw the clubs at them . King Skeletons - The King Skeletons are also big and wield big axes . The attack on the King Skeletons are the same as Troll Skeletons , with two exceptions . They can not be grabbed at all , only turned around . They can be only hit while they are growling , or from behind .", "Blue Skeletons - The Blue Skeletons are the easiest to defeat . They are slow and have short reaches unless they are mad and spinning . Heat Skeletons - The Heat Skeletons are the most annoying of the enemies Jack fights . They have short reaches , but they can throw boomerangs . Orc Skeletons - They are like the Blue Skeletons except the mad ones wield clubs . Just like the Blue Skeletons , they are slow and have short reaches unless they are mad and spinning . Troll Skeletons - The Troll Skeletons are big and wield big clubs . They can only be grabbed when the Soul Robber is Level 3 . If they drop their clubs , use the Soul Robber to throw the clubs at them . King Skeletons - The King Skeletons are also big and wield big axes . The attack on the King Skeletons are the same as Troll Skeletons , with two exceptions . They can not be grabbed at all , only turned around . They can be only hit while they are growling , or from behind .", "Blue Skeletons - The Blue Skeletons are the easiest to defeat . They are slow and have short reaches unless they are mad and spinning .", "Heat Skeletons - The Heat Skeletons are the most annoying of the enemies Jack fights . They have short reaches , but they can throw boomerangs .", "Orc Skeletons - They are like the Blue Skeletons except the mad ones wield clubs . Just like the Blue Skeletons , they are slow and have short reaches unless they are mad and spinning .", "Troll Skeletons - The Troll Skeletons are big and wield big clubs . They can only be grabbed when the Soul Robber is Level 3 . If they drop their clubs , use the Soul Robber to throw the clubs at them .", "King Skeletons - The King Skeletons are also big and wield big axes . The attack on the King Skeletons are the same as Troll Skeletons , with two exceptions . They can not be grabbed at all , only turned around . They can be only hit while they are growling , or from behind .", "Zombie Centipede - A huge centipede with wings that was brought back from the dead by Oogie . Featured The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King .", "The owners of the franchise have undertaken an extensive marketing campaign of these characters across many media . In addition to the `` Haunted Mansion Holiday at Disneyland '' featuring `` Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas characters , '' Jack Skellington , Sally , Pajama Jack , and the mayor have been made into Bendies figures , while Jack and Sally even appear in fine art . Moreover , Sally has been made into an action figure and a Halloween costume . The Mayor has been made into a Bendies figure . Jack is also the titular character in the short story `` Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Jack 's story . ''", "Oddly enough , Jim Edwards actually contends that `` Tim Burton 's animated movie The Nightmare Before Christmas is really a movie about the marketing business . The movie 's lead character , Jack Skellington , the chief marketing officer ( CMO ) for a successful company decides that his success is boring and he wants the company to have a different business plan . Some have wondered which real - life company failure the movie is based on : Sergio Zyman 's New Coke or Merck 's launch and subsequent withdrawal of Vioxx . ''", "While Yvonne Tasker notes `` the complex characterization seen in The Nightmare Before Christmas , '' Michael A. Morrison discusses the influence of Dr. Seuss 's How the Grinch Stole Christmas on the film , writing that Jack parallels the Grinch and Zero parallels Max , the Grinch 's dog . Philip Nel writes that the film `` challenges the wisdom of adults through its trickster characters '' contrasting Jack as a `` good trickster '' with Oogie Boogie , whom he also compares with Dr. Seuss 's Dr. Terwilliker , as a bad trickster . Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic see the characters as presented in a more negative light and criticise the film 's characters as having racial constructs , with the protagonists using `` whitespeak '' and the antagonist , Oogie Boogie , using `` blackspeak . ''", "This perception was not entirely unanticipated by the filmmakers . Danny Elfman was worried the characterization of Oogie Boogie would be considered racist by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) . As Delgado and Stefancic 's book reveals , Elfman 's predictions became true . Nevertheless , director Henry Selick stated the character was inspired from the Betty Boop cartoon The Old Man of the Mountain . `` Cab Calloway would dance his inimitable jazz dance and sing `` Minnie the Moocher '' or `` Old Man of the Mountain '' , and they would rotoscope him , trace him , turn him into a cartoon character , often transforming him into an animal , like a walrus , '' Selick continued . `` I think those are some of the most inventive moments in cartoon history , in no way racist , even though he was sometimes a villain . We went with Ken Page , who is a black singer and he had no problem with it '' .", "Regardless of the above controversy , Entertainment Weekly reports that fan reception of these characters borders on obsession , profiling `` Laurie and Myk Rudnick a couple who are extremely interested in the motion picture The Nightmare Before Christmas . Their degree of obsession with that film is so great that ... they named their son after the real - life person that a character in the film is based on . '' This enthusiasm for the characters has spread beyond North America to Japan . As Stephen Jones writes , `` The Japanese also seemed to go crazy for Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas with a fourteen - inch Jack Skellington doll , a gold ' Millennium ' edition and a twelve - inch version dressed in pyjamas ; a ten - inch Sandy Claws doll ; a reversible pillow featuring Jack ; a hand - painted set with Lock , Shock and Barrel , or a similar set of four vampires ; a set of pull - back racers featuring Jack 's faithful dog Zero ... a Zero necklace , and various die - cast Jack key - chains , amongst numerous other items . ''", "Bryan Theiss explains this enthusiasm in The Scarecrow Video Movie Guide : `` The last time I went to Disneyland , I saw more Jack Skellington hats than Mickey ears ... because Jack and Sally are ... those rare fantasy characters we can relate to on a certain level as much as we can to real - world characters on a more literal level . '' Jamie Frater adds , `` Jack is perfectly realized as the ' town hero ' who seeks more in his life ( or death , as it may be ) , a place we all find ourselves time to time . Sally is loverlorn and pines for Jack to not only love her , but to just notice her . ''" ]
List of the Nightmare Before Christmas characters - wikipedia List of the Nightmare Before Christmas characters Jump to: navigation , search The main characters in The Nightmare Before Christmas from left to right Doctor Finklestein, the Mayor, Sally, Jack, Barrel, Santa Claus, Zero, Lock, Shock and Oogie Boogie. This article lists characters seen in the film The Nightmare Before Christmas and two video games: The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King and The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Main characters 2.1 Jack Skellington 2.2 Sally 2.3 Oogie Boogie 2.4 Doctor Finklestein 2.5 Mayor of Halloween Town 2.6 Lock, Shock and Barrel 2.7 Santa Claus 2.8 Zero 3 Minor characters 3.1 Halloween Town residents 3.2 Halloween Town-based Toys 3.3 Christmas Town residents 3.4 Enemies 4 Marketing 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Design ( edit ) The filmmakers constructed 230 puppets to represent the characters in the movie, with Jack Skellington having `` around eight hundred heads'' , allowing the expression of every possible emotion. Sally's mouth movements `` were animated through the replacement method. During the animation process,...only Sally's face ' mask' was removed in order to preserve the order of her long red hair. Sally had ten types of faces, each made with a series of eleven expressions (e.g. eyes open and closed, and various facial poses) and synchronised mouth movements.'' Main characters ( edit ) Jack Skellington ( edit ) Main article: Jack Skellington The film's protagonist, Jack Skellington is a skeleton who holds the title of The Pumpkin King . Under that alias, he is the titular hero of the prequel video game The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King . He is popular among the inhabitants of Halloween Town, due to his charming personality and aim to please. Despite a lack of inhibition, he means well. He is in charge of Halloween . Having not left it within many years (as heard in the song Jack's Lament where he mentions England, Kentucky and France), he felt his inspiration for his own holiday waning. Christmas Town gave him new ideas and inspiration. He also appears in The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge . He is voiced in all appearances by Chris Sarandon , and his singing voice in the film was provided by Danny Elfman . Since the film was originally released as an adults product, as it was thought to be `` too dark and scary for kids'' , in non-English speaking countries, Disney Character Voices International only dubbed the film in a few languages in which adults movies, as well as kids movies, are usually dubbed, while in the rest of countries it was only released with subtitles. A few versions dubbed only the spoken lines, leaving the songs in English. ( show ) Jack's dubbers worldwide Language Dialogues Singing Brazilian Portuguese VHS Nelson Machado Filho ( pt ) Brazilian Portuguese DVD Marcelo Coutinho Castilian Spanish Antonio Miguel Fernández Ramos Tony Cruz ( es ) Catalan José Posada Danny Elfman Czech Jan Vondráček Danny Elfman Dutch Florus van Rooijen ( nl ) English Chris Sarandon Danny Elfman French Olivier Constantin ( fr ) German Alexander Goebel ( de ) Greek Unknown Unknown Hungarian Csík Csaba Krisztián ( hu ) Danny Elfman Italian Renato Zero Japanese 市 村 正親 (Masachika Ichimura) Korean 김승 죽 (Kim Seung-jun) 남경주 (Nam Gyeong-Ju) ( ko ) Latin American Spanish Sergio Saldívar Polish Wojciech Paszkowski ( pl ) Russian Алексей Кортнев (Aleksej Kortnyev) ( ru ) Slovak Unknown Unknown Thai Unknown Unknown Turkish Unknown Danny Elfman Jack Skellington made cameos in the film James and the Giant Peach as the `` pirate captain'' . Jack Skellington appears in the Robot Chicken episode `` Anne Marie's Pride'' voiced by Victor Yerrid . Sally ( edit ) Sally First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by Catherine O'Hara ( The Nightmare Before Christmas , Attractions) Kath Soucie ( Kingdom Hearts , Kingdom Hearts II and The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge ) Sally is Jack Skellington's love interest. She is a very pretty, loving, caring, and shy rag doll who told Jack that Christmas and Halloween shouldn't be mixed. She is originally patched together by Doctor Finkelstein. She is the only one to have doubts about Jack's Christmas plan. Although her creator attempts to keep her constantly imprisoned, she often manages escape by slipping him deadly nightshade, causing him to fall asleep. Nightshade is a flower that grows atop the grave of a dead witch, as seen before Jack's first song which induces temporary somnolence upon consumption. This becomes essential to Sally managing to trick the Doctor and escape. Despite her makeshift appearance, Sally is a determined individual with a good feel for what is right. Fiona Apple provides the vocals for `` Sally's Song'' on the 2006 special edition of The Nightmare Before Christmas: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , while Amy Lee provides the vocals for `` Sally's Song'' on Nightmare Revisited . She also appears in Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge . Sally is a rag doll -type character, with detachable limbs stuffed with fall leaves. She often falls apart, requiring her to sew herself back together, and carries a set of sewing needles and thread for precisely that purpose. She was created by Doctor Finklestein , Halloween Town's resident mad scientist , as a companion. Their relationship is rather tense, as Finklestein insists on keeping Sally under lock and key, under the pretext of protecting her from the excitement of the outside world. However Sally is restless, and is intrigued by the wonders of the outside world. It is this restlessness, or, more specifically, this desire for something better in her life, that draws her to Jack Skellington . In the beginning of the movie, she idolizes and admires Jack much like any of the other female members of Halloween Town; however, she quickly discovers that they are connected by the desire for something more in their lives, and her feelings for him intensify. The two refer to each other as `` friends'' , though Jack seems unaware of Sally's true feelings for him, as she is too shy to make them known to him other than through her sweet actions, however this could be argued because after Boogie's defeat, Jack and Sally are left alone and Jack sees that Sally tried her best to help him. Thus prompting him to finally realize how much she cares for him and how much he loves her in return. On the album to the film it is mentioned that years later Sandy Claws returned to Halloween Town and saw that Jack now had four or five skeleton children of his own. Many fans of the film and of the franchise assume that given the ending to the film, that Jack and Sally eventually got married and had a family of their own. Bryan Theiss declares that `` Sally is one of those rare fantasy characters we can relate to on a certain level as much as we can to real-world characters on a more literal level.'' Sally's voice was played by Catherine O'Hara throughout the movie, and Kath Soucie in the video game spin-offs. ( show ) Sally's dubbers worldwide Language Dialogues Singing Brazilian Portuguese VHS Marli Bortoleto ( pt ) Brazilian Portuguese DVD Sylvia Salustti ( pt ) Castilian Spanish Ángela González María Caneda Catalan Berta Cortés Catherine O'Hara Czech Tereza Bebarová Catherine O'Hara Dutch Liesbet Hermans English Catherine O'Hara French Dorothée Jemma Nina Morato German Nina Hagen Greek Unknown Unknown Hungarian Kiss Virág ( hu ) Catherine O'Hara Italian Laura Boccanera Marjorie Biondo ( it ) Japanese 土居 裕子 (Yuko Doi) ( ja ) Korean 은영 선 (Eun Yeong-seon) ( ko ) 이혜경 (Yi Hye-gyeong) Latin American Spanish Gabriela Vega Polish Joanna Węgrzynowska ( pl ) Russian Тутта Ларсен (Tutta Larsen) Slovak Unknown Unknown Thai รัดเกล้า อาม ระ ดิ ษ (Ratklao Amaradit) ( th ) Turkish Unknown Catherine O'Hara Oogie Boogie ( edit ) Oogie Boogie First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by Ken Page Oogie Boogie is the main antagonist of the film. Oogie Boogie is essentially the Bogeyman , resembling a large burlap sack. When Oogie Boogie is defeated, it is revealed that he is a colony of bugs wrapped in sacking. Oogie Boogie did not appear in Tim Burton's original poem, but Burton later sketched a portrait of what appeared to be a potato sack man with horrible things inside. The Oogie puppet was two feet high, twice the height of the other puppets. In his autobiography Burton on Burton , Burton says that Oogie Boogie was loosely inspired by Cab Calloway 's 1932 appearance in a Betty Boop cartoon, and that he asked Danny Elfman to make Oogie's song in Nightmare slightly resemble Calloway's 1931 recording of the song `` Minnie the Moocher '' . Elfman ended up referencing the Betty Boop cartoon The Old Man of the Mountain (1933), also featuring Calloway. Santa's line `` Well, what are you going to do?'' and Oogie Boogie's response of `` I'm gonna do the best I can!'' are direct quotes from this cartoon. Another idea for Oogie's identity was for him to be Dr. Finklestein in disguise, gaining revenge on Jack and Sally, but it was not pursued past storyboards since Tim Burton scrapped the idea. This is visible on the Special Edition DVD. Unlike all the other inhabitants of Halloween Town, who are merely monsters who scare people simply because they enjoy it as a celebration of their skill and fun, it appears that Oogie is truly evil. It is suggested that his sinister nature had resulted in his exile from the mainstream Halloween Town. He lives in an underground lair full of torture devices, each of which features a casino-like appearance. Red skeletons -- implied to be the remains of previous victims -- are in several of the devices, and overhanging chains are used as perches by skeletal bats. Oogie Boogie's lair, during his theme song, is lit with black lights in the style of a cheap funhouse. Under these, Oogie himself glows bright green , similar to a glow stick . After the lights dim, however, the bright color is sapped from his lair, transforming its appearance into that of a dank, cellar-like dungeon. Above his lair is the clubhouse of Lock, Shock, and Barrel , who feed him bugs regularly via a metal chute. It is at first believed that Oogie cannot be killed or die but it is later revealed he can be destroyed if his brain, the lead bug, is destroyed. In the movie, Lock, Shock and Barrel kidnap Santa Claus and (against the wishes of Jack, who holds Oogie in great contempt) send him down to Oogie Boogie's lair, where he is bound to a giant roulette wheel. According to deleted song material (found in the soundtrack version), Oogie plans to add `` Sandy Claws'' to his new batch of Snake and Spider Stew, to `` add a little Spice'' . Sally, after finding out Santa's fate, attempts to rescue him but is captured herself. Oogie then tortures and tries to kill Sally and Santa Claus, but is destroyed when Jack pulls a thread loose from him, which rips off the sack covering him and causes the majority of his bugs to fall into the lava pit. The lead bug is then squashed by Santa after it falls next to the pit. The rest of the bugs scurry off after this. In The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King , Oogie's origins and the birth of his rivalry with Jack were revealed. As it turns out, he once had his own holiday, Bug Day, that was (most likely) forgotten by the people of the real world and thus vanished. Unfortunately, Oogie escaped, found Halloween Town and decided that it would be the new Bug Day. He and his army of insects invaded the town and nearly took it over. Jack found out and he defeated the bugs and Oogie. Oogie survived the battle, learned to fear the Pumpkin King, and was banished to his underground lair, of which Jack warns that if Oogie ever leave his lair, it would be `` game over!'' for him(Oogie). Oogie complied, but secretly vowed revenge. In the 2004 video game The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge , Oogie was resurrected by his henchmen Lock, Shock and Barrel, who sewed him together. He quickly deceived the residents of Halloween Town and tricked the townspeople into making traps for Jack stating that Jack wouldn't return if they can make an even scarier Halloween for next year. Oogie attempted to become the Seven Holidays King, successfully kidnapped the real leaders and tried to murder Santa Claus again. His plans were foiled by Jack. Desperate, Oogie puts up a fight in the Holiday Trash Hill (where all the holiday worlds' garbage goes) by turning into a gigantic junk-filled version of himself named `` Mega-Oogie'' , but he is again destroyed. Oogie also appears with other Disney Villains at Halloween events such as the Haunted Mansion Holiday at Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland , the HalloWishes and Halloween Screams fireworks shows at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland, respectively, and during `` Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party '' and `` Mickey's Halloween Party '' separate-admission (`` hard ticket'' ) events. Despite the fact that he is hated for the most part by the other inhabitants of Halloween Town, it appears they still allow him to take part in their celebration, as his shadow makes an appearance in the opening musical `` This Is Halloween '' as the `` shadow on the moon at night, filling your dreams to the brim with fright'' . In the version of `` This Is Halloween'' that was heard on The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge , a different voice was heard when it came to the shadow on the moon part. He is voiced by Ken Page in all of his appearances. Oogie Boogie also appears in the video game Kingdom Hearts as a member of Maleficent 's team of Disney villains. He appears again in the sequel Kingdom Hearts II , where he attempts to turn Santa into a Heartless, and in Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories as an enemy based on Sora's memories of him. Doctor Finklestein ( edit ) Doctor Finklestein First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by William Hickey (film) Jess Harnell (video games) Doctor Finklestein is a resident of Halloween Town. He is the mad scientist and the `` father'' of Sally. He is described as a pale-as-a-sheet mad scientist with a duckbill-like mouth and a hinged skullcap that he can open up to reveal his brain. For unknown reasons he uses a motorized wheelchair (early drawings of Finklestein depict him standing freely, and his original action figure followed this example, implying he was not always intended to be a wheelchair user). Finklestein is only referred to as the `` Evil Scientist'' in the credits. His true name is only mentioned in the movie when the Mayor calls him up to the front of the line for his Christmas assignment. Doctor Finklestein lives in a large observatory with his living rag doll creation Sally and his hunchbacked assistant Igor. James Whale 's Frankenstein is quoted in Finklestein's line `` I made you with my own hands'' which is ironic as Finklestein's body appears to be largely if not entirely artificial. Unlike Frankenstein who takes no responsibility for his creations and disowns them almost as soon as they are completed (much like the original Dr. Frankenstein ), Finklestein takes full responsibility over Sally and acts as an over-protective father and in some ways an overbearing husband (thus explaining Sally's attempts to run away) by keeping her under lock and key under the pretext of sheltering her from the world. In addition to being an overbearing and antagonistic father figure for Sally to overcome, Finklestein also has a hand in helping Jack Skellington (of whom he seems to be very fond) with his plan to take over Christmas by bringing to life several skeletal reindeer to pull Jack's sleigh . At the end of the film, Finklestein, deciding that Sally is too much of a handful, creates a wife for himself using a portion of his own brain. Dr. Finklestein is featured in The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge . When Jack is tired of doing the same thing at Halloween, Dr. Finklestein helps him by giving him the Soul Robber, a weapon that allows Jack to change its shape. Jack also tells Dr. Finklestein to watch over the town while he is away. After Oogie Boogie's revival, Dr. Finklestein was under Oogie's control by switching his brain to a different one and created monsters that obey Oogie Boogie's every command. Fortunately, Jack was able to put Dr. Finklestein's original brain back in place making Dr. Finklestein break from Oogie's control. In the game spin-offs, Finklestein's name is pronounced `` steen'' instead of `` stein'' . For some reason, his wife creation `` Jewel'' is not present in the game, and Sally appears to still be living with him even though in the movie she appeared to be free at the end. Sally even says `` He insists on keeping me locked up'' while next to the Hanging Tree in the Graveyard. Finklestein also appears in Kingdom Hearts and other games in the series. When the Heartless appear in Halloween Town, Jack thinks of adding them to the Halloween celebrations and asks Dr. Finklestein for advice. Realizing that the Heartless need a heart, the two find the ingredients for one: pulse and emotion (terror, fear, hope, and despair). Their initial experiment fails, and Dr. Finklestein sends Jack off with Sora and the gang to retrieve two more ingredients, memory and surprise, thus completing the heart. However, the heart is stolen by Oogie Boogie. In Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories , created from Sora's memories, Dr. Finklestein creates a potion that allows people to see their true memory. The only problem is that once he sniffed the potion, Heartless appeared. In Kingdom Hearts II Finklestein creates an experiment aided by Lock, Shock, and Barrel. As the Experiment has no heart, it goes on a rampage to steal gifts, in an attempt to understand the emotions behind giving and gain a heart of its own. Sadly, Sora and the gang have no choice but to destroy the Experiment. Dr. Finklestein was voiced by William Hickey in the film and by Jess Harnell in the video game spin-offs. His Japanese voice is provided by Yūji Mitsuya . Mayor of Halloween Town ( edit ) The Mayor of Halloween Town First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by Glenn Shadix (film, Kingdom Hearts II , Oogie's Revenge ) Jeff Bennett ( Kingdom Hearts ) The Mayor of Halloween Town is depicted as a short, fat man, who has the appearance of a giant candy corn with a cone-shaped head, wearing an impossibly tall top hat , a spider bolo tie , and a ribbon of office that says `` Mayor'' on it. His cone-shaped head has two faces. One face is peach-skinned, rosy-cheeked, and smiling while the other face is white-skinned, pale and frowning with pointed teeth. Depending on the Mayor's mood, his head swivels around to display the right face with a loud clicking sound; the other face, when not in use, has its eyes closed and is considered dormant. This split personality is likely inspired by Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde , and is a literal interpretation of the phrase `` two-faced politicians'' . Despite his office, the Mayor apparently has very little actual authority in the day-to-day running of the town, or has very little confidence in his leadership skills, especially in planning for Halloween . This is attested when he arrives at Jack Skellington 's house to discuss some plans with him, not knowing that Jack is not home. When Jack does not answer, the Mayor quickly gets hysterical and yells, more to himself than anyone, `` Jack, please, I'm only an elected official here! I can't make decisions by myself!'' . Nonetheless, the Mayor seems to enjoy his position. He apparently owns the only automobile in town, a hearse -like car called the `` Mayor-mobile'' that is equipped with a loudspeaker for making announcements and a black cat-shaped hood ornament that sounds a siren when its tail is cranked. The Mayor supports Jack and helps him in his quest to bring his own version of Christmas to the world, despite his secret misgivings about it. When Jack is apparently killed by the US Army , the Mayor openly admits he had a bad feeling about `` this Christmas thing,'' and sorrowfully goes off in his Mayor-mobile to make the announcement throughout Halloween Town and the surrounding countryside that `` the king of Halloween has been blown to smithereens'' . Later, he is told by Lock, Shock, and Barrel that Jack is in over his head and alive, and comes to retrieve him and Sally after Oogie Boogie has been defeated. The Mayor of Halloween Town is among the citizens surprised (and once again uneasy) when it starts snowing in Halloween Town, but when he catches a snowflake on his tongue, his head swivels around to reveal his pleased expression. The Mayor of Halloween Town appears in Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II . His role in both games is fairly minor. In the first game, he helps Jack and Sora find an ingredient they need for the heart Dr. Finklestein is making. In the second game, he tries to stop two Heartless outbreaks by yelling at the Heartless through his megaphone, but has no success. In The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge , the Mayor is seen in the opening cut scene congratulating Jack on another `` horrible'' Halloween. He is later seen in the level `` Mayor's Madhouse'' where Jack rescues him from a cage hanging from the roof of his house. While Jack goes to Christmas Town, the Mayor frees the other holiday leaders. He is voiced by Glenn Shadix in the film, Oogie's Revenge , and Kingdom Hearts II. and by Jeff Bennett in Kingdom Hearts . His Japanese voice actor is Tōru Ōhira . Lock, Shock and Barrel ( edit ) Lock, Shock, and Barrel First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by Paul Reubens (Lock) Catherine O'Hara (Shock) Danny Elfman (Barrel) Lock, Shock, and Barrel are introduced as Oogie Boogie 's `` little henchmen'' . The trio are not very loyal to Oogie, as they are simply making mischief both for their own fun and to stay on his good side (in other words: they serve him out of fear) and after his death they just have harmless fun, which they seem to enjoy more. However, this is contrasted by their lack of common sense as, presumably due to their lust for mischief they have shown no protest when their master was revived in the spinoffs, and once out of boredom revived him themselves in `` Oogie's Revenge '' ...They all three are trick-or-treaters , with masks similar to their faces (e.g. Barrel's skeleton mask is large and round to fit his face, with a huge grin on it like his near-permanent creepy smile). Their names are a play on the phrase, `` lock, stock, and barrel .'' Though not totally antagonistic, they are usually the comedy relief. They appear to be Anti-heroes or merely neutral characters, as they'll work for most of those who summon them. Lock is the leader of Oogie's Boys, but does not always think through things thoroughly and just likes to be in charge. Lock wears a red devil costume; his tail is a real devil's tail, his teeth are pointed sharply. His face is narrow and long-jawed with angular features, and his red and brown hair is formed into two horns making him, literally, a handsome devil. He likes to think highly of himself and gets upset when others insult him or take the lead; however, he goes along with others' ideas if he fails to come up with anything himself. Shock is the only female of Oogie's henchmen. She is the oldest, and the most cunning and intelligent of the three. She has some contempt for the other two and their supposed stupidity, although she often gets tired with them. Shock wears a purple witch costume with an elongated hat and she sometimes carries a broomstick. She has a high-pitched girl's voice, green skin, a pointed nose, and purple wirey hair. She often takes the lead in many plans and likes to be right. Barrel - is Oogie's `` star pupil,'' presumably the youngest, and considered the stupidest of the three troublemakers, despite his protests to the contrary. He is the butt of many jokes made by his friends but usually gets even through his own tricks which he always gets away with. Barrel wears a skeleton costume and has deformed feet and almost always carries an orange and black lolipop, otherwise resembling a small human boy, albeit one with white skin , sunken eyes , and perfectly coiffed green hair. His face is round and has a perpetual grin, except when he is angry or scared. Barrel usually pilots the walking bathtub the trio use as transport. He also unintentionally bothers Jack when asking him a number of annoying questions. Often he gets left out of things because he is forever falling over his own deformed feet and he is sometimes slow to catch on. Instructing them to `` leave that no-account Oogie Boogie OUT of this!'' (they promise to do so, but cross their fingers), Jack sends Lock, Shock, and Barrel to `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws'' (the Halloween Town residents' mistaken name for Santa Claus ). At first, they accidentally capture the Easter Bunny , whereupon Jack tells them to apologize and sends them back. They then capture their true quarry, and Jack takes Santa's hat. The trio then take Santa Claus to Oogie's lair, where Oogie taunts and threatens Santa. Once Jack has defeated Oogie and rescued Santa Claus, a hatch above opens and Lock, Shock, and Barrel appear now protagonists, having led the Mayor to Oogie's lair to find them. In The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King , Oogie Boogie sends Lock, Shock, and Barrel out to nab the new `` Pumpkin King.'' They come back with Sally instead, saying she looked like Jack in the dark. Throughout the game, they are behind most of the ruckus going on around town ranging from poisoning the acid pools, driving the leeches crazy, knocking down the town's street lamps , luring Jack into death traps, and helping Oogie in the final battle. In The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge , Lock, Shock, and Barrel decide to revive Oogie Boogie when they learn that Jack leaving Halloween Town. In the game, Jack encounters the three one by one. In chapter 15, the threesome try to stop Jack a final time in their mobile bathtub on top of the Mayor of Halloween Town's house. He defeats them yet they spring a trap and drop him into a maze in Oogie's lair. They do not appear again in the game afterwards. In Kingdom Hearts , after hearing Jack speak of a heart that can control the Heartless , Oogie sends the three out to steal the heart as his plan to take over Halloween Town. After the three are defeated by Sora , Donald , and Goofy , they confess that Oogie made them do it. Later in the game they comment how quiet Halloween town has become without Oogie and consider making a ruckus just to liven things up. In Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days , the three found a Heartless and raised it before it became too big for them to control. In Kingdom Hearts II , Lock, Shock, and Barrel start off working as Doctor Finklestein 's (Not very obedient) lab assistants, until they encounter Maleficent , who revives Oogie Boogie for them and gives them the `` Prison Keeper'' Heartless to hold off Sora and company. The monster keeps the children in a cage underneath its body, but swallows one of them to act as its `` pilot'' , each giving the monster a different ability and appearance, ultimately swallowing all three of them attacking Sora and party with its full repertoire. After its defeat, the trio run off saying it was ' fun' and unintentionally reveal Oogie's return. In the second visit, the three are accused of stealing presents after they enter Santa's workshop and are caught looking through gifts. Sora and the party have to fight these mischievous rascals by knocking them unconscious and putting them in boxes. In the end, the three claim that they did not steal the presents as they regard Christmas toys to be boring while revealing that they were actually looking for parts for Doctor Finklestein's Experiment. They also cause mischief as obstacles in the `` Making Presents'' mini game, before and after the fight with the Experiment. After the battle, they run off and are not seen again in the game. Despite having apparently reformed at the end of the film in later appearances, they have reverted to being antagonist. This suggests that they like working for Oogie Boogie more than being good. In the movie, Lock was voiced by Paul Reubens , Shock was voiced by Catherine O'Hara , and Barrel was voiced by Danny Elfman . In the Kingdom Hearts series, Lock was voiced by Jess Harnell , Shock was voiced by Kath Soucie , and Barrel was voiced by Jeff Bennett . In The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge , Paul Reubens reprised the role of Lock, Kath Soucie reprised the role of Shock from the `` Kingdom Hearts'' series, and Dee Bradley Baker voiced Barrel. Santa Claus ( edit ) Santa Claus First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by Ed Ivory ( The Nightmare Before Christmas ) Corey Burton (video games) Santa Claus (or Sandy Claws as Jack calls him) is the leader of Christmas Town. When Jack stumbles upon the town, he becomes mesmerized with the holiday and he tries to bring Christmas to Halloween Town. In order to do so, Jack orders Lock, Shock, and Barrel to kidnap Santa on Christmas Eve so Jack can take his place for the Christmas season. The three then take Santa to Oogie Boogie where the holiday figure's life is threatened. A last minute rescue helps save not only Santa, but the entire holiday of Christmas as well. Santa Claus manages to round up the living gifts and replace them with the right ones. Santa Claus is last seen flying over Halloween Town as snow starts to fall. In The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge , Oogie Boogie targets Santa Claus and leaves him hanging over the tracks for his scissor-tipped Oogie Train to drop him. Santa Claus was saved by Jack Skellington. When Oogie Boogie hijacked Santa's sleigh, Jack lets him use the same sleigh he used when Jack tried to improvise Christmas. Santa Claus appears in Kingdom Hearts II . Sora, Donald Duck, and Goofy meet Santa Claus when they follow Jack Skellington to Christmas Town. He also made a reference about how Jack Skellington tried to improvise Christmas. Maleficent revives Oogie Boogie and sends him to capture Santa Claus. When Sora defeats Oogie Boogie, Santa Claus tells Jack that he should concentrate on Halloween and Santa should concentrate on Christmas. He also tells Sora to believe that he will meet Riku again. Later on, Santa's presents get stolen by Dr. Finklestein's Experiment. He helps Jack make decoy presents to attract the Experiment. Jack and company get them back by hiding in a decoy present. After they defeat the Experiment, Santa Claus decides to give Jack a taste of what it's like to deliver Christmas presents. When Jack finishes delivering presents, Santa takes back his sleigh and brings forth beautiful snow drops as a present to those in Halloween Town. Santa Claus is voiced by Ed Ivory in the movie and by Corey Burton in the video game spin-offs. Zero ( edit ) Zero First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Created by Tim Burton Zero is Jack's faithful ghost dog who floats about freely and follows Jack wherever he goes. His nose, which is in the shape of a jack-o-lantern, also doubles as a bright light. In the Kingdom Hearts series, Zero is often called upon to search for someone. In the film game, he will disappear and reappear depending on whether the player has completed the Halloween Town story. Minor characters ( edit ) Halloween Town residents ( edit ) Bats - There are bats seen all over throughout Halloween Town. The most notable ones are the ones seen appearing before Oogie Boogie's shadow on the moon, and the ones hanging on the Christmas Tree in the real world. Black cat - The black cat is a minor animal character from Halloween Town. They appeared during `` This is Halloween'' and `` Sally's Song.'' There is a possibility that they might be Sally's pet. Behemoth (voiced by Randy Crenshaw ) - A tall, somewhat fat zombie -like man with blue overalls, yellow gloves, and an axe stuck in his head. He looks rather dumb, but looks strong at the same time. He shouted at the Easter Bunny causing him to jump back into the bag. In The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge , it was shown that Behemoth likes to grow pumpkins as mentioned by Mr. Hyde when Behemoth caught him near his pumpkins. Clown with the Tear-Away Face (voiced by Danny Elfman in the movie, Dee Bradley Baker in the video game spin-off) - A fat vile-looking clown who rides a unicycle and can tear off his face to reveal complete darkness and disappear into a puff of smoke. When his face is on, he speaks in a high voice. But when his face is off, he speaks in a deep, booming voice. He also appears in Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge where Jack finds him the sewers upon his return. The Clown then unlocks the gate so that Jack could proceed to the graveyard. In the residential areas of Halloween Town, the Clown's unicycle was out of control causing Jack to use one of Dr. Finklestein's inventions to stop the unicycle. Corpse Family - A family of zombies consisting of the Corpse Dad (voiced by Kerry Katz ), Corpse Mom (voiced by Debi Durst ), and Corpse Kid (voiced by Debi Durst ). According to The Nightmare Before Christmas Trading Card Game , Corpse Dad is named `` Ned,'' Corpse Mom is named `` Bertha,'' and Corpse Kid is named `` Ethan.'' Corpse Kid would often be seen in the company of Mummy Boy and Withered Winged Demon. Corpse Kid also appears in Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge where he would ask questions to Jack. Creature Under the Bed (voiced by Carmen Twilie ) - A monster whose sharp teeth and glowing, red eyes are only shown. He is only seen once in the whole entire movie. With the line of `` I am the one hiding under your bed, Teeth ground sharp and eyes glowing red!'' Creature Under the Stairs (voiced by Kerry Katz ) - A brownish-grey monster with black and white stipes on his neck. has fingers resembling snake's . and spider-like hair as his line in `` This is Halloween'' quotes `` I am the one hiding under your stairs, fingers like snakes and spiders in my hair!'' Unlike most Halloween Town characters, he has no feet. Instead, his body slims down on a board with wheels attached. Cyclops - A thin, black, pointy-eared monster with one eye. He looks rather nervous. His voice actor was never credited. Devil (voiced by Greg Proops ) - A red devil complete with horns and a goatee. He likes the idea of a Pox being in the box (Christmas present) as suggested by the Harlequin Demon during the town hall meeting song. He is seen working the large saw on the bat toy with the Wolfman and the Corpse Dad during the `` Making Christmas'' song. Frankenstein - Frankenstein is seen in Halloween Town during the ending of `` This is Halloween'' clapping in the crowd in Town Square. He is never seen again through the rest of the film and is most likely just an Easter Egg character. Gate Keeper - The keeper of the Halloween Town Gate only seen a few times in the film. He is an anthropomorphic raven with yellow suit and a bowler hat. Ghosts - A quintet of ghosts who provide a chorus role during musical numbers. According to The Nightmare Before Christmas Trading Card Game , their names are Alberto (a Bass ), Pietro (a Baritone ), Luciano (a Tenor ), Sophia (an Alto ), and Maria (a Soprano ). Grim Reaper - A Grim Reaper was seen only twice in `` This is Halloween'' and at the town meeting. You never see his face and he also carries a scythe. Grim Reaper's Companion - A strange hooded old witch who sits beside the Reaper during the town meeting. Hanging Tree (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in the video game spin-off) - A spirited tree. The Hanging Tree also appears in The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge where Jack helps him find his skeletons after they got separated from him. Hanging Skeletons - A bunch of skeletons hanging from the Hanging Tree's branches. Harlequin Demon (voiced by Greg Proops ) - A monster with three moving horns, sharp teeth, and a strange mouth. It attempts to make a hat out of dead rat during the song `` Making Christmas'' . Though Jack voices his opinion and tells the Harlequin Demon to convert a dead bat into a hat. He also has the thought of pox in the box (Christmas present). Igor (voiced by an uncredited Joe Ranft in the film, Rob Paulsen in the video game sequel) - Dr. Finklestein's assistant who enjoys dog bone treats. He is seen giving at the town meeting and later giving Dr. Finklestein the plans for the skeleton reindeer. In The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge , Igor tells Jack Skellington of Dr. Finklestein's strange behavior. Jack later helps Igor when his bone biscuit treats are stolen. Jack-o' -lantern - Numerous Jack-O' -Lanterns can found throughout Halloween Town. One Jack-O' -Lantern can be seen at the town meeting. Jewel Finklestein (voiced by Eleanor Bron ) - She is a monster created by Dr. Finklestein (also thought to be his wife) to replace Sally as his servant. Throughout the film, he is seen creating her and is finally seen at the end pushing his wheelchair during the finale part when the Halloween Town residents are enjoying the snow. Melting Man - A slimy man in a fancy suit who is always melting. He is seen in the song `` Making Christmas'' trying to pass off a dead turtle as a present. He is also very sticky and can get things stuck to him easily. In The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King , he was attacked by Oogie during the invitation where Oogie tore him to pieces. The three pieces (consisting of the `` bog's brain,'' the `` bone brittle,'' and the `` mucus mold'' ) were used as heads for some headless horsemen while the fourth piece the eyeball was left to roll on the ground. While the Mayor of Halloween Town was looking for ingredients for his lunch, Jack attacks and defeats the horsemen and gathers his piece thinking they were food but when they put them in the pot. The eyeball jumps in and the melting man reassembled himself. He then reveals that Oogie Boogie is behind the bug invasion. To thank Jack, he helps in pulling himself together and he gives him the gum shoes so he can climb up to high places. Mr. Hyde (voiced by Randy Crenshaw ) - A man with little versions of himself in his top hat (similar to The Cat in the Hat ). They also appear in The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge where they travel with Jack to serve as the Save Points of the game. Mummy Boy (voiced by Sherwood Ball ) - A tiny mummy child with one visible yellow eyeball. He is seen in the company of the Corpse Kid or the Withered Winged Demon. The Mummy Boy is also on top of the mayor's car helping him. Rats - Several rats can be seen running around Halloween Town. One rat is seen with a Christmas present and a party hat upon Santa Claus being brought into Halloween Town by Lock, Shock, and Barrel. Shadows - An assortment of shadows consisting of an odd ghostly demon shadow, a werewolf shadow, and a female Siamese Twin shadow who introduce the song `` This Is Halloween.'' The demon and wolf shadows have exactly the same voice. Skeletal Reindeer - The Skeletal Reindeer were created by Doctor Finklestein in the movie to act as the reindeer that will pull the sleigh that Jack will pilot. They were broken when the air force shot down Jack's sleigh. In The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge , the Skeletal Reindeer were rebuilt when the sleigh arrives for Santa Claus to use after Oogie Boogie had hijacked Santa's sleigh. Skeletal Rooster - A Skeletal Rooster is seen crowing before the musical number `` Jack's Obsession'' . Undersea Gal (voiced by Carmen Twillie ) - The Undersea Gal is a cross between a gill-man and a mermaid . Vampire Brothers (voiced by Randy Crenshaw , Kerry Katz , and Sherwood Ball ) - Four vampires that have umbrellas when moving around in the day. They are all a different height and width. Two of them are tall and skinny, the other two are fat. The Vampire Brothers are also apparently of different ranks: Prince, Baron, Lord, and Count. The characters' last appearance in the movie features them playing ice hockey with a small jack-o' -lantern as a puck (a deleted scene on the Collectors' Edition DVD reveals that the puck was originally the severed head of Tim Burton ). In The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King , the Vampire Brothers are among the Halloween Town citizens driven out of town by the bug army. One of them is put into some kind trance by Lock, Shock, and Barrel, but is restored to normal after its death. They reward Jack the bat boomerang upgrade Dr. Finkelstein asked him to deliver. The Vampire Brothers also appear in The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge where Jack had to find the bat forms of the Vampire Brothers and return them to their coffins in order to change them back. After that was done, the Vampire Brothers stated to Jack Skellington that they opposed Oogie's plan stating that it wasn't the Halloween that Jack wanted which led to them getting trapped in their bat forms. The Vampire Brothers then give Jack the pieces of the key to the Mayor of Halloween Town's house. Witches - A tall witch (voiced by Susan McBride in the movie, Susanne Blakeslee in the video game) and a short witch (voiced by Debi Durst ). While their names aren't given in the movie, the Nightmare Before Christmas trading card game gives them the names `` Helgamine'' (the tall witch) and `` Zeldaborne'' (the short witch) They also appear in The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge where they have a shop near the town hall. Withered Winged Demon (voiced by Susan McBride ) - A small demon that uses his large, torn, and withered wings to walk. He is often seen in the company of the Corpse Kid and the Mummy Boy. Wolfman (voiced by Glenn Walters ) - A werewolf that lives in Halloween Town. In the `` Making Christmas'' number, he was seen working with the Corpse Dad and the Devil on a bat toy. Zombie Band - A zombie band that consists of an Accordion player (voiced by L. Peter Callender who was never credited for the role), a bass player, and a saxophone player (voiced by Greg Proops ). According to The Nightmare Before Christmas Trading Card Game , the Accordion player is named `` Jimmy'' , the bass player is named `` Jim'' , and the Sax Player (who is famous for the line `` Nice work, bone daddy'' ) is named `` James'' . Jim's bass contains a severed head (which almost resembles Danny Elfman ) in it that spoke. Halloween Town-based toys ( edit ) The following toys were created by the citizens of Halloween Town: Giant Snake - A large yellow python with black stripes and large mouth. It almost eats the Corpse Dad. Later it eats a Christmas tree much to a child's horror until Santa makes him cough out the tree and a gift as well. It is also unknown what the real gift was for the little boy. Jack-in-the-box - A pumpkin -headed jack-in-the-box and a black cat jack-in-the-box were seen being created by the Clown with the Tear Away Face. The pumpkin-headed one was given to a fat kid who was first seen running down a hall in terror and also does an evil laugh. The kid is next seen on a shelf while the jack-in-the-box jumps up and down until Santa rescues him. The fat kid's real present is a candy cane. It is unknown who Jack gave the black cat jack to. They both have a crazy clown face on the front of their boxes. Man-Eating Wreath - One of the Christmas gifts. Jack gives it to an old lady during his Christmas Eve run. Scary Teddy - A vampire -like teddy bear with a big open mouth grin and Mickey Mouse -like ears that Jack gives on Christmas. It flies and chases a little boy and a little girl until the real Santa Claus returns and grabs the teddy and gives the two a normal Teddy Bear and a toy Sailboat . In The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge , the Scary Teddy appears as a common enemy called `` Trick'' alongside another enemy named `` Treat'' (a Jack-o' -lantern , thus creating a nod to `` trick-or-treat'' ) where their vocal effects are provided by Dee Bradley Baker . Shrunken head - A shrunken head that Jack Skellington as Santa Claus gave to a boy which caused the boy's parents to faint. Santa Claus returned and replaced the shrunken head with a Puppy . Zombie Toy Duck (voiced by Greg Proops ) - A yellow evil-looking toy duck that has a minor part in the song `` Making Christmas'' being built and painted by the Vampire Brothers. It later chased after some kids until the real Santa Claus returns and grabs the toy duck. Christmas Town residents ( edit ) Christmas Elves - Santa Claus's helpers who are responsible for preparing the gifts and decorations for Christmas. Penguins - Several penguins can be seen in Christmas Town. Santa Claus' reindeer - Santa Claus' reindeer fly with magic and pull Santa's sleigh. Mrs. Claus - Santa Claus's wife, she is seen in the background as he checks the naughty-nice list. Enemies ( edit ) Colossal Moth - A huge moth that has super acidic saliva and exhales poisonous fumes. Featured in The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King . Fire King Skeleton and Ice King Skeleton - Two bosses from The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge . Fought in `` Fire and Ice Frenzy,'' these two big skeletons appear to fight Jack after he replaced the Oogie-Doors with the real Holiday Doors. Use the Santa Jack costume to fight the Fire King Skeleton and the Pumpkin King costume to fight the Ice King Skeleton. Giant Snake - An artificial bug-filled snake who is a boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King . Halloween Ghosts - The Halloween Ghosts appear in The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge having been created by Dr. Finklestein at the time when Oogie Boogie tricked the citizens of Halloween Town. The Halloween Ghosts are much different from the ghosts that appear in the movie as they are very fast and great at dodging. Tricking them to come near Jack and sending them into the ground is an easy way to defeat them. They are seen in `` Jack's Return'' in the Oogie Boogie Shadow battle. King Ghosts - They are stronger than the Halloween Ghosts, but require the same tactics to defeat them. Mega Spider - A Mega Spider is fought three times in The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge . It will shoot cobwebs at Jack and even charge. Its weak spot is the pumpkin shape on its abdomen. If successfully attacked there it will go underground and launch Baby Spiders at Jack. Another type of Mega Spider appears in The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King as the mutated pet of Lock, Shock, and Barrel. Mother Locust - A locust with an abdomen filled with swollen eggs who is a boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King . Oogie Cycle - A colossal beetle that serves as Oogie's ride and the final boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King . It acts as a motorcycle-like mode of transportation for Oogie, Lock, Shock, and Barrel. Oogie Train - A scissor-tipped train who is a boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge . Fought in `` Saving Sandy,'' Jack had to always change the train tracks to keep this scissor-tipped train from going on the track leading to the rope that is holding Santa Claus up. Keep attacking the Oogie-Train while evading skeletons disguised as snowmen. Roly Poly - A large but somewhat weak pillbug who is a boss in The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King . Enormous Poly - A large offspring of Rolly Polly. Featured in The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King . Skeletons - In The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge , Oogie Boogie had a bunch of skeletons that served him which were brought to life by Dr. Finklestein at the time when Oogie Boogie tricked the citizens of Halloween Town. They resemble the Skeletons in Oogie Boogie's lair. Blue Skeletons - The Blue Skeletons are the easiest to defeat. They are slow and have short reaches unless they are mad and spinning. Heat Skeletons - The Heat Skeletons are the most annoying of the enemies Jack fights. They have short reaches, but they can throw boomerangs. Orc Skeletons - They are like the Blue Skeletons except the mad ones wield clubs. Just like the Blue Skeletons, they are slow and have short reaches unless they are mad and spinning. Troll Skeletons - The Troll Skeletons are big and wield big clubs. They can only be grabbed when the Soul Robber is Level 3. If they drop their clubs, use the Soul Robber to throw the clubs at them. King Skeletons - The King Skeletons are also big and wield big axes. The attack on the King Skeletons are the same as Troll Skeletons, with two exceptions. They cannot be grabbed at all, only turned around. They can be only hit while they are growling, or from behind. Zombie Centipede - A huge centipede with wings that was brought back from the dead by Oogie. Featured The Nightmare Before Christmas: The Pumpkin King . Marketing ( edit ) The owners of the franchise have undertaken an extensive marketing campaign of these characters across many media. In addition to the `` Haunted Mansion Holiday at Disneyland'' featuring `` Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas characters,'' Jack Skellington, Sally, Pajama Jack, and the mayor have been made into Bendies figures, while Jack and Sally even appear in fine art. Moreover, Sally has been made into an action figure and a Halloween costume. The Mayor has been made into a Bendies figure. Jack is also the titular character in the short story `` Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Jack's story.'' Oddly enough, Jim Edwards actually contends that `` Tim Burton's animated movie The Nightmare Before Christmas is really a movie about the marketing business. The movie's lead character, Jack Skellington, the chief marketing officer (CMO) for a successful company decides that his success is boring and he wants the company to have a different business plan. Some have wondered which real-life company failure the movie is based on: Sergio Zyman's New Coke or Merck's launch and subsequent withdrawal of Vioxx.'' Reception ( edit ) While Yvonne Tasker notes `` the complex characterization seen in The Nightmare Before Christmas ,'' Michael A. Morrison discusses the influence of Dr. Seuss's How the Grinch Stole Christmas on the film, writing that Jack parallels the Grinch and Zero parallels Max, the Grinch's dog. Philip Nel writes that the film `` challenges the wisdom of adults through its trickster characters'' contrasting Jack as a `` good trickster'' with Oogie Boogie, whom he also compares with Dr. Seuss 's Dr. Terwilliker, as a bad trickster. Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic see the characters as presented in a more negative light and criticise the film's characters as having racial constructs, with the protagonists using `` whitespeak'' and the antagonist, Oogie Boogie, using `` blackspeak.'' This perception was not entirely unanticipated by the filmmakers. Danny Elfman was worried the characterization of Oogie Boogie would be considered racist by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). As Delgado and Stefancic's book reveals, Elfman's predictions became true. Nevertheless, director Henry Selick stated the character was inspired from the Betty Boop cartoon The Old Man of the Mountain . `` Cab Calloway would dance his inimitable jazz dance and sing `` Minnie the Moocher '' or `` Old Man of the Mountain'' , and they would rotoscope him, trace him, turn him into a cartoon character, often transforming him into an animal, like a walrus,'' Selick continued. `` I think those are some of the most inventive moments in cartoon history, in no way racist, even though he was sometimes a villain. We went with Ken Page , who is a black singer and he had no problem with it'' . Regardless of the above controversy, Entertainment Weekly reports that fan reception of these characters borders on obsession, profiling `` Laurie and Myk Rudnick a couple who are extremely interested in the motion picture The Nightmare Before Christmas . Their degree of obsession with that film is so great that...they named their son after the real-life person that a character in the film is based on.'' This enthusiasm for the characters has spread beyond North America to Japan. As Stephen Jones writes, `` The Japanese also seemed to go crazy for Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas with a fourteen-inch Jack Skellington doll, a gold ' Millennium' edition and a twelve-inch version dressed in pyjamas; a ten-inch Sandy Claws doll; a reversible pillow featuring Jack; a hand-painted set with Lock, Shock and Barrel, or a similar set of four vampires; a set of pull-back racers featuring Jack's faithful dog Zero...a Zero necklace, and various die-cast Jack key-chains, amongst numerous other items.'' Bryan Theiss explains this enthusiasm in The Scarecrow Video Movie Guide : `` The last time I went to Disneyland , I saw more Jack Skellington hats than Mickey ears...because Jack and Sally are...those rare fantasy characters we can relate to on a certain level as much as we can to real-world characters on a more literal level.'' Jamie Frater adds, `` Jack is perfectly realized as the ' town hero' who seeks more in his life (or death, as it may be), a place we all find ourselves time to time. Sally is loverlorn and pines for Jack to not only love her, but to just notice her.'' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Rickitt, Special Effects: The History and Technique (Watson-Guptill, 2000), 159- 160 . Jump up ^ Maureen Furniss, Art in motion: animation aesthetics (1998), 168 . Jump up ^ Jeff Belanger and Kirsten Dalley, The Nightmare Encyclopedia: Your Darkest Dreams Interpreted (Career Press, 2005), 235 . Jump up ^ Jacob Steingroot, `` A Grown-up's Guide to Halloween Movies: Too embarrassed to put on a costume and go door to door? Take advantage of having no bedtime by staying up late watching our favorite Halloween movies ,'' Premiere (2008). Jump up ^ Ed. H. Leigh Davis, `` Jack Skellington,'' Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge Official Strategy Guide (Indianapolis: Pearson Education, 2006), 2. Jump up ^ Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, Stephen Thomas Erlewine, All Music Guide: The Experts Guide to the Best Recordings (Backbeat Books, 2001), 997 . ^ Jump up to: Jack Clute and Jack Grant, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy (Macmillan, 1999), 686 . Jump up ^ Collura, By Scott. `` The Nightmare Before Christmas 3-D: 13 Years and Three Dimensions Later'' . IGN . Retrieved 2016-05-09 . ^ Jump up to: Jerry Beck, The Animated Movie Guide: The Ultimate Illustrated Reference to Cartoon, Stop-motion, And Computer-generated Feature Films (Chicago Review Press, 2005), 127 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Skellington (Character) from The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) ,'' The Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ Ed. H. Leigh Davis, `` Sally,'' Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge Official Strategy Guide (Indianapolis: Pearson Education, 2006), 6. Jump up ^ Bryan Theiss, The Scarecrow Video Movie Guide (2004), 35 . ^ Jump up to: Thompson, Frank (1993). Tim Burton's Nightmare Before Christmas . 114 Fifth Avenue, New York City, New York: Disney Enterprises. p. 67. ISBN 0-7868-5378-6 . ^ Jump up to: Jerry Beck, The Animated Movie Guide: The Ultimate Illustrated Reference to Cartoon, Stop-motion, And Computer-generated Feature Films (Chicago Review Press, 2005), p. 179 . Jump up ^ Doctor Finklestein : That's twice this month since you slipped deadly nightshade in my tea and run off. Sally: ( correcting him ) Three times. Doctor Finklestein : You're mine, you know! I made you! With my own hands... ( The Nightmare Before Christmas ) Jump up ^ Ed. H. Leigh Davis, `` Clown,'' Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge Official Strategy Guide (Indianapolis: Pearson Education, 2006), 5. Jump up ^ Ed. H. Leigh Davis, `` Corpse Kid,'' Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge Official Strategy Guide (Indianapolis: Pearson Education, 2006), 9. Jump up ^ http://www.nightmarebeforechristmas.net/downloads/info/471 Jump up ^ Ed. H. Leigh Davis, `` Hanging Men'' and `` Hanging Tree,'' Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge Official Strategy Guide (Indianapolis: Pearson Education, 2006), 6. Jump up ^ http://www.nightmarebeforechristmas.net/downloads/info/507 Jump up ^ Ed. H. Leigh Davis, `` Three Mr. Hydes,'' Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge Official Strategy Guide (Indianapolis: Pearson Education, 2006), 8. Jump up ^ Ed. H. Leigh Davis, `` Vampire Brothers,'' Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge Official Strategy Guide (Indianapolis: Pearson Education, 2006), 7. Jump up ^ Ed. H. Leigh Davis, `` Tall Witch'' and `` Short Witch,'' Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge Official Strategy Guide (Indianapolis: Pearson Education, 2006), 8. Jump up ^ Ramin Setoodeh, `` HAUNTED PARKS,'' Newsweek 144.16 (10/18/2004): 73. ^ Jump up to: Frederick J. Augustyn, Dictionary of Toys and Games in American Popular Culture (Haworth Press, 2004), 18 . Jump up ^ `` New Disney Fine Art: Tim Burton's Nightmare Before Christmas Limited Edition by Artist Jim Salvati ,'' TechWhack (November 3rd, 2008). Jump up ^ For an image of a Sally costume, see Bobwilson, `` Halloween gives teens a chance to scare, be silly ,'' AVALANCHE-JOURNAL (10/31/2008). Jump up ^ tk, `` Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Jack's story,'' Disney Scary Storybook Collection (New York: Disney Press, 2003.), 5. Jump up ^ Jim Edwards, `` Jack Skellington, Brand Manager,'' Brandweek 47.40 (10/30/2006): 21. Jump up ^ Yvonne Tasker, Fifty Contemporary Filmmakers (Routledge, 2002), 76 . Jump up ^ Michael A. Morrison, Trajectories of the Fantastic: Selected Essays from the Fourteenth International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997), 154 . Jump up ^ Philip Nel, Dr. Seuss: American Icon (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004), 95 . Jump up ^ Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror (Temple University Press, 1997), 281 . Jump up ^ Ken Hanke (1999). `` Burtonland'' . Tim Burton: An Unauthorized Biography of the Filmmaker . Renaissance Books . pp. 137-- 148. ISBN 1-58063-162-2 . Jump up ^ David Helpern (December 1994). `` Animated Dreams'' , Sight & Sound , pp. 33-- 37. Retrieved on 2008-09-26. Jump up ^ `` OBSESSIVE FANS OF THE WEEK!'' in Entertainment Weekly 909 (12/1/2006): 6. Jump up ^ Stephen Jones, The Mammoth Book of Best New Horror (Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2002), 75 . Jump up ^ Bryan Theiss, The Scarecrow Video Movie Guide (Sasquatch Books, 2004), 35 . Jump up ^ Jamie Frater, `` Top Ten Kids' Movies Adults Will Love,'' The Ultimate Book of Top 10 Lists: A Mind-Boggling Collection of Fun, Fascinating and Bizarre Facts on Movies, Music, Sports, Crime, Celebrities, History, Trivia and More (Berkeley: Ulysses Press, 2010), 380. External links ( edit ) `` Full cast and crew for The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) ,'' The Internet Movie Database `` Full cast and crew for The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge (2004) (VG) ,'' The Internet Movie Database ( hide ) Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas Characters ( Jack Skellington ) Film The Nightmare Before Christmas Video games Oogie's Revenge The Pumpkin King Kingdom Hearts Music The Nightmare Before Christmas Nightmare Revisited `` This Is Halloween '' Attraction Haunted Mansion Holiday Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Nightmare_Before_Christmas_characters&oldid=810587421 '' Categories : The Nightmare Before Christmas Lists of Disney animated film characters Kingdom Hearts characters Disney characters originating in film Hidden categories: Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017, at 05:34. 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where is iowa on the map of the united states
Iowa ( / ˈaɪ. əwə / ( listen ) ) is a state in the Midwestern United States , bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west . Surrounding states include Wisconsin to the northeast , Illinois to the east , Missouri to the south , Nebraska to the west , South Dakota to the northwest , and Minnesota to the north .
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[ "State of Iowa Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Hawkeye State Motto ( s ) : Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain . Official language English Demonym Iowan Capital ( and largest city ) Des Moines Largest metro Des Moines metropolitan area Area Ranked 26th Total 56,272.81 sq mi ( 145,746 km ) Width 200 miles ( 322 km ) Length 310 miles ( 499 km ) % water 0.70 Latitude 40 ° 23 ′ N to 43 ° 30 ′ N Longitude 90 ° 8 ′ W to 96 ° 38 ′ W Population Ranked 30th Total 3,134,693 ( 2016 est . ) Density 54.8 / sq mi ( 21.2 / km ) Ranked 36th Median household income $60,855 ( 16th ) Elevation Highest point Hawkeye Point 1,671 ft ( 509 m ) Mean 1,100 ft ( 340 m ) Lowest point Confluence of Mississippi River and Des Moines River 480 ft ( 146 m ) Before statehood Iowa Territory Admission to Union December 28 , 1846 ( 29th ) Governor Kim Reynolds ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Adam Gregg ( R , Acting ) Legislature Iowa General Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Chuck Grassley ( R ) Joni Ernst ( R ) U.S. House delegation 1 : Rod Blum ( R ) 2 : Dave Loebsack ( D ) 3 : David Young ( R ) 4 : Steve King ( R ) ( list ) Time zone Central : UTC - 6 / - 5 ISO 3166 US - IA Abbreviations IA Website www.iowa.gov", "State of Iowa", "Flag Seal", "Flag Seal", "", "Flag Seal", "Nickname ( s ) : Hawkeye State", "Motto ( s ) : Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain .", "Official language English", "Demonym Iowan", "Capital ( and largest city ) Des Moines", "Largest metro Des Moines metropolitan area", "Area Ranked 26th", "Total 56,272.81 sq mi ( 145,746 km )", "Width 200 miles ( 322 km )", "Length 310 miles ( 499 km )", "% water 0.70", "Latitude 40 ° 23 ′ N to 43 ° 30 ′ N", "Longitude 90 ° 8 ′ W to 96 ° 38 ′ W", "Population Ranked 30th", "Total 3,134,693 ( 2016 est . )", "Density 54.8 / sq mi ( 21.2 / km ) Ranked 36th", "Median household income $60,855 ( 16th )", "Elevation", "Highest point Hawkeye Point 1,671 ft ( 509 m )", "Mean 1,100 ft ( 340 m )", "Lowest point Confluence of Mississippi River and Des Moines River 480 ft ( 146 m )", "Before statehood Iowa Territory", "Admission to Union December 28 , 1846 ( 29th )", "Governor Kim Reynolds ( R )", "Lieutenant Governor Adam Gregg ( R , Acting )", "Legislature Iowa General Assembly", "Upper house Senate", "Lower house House of Representatives", "U.S. Senators Chuck Grassley ( R ) Joni Ernst ( R )", "U.S. House delegation 1 : Rod Blum ( R ) 2 : Dave Loebsack ( D ) 3 : David Young ( R ) 4 : Steve King ( R ) ( list )", "Time zone Central : UTC - 6 / - 5", "ISO 3166 US - IA", "Abbreviations IA", "Website www.iowa.gov", "( show ) Iowa state symbols The Flag of Iowa The Seal of Iowa Living insignia Bird Eastern goldfinch Flower Wild rose Grass Pseudoroegneria spicata Tree Bur oak Inanimate insignia Motto Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain . Rock Geode Song The Song of Iowa State route marker State quarter Released in 2004 Lists of United States state symbols", "( show ) Iowa state symbols", "The Flag of Iowa", "The Seal of Iowa", "Living insignia", "Bird Eastern goldfinch", "Flower Wild rose", "Grass Pseudoroegneria spicata", "Tree Bur oak", "Inanimate insignia", "Motto Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain .", "Rock Geode", "Song The Song of Iowa", "State route marker", "State quarter", "Released in 2004", "Lists of United States state symbols", "Iowa ( / ˈaɪ. əwə / ( listen ) ) is a state in the Midwestern United States , bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west . Surrounding states include Wisconsin to the northeast , Illinois to the east , Missouri to the south , Nebraska to the west , South Dakota to the northwest , and Minnesota to the north .", "In colonial times , Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana ; its state flag is patterned after the flag of France . After the Louisiana Purchase , people laid the foundation for an agriculture - based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt .", "In the latter half of the 20th century , Iowa 's agricultural economy made the transition to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing , processing , financial services , information technology , biotechnology , and green energy production . Iowa is the 26th most extensive in land area and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city by population is Des Moines . Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live . Its nickname is the Hawkeye State .", "Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people , one of the many Native American tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration .", "Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east ; the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west ; the northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees , 30 minutes north latitude . The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not - quite - straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north , as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa ( 1849 ) after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War .", "Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed entirely by rivers .", "Iowa has 99 counties , but 100 county seats because Lee County has two . The state capital , Des Moines , is in Polk County .", "Iowa 's bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east . In northwest Iowa , Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old ; in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c. 500 million years ago .", "Iowa is generally not flat ; most of the state consists of rolling hills . Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation , soils , topography , and river drainage . Loess hills lie along the western border of the state , some of which are several hundred feet thick . Northeast Iowa along the Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Zone , consisting of steep hills and valleys which appear almost mountainous .", "Several natural lakes exist , most notably Spirit Lake , West Okoboji Lake , and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa ( see Iowa Great Lakes ) . To the east lies Clear Lake . Man - made lakes include Lake Odessa , Saylorville Lake , Lake Red Rock , Coralville Lake , Lake MacBride , and Rathbun Lake . The state 's northwest area has many remnants of the once common wetlands , such as Barringer Slough .", "Iowa 's natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in upland areas , with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys , and pothole wetlands in northern prairie areas . Most of Iowa is used for agriculture ; crops cover 60 % of the state , grasslands ( mostly pasture and hay with some prairie and wetland ) cover 30 % , and forests cover 7 % ; urban areas and water cover another 1 % each .", "There is a dearth of natural areas in Iowa ; less than 1 % of the tallgrass prairie that once covered most of Iowa remains intact ; only about 5 % of the state 's prairie pothole wetlands remain , and most of the original forest has been lost . As of 2005 Iowa ranked 49th of U.S. states in public land holdings . Threatened or endangered animals in Iowa include the interior least tern , piping plover , Indiana bat , pallid sturgeon , the Iowa Pleistocene land snail , Higgins ' eye pearly mussel , and the Topeka shiner . Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid , eastern prairie fringed orchid , Mead 's milkweed , prairie bush clover , and northern wild monkshood .", "The explosion in the number of high - density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality . Other factors negatively affecting Iowa 's environment include the extensive use of older coal - fired power plants , fertilizer and pesticide runoff from crop production , and diminishment of the Jordan Aquifer .", "Iowa has a humid continental climate throughout the state ( Köppen climate classification Dfa ) with extremes of both heat and cold . The average annual temperature at Des Moines is 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) ; for some locations in the north the figure is under 45 ° F ( 7 ° C ) , while Keokuk , on the Mississippi River , averages 52 ° F ( 11 ° C ) . Winters are often harsh and snowfall is common .", "Spring ushers in the beginning of the severe weather season . Iowa averages about 50 days of thunderstorm activity per year . The 30 year annual average Tornadoes in Iowa is 47 . In 2008 , twelve people were killed by tornadoes in Iowa , making it the deadliest year since 1968 and also the second most tornadoes in a year with 105 , matching the total from 2001 .", "Iowa summers are known for heat and humidity , with daytime temperatures sometimes near 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) and occasionally exceeding 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Average winters in the state have been known to drop well below freezing , even dropping below − 18 ° F ( − 28 ° C ) . Iowa 's all - time hottest temperature of 118 ° F ( 48 ° C ) was recorded at Keokuk on July 20 , 1934 ; the all - time lowest temperature of − 47 ° F ( − 44 ° C ) was recorded at Elkader on February 3 , 1996 .", "Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Iowa cities ( ° F ) City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Davenport 30 / 13 36 / 19 48 / 29 61 / 41 72 / 52 81 / 63 85 / 68 83 / 66 76 / 57 65 / 45 48 / 32 35 / 20 Des Moines 31 / 14 36 / 19 49 / 30 62 / 41 72 / 52 82 / 62 86 / 67 84 / 65 76 / 55 63 / 43 48 / 31 34 / 18 Keokuk 34 / 17 39 / 21 50 / 30 63 / 42 73 / 52 83 / 62 87 / 67 85 / 65 78 / 56 66 / 44 51 / 33 33 / 21 Mason City 24 / 6 29 / 12 41 / 23 57 / 35 69 / 46 79 / 57 82 / 61 80 / 58 73 / 49 60 / 37 43 / 25 28 / 11 Sioux City 31 / 10 35 / 15 47 / 26 62 / 37 73 / 49 82 / 59 86 / 63 83 / 63 76 / 51 63 / 38 46 / 25 32 / 13", "City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec", "", "Davenport 30 / 13 36 / 19 48 / 29 61 / 41 72 / 52 81 / 63 85 / 68 83 / 66 76 / 57 65 / 45 48 / 32 35 / 20", "Des Moines 31 / 14 36 / 19 49 / 30 62 / 41 72 / 52 82 / 62 86 / 67 84 / 65 76 / 55 63 / 43 48 / 31 34 / 18", "Keokuk 34 / 17 39 / 21 50 / 30 63 / 42 73 / 52 83 / 62 87 / 67 85 / 65 78 / 56 66 / 44 51 / 33 33 / 21", "Mason City 24 / 6 29 / 12 41 / 23 57 / 35 69 / 46 79 / 57 82 / 61 80 / 58 73 / 49 60 / 37 43 / 25 28 / 11", "Sioux City 31 / 10 35 / 15 47 / 26 62 / 37 73 / 49 82 / 59 86 / 63 83 / 63 76 / 51 63 / 38 46 / 25 32 / 13", "Iowa has a relatively smooth gradient of varying precipitation across the state , with areas in the southeast of the state receiving an average of over 38 inches ( 97 cm ) of rain annually , and the northwest of the state receiving less than 28 inches ( 71 cm ) . The pattern of precipitation across Iowa is seasonal , with more rain falling in the summer months . In Des Moines , roughly in the center of the state , over two - thirds of the 34.72 inches ( 88.2 cm ) of rain falls from April through September , and about half of the average annual precipitation falls from May through August .", "When American Indians first arrived in what is now Iowa more than 13,000 years ago , they were hunters and gatherers living in a Pleistocene glacial landscape . By the time European explorers and traders visited Iowa , American Indians were largely settled farmers with complex economic , social , and political systems . This transformation happened gradually . During the Archaic period ( 10,500 -- 2,800 years ago ) , American Indians adapted to local environments and ecosystems , slowly becoming more sedentary as populations increased .", "More than 3,000 years ago , during the Late Archaic period , American Indians in Iowa began utilizing domesticated plants . The subsequent Woodland period saw an increased reliance on agriculture and social complexity , with increased use of mounds , ceramics , and specialized subsistence . During the Late Prehistoric period ( beginning about AD 900 ) increased use of maize and social changes led to social flourishing and nucleated settlements .", "The arrival of European trade goods and diseases in the Protohistoric period led to dramatic population shifts and economic and social upheaval , with the arrival of new tribes and early European explorers and traders . There were numerous Indian tribes living in Iowa at the time of early European exploration . Tribes which were probably descendants of the prehistoric Oneota include the Dakota , Ho - Chunk , Ioway , and Otoe . Tribes which arrived in Iowa in the late prehistoric or protohistoric periods include the Illiniwek , Meskwaki , Omaha , and Sauk .", "The first known European explorers to document Iowa were Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet who traveled the Mississippi River in 1673 documenting several Indian villages on the Iowa side . The area of Iowa was claimed for France and remained a French territory until 1763 . The French , before their impending defeat in the French and Indian War , transferred ownership to their ally , Spain . Spain practiced very loose control over the Iowa region , granting trading licenses to French and British traders , who established trading posts along the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers .", "Iowa was part of a territory known as La Louisiane or Louisiana , and European traders were interested in lead and furs obtained by Indians . The Sauk and Meskwaki effectively controlled trade on the Mississippi in the late 18th century and early 19th century . Among the early traders on the Mississippi were Julien Dubuque , Robert La Salle , and Paul Marin . Along the Missouri River at least five French and English trading houses were built before 1808 . In 1800 , Napoleon Bonaparte took control of Louisiana from Spain in a treaty .", "After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase , Congress divided the Louisiana Purchase into two parts -- the Territory of Orleans and the District of Louisiana . The latter , of which in was placed . Iowa was placed under United States jurisdiction of the Territory of Indiana , with William Henry Harrison . Much of Iowa was mapped by Zebulon Pike in 1805 , but it was not until the construction of Fort Madison in 1808 that the U.S. established tenuous military control over the region .", "Fort Madison was built to control trade and establish U.S. dominance over the Upper Mississippi , but it was poorly designed and disliked by the Sauk and Ho - Chunk , many of whom allied with the British , who had not abandoned claims to the territory . Fort Madison was defeated by British - supported Indians in 1813 during the War of 1812 , and Fort Shelby in Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin , also fell to the British . Black Hawk took part in the siege of Fort Madison .", "After the war , the U.S. re-established control of the region through the construction of Fort Armstrong , Fort Snelling in Minnesota , and Fort Atkinson in Nebraska .", "The U.S. encouraged settlement of the east side of the Mississippi and removal of Indians to the west . Trade continued in furs and lead , but disease and forced population movement decimated Indian cultures and economies . A disputed 1804 treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison that surrendered much of Illinois to the U.S. enraged many Sauk and led to the 1832 Black Hawk War . As punishment for the uprising , and as part of a larger settlement strategy , treaties were subsequently designed to remove all Indians from Iowa .", "The Sauk and Meskwaki were pushed out of the Mississippi valley in 1832 , out of the Iowa River valley in 1843 , and out of Iowa altogether in 1846 . Many Meskwaki later returned to Iowa and settled near Tama , Iowa ; the Meskwaki Settlement remains to this day . In 1856 the Iowa Legislature passed an unprecedented act allowing the Meskawki to purchase the land ; Indians were not usually permitted to do so . The Ho - Chunk were removed from Iowa in 1850 , and the Dakota were removed by the late 1850s . Western Iowa around modern Council Bluffs was used as a way station for other tribes being moved west , including the Potawatomi .", "The first American settlers officially moved to Iowa in June 1833 . Primarily , they were families from Ohio , Pennsylvania , New York , Indiana , Kentucky , and Virginia . On July 4 , 1838 , the U.S. Congress established the Territory of Iowa . President Martin Van Buren appointed Robert Lucas governor of the territory , which at the time had 22 counties and a population of 23,242 .", "Almost immediately after achieving territorial status , a clamor arose for statehood . On December 28 , 1846 , Iowa became the 29th state in the Union when President James K. Polk signed Iowa 's admission bill into law . Once admitted to the Union , the state 's boundary issues resolved , and most of its land purchased from the Indians , Iowa set its direction to development and organized campaigns for settlers and investors , boasting the young frontier state 's rich farmlands , fine citizens , free and open society , and good government .", "Iowa has a long tradition of state and county fairs . The first and second Iowa State Fairs were held in the more developed eastern part of the state at Fairfield . The first fair was held October 25 -- 27 , 1854 , at a cost of around $323 . Thereafter , the fair moved to locations closer to the center of the state and in 1886 found a permanent home in Des Moines . The State Fair has been held every year since except for the year 1898 due to the Spanish -- American War and the World 's Fair being held in nearby Omaha , Nebraska . The fair was also a World War II wartime casualty from 1942 -- 1945 , as the fairgrounds were being used as an army supply depot .", "Iowa supported the Union during the Civil War , voting heavily for Abraham Lincoln , though there was a strong antiwar `` Copperhead '' movement among settlers of southern origins and among Catholics . There were no battles in the state , although the battle of Athens , Missouri , 1861 , was fought just across the Des Moines River from Croton , Iowa , and shots from the battle landed in Iowa . Iowa sent large supplies of food to the armies and the eastern cities .", "Much of Iowa 's support for the Union can be attributed to Samuel J. Kirkwood , its first wartime governor . Of a total population of 675,000 , about 116,000 men were subjected to military duty . Iowa contributed proportionately more men to Civil War military service than did any other state , north or south , sending more than 75,000 volunteers to the armed forces , over one - sixth of whom were killed before the Confederates surrendered at Appomattox .", "Most fought in the great campaigns in the Mississippi Valley and in the South . Iowa troops fought at Wilson 's Creek in Missouri , Pea Ridge in Arkansas , Forts Henry and Donelson , Shiloh , Chattanooga , Chickamauga , Missionary Ridge , and Rossville Gap as well as Vicksburg , Iuka , and Corinth . They served with the Army of the Potomac in Virginia and fought under Union General Philip Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley . Many died and were buried at Andersonville . They marched on General Nathaniel Banks ' ill - starred expedition to the Red River . Twenty - seven Iowans have been awarded the Medal of Honor , the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government , which was first awarded in the Civil War .", "Iowa had several brigadier generals and four major generals -- Grenville Mellen Dodge , Samuel R. Curtis , Francis J. Herron , and Frederick Steele -- and saw many of its generals go on to state and national prominence following the war .", "Following the Civil War , Iowa 's population continued to grow dramatically , from 674,913 people in 1860 to 1,194,020 in 1880 . The introduction of railroads in the 1859s and 1860s transformed Iowa into a major agricultural producer .", "In 1917 , the United States entered World War I and farmers as well as all Iowans experienced a wartime economy . For farmers , the change was significant . Since the beginning of the war in 1914 , Iowa farmers had experienced economic prosperity . In the economic sector , Iowa also has undergone considerable change . Beginning with the first farm - related industries developed in the 1870s , Iowa has experienced a gradual increase in the number of business and manufacturing operations .", "The transition from an agricultural economy to a mixed economy happened slowly . The Great Depression and World War II accelerated the shift away from smallholder farming to larger farms , and began a trend of urbanization . The period since World War II has witnessed a particular increase in manufacturing operations . While agriculture continued to be the state 's dominant industry , Iowans also produce a wide variety of products including refrigerators , washing machines , fountain pens , farm implements , and food products .", "The Farm Crisis of the 1980s caused a major recession in Iowa , causing poverty not seen since the Depression . The crisis spurred a major , decade - long population decline .", "After bottoming out in the 1980s , Iowa 's economy began to become increasingly less dependent on agriculture , and by the early 21st century was characterized by a mix of manufacturing , biotechnology , finance and insurance services , and government services . The population of Iowa has increased at a faster rate than the U.S. as a whole , and Iowa now has a predominantly urban population . The Iowa Economic Development Authority , created in 2011 has replaced the Iowa Department of Economic Development and its annual reports are a source of economic information .", "Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1840 43,112 -- 1850 192,214 345.8 % 1860 674,913 251.1 % 1870 1,194,020 76.9 % 1880 1,624,615 36.1 % 1890 1,912,297 17.7 % 1900 2,231,853 16.7 % 1910 2,224,771 − 0.3 % 1920 2,404,021 8.1 % 1930 2,470,939 2.8 % 1940 2,538,268 2.7 % 1950 2,621,073 3.3 % 1960 2,757,537 5.2 % 1970 2,824,376 2.4 % 1980 2,913,808 3.2 % 1990 2,776,755 − 4.7 % 2000 2,926,324 5.4 % 3,046,355 4.1 % Est. 2017 3,145,711 3.3 % Source : 1910 -- 2010 2015 estimate", "Historical population", "Census Pop . % ±", "1840 43,112 --", "1850 192,214 345.8 %", "1860 674,913 251.1 %", "1870 1,194,020 76.9 %", "1880 1,624,615 36.1 %", "1890 1,912,297 17.7 %", "1900 2,231,853 16.7 %", "1910 2,224,771 − 0.3 %", "1920 2,404,021 8.1 %", "1930 2,470,939 2.8 %", "1940 2,538,268 2.7 %", "1950 2,621,073 3.3 %", "1960 2,757,537 5.2 %", "1970 2,824,376 2.4 %", "1980 2,913,808 3.2 %", "1990 2,776,755 − 4.7 %", "2000 2,926,324 5.4 %", "3,046,355 4.1 %", "Est. 2017 3,145,711 3.3 %", "Source : 1910 -- 2010 2015 estimate", "The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of Iowa was 3,123,899 on July 1 , 2015 , a 2.55 % increase since the 2010 Census .", "Of the residents of Iowa , 72.2 % were born in Iowa , 23.2 % were born in a different US state , 0.5 % were born in Puerto Rico , U.S. Island areas , or born abroad to American parent ( s ) , and 4.1 % were foreign born .", "Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 29,386 people , while migration within the country produced a net loss of 41,140 people . 6.5 % of Iowa 's population were reported as under the age of five , 22.6 % under 18 , and 14.7 % were 65 or older . Males made up approximately 49.6 % of the population . The population density of the state is 52.7 people per square mile . The center of population of Iowa is in Marshall County , in the city of Marshalltown .", "As of the 2010 Census , the population of Iowa was 3,046,355 . The gender makeup of the state was 49.5 % male and 50.5 % female. 23.9 % of the population were under the age of 18 ; 61.2 % were between the ages of 18 and 64 ; and 14.9 % were 65 years of age or older .", "The racial makeup of Iowa as of the 2010 Census was :", "White : 91.3 % ( 88.7 % non-Hispanic ) Black or African American : 2.9 % American Indian and Alaska Native : 0.4 % Asian : 1.7 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander : 0.1 % Other race : 1.8 % Two or more races : 1.8 %", "White : 91.3 % ( 88.7 % non-Hispanic )", "Black or African American : 2.9 %", "American Indian and Alaska Native : 0.4 %", "Asian : 1.7 %", "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander : 0.1 %", "Other race : 1.8 %", "Two or more races : 1.8 %", "Iowa Racial Breakdown of Population ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 White 96.6 % 93.9 % 91.3 % Black or African American 1.7 % 2.1 % 2.9 % American Indian and Alaska Native 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.4 % Asian 0.9 % 1.3 % 1.7 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander -- -- 0.1 % Other race 0.5 % 1.3 % 1.8 % Two or more races -- 1.1 % 1.8 %", "( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000", "White 96.6 % 93.9 % 91.3 %", "Black or African American 1.7 % 2.1 % 2.9 %", "American Indian and Alaska Native 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.4 %", "Asian 0.9 % 1.3 % 1.7 %", "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander -- -- 0.1 %", "Other race 0.5 % 1.3 % 1.8 %", "Two or more races -- 1.1 % 1.8 %", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.0 % of the population in 2010 : 3.8 % were of Mexican , 0.2 % Puerto Rican , about 0.0 % Cuban , and 0.9 % other Hispanic or Latino origin . According to the 2010 -- 2015 American Community Survey , the largest ancestry groups were German ( 35.9 % ) , Irish ( 13.7 % ) , English ( 8.5 % ) , American ( 6.2 % ) , and Norwegian ( 5.2 % ) .", "Iowa 's population is more urban than rural , with 61 percent living in urban areas in 2000 , a trend that began in the early 20th century . Urban counties in Iowa grew 8.5 % from 2000 to 2008 , while rural counties declined by 4.2 % . The shift from rural to urban has caused population increases in more urbanized counties such as Dallas , Johnson , Linn , Polk , and Scott , at the expense of more rural counties .", "Iowa , in common with other Midwestern states ( especially Kansas , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota ) , is feeling the brunt of rural flight , although Iowa has been gaining population since approximately 1990 . Some smaller communities , such as Denison and Storm Lake , have mitigated this population loss through gains in immigrant laborers .", "Another demographic problem for Iowa is the brain drain , in which educated young adults leave the state in search of better prospects in higher education or employment . During the 1990s , Iowa had the second highest exodus rate for single , educated young adults , second only to North Dakota . Significant loss of educated young people contributes to economic stagnation and the loss of services for remaining citizens .", "Iowa 's largest cities and their surrounding areas Recorded by the United States Census Bureau Rank City 2014 city population 2010 city population Change Metropolitan Statistical Area 2016 metro population 2010 metro population 2016 metro change Des Moines 209,220 203,433 7000284467121853390 ♠ + 2.84 % Des Moines -- West Des Moines 634,725 569,633 7001114270065112099 ♠ + 11.43 % Cedar Rapids 129,195 126,326 7000227110808542980 ♠ + 2.27 % Cedar Rapids 267,799 257,940 7000382220671473990 ♠ + 3.82 % Davenport 104,589 99,685 7000491949641370320 ♠ + 4.92 % Quad Cities 386,630 379,090 7000198897359466090 ♠ + 1.99 % Sioux City 82,517 82,684 3000798026220308640 ♠ − 0.20 % Sioux City 168,806 168,563 6999144159750360400 ♠ + 0.14 % 5 Iowa City 73,415 67,862 7000818278270607999 ♠ + 8.18 % Iowa City 168,828 152,586 7001106444890094770 ♠ + 10.64 % 6 Waterloo 68,364 68,406 3001386018770283320 ♠ − 0.06 % Waterloo -- Cedar Falls 169,993 167,819 7000129544330498930 ♠ + 1.30 % 7 Council Bluffs 62,245 62,230 6998241041298409070 ♠ + 0.02 % Omaha -- Council Bluffs 924,129 865,350 7000679251170046800 ♠ + 6.79 % 8 West Des Moines 63,325 56,609 7001118638379056330 ♠ + 11.86 % Des Moines -- West Des Moines 611,549 9 Ames 63,266 58,965 7000729415755108960 ♠ + 7.29 % Ames 97,090 89,542 7000842956378012550 ♠ + 8.43 % 10 Dubuque 58,436 57,637 7000138626229678850 ♠ + 1.39 % Dubuque 96,370 93,653 7000290113504105580 ♠ + 2.90 % 11 Ankeny 53,801 45,582 7001180312404019130 ♠ + 18.03 % Des Moines -- West Des Moines 611,549 12 Urbandale 43,150 39,463 7000934292881940040 ♠ + 9.34 % Des Moines -- West Des Moines 611,549 13 Cedar Falls 40,859 39,260 7000407284768211919 ♠ + 4.07 % Waterloo -- Cedar Falls 169,993 14 Bettendorf 36,822 33,217 7001108528765391220 ♠ + 10.85 % Quad Cities 386,630 15 Marion 36,774 34,768 7000576967326277040 ♠ + 5.77 % Cedar Rapids 267,799", "Rank City 2014 city population 2010 city population Change Metropolitan Statistical Area 2016 metro population 2010 metro population 2016 metro change", "Des Moines 209,220 203,433 7000284467121853390 ♠ + 2.84 % Des Moines -- West Des Moines 634,725 569,633 7001114270065112099 ♠ + 11.43 %", "Cedar Rapids 129,195 126,326 7000227110808542980 ♠ + 2.27 % Cedar Rapids 267,799 257,940 7000382220671473990 ♠ + 3.82 %", "Davenport 104,589 99,685 7000491949641370320 ♠ + 4.92 % Quad Cities 386,630 379,090 7000198897359466090 ♠ + 1.99 %", "Sioux City 82,517 82,684 3000798026220308640 ♠ − 0.20 % Sioux City 168,806 168,563 6999144159750360400 ♠ + 0.14 %", "5 Iowa City 73,415 67,862 7000818278270607999 ♠ + 8.18 % Iowa City 168,828 152,586 7001106444890094770 ♠ + 10.64 %", "6 Waterloo 68,364 68,406 3001386018770283320 ♠ − 0.06 % Waterloo -- Cedar Falls 169,993 167,819 7000129544330498930 ♠ + 1.30 %", "7 Council Bluffs 62,245 62,230 6998241041298409070 ♠ + 0.02 % Omaha -- Council Bluffs 924,129 865,350 7000679251170046800 ♠ + 6.79 %", "8 West Des Moines 63,325 56,609 7001118638379056330 ♠ + 11.86 % Des Moines -- West Des Moines 611,549", "9 Ames 63,266 58,965 7000729415755108960 ♠ + 7.29 % Ames 97,090 89,542 7000842956378012550 ♠ + 8.43 %", "10 Dubuque 58,436 57,637 7000138626229678850 ♠ + 1.39 % Dubuque 96,370 93,653 7000290113504105580 ♠ + 2.90 %", "11 Ankeny 53,801 45,582 7001180312404019130 ♠ + 18.03 % Des Moines -- West Des Moines 611,549", "12 Urbandale 43,150 39,463 7000934292881940040 ♠ + 9.34 % Des Moines -- West Des Moines 611,549", "13 Cedar Falls 40,859 39,260 7000407284768211919 ♠ + 4.07 % Waterloo -- Cedar Falls 169,993", "14 Bettendorf 36,822 33,217 7001108528765391220 ♠ + 10.85 % Quad Cities 386,630", "15 Marion 36,774 34,768 7000576967326277040 ♠ + 5.77 % Cedar Rapids 267,799", "Note : Births in table do n't add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number .", "Live Births by Race / Ethnicity of Mother Race 2013 2014 2015 White : 35,240 ( 90.1 % ) 35,528 ( 89.5 % ) 35,279 ( 89.3 % ) Non-Hispanic White 32,302 ( 82.6 % ) 32,423 ( 81.7 % ) 32,028 ( 81.1 % ) Black 2,232 ( 5.7 % ) 2,467 ( 6.2 % ) 2,597 ( 6.6 % ) Asian 1,353 ( 3.5 % ) 1,408 ( 3.5 % ) 1,364 ( 3.4 % ) Native 269 ( 0.7 % ) 284 ( 0.7 % ) 242 ( 0.6 % ) Hispanic ( of any race ) 3,175 ( 8.1 % ) 3,315 ( 8.3 % ) 3,418 ( 8.6 % ) Total Iowa 39,094 ( 100 % ) 39,687 ( 100 % ) 39,482 ( 100 % )", "Race 2013 2014 2015", "White : 35,240 ( 90.1 % ) 35,528 ( 89.5 % ) 35,279 ( 89.3 % )", "Non-Hispanic White 32,302 ( 82.6 % ) 32,423 ( 81.7 % ) 32,028 ( 81.1 % )", "Black 2,232 ( 5.7 % ) 2,467 ( 6.2 % ) 2,597 ( 6.6 % )", "Asian 1,353 ( 3.5 % ) 1,408 ( 3.5 % ) 1,364 ( 3.4 % )", "Native 269 ( 0.7 % ) 284 ( 0.7 % ) 242 ( 0.6 % )", "Hispanic ( of any race ) 3,175 ( 8.1 % ) 3,315 ( 8.3 % ) 3,418 ( 8.6 % )", "Total Iowa 39,094 ( 100 % ) 39,687 ( 100 % ) 39,482 ( 100 % )", "Religion in Iowa ( 2014 ) religion percent Protestant 60 % No religion 21 % Catholic 18 % Muslim 1 % No answer 1 %", "Religion in Iowa ( 2014 )", "religion percent", "Protestant 60 %", "No religion 21 %", "Catholic 18 %", "Muslim 1 %", "No answer 1 %", "A 2001 survey from the City University of New York found 52 % of Iowans are Protestant , while 23 % are Catholic , and other religions made up 6 % . 13 % responded with non-religious , and 5 % did not answer . A survey from the Association of Religion Data Archives ( ARDA ) in 2010 found that the largest Protestant denominations were the United Methodist Church with 235,190 adherents and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 229,557 . The largest non Protestant religion was Catholicism with 503,080 adherents . The state has a great number of Reformed denominations . The Presbyterian Church ( USA ) had almost 290 congregations and 51,380 members followed by the Reformed Church in America with 80 churches and 40,000 members , and the United Church of Christ had 180 churches and 39,000 members .", "The study Religious Congregations & Membership : 2000 found in the southernmost two tiers of Iowa counties and in other counties in the center of the state , the largest religious group was the United Methodist Church ; in the northeast part of the state , including Dubuque and Linn counties ( where Cedar Rapids is located ) , the Catholic Church was the largest ; and in ten counties , including three in the northern tier , the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America was the largest . The study also found rapid growth in Evangelical Christian denominations . Dubuque is home to the Archdiocese of Dubuque , which serves as the ecclesiastical province for all 3 other dioceses in the state and for all the Catholics in the entire state of Iowa .", "Historically , religious sects and orders who desired to live apart from the rest of society established themselves in Iowa , such as the Amish and Mennonite near Kalona and in other parts of eastern Iowa such as Davis County and Buchanan County . Other religious sects and orders living apart include Quakers around West Branch and Le Grand , German Pietists who founded the Amana Colonies , followers of Transcendental Meditation who founded Maharishi Vedic City , and Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance monks and nuns at the New Melleray and Our Lady of the Mississippi Abbies near Dubuque .", "As of 2016 about 6,000 Jews live in Iowa , with about 3000 of them in Des Moines .", "English is the most common language used in Iowa , used by 94 % of the population . William Labov and colleagues , in the monumental Atlas of North American English found the English spoken in Iowa divides into multiple linguistic regions . Natives of northern Iowa -- including Sioux City , Fort Dodge , and the Waterloo region -- tend to speak the dialect linguists call North Central American English , which is also found in North and South Dakota , Minnesota , Wisconsin , and Michigan . Natives of central and southern Iowa -- including such cities as Council Bluffs , Davenport , Des Moines , and Iowa City -- tend to speak the North Midland dialect also found in eastern Nebraska , central Illinois , and central Indiana . Natives of East - Central Iowa -- including cities such as Cedar Rapids , Dubuque , and Clinton tend to speak with the Northern Cities Vowel Shift , a dialect that extends from this area and east across the Great Lakes Region .", "After English , Spanish is the second-most - common language spoken in Iowa , with 120,000 people in Iowa of Hispanic or Latino origin and 47,000 people born in Hispanic America . The third-most - common language is German , spoken by 17,000 people in Iowa ; two notable German dialects used in Iowa include Amana German spoken around the Amana Colonies , and Pennsylvania German , spoken among the Amish in Iowa . The Babel Proclamation of 1918 banned the speaking of German in public . Around Pella , residents of Dutch descent once spoke the Pella Dutch dialect .", "No other language is spoken by more than 0.5 percent of the Iowa population . The only indigenous language used regularly in Iowa is Meskwaki , used around the Meskwaki Settlement .", "Des Moines is the largest city in Iowa and the state 's political and economic center . It is home to the Iowa State Capitol , the State Historical Society of Iowa Museum , Drake University , Des Moines Art Center , Greater Des Moines Botanical Garden , Principal Riverwalk , the Iowa State Fair , Terrace Hill , and the World Food Prize . Nearby attractions include Adventureland and Prairie Meadows Racetrack Casino in Altoona , Living History Farms in Urbandale , Trainland USA in Colfax , and the Iowa Speedway and Valle Drive - In in Newton .", "Ames is the home of Iowa State University , the Iowa State Center , and Reiman Gardens .", "Boone hosts the biennial Farm Progress Show and is home to the Mamie Doud Eisenhower museum , the Boone & Scenic Valley Railroad , and Ledges State Park .", "The Meskwaki Settlement west of Tama is the only American Indian settlement in Iowa and is host to a large annual Pow - wow .", "The Clint Eastwood movie The Bridges of Madison County , based on the popular novel of the same name , took place and was filmed in Madison County . Also in Madison County is the John Wayne Birthplace Museum in Winterset .", "Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Newton , Indianola , Pella , Knoxville , Marshalltown , Perry , and Story City .", "Iowa City is home to the University of Iowa , which includes the Iowa Writers ' Workshop , and the Old Capitol building . Because of the extraordinary history in the teaching and sponsoring of creative writing that emanated from the Iowa Writers ' Workshop and related programs , Iowa City was the first American city designated by the United Nations as a `` City of Literature '' in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network .", "The Herbert Hoover National Historic Site and Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum are in West Branch .", "The Amana Colonies are a group of settlements of German Pietists comprising seven villages listed as National Historic Landmarks .", "The Cedar Rapids Museum of Art has collections of paintings by Grant Wood and Marvin Cone . Cedar Rapids is also home to the National Czech & Slovak Museum & Library and Iowa 's only National Trust for Historic Preservation Site , Brucemore mansion .", "Davenport boasts the Figge Art Museum , River Music Experience , Putnam Museum , Davenport Skybridge , Quad City Symphony Orchestra , Ballet Quad Cities , and plays host to the annual Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival , and the Quad City Air Show , which is the largest airshow in the state .", "Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include West Liberty , Fairfield , Burlington , Mount Pleasant , Fort Madison , LeClaire , Mount Vernon , Ottumwa , Washington , and Wilton .", "Along Interstate 80 near Walcott , Iowa lies the world 's largest truck stop , Iowa 80 .", "Some of the most dramatic scenery in Iowa is found in the unique Loess Hills . The Iowa Great Lakes include several resort areas such as Spirit Lake , Arnolds Park , and the Okoboji Lakes . The Sanford Museum and Planetarium in Cherokee , Grotto of the Redemption in West Bend , Arnolds Park Amusement Park ( one of the oldest amusement parks in the country ) in Arnolds Park , The Danish Immigrant Museum in Elk Horn , and the Fort Museum and Frontier Village in Fort Dodge are regional destinations .", "Every year in early May , the city of Orange City holds the annual Tulip Festival , a celebration of the strong Dutch heritage in the region .", "Sioux City boasts a revitalized downtown , attractions include the Sergeant Floyd Monument , Sergeant Floyd River Museum , and the Orpheum Theater .", "Council Bluffs , the major city of southwest Iowa , sits at the base of the Loess Hills National Scenic Byway . With three casino resorts , the city also includes such cultural attractions as the Western Hills Trails Center , Union Pacific Railroad Museum , the Grenville M. Dodge House , and the Lewis and Clark Monument .", "Northwest Iowa is home to some of the largest concentrations of wind turbine farms in the world . Other western communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Storm Lake , Spencer , Le Mars , Glenwood , Carroll , Atlantic , Red Oak , Denison , Creston , Mount Ayr , Sac City , and Walnut .", "The Driftless Area of northeast Iowa has many steep hills and deep valleys , checkered with forest and terraced fields . Effigy Mounds National Monument in Allamakee and Clayton Counties has the largest assemblage of animal - shaped prehistoric mounds in the world .", "Waterloo is home of the Grout Museum and is headquarters of the Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area . Cedar Falls is home of the University of Northern Iowa .", "Dubuque is a regional tourist destination with attractions such as the National Mississippi River Museum and Aquarium and the Port of Dubuque .", "Dyersville is home to the famed Field of Dreams baseball diamond . Maquoketa Caves State Park , near Maquoketa , contains more caves than any other state park .", "Fort Atkinson State Preserve in Fort Atkinson has the remains of an original 1840s Dragoon fortification .", "Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Decorah , McGregor , Mason City , Elkader , Guttenberg , Algona , Spillville , Charles City , and Independence .", "RAGBRAI -- the Register 's Annual Great Bike Ride Across Iowa -- attracts thousands of bicyclists and support personnel . It has crossed the state on various routes each year since 1973 . Iowa is home to more than 70 wineries , and hosts five regional wine tasting trails . Many Iowa communities hold farmers ' markets during warmer months ; these are typically weekly events , but larger cities can host multiple markets .", "CNBC 's list of `` Top States for Business in 2010 '' has recognized Iowa as the sixth best state in the nation . Scored in 10 individual categories , Iowa was ranked 1st when it came to the `` Cost of Doing Business '' ; this includes all taxes , utility costs , and other costs associated with doing business . Iowa was also ranked 10th in `` Economy '' , 12th in `` Business Friendliness '' , 16th in `` Education '' , 17th in both `` Cost of Living '' and `` Quality of Life '' , 20th in `` Workforce '' , 29th in `` Technology and Innovation '' , 32nd in `` Transportation '' and the lowest ranking was 36th in `` Access to Capital '' .", "While Iowa is often viewed as a farming state , in reality agriculture is a small portion of a diversified economy , with manufacturing , biotechnology , finance and insurance services , and government services contributing substantially to Iowa 's economy . This economic diversity has helped Iowa weather the late 2000s recession better than most states , with unemployment substantially lower than the rest of the nation .", "If the economy is measured by gross domestic product , in 2005 Iowa 's GDP was about US $124 billion . If measured by gross state product , for 2005 it was US $113.5 billion . Its per capita income for 2006 was US $23,340 .", "On July 2 , 2009 , Standard and Poor 's rated the state of Iowa 's credit as AAA ( the highest of its credit ratings , held by only 11 U.S. state governments ) .", "As of December 2015 , the state 's unemployment rate is 3.4 % .", "Manufacturing is the largest sector of Iowa 's economy , with $20.8 billion ( 21 % ) of Iowa 's 2003 gross state product . Major manufacturing sectors include food processing , heavy machinery , and agricultural chemicals . Sixteen percent of Iowa 's workforce is dedicated to manufacturing .", "Food processing is the largest component of manufacturing . Besides processed food , industrial outputs include machinery , electric equipment , chemical products , publishing , and primary metals . Companies with direct or indirect processing facilities in Iowa include ConAgra Foods , Wells Blue Bunny , Barilla , Heinz , Tone 's Spices , General Mills , and Quaker Oats . Meatpacker Tyson Foods has 11 locations , second only to its headquarter state Arkansas .", "Major non-food manufacturing firms with production facilities in Iowa include 3M , ALCOA , Amana Corporation , Dexter Apache Holdings , Inc. , Electrolux / Frigidaire , Emerson Process Management , Fisher Controls International , Hagie Manufacturing Company , HON Industries , The HON Company , SSAB , John Deere , Lennox Manufacturing , Maytag Corporation , Pella Corporation , Procter & Gamble , Rockwell Collins , Terex , Vermeer Company , and Winnebago Industries .", "Directly and indirectly , agriculture has been a major component of Iowa 's economy . As of 2007 the direct production and sale of raw agricultural products contributed only about 3.5 % of Iowa 's gross state product . In 2002 the impact of the indirect role of agriculture in Iowa 's economy , including agriculture - affiliated business , was calculated at 16.4 % in terms of value added and 24.3 % in terms of total output . This was lower than the economic impact of non-farm manufacturing , which accounted for 22.4 % of total value added and 26.5 % of total output . Iowa 's main agricultural products are hogs , corn , soybeans , oats , cattle , eggs , and dairy products . Iowa is the nation 's largest producer of ethanol and corn and some years is the largest grower of soybeans . In 2008 , the 92,600 farms in Iowa produced 19 % of the nation 's corn , 17 % of the soybeans , 30 % of the hogs , and 14 % of the eggs .", "As of 2009 major Iowa agricultural product processors include Archer Daniels Midland , Ajinomoto , Cargill , Inc. , Diamond V Mills , Garst Seed Company , Heartland Pork Enterprises , Hy - Vee , Monsanto Company , Pioneer Hi - Bred International , and Quaker Oats .", "As of 2014 , there were 16 organizations offering health insurance products in Iowa , per the State of Iowa Insurance Division . Iowa was the 4th out of 10 states with the biggest drop in competition levels of health insurance between 2010 and 2011 , per the 2013 annual report on the level of competition in the health insurance industry by the American Medical Association using 2011 data from HealthLeaders - Interstudy , the most comprehensive source of data on enrollment in health maintenance organization ( HMO ) , preferred provider organization ( PPO ) , point - of - service ( POS ) and consumer - driven health care plans . According to the AMA annual report from 2007 Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield had provided 71 % of the state 's health insurance .", "The Iowa Insurance Division `` Annual report to the Iowa Governor and the Iowa Legislature '' from November 2014 looked at the 95 % of health insurers by premium , which are 10 companies . It found Wellmark Inc. to dominate the 3 health insurance markets it examined ( individual , small group and large group ) at 52 - 67 % . Wellmark HealthPlan of Iowa and Wellmark Inc had the highest risk - based capital percentages of all 10 providers at 1158 % and 1132 % , respectively . Rising RBC is an indication of profits .", "Iowa has a strong financial and insurance sector , with approximately 6,100 firms , including AEGON , Nationwide Group , Aviva USA , Farm Bureau Financial Services , Voya Financial , Marsh Affinity Group , MetLife , Principal Financial Group , Principal Capital Management , Wells Fargo , and Wells Fargo Financial Services .", "Iowa is host to at least two business incubators , Iowa State University Research Park and the BioVentures Center at the University of Iowa . The Research Park hosts about 50 companies , among them NewLink Genetics , which develops cancer immunotherapeutics , and the U.S. animal health division of Boehringer Ingelheim , Vetmedica .", "Ethanol production consumes approximately one - third of Iowa 's corn production , and renewable fuels account for 8 % of the state 's gross domestic product . A total of 39 ethanol plants produced 3.1 billion US gallons ( 12,000,000 m ) of fuel in 2009 .", "Renewable energy has become a major economic force in northern and western Iowa , with wind turbine electrical generation increasing exponentally since 1990 . In 2010 , wind power in Iowa accounted for 15.4 % of electrical energy produced , and 3675 megawatts of generating capacity had been installed at the end of the year . Iowa ranked first of U.S. states in percentage of total power generated by wind and second in wind generating capacity behind Texas . Major producers of turbines and components in Iowa include Acciona Energy of West Branch , TPI Composites of Newton , and Siemens Energy of Fort Madison .", "In 2016 , Iowa was the headquarters for three of the top 2,000 companies for revenue . They include Principal Financial , Rockwell Collins , and American Equity Investment . Iowa is also headquarters to other companies including Hy - Vee , Pella Corporation , Vermeer Company , Kum & Go gas stations , Von Maur , Pioneer Hi - Bred , and Fareway .", "Iowa imposes taxes on net state income of individuals , estates , and trusts . There are nine income tax brackets , ranging from 0.36 % to 8.98 % , as well as four corporate income tax brackets ranging from 6 - 12 % , giving Iowa the country 's highest marginal corporate tax rate . The state sales tax rate is 6 % , with non-prepared food having no tax . Iowa has one local option sales tax that may be imposed by counties after an election . Property tax is levied on the taxable value of real property . Iowa has more than 2,000 taxing authorities . Most property is taxed by more than one taxing authority . The tax rate differs in each locality and is a composite of county , city or rural township , school district and special levies . Iowa allows its residents to deduct their federal income taxes from their state income taxes .", "Iowa has four primary interstate highways . Interstate 29 ( I - 29 ) travels along the state 's western edge through Council Bluffs and Sioux City . I - 35 travels from the Missouri state line to the Minnesota state line through the state 's center , including Des Moines . I - 74 begins at I - 80 just northeast of Davenport . I - 80 travels from the Nebraska state line to the Illinois state line through the center of the state , including Council Bluffs , Des Moines , Iowa City , and the Quad Cities . I - 380 is an auxiliary Interstate Highway , which travels from I - 80 near Iowa City through Cedar Rapids ending in Waterloo and is part of the Avenue of the Saints highway . Iowa is among the few jurisdictions where municipalities install speed cameras on interstate highways providing a substantial revenue source from out of state drivers .", "Iowa is served by several regional airports including the Des Moines International Airport , the Eastern Iowa Airport , in Cedar Rapids , Quad City International Airport , in Moline , Illinois , and Eppley Airfield , in Omaha , Nebraska . Smaller airports in the state include the Davenport Municipal Airport ( Iowa ) , Dubuque Regional Airport , Fort Dodge Regional Airport , Mason City Municipal Airport , Sioux Gateway Airport , Southeast Iowa Regional Airport , and Waterloo Regional Airport .", "Amtrak 's California Zephyr serves the south of Iowa with stops at Burlington , Mount Pleasant , Ottumwa , Osceola , and Creston on its daily route between Chicago and Emeryville , California ( across the bay from San Francisco ) . Fort Madison is served by Amtrak 's Southwest Chief , running daily between Chicago and Los Angeles .", "See : Governor of Iowa , Iowa General Assembly , and Iowa State Capitol", "See : Governor of Iowa , Iowa General Assembly , and Iowa State Capitol", "As of 2017 the Governor of Iowa is Kim Reynolds ( R ) .", "Other statewide elected officials are :", "Adam Gregg ( R ) -- Lieutenant Governor Paul Pate ( R ) -- Secretary of State Mary Mosiman ( R ) -- Auditor of State Michael Fitzgerald ( D ) -- Treasurer of State Bill Northey ( R ) -- Secretary of Agriculture Tom Miller ( D ) -- Attorney General", "Adam Gregg ( R ) -- Lieutenant Governor", "Paul Pate ( R ) -- Secretary of State", "Mary Mosiman ( R ) -- Auditor of State", "Michael Fitzgerald ( D ) -- Treasurer of State", "Bill Northey ( R ) -- Secretary of Agriculture", "Tom Miller ( D ) -- Attorney General", "The Code of Iowa contains Iowa 's statutory laws . It is periodically updated by the Iowa Legislative Service Bureau , with a new edition published in odd - numbered years and a supplement published in even - numbered years .", "Iowa is an alcohol monopoly or alcoholic beverage control state .", "The two U.S. Senators :", "Chuck Grassley ( R ) , in office since 1981 Joni Ernst ( R ) , in office since 2015", "Chuck Grassley ( R ) , in office since 1981", "Joni Ernst ( R ) , in office since 2015", "The four U.S. Congressmen :", "Rod Blum ( R ) -- First district Dave Loebsack ( D ) -- Second district David Young ( R ) -- Third district Steve King ( R ) -- Fourth district", "Rod Blum ( R ) -- First district", "Dave Loebsack ( D ) -- Second district", "David Young ( R ) -- Third district", "Steve King ( R ) -- Fourth district", "After the 2010 census and the resulting redistricting , Iowa lost one seat , falling to 4 seats in the House of Representatives . Incumbent congressmen Leonard Boswell ( D ) and Tom Latham ( R ) ran against each other in the new Third district ; Latham won . Steve King represented the old Fifth district .", "In Iowa , the term `` political party '' refers to political organizations which have received two percent or more of the votes cast for president or governor in the `` last preceding general election '' . Iowa recognizes two political parties -- the Republican Party and the Democratic Party . Third parties , officially termed `` nonparty political organizations '' , can appear on the ballot as well . Five of these have had candidates on the ballot in Iowa since 2004 for various positions : the Constitution Party , the Green Party , the Libertarian Party , the Pirate Party , and the Socialist Workers Party .", "Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 51.15 % 800,983 41.74 % 653,669 2012 46.18 % 730,617 51.99 % 822,544 2008 44.74 % 677,508 54.04 % 818,240 49.92 % 751,957 49.28 % 741,898 2000 48.22 % 634,373 48.60 % 638,517 39.92 % 492,644 50.31 % 620,258 37.33 % 504,890 43.35 % 586,353 44.8 % 545,355 55.1 % 670,557 1984 53.32 % 703,088 45.97 % 605,620", "Year Republican Democratic", "2016 51.15 % 800,983 41.74 % 653,669", "2012 46.18 % 730,617 51.99 % 822,544", "2008 44.74 % 677,508 54.04 % 818,240", "49.92 % 751,957 49.28 % 741,898", "2000 48.22 % 634,373 48.60 % 638,517", "39.92 % 492,644 50.31 % 620,258", "37.33 % 504,890 43.35 % 586,353", "44.8 % 545,355 55.1 % 670,557", "1984 53.32 % 703,088 45.97 % 605,620", "As a result of the 2010 elections , each party controls one house of the Iowa General Assembly : the House has a Republican majority , while the Senate has a Democratic majority . Since the defeat of incumbent Democrat Chet Culver in 2010 , Iowa 's governor has been Republican Terry Branstad , who served as governor from 1983 to 1999 . On December 14 , 2015 , Branstad became the longest serving governor in US history , serving ( at that time ) 20 years , 11 months , and 3 days ; eclipsing George Clinton ( vice president ) , who served 21 years until 1804 .", "As of February 1 , 2016 , there were 2,095,639 registered voters .", "The state gets considerable attention every four years because the Iowa caucus , gatherings of voters to select delegates to the state conventions , is the first presidential caucus in the country . The caucuses , held in January or February of the election year , involve people gathering in homes or public places and choosing their candidates , rather than casting secret ballots as is done in a presidential primary election . Along with the New Hampshire primary the following week , Iowa 's caucuses have become the starting points for choosing the two major - party candidates for president . The national and international media give Iowa and New Hampshire extensive attention , which gives Iowa voters leverage . Those who enter the caucus race often expend enormous effort to reach voters in each of Iowa 's 99 counties .", "In the 19th century Iowa was among the earliest states to enact prohibitions against race discrimination , especially in education , but was slow to achieve full integration in the 20th century . In the very first decision of the Supreme Court of Iowa -- In Re the Matter of Ralph , decided July 1839 -- the Court rejected slavery in a decision that found a slave named Ralph became free when he stepped on Iowa soil , 26 years before the end of the Civil War . The state did away with racial barriers to marriage in 1851 , more than 100 years before the U.S. Supreme Court would ban miscegenation statutes nationwide .", "The Iowa Supreme Court decided Clark v . The Board of Directors in 1868 , ruling that racially segregated `` separate but equal '' schools had no place in Iowa , 85 years before Brown v. Board of Education . By 1875 , a number of additional court rulings effectively ended segregation in Iowa schools . Social and housing discrimination continued against Blacks at state universities until the 1950s . The Court heard Coger v . The North Western Union Packet Co. in 1873 , ruling against racial discrimination in public accommodations 91 years before the U.S. Supreme Court reached the same decision .", "In 1884 , the Iowa Civil Rights Act apparently outlawed discrimination by businesses , reading : `` All persons within this state shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations , advantages , facilities , and privileges of inns , restaurants , chophouses , eating houses , lunch counters , and all other places where refreshments are served , public conveyances , barber shops , bathhouses , theaters , and all other places of amusement . '' However , the courts chose to narrowly apply this act , allowing de facto discrimination to continue . Racial discrimination at public businesses was not deemed illegal until 1949 , when the court ruled in State of Iowa v. Katz that businesses had to serve customers regardless of race ; the case began when Edna Griffin was denied service at a Des Moines drugstore . Full racial civil rights were codified under the Iowa Civil Rights Act of 1965 .", "As with racial equality , Iowa was a vanguard in women 's rights in the mid-19th century , but was slow to give women the right to vote . In 1847 , the University of Iowa became the first public university in the U.S. to admit men and women on an equal basis . In 1869 , Iowa became the first state in the union to admit women to the practice of law , with the Court ruling women may not be denied the right to practice law in Iowa and admitting Arabella A. Mansfield to the practice of law . Several attempts to grant full voting rights to Iowa women were defeated between 1870 and 1919 . In 1894 women were given `` partial suffrage '' , which allowed them to vote on issues , but not for candidates . It was not until the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1920 that women had full suffrage in Iowa . Although Iowa supported the Federal Equal Rights Amendment , in 1980 and 1992 Iowa voters rejected an Equal Rights Amendment to the state constitution . Iowa did add the word `` women '' to the Iowa Constitution in 1998 . After Amendment , it reads : `` All men and women are , by nature , free and equal , and have certain inalienable rights -- among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty , acquiring , possessing and protecting property , and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness . ''", "In the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement , court decisions in Iowa clarified and expanded citizens ' rights . The landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 1969 ) confirmed the right of students to express political views . The state 's law criminalizing same - sex sexual activity was repealed in June 1976 , 27 years before Lawrence v. Texas .", "On April 3 , 2009 , the Iowa Supreme Court decided Varnum v. Brien , holding in a unanimous decision , the state 's law forbidding same - sex marriage was unconstitutional . This made Iowa the third state in the U.S. and first in the Midwest to permit same - sex marriage . ( See LGBT rights in Iowa . )", "Iowa has nine official partner jurisdictions :", "Yamanashi Prefecture , Japan ( 1960 ) Yucatán , Mexico ( 1964 ) Hebei Province , People 's Republic of China ( 1983 ) Terengganu , Malaysia ( 1987 ) Taiwan , Republic of China ( 1989 ) Stavropol Krai , USSR / Russia ( 1989 ) Cherkasy Oblast , Ukraine ( 1996 ) Veneto Region , Italy ( 1997 ) Republic of Kosovo ( 2013 )", "Yamanashi Prefecture , Japan ( 1960 )", "Yucatán , Mexico ( 1964 )", "Hebei Province , People 's Republic of China ( 1983 )", "Terengganu , Malaysia ( 1987 )", "Taiwan , Republic of China ( 1989 )", "Stavropol Krai , USSR / Russia ( 1989 )", "Cherkasy Oblast , Ukraine ( 1996 )", "Veneto Region , Italy ( 1997 )", "Republic of Kosovo ( 2013 )", "Iowa is often credited with the start of the high school movement in the U.S. Around 1910 , secondary schools as we know them today were established across the state , which was unprecedented at the time . As the high school movement gathered pace and went beyond Iowa , there was clear evidence of how more time spent in school led to greater income .", "The four - year graduation rate for high schoolers was 90 % in 2015 . The state has the top graduation rate in the nation . Iowa has 365 school districts , and has the 12th lowest student - to - teacher ratio of 13.8 . Teacher pay is ranked 42nd , with the average salary being $39,284 .", "The Iowa State Board of Education works with the Iowa Department of Education to provide oversight , supervision , and support for the state 's education system that includes all public elementary and secondary schools , nonpublic schools that receive state accreditation , area education agencies , community colleges , and teacher preparation programs . The State Board consists of ten members : nine voting members who are appointed by the governor for six - year terms and subject to Senate confirmation ; and one nonvoting student member who serves a one - year term , also appointed by the governor . The Iowa Board of Educational Examiners is an autonomous board in control of teacher licensure standards and professional discipline ; it has a majority of licensed teachers as members and is the oldest state educational board .", "The Iowa Board of Regents is composed of nine citizen volunteers appointed by the governor to provide policymaking , coordination , and oversight of the state 's public universities , two special K - 12 schools , and affiliated centers .", "Iowa 's three public universities include :", "Iowa State University , Ames University of Iowa , Iowa City University of Northern Iowa , Cedar Falls", "Iowa State University , Ames", "University of Iowa , Iowa City", "University of Northern Iowa , Cedar Falls", "The special K - 12 schools include the Iowa School for the Deaf in Council Bluffs and the Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School in Vinton . Both Iowa State University and the University of Iowa are major research institutions and members of the prestigious Association of American Universities . In addition to the three state universities , Iowa has multiple private colleges and universities .", "Private colleges and universities include :", "Buena Vista University , Storm Lake Clarke University , Dubuque Des Moines University , Des Moines Divine Word College , Epworth Drake University , Des Moines Emmaus Bible College , Dubuque Faith Baptist Bible College and Theological Seminary , Ankeny Graceland University , Lamoni Iowa Wesleyan College , Mount Pleasant Kaplan University , Cedar Falls , Cedar Rapids , Council Bluffs , Davenport , Mason City , and Urbandale Loras College , Dubuque Maharishi University of Management , Fairfield Mount Mercy University , Cedar Rapids Palmer College of Chiropractic , Davenport Saint Ambrose University , Davenport University of Dubuque , Dubuque Upper Iowa University , Fayette Waldorf College , Forest City William Penn University , Oskaloosa", "Buena Vista University , Storm Lake", "Clarke University , Dubuque", "Des Moines University , Des Moines", "Divine Word College , Epworth", "Drake University , Des Moines", "Emmaus Bible College , Dubuque", "Faith Baptist Bible College and Theological Seminary , Ankeny", "Graceland University , Lamoni", "Iowa Wesleyan College , Mount Pleasant", "Kaplan University , Cedar Falls , Cedar Rapids , Council Bluffs , Davenport , Mason City , and Urbandale", "Loras College , Dubuque", "Maharishi University of Management , Fairfield", "Mount Mercy University , Cedar Rapids", "Palmer College of Chiropractic , Davenport", "Saint Ambrose University , Davenport", "University of Dubuque , Dubuque", "Upper Iowa University , Fayette", "Waldorf College , Forest City", "William Penn University , Oskaloosa", "Private liberal arts colleges include :", "Ashford University , Clinton Briar Cliff University , Sioux City Central College , Pella Coe College , Cedar Rapids Cornell College , Mount Vernon Dordt College , Sioux Center Grand View University , Des Moines Grinnell College , Grinnell Loras College , Dubuque Luther College , Decorah Morningside College , Sioux City Northwestern College , Orange City Simpson College , Indianola Wartburg College , Waverly", "Ashford University , Clinton", "Briar Cliff University , Sioux City", "Central College , Pella", "Coe College , Cedar Rapids", "Cornell College , Mount Vernon", "Dordt College , Sioux Center", "Grand View University , Des Moines", "Grinnell College , Grinnell", "Loras College , Dubuque", "Luther College , Decorah", "Morningside College , Sioux City", "Northwestern College , Orange City", "Simpson College , Indianola", "Wartburg College , Waverly", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 )", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 )", "The state has four major college teams playing in Division I for all sports . In football , Iowa State University and the University of Iowa compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , whereas the University of Northern Iowa and Drake University compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Although Iowa has no professional major league sports teams , Iowa has minor league sports teams in baseball , basketball , hockey , and other sports .", "The following table shows the Iowa sports teams with average attendance over 8,000 . All of the following teams are NCAA Division I football teams or basketball teams :", "Iowa sports teams ( attendance > 8,000 ) Team Location Attendance Iowa Hawkeyes football Iowa City 67,512 Iowa State Cyclones football Ames 52,197 Iowa Hawkeyes men 's basketball Iowa City 14,976 Iowa State Cyclones men 's basketball Ames 14,192 Northern Iowa Panthers football Cedar Falls 12,490 Iowa State Cyclones women 's basketball Ames 9,289", "Team Location Attendance", "Iowa Hawkeyes football Iowa City 67,512", "Iowa State Cyclones football Ames 52,197", "Iowa Hawkeyes men 's basketball Iowa City 14,976", "Iowa State Cyclones men 's basketball Ames 14,192", "Northern Iowa Panthers football Cedar Falls 12,490", "Iowa State Cyclones women 's basketball Ames 9,289", "The state has four NCAA Division I college teams . In NCAA FBS , the University of Iowa Hawkeyes play in the Big Ten Conference and the Iowa State University Cyclones compete in the Big 12 Conference . The two intrastate rivals compete annually for the Cy - Hawk Trophy as part of the Iowa Corn Cy - Hawk Series .", "In NCAA FCS , the University of Northern Iowa Panthers play at the Missouri Valley Conference and Missouri Valley Football Conference ( despite the similar names , the conferences are administratively separate ) , whereas the Drake University Bulldogs play at the Missouri Valley Conference in most sports and Pioneer League for football .", "Des Moines is home to the Iowa Cubs , a Class AAA team in the Pacific Coast League and affiliate of the Chicago Cubs . Iowa has four Class A minor league teams in the Midwest League : the Burlington Bees , Cedar Rapids Kernels , Clinton LumberKings , and the Quad Cities River Bandits . The Sioux City Explorers are part of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball .", "Des Moines is home to the Iowa Wild , who are affiliated with the Minnesota Wild and are members of the American Hockey League . The Quad City Mallards games are played in Moline , Illinois as part of the ECHL .", "The United States Hockey League has five teams in Iowa : the Cedar Rapids RoughRiders , Sioux City Musketeers , Waterloo Black Hawks , Des Moines Buccaneers , and the Dubuque Fighting Saints . The North Iowa Bulls play in the North American 3 Hockey League in Mason City .", "The Des Moines Menace of the USL Premier Development League play their home games at Valley Stadium in West Des Moines , Iowa . Starting in the 2015 - 16 season of the Major Arena Soccer League , the Cedar Rapids Rampage plays in the U.S. Cellular Center . As well as the Cedar Rapids Rampage United plays at Kingston Stadium .", "Iowa has two professional basketball teams . The Iowa Wolves , an NBA G League team that plays in Des Moines , is owned and affiliated with the Minnesota Timberwolves of the NBA . The Sioux City Hornets play in the American Basketball Association .", "Iowa has three professional football teams . The Sioux City Bandits play in the Champions Indoor Football league . The Iowa Barnstormers play in the Indoor Football League at Wells Fargo Arena in Des Moines . The Cedar Rapids Titans play in the Indoor Football League at the U.S. Cellular Center .", "The Iowa Speedway oval track has hosted auto racing championships such as the IndyCar Series , NASCAR Nationwide Series and NASCAR Truck Series since 2006 . Also , the Knoxville Raceway dirt track hosts the Knoxville Nationals , one of the classic sprint car racing events .", "The John Deere Classic is a PGA Tour golf event held in the Quad Cities since 1971 . The Principal Charity Classic is a Champions Tour event since 2001 . The Des Moines Golf and Country Club hosted the 1999 U.S. Senior Open and has scheduled the 2017 Solheim Cup .", "Iowa was the birthplace of U.S. President Herbert Hoover , Vice President Henry A. Wallace , and two first ladies , Lou Henry Hoover and Mamie Eisenhower . Other national leaders who lived in Iowa include President Ronald Reagan , President Richard Nixon , John L. Lewis , Harry Hopkins , Carrie Chapman Catt , Jefferson Davis , Chief Black Hawk , and John Brown .", "Five Nobel Prize winners hail from Iowa : Norman Borlaug , recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize ; Thomas Cech , recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry ; Alan J. Heeger , also a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry ; John Mott , recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize ; and Stanley B. Prusiner , recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Other notable scientists who worked or were born in Iowa include astronomer and space pioneer James A. Van Allen , ecologist Aldo Leopold , computer pioneer John Vincent Atanasoff , inventor and plant scientist George Washington Carver , geochemist Clair Cameron Patterson , and Intel founder Robert Noyce .", "Notable writers , artists , and news personalities from Iowa include Bill Bryson , Corey Taylor , George Gallup , Susan Glaspell , Mauricio Lasansky , Tomas Lasansky , Harry Reasoner , Phil Stong , and Grant Wood .", "Musicians , actors , and entertainers from Iowa include Tom Arnold , Bix Beiderbecke , Johnny Carson , Tionne Watkins of TLC ( group ) , Buffalo Bill Cody , Simon Estes , Nathan Jonas Jordison , Corey Taylor , Shawn Crahan , William Frawley , Charlie Haden , Ashton Kutcher , Cloris Leachman , Glenn Miller , Kate Mulgrew , Eric Christian Olsen , Donna Reed , George Reeves , Brandon Routh , Jean Seberg , John Wayne , Brooks Wheelan , Andy Williams , Meredith Willson , and Elijah Wood .", "Olympic gold medal winning athletes from Iowa include Tom Brands , Dan Gable , Shawn Johnson , and Cael Sanderson . Iowa athletes inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame include Cap Anson , Fred Clarke , and Bob Feller . In college football , Jay Berwanger was the first winner of the Downtown Athletic Club Trophy in 1935 , later renamed the Heisman Trophy and won by Nile Kinnick in 1939 . In professional football , Kurt Warner was the Super Bowl XXXIV MVP winner and a two - time NFL MVP award winner . Frank Gotch was a World Heavyweight Wrestling Champion , Zach Johnson won the 2007 Masters Golf Tournament and the 2015 British Open , and Jeremy Hellickson won the 2011 American League Rookie of the Year award pitching for the Tampa Bay Rays . Former WWE Heavyweight Champion , Seth Rollins , is from Davenport , IA ." ]
Iowa - wikipedia Iowa Jump to: navigation , search For other uses, see Iowa (disambiguation) . State of Iowa Flag Seal Nickname(s) : Hawkeye State Motto(s) : Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain. Official language English Demonym Iowan Capital ( and largest city ) Des Moines Largest metro Des Moines metropolitan area Area Ranked 26th Total 56,272.81 sq mi (145,746 km ) Width 200 miles (322 km) Length 310 miles (499 km) % water 0.70 Latitude 40° 23′ N to 43° 30′ N Longitude 90° 8′ W to 96° 38′ W Population Ranked 30th Total 3,134,693 (2016 est.) Density 54.8/sq mi (21.2/km ) Ranked 36th Median household income $60,855 (16th) Elevation Highest point Hawkeye Point 1,671 ft (509 m) Mean 1,100 ft (340 m) Lowest point Confluence of Mississippi River and Des Moines River 480 ft (146 m) Before statehood Iowa Territory Admission to Union December 28, 1846 (29th) Governor Kim Reynolds ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Adam Gregg (R, Acting) Legislature Iowa General Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Chuck Grassley (R) Joni Ernst (R) U.S. House delegation 1 : Rod Blum (R) 2 : Dave Loebsack ( D ) 3 : David Young (R) 4 : Steve King (R) ( list ) Time zone Central : UTC -6 / -5 ISO 3166 US-IA Abbreviations IA Website www.iowa.gov ( show ) Iowa state symbols The Flag of Iowa The Seal of Iowa Living insignia Bird Eastern goldfinch Flower Wild rose Grass Pseudoroegneria spicata Tree Bur oak Inanimate insignia Motto Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain. Rock Geode Song The Song of Iowa State route marker State quarter Released in 2004 Lists of United States state symbols Iowa ( / ˈaɪ. əwə / ( listen ) ) is a state in the Midwestern United States , bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west. Surrounding states include Wisconsin to the northeast, Illinois to the east, Missouri to the south, Nebraska to the west, South Dakota to the northwest, and Minnesota to the north. In colonial times, Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana ; its state flag is patterned after the flag of France . After the Louisiana Purchase , people laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt . In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy made the transition to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, information technology, biotechnology, and green energy production. Iowa is the 26th most extensive in land area and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city by population is Des Moines . Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Its nickname is the Hawkeye State . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 2.1 Boundaries 2.2 Geology and terrain 2.3 Ecology and environment 3 Climate 4 Prehistory 5 History 5.1 Early exploration and trade, 1673-- 1808 5.2 War of 1812 and unstable U.S. control 5.3 Trade and Indian removal, 1814-- 1832 5.4 U.S. settlement and statehood, 1832-- 1860 5.5 Civil War, 1861-- 1865 5.6 Agricultural expansion, 1865-- 1930 5.7 Depression, World War II, and the rise of manufacturing, 1930-- 1985 5.8 Reemergence as a mixed economy, 1985-- present 6 Demographics 6.1 Population 6.2 Settlement 6.3 Birth data 6.4 Religion 6.5 Language 7 Attractions 7.1 Central Iowa 7.2 Eastern Iowa 7.3 Western Iowa 7.4 Northeast and Northern Iowa 7.5 Statewide 8 Economy 8.1 Manufacturing 8.2 Agriculture 8.3 Health insurance 8.4 Other sectors 8.5 Taxation 9 Transportation 9.1 Interstate highways 9.2 Airports with scheduled flights 9.3 Railroads 10 Law and government 10.1 State 10.2 National 10.3 Political parties 10.4 Voter trends 10.5 Presidential caucus 10.6 Civil rights 11 Sister jurisdictions 12 Education 12.1 Primary and secondary schools 12.2 Colleges and universities 13 Culture 13.1 Arts 13.2 Sports 13.2.1 College sports 13.2.2 Baseball 13.2.3 Ice hockey 13.2.4 Soccer 13.2.5 Other sports 14 Iowans 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links Etymology Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many Native American tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Geography Main article: Geography of Iowa Boundaries See also: List of counties in Iowa Topography of Iowa, with counties and major streams Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east; the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west; the northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude. The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not-quite-straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa (1849) after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War . Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed entirely by rivers. Iowa has 99 counties , but 100 county seats because Lee County has two. The state capital, Des Moines , is in Polk County . Geology and terrain DeSoto Lake at DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge Fountain Springs Park in Delaware County, Iowa Iowa's bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east. In northwest Iowa, Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old; in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c. 500 million years ago. Iowa is generally not flat; most of the state consists of rolling hills. Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation , soils , topography , and river drainage. Loess hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick. Northeast Iowa along the Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Zone , consisting of steep hills and valleys which appear almost mountainous. Several natural lakes exist, most notably Spirit Lake , West Okoboji Lake , and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa ( see Iowa Great Lakes ). To the east lies Clear Lake . Man-made lakes include Lake Odessa, Saylorville Lake , Lake Red Rock , Coralville Lake , Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake. The state's northwest area has many remnants of the once common wetlands, such as Barringer Slough . Ecology and environment Main article: Environment of Iowa Iowa's natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in upland areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys, and pothole wetlands in northern prairie areas. Most of Iowa is used for agriculture; crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands (mostly pasture and hay with some prairie and wetland) cover 30%, and forests cover 7%; urban areas and water cover another 1% each. There is a dearth of natural areas in Iowa; less than 1% of the tallgrass prairie that once covered most of Iowa remains intact; only about 5% of the state's prairie pothole wetlands remain, and most of the original forest has been lost. As of 2005 Iowa ranked 49th of U.S. states in public land holdings. Threatened or endangered animals in Iowa include the interior least tern , piping plover , Indiana bat , pallid sturgeon , the Iowa Pleistocene land snail , Higgins' eye pearly mussel , and the Topeka shiner . Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid , eastern prairie fringed orchid , Mead's milkweed , prairie bush clover , and northern wild monkshood . The explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality. Other factors negatively affecting Iowa's environment include the extensive use of older coal-fired power plants, fertilizer and pesticide runoff from crop production, and diminishment of the Jordan Aquifer . Climate Köppen climate types in Iowa Iowa annual rainfall, in inches Iowa has a humid continental climate throughout the state ( Köppen climate classification Dfa ) with extremes of both heat and cold. The average annual temperature at Des Moines is 50 ° F (10 ° C); for some locations in the north the figure is under 45 ° F (7 ° C), while Keokuk , on the Mississippi River , averages 52 ° F (11 ° C). Winters are often harsh and snowfall is common. Spring ushers in the beginning of the severe weather season. Iowa averages about 50 days of thunderstorm activity per year. The 30 year annual average Tornadoes in Iowa is 47. In 2008 , twelve people were killed by tornadoes in Iowa, making it the deadliest year since 1968 and also the second most tornadoes in a year with 105, matching the total from 2001. Iowa summers are known for heat and humidity, with daytime temperatures sometimes near 90 ° F (32 ° C) and occasionally exceeding 100 ° F (38 ° C). Average winters in the state have been known to drop well below freezing, even dropping below − 18 ° F (− 28 ° C). Iowa's all-time hottest temperature of 118 ° F (48 ° C) was recorded at Keokuk on July 20, 1934; the all-time lowest temperature of − 47 ° F (− 44 ° C) was recorded at Elkader on February 3, 1996. Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Iowa cities (° F) City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Davenport 30/13 36/19 48/29 61/41 72/52 81/63 85/68 83/66 76/57 65/45 48/32 35/20 Des Moines 31/14 36/19 49/30 62/41 72/52 82/62 86/67 84/65 76/55 63/43 48/31 34/18 Keokuk 34/17 39/21 50/30 63/42 73/52 83/62 87/67 85/65 78/56 66/44 51/33 33/21 Mason City 24/6 29/12 41/23 57/35 69/46 79/57 82/61 80/58 73/49 60/37 43/25 28/11 Sioux City 31/10 35/15 47/26 62/37 73/49 82/59 86/63 83/63 76/51 63/38 46/25 32/13 Iowa has a relatively smooth gradient of varying precipitation across the state, with areas in the southeast of the state receiving an average of over 38 inches (97 cm) of rain annually, and the northwest of the state receiving less than 28 inches (71 cm). The pattern of precipitation across Iowa is seasonal, with more rain falling in the summer months. In Des Moines, roughly in the center of the state, over two-thirds of the 34.72 inches (88.2 cm) of rain falls from April through September, and about half of the average annual precipitation falls from May through August. Prehistory Excavation of the 3,800-year-old Edgewater Park Site . Main articles: Iowa archaeology and Indians of Iowa When American Indians first arrived in what is now Iowa more than 13,000 years ago, they were hunters and gatherers living in a Pleistocene glacial landscape. By the time European explorers and traders visited Iowa, American Indians were largely settled farmers with complex economic, social, and political systems. This transformation happened gradually. During the Archaic period (10,500-- 2,800 years ago), American Indians adapted to local environments and ecosystems, slowly becoming more sedentary as populations increased. More than 3,000 years ago, during the Late Archaic period, American Indians in Iowa began utilizing domesticated plants. The subsequent Woodland period saw an increased reliance on agriculture and social complexity, with increased use of mounds, ceramics, and specialized subsistence. During the Late Prehistoric period (beginning about AD 900) increased use of maize and social changes led to social flourishing and nucleated settlements. The arrival of European trade goods and diseases in the Protohistoric period led to dramatic population shifts and economic and social upheaval, with the arrival of new tribes and early European explorers and traders. There were numerous Indian tribes living in Iowa at the time of early European exploration. Tribes which were probably descendants of the prehistoric Oneota include the Dakota , Ho-Chunk , Ioway , and Otoe . Tribes which arrived in Iowa in the late prehistoric or protohistoric periods include the Illiniwek , Meskwaki , Omaha , and Sauk . History Main article: History of Iowa Early exploration and trade, 1673-- 1808 Iowa in 1718. Modern state area highlighted. The first known European explorers to document Iowa were Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet who traveled the Mississippi River in 1673 documenting several Indian villages on the Iowa side. The area of Iowa was claimed for France and remained a French territory until 1763. The French, before their impending defeat in the French and Indian War , transferred ownership to their ally, Spain. Spain practiced very loose control over the Iowa region, granting trading licenses to French and British traders, who established trading posts along the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers . Iowa was part of a territory known as La Louisiane or Louisiana , and European traders were interested in lead and furs obtained by Indians. The Sauk and Meskwaki effectively controlled trade on the Mississippi in the late 18th century and early 19th century. Among the early traders on the Mississippi were Julien Dubuque , Robert La Salle , and Paul Marin . Along the Missouri River at least five French and English trading houses were built before 1808. In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte took control of Louisiana from Spain in a treaty . After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase , Congress divided the Louisiana Purchase into two parts-- the Territory of Orleans and the District of Louisiana. The latter, of which in was placed. Iowa was placed under United States jurisdiction of the Territory of Indiana, with William Henry Harrison. Much of Iowa was mapped by Zebulon Pike in 1805, but it was not until the construction of Fort Madison in 1808 that the U.S. established tenuous military control over the region. War of 1812 and unstable U.S. control Plan of Fort Madison , 1810. Fort Madison was built to control trade and establish U.S. dominance over the Upper Mississippi, but it was poorly designed and disliked by the Sauk and Ho-Chunk , many of whom allied with the British, who had not abandoned claims to the territory. Fort Madison was defeated by British-supported Indians in 1813 during the War of 1812 , and Fort Shelby in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin , also fell to the British. Black Hawk took part in the siege of Fort Madison. After the war, the U.S. re-established control of the region through the construction of Fort Armstrong , Fort Snelling in Minnesota , and Fort Atkinson in Nebraska . Trade and Indian removal, 1814-- 1832 A map of Iowa Indian Territory Accessions. The U.S. encouraged settlement of the east side of the Mississippi and removal of Indians to the west. Trade continued in furs and lead, but disease and forced population movement decimated Indian cultures and economies. A disputed 1804 treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison that surrendered much of Illinois to the U.S. enraged many Sauk and led to the 1832 Black Hawk War . As punishment for the uprising, and as part of a larger settlement strategy, treaties were subsequently designed to remove all Indians from Iowa. The Sauk and Meskwaki were pushed out of the Mississippi valley in 1832, out of the Iowa River valley in 1843, and out of Iowa altogether in 1846. Many Meskwaki later returned to Iowa and settled near Tama, Iowa; the Meskwaki Settlement remains to this day. In 1856 the Iowa Legislature passed an unprecedented act allowing the Meskawki to purchase the land; Indians were not usually permitted to do so. The Ho-Chunk were removed from Iowa in 1850, and the Dakota were removed by the late 1850s. Western Iowa around modern Council Bluffs was used as a way station for other tribes being moved west, including the Potawatomi . U.S. settlement and statehood, 1832-- 1860 Iowa Territorial Seal . The first American settlers officially moved to Iowa in June 1833. Primarily, they were families from Ohio , Pennsylvania , New York , Indiana , Kentucky , and Virginia . On July 4, 1838, the U.S. Congress established the Territory of Iowa . President Martin Van Buren appointed Robert Lucas governor of the territory, which at the time had 22 counties and a population of 23,242. Almost immediately after achieving territorial status, a clamor arose for statehood. On December 28, 1846, Iowa became the 29th state in the Union when President James K. Polk signed Iowa's admission bill into law. Once admitted to the Union, the state's boundary issues resolved, and most of its land purchased from the Indians, Iowa set its direction to development and organized campaigns for settlers and investors, boasting the young frontier state's rich farmlands, fine citizens, free and open society, and good government. Iowa has a long tradition of state and county fairs. The first and second Iowa State Fairs were held in the more developed eastern part of the state at Fairfield . The first fair was held October 25-- 27, 1854, at a cost of around $323. Thereafter, the fair moved to locations closer to the center of the state and in 1886 found a permanent home in Des Moines. The State Fair has been held every year since except for the year 1898 due to the Spanish-- American War and the World's Fair being held in nearby Omaha, Nebraska . The fair was also a World War II wartime casualty from 1942-- 1945, as the fairgrounds were being used as an army supply depot. Civil War, 1861-- 1865 Jane and Samuel Kirkwood , 1852. Iowa supported the Union during the Civil War, voting heavily for Abraham Lincoln , though there was a strong antiwar `` Copperhead '' movement among settlers of southern origins and among Catholics. There were no battles in the state, although the battle of Athens, Missouri , 1861, was fought just across the Des Moines River from Croton, Iowa , and shots from the battle landed in Iowa. Iowa sent large supplies of food to the armies and the eastern cities. Much of Iowa's support for the Union can be attributed to Samuel J. Kirkwood , its first wartime governor. Of a total population of 675,000, about 116,000 men were subjected to military duty. Iowa contributed proportionately more men to Civil War military service than did any other state, north or south, sending more than 75,000 volunteers to the armed forces, over one-sixth of whom were killed before the Confederates surrendered at Appomattox . Most fought in the great campaigns in the Mississippi Valley and in the South . Iowa troops fought at Wilson's Creek in Missouri , Pea Ridge in Arkansas , Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh, Chattanooga, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Rossville Gap as well as Vicksburg, Iuka, and Corinth. They served with the Army of the Potomac in Virginia and fought under Union General Philip Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley . Many died and were buried at Andersonville. They marched on General Nathaniel Banks ' ill-starred expedition to the Red River. Twenty-seven Iowans have been awarded the Medal of Honor , the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government, which was first awarded in the Civil War. Iowa had several brigadier generals and four major generals-- Grenville Mellen Dodge , Samuel R. Curtis , Francis J. Herron , and Frederick Steele -- and saw many of its generals go on to state and national prominence following the war. Agricultural expansion, 1865-- 1930 Iowa farm, 1875. Following the Civil War, Iowa's population continued to grow dramatically, from 674,913 people in 1860 to 1,194,020 in 1880. The introduction of railroads in the 1859s and 1860s transformed Iowa into a major agricultural producer. In 1917, the United States entered World War I and farmers as well as all Iowans experienced a wartime economy. For farmers, the change was significant. Since the beginning of the war in 1914, Iowa farmers had experienced economic prosperity. In the economic sector, Iowa also has undergone considerable change. Beginning with the first farm-related industries developed in the 1870s, Iowa has experienced a gradual increase in the number of business and manufacturing operations. Depression, World War II, and the rise of manufacturing, 1930-- 1985 The transition from an agricultural economy to a mixed economy happened slowly. The Great Depression and World War II accelerated the shift away from smallholder farming to larger farms, and began a trend of urbanization. The period since World War II has witnessed a particular increase in manufacturing operations. While agriculture continued to be the state's dominant industry, Iowans also produce a wide variety of products including refrigerators, washing machines, fountain pens, farm implements, and food products. The Farm Crisis of the 1980s caused a major recession in Iowa, causing poverty not seen since the Depression. The crisis spurred a major, decade-long population decline. Reemergence as a mixed economy, 1985-- present After bottoming out in the 1980s, Iowa's economy began to become increasingly less dependent on agriculture, and by the early 21st century was characterized by a mix of manufacturing, biotechnology, finance and insurance services, and government services. The population of Iowa has increased at a faster rate than the U.S. as a whole, and Iowa now has a predominantly urban population. The Iowa Economic Development Authority, created in 2011 has replaced the Iowa Department of Economic Development and its annual reports are a source of economic information. Demographics Population Historical population Census Pop. %± 1840 43,112 -- 1850 192,214 345.8% 1860 674,913 251.1% 1870 1,194,020 76.9% 1880 1,624,615 36.1% 1890 1,912,297 17.7% 1900 2,231,853 16.7% 1910 2,224,771 − 0.3% 1920 2,404,021 8.1% 1930 2,470,939 2.8% 1940 2,538,268 2.7% 1950 2,621,073 3.3% 1960 2,757,537 5.2% 1970 2,824,376 2.4% 1980 2,913,808 3.2% 1990 2,776,755 − 4.7% 2000 2,926,324 5.4% 3,046,355 4.1% Est. 2017 3,145,711 3.3% Source: 1910-- 2010 2015 estimate The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of Iowa was 3,123,899 on July 1, 2015, a 2.55% increase since the 2010 Census . Of the residents of Iowa, 72.2% were born in Iowa, 23.2% were born in a different US state, 0.5% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 4.1% were foreign born. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 29,386 people, while migration within the country produced a net loss of 41,140 people. 6.5% of Iowa's population were reported as under the age of five, 22.6% under 18, and 14.7% were 65 or older. Males made up approximately 49.6% of the population. The population density of the state is 52.7 people per square mile. The center of population of Iowa is in Marshall County , in the city of Marshalltown . As of the 2010 Census , the population of Iowa was 3,046,355. The gender makeup of the state was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. 23.9% of the population were under the age of 18; 61.2% were between the ages of 18 and 64; and 14.9% were 65 years of age or older. The racial makeup of Iowa as of the 2010 Census was: White : 91.3% (88.7% non-Hispanic ) Black or African American : 2.9% American Indian and Alaska Native : 0.4% Asian : 1.7% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander : 0.1% Other race: 1.8% Two or more races : 1.8% Iowa Racial Breakdown of Population ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 White 96.6% 93.9% 91.3% Black or African American 1.7% 2.1% 2.9% American Indian and Alaska Native 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% Asian 0.9% 1.3% 1.7% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander -- -- 0.1% Other race 0.5% 1.3% 1.8% Two or more races -- 1.1% 1.8% Iowa population density map Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.0% of the population in 2010: 3.8% were of Mexican , 0.2% Puerto Rican , about 0.0% Cuban , and 0.9% other Hispanic or Latino origin. According to the 2010-- 2015 American Community Survey , the largest ancestry groups were German (35.9%), Irish (13.7%), English (8.5%), American (6.2%), and Norwegian (5.2%). Settlement Percent population changes by counties in Iowa, 2000-- 2009. Dark green counties have gains of more than 5%. Iowa's population is more urban than rural, with 61 percent living in urban areas in 2000, a trend that began in the early 20th century. Urban counties in Iowa grew 8.5% from 2000 to 2008, while rural counties declined by 4.2%. The shift from rural to urban has caused population increases in more urbanized counties such as Dallas , Johnson , Linn , Polk , and Scott , at the expense of more rural counties. Iowa, in common with other Midwestern states (especially Kansas , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota ), is feeling the brunt of rural flight , although Iowa has been gaining population since approximately 1990. Some smaller communities, such as Denison and Storm Lake , have mitigated this population loss through gains in immigrant laborers. Another demographic problem for Iowa is the brain drain , in which educated young adults leave the state in search of better prospects in higher education or employment. During the 1990s, Iowa had the second highest exodus rate for single, educated young adults, second only to North Dakota. Significant loss of educated young people contributes to economic stagnation and the loss of services for remaining citizens. See also: List of cities in Iowa and List of largest Iowa cities by population Iowa's largest cities and their surrounding areas Recorded by the United States Census Bureau Rank City 2014 city population 2010 city population Change Metropolitan Statistical Area 2016 metro population 2010 metro population 2016 metro change Des Moines 209,220 203,433 7000284467121853390♠ +2.84% Des Moines-- West Des Moines 634,725 569,633 7001114270065112099♠ +11.43% Cedar Rapids 129,195 126,326 7000227110808542980♠ +2.27% Cedar Rapids 267,799 257,940 7000382220671473990♠ +3.82% Davenport 104,589 99,685 7000491949641370320♠ +4.92% Quad Cities 386,630 379,090 7000198897359466090♠ +1.99% Sioux City 82,517 82,684 3000798026220308640♠ − 0.20% Sioux City 168,806 168,563 6999144159750360400♠ +0.14% 5 Iowa City 73,415 67,862 7000818278270607999♠ +8.18% Iowa City 168,828 152,586 7001106444890094770♠ +10.64% 6 Waterloo 68,364 68,406 3001386018770283320♠ − 0.06% Waterloo-- Cedar Falls 169,993 167,819 7000129544330498930♠ +1.30% 7 Council Bluffs 62,245 62,230 6998241041298409070♠ +0.02% Omaha-- Council Bluffs 924,129 865,350 7000679251170046800♠ +6.79% 8 West Des Moines 63,325 56,609 7001118638379056330♠ +11.86% Des Moines-- West Des Moines 611,549 9 Ames 63,266 58,965 7000729415755108960♠ +7.29% Ames 97,090 89,542 7000842956378012550♠ +8.43% 10 Dubuque 58,436 57,637 7000138626229678850♠ +1.39% Dubuque 96,370 93,653 7000290113504105580♠ +2.90% 11 Ankeny 53,801 45,582 7001180312404019130♠ +18.03% Des Moines-- West Des Moines 611,549 12 Urbandale 43,150 39,463 7000934292881940040♠ +9.34% Des Moines-- West Des Moines 611,549 13 Cedar Falls 40,859 39,260 7000407284768211919♠ +4.07% Waterloo-- Cedar Falls 169,993 14 Bettendorf 36,822 33,217 7001108528765391220♠ +10.85% Quad Cities 386,630 15 Marion 36,774 34,768 7000576967326277040♠ +5.77% Cedar Rapids 267,799 Birth Data Population age comparison between rural Pocahontas County and urban Polk County , illustrating the flight of young adults (red) to urban centers in Iowa. Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number. Live Births by Race/Ethnicity of Mother Race 2013 2014 2015 White : 35,240 (90.1%) 35,528 (89.5%) 35,279 (89.3%) Non-Hispanic White 32,302 (82.6%) 32,423 (81.7%) 32,028 (81.1%) Black 2,232 (5.7%) 2,467 (6.2%) 2,597 (6.6%) Asian 1,353 (3.5%) 1,408 (3.5%) 1,364 (3.4%) Native 269 (0.7%) 284 (0.7%) 242 (0.6%) Hispanic (of any race) 3,175 (8.1%) 3,315 (8.3%) 3,418 (8.6%) Total Iowa 39,094 (100%) 39,687 (100%) 39,482 (100%) Religion Amana Colonies were founded by German Pietists . Religion in Iowa (2014) religion percent Protestant 60% No religion 21% Catholic 18% Muslim 1% No answer 1% A 2001 survey from the City University of New York found 52% of Iowans are Protestant , while 23% are Catholic , and other religions made up 6%. 13% responded with non-religious, and 5% did not answer. A survey from the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) in 2010 found that the largest Protestant denominations were the United Methodist Church with 235,190 adherents and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 229,557. The largest non Protestant religion was Catholicism with 503,080 adherents. The state has a great number of Reformed denominations. The Presbyterian Church (USA) had almost 290 congregations and 51,380 members followed by the Reformed Church in America with 80 churches and 40,000 members, and the United Church of Christ had 180 churches and 39,000 members. The study Religious Congregations & Membership: 2000 found in the southernmost two tiers of Iowa counties and in other counties in the center of the state, the largest religious group was the United Methodist Church ; in the northeast part of the state, including Dubuque and Linn counties (where Cedar Rapids is located), the Catholic Church was the largest; and in ten counties, including three in the northern tier, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America was the largest. The study also found rapid growth in Evangelical Christian denominations. Dubuque is home to the Archdiocese of Dubuque , which serves as the ecclesiastical province for all 3 other dioceses in the state and for all the Catholics in the entire state of Iowa. Historically, religious sects and orders who desired to live apart from the rest of society established themselves in Iowa, such as the Amish and Mennonite near Kalona and in other parts of eastern Iowa such as Davis County and Buchanan County . Other religious sects and orders living apart include Quakers around West Branch and Le Grand , German Pietists who founded the Amana Colonies , followers of Transcendental Meditation who founded Maharishi Vedic City , and Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance monks and nuns at the New Melleray and Our Lady of the Mississippi Abbies near Dubuque . As of 2016 about 6,000 Jews live in Iowa, with about 3000 of them in Des Moines. Language English is the most common language used in Iowa, used by 94% of the population. William Labov and colleagues, in the monumental Atlas of North American English found the English spoken in Iowa divides into multiple linguistic regions. Natives of northern Iowa -- including Sioux City , Fort Dodge , and the Waterloo region -- tend to speak the dialect linguists call North Central American English , which is also found in North and South Dakota , Minnesota , Wisconsin , and Michigan . Natives of central and southern Iowa -- including such cities as Council Bluffs , Davenport , Des Moines , and Iowa City -- tend to speak the North Midland dialect also found in eastern Nebraska, central Illinois, and central Indiana. Natives of East-Central Iowa -- including cities such as Cedar Rapids , Dubuque , and Clinton tend to speak with the Northern Cities Vowel Shift , a dialect that extends from this area and east across the Great Lakes Region . After English, Spanish is the second-most-common language spoken in Iowa, with 120,000 people in Iowa of Hispanic or Latino origin and 47,000 people born in Hispanic America. The third-most-common language is German, spoken by 17,000 people in Iowa; two notable German dialects used in Iowa include Amana German spoken around the Amana Colonies , and Pennsylvania German , spoken among the Amish in Iowa. The Babel Proclamation of 1918 banned the speaking of German in public. Around Pella , residents of Dutch descent once spoke the Pella Dutch dialect . No other language is spoken by more than 0.5 percent of the Iowa population. The only indigenous language used regularly in Iowa is Meskwaki , used around the Meskwaki Settlement . Attractions Central Iowa Skyline of Des Moines , Iowa's capital and largest city. Des Moines is the largest city in Iowa and the state's political and economic center. It is home to the Iowa State Capitol , the State Historical Society of Iowa Museum, Drake University , Des Moines Art Center , Greater Des Moines Botanical Garden , Principal Riverwalk , the Iowa State Fair , Terrace Hill , and the World Food Prize . Nearby attractions include Adventureland and Prairie Meadows Racetrack Casino in Altoona , Living History Farms in Urbandale , Trainland USA in Colfax , and the Iowa Speedway and Valle Drive-In in Newton . The Christina Reiman Butterfly Wing at Iowa State University , Ames . Ames is the home of Iowa State University , the Iowa State Center , and Reiman Gardens . Boone hosts the biennial Farm Progress Show and is home to the Mamie Doud Eisenhower museum, the Boone & Scenic Valley Railroad , and Ledges State Park . The Meskwaki Settlement west of Tama is the only American Indian settlement in Iowa and is host to a large annual Pow-wow . The Clint Eastwood movie The Bridges of Madison County , based on the popular novel of the same name, took place and was filmed in Madison County . Also in Madison County is the John Wayne Birthplace Museum in Winterset . Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Newton , Indianola , Pella , Knoxville , Marshalltown , Perry , and Story City . Eastern Iowa Old Capitol, Iowa City . Inside the Davenport Skybridge . Iowa City is home to the University of Iowa , which includes the Iowa Writers' Workshop , and the Old Capitol building . Because of the extraordinary history in the teaching and sponsoring of creative writing that emanated from the Iowa Writers' Workshop and related programs, Iowa City was the first American city designated by the United Nations as a `` City of Literature '' in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network. The Herbert Hoover National Historic Site and Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum are in West Branch . The Amana Colonies are a group of settlements of German Pietists comprising seven villages listed as National Historic Landmarks . The Cedar Rapids Museum of Art has collections of paintings by Grant Wood and Marvin Cone . Cedar Rapids is also home to the National Czech & Slovak Museum & Library and Iowa's only National Trust for Historic Preservation Site, Brucemore mansion. Brucemore , Cedar Rapids, Iowa . Davenport boasts the Figge Art Museum , River Music Experience , Putnam Museum , Davenport Skybridge , Quad City Symphony Orchestra , Ballet Quad Cities , and plays host to the annual Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival , and the Quad City Air Show , which is the largest airshow in the state. Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include West Liberty , Fairfield , Burlington , Mount Pleasant , Fort Madison , LeClaire , Mount Vernon , Ottumwa , Washington , and Wilton . Along Interstate 80 near Walcott, Iowa lies the world's largest truck stop, Iowa 80 . Western Iowa View of Grotto of the Redemption 's Lower Arcade: Small Stations of the Cross, West Bend . Some of the most dramatic scenery in Iowa is found in the unique Loess Hills . The Iowa Great Lakes include several resort areas such as Spirit Lake , Arnolds Park , and the Okoboji Lakes. The Sanford Museum and Planetarium in Cherokee , Grotto of the Redemption in West Bend , Arnolds Park Amusement Park (one of the oldest amusement parks in the country) in Arnolds Park , The Danish Immigrant Museum in Elk Horn , and the Fort Museum and Frontier Village in Fort Dodge are regional destinations. Every year in early May, the city of Orange City holds the annual Tulip Festival, a celebration of the strong Dutch heritage in the region. Historic Fourth Street , Sioux City . Sioux City boasts a revitalized downtown, attractions include the Sergeant Floyd Monument , Sergeant Floyd River Museum, and the Orpheum Theater . Loess Hills east of Mondamin . Council Bluffs , the major city of southwest Iowa, sits at the base of the Loess Hills National Scenic Byway. With three casino resorts, the city also includes such cultural attractions as the Western Hills Trails Center, Union Pacific Railroad Museum, the Grenville M. Dodge House , and the Lewis and Clark Monument. Northwest Iowa is home to some of the largest concentrations of wind turbine farms in the world. Other western communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Storm Lake , Spencer , Le Mars , Glenwood , Carroll , Atlantic , Red Oak , Denison , Creston , Mount Ayr , Sac City , and Walnut . Northeast and northern Iowa Ruins of historic Fort Atkinson . The Driftless Area of northeast Iowa has many steep hills and deep valleys, checkered with forest and terraced fields. Effigy Mounds National Monument in Allamakee and Clayton Counties has the largest assemblage of animal-shaped prehistoric mounds in the world. Waterloo is home of the Grout Museum and is headquarters of the Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area . Cedar Falls is home of the University of Northern Iowa . Dubuque is a regional tourist destination with attractions such as the National Mississippi River Museum and Aquarium and the Port of Dubuque . Dyersville is home to the famed Field of Dreams baseball diamond. Maquoketa Caves State Park , near Maquoketa , contains more caves than any other state park. Fort Atkinson State Preserve in Fort Atkinson has the remains of an original 1840s Dragoon fortification. Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Decorah , McGregor , Mason City , Elkader , Guttenberg , Algona , Spillville , Charles City , and Independence . Statewide RAGBRAI -- the Register's Annual Great Bike Ride Across Iowa -- attracts thousands of bicyclists and support personnel. It has crossed the state on various routes each year since 1973. Iowa is home to more than 70 wineries, and hosts five regional wine tasting trails. Many Iowa communities hold farmers' markets during warmer months; these are typically weekly events, but larger cities can host multiple markets. Economy Iowa state quarter with reverse image based on a painting by American artist Grant Wood . See also: Iowa locations by per capita income CNBC's list of `` Top States for Business in 2010'' has recognized Iowa as the sixth best state in the nation. Scored in 10 individual categories, Iowa was ranked 1st when it came to the `` Cost of Doing Business'' ; this includes all taxes, utility costs, and other costs associated with doing business. Iowa was also ranked 10th in `` Economy'' , 12th in `` Business Friendliness'' , 16th in `` Education'' , 17th in both `` Cost of Living'' and `` Quality of Life'' , 20th in `` Workforce'' , 29th in `` Technology and Innovation'' , 32nd in `` Transportation'' and the lowest ranking was 36th in `` Access to Capital'' . Iowa gross state products by industry, 2006. While Iowa is often viewed as a farming state, in reality agriculture is a small portion of a diversified economy, with manufacturing, biotechnology, finance and insurance services, and government services contributing substantially to Iowa's economy. This economic diversity has helped Iowa weather the late 2000s recession better than most states, with unemployment substantially lower than the rest of the nation. If the economy is measured by gross domestic product, in 2005 Iowa's GDP was about US $124 billion. If measured by gross state product, for 2005 it was US $113.5 billion. Its per capita income for 2006 was US $23,340. On July 2, 2009, Standard and Poor's rated the state of Iowa's credit as AAA (the highest of its credit ratings, held by only 11 U.S. state governments). As of December 2015, the state's unemployment rate is 3.4%. Manufacturing Manufacturing is the largest sector of Iowa's economy, with $20.8 billion (21%) of Iowa's 2003 gross state product. Major manufacturing sectors include food processing, heavy machinery, and agricultural chemicals. Sixteen percent of Iowa's workforce is dedicated to manufacturing. Food processing is the largest component of manufacturing. Besides processed food, industrial outputs include machinery, electric equipment, chemical products, publishing, and primary metals. Companies with direct or indirect processing facilities in Iowa include ConAgra Foods , Wells Blue Bunny , Barilla , Heinz , Tone's Spices, General Mills , and Quaker Oats . Meatpacker Tyson Foods has 11 locations, second only to its headquarter state Arkansas. Major non-food manufacturing firms with production facilities in Iowa include 3M , ALCOA , Amana Corporation , Dexter Apache Holdings, Inc., Electrolux / Frigidaire , Emerson Process Management , Fisher Controls International , Hagie Manufacturing Company, HON Industries , The HON Company , SSAB , John Deere , Lennox Manufacturing , Maytag Corporation , Pella Corporation , Procter & Gamble , Rockwell Collins , Terex , Vermeer Company , and Winnebago Industries . Agriculture Harvesting corn in Linn County . Farm in rural Northwest Iowa Eastern Iowa cornfield in June. Directly and indirectly, agriculture has been a major component of Iowa's economy. As of 2007 the direct production and sale of raw agricultural products contributed only about 3.5% of Iowa's gross state product. In 2002 the impact of the indirect role of agriculture in Iowa's economy, including agriculture-affiliated business, was calculated at 16.4% in terms of value added and 24.3% in terms of total output. This was lower than the economic impact of non-farm manufacturing, which accounted for 22.4% of total value added and 26.5% of total output. Iowa's main agricultural products are hogs , corn , soybeans , oats , cattle, eggs, and dairy products. Iowa is the nation's largest producer of ethanol and corn and some years is the largest grower of soybeans. In 2008, the 92,600 farms in Iowa produced 19% of the nation's corn, 17% of the soybeans, 30% of the hogs, and 14% of the eggs. Mural in Mt. Ayr Post Office, `` The Corn Parade'' by Orr C. Fischer, commissioned as part of the New Deal . As of 2009 major Iowa agricultural product processors include Archer Daniels Midland , Ajinomoto , Cargill, Inc. , Diamond V Mills, Garst Seed Company , Heartland Pork Enterprises, Hy-Vee , Monsanto Company , Pioneer Hi-Bred International , and Quaker Oats . Health insurance As of 2014, there were 16 organizations offering health insurance products in Iowa, per the State of Iowa Insurance Division. Iowa was the 4th out of 10 states with the biggest drop in competition levels of health insurance between 2010 and 2011, per the 2013 annual report on the level of competition in the health insurance industry by the American Medical Association using 2011 data from HealthLeaders-Interstudy, the most comprehensive source of data on enrollment in health maintenance organization (HMO), preferred provider organization (PPO), point-of-service (POS) and consumer-driven health care plans. According to the AMA annual report from 2007 Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield had provided 71% of the state's health insurance. The Iowa Insurance Division `` Annual report to the Iowa Governor and the Iowa Legislature'' from November 2014 looked at the 95% of health insurers by premium, which are 10 companies. It found Wellmark Inc. to dominate the 3 health insurance markets it examined (individual, small group and large group) at 52-67%. Wellmark HealthPlan of Iowa and Wellmark Inc had the highest risk-based capital percentages of all 10 providers at 1158% and 1132%, respectively. Rising RBC is an indication of profits. Other sectors Iowa has a strong financial and insurance sector, with approximately 6,100 firms, including AEGON , Nationwide Group , Aviva USA , Farm Bureau Financial Services , Voya Financial , Marsh Affinity Group , MetLife , Principal Financial Group , Principal Capital Management , Wells Fargo , and Wells Fargo Financial Services. Iowa is host to at least two business incubators, Iowa State University Research Park and the BioVentures Center at the University of Iowa . The Research Park hosts about 50 companies, among them NewLink Genetics , which develops cancer immunotherapeutics , and the U.S. animal health division of Boehringer Ingelheim , Vetmedica. Ethanol plant under construction in Butler County . Ethanol production consumes approximately one-third of Iowa's corn production, and renewable fuels account for 8% of the state's gross domestic product. A total of 39 ethanol plants produced 3.1 billion US gallons (12,000,000 m ) of fuel in 2009. Wind turbines near Williams . Renewable energy has become a major economic force in northern and western Iowa, with wind turbine electrical generation increasing exponentally since 1990. In 2010, wind power in Iowa accounted for 15.4% of electrical energy produced, and 3675 megawatts of generating capacity had been installed at the end of the year. Iowa ranked first of U.S. states in percentage of total power generated by wind and second in wind generating capacity behind Texas. Major producers of turbines and components in Iowa include Acciona Energy of West Branch , TPI Composites of Newton , and Siemens Energy of Fort Madison . In 2016, Iowa was the headquarters for three of the top 2,000 companies for revenue. They include Principal Financial , Rockwell Collins , and American Equity Investment . Iowa is also headquarters to other companies including Hy-Vee , Pella Corporation , Vermeer Company , Kum & Go gas stations, Von Maur , Pioneer Hi-Bred , and Fareway . Taxation Iowa imposes taxes on net state income of individuals, estates, and trusts. There are nine income tax brackets, ranging from 0.36% to 8.98%, as well as four corporate income tax brackets ranging from 6-12%, giving Iowa the country's highest marginal corporate tax rate. The state sales tax rate is 6%, with non-prepared food having no tax. Iowa has one local option sales tax that may be imposed by counties after an election. Property tax is levied on the taxable value of real property. Iowa has more than 2,000 taxing authorities. Most property is taxed by more than one taxing authority. The tax rate differs in each locality and is a composite of county, city or rural township, school district and special levies. Iowa allows its residents to deduct their federal income taxes from their state income taxes. Transportation The current state license plate design, introduced in 2018. Interstate highways Iowa's major interstates, larger cities, and counties. Iowa has four primary interstate highways . Interstate 29 (I-29) travels along the state's western edge through Council Bluffs and Sioux City . I-35 travels from the Missouri state line to the Minnesota state line through the state's center, including Des Moines . I-74 begins at I-80 just northeast of Davenport . I-80 travels from the Nebraska state line to the Illinois state line through the center of the state, including Council Bluffs, Des Moines, Iowa City , and the Quad Cities . I-380 is an auxiliary Interstate Highway , which travels from I-80 near Iowa City through Cedar Rapids ending in Waterloo and is part of the Avenue of the Saints highway. Iowa is among the few jurisdictions where municipalities install speed cameras on interstate highways providing a substantial revenue source from out of state drivers. Airports with scheduled flights Iowa is served by several regional airports including the Des Moines International Airport , the Eastern Iowa Airport , in Cedar Rapids, Quad City International Airport , in Moline, Illinois , and Eppley Airfield , in Omaha, Nebraska . Smaller airports in the state include the Davenport Municipal Airport (Iowa) , Dubuque Regional Airport , Fort Dodge Regional Airport , Mason City Municipal Airport , Sioux Gateway Airport , Southeast Iowa Regional Airport , and Waterloo Regional Airport . Railroads Amtrak 's California Zephyr serves the south of Iowa with stops at Burlington , Mount Pleasant , Ottumwa , Osceola , and Creston on its daily route between Chicago and Emeryville, California (across the bay from San Francisco). Fort Madison is served by Amtrak's Southwest Chief , running daily between Chicago and Los Angeles. Law and government See: Governor of Iowa , Iowa General Assembly , and Iowa State Capitol The Iowa State Capitol , completed in 1886, is the only state capitol to feature five domes, a central golden dome surrounded by four smaller domes. The Supreme Court of Iowa , located on Court Avenue across from the state capitol in Des Moines , is the state's highest court. State As of 2017 the Governor of Iowa is Kim Reynolds (R). Other statewide elected officials are: Adam Gregg (R) -- Lieutenant Governor Paul Pate (R) -- Secretary of State Mary Mosiman (R) -- Auditor of State Michael Fitzgerald (D) -- Treasurer of State Bill Northey (R) -- Secretary of Agriculture Tom Miller (D) -- Attorney General The Code of Iowa contains Iowa's statutory laws . It is periodically updated by the Iowa Legislative Service Bureau, with a new edition published in odd-numbered years and a supplement published in even-numbered years. Iowa is an alcohol monopoly or alcoholic beverage control state . National Further information: List of United States Senators from Iowa The two U.S. Senators: Chuck Grassley (R), in office since 1981 Joni Ernst (R), in office since 2015 The four U.S. Congressmen: Rod Blum (R) -- First district Dave Loebsack (D) -- Second district David Young (R) -- Third district Steve King (R) -- Fourth district After the 2010 census and the resulting redistricting, Iowa lost one seat, falling to 4 seats in the House of Representatives. Incumbent congressmen Leonard Boswell (D) and Tom Latham (R) ran against each other in the new Third district; Latham won. Steve King represented the old Fifth district . Political parties Main article: Political party strength in Iowa Samuel J. Kirkwood , founder of the Iowa Republican Party, abolitionist, and Iowa's Civil War Governor Treemap of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election In Iowa, the term `` political party'' refers to political organizations which have received two percent or more of the votes cast for president or governor in the `` last preceding general election'' . Iowa recognizes two political parties -- the Republican Party and the Democratic Party . Third parties , officially termed `` nonparty political organizations'' , can appear on the ballot as well. Five of these have had candidates on the ballot in Iowa since 2004 for various positions: the Constitution Party , the Green Party , the Libertarian Party , the Pirate Party , and the Socialist Workers Party . Voter Trends Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 51.15% 800,983 41.74% 653,669 2012 46.18% 730,617 51.99% 822,544 2008 44.74% 677,508 54.04% 818,240 49.92% 751,957 49.28% 741,898 2000 48.22% 634,373 48.60% 638,517 39.92% 492,644 50.31% 620,258 37.33% 504,890 43.35% 586,353 44.8% 545,355 55.1% 670,557 1984 53.32% 703,088 45.97% 605,620 As a result of the 2010 elections, each party controls one house of the Iowa General Assembly : the House has a Republican majority, while the Senate has a Democratic majority. Since the defeat of incumbent Democrat Chet Culver in 2010, Iowa's governor has been Republican Terry Branstad , who served as governor from 1983 to 1999. On December 14, 2015, Branstad became the longest serving governor in US history, serving (at that time) 20 years, 11 months, and 3 days; eclipsing George Clinton (vice president) , who served 21 years until 1804. As of February 1, 2016, there were 2,095,639 registered voters. Presidential caucus Main article: Iowa caucuses The state gets considerable attention every four years because the Iowa caucus , gatherings of voters to select delegates to the state conventions, is the first presidential caucus in the country. The caucuses, held in January or February of the election year, involve people gathering in homes or public places and choosing their candidates, rather than casting secret ballots as is done in a presidential primary election. Along with the New Hampshire primary the following week, Iowa's caucuses have become the starting points for choosing the two major-party candidates for president. The national and international media give Iowa and New Hampshire extensive attention, which gives Iowa voters leverage. Those who enter the caucus race often expend enormous effort to reach voters in each of Iowa's 99 counties. Civil rights The Union Block building, Mount Pleasant , scene of early civil rights and women's rights activities In the 19th century Iowa was among the earliest states to enact prohibitions against race discrimination, especially in education, but was slow to achieve full integration in the 20th century. In the very first decision of the Supreme Court of Iowa -- In Re the Matter of Ralph , decided July 1839-- the Court rejected slavery in a decision that found a slave named Ralph became free when he stepped on Iowa soil, 26 years before the end of the Civil War. The state did away with racial barriers to marriage in 1851, more than 100 years before the U.S. Supreme Court would ban miscegenation statutes nationwide. The Iowa Supreme Court decided Clark v. The Board of Directors in 1868, ruling that racially segregated `` separate but equal'' schools had no place in Iowa, 85 years before Brown v. Board of Education . By 1875, a number of additional court rulings effectively ended segregation in Iowa schools. Social and housing discrimination continued against Blacks at state universities until the 1950s. The Court heard Coger v. The North Western Union Packet Co. in 1873, ruling against racial discrimination in public accommodations 91 years before the U.S. Supreme Court reached the same decision. In 1884, the Iowa Civil Rights Act apparently outlawed discrimination by businesses, reading: `` All persons within this state shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, restaurants, chophouses, eating houses, lunch counters, and all other places where refreshments are served, public conveyances, barber shops, bathhouses, theaters, and all other places of amusement.'' However, the courts chose to narrowly apply this act, allowing de facto discrimination to continue. Racial discrimination at public businesses was not deemed illegal until 1949, when the court ruled in State of Iowa v. Katz that businesses had to serve customers regardless of race; the case began when Edna Griffin was denied service at a Des Moines drugstore. Full racial civil rights were codified under the Iowa Civil Rights Act of 1965. As with racial equality, Iowa was a vanguard in women's rights in the mid-19th century, but was slow to give women the right to vote. In 1847, the University of Iowa became the first public university in the U.S. to admit men and women on an equal basis. In 1869, Iowa became the first state in the union to admit women to the practice of law, with the Court ruling women may not be denied the right to practice law in Iowa and admitting Arabella A. Mansfield to the practice of law. Several attempts to grant full voting rights to Iowa women were defeated between 1870 and 1919. In 1894 women were given `` partial suffrage'' , which allowed them to vote on issues, but not for candidates. It was not until the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1920 that women had full suffrage in Iowa. Although Iowa supported the Federal Equal Rights Amendment , in 1980 and 1992 Iowa voters rejected an Equal Rights Amendment to the state constitution. Iowa did add the word `` women'' to the Iowa Constitution in 1998. After Amendment, it reads: `` All men and women are, by nature, free and equal, and have certain inalienable rights -- among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness.'' In the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement , court decisions in Iowa clarified and expanded citizens' rights. The landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) confirmed the right of students to express political views. The state's law criminalizing same-sex sexual activity was repealed in June 1976, 27 years before Lawrence v. Texas . On April 3, 2009, the Iowa Supreme Court decided Varnum v. Brien , holding in a unanimous decision, the state's law forbidding same-sex marriage was unconstitutional . This made Iowa the third state in the U.S. and first in the Midwest to permit same-sex marriage. (See LGBT rights in Iowa .) Sister jurisdictions Iowa has nine official partner jurisdictions: Yamanashi Prefecture , Japan (1960) Yucatán , Mexico (1964) Hebei Province , People's Republic of China (1983) Terengganu , Malaysia (1987) Taiwan , Republic of China (1989) Stavropol Krai , USSR/Russia (1989) Cherkasy Oblast , Ukraine (1996) Veneto Region , Italy (1997) Republic of Kosovo (2013) Education Primary and secondary schools See also: List of school districts in Iowa Iowa is often credited with the start of the high school movement in the U.S. Around 1910, secondary schools as we know them today were established across the state, which was unprecedented at the time. As the high school movement gathered pace and went beyond Iowa, there was clear evidence of how more time spent in school led to greater income. The four-year graduation rate for high schoolers was 90% in 2015. The state has the top graduation rate in the nation. Iowa has 365 school districts, and has the 12th lowest student-to-teacher ratio of 13.8. Teacher pay is ranked 42nd, with the average salary being $39,284. The Iowa State Board of Education works with the Iowa Department of Education to provide oversight, supervision, and support for the state's education system that includes all public elementary and secondary schools, nonpublic schools that receive state accreditation, area education agencies, community colleges, and teacher preparation programs. The State Board consists of ten members: nine voting members who are appointed by the governor for six-year terms and subject to Senate confirmation; and one nonvoting student member who serves a one-year term, also appointed by the governor. The Iowa Board of Educational Examiners is an autonomous board in control of teacher licensure standards and professional discipline; it has a majority of licensed teachers as members and is the oldest state educational board. Colleges and universities Christ the King Chapel at Saint Ambrose University in Davenport . Palmer Chiropractic College in Davenport is the first school of chiropractic in the world. Alexander Dickman Hall, located at Upper Iowa University in Fayette . See also: List of colleges and universities in Iowa The Iowa Board of Regents is composed of nine citizen volunteers appointed by the governor to provide policymaking, coordination, and oversight of the state's public universities, two special K-12 schools, and affiliated centers. Iowa's three public universities include: Iowa State University , Ames University of Iowa , Iowa City University of Northern Iowa , Cedar Falls The special K-12 schools include the Iowa School for the Deaf in Council Bluffs and the Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School in Vinton . Both Iowa State University and the University of Iowa are major research institutions and members of the prestigious Association of American Universities . In addition to the three state universities, Iowa has multiple private colleges and universities. Private colleges and universities include: Buena Vista University , Storm Lake Clarke University , Dubuque Des Moines University , Des Moines Divine Word College , Epworth Drake University , Des Moines Emmaus Bible College , Dubuque Faith Baptist Bible College and Theological Seminary , Ankeny Graceland University , Lamoni Iowa Wesleyan College , Mount Pleasant Kaplan University , Cedar Falls , Cedar Rapids , Council Bluffs , Davenport , Mason City , and Urbandale Loras College , Dubuque Maharishi University of Management , Fairfield Mount Mercy University , Cedar Rapids Palmer College of Chiropractic , Davenport Saint Ambrose University , Davenport University of Dubuque , Dubuque Upper Iowa University , Fayette Waldorf College , Forest City William Penn University , Oskaloosa Private liberal arts colleges include: Ashford University , Clinton Briar Cliff University , Sioux City Central College , Pella Coe College , Cedar Rapids Cornell College , Mount Vernon Dordt College , Sioux Center Grand View University , Des Moines Grinnell College , Grinnell Loras College , Dubuque Luther College , Decorah Morningside College , Sioux City Northwestern College , Orange City Simpson College , Indianola Wartburg College , Waverly Culture Arts This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (September 2017) Sports See also: Sports teams from Iowa The state has four major college teams playing in Division I for all sports. In football, Iowa State University and the University of Iowa compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), whereas the University of Northern Iowa and Drake University compete in the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). Although Iowa has no professional major league sports teams, Iowa has minor league sports teams in baseball, basketball, hockey, and other sports. The following table shows the Iowa sports teams with average attendance over 8,000. All of the following teams are NCAA Division I football teams or basketball teams: Iowa sports teams ( attendance > 8,000 ) Team Location Attendance Iowa Hawkeyes football Iowa City 67,512 Iowa State Cyclones football Ames 52,197 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball Iowa City 14,976 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball Ames 14,192 Northern Iowa Panthers football Cedar Falls 12,490 Iowa State Cyclones women's basketball Ames 9,289 College sports The state has four NCAA Division I college teams. In NCAA FBS , the University of Iowa Hawkeyes play in the Big Ten Conference and the Iowa State University Cyclones compete in the Big 12 Conference . The two intrastate rivals compete annually for the Cy-Hawk Trophy as part of the Iowa Corn Cy-Hawk Series . In NCAA FCS , the University of Northern Iowa Panthers play at the Missouri Valley Conference and Missouri Valley Football Conference (despite the similar names, the conferences are administratively separate), whereas the Drake University Bulldogs play at the Missouri Valley Conference in most sports and Pioneer League for football. Modern Woodmen Park is home to the Quad Cities baseball team Baseball Des Moines is home to the Iowa Cubs , a Class AAA team in the Pacific Coast League and affiliate of the Chicago Cubs . Iowa has four Class A minor league teams in the Midwest League : the Burlington Bees , Cedar Rapids Kernels , Clinton LumberKings , and the Quad Cities River Bandits . The Sioux City Explorers are part of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball . Ice Hockey Des Moines is home to the Iowa Wild , who are affiliated with the Minnesota Wild and are members of the American Hockey League . The Quad City Mallards games are played in Moline, Illinois as part of the ECHL . The United States Hockey League has five teams in Iowa: the Cedar Rapids RoughRiders , Sioux City Musketeers , Waterloo Black Hawks , Des Moines Buccaneers , and the Dubuque Fighting Saints . The North Iowa Bulls play in the North American 3 Hockey League in Mason City. Soccer The Des Moines Menace of the USL Premier Development League play their home games at Valley Stadium in West Des Moines, Iowa. Starting in the 2015-16 season of the Major Arena Soccer League , the Cedar Rapids Rampage plays in the U.S. Cellular Center . As well as the Cedar Rapids Rampage United plays at Kingston Stadium. Other sports Iowa has two professional basketball teams. The Iowa Wolves , an NBA G League team that plays in Des Moines, is owned and affiliated with the Minnesota Timberwolves of the NBA . The Sioux City Hornets play in the American Basketball Association . Iowa has three professional football teams. The Sioux City Bandits play in the Champions Indoor Football league. The Iowa Barnstormers play in the Indoor Football League at Wells Fargo Arena in Des Moines. The Cedar Rapids Titans play in the Indoor Football League at the U.S. Cellular Center . The Iowa Speedway oval track has hosted auto racing championships such as the IndyCar Series , NASCAR Nationwide Series and NASCAR Truck Series since 2006. Also, the Knoxville Raceway dirt track hosts the Knoxville Nationals , one of the classic sprint car racing events. The John Deere Classic is a PGA Tour golf event held in the Quad Cities since 1971. The Principal Charity Classic is a Champions Tour event since 2001. The Des Moines Golf and Country Club hosted the 1999 U.S. Senior Open and has scheduled the 2017 Solheim Cup . Iowans President Herbert Hoover Vice President Henry Wallace Main article: List of people from Iowa Iowa was the birthplace of U.S. President Herbert Hoover , Vice President Henry A. Wallace , and two first ladies , Lou Henry Hoover and Mamie Eisenhower . Other national leaders who lived in Iowa include President Ronald Reagan , President Richard Nixon , John L. Lewis , Harry Hopkins , Carrie Chapman Catt , Jefferson Davis , Chief Black Hawk , and John Brown . Five Nobel Prize winners hail from Iowa: Norman Borlaug , recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize ; Thomas Cech , recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry ; Alan J. Heeger , also a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry; John Mott , recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize; and Stanley B. Prusiner , recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Other notable scientists who worked or were born in Iowa include astronomer and space pioneer James A. Van Allen , ecologist Aldo Leopold , computer pioneer John Vincent Atanasoff , inventor and plant scientist George Washington Carver , geochemist Clair Cameron Patterson , and Intel founder Robert Noyce . Notable writers, artists, and news personalities from Iowa include Bill Bryson , Corey Taylor , George Gallup , Susan Glaspell , Mauricio Lasansky , Tomas Lasansky , Harry Reasoner , Phil Stong , and Grant Wood . Musicians, actors, and entertainers from Iowa include Tom Arnold , Bix Beiderbecke , Johnny Carson , Tionne Watkins of TLC (group) , Buffalo Bill Cody , Simon Estes , Nathan Jonas Jordison , Corey Taylor , Shawn Crahan , William Frawley , Charlie Haden , Ashton Kutcher , Cloris Leachman , Glenn Miller , Kate Mulgrew , Eric Christian Olsen , Donna Reed , George Reeves , Brandon Routh , Jean Seberg , John Wayne , Brooks Wheelan , Andy Williams , Meredith Willson , and Elijah Wood . Olympic gold medal winning athletes from Iowa include Tom Brands , Dan Gable , Shawn Johnson , and Cael Sanderson . Iowa athletes inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame include Cap Anson , Fred Clarke , and Bob Feller . In college football , Jay Berwanger was the first winner of the Downtown Athletic Club Trophy in 1935, later renamed the Heisman Trophy and won by Nile Kinnick in 1939. In professional football, Kurt Warner was the Super Bowl XXXIV MVP winner and a two-time NFL MVP award winner. Frank Gotch was a World Heavyweight Wrestling Champion , Zach Johnson won the 2007 Masters Golf Tournament and the 2015 British Open, and Jeremy Hellickson won the 2011 American League Rookie of the Year award pitching for the Tampa Bay Rays . Former WWE Heavyweight Champion, Seth Rollins, is from Davenport, IA. See also Outline of Iowa -- organized list of topics about Iowa Index of Iowa-related articles Betty Baxter Anderson African Americans in Iowa Notes Jump up ^ It should be noted that the Missouri and Mississippi river boundaries are as they were mapped in the 19th century, which can vary from their modern courses. References Jump up ^ `` State Symbols'' . Iowa Department of Economic Development. Archived from the original on September 2, 2011 . Retrieved September 9, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PEPANNRES - Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016'' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 22, 2017 . Retrieved August 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income'' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Elevations and Distances in the United States'' . United States Geological Survey . 2001. Archived from the original on November 2, 2011 . Retrieved October 21, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa'' . Merriam-Webster Dictionary . Retrieved May 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa'' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014 . Retrieved May 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa'' . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved May 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ Merry, Carl A. (1996). `` The Historic Period'' . Office of the State Archeologist at the University of Iowa. Archived from the original on June 4, 2009 . Retrieved June 29, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Major Industries in Iowa'' (PDF) . Iowa Department of Economic Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 20, 2005 . Retrieved June 29, 2009 . ^ Jump up to: `` Wind Energy in Iowa'' . Iowa Energy Center. Archived from the original on June 21, 2009 . Retrieved August 8, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` N.H. Receives Lowest Crime Ranking; Nevada Ranks as Worst State'' . Insurance Journal . Wells Publishing. March 25, 2009 . Retrieved August 8, 2009 . Jump up ^ Alex, Lynn M. (2000). Iowa's Archaeological Past . University of Iowa Press, Iowa City. Jump up ^ Preamble to the 1857 Constitution of the State of Iowa . Archived from the original on August 2, 2009 . Retrieved August 9, 2009 . Jump up ^ 48 U.S. (7 How.) 660 (1849). Jump up ^ Morrison, Jeff (January 13, 2005). `` Forty-Thirty-five or fight? Sullivan's Line, the Honey War, and latitudinal estimations'' . Archived from the original on January 1, 2007 . Retrieved August 9, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Fast Facts and Trivia'' . 50states.com . Retrieved February 24, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Association of Counties'' . County Seats. Archived from the original on December 22, 2010 . Retrieved December 24, 2010 . Jump up ^ Prior, Jean Cutler. Geology of Iowa: Iowa's Earth History Shaped by Ice, Wind, Rivers, and Ancient Seas . Adapted from Iowa Geology 2007 , Iowa Department of Natural Resources . Iowa Department of Natural Resources Geological Survey. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009 . Retrieved August 9, 2009 . ^ Jump up to: Prior, Jean C. (1991). Landforms of Iowa . University of Iowa Press, Iowa City. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Geology of the Loess Hills, Iowa'' . United States Geological Survey . July 1999 . Retrieved March 26, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Odessa'' . 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Jump up ^ `` Iowa Works to Reduce Run-off Polluting the Gulf of Mexico'' . The Iowa Journal . Iowa Public Television. September 17, 2009. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009 . Retrieved November 25, 2009 . Jump up ^ Love, Orlan (December 6, 2009). `` Heavy use draining aquifer'' . Cedar Rapids Gazette. Archived from the original on December 9, 2009 . Retrieved December 20, 2009 . Jump up ^ US Thunderstorm distribution . src.noaa.gov. Retrieved February 13, 2008. Archived October 15, 2006, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Des Moines, IA'' . noaa.gov . Retrieved February 18, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Iowa tornadoes deadliest since 1968'' . USA Today . January 2, 2009 . Retrieved January 2, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Weather-Iowa Weather Forecast-Iowa Climate'' . ustravelweather.com . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Averages for Davenport, Iowa'' . Weather.com . Retrieved November 1, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Des Moines, IA -- Temperature and Precipitation'' . 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ISBN 978-1-58729-831-8 . Jump up ^ History of Iowa, Iowa Official Register, Publications.iowa.gov Jump up ^ Herbermann, Charles. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church . Encyclopedia Press, 1913, p. 380 (Original from Harvard University). Jump up ^ Carlson, Gayle F. (2009). `` Fort Atkinson, Nebraska, 1820-- 1827, and Other Missouri River Sites'' . In William E. Whittaker. Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682-- 1862 . Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. pp. 104-- 120. ISBN 978-1-58729-831-8 . Jump up ^ Pike (1965): The expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike to headwaters of the Mississippi River , through Louisiana Territory , and in New Spain , during the years June 7, 1805, Ross & Haines ^ Jump up to: McKusick, Marshall B. (2009). `` Fort Madison, 1808-- 1813'' . In William E. Whittaker. Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682-- 1862 . Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. pp. 55-- 74. ISBN 978-1-58729-831-8 . Jump up ^ Prucha, Francis P. (1969) The Sword of the Republic: The United States Army on the Frontier 1783-- 1846 . Macmillan, New York. Jump up ^ Jackson, Donald (1960), A Critic's View of Old Fort Madison , Iowa Journal of History and Politics 58(1) pp.31-- 36 Jump up ^ Black Hawk (1882) Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk. Continental Printing, St. Louis. (Originally published 1833) Jump up ^ Whittaker, William E. (editor) (2009). Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682-- 1862 . Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. ISBN 978-1-58729-831-8 . CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to: Schwieder, Dorothy. `` History of Iowa'' . Iowa State University . Retrieved June 6, 2009 . Jump up ^ Iowa Official Register , Volume Number 60, page 314 Jump up ^ `` Official Encouragement of Immigration to Iowa'' , Marcus L. 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Competition in Health Insurance: A Comprehensive Study of U.S. Markets, 2013 update . AMA. ISBN 978-1-60359-944-3 . Jump up ^ `` AMA Analysis Lists States Where One Private Health Insurer Rules'' (press release) . AMA.org. November 7, 2013 . Retrieved June 24, 2014 . Jump up ^ Competition in Health Insurance: 2007 update, Ama-assn.org Archived July 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to: Iowa Insurance Division (November 2014). `` Annual report to the Iowa Governor and the Iowa Legislature'' . State of Iowa . Retrieved December 21, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Philipiddis, Alex (June 15, 2014). `` Incubators Blossom along with Their Startups'' . Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News . 34 (12). pp. 7-- 8 . Retrieved July 17, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ethanol mandate wouldn't help prices'' . Cedar Rapids Gazette. February 26, 2010 . Retrieved April 4, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: `` AWEA Wind Energy Facts -- Iowa'' (PDF) . AWEA. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2012 . 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Wiley. 44 (3): 447-- 466. doi : 10.1111/psq.12132 . Retrieved January 30, 2016 . Jump up ^ 1 Morris 1 (Iowa 1839) ^ Jump up to: `` Early Civil Rights Cases'' . Judicial.state.ia.us. Archived from the original on May 5, 2006 . Retrieved July 26, 2010 . Jump up ^ Gay marriage and Iowa: Why's everyone so surprised? , Chicago Tribune , April 10, 2009 Jump up ^ 24 Iowa 266 (1868) Jump up ^ Brodnax, David (2004). `` The Equality of Right: Alexander Clark and the Desegregation of Iowa's Public Schools, 1834-- 1875'' . Law and Society Association . Jump up ^ Breaux, Richard M. (2004) `` Maintaining a Home for Girls'' : The Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs at the University of Iowa 1919-- 1950, Cultural Capital and Black Education ed. V.P. Franklin and C.J. Savage. Information Age, Greenwich Jump up ^ 37 Iowa 145 (1873) Jump up ^ Iowa Civil Rights Commission, Iowa.org Archived June 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ African-Americans in Iowa, 1838-- 2005, IPTV.org Archived May 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Iowa Civil Rights Commission, State.ia.us Jump up ^ About Iowa, Uiowa.edu Archived November 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Fight for Women's Suffrage, IPTV.org Archived June 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ How Did Iowa Coalitions Campaign for the Equal Rights Amendment in 1980 and 1992?, alexanderstreet.com Jump up ^ 1857 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA -- CODIFIED . Search.legis.state.ia.us (July 4, 1973). Retrieved on July 12, 2013. Jump up ^ WL 874044 (Iowa 2009) (Publication to N.W.2d pending as of April 9, 2009.) Jump up ^ Martyn, Chase (August 25, 2008). `` Iowa Supreme Court: Same-sex couples can marry '' Iowa Independent`` . Iowaindependent.com. Archived from the original on April 11, 2009 . Retrieved July 26, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING: Iowa Supreme Court rules in favor of marriage equality! '' Human Rights Campaign`` . HRC Back Story. April 3, 2009 . Retrieved July 26, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USA Today, Iowa Court Upholds Gay Marriage'' . USA Today . January 7, 2010. Archived from the original on April 6, 2009 . Retrieved July 31, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Sister States'' . Iowa Sister States. February 23, 2010 . Retrieved July 31, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Announces New NGA Graduation Rates'' . Iowa Department of Education . Retrieved September 13, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` High School Graduation'' . United Health Foundation. Archived from the original on November 23, 2006 . Retrieved January 23, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Quick Facts about Iowa Schools'' . Iowa Department of Education. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008 . Retrieved January 23, 2008 . ^ Jump up to: `` Education Stats'' . National Education Association. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007 . Retrieved January 23, 2008 . Jump up ^ 2014 NATIONAL COLLEGE FOOTBALL ATTENDANCE ; Retrieved December 23, 2015. Jump up ^ 2014 NCAA MEN'S BASKETBALL ATTENDANCE ; Retrieved December 23, 2015. Jump up ^ 2015 NCAA Women's Basketball Attendance ; Retrieved December 23, 2015. `` Famous people from Iowa, famous natives sons'' . Worldatlas.com . Retrieved July 26, 2014 . External links Find more aboutIowaat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Constitution of the state of Iowa State Data Center of Iowa population, housing, business and government statistics Iowa Travel and Tourism Division Iowa State Facts from USDA Energy Data & Statistics for Iowa- U.S. Department of Energy Iowa State Databases -- Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Iowa state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association. U.S. Census Bureau Quick Facts Iowa at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) Geographic data related to Iowa at OpenStreetMap African-Americans of Iowa Preceded by Texas List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on December 28, 1846 (29th) Succeeded by Wisconsin ( hide ) Topics related to Iowa Hawkeye State ( hide ) State of Iowa Des Moines (capital) Topics Attorney General Archaeology Area codes Auditor of State Capitol Code Congressional districts Crime Delegations Elections Caucuses Environment Flag Index Governor History Historic Places Legislature House Senate People Native Americans Political parties Democratic Libertarian Republican Seal Secretary of Agriculture Secretary of State State Parks Supreme Court Regions Coteau des Prairies Des Moines metropolitan area Dissected Till Plains Driftless Area Great River Road Honey Lands Iowa Great Lakes Loess Hills Omaha-- Council Bluffs metropolitan area Quad Cities Siouxland Largest cities Ames Ankeny Bettendorf Burlington Cedar Falls Cedar Rapids Clinton Council Bluffs Davenport Des Moines Dubuque Fort Dodge Iowa City Marion Marshalltown Mason City Muscatine Ottumwa Sioux City Urbandale Waterloo West Des Moines Counties Adair Adams Allamakee Appanoose Audubon Benton Black Hawk Boone Bremer Buchanan Buena Vista Butler Calhoun Carroll Cass Cedar Cerro Gordo Cherokee Chickasaw Clarke Clay Clayton Clinton Crawford Dallas Davis Decatur Delaware Des Moines Dickinson Dubuque Emmet Fayette Floyd Franklin Fremont Greene Grundy Guthrie Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Howard Humboldt Ida Iowa Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson Jones Keokuk Kossuth Lee Linn Louisa Lucas Lyon Madison Mahaska Marion Marshall Mills Mitchell Monona Monroe Montgomery Muscatine O'Brien Osceola Page Palo Alto Plymouth Pocahontas Polk Pottawattamie Poweshiek Ringgold Sac Scott Shelby Sioux Story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren Wapello Warren Washington Wayne Webster Winnebago Winneshiek Woodbury Worth Wright Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Iowa Frank Cownie ( D ) ( Des Moines ) Ron Corbett ( R ) ( Cedar Rapids ) Frank Klipsch ( D ) ( Davenport ) Other states AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Protected areas of Iowa Federal National Monument Effigy Mounds National Historic Site Herbert Hoover National Wildlife Refuges DeSoto Driftless Area Neal Smith Northern Tallgrass Prairie Port Louisa Union Slough Upper Mississippi River State State Parks Ambrose A. 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8685249573030570973
what is the smallest bird in the united states
White - collared seedeater , Sporophila torqueola
[ [] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "This list of birds of the United States is a comprehensive listing of all the bird species recorded in the United States as of July , 2017 . It includes species from all 50 states .", "The birds of the continental United States most closely resemble those of Eurasia , which was connected to the continent as part of the supercontinent Laurasia until around 60 million years ago . Many groups occur throughout the Northern Hemisphere and worldwide . However some groups unique to the New World have also arisen ; those represented in this list are the hummingbirds , the New World vultures , the New World quail , the tyrant flycatchers , the vireos , the mimids , the New World warblers , the tanagers , the cardinals , and the icterids .", "Several common birds in the United States , such as the house sparrow , the rock dove , the European starling , and the mute swan are introduced species , meaning that they are not native to this continent but were brought here by humans . Introduced species are marked on this list as ( I ) . In addition , many non-native species which have individual escapees or small feral populations in North America are not on this list . This is especially true of birds that are commonly held as pets , such as parrots and finches .", "The status of one bird on this list , the ivory - billed woodpecker is controversial . Until 2005 this bird was widely considered to be extinct . In April of that year it was reported that at least one adult male bird had been sighted in the Cache River National Wildlife Refuge in Arkansas . This report , however , has not been universally accepted and the American Birding Association still lists the ivory - billed woodpecker as extinct .", "This list is derived from the Check - list of North American Birds , 7th edition through the 58th Supplement , published by the American Ornithological Society ( AOS ) . The list 's geographic territory is the 48 contiguous states , the District of Columbia , Alaska , Hawaii , and the adjacent islands under the jurisdiction of those states . It does not include the United States ' other Pacific Ocean and Caribbean territories or possessions .", "The taxonomic treatment ( designation and sequence of orders , families and species ) and nomenclature ( common and scientific names ) used in this list are those of the AOS , the recognized scientific authority on the taxonomy and nomenclature of North American birds . The AOS 's Committee on Classification and Nomenclature , the body responsible for maintaining and updating the Check - list , `` strongly and unanimously continues to endorse the biological species concept ( BSC ) , in which species are considered to be genetically cohesive groups of populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups '' .", "Unless otherwise noted , the species listed here are considered to occur regularly in the United States as permanent residents , summer or winter residents or visitors , or annual migrants . The following tags are used to designate some species :", "( A ) Accidental - occurrence based on one or two ( rarely more ) records and unlikely to occur regularly ( C ) Casual - occurrence based on two or a few records , with subsequent records not improbable ( E ) Extinct - a recent species that no longer exists ( Ex ) Extirpated - a species which no longer occurs in the United States , but other populations still exist elsewhere ( I ) Introduced - a species established solely as result of direct or indirect human intervention ; synonymous with non-native and non-indigenous ( EH ) Endemic to Hawaii - a native species found only in Hawaii ( EM ) Endemic to the mainland - a native species found only in the 48 contiguous states and their adjacent islands ( There are no birds endemic to Alaska )", "( A ) Accidental - occurrence based on one or two ( rarely more ) records and unlikely to occur regularly", "( C ) Casual - occurrence based on two or a few records , with subsequent records not improbable", "( E ) Extinct - a recent species that no longer exists", "( Ex ) Extirpated - a species which no longer occurs in the United States , but other populations still exist elsewhere", "( I ) Introduced - a species established solely as result of direct or indirect human intervention ; synonymous with non-native and non-indigenous", "( EH ) Endemic to Hawaii - a native species found only in Hawaii", "( EM ) Endemic to the mainland - a native species found only in the 48 contiguous states and their adjacent islands ( There are no birds endemic to Alaska )", "The ( A ) and ( C ) tags correspond to the codes 5 and 4 respectively of the American Birding Association . The ( E ) , ( Ex ) , and ( I ) tags describe species ' status according to the AOS . The ( EH ) tags follow the AOS list and the ( EM ) tags are based on the Clements taxonomy .", "This list contains 1107 species . Of them , 135 are tagged as accidental , 95 as casual , and 57 as introduced . Thirty - three are known to be extinct and one , the thick - billed parrot , has been extirpated though a population remains in Mexico . Thirty - three living species are endemic to Hawaii and an additional 28 former endemics are known to be extinct . Fifteen species are endemic to the 48 contiguous states .", "Order : Anseriformes Family : Anatidae", "Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck - like waterfowl , such as geese and swans . These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet , bills which are flattened to a greater or lesser extent , and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils .", "Black - bellied whistling - duck , Dendrocygna autumnalis Fulvous whistling - duck , Dendrocygna bicolor Emperor goose , Anser canagica Snow goose , Anser caerulescens Ross 's goose , Anser rossii Graylag goose , Anser anser ( A ) Greater white - fronted goose , Anser albifrons Lesser white - fronted goose , Anser erythropus ( A ) Taiga bean - goose , Anser fabalis Tundra bean - goose , Anser serrirostris Pink - footed goose , Anser brachyrhynchus ( C ) Brant , Branta bernicla Barnacle goose , Branta leucopsis ( C ) Cackling goose , Branta hutchinsii Canada goose , Branta canadensis Hawaiian goose , Branta sandvicensis ( EH ) Mute swan , Cygnus olor ( I ) Trumpeter swan , Cygnus buccinator Tundra swan , Cygnus columbianus Whooper swan , Cygnus cygnus Egyptian goose , Alopochen aegyptiaca ( I ) Muscovy duck , Cairina moschata Wood duck , Aix sponsa Baikal teal , Sibirionetta formosa ( C ) Garganey , Spatula querquedula ( C ) Blue - winged teal , Spatula discors Cinnamon teal , Spatula cyanoptera Northern shoveler , Spatula clypeata Gadwall , Mareca strepera Falcated duck , Mareca falcata ( C ) Eurasian wigeon , Mareca penelope American wigeon , Mareca americana Laysan duck , Anas laysanensis ( EH ) Hawaiian duck , Anas wyvilliana ( EH ) Eastern spot - billed duck , Anas zonorhyncha ( C ) Mallard , Anas platyrhynchos American black duck , Anas rubripes Mottled duck , Anas fulvigula White - cheeked pintail , Anas bahamensis ( C ) Northern pintail , Anas acuta Green - winged teal , Anas crecca Canvasback , Aythya valisineria Redhead , Aythya americana Common pochard , Aythya ferina Ring - necked duck , Aythya collaris Tufted duck , Aythya fuligula Greater scaup , Aythya marila Lesser scaup , Aythya affinis Steller 's eider , Polysticta stelleri Spectacled eider , Somateria fischeri King eider , Somateria spectabilis Common eider , Somateria mollissima Harlequin duck , Histrionicus histrionicus Labrador duck , Camptorhynchus labradorius ( E ) Surf scoter , Melanitta perspicillata White - winged scoter , Melanitta fusca Common scoter , Melanitta nigra ( A ) Black scoter , Melanitta americana Long - tailed duck , Clangula hyemalis Bufflehead , Bucephala albeola Common goldeneye , Bucephala clangula Barrow 's goldeneye , Bucephala islandica Smew , Mergellus albellus Hooded merganser , Lophodytes cucullatus Common merganser , Mergus merganser Red - breasted merganser , Mergus serrator Masked duck , Nomonyx dominicus Ruddy duck , Oxyura jamaicensis", "Black - bellied whistling - duck , Dendrocygna autumnalis", "Fulvous whistling - duck , Dendrocygna bicolor", "Emperor goose , Anser canagica", "Snow goose , Anser caerulescens", "Ross 's goose , Anser rossii", "Graylag goose , Anser anser ( A )", "Greater white - fronted goose , Anser albifrons", "Lesser white - fronted goose , Anser erythropus ( A )", "Taiga bean - goose , Anser fabalis", "Tundra bean - goose , Anser serrirostris", "Pink - footed goose , Anser brachyrhynchus ( C )", "Brant , Branta bernicla", "Barnacle goose , Branta leucopsis ( C )", "Cackling goose , Branta hutchinsii", "Canada goose , Branta canadensis", "Hawaiian goose , Branta sandvicensis ( EH )", "Mute swan , Cygnus olor ( I )", "Trumpeter swan , Cygnus buccinator", "Tundra swan , Cygnus columbianus", "Whooper swan , Cygnus cygnus", "Egyptian goose , Alopochen aegyptiaca ( I )", "Muscovy duck , Cairina moschata", "Wood duck , Aix sponsa", "Baikal teal , Sibirionetta formosa ( C )", "Garganey , Spatula querquedula ( C )", "Blue - winged teal , Spatula discors", "Cinnamon teal , Spatula cyanoptera", "Northern shoveler , Spatula clypeata", "Gadwall , Mareca strepera", "Falcated duck , Mareca falcata ( C )", "Eurasian wigeon , Mareca penelope", "American wigeon , Mareca americana", "Laysan duck , Anas laysanensis ( EH )", "Hawaiian duck , Anas wyvilliana ( EH )", "Eastern spot - billed duck , Anas zonorhyncha ( C )", "Mallard , Anas platyrhynchos", "American black duck , Anas rubripes", "Mottled duck , Anas fulvigula", "White - cheeked pintail , Anas bahamensis ( C )", "Northern pintail , Anas acuta", "Green - winged teal , Anas crecca", "Canvasback , Aythya valisineria", "Redhead , Aythya americana", "Common pochard , Aythya ferina", "Ring - necked duck , Aythya collaris", "Tufted duck , Aythya fuligula", "Greater scaup , Aythya marila", "Lesser scaup , Aythya affinis", "Steller 's eider , Polysticta stelleri", "Spectacled eider , Somateria fischeri", "King eider , Somateria spectabilis", "Common eider , Somateria mollissima", "Harlequin duck , Histrionicus histrionicus", "Labrador duck , Camptorhynchus labradorius ( E )", "Surf scoter , Melanitta perspicillata", "White - winged scoter , Melanitta fusca", "Common scoter , Melanitta nigra ( A )", "Black scoter , Melanitta americana", "Long - tailed duck , Clangula hyemalis", "Bufflehead , Bucephala albeola", "Common goldeneye , Bucephala clangula", "Barrow 's goldeneye , Bucephala islandica", "Smew , Mergellus albellus", "Hooded merganser , Lophodytes cucullatus", "Common merganser , Mergus merganser", "Red - breasted merganser , Mergus serrator", "Masked duck , Nomonyx dominicus", "Ruddy duck , Oxyura jamaicensis", "Order : Galliformes Family : Cracidae", "The chachalacas , guans , and curassows are birds in the family Cracidae . These are large birds , similar in general appearance to turkeys . The guans and curassows live in trees , but the smaller chachalacas are found in more open scrubby habitats . They are generally dull - plumaged , but the curassows and some guans have colorful facial ornaments .", "Plain chachalaca , Ortalis vetula", "Plain chachalaca , Ortalis vetula", "Order : Galliformes Family : Numididae", "Helmeted guineafowl , Numida meleagris ( I )", "Helmeted guineafowl , Numida meleagris ( I )", "Order : Galliformes Family : Odontophoridae", "The New World quails are small , plump terrestrial birds only distantly related to the quails of the Old World , but named for their similar appearance and habits .", "Mountain quail , Oreortyx pictus Northern bobwhite , Colinus virginianus Scaled quail , Callipepla squamata California quail , Callipepla californica Gambel 's quail , Callipepla gambelii Montezuma quail , Cyrtonyx montezumae", "Mountain quail , Oreortyx pictus", "Northern bobwhite , Colinus virginianus", "Scaled quail , Callipepla squamata", "California quail , Callipepla californica", "Gambel 's quail , Callipepla gambelii", "Montezuma quail , Cyrtonyx montezumae", "Order : Galliformes Family : Phasianidae", "Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies . These are terrestrial species , variable in size but generally plump with broad relatively short wings . Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans .", "Chukar , Alectoris chukar ( I ) Gray francolin , Francolinus pondicerianus ( I ) Black francolin , Francolinus francolinus ( I ) Erckel 's francolin , Pternistis erckelii ( I ) Himalayan snowcock , Tetraogallus himalayensis ( I ) Gray partridge , Perdix perdix ( I ) Japanese quail , Coturnix japonica ( I ) Kalij pheasant , Lophura leucomelanos ( I ) Ring - necked pheasant , Phasianus colchicus ( I ) Common peafowl , Pavo cristatus ( I ) Ruffed grouse , Bonasa umbellus Greater sage - grouse , Centrocercus urophasianus Gunnison sage - grouse , Centrocercus minimus ( EM ) Willow ptarmigan , Lagopus lagopus Rock ptarmigan , Lagopus mutus White - tailed ptarmigan , Lagopus leucurus Spruce grouse , Falcipennis canadensis Dusky grouse , Dendragapus obscurus Sooty grouse , Dendragapus fuliginosus Sharp - tailed grouse , Tympanuchus phasianellus Greater prairie - chicken , Tympanuchus cupido ( EM ) ( Ex from former range in Canada ) Lesser prairie - chicken , Tympanuchus pallidicinctus ( EM ) Wild turkey , Meleagris gallopavo", "Chukar , Alectoris chukar ( I )", "Gray francolin , Francolinus pondicerianus ( I )", "Black francolin , Francolinus francolinus ( I )", "Erckel 's francolin , Pternistis erckelii ( I )", "Himalayan snowcock , Tetraogallus himalayensis ( I )", "Gray partridge , Perdix perdix ( I )", "Japanese quail , Coturnix japonica ( I )", "Kalij pheasant , Lophura leucomelanos ( I )", "Ring - necked pheasant , Phasianus colchicus ( I )", "Common peafowl , Pavo cristatus ( I )", "Ruffed grouse , Bonasa umbellus", "Greater sage - grouse , Centrocercus urophasianus", "Gunnison sage - grouse , Centrocercus minimus ( EM )", "Willow ptarmigan , Lagopus lagopus", "Rock ptarmigan , Lagopus mutus", "White - tailed ptarmigan , Lagopus leucurus", "Spruce grouse , Falcipennis canadensis", "Dusky grouse , Dendragapus obscurus", "Sooty grouse , Dendragapus fuliginosus", "Sharp - tailed grouse , Tympanuchus phasianellus", "Greater prairie - chicken , Tympanuchus cupido ( EM ) ( Ex from former range in Canada )", "Lesser prairie - chicken , Tympanuchus pallidicinctus ( EM )", "Wild turkey , Meleagris gallopavo", "Order : Phoenicopteriformes Family : Phoenicopteridae", "Flamingos are gregarious wading birds , usually 3 to 5 feet ( 0.9 to 1.5 m ) tall , found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres . Flamingos filter - feed on shellfish and algae . Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and , uniquely , are used upside - down .", "American flamingo , Phoenicopterus ruber", "American flamingo , Phoenicopterus ruber", "Order : Podicipediformes Family : Podicipedidae", "Grebes are small to medium - large freshwater diving birds . They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers . However , they have their feet placed far back on the body , making them quite ungainly on land .", "Least grebe , Tachybaptus dominicus Pied - billed grebe , Podilymbus podiceps Horned grebe , Podiceps auritus Red - necked grebe , Podiceps grisegena Eared grebe , Podiceps nigricollis Western grebe , Aechmorphorus occidentalis Clark 's grebe , Aechmorphorus clarkii", "Least grebe , Tachybaptus dominicus", "Pied - billed grebe , Podilymbus podiceps", "Horned grebe , Podiceps auritus", "Red - necked grebe , Podiceps grisegena", "Eared grebe , Podiceps nigricollis", "Western grebe , Aechmorphorus occidentalis", "Clark 's grebe , Aechmorphorus clarkii", "Order : Pteroclidiformes Family : Pteroclididae", "Sandgrouse have small pigeon - like heads and necks , but sturdy compact bodies . They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fast direct flight . Their legs are feathered down to the toes .", "Chestnut - bellied sandgrouse , Pterocles exustus ( I )", "Chestnut - bellied sandgrouse , Pterocles exustus ( I )", "Order : Columbiformes Family : Columbidae", "Pigeons and doves are stout - bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere . They feed on seeds , fruit , and plants . Unlike most other birds , the doves and pigeons produce `` crop milk , '' which is secreted by a sloughing of fluid - filled cells from the lining of the crop . Both sexes produce this highly nutritious substance to feed to the young .", "Rock pigeon , Columba livia ( I ) Scaly - naped pigeon , Patagioenas squamosa ( A ) White - crowned pigeon , Patagioenas leucocephala Red - billed pigeon , Patagioenas flavirostris Band - tailed pigeon , Patagioenas fasciata Oriental turtle - dove , Streptopelia orientalis ( C ) European turtle - dove , Streptopelia turtur ( A ) Eurasian collared - dove , Streptopelia decaocto ( I ) Spotted dove , Spilopelia chinensis ( I ) Zebra dove , Geopelia striata ( I ) Passenger pigeon , Ectopistes migratorius ( E ) Inca dove , Columbina inca Common ground - dove , Columbina passerina Ruddy ground - dove , Columbina talpacoti Ruddy quail - dove , Geotrygon montana ( A ) Key West quail - dove , Geotrygon chrysia ( C ) White - tipped dove , Leptotila verreauxi White - winged dove , Zenaida asiatica Zenaida dove , Zenaida aurita ( A ) Mourning dove , Zenaida macroura", "Rock pigeon , Columba livia ( I )", "Scaly - naped pigeon , Patagioenas squamosa ( A )", "White - crowned pigeon , Patagioenas leucocephala", "Red - billed pigeon , Patagioenas flavirostris", "Band - tailed pigeon , Patagioenas fasciata", "Oriental turtle - dove , Streptopelia orientalis ( C )", "European turtle - dove , Streptopelia turtur ( A )", "Eurasian collared - dove , Streptopelia decaocto ( I )", "Spotted dove , Spilopelia chinensis ( I )", "Zebra dove , Geopelia striata ( I )", "Passenger pigeon , Ectopistes migratorius ( E )", "Inca dove , Columbina inca", "Common ground - dove , Columbina passerina", "Ruddy ground - dove , Columbina talpacoti", "Ruddy quail - dove , Geotrygon montana ( A )", "Key West quail - dove , Geotrygon chrysia ( C )", "White - tipped dove , Leptotila verreauxi", "White - winged dove , Zenaida asiatica", "Zenaida dove , Zenaida aurita ( A )", "Mourning dove , Zenaida macroura", "Order : Cuculiformes Family : Cuculidae", "The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos , roadrunners , and anis . These birds are of variable size with slender bodies , long tails , and strong legs .", "Common cuckoo , Cuculus canorus Oriental cuckoo , Cuculus optatus ( C ) Yellow - billed cuckoo , Coccyzus americanus Mangrove cuckoo , Coccyzus minor Black - billed cuckoo , Coccyzus erythropthalmus Greater roadrunner , Geococcyx californianus Smooth - billed ani , Crotophaga ani Groove - billed ani , Crotophaga sulcirostris", "Common cuckoo , Cuculus canorus", "Oriental cuckoo , Cuculus optatus ( C )", "Yellow - billed cuckoo , Coccyzus americanus", "Mangrove cuckoo , Coccyzus minor", "Black - billed cuckoo , Coccyzus erythropthalmus", "Greater roadrunner , Geococcyx californianus", "Smooth - billed ani , Crotophaga ani", "Groove - billed ani , Crotophaga sulcirostris", "Order : Caprimulgiformes Family : Caprimulgidae", "Nightjars are medium - sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground . They have long wings , short legs , and very short bills . Most have small feet , of little use for walking , and long pointed wings . Their soft plumage is cryptically colored to resemble bark or leaves .", "Lesser nighthawk , Chordeiles acutipennis Common nighthawk , Chordeiles minor Antillean nighthawk , Chordeiles gundlachii Common pauraque , Nyctidromus albicollis Common poorwill , Phalaenoptilus nuttallii Chuck - will 's - widow , Antrostomus carolinensis Buff - collared nightjar , Antrostomus ridgwayi Eastern whip - poor - will , Antrostomus vociferus Mexican whip - poor - will , Antrostomus arizonae Gray nightjar , Caprimulgus jotaka ( A )", "Lesser nighthawk , Chordeiles acutipennis", "Common nighthawk , Chordeiles minor", "Antillean nighthawk , Chordeiles gundlachii", "Common pauraque , Nyctidromus albicollis", "Common poorwill , Phalaenoptilus nuttallii", "Chuck - will 's - widow , Antrostomus carolinensis", "Buff - collared nightjar , Antrostomus ridgwayi", "Eastern whip - poor - will , Antrostomus vociferus", "Mexican whip - poor - will , Antrostomus arizonae", "Gray nightjar , Caprimulgus jotaka ( A )", "Order : Apodiformes Family : Apodidae", "The swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying . These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground , perching instead only on vertical surfaces . Many swifts have long swept - back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang .", "Black swift , Cypseloides niger White - collared swift , Streptoprocne zonaris ( C ) Chimney swift , Chaetura pelagica Vaux 's swift , Chaetura vauxi White - throated needletail Hirundapus caudacutus ( A ) Mariana swiftlet , Aerodramus bartschi ( I ) Common swift , Apus apus ( A ) Fork - tailed swift , Apus pacificus ( C ) White - throated swift , Aeronautes saxatalis Antillean palm - swift , Tachornis phoenicobia ( A )", "Black swift , Cypseloides niger", "White - collared swift , Streptoprocne zonaris ( C )", "Chimney swift , Chaetura pelagica", "Vaux 's swift , Chaetura vauxi", "White - throated needletail Hirundapus caudacutus ( A )", "Mariana swiftlet , Aerodramus bartschi ( I )", "Common swift , Apus apus ( A )", "Fork - tailed swift , Apus pacificus ( C )", "White - throated swift , Aeronautes saxatalis", "Antillean palm - swift , Tachornis phoenicobia ( A )", "Order : Apodiformes Family : Trochilidae", "Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings . They are the only birds that can fly backwards .", "Mexican violetear , Colibri thalassinus Green - breasted mango , Anthracothorax prevostii ( C ) Rivoli 's hummingbird , Eugenes fulgens Plain - capped starthroat , Heliomaster constantii ( C ) Blue - throated hummingbird , Lampornis clemenciae Bahama woodstar , Calliphlox evelynae ( A ) Lucifer hummingbird , Calothorax lucifer Ruby - throated hummingbird , Archilochus colubris Black - chinned hummingbird , Archilochus alexandri Anna 's hummingbird , Calypte anna Costa 's hummingbird , Calypte costae Bumblebee hummingbird , Atthis heloisa ( A ) Broad - tailed hummingbird , Selasphorus platycercus Rufous hummingbird , Selasphorus rufus Allen 's hummingbird , Selasphorus sasin Calliope hummingbird , Selasphorus calliope Broad - billed hummingbird , Cynanthus latirostris Berylline hummingbird , Amazilia beryllina Buff - bellied hummingbird , Amazilia yucatanensis Cinnamon hummingbird , Amazilia rutila ( A ) Violet - crowned hummingbird , Amazilia violiceps White - eared hummingbird , Hylocharis leucotis Xantus 's hummingbird , Hylocharis xantusii ( A )", "Mexican violetear , Colibri thalassinus", "Green - breasted mango , Anthracothorax prevostii ( C )", "Rivoli 's hummingbird , Eugenes fulgens", "Plain - capped starthroat , Heliomaster constantii ( C )", "Blue - throated hummingbird , Lampornis clemenciae", "Bahama woodstar , Calliphlox evelynae ( A )", "Lucifer hummingbird , Calothorax lucifer", "Ruby - throated hummingbird , Archilochus colubris", "Black - chinned hummingbird , Archilochus alexandri", "Anna 's hummingbird , Calypte anna", "Costa 's hummingbird , Calypte costae", "Bumblebee hummingbird , Atthis heloisa ( A )", "Broad - tailed hummingbird , Selasphorus platycercus", "Rufous hummingbird , Selasphorus rufus", "Allen 's hummingbird , Selasphorus sasin", "Calliope hummingbird , Selasphorus calliope", "Broad - billed hummingbird , Cynanthus latirostris", "Berylline hummingbird , Amazilia beryllina", "Buff - bellied hummingbird , Amazilia yucatanensis", "Cinnamon hummingbird , Amazilia rutila ( A )", "Violet - crowned hummingbird , Amazilia violiceps", "White - eared hummingbird , Hylocharis leucotis", "Xantus 's hummingbird , Hylocharis xantusii ( A )", "Order : Gruiformes Family : Rallidae", "Rallidae is a large family of small to medium - sized birds which includes the rails , crakes , coots , and gallinules . The most typical family members occupy dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes , swamps , or rivers . In general they are shy and secretive birds , making them difficult to observe . Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces . They tend to have short , rounded wings and to be weak fliers .", "Yellow rail , Coturnicops noveboracensis Black rail , Laterallus jamaicensis Corn crake , Crex crex ( C ) Ridgway 's rail , Rallus obsoletus Clapper rail , Rallus crepitans King rail , Rallus elegans Virginia rail , Rallus limicola Rufous - necked wood - rail , Aramides axillaris ( A ) Sora , Porzana carolina Laysan rail , Zapornia palmeri ( EH ) ( E ) Hawaiian rail , Zapornia sandwichensis ( EH ) ( E ) Paint - billed crake , Neocrex erythrops ( A ) Spotted rail , Pardirallus maculatus ( A ) Purple gallinule , Porphyrio martinicus Purple swamphen , Porphyrio porphyrio ( I ) Common gallinule , Gallinula galeata Common moorhen , Gallinula chloropus ( A ) Eurasian coot , Fulica atra ( A ) Hawaiian coot , Fulica alai ( EH ) American coot , Fulica americana", "Yellow rail , Coturnicops noveboracensis", "Black rail , Laterallus jamaicensis", "Corn crake , Crex crex ( C )", "Ridgway 's rail , Rallus obsoletus", "Clapper rail , Rallus crepitans", "King rail , Rallus elegans", "Virginia rail , Rallus limicola", "Rufous - necked wood - rail , Aramides axillaris ( A )", "Sora , Porzana carolina", "Laysan rail , Zapornia palmeri ( EH ) ( E )", "Hawaiian rail , Zapornia sandwichensis ( EH ) ( E )", "Paint - billed crake , Neocrex erythrops ( A )", "Spotted rail , Pardirallus maculatus ( A )", "Purple gallinule , Porphyrio martinicus", "Purple swamphen , Porphyrio porphyrio ( I )", "Common gallinule , Gallinula galeata", "Common moorhen , Gallinula chloropus ( A )", "Eurasian coot , Fulica atra ( A )", "Hawaiian coot , Fulica alai ( EH )", "American coot , Fulica americana", "Order : Gruiformes Family : Heliornithidae", "Finfoots resemble rails ; they have long necks , slender bodies , broad tails , and sharp , pointed bills . Their legs and feet are brightly colored . The family has three species and only the sungrebe is found in the New World .", "Sungrebe , Heliornis fulica ( A )", "Sungrebe , Heliornis fulica ( A )", "Order : Gruiformes Family : Aramidae", "The limpkin is an odd bird that looks like a large rail , but is skeletally closer to the cranes . It is found in marshes with some trees or scrub in the Caribbean , South America , and southern Florida .", "Limpkin , Aramus guarauna", "Limpkin , Aramus guarauna", "Order : Gruiformes Family : Gruidae", "Cranes are large , long - legged , and long - necked birds . Unlike the similar - looking but unrelated herons , cranes fly with necks outstretched , not pulled back . Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or `` dances '' .", "Sandhill crane , Antigone canadensis Common crane , Grus grus ( C ) Whooping crane , Grus americana", "Sandhill crane , Antigone canadensis", "Common crane , Grus grus ( C )", "Whooping crane , Grus americana", "Order : Charadriiformes Family : Burhinidae", "The thick - knees are a group of waders found worldwide within the tropical zone , with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia . They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow - black bills , large yellow eyes , and cryptic plumage . Despite being classed as waders , most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats .", "Double - striped thick - knee , Burhinus bistriatus ( A )", "Double - striped thick - knee , Burhinus bistriatus ( A )", "Order : Charadriiformes Family : Recurvirostridae", "Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds which includes the avocets and stilts . The avocets have long legs and long up - curved bills . The stilts have extremely long legs and long , thin , straight bills .", "Black - winged stilt , Himantopus himantopus ( A ) Black - necked stilt , Himantopus mexicanus American avocet , Recurvirostra americana", "Black - winged stilt , Himantopus himantopus ( A )", "Black - necked stilt , Himantopus mexicanus", "American avocet , Recurvirostra americana", "Order : Charadriiformes Family : Haematopodidae", "The oystercatchers are large , obvious , and noisy plover - like birds , with strong bills used for smashing or prying open molluscs .", "Eurasian oystercatcher , Haematopus ostralegus ( A ) American oystercatcher , Haematopus palliatus Black oystercatcher , Haematopus bachmani", "Eurasian oystercatcher , Haematopus ostralegus ( A )", "American oystercatcher , Haematopus palliatus", "Black oystercatcher , Haematopus bachmani", "Order : Charadriiformes Family : Charadriidae", "The family Charadriidae includes the plovers , dotterels , and lapwings . They are small to medium - sized birds with compact bodies , short thick necks , and long , usually pointed , wings . They are found in open country worldwide , mostly in habitats near water .", "Northern lapwing , Vanellus vanellus ( C ) Black - bellied plover , Pluvialis squatarola European golden - plover , Pluvialis apricaria ( C ) American golden - plover , Pluvialis dominica Pacific golden - plover , Pluvialis fulva Lesser sand - plover , Charadrius mongolus Greater sand - plover , Charadrius leschenaultii ( A ) Collared plover , Charadrius collaris ( A ) Snowy plover , Charadrius nivosus Wilson 's plover , Charadrius wilsonia Common ringed plover , Charadrius hiaticula Semipalmated plover , Charadrius semipalmatus Piping plover , Charadrius melodus Little ringed plover , Charadrius dubius ( A ) Killdeer , Charadrius vociferus Mountain plover , Charadrius montanus Eurasian dotterel , Charadrius morinellus ( C )", "Northern lapwing , Vanellus vanellus ( C )", "Black - bellied plover , Pluvialis squatarola", "European golden - plover , Pluvialis apricaria ( C )", "American golden - plover , Pluvialis dominica", "Pacific golden - plover , Pluvialis fulva", "Lesser sand - plover , Charadrius mongolus", "Greater sand - plover , Charadrius leschenaultii ( A )", "Collared plover , Charadrius collaris ( A )", "Snowy plover , Charadrius nivosus", "Wilson 's plover , Charadrius wilsonia", "Common ringed plover , Charadrius hiaticula", "Semipalmated plover , Charadrius semipalmatus", "Piping plover , Charadrius melodus", "Little ringed plover , Charadrius dubius ( A )", "Killdeer , Charadrius vociferus", "Mountain plover , Charadrius montanus", "Eurasian dotterel , Charadrius morinellus ( C )", "Order : Charadriiformes Family : Jacanidae", "The jacanas are a family of waders found worldwide within the tropical zone . They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat .", "Northern jacana , Jacana spinosa ( C )", "Northern jacana , Jacana spinosa ( C )", "Order : Charadriiformes Family : Scolopacidae", "Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium - sized shorebirds including the sandpipers , curlews , godwits , shanks , tattlers , woodcocks , snipes , dowitchers , and phalaropes . The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil . Different lengths of legs and bills enable multiple species to feed in the same habitat , particularly on the coast , without direct competition for food .", "Upland sandpiper , Bartramia longicauda Bristle - thighed curlew , Numenius tahitiensis Whimbrel , Numenius phaeopus Little curlew , Numenius minutus ( A ) Eskimo curlew , Numenius borealis ( E ? ) Long - billed curlew , Numenius americanus Far Eastern curlew , Numenius madagascariensis ( C ) Slender - billed curlew , Numenius tenuirostris ( A per AOS ; `` can not be found '' per ABA ) Eurasian curlew , Numenius arquata ( C ) Bar - tailed godwit , Limosa lapponica Black - tailed godwit , Limosa limosa Hudsonian godwit , Limosa haemastica Marbled godwit , Limosa fedoa Ruddy turnstone , Arenaria interpres Black turnstone , Arenaria melanocephala Great knot , Calidris tenuirostris ( C ) Red knot , Calidris canutus Surfbird , Calidris virgata Ruff , Calidris pugnax Broad - billed sandpiper , Calidris falcinellus ( C ) Sharp - tailed sandpiper , Calidris acuminata Stilt sandpiper , Calidris himantopus Curlew sandpiper , Calidris ferruginea Temminck 's stint , Calidris temminckii Long - toed stint , Calidris subminuta Spoon - billed sandpiper , Calidris pygmeus ( C ) Red - necked stint , Calidris ruficollis Sanderling , Calidris alba Dunlin , Calidris alpina Rock sandpiper , Calidris ptilocnemis Purple sandpiper , Calidris maritima Baird 's sandpiper , Calidris bairdii Little stint , Calidris minuta ( C ) Least sandpiper , Calidris minutilla White - rumped sandpiper , Calidris fuscicollis Buff - breasted sandpiper , Calidris subruficollis Pectoral sandpiper , Calidris melanotos Semipalmated sandpiper , Calidris pusilla Western sandpiper , Calidris mauri Short - billed dowitcher , Limnodromus griseus Long - billed dowitcher , Limnodromus scolopaceus Jack snipe , Lymnocryptes minimus ( C ) Eurasian woodcock , Scolopax rusticola ( A ) American woodcock , Scolopax minor Solitary snipe , Gallinago solitaria ( A ) Pin - tailed snipe , Gallinago stenura ( A ) Common snipe , Gallinago gallinago Wilson 's snipe , Gallinago delicata Terek sandpiper , Xenus cinereus Common sandpiper , Actitis hypoleucos Spotted sandpiper , Actitis macularia Green sandpiper , Tringa ochropus ( C ) Solitary sandpiper , Tringa solitaria Gray - tailed tattler , Tringa brevipes Wandering tattler , Tringa incana Lesser yellowlegs , Tringa flavipes Willet , Tringa semipalmata Spotted redshank , Tringa erythropus ( C ) Common greenshank , Tringa nebularia Greater yellowlegs , Tringa melanoleuca Common redshank , Tringa totanus ( A ) Wood sandpiper , Tringa glareola Marsh sandpiper , Tringa stagnatilis ( A ) Wilson 's phalarope , Phalaropus tricolor Red - necked phalarope , Phalaropus lobatus Red phalarope , Phalaropus fulicarius", "Upland sandpiper , Bartramia longicauda", "Bristle - thighed curlew , Numenius tahitiensis", "Whimbrel , Numenius phaeopus", "Little curlew , Numenius minutus ( A )", "Eskimo curlew , Numenius borealis ( E ? )", "Long - billed curlew , Numenius americanus", "Far Eastern curlew , Numenius madagascariensis ( C )", "Slender - billed curlew , Numenius tenuirostris ( A per AOS ; `` can not be found '' per ABA )", "Eurasian curlew , Numenius arquata ( C )", "Bar - tailed godwit , Limosa lapponica", "Black - tailed godwit , Limosa limosa", "Hudsonian godwit , Limosa haemastica", "Marbled godwit , Limosa fedoa", "Ruddy turnstone , Arenaria interpres", "Black turnstone , Arenaria melanocephala", "Great knot , Calidris tenuirostris ( C )", "Red knot , Calidris canutus", "Surfbird , Calidris virgata", "Ruff , Calidris pugnax", "Broad - billed sandpiper , Calidris falcinellus ( C )", "Sharp - tailed sandpiper , Calidris acuminata", "Stilt sandpiper , Calidris himantopus", "Curlew sandpiper , Calidris ferruginea", "Temminck 's stint , Calidris temminckii", "Long - toed stint , Calidris subminuta", "Spoon - billed sandpiper , Calidris pygmeus ( C )", "Red - necked stint , Calidris ruficollis", "Sanderling , Calidris alba", "Dunlin , Calidris alpina", "Rock sandpiper , Calidris ptilocnemis", "Purple sandpiper , Calidris maritima", "Baird 's sandpiper , Calidris bairdii", "Little stint , Calidris minuta ( C )", "Least sandpiper , Calidris minutilla", "White - rumped sandpiper , Calidris fuscicollis", "Buff - breasted sandpiper , Calidris subruficollis", "Pectoral sandpiper , Calidris melanotos", "Semipalmated sandpiper , Calidris pusilla", "Western sandpiper , Calidris mauri", "Short - billed dowitcher , Limnodromus griseus", "Long - billed dowitcher , Limnodromus scolopaceus", "Jack snipe , Lymnocryptes minimus ( C )", "Eurasian woodcock , Scolopax rusticola ( A )", "American woodcock , Scolopax minor", "Solitary snipe , Gallinago solitaria ( A )", "Pin - tailed snipe , Gallinago stenura ( A )", "Common snipe , Gallinago gallinago", "Wilson 's snipe , Gallinago delicata", "Terek sandpiper , Xenus cinereus", "Common sandpiper , Actitis hypoleucos", "Spotted sandpiper , Actitis macularia", "Green sandpiper , Tringa ochropus ( C )", "Solitary sandpiper , Tringa solitaria", "Gray - tailed tattler , Tringa brevipes", "Wandering tattler , Tringa incana", "Lesser yellowlegs , Tringa flavipes", "Willet , Tringa semipalmata", "Spotted redshank , Tringa erythropus ( C )", "Common greenshank , Tringa nebularia", "Greater yellowlegs , Tringa melanoleuca", "Common redshank , Tringa totanus ( A )", "Wood sandpiper , Tringa glareola", "Marsh sandpiper , Tringa stagnatilis ( A )", "Wilson 's phalarope , Phalaropus tricolor", "Red - necked phalarope , Phalaropus lobatus", "Red phalarope , Phalaropus fulicarius", "Order : Charadriiformes Family : Glareolidae", "The pratincoles have short legs , very long pointed wings , and long forked tails . Their most unusual feature for birds classed as waders is that they typically hunt their insect prey on the wing like swallows , although they can also feed on the ground . Their short bills are an adaptation to aerial feeding . Their flight is fast and graceful like that of a swallow or a tern , with many twists and turns to pursue their prey .", "Oriental pratincole , Glareola maldivarum ( A )", "Oriental pratincole , Glareola maldivarum ( A )", "Order : Charadriiformes Family : Stercorariidae", "Skuas are in general medium to large birds , typically with gray or brown plumage , often with white markings on the wings . They have longish bills with hooked tips and webbed feet with sharp claws . They look like large dark gulls , but have a fleshy cere above the upper mandible . They are strong , acrobatic fliers .", "Great skua , Stercorarius skua South polar skua , Stercorarius maccormicki Pomarine jaeger , Stercorarius pomarinus Parasitic jaeger , Stercorarius parasiticus Long - tailed jaeger , Stercorarius longicaudus", "Great skua , Stercorarius skua", "South polar skua , Stercorarius maccormicki", "Pomarine jaeger , Stercorarius pomarinus", "Parasitic jaeger , Stercorarius parasiticus", "Long - tailed jaeger , Stercorarius longicaudus", "Order : Charadriiformes Family : Alcidae", "Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black - and - white colors , their upright posture , and some of their habits . However , they are only distantly related to the penguins and are able to fly . Auks live on the open sea , only deliberately coming ashore to nest .", "Dovekie , Alle alle Common murre , Uria aalge Thick - billed murre , Uria lomvia Razorbill , Alca torda Great auk , Pinguinus impennis ( E ) Black guillemot , Cepphus grylle Pigeon guillemot , Cepphus columba Long - billed murrelet , Brachyramphus perdix Marbled murrelet , Brachyramphus marmoratus Kittlitz 's murrelet , Brachyramphus brevirostris Scripps 's murrelet , Synthliboramphus scrippsi Guadalupe murrelet , Synthliboramphus hypoleucus Craveri 's murrelet , Synthliboramphus craveri Ancient murrelet , Synthliboramphus antiquus Cassin 's auklet , Ptychoramphus aleuticus Parakeet auklet , Aethia psittacula Least auklet , Aethia pusilla Whiskered auklet , Aethia pygmaea Crested auklet , Aethia cristatella Rhinoceros auklet , Cerorhinca monocerata Atlantic puffin , Fratercula arctica Horned puffin , Fratercula corniculata Tufted puffin , Fratercula cirrhata", "Dovekie , Alle alle", "Common murre , Uria aalge", "Thick - billed murre , Uria lomvia", "Razorbill , Alca torda", "Great auk , Pinguinus impennis ( E )", "Black guillemot , Cepphus grylle", "Pigeon guillemot , Cepphus columba", "Long - billed murrelet , Brachyramphus perdix", "Marbled murrelet , Brachyramphus marmoratus", "Kittlitz 's murrelet , Brachyramphus brevirostris", "Scripps 's murrelet , Synthliboramphus scrippsi", "Guadalupe murrelet , Synthliboramphus hypoleucus", "Craveri 's murrelet , Synthliboramphus craveri", "Ancient murrelet , Synthliboramphus antiquus", "Cassin 's auklet , Ptychoramphus aleuticus", "Parakeet auklet , Aethia psittacula", "Least auklet , Aethia pusilla", "Whiskered auklet , Aethia pygmaea", "Crested auklet , Aethia cristatella", "Rhinoceros auklet , Cerorhinca monocerata", "Atlantic puffin , Fratercula arctica", "Horned puffin , Fratercula corniculata", "Tufted puffin , Fratercula cirrhata", "Order : Charadriiformes Family : Laridae", "Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds and includes gulls , terns , and skimmers . Gulls are typically gray or white , often with black markings on the head or wings . They have stout , longish bills and webbed feet . Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage , often with black markings on the head . Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water . Terns are generally long - lived birds , with several species known to live in excess of 30 years . Skimmers are a small family of tropical tern - like birds . They have an elongated lower mandible which they use to feed by flying low over the water surface and skimming the water for small fish .", "Swallow - tailed gull , Creagrus furcatus ( A ) Black - legged kittiwake , Rissa tridactyla Red - legged kittiwake , Rissa brevirostris Ivory gull , Pagophila eburnea Sabine 's gull , Xema sabini Bonaparte 's gull , Chroicocephalus philadelphia Gray - hooded gull , Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus ( A ) Black - headed gull , Chroicocephalus ridibundus Little gull , Hydrocoleus minutus Ross 's gull , Rhodostethia rosea Laughing gull , Leucophaeus atricilla Franklin 's gull , Leucophaeus pipixcan Belcher 's gull , Larus belcheri ( A ) Black - tailed gull , Larus crassirostris ( C ) Heermann 's gull , Larus heermanni Mew gull , Larus canus Ring - billed gull , Larus delawarensis Western gull , Larus occidentalis Yellow - footed gull , Larus livens California gull , Larus californicus Herring gull , Larus argentatus Yellow - legged gull , Larus cachinnans ( C ) Iceland gull , Larus glaucoides Lesser black - backed gull , Larus fuscus Slaty - backed gull , Larus schistisagus Glaucous - winged gull , Larus glaucescens Glaucous gull , Larus hyperboreus Great black - backed gull , Larus marinus Kelp gull , Larus dominicanus ( C ) Brown noddy , Anous stolidus Black noddy , Anous minutus Blue - gray noddy , Anous ceruleus White tern , Gygis alba Sooty tern , Onychoprion fuscatus Bridled tern , Onychoprion anaethetus Aleutian tern , Onychoprion aleuticus Least tern , Sternula antillarum Large - billed tern , Phaetusa simplex ( A ) Gull - billed tern , Gelochelidon nilotica Caspian tern , Hydroprogne caspia Black tern , Chlidonias niger White - winged tern , Chlidonias leucopterus ( C ) Whiskered tern , Chlidonias hybrida ( A ) Roseate tern , Sterna dougallii Common tern , Sterna hirundo Arctic tern , Sterna paradisaea Forster 's tern , Sterna forsteri Royal tern , Thalasseus maximus Sandwich tern , Thalasseus sandvicensis Elegant tern , Thalasseus elegans Black skimmer , Rynchops niger", "Swallow - tailed gull , Creagrus furcatus ( A )", "Black - legged kittiwake , Rissa tridactyla", "Red - legged kittiwake , Rissa brevirostris", "Ivory gull , Pagophila eburnea", "Sabine 's gull , Xema sabini", "Bonaparte 's gull , Chroicocephalus philadelphia", "Gray - hooded gull , Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus ( A )", "Black - headed gull , Chroicocephalus ridibundus", "Little gull , Hydrocoleus minutus", "Ross 's gull , Rhodostethia rosea", "Laughing gull , Leucophaeus atricilla", "Franklin 's gull , Leucophaeus pipixcan", "Belcher 's gull , Larus belcheri ( A )", "Black - tailed gull , Larus crassirostris ( C )", "Heermann 's gull , Larus heermanni", "Mew gull , Larus canus", "Ring - billed gull , Larus delawarensis", "Western gull , Larus occidentalis", "Yellow - footed gull , Larus livens", "California gull , Larus californicus", "Herring gull , Larus argentatus", "Yellow - legged gull , Larus cachinnans ( C )", "Iceland gull , Larus glaucoides", "Lesser black - backed gull , Larus fuscus", "Slaty - backed gull , Larus schistisagus", "Glaucous - winged gull , Larus glaucescens", "Glaucous gull , Larus hyperboreus", "Great black - backed gull , Larus marinus", "Kelp gull , Larus dominicanus ( C )", "Brown noddy , Anous stolidus", "Black noddy , Anous minutus", "Blue - gray noddy , Anous ceruleus", "White tern , Gygis alba", "Sooty tern , Onychoprion fuscatus", "Bridled tern , Onychoprion anaethetus", "Aleutian tern , Onychoprion aleuticus", "Least tern , Sternula antillarum", "Large - billed tern , Phaetusa simplex ( A )", "Gull - billed tern , Gelochelidon nilotica", "Caspian tern , Hydroprogne caspia", "Black tern , Chlidonias niger", "White - winged tern , Chlidonias leucopterus ( C )", "Whiskered tern , Chlidonias hybrida ( A )", "Roseate tern , Sterna dougallii", "Common tern , Sterna hirundo", "Arctic tern , Sterna paradisaea", "Forster 's tern , Sterna forsteri", "Royal tern , Thalasseus maximus", "Sandwich tern , Thalasseus sandvicensis", "Elegant tern , Thalasseus elegans", "Black skimmer , Rynchops niger", "Order : Phaethontiformes Family : Phaethontidae", "Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans , with exceptionally long central tail feathers . Their long wings have black markings , as does the head .", "White - tailed tropicbird , Phaethon lepturus Red - billed tropicbird , Phaethon aethereus Red - tailed tropicbird , Phaethon rubricauda ( C )", "White - tailed tropicbird , Phaethon lepturus", "Red - billed tropicbird , Phaethon aethereus", "Red - tailed tropicbird , Phaethon rubricauda ( C )", "Order : Gaviiformes Family : Gaviidae", "Loons are aquatic birds , the size of a large duck , to which they are unrelated . Their plumage is largely gray or black , and they have spear - shaped bills . Loons swim well and fly adequately , but are almost hopeless on land , because their legs are placed towards the rear of the body .", "Red - throated loon , Gavia stellata Arctic loon , Gavia arctica Pacific loon , Gavia pacifica Common loon , Gavia immer Yellow - billed loon , Gavia adamsii", "Red - throated loon , Gavia stellata", "Arctic loon , Gavia arctica", "Pacific loon , Gavia pacifica", "Common loon , Gavia immer", "Yellow - billed loon , Gavia adamsii", "Order : Procellariiformes Family : Diomedeidae", "The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds , and the great albatrosses of the genus Diomedea have the largest wingspans of any extant birds .", "Yellow - nosed albatross , Thalassarche chlororhynchos ( C ) White - capped albatross , Thalassarche cauta ( C ) Chatham albatross , Thalassarche eremita ( A ) Salvin 's albatross , Thalassarche salvini ( A ) Black - browed albatross , Thalassarche melanophris ( A ) Light - mantled albatross , Phoebetria palpebrata ( A ) Wandering albatross , Diomedea exulans ( A ) Laysan albatross , Phoebastria immutabilis Black - footed albatross , Phoebastria nigripes Short - tailed albatross , Phoebastria albatrus", "Yellow - nosed albatross , Thalassarche chlororhynchos ( C )", "White - capped albatross , Thalassarche cauta ( C )", "Chatham albatross , Thalassarche eremita ( A )", "Salvin 's albatross , Thalassarche salvini ( A )", "Black - browed albatross , Thalassarche melanophris ( A )", "Light - mantled albatross , Phoebetria palpebrata ( A )", "Wandering albatross , Diomedea exulans ( A )", "Laysan albatross , Phoebastria immutabilis", "Black - footed albatross , Phoebastria nigripes", "Short - tailed albatross , Phoebastria albatrus", "Order : Procellariiformes Family : Procellariidae", "The procellariids are the main group of medium - sized `` true petrels '' , characterized by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary .", "Northern fulmar , Fulmarus glacialis Great - winged petrel , Pterodroma macroptera ( A ) Providence petrel , Pterodroma solandri ( C ) Kermadec petrel , Pterodroma neglecta Trindade petrel , Pterodroma arminjoniana Herald petrel , Pterodroma heraldica Murphy 's petrel , Pterodroma ultima Mottled petrel , Pterodroma inexpectata Bermuda petrel , Pterodroma cahow Black - capped petrel , Pterodroma hasitata Juan Fernandez petrel , Pterodroma externa Hawaiian petrel , Pterodroma sandwichensis White - necked petrel , Pterodroma cervicalis Bonin petrel , Pterodroma hypoleuca Black - winged petrel , Pterodroma nigripennis `` Dark - rumped '' petrel Pterodroma phaeopygia / sandwichensis complex Fea 's petrel , Pterodroma feae Zino 's petrel , Pterodroma madeira ( A ) Cook 's petrel , Pterodroma cookii Stejneger 's petrel , Pterodroma longirostris ( C ) Bulwer 's petrel , Bulweria bulwerii ( A ) Jouanin 's petrel , Bulweria fallax ( A ) White - chinned petrel , Procellaria aequinoctialis ( A ) Parkinson 's petrel , Procellaria parkinsoni ( A ) Streaked shearwater , Calonectris leucomelas ( C ) Cory 's shearwater , Calonectris diomedea Cape Verde shearwater , Calonectris edwardsii ( A ) Wedge - tailed shearwater , Ardenna pacificus ( C ) Buller 's shearwater , Ardenna bulleri Short - tailed shearwater , Ardenna tenuirostris Sooty shearwater , Ardenna griseus Great shearwater , Ardenna gravis Pink - footed shearwater , Ardenna creatopus Flesh - footed shearwater , Ardenna carneipes Christmas shearwater , Puffinus nativitatis Manx shearwater , Puffinus puffinus Townsend 's shearwater , Puffinus auricularis Newell 's shearwater , Puffinus auricularis ( A ) Bryan 's shearwater , Puffinus bryani Black - vented shearwater , Puffinus opisthomelas Audubon 's shearwater , Puffinus lherminieri Barolo shearwater , Puffinus baroli ( A )", "Northern fulmar , Fulmarus glacialis", "Great - winged petrel , Pterodroma macroptera ( A )", "Providence petrel , Pterodroma solandri ( C )", "Kermadec petrel , Pterodroma neglecta", "Trindade petrel , Pterodroma arminjoniana", "Herald petrel , Pterodroma heraldica", "Murphy 's petrel , Pterodroma ultima", "Mottled petrel , Pterodroma inexpectata", "Bermuda petrel , Pterodroma cahow", "Black - capped petrel , Pterodroma hasitata", "Juan Fernandez petrel , Pterodroma externa", "Hawaiian petrel , Pterodroma sandwichensis", "White - necked petrel , Pterodroma cervicalis", "Bonin petrel , Pterodroma hypoleuca", "Black - winged petrel , Pterodroma nigripennis", "`` Dark - rumped '' petrel Pterodroma phaeopygia / sandwichensis complex", "Fea 's petrel , Pterodroma feae", "Zino 's petrel , Pterodroma madeira ( A )", "Cook 's petrel , Pterodroma cookii", "Stejneger 's petrel , Pterodroma longirostris ( C )", "Bulwer 's petrel , Bulweria bulwerii ( A )", "Jouanin 's petrel , Bulweria fallax ( A )", "White - chinned petrel , Procellaria aequinoctialis ( A )", "Parkinson 's petrel , Procellaria parkinsoni ( A )", "Streaked shearwater , Calonectris leucomelas ( C )", "Cory 's shearwater , Calonectris diomedea", "Cape Verde shearwater , Calonectris edwardsii ( A )", "Wedge - tailed shearwater , Ardenna pacificus ( C )", "Buller 's shearwater , Ardenna bulleri", "Short - tailed shearwater , Ardenna tenuirostris", "Sooty shearwater , Ardenna griseus", "Great shearwater , Ardenna gravis", "Pink - footed shearwater , Ardenna creatopus", "Flesh - footed shearwater , Ardenna carneipes", "Christmas shearwater , Puffinus nativitatis", "Manx shearwater , Puffinus puffinus", "Townsend 's shearwater , Puffinus auricularis", "Newell 's shearwater , Puffinus auricularis ( A )", "Bryan 's shearwater , Puffinus bryani", "Black - vented shearwater , Puffinus opisthomelas", "Audubon 's shearwater , Puffinus lherminieri", "Barolo shearwater , Puffinus baroli ( A )", "Order : Procellariiformes Family : Hydrobatidae", "The storm - petrels are the smallest seabirds , relatives of the petrels , feeding on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface , typically while hovering . The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat - like .", "Wilson 's storm - petrel , Oceanites oceanicus White - faced storm - petrel , Pelagodroma marina European storm - petrel , Hydrobates pelagicus ( C ) Black - bellied storm - petrel , Fregetta tropica ( A ) Fork - tailed storm - petrel , Oceanodroma furcata Ringed storm - petrel , Oceanodroma hornbyi ( A ) Swinhoe 's storm - petrel , Oceanodroma monorhis ( A ) Leach 's storm - petrel , Oceanodroma leucorhoa Ashy storm - petrel , Oceanodroma homochroa Band - rumped storm - petrel , Oceanodroma castro Wedge - rumped storm - petrel , Oceanodroma tethys ( C ) Black storm - petrel , Oceanodroma melania Tristram 's storm - petrel , Oceanodroma tristrami ( A ) Least storm - petrel , Oceanodroma microsoma", "Wilson 's storm - petrel , Oceanites oceanicus", "White - faced storm - petrel , Pelagodroma marina", "European storm - petrel , Hydrobates pelagicus ( C )", "Black - bellied storm - petrel , Fregetta tropica ( A )", "Fork - tailed storm - petrel , Oceanodroma furcata", "Ringed storm - petrel , Oceanodroma hornbyi ( A )", "Swinhoe 's storm - petrel , Oceanodroma monorhis ( A )", "Leach 's storm - petrel , Oceanodroma leucorhoa", "Ashy storm - petrel , Oceanodroma homochroa", "Band - rumped storm - petrel , Oceanodroma castro", "Wedge - rumped storm - petrel , Oceanodroma tethys ( C )", "Black storm - petrel , Oceanodroma melania", "Tristram 's storm - petrel , Oceanodroma tristrami ( A )", "Least storm - petrel , Oceanodroma microsoma", "Order : Ciconiiformes Family : Ciconiidae", "Storks are large , heavy , long - legged , long - necked wading birds with long stout bills and wide wingspans . They lack the powder down that other wading birds such as herons , spoonbills , and ibises use to clean off fish slime . Storks lack a pharynx and are mute .", "Jabiru , Jabiru mycteria ( C ) Wood stork , Mycteria americana", "Jabiru , Jabiru mycteria ( C )", "Wood stork , Mycteria americana", "Order : Suliformes Family : Fregatidae", "Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans . They are large , black , or black - and - white , with long wings and deeply forked tails . The males have colored inflatable throat pouches . They do not swim or walk and can not take off from a flat surface . Having the largest wingspan - to - body - weight ratio of any bird , they are essentially aerial , able to stay aloft for more than a week .", "Magnificent frigatebird , Fregata magnificens Great frigatebird , Fregata minor ( A ) Lesser frigatebird , Fregata ariel ( A )", "Magnificent frigatebird , Fregata magnificens", "Great frigatebird , Fregata minor ( A )", "Lesser frigatebird , Fregata ariel ( A )", "Order : Suliformes Family : Sulidae", "The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies . Both groups are medium - large coastal seabirds that plunge - dive for fish .", "Masked booby , Sula dactylatra Blue - footed booby , Sula nebouxii ( C ) Brown booby , Sula leucogaster Red - footed booby , Sula sula ( C ) Northern gannet , Morus bassanus", "Masked booby , Sula dactylatra", "Blue - footed booby , Sula nebouxii ( C )", "Brown booby , Sula leucogaster", "Red - footed booby , Sula sula ( C )", "Northern gannet , Morus bassanus", "Order : Suliformes Family : Phalacrocoracidae", "Cormorants are medium - to - large aquatic birds , usually with mainly dark plumage and areas of colored skin on the face . The bill is long , thin , and sharply hooked . Their feet are four - toed and webbed .", "Brandt 's cormorant , Phalacrocorax penicillatus Neotropic cormorant , Phalacrocorax brasilianus Double - crested cormorant , Phalacrocorax auritus Great cormorant , Phalacrocorax carbo Red - faced cormorant , Phalacrocorax urile Pelagic cormorant , Phalacrocorax pelagicus", "Brandt 's cormorant , Phalacrocorax penicillatus", "Neotropic cormorant , Phalacrocorax brasilianus", "Double - crested cormorant , Phalacrocorax auritus", "Great cormorant , Phalacrocorax carbo", "Red - faced cormorant , Phalacrocorax urile", "Pelagic cormorant , Phalacrocorax pelagicus", "Order : Suliformes Family : Anhingidae", "Anhingas are cormorant - like water birds with very long necks and long straight beaks . They are fish eaters which often swim with only their neck above the water .", "Anhinga , Anhinga anhinga", "Anhinga , Anhinga anhinga", "Order : Pelecaniformes Family : Pelecanidae", "Pelicans are very large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak . Like other birds in the order Pelecaniformes , they have four webbed toes .", "American white pelican , Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Brown pelican , Pelecanus occidentalis", "American white pelican , Pelecanus erythrorhynchos", "Brown pelican , Pelecanus occidentalis", "Order : Pelecaniformes Family : Ardeidae", "The family Ardeidae contains the herons , egrets , and bitterns . Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs . Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more secretive . Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted , unlike other long - necked birds such as storks , ibises , and spoonbills .", "American bittern , Botaurus lentiginosus Yellow bittern , Ixobrychus sinensis ( A ) Least bittern , Ixobrychus exilis Bare - throated tiger - heron , Tigrisoma mexicanum ( A ) Great blue heron , Ardea herodias Gray heron , Ardea cinerea ( A ) Great egret , Ardea alba Intermediate egret , Ardea intermedia ( A ) Chinese egret , Egretta eulophotes ( A ) Little egret , Egretta garzetta ( C ) Western reef - heron , Egretta gularis ( A ) Snowy egret , Egretta thula Little blue heron , Egretta caerulea Tricolored heron , Egretta tricolor Reddish egret , Egretta rufescens Cattle egret , Bubulcus ibis Chinese pond - heron , Ardeola bacchus ( A ) Green heron , Butorides virescens Black - crowned night - heron , Nycticorax nycticorax Yellow - crowned night - heron , Nyctanassa violacea", "American bittern , Botaurus lentiginosus", "Yellow bittern , Ixobrychus sinensis ( A )", "Least bittern , Ixobrychus exilis", "Bare - throated tiger - heron , Tigrisoma mexicanum ( A )", "Great blue heron , Ardea herodias", "Gray heron , Ardea cinerea ( A )", "Great egret , Ardea alba", "Intermediate egret , Ardea intermedia ( A )", "Chinese egret , Egretta eulophotes ( A )", "Little egret , Egretta garzetta ( C )", "Western reef - heron , Egretta gularis ( A )", "Snowy egret , Egretta thula", "Little blue heron , Egretta caerulea", "Tricolored heron , Egretta tricolor", "Reddish egret , Egretta rufescens", "Cattle egret , Bubulcus ibis", "Chinese pond - heron , Ardeola bacchus ( A )", "Green heron , Butorides virescens", "Black - crowned night - heron , Nycticorax nycticorax", "Yellow - crowned night - heron , Nyctanassa violacea", "Order : Pelecaniformes Family : Threskiornithidae", "The family Threskiornithidae includes the ibises and spoonbills . They have long , broad wings . Their bodies tend to be elongated , the neck more so , with rather long legs . The bill is also long , decurved in the case of the ibises , straight and distinctively flattened in the spoonbills .", "White ibis , Eudocimus albus Scarlet ibis , Eudocimus ruber ( A ) Glossy ibis , Plegadis falcinellus White - faced ibis , Plegadis chihi Roseate spoonbill , Ajaia ajaja", "White ibis , Eudocimus albus", "Scarlet ibis , Eudocimus ruber ( A )", "Glossy ibis , Plegadis falcinellus", "White - faced ibis , Plegadis chihi", "Roseate spoonbill , Ajaia ajaja", "Order : Cathartiformes Family : Cathartidae", "The New World vultures are not closely related to Old World vultures , but superficially resemble them because of convergent evolution . Like the Old World vultures , they are scavengers . However , unlike Old World vultures , which find carcasses by sight , New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carcasses .", "Black vulture , Coragyps atratus Turkey vulture , Cathartes aura California condor , Gymnogyps californianus ( Ex , but reestablishment is in progress )", "Black vulture , Coragyps atratus", "Turkey vulture , Cathartes aura", "California condor , Gymnogyps californianus ( Ex , but reestablishment is in progress )", "Order : Accipitriformes Family : Pandionidae", "Pandionidae is a monotypic family of fish - eating birds of prey . Its single species possesses a very large and powerful hooked beak , strong legs , strong talons , and keen eyesight .", "Osprey , Pandion haliaetus", "Osprey , Pandion haliaetus", "Order : Accipitriformes Family : Accipitridae", "Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey which includes hawks , eagles , kites , harriers , and Old World vultures . These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey , strong legs , powerful talons , and keen eyesight .", "Hook - billed kite , Chondrohierax uncinatus Swallow - tailed kite , Elanoides forficatus White - tailed kite , Elanus leucurus Snail kite , Rostrhamus sociabilis Double - toothed kite , Harpagus bidentatus ( A ) Mississippi kite , Ictinia mississippiensis Black kite , Milvus migrans ( A in Hawaii per the AOS ) Bald eagle , Haliaeetus leucocephalus White - tailed eagle , Haliaeetus albicilla ( C ) Steller 's sea - eagle , Haliaeetus pelagicus ( C ) Northern harrier , Circus hudsonius Chinese sparrowhawk , Accipiter soloensis ( A in Hawaii per the AOS ) Sharp - shinned hawk , Accipiter striatus Cooper 's hawk , Accipiter cooperii Northern goshawk , Accipiter gentilis Crane hawk , Geranospiza caerulescens ( A ) Common black hawk , Buteogallus anthracinus Roadside hawk , Rupornis magnirostris ( C ) Harris 's hawk , Parabuteo unicinctus White - tailed hawk , Buteo albicaudatus Gray hawk , Buteo plagiatus Red - shouldered hawk , Buteo lineatus Broad - winged hawk , Buteo platypterus Hawaiian hawk , Buteo solitarius ( EH ) Short - tailed hawk , Buteo brachyurus Swainson 's hawk , Buteo swainsoni Zone - tailed hawk , Buteo albonotatus Red - tailed hawk , Buteo jamaicensis Rough - legged hawk , Buteo lagopus Ferruginous hawk , Buteo regalis Golden eagle , Aquila chrysaetos", "Hook - billed kite , Chondrohierax uncinatus", "Swallow - tailed kite , Elanoides forficatus", "White - tailed kite , Elanus leucurus", "Snail kite , Rostrhamus sociabilis", "Double - toothed kite , Harpagus bidentatus ( A )", "Mississippi kite , Ictinia mississippiensis", "Black kite , Milvus migrans ( A in Hawaii per the AOS )", "Bald eagle , Haliaeetus leucocephalus", "White - tailed eagle , Haliaeetus albicilla ( C )", "Steller 's sea - eagle , Haliaeetus pelagicus ( C )", "Northern harrier , Circus hudsonius", "Chinese sparrowhawk , Accipiter soloensis ( A in Hawaii per the AOS )", "Sharp - shinned hawk , Accipiter striatus", "Cooper 's hawk , Accipiter cooperii", "Northern goshawk , Accipiter gentilis", "Crane hawk , Geranospiza caerulescens ( A )", "Common black hawk , Buteogallus anthracinus", "Roadside hawk , Rupornis magnirostris ( C )", "Harris 's hawk , Parabuteo unicinctus", "White - tailed hawk , Buteo albicaudatus", "Gray hawk , Buteo plagiatus", "Red - shouldered hawk , Buteo lineatus", "Broad - winged hawk , Buteo platypterus", "Hawaiian hawk , Buteo solitarius ( EH )", "Short - tailed hawk , Buteo brachyurus", "Swainson 's hawk , Buteo swainsoni", "Zone - tailed hawk , Buteo albonotatus", "Red - tailed hawk , Buteo jamaicensis", "Rough - legged hawk , Buteo lagopus", "Ferruginous hawk , Buteo regalis", "Golden eagle , Aquila chrysaetos", "Order : Strigiformes Family : Tytonidae", "Owls in the family Tytonidae are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart - shaped faces .", "Barn owl , Tyto Alba", "Barn owl , Tyto Alba", "Order : Strigiformes Family : Strigidae", "Typical or `` true '' owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey . They have large forward - facing eyes and ears , a hawk - like beak , and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk .", "Oriental scops - owl , Otus sunia ( A ) Flammulated owl , Psiloscops flammeolus Western screech - owl , Megascops kennicottii Eastern screech - owl , Megascops asio Whiskered screech - owl , Megascops trichopsis Great horned owl , Bubo virginianus Snowy owl , Bubo scandiacus Northern hawk owl , Surnia ulula Northern pygmy - owl , Glaucidium gnoma Ferruginous pygmy - owl , Glaucidium brasilianum Elf owl , Micrathene whitneyi Burrowing owl , Athene cunicularia Mottled owl , Ciccaba virgata ( A ) Spotted owl , Strix occidentalis Barred owl , Strix varia Great gray owl , Strix nebulosa Long - eared owl , Asio otus Stygian owl , Asio stygius ( A ) Short - eared owl , Asio flammeus Boreal owl , Aegolius funereus Northern saw - whet owl , Aegolius acadicus Northern boobook , Ninox scutulata ( A )", "Oriental scops - owl , Otus sunia ( A )", "Flammulated owl , Psiloscops flammeolus", "Western screech - owl , Megascops kennicottii", "Eastern screech - owl , Megascops asio", "Whiskered screech - owl , Megascops trichopsis", "Great horned owl , Bubo virginianus", "Snowy owl , Bubo scandiacus", "Northern hawk owl , Surnia ulula", "Northern pygmy - owl , Glaucidium gnoma", "Ferruginous pygmy - owl , Glaucidium brasilianum", "Elf owl , Micrathene whitneyi", "Burrowing owl , Athene cunicularia", "Mottled owl , Ciccaba virgata ( A )", "Spotted owl , Strix occidentalis", "Barred owl , Strix varia", "Great gray owl , Strix nebulosa", "Long - eared owl , Asio otus", "Stygian owl , Asio stygius ( A )", "Short - eared owl , Asio flammeus", "Boreal owl , Aegolius funereus", "Northern saw - whet owl , Aegolius acadicus", "Northern boobook , Ninox scutulata ( A )", "Order : Trogoniformes Family : Trogonidae", "Trogons are residents of tropical forests worldwide with the greatest diversity in Central and South America . They feed on insects and fruit , and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits . Although their flight is fast , they are reluctant to fly any distance . Trogons do not migrate . Trogons have soft , often colorful , feathers with distinctive male and female plumage . They nest in holes in trees or termite nests , laying white or pastel - colored eggs .", "Elegant trogon , Trogon elegans Eared quetzal , Euptilotis neoxenus ( C )", "Elegant trogon , Trogon elegans", "Eared quetzal , Euptilotis neoxenus ( C )", "Order : Upupiformes Family : Upupidae", "Hoopoes spend much time on the ground hunting insects and worms . This black , white , and pink bird is quite unmistakable , especially in its erratic flight , which is like that of a giant butterfly . The crest is erectile , but is mostly kept closed . It walks on the ground like a starling . The song is a trisyllabic oop - oop - oop , which gives rise to its English and scientific names .", "Eurasian hoopoe , Upupa epops ( A )", "Eurasian hoopoe , Upupa epops ( A )", "Order : Coraciiformes Family : Alcedinidae", "Kingfishers are medium - sized birds with large heads , long , pointed bills , short legs , and stubby tails .", "Ringed kingfisher , Megaceryle torquata Belted kingfisher , Megaceryle alcyon Amazon kingfisher , Chloroceryle amazona ( A ) Green kingfisher , Chloroceryle americana", "Ringed kingfisher , Megaceryle torquata", "Belted kingfisher , Megaceryle alcyon", "Amazon kingfisher , Chloroceryle amazona ( A )", "Green kingfisher , Chloroceryle americana", "Order : Piciformes Family : Picidae", "Woodpeckers are small to medium - sized birds with chisel - like beaks , short legs , stiff tails , and long tongues used for capturing insects . Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward , while several species have only three toes . Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks .", "Eurasian wryneck , Jynx torquilla ( A ) Lewis 's woodpecker , Melanerpes lewis Red - headed woodpecker , Melanerpes erythrocephalus Acorn woodpecker , Melanerpes formicivorus Gila woodpecker , Melanerpes uropygialis Golden - fronted woodpecker , Melanerpes aurifrons Red - bellied woodpecker , Melanerpes carolinus Williamson 's sapsucker , Sphyrapicus thyroideus Yellow - bellied sapsucker , Sphyrapicus varius Red - naped sapsucker , Sphyrapicus nuchalis Red - breasted sapsucker , Sphyrapicus ruber Great spotted woodpecker , Dendrocopos major ( C ) Ladder - backed woodpecker , Picoides scalaris Nuttall 's woodpecker , Picoides nuttallii Downy woodpecker , Picoides pubescens Hairy woodpecker , Picoides villosus Arizona woodpecker , Picoides arizonae Red - cockaded woodpecker , Picoides borealis ( EM ) White - headed woodpecker , Picoides albolarvatus American three - toed woodpecker , Picoides dorsalis Black - backed woodpecker , Picoides arcticus Northern flicker , Colaptes auratus Gilded flicker , Colaptes chrysoides Pileated woodpecker , Dryocopus pileatus Ivory - billed woodpecker , Campephilus principalis ( E ? )", "Eurasian wryneck , Jynx torquilla ( A )", "Lewis 's woodpecker , Melanerpes lewis", "Red - headed woodpecker , Melanerpes erythrocephalus", "Acorn woodpecker , Melanerpes formicivorus", "Gila woodpecker , Melanerpes uropygialis", "Golden - fronted woodpecker , Melanerpes aurifrons", "Red - bellied woodpecker , Melanerpes carolinus", "Williamson 's sapsucker , Sphyrapicus thyroideus", "Yellow - bellied sapsucker , Sphyrapicus varius", "Red - naped sapsucker , Sphyrapicus nuchalis", "Red - breasted sapsucker , Sphyrapicus ruber", "Great spotted woodpecker , Dendrocopos major ( C )", "Ladder - backed woodpecker , Picoides scalaris", "Nuttall 's woodpecker , Picoides nuttallii", "Downy woodpecker , Picoides pubescens", "Hairy woodpecker , Picoides villosus", "Arizona woodpecker , Picoides arizonae", "Red - cockaded woodpecker , Picoides borealis ( EM )", "White - headed woodpecker , Picoides albolarvatus", "American three - toed woodpecker , Picoides dorsalis", "Black - backed woodpecker , Picoides arcticus", "Northern flicker , Colaptes auratus", "Gilded flicker , Colaptes chrysoides", "Pileated woodpecker , Dryocopus pileatus", "Ivory - billed woodpecker , Campephilus principalis ( E ? )", "Order : Falconiformes Family : Falconidae", "Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey , notably the falcons and caracaras . They differ from hawks , eagles , and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons .", "Collared forest - falcon , Micrastur semitorquatus ( A ) Crested caracara , Caracara cheriway Eurasian kestrel , Falco tinnunculus ( C ) American kestrel , Falco sparverius Red - footed falcon , Falco vespertinus ( A ) Merlin , Falco columbarius Eurasian hobby , Falco subbuteo ( C ) Aplomado falcon , Falco femoralis Gyrfalcon , Falco rusticolus Peregrine falcon , Falco peregrinus Prairie falcon , Falco mexicanus", "Collared forest - falcon , Micrastur semitorquatus ( A )", "Crested caracara , Caracara cheriway", "Eurasian kestrel , Falco tinnunculus ( C )", "American kestrel , Falco sparverius", "Red - footed falcon , Falco vespertinus ( A )", "Merlin , Falco columbarius", "Eurasian hobby , Falco subbuteo ( C )", "Aplomado falcon , Falco femoralis", "Gyrfalcon , Falco rusticolus", "Peregrine falcon , Falco peregrinus", "Prairie falcon , Falco mexicanus", "Order : Psittaciformes Family : Psittacidae", "Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill , an upright stance , strong legs , and clawed zygodactyl feet . Many parrots are vividly colored , and some are multi-colored . In size they range from 8 cm ( 3.1 in ) to 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) in length . Most of the more than 150 species in this family are found in the New World .", "Monk parakeet , Myiopsitta monachus ( I ) Carolina parakeet , Conuropsis carolinensis ( E ) Nanday parakeet , Aratinga nenday ( I ) Green parakeet , Psittacara holochlorus Mitred parakeet , Psittacara mitratus ( I ) Thick - billed parrot , Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha ( Ex ) White - winged parakeet , Brotogeris versicolurus ( I ) Red - crowned parrot , Amazona viridigenalis", "Monk parakeet , Myiopsitta monachus ( I )", "Carolina parakeet , Conuropsis carolinensis ( E )", "Nanday parakeet , Aratinga nenday ( I )", "Green parakeet , Psittacara holochlorus", "Mitred parakeet , Psittacara mitratus ( I )", "Thick - billed parrot , Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha ( Ex )", "White - winged parakeet , Brotogeris versicolurus ( I )", "Red - crowned parrot , Amazona viridigenalis", "Order : Psittaciformes Family : Psittaculidae", "Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill , an upright stance , strong legs , and clawed zygodactyl feet . Many parrots are vividly colored , and some are multi-colored . In size they range from 8 cm ( 3.1 in ) to 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) in length . Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand .", "Rose - ringed parakeet , Psittacula krameri ( I ) Rosy - faced lovebird , Agapornis roseicollis ( I ) Budgerigar , Melopsittacus undulatus ( I )", "Rose - ringed parakeet , Psittacula krameri ( I )", "Rosy - faced lovebird , Agapornis roseicollis ( I )", "Budgerigar , Melopsittacus undulatus ( I )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Tyrannidae", "Tyrant flycatchers are Passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America . They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers , but are more robust and have stronger bills . They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds . Most , but not all , are rather plain . As the name implies , most are insectivorous .", "Northern beardless - tyrannulet , Camptostoma imberbe Greenish elaenia , Myiopagis viridicata ( A ) White - crested elaenia , Elaenia albiceps ( A ) Tufted flycatcher , Mitrephanes phaeocercus ( A ) Olive - sided flycatcher , Contopus cooperi Greater pewee , Contopus pertinax Western wood - pewee , Contopus sordidulus Eastern wood - pewee , Contopus virens Cuban pewee , Contopus caribaeus ( A ) Yellow - bellied flycatcher , Empidonax flaviventris Acadian flycatcher , Empidonax virescens Alder flycatcher , Empidonax alnorum Willow flycatcher , Empidonax traillii Least flycatcher , Empidonax minimus Hammond 's flycatcher , Empidonax hammondii Gray flycatcher , Empidonax wrightii Dusky flycatcher , Empidonax oberholseri Pacific - slope flycatcher , Empidonax difficilis Cordilleran flycatcher , Empidonax occidentalis Buff - breasted flycatcher , Empidonax fulvifrons Black phoebe , Sayornis nigricans Eastern phoebe , Sayornis phoebe Say 's phoebe , Sayornis saya Vermilion flycatcher , Pyrocephalus rubinus Dusky - capped flycatcher , Myiarchus tuberculifer Ash - throated flycatcher , Myiarchus cinerascens Nutting 's flycatcher , Myiarchus nuttingi ( A ) Great crested flycatcher , Myiarchus crinitus Brown - crested flycatcher , Myiarchus tyrannulus La Sagra 's flycatcher , Myiarchus sagrae Great kiskadee , Pitangus sulphuratus Social flycatcher , Myiozetetes similis ( A ) Sulphur - bellied flycatcher , Myiodynastes luteiventris Piratic flycatcher , Legatus leucophaius ( C ) Variegated flycatcher , Empidonomus varius ( A ) Crowned slaty flycatcher , Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus ( A ) Tropical kingbird , Tyrannus melancholicus Couch 's kingbird , Tyrannus couchii Cassin 's kingbird , Tyrannus vociferans Thick - billed kingbird , Tyrannus crassirostris Western kingbird , Tyrannus verticalis Eastern kingbird , Tyrannus tyrannus Gray kingbird , Tyrannus dominicensis Loggerhead kingbird , Tyrannus caudifasciatus ( A ) Scissor - tailed flycatcher , Tyrannus forficatus Fork - tailed flycatcher , Tyrannus savana", "Northern beardless - tyrannulet , Camptostoma imberbe", "Greenish elaenia , Myiopagis viridicata ( A )", "White - crested elaenia , Elaenia albiceps ( A )", "Tufted flycatcher , Mitrephanes phaeocercus ( A )", "Olive - sided flycatcher , Contopus cooperi", "Greater pewee , Contopus pertinax", "Western wood - pewee , Contopus sordidulus", "Eastern wood - pewee , Contopus virens", "Cuban pewee , Contopus caribaeus ( A )", "Yellow - bellied flycatcher , Empidonax flaviventris", "Acadian flycatcher , Empidonax virescens", "Alder flycatcher , Empidonax alnorum", "Willow flycatcher , Empidonax traillii", "Least flycatcher , Empidonax minimus", "Hammond 's flycatcher , Empidonax hammondii", "Gray flycatcher , Empidonax wrightii", "Dusky flycatcher , Empidonax oberholseri", "Pacific - slope flycatcher , Empidonax difficilis", "Cordilleran flycatcher , Empidonax occidentalis", "Buff - breasted flycatcher , Empidonax fulvifrons", "Black phoebe , Sayornis nigricans", "Eastern phoebe , Sayornis phoebe", "Say 's phoebe , Sayornis saya", "Vermilion flycatcher , Pyrocephalus rubinus", "Dusky - capped flycatcher , Myiarchus tuberculifer", "Ash - throated flycatcher , Myiarchus cinerascens", "Nutting 's flycatcher , Myiarchus nuttingi ( A )", "Great crested flycatcher , Myiarchus crinitus", "Brown - crested flycatcher , Myiarchus tyrannulus", "La Sagra 's flycatcher , Myiarchus sagrae", "Great kiskadee , Pitangus sulphuratus", "Social flycatcher , Myiozetetes similis ( A )", "Sulphur - bellied flycatcher , Myiodynastes luteiventris", "Piratic flycatcher , Legatus leucophaius ( C )", "Variegated flycatcher , Empidonomus varius ( A )", "Crowned slaty flycatcher , Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus ( A )", "Tropical kingbird , Tyrannus melancholicus", "Couch 's kingbird , Tyrannus couchii", "Cassin 's kingbird , Tyrannus vociferans", "Thick - billed kingbird , Tyrannus crassirostris", "Western kingbird , Tyrannus verticalis", "Eastern kingbird , Tyrannus tyrannus", "Gray kingbird , Tyrannus dominicensis", "Loggerhead kingbird , Tyrannus caudifasciatus ( A )", "Scissor - tailed flycatcher , Tyrannus forficatus", "Fork - tailed flycatcher , Tyrannus savana", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Tityridae", "Tityridae is family of suboscine passerine birds found in forest and woodland in the Neotropics . The approximately 30 species in this family were formerly lumped with the families Pipridae and Cotingidae ( see Taxonomy ) . As yet , no widely accepted common name exists for the family , although Tityras and allies and Tityras , mourners , and allies have been used . They are small to medium - sized birds .", "Masked tityra , Tityra semifasciata ( A ) Gray - collared becard , Pachyramphus major ( A ) Rose - throated becard , Pachyramphus aglaiae", "Masked tityra , Tityra semifasciata ( A )", "Gray - collared becard , Pachyramphus major ( A )", "Rose - throated becard , Pachyramphus aglaiae", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Laniidae", "Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns . A shrike 's beak is hooked , like that of a typical bird of prey .", "Brown shrike , Lanius cristatus ( C ) Loggerhead shrike , Lanius ludovicianus Northern shrike , Lanius borealis", "Brown shrike , Lanius cristatus ( C )", "Loggerhead shrike , Lanius ludovicianus", "Northern shrike , Lanius borealis", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Vireonidae", "The vireos are a group of small to medium - sized passerine birds restricted to the New World , though a few other species in the family are found in Asia . They are typically greenish in color and resemble wood - warblers apart from their heavier bills .", "Black - capped vireo , Vireo atricapilla White - eyed vireo , Vireo griseus Thick - billed vireo , Vireo crassirostris ( C ) Bell 's vireo , Vireo bellii Gray vireo , Vireo vicinior Hutton 's vireo , Vireo huttoni Yellow - throated vireo , Vireo flavifrons Cassin 's vireo , Vireo cassinii Blue - headed vireo , Vireo solitarius Plumbeous vireo , Vireo plumbeus Philadelphia vireo , Vireo philadelphicus Warbling vireo , Vireo gilvus Red - eyed vireo , Vireo olivaceus Yellow - green vireo , Vireo flavoviridis Black - whiskered vireo , Vireo altiloquus Yucatan vireo , Vireo magister ( A )", "Black - capped vireo , Vireo atricapilla", "White - eyed vireo , Vireo griseus", "Thick - billed vireo , Vireo crassirostris ( C )", "Bell 's vireo , Vireo bellii", "Gray vireo , Vireo vicinior", "Hutton 's vireo , Vireo huttoni", "Yellow - throated vireo , Vireo flavifrons", "Cassin 's vireo , Vireo cassinii", "Blue - headed vireo , Vireo solitarius", "Plumbeous vireo , Vireo plumbeus", "Philadelphia vireo , Vireo philadelphicus", "Warbling vireo , Vireo gilvus", "Red - eyed vireo , Vireo olivaceus", "Yellow - green vireo , Vireo flavoviridis", "Black - whiskered vireo , Vireo altiloquus", "Yucatan vireo , Vireo magister ( A )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Corvidae", "The family Corvidae includes crows , ravens , jays , choughs , magpies , treepies , nutcrackers , and ground jays . Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes , and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence .", "Gray jay , Perisoreus canadensis Brown jay , Psilorhinus morio Green jay , Cyanocorax yncas Pinyon jay , Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Steller 's jay , Cyanocitta stelleri Blue jay , Cyanocitta cristata Florida scrub - jay , Aphelocoma coerulescens ( EM ) Island scrub - jay , Aphelocoma insularis ( EM ) California scrub - jay , Aphelocoma californica Woodhouse 's scrub - jay , Aphelocoma woodhouseii Mexican jay , Aphelocoma wollweberi Clark 's nutcracker , Nucifraga columbiana Black - billed magpie , Pica hudsonia Yellow - billed magpie , Pica nuttalli ( EM ) Eurasian jackdaw , Corvus monedula ( C ) American crow , Corvus brachyrhynchos Northwestern crow , Corvus caurinus Tamaulipas crow , Corvus imparatus Fish crow , Corvus ossifragus ( EM ) Hawaiian crow , Corvus hawaiiensis ( EH ) Chihuahuan raven , Corvus cryptoleucus Common raven , Corvus corax", "Gray jay , Perisoreus canadensis", "Brown jay , Psilorhinus morio", "Green jay , Cyanocorax yncas", "Pinyon jay , Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus", "Steller 's jay , Cyanocitta stelleri", "Blue jay , Cyanocitta cristata", "Florida scrub - jay , Aphelocoma coerulescens ( EM )", "Island scrub - jay , Aphelocoma insularis ( EM )", "California scrub - jay , Aphelocoma californica", "Woodhouse 's scrub - jay , Aphelocoma woodhouseii", "Mexican jay , Aphelocoma wollweberi", "Clark 's nutcracker , Nucifraga columbiana", "Black - billed magpie , Pica hudsonia", "Yellow - billed magpie , Pica nuttalli ( EM )", "Eurasian jackdaw , Corvus monedula ( C )", "American crow , Corvus brachyrhynchos", "Northwestern crow , Corvus caurinus", "Tamaulipas crow , Corvus imparatus", "Fish crow , Corvus ossifragus ( EM )", "Hawaiian crow , Corvus hawaiiensis ( EH )", "Chihuahuan raven , Corvus cryptoleucus", "Common raven , Corvus corax", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Monarchidae", "The Monarchinae are a relatively recent grouping of a number of seemingly very different birds , mostly from the Southern Hemisphere , which are more closely related than they at first appear . Many of the approximately 140 species making up the family were previously assigned to other groups , largely on the basis of general morphology or behavior . With the new insights generated by the DNA - DNA hybridisation studies of Sibley and his co-workers toward the end of the 20th century , however , it became clear that these apparently unrelated birds were all descended from a common ancestor . The Monarchinae are small to medium - sized insectivorous passerines , many of which hunt by flycatching . These three species endemic to Hawaii represent the group .", "Kauai elepaio , Chasiempis sclateri ( EH ) Oahu elepaio , Chasiempis ibidis ( EH ) Hawaii elepaio , Chasiempis sandwichensis ( EH )", "Kauai elepaio , Chasiempis sclateri ( EH )", "Oahu elepaio , Chasiempis ibidis ( EH )", "Hawaii elepaio , Chasiempis sandwichensis ( EH )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Alaudidae", "Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights . Most larks are fairly dull in appearance . Their food is insects and seeds .", "Eurasian skylark , Alauda arvensis ( regular visitor - AK ) ( A-CA ) ( Ex-NY ) ( I , now Ex BC & WA ) Horned lark , Eremophila alpestris", "Eurasian skylark , Alauda arvensis ( regular visitor - AK ) ( A-CA ) ( Ex-NY ) ( I , now Ex BC & WA )", "Horned lark , Eremophila alpestris", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Hirundinidae", "The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding . They have a slender streamlined body , long pointed wings , and a short bill with a wide gape . The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking , and the front toes are partially joined at the base .", "Purple martin , Progne subis Cuban martin , Progne cryptoleuca ( A ) Gray - breasted martin , Progne chalybea ( A ) Southern martin , Progne elegans ( A ) Brown - chested martin , Progne tapera ( A ) Tree swallow , Tachycineta bicolor Mangrove swallow , Tachycineta albilinea ( A ) Violet - green swallow , Tachycineta thalassina Bahama swallow , Tachycineta cyaneoviridis ( C ) Northern rough - winged swallow , Stelgidopteryx serripennis Bank swallow , Riparia riparia Cliff swallow , Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Cave swallow , Petrochelidon fulva Barn swallow , Hirundo rustica Common house - martin , Delichon urbica ( C )", "Purple martin , Progne subis", "Cuban martin , Progne cryptoleuca ( A )", "Gray - breasted martin , Progne chalybea ( A )", "Southern martin , Progne elegans ( A )", "Brown - chested martin , Progne tapera ( A )", "Tree swallow , Tachycineta bicolor", "Mangrove swallow , Tachycineta albilinea ( A )", "Violet - green swallow , Tachycineta thalassina", "Bahama swallow , Tachycineta cyaneoviridis ( C )", "Northern rough - winged swallow , Stelgidopteryx serripennis", "Bank swallow , Riparia riparia", "Cliff swallow , Petrochelidon pyrrhonota", "Cave swallow , Petrochelidon fulva", "Barn swallow , Hirundo rustica", "Common house - martin , Delichon urbica ( C )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Paridae", "The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills . Some have crests . They are adaptable birds , with a mixed diet including seeds and insects .", "Carolina chickadee , Poecile carolinensis ( EM ) Black - capped chickadee , Poecile atricapilla Mountain chickadee , Poecile gambeli Mexican chickadee , Poecile sclateri Chestnut - backed chickadee , Poecile rufescens Boreal chickadee , Poecile hudsonica Gray - headed chickadee , Poecile cincta Bridled titmouse , Baeolophus wollweberi Oak titmouse , Baeolophus inornatus Juniper titmouse , Baeolophus ridgwayi Tufted titmouse , Baeolophus bicolor Black - crested titmouse , Baeolophus atricristatus", "Carolina chickadee , Poecile carolinensis ( EM )", "Black - capped chickadee , Poecile atricapilla", "Mountain chickadee , Poecile gambeli", "Mexican chickadee , Poecile sclateri", "Chestnut - backed chickadee , Poecile rufescens", "Boreal chickadee , Poecile hudsonica", "Gray - headed chickadee , Poecile cincta", "Bridled titmouse , Baeolophus wollweberi", "Oak titmouse , Baeolophus inornatus", "Juniper titmouse , Baeolophus ridgwayi", "Tufted titmouse , Baeolophus bicolor", "Black - crested titmouse , Baeolophus atricristatus", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Remizidae", "The only member of this family in the New World , the verdin one of the smallest passerines in North America . It is gray overall and adults have a bright yellow head and rufous `` shoulder patch '' ( the lesser coverts ) . Verdins are insectivorous , continuously foraging among the desert trees and scrubs . They are usually solitary except when they pair up to construct their conspicuous nests .", "Verdin , Auriparus flaviceps", "Verdin , Auriparus flaviceps", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Aegithalidae", "The long - tailed tits are a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails . They make woven bag nests in trees . Most eat a mixed diet which includes insects .", "Bushtit , Psaltriparus minimus", "Bushtit , Psaltriparus minimus", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Sittidae", "Nuthatches are small woodland birds . They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first , unlike other birds which can only go upwards . Nuthatches have big heads , short tails , and powerful bills and feet .", "Red - breasted nuthatch , Sitta canadensis White - breasted nuthatch , Sitta carolinensis Pygmy nuthatch , Sitta pygmaea Brown - headed nuthatch , Sitta pusilla", "Red - breasted nuthatch , Sitta canadensis", "White - breasted nuthatch , Sitta carolinensis", "Pygmy nuthatch , Sitta pygmaea", "Brown - headed nuthatch , Sitta pusilla", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Certhiidae", "Treecreepers are small woodland birds , brown above and white below . They have thin pointed down - curved bills , which they use to extricate insects from bark . They have stiff tail feathers , like woodpeckers , which they use to support themselves on vertical trees .", "Brown creeper , Certhia americana", "Brown creeper , Certhia americana", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Troglodytidae", "Wrens are small and inconspicuous birds , except for their loud songs . They have short wings and thin down - turned bills . Several species often hold their tails upright . All are insectivorous .", "Rock wren , Salpinctes obsoletus Canyon wren , Catherpes mexicanus House wren , Troglodytes aedon Pacific wren , Troglodytes pacificus Winter wren , Troglodytes hiemalis Sedge wren , Cistothorus platensis Marsh wren , Cistothorus palustris Carolina wren , Thryothorus ludovicianus Bewick 's wren , Thryomanes bewickii Cactus wren , Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus Sinaloa wren , Thryothorus sinaloa ( A )", "Rock wren , Salpinctes obsoletus", "Canyon wren , Catherpes mexicanus", "House wren , Troglodytes aedon", "Pacific wren , Troglodytes pacificus", "Winter wren , Troglodytes hiemalis", "Sedge wren , Cistothorus platensis", "Marsh wren , Cistothorus palustris", "Carolina wren , Thryothorus ludovicianus", "Bewick 's wren , Thryomanes bewickii", "Cactus wren , Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus", "Sinaloa wren , Thryothorus sinaloa ( A )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Polioptilidae", "These dainty birds resemble Old World warblers in their structure and habits , moving restlessly through the foliage seeking insects . The gnatcatchers are mainly soft bluish gray in color and have the typical insectivore 's long sharp bill . Many species have distinctive black head patterns ( especially males ) and long , regularly cocked , black - and - white tails .", "Blue - gray gnatcatcher , Polioptila caerulea California gnatcatcher , Polioptila californica Black - tailed gnatcatcher , Polioptila melanura Black - capped gnatcatcher , Polioptila nigriceps", "Blue - gray gnatcatcher , Polioptila caerulea", "California gnatcatcher , Polioptila californica", "Black - tailed gnatcatcher , Polioptila melanura", "Black - capped gnatcatcher , Polioptila nigriceps", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Cinclidae", "Dippers are a group of perching birds whose habitat includes aquatic environments in the Americas , Europe , and Asia . They are named for their bobbing or dipping movements . These birds have adaptations which allows them to submerge and walk on the bottom to feed on insect larvae .", "American dipper , Cinclus mexicanus", "American dipper , Cinclus mexicanus", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Pycnonotidae", "The bulbuls are a family of medium - sized passerine songbirds native to Africa and tropical Asia . These are noisy and gregarious birds with often beautiful striking songs .", "Red - vented bulbul , Pycnonotus cafer ( I ) Red - whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus ( I )", "Red - vented bulbul , Pycnonotus cafer ( I )", "Red - whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus ( I )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Regulidae", "The kinglets and `` crests '' are a small family of birds which resemble some warblers . They are very small insectivorous birds in the single genus Regulus . The adults have colored crowns , giving rise to their name .", "Golden - crowned kinglet , Regulus satrapa Ruby - crowned kinglet , Regulus calendula", "Golden - crowned kinglet , Regulus satrapa", "Ruby - crowned kinglet , Regulus calendula", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Cettiidae", "Japanese bush - warbler , Horornis diphone ( I )", "Japanese bush - warbler , Horornis diphone ( I )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Phylloscopidae", "Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa . The Arctic warbler breeds east into Alaska . The species are of various sizes , often green - plumaged above and yellow below , or more subdued with grayish - green to grayish - brown colors .", "Willow warbler , Phylloscopus trochilus ( A ) Common chiffchaff , Phylloscopus collybita ( A ) Wood warbler , Phylloscopus sibilatrix ( A ) Dusky warbler , Phylloscopus fuscatus ( C ) Pallas 's leaf warbler , Phylloscopus proregulus ( A ) Yellow - browed warbler , Phylloscopus inornatus ( C ) Arctic warbler , Phylloscopus borealis Kamchatka leaf warbler , Phylloscopus examinandus ( A )", "Willow warbler , Phylloscopus trochilus ( A )", "Common chiffchaff , Phylloscopus collybita ( A )", "Wood warbler , Phylloscopus sibilatrix ( A )", "Dusky warbler , Phylloscopus fuscatus ( C )", "Pallas 's leaf warbler , Phylloscopus proregulus ( A )", "Yellow - browed warbler , Phylloscopus inornatus ( C )", "Arctic warbler , Phylloscopus borealis", "Kamchatka leaf warbler , Phylloscopus examinandus ( A )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Sylviidae", "The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds . They mainly occur as breeding species , as the common name implies , in Europe , Asia , and to a lesser extent Africa . Most are of generally undistinguished appearance , but many have distinctive songs .", "Lesser whitethroat , Sylvia curruca ( A ) Wrentit , Chamaea fasciata", "Lesser whitethroat , Sylvia curruca ( A )", "Wrentit , Chamaea fasciata", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Zosteropidae", "The white - eyes are small passerine birds native to tropical and sub-tropical Africa , southern Asia , and Australasia . The birds of this group are mostly of undistinguished appearance , their plumage above being generally some dull color like greenish - olive , but some species have a white or bright yellow throat , breast , or lower parts , and several have buff flanks . But as indicated by their scientific name , derived from the Ancient Greek for girdle - eye , there is a conspicuous ring around the eyes of many species . They have rounded wings and strong legs . The size ranges up to 15 cm ( 6 inches ) in length . All the species of white - eyes are sociable , forming large flocks which only separate on the approach of the breeding season . Though mainly insectivorous , they eat nectar and fruits of various kinds .", "Japanese white - eye , Zosterops japonicus ( I )", "Japanese white - eye , Zosterops japonicus ( I )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Timaliidae", "The Old World babblers or `` timaliids '' are a large family of mostly Old World passerine birds . They are rather diverse in size and coloration , but are characterized by soft fluffy plumage . These birds have strong legs and many are quite terrestrial . This group is not strongly migratory and most species have short rounded wings and a weak flight .", "Greater necklaced laughingthrush , Garrulax pectoralis ( I ) Hwamei , Garrulax canorus ( I ) Red - billed leiothrix , Leiothrix lutea ( I )", "Greater necklaced laughingthrush , Garrulax pectoralis ( I )", "Hwamei , Garrulax canorus ( I )", "Red - billed leiothrix , Leiothrix lutea ( I )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Acrocephalidae", "The members of this family are usually rather large for `` warblers '' . Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below . They are usually found in open woodland , reedbeds , or tall grass . The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings , but also ranges far into the Pacific , with some species in Africa .", "Millerbird , Acrocephalus familiaris ( EH ) Sedge warbler , Acrocephalus schoenobaenus ( A ) Blyth 's reed warbler , Acrocephalus dumetorum ( A )", "Millerbird , Acrocephalus familiaris ( EH )", "Sedge warbler , Acrocephalus schoenobaenus ( A )", "Blyth 's reed warbler , Acrocephalus dumetorum ( A )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Locustellidae", "Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia , Africa , and the Australian region . They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed , and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over .", "Middendorff 's grasshopper - warbler , Locustella ochotensis ( C ) Lanceolated warbler , Locustella lanceolata ( A )", "Middendorff 's grasshopper - warbler , Locustella ochotensis ( C )", "Lanceolated warbler , Locustella lanceolata ( A )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Muscicapidae", "The Old World flycatchers form a large family of small passerine birds . These are mainly small arboreal insectivores , many of which , as the name implies , take their prey on the wing .", "Gray - streaked flycatcher , Muscicapa griseisticta ( C ) Asian brown flycatcher , Muscicapa dauurica ( A ) Spotted flycatcher , Muscicapa striata ( A ) Dark - sided flycatcher , Muscicapa sibirica ( C ) White - rumped shama , Copsychus malabaricus ( I ) Rufous - tailed robin , Luscinia sibilans ( A ) Siberian rubythroat , Luscinia calliope Bluethroat , Luscinia svecica Siberian blue robin , Luscinia cyane ( A ) Red - flanked bluetail , Tarsiger cyanurus ( C ) Narcissus flycatcher , Ficedula narcissina ( A ) Mugimaki flycatcher , Ficedula mugimaki ( A ) Taiga flycatcher , Ficedula albicilla ( C ) Common redstart , Phoenicurus phoenicurus ( A ) Stonechat , Saxicola torquatus ( C ) Northern wheatear , Oenanthe oenanthe", "Gray - streaked flycatcher , Muscicapa griseisticta ( C )", "Asian brown flycatcher , Muscicapa dauurica ( A )", "Spotted flycatcher , Muscicapa striata ( A )", "Dark - sided flycatcher , Muscicapa sibirica ( C )", "White - rumped shama , Copsychus malabaricus ( I )", "Rufous - tailed robin , Luscinia sibilans ( A )", "Siberian rubythroat , Luscinia calliope", "Bluethroat , Luscinia svecica", "Siberian blue robin , Luscinia cyane ( A )", "Red - flanked bluetail , Tarsiger cyanurus ( C )", "Narcissus flycatcher , Ficedula narcissina ( A )", "Mugimaki flycatcher , Ficedula mugimaki ( A )", "Taiga flycatcher , Ficedula albicilla ( C )", "Common redstart , Phoenicurus phoenicurus ( A )", "Stonechat , Saxicola torquatus ( C )", "Northern wheatear , Oenanthe oenanthe", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Turdidae", "The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World . They are plump , soft plumaged , small to medium - sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores , often feeding on the ground . Many have attractive songs .", "Eastern bluebird , Sialia sialis Western bluebird , Sialia mexicana Mountain bluebird , Sialia currucoides Townsend 's solitaire , Myadestes townsendi Brown - backed solitaire , Myadestes occidentalis ( A ) Kamao , Myadestes myadestinus ( EH ) ( E ) Amaui , Myadestes woahensis ( EH ) ( E ) Olomao , Myadestes lanaiensis ( EH ) Omao , Myadestes obscurus ( EH ) Puaiohi , Myadestes palmeri ( EH ) Orange - billed nightingale - thrush , Catharus aurantiirostris ( A ) Black - headed nightingale - thrush , Catharus mexicanus ( A ) Veery , Catharus fuscescens Gray - cheeked thrush , Catharus minimus Bicknell 's thrush , Catharus bicknelli Swainson 's thrush , Catharus ustulatus Hermit thrush , Catharus guttatus Wood thrush , Hylocichla mustelina Eurasian blackbird , Turdus merula ( A ) Eyebrowed thrush , Turdus obscurus Dusky thrush , Turdus naumanni ( C ) Fieldfare , Turdus pilaris ( C ) Redwing , Turdus iliacus ( C ) Song thrush , Turdus philomelos ( A ) Clay - colored thrush , Turdus grayi White - throated thrush , Turdus assimilis ( C ) Rufous - backed robin , Turdus rufopalliatus American robin , Turdus migratorius Red - legged thrush , Turdus plumbeus ( A ) Varied thrush , Ixoreus naevius Aztec thrush , Ridgwayia pinicola ( C )", "Eastern bluebird , Sialia sialis", "Western bluebird , Sialia mexicana", "Mountain bluebird , Sialia currucoides", "Townsend 's solitaire , Myadestes townsendi", "Brown - backed solitaire , Myadestes occidentalis ( A )", "Kamao , Myadestes myadestinus ( EH ) ( E )", "Amaui , Myadestes woahensis ( EH ) ( E )", "Olomao , Myadestes lanaiensis ( EH )", "Omao , Myadestes obscurus ( EH )", "Puaiohi , Myadestes palmeri ( EH )", "Orange - billed nightingale - thrush , Catharus aurantiirostris ( A )", "Black - headed nightingale - thrush , Catharus mexicanus ( A )", "Veery , Catharus fuscescens", "Gray - cheeked thrush , Catharus minimus", "Bicknell 's thrush , Catharus bicknelli", "Swainson 's thrush , Catharus ustulatus", "Hermit thrush , Catharus guttatus", "Wood thrush , Hylocichla mustelina", "Eurasian blackbird , Turdus merula ( A )", "Eyebrowed thrush , Turdus obscurus", "Dusky thrush , Turdus naumanni ( C )", "Fieldfare , Turdus pilaris ( C )", "Redwing , Turdus iliacus ( C )", "Song thrush , Turdus philomelos ( A )", "Clay - colored thrush , Turdus grayi", "White - throated thrush , Turdus assimilis ( C )", "Rufous - backed robin , Turdus rufopalliatus", "American robin , Turdus migratorius", "Red - legged thrush , Turdus plumbeus ( A )", "Varied thrush , Ixoreus naevius", "Aztec thrush , Ridgwayia pinicola ( C )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Mimidae", "The mimids are a family of passerine birds which includes thrashers , mockingbirds , tremblers , and the New World catbirds . These birds are notable for their vocalization , especially their remarkable ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors . The species tend towards dull grays and browns in their appearance .", "Blue mockingbird , Melanotis caerulescens ( A ) Gray catbird , Dumetella carolinensis Curve - billed thrasher , Toxostoma curvirostre Brown thrasher , Toxostoma rufum Long - billed thrasher , Toxostoma longirostre Bendire 's thrasher , Toxostoma bendirei California thrasher , Toxostoma redivivum LeConte 's thrasher , Toxostoma lecontei Crissal thrasher , Toxostoma crissale Sage thrasher , Oreoscoptes montanus Bahama mockingbird , Mimus gundlachii ( C ) Northern mockingbird , Mimus polyglottos", "Blue mockingbird , Melanotis caerulescens ( A )", "Gray catbird , Dumetella carolinensis", "Curve - billed thrasher , Toxostoma curvirostre", "Brown thrasher , Toxostoma rufum", "Long - billed thrasher , Toxostoma longirostre", "Bendire 's thrasher , Toxostoma bendirei", "California thrasher , Toxostoma redivivum", "LeConte 's thrasher , Toxostoma lecontei", "Crissal thrasher , Toxostoma crissale", "Sage thrasher , Oreoscoptes montanus", "Bahama mockingbird , Mimus gundlachii ( C )", "Northern mockingbird , Mimus polyglottos", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Sturnidae", "Starlings and mynas are small to medium - sized Old World passerine birds with strong feet . Their flight is strong and direct and most are very gregarious . Their preferred habitat is fairly open country , and they eat insects and fruit . The plumage of several species is dark with a metallic sheen .", "European starling , Sturnus vulgaris ( I ) Common myna , Acridotheres tistis ( I ) Hill myna , Gracula religiosa ( I )", "European starling , Sturnus vulgaris ( I )", "Common myna , Acridotheres tistis ( I )", "Hill myna , Gracula religiosa ( I )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Bombycillidae", "The waxwings are a group of passerine birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers . In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings , these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name . These are arboreal birds of northern forests . They live on insects in summer and berries in winter .", "Bohemian waxwing , Bombycilla garrulus Cedar waxwing , Bombycilla cedrorum", "Bohemian waxwing , Bombycilla garrulus", "Cedar waxwing , Bombycilla cedrorum", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Mohoidae", "Hawaiian honeyeaters prefer to flit quickly from perch to perch in the outer foliage , stretching up or sideways or hanging upside down at need . They have a highly developed brush - tipped tongue , which is frayed and fringed with bristles which soak up liquids readily . The tongue is flicked rapidly and repeatedly into a flower , the upper mandible then compressing any liquid out when the bill is closed . All species of honeyeaters below were endemic to Hawaii , but are now extinct . The Kauai oo was the last species to survive , and was last seen in 1987 .", "Kauai oo , Moho braccatus ( EH ) ( E ) Oahu oo , Moho apicalus ( EH ) ( E ) Bishop 's oo , Moho bishopi ( EH ) ( E ) Hawaii oo , Moho nobilis ( EH ) ( E ) Kioea , Chaetoptila angustipluma ( EH ) ( E )", "Kauai oo , Moho braccatus ( EH ) ( E )", "Oahu oo , Moho apicalus ( EH ) ( E )", "Bishop 's oo , Moho bishopi ( EH ) ( E )", "Hawaii oo , Moho nobilis ( EH ) ( E )", "Kioea , Chaetoptila angustipluma ( EH ) ( E )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Ptiliogonatidae", "The silky - flycatchers are a small family of passerine birds which occur mainly in Central America . They are related to waxwings and most species have small crests .", "Gray silky - flycatcher , Ptiliogonys cinereus ( A ) Phainopepla , Phainopepla nitens", "Gray silky - flycatcher , Ptiliogonys cinereus ( A )", "Phainopepla , Phainopepla nitens", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Peucedramidae", "The olive warbler has a gray body with some olive - green on the wings and two white wing bars . The male 's head and breast are orange and there is a black patch through the eye . This is the only species in its family .", "Olive warbler , Peucedramus taeniatus", "Olive warbler , Peucedramus taeniatus", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Prunellidae", "Accentors are small , fairly drab species superficially similar , but unrelated to , sparrows . However , accentors have thin sharp bills , reflecting their diet of insects in summer , augmented with seeds and berries in winter .", "Siberian accentor , Prunella montanella ( C )", "Siberian accentor , Prunella montanella ( C )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Estrildidae", "The members of this family are small passerine birds native to the Old World tropics . They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills . They are all similar in structure and habits , but have wide variation in plumage colors and patterns .", "Red - cheeked cordon - bleu , Uraeginthus bengalus ( I ) Lavender waxbill , Estrilda caerulescens ( I ) Orange - cheeked waxbill , Estrilda melpoda ( I ) Black - rumped waxbill , Estrilda troglodytes ( I ) Common waxbill , Estrilda astrild ( I ) Red avadavat , Amandava amandava ( I ) Indian silverbill , Euodice malabarica ( I ) African silverbill , Euodice cantans ( I ) Java sparrow , Lonchura oryzivora ( I ) Scaly - breasted munia , Lonchura punctulata ( I ) Tricolored munia , Lonchura malacca ( I )", "Red - cheeked cordon - bleu , Uraeginthus bengalus ( I )", "Lavender waxbill , Estrilda caerulescens ( I )", "Orange - cheeked waxbill , Estrilda melpoda ( I )", "Black - rumped waxbill , Estrilda troglodytes ( I )", "Common waxbill , Estrilda astrild ( I )", "Red avadavat , Amandava amandava ( I )", "Indian silverbill , Euodice malabarica ( I )", "African silverbill , Euodice cantans ( I )", "Java sparrow , Lonchura oryzivora ( I )", "Scaly - breasted munia , Lonchura punctulata ( I )", "Tricolored munia , Lonchura malacca ( I )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Passeridae", "Old World sparrows are small passerine birds . In general , sparrows tend to be small plump brownish or grayish birds with short tails and short powerful beaks . Sparrows are seed eaters , but they also consume small insects .", "House sparrow , Passer domesticus ( I ) Eurasian tree sparrow , Passer montanus ( I )", "House sparrow , Passer domesticus ( I )", "Eurasian tree sparrow , Passer montanus ( I )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Motacillidae", "Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails . They include the wagtails , longclaws , and pipits . They are slender ground - feeding insectivores of open country .", "Eastern yellow wagtail , Motacilla tschutschensis Citrine wagtail , Motacilla citreola ( A ) Gray wagtail , Motacilla cinerea ( C ) White wagtail , Motacilla alba Tree pipit , Anthus trivialis ( A ) Olive - backed pipit , Anthus hodgsoni Pechora pipit , Anthus gustavi ( C ) Red - throated pipit , Anthus cervinus American pipit , Anthus rubescens Sprague 's pipit , Anthus spragueii", "Eastern yellow wagtail , Motacilla tschutschensis", "Citrine wagtail , Motacilla citreola ( A )", "Gray wagtail , Motacilla cinerea ( C )", "White wagtail , Motacilla alba", "Tree pipit , Anthus trivialis ( A )", "Olive - backed pipit , Anthus hodgsoni", "Pechora pipit , Anthus gustavi ( C )", "Red - throated pipit , Anthus cervinus", "American pipit , Anthus rubescens", "Sprague 's pipit , Anthus spragueii", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Fringillidae", "Finches are seed - eating passerine birds that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak , usually conical and in some species very large . All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries . These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings , and most sing well .", "Common chaffinch , Fringilla coelebs ( C ) Brambling , Fringilla montifringilla Evening grosbeak , Coccothraustes vespertinus Hawfinch , Coccothraustes coccothraustes ( C ) Common rosefinch , Carpodacus erythrinus ( C ) Pallas 's rosefinch , Carpodacus roseus ( A ) Poo - uli , Melamprosops phaeosoma ( EH ) Akikiki , Oreomystis bairdi ( EH ) Oahu alauahio , Paroreomyza maculata ( EH ) Kakawahie , Paroreomyza flammea ( EH ) ( E ) Maui alauahio , Paroreomyza montana ( EH ) Palila , Loxiodes balleui ( EH ) Laysan finch , Telespiza cantans ( EH ) Nihoa finch , Telespiza ultima ( EH ) Kona grosbeak , Chloridops kona ( EH ) ( E ) Lesser koa - finch , Rhodacanthis flaviceps ( EH ) ( E ) Greater koa - finch , Rhodacanthis palmeri ( EH ) ( E ) Ula - ai - hawane , Ciridops anna ( EH ) ( E ) Akohekohe , Palmeria dolei ( EH ) Laysan honeycreeper , Himatione fraithii ( EH ) ( E ) Apapane , Himatione sanguinea ( EH ) Iiwi , Drepanis coccinea ( EH ) Hawaii mamo , Drepanis pacifica ( EH ) ( E ) Black mamo , Drepanis funerea ( EH ) ( E ) Ou , Psittirostra psittacea ( EH ) Lanai hookbill , Dysmorodropanis munroi ( EH ) ( E ) Maui parrotbill , Pseudonestor xanthrophrys ( EH ) Kauai nukupuu , Hemignathus hanapepe ( EH ) ( E ) Oahu nukupuu , Hemignathus lucidus ( EH ) ( E ) Maui nukupuu , Hemignathus affinis ( EH ) ( E ) Akiapolaau , Hemignathus wilsoni ( EH ) Lesser akialoa , Akialoa obscura ( EH ) ( E ) Kauai akialoa , Akialoa stejnegeri ( EH ) ( E ) Oahu akialoa , Akialoa ellisiana ( EH ) ( E ) Maui - nui akialoa , Akialoa lanaiensis ( EH ) ( E ) Anianiau , Magumma parva ( EH ) Hawaii amakihi , Chlorodrepanis virens ( EH ) Oahu amakihi , Chlorodrepanis flavus ( EH ) Kauai amakihi , Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri ( EH ) Greater amakihi , Viridonia sagittirostris ( EH ) ( E ) Hawaii creeper , Loxops mana ( EH ) Akekee , Loxops caeruleirostris ( EH ) Oahu akepa , Loxops wolstenholmei ( EH ) ( E ) Maui akepa , Loxops ochraceus ( EH ) ( E ) Hawaii akepa , Loxops coccineus ( EH ) Pine grosbeak , Pinicola enucleator Eurasian bullfinch , Pyrrhula pyrrhula ( C ) Asian rosy - finch , Leucosticte arctoa ( A ) Gray - crowned rosy - finch , Leucosticte tephrocotis Black rosy - finch , Leucosticte atrata ( EM ) Brown - capped rosy - finch , Leucosticte australis ( EM ) House finch , Haemorhous mexicanus Purple finch , Haemorhous purpureus Cassin 's finch , Haemorhous cassinii Oriental greenfinch , Chloris sinica ( C ) Yellow - fronted canary , Crithagra mozambica ( I ) Common redpoll , Acanthis flammea Hoary redpoll , Acanthis hornemanni Red crossbill , Loxia curvirostra Cassia crossbill , Loxia sinesciuris White - winged crossbill , Loxia leucoptera Eurasian siskin , Spinus spinus ( A ) Pine siskin , Spinus pinus Lesser goldfinch , Spinus psaltria Lawrence 's goldfinch , Spinus lawrencei American goldfinch , Spinus tristis Island canary , Serinus canaria ( I )", "Common chaffinch , Fringilla coelebs ( C )", "Brambling , Fringilla montifringilla", "Evening grosbeak , Coccothraustes vespertinus", "Hawfinch , Coccothraustes coccothraustes ( C )", "Common rosefinch , Carpodacus erythrinus ( C )", "Pallas 's rosefinch , Carpodacus roseus ( A )", "Poo - uli , Melamprosops phaeosoma ( EH )", "Akikiki , Oreomystis bairdi ( EH )", "Oahu alauahio , Paroreomyza maculata ( EH )", "Kakawahie , Paroreomyza flammea ( EH ) ( E )", "Maui alauahio , Paroreomyza montana ( EH )", "Palila , Loxiodes balleui ( EH )", "Laysan finch , Telespiza cantans ( EH )", "Nihoa finch , Telespiza ultima ( EH )", "Kona grosbeak , Chloridops kona ( EH ) ( E )", "Lesser koa - finch , Rhodacanthis flaviceps ( EH ) ( E )", "Greater koa - finch , Rhodacanthis palmeri ( EH ) ( E )", "Ula - ai - hawane , Ciridops anna ( EH ) ( E )", "Akohekohe , Palmeria dolei ( EH )", "Laysan honeycreeper , Himatione fraithii ( EH ) ( E )", "Apapane , Himatione sanguinea ( EH )", "Iiwi , Drepanis coccinea ( EH )", "Hawaii mamo , Drepanis pacifica ( EH ) ( E )", "Black mamo , Drepanis funerea ( EH ) ( E )", "Ou , Psittirostra psittacea ( EH )", "Lanai hookbill , Dysmorodropanis munroi ( EH ) ( E )", "Maui parrotbill , Pseudonestor xanthrophrys ( EH )", "Kauai nukupuu , Hemignathus hanapepe ( EH ) ( E )", "Oahu nukupuu , Hemignathus lucidus ( EH ) ( E )", "Maui nukupuu , Hemignathus affinis ( EH ) ( E )", "Akiapolaau , Hemignathus wilsoni ( EH )", "Lesser akialoa , Akialoa obscura ( EH ) ( E )", "Kauai akialoa , Akialoa stejnegeri ( EH ) ( E )", "Oahu akialoa , Akialoa ellisiana ( EH ) ( E )", "Maui - nui akialoa , Akialoa lanaiensis ( EH ) ( E )", "Anianiau , Magumma parva ( EH )", "Hawaii amakihi , Chlorodrepanis virens ( EH )", "Oahu amakihi , Chlorodrepanis flavus ( EH )", "Kauai amakihi , Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri ( EH )", "Greater amakihi , Viridonia sagittirostris ( EH ) ( E )", "Hawaii creeper , Loxops mana ( EH )", "Akekee , Loxops caeruleirostris ( EH )", "Oahu akepa , Loxops wolstenholmei ( EH ) ( E )", "Maui akepa , Loxops ochraceus ( EH ) ( E )", "Hawaii akepa , Loxops coccineus ( EH )", "Pine grosbeak , Pinicola enucleator", "Eurasian bullfinch , Pyrrhula pyrrhula ( C )", "Asian rosy - finch , Leucosticte arctoa ( A )", "Gray - crowned rosy - finch , Leucosticte tephrocotis", "Black rosy - finch , Leucosticte atrata ( EM )", "Brown - capped rosy - finch , Leucosticte australis ( EM )", "House finch , Haemorhous mexicanus", "Purple finch , Haemorhous purpureus", "Cassin 's finch , Haemorhous cassinii", "Oriental greenfinch , Chloris sinica ( C )", "Yellow - fronted canary , Crithagra mozambica ( I )", "Common redpoll , Acanthis flammea", "Hoary redpoll , Acanthis hornemanni", "Red crossbill , Loxia curvirostra", "Cassia crossbill , Loxia sinesciuris", "White - winged crossbill , Loxia leucoptera", "Eurasian siskin , Spinus spinus ( A )", "Pine siskin , Spinus pinus", "Lesser goldfinch , Spinus psaltria", "Lawrence 's goldfinch , Spinus lawrencei", "American goldfinch , Spinus tristis", "Island canary , Serinus canaria ( I )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Calcariidae", "The Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds that had been traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows , but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas .", "Lapland longspur , Calcarius lapponicus Chestnut - collared longspur , Calcarius ornatus Smith 's longspur , Calcarius pictus McCown 's longspur , Rhyncophanes mccownii Snow bunting , Plectrophenax nivalis McKay 's bunting , Plectrophenax hyperboreus", "Lapland longspur , Calcarius lapponicus", "Chestnut - collared longspur , Calcarius ornatus", "Smith 's longspur , Calcarius pictus", "McCown 's longspur , Rhyncophanes mccownii", "Snow bunting , Plectrophenax nivalis", "McKay 's bunting , Plectrophenax hyperboreus", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Emberizidae", "Emberizidae is a family of passerine birds containing a single genus . Until 2017 , the New World sparrows ( Passerellidae ) were also considered part of this family .", "Pine bunting , Emberiza leucocephalos ( A ) Yellow - browed bunting , Emberiza chrysophrys ( A ) Little bunting , Emberiza pusilla ( C ) Rustic bunting , Emberiza rustica Yellow - throated bunting , Emberiza elegans ( A ) Yellow - breasted bunting , Emberiza aureola ( A ) Gray bunting , Emberiza variabilis ( A ) Pallas 's bunting , Emberiza pallasi ( A ) Reed bunting , Emberiza schoeniclus ( C )", "Pine bunting , Emberiza leucocephalos ( A )", "Yellow - browed bunting , Emberiza chrysophrys ( A )", "Little bunting , Emberiza pusilla ( C )", "Rustic bunting , Emberiza rustica", "Yellow - throated bunting , Emberiza elegans ( A )", "Yellow - breasted bunting , Emberiza aureola ( A )", "Gray bunting , Emberiza variabilis ( A )", "Pallas 's bunting , Emberiza pallasi ( A )", "Reed bunting , Emberiza schoeniclus ( C )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Passerellidae", "Until 2017 , these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae . Most of the species are known as sparrows , but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae . Many of these have distinctive head patterns .", "Olive sparrow , Arremonops rufivirgatus Green - tailed towhee , Pipilo chlorurus Spotted towhee , Pipilo maculatus Eastern towhee , Pipilo erythrophthalmus Rufous - crowned sparrow , Aimophila ruficeps Canyon towhee , Melozone fuscus California towhee , Melozone crissalis Abert 's towhee , Melozone aberti Rufous - winged sparrow , Peucaea carpalis Botteri 's sparrow , Peucaea botterii Cassin 's sparrow , Peucaea cassinii Bachman 's sparrow , Peucaea aestivalis ( EM ) American tree sparrow , Spizelloides arborea Chipping sparrow , Spizella passerina Clay - colored sparrow , Spizella pallida Brewer 's sparrow , Spizella breweri Field sparrow , Spizella pusilla Worthen 's sparrow , Spizella wortheni ( A ) Black - chinned sparrow , Spizella atrogularis Vesper sparrow , Pooecetes gramineus Lark sparrow , Chondestes grammacus Five - striped sparrow , Amphispiza quinquestriata Black - throated sparrow , Amphispiza bilineata Sagebrush sparrow , Artemisiospiza nevadensis Bell 's sparrow , Artemisiospiza belli Lark bunting , Calamospiza melanocorys Savannah sparrow , Passerculus sandwichensis Grasshopper sparrow , Ammodramus savannarum Baird 's sparrow , Ammodramus bairdii Henslow 's sparrow , Ammodramus henslowii LeConte 's sparrow , Ammodramus leconteii Nelson 's sparrow , Ammodramus nelsoni Saltmarsh sparrow , Ammodramus caudacutus ( EM ) Seaside sparrow , Ammodramus maritimus ( EM ) Fox sparrow , Passerella iliaca Song sparrow , Melospiza melodia Lincoln 's sparrow , Melospiza lincolnii Swamp sparrow , Melospiza georgiana White - throated sparrow , Zonotrichia albicollis Harris 's sparrow , Zonotrichia querula White - crowned sparrow , Zonotrichia leucophrys Golden - crowned sparrow , Zonotrichia atricapilla Dark - eyed junco , Junco hyemalis Yellow - eyed junco , Junco phaeonotus", "Olive sparrow , Arremonops rufivirgatus", "Green - tailed towhee , Pipilo chlorurus", "Spotted towhee , Pipilo maculatus", "Eastern towhee , Pipilo erythrophthalmus", "Rufous - crowned sparrow , Aimophila ruficeps", "Canyon towhee , Melozone fuscus", "California towhee , Melozone crissalis", "Abert 's towhee , Melozone aberti", "Rufous - winged sparrow , Peucaea carpalis", "Botteri 's sparrow , Peucaea botterii", "Cassin 's sparrow , Peucaea cassinii", "Bachman 's sparrow , Peucaea aestivalis ( EM )", "American tree sparrow , Spizelloides arborea", "Chipping sparrow , Spizella passerina", "Clay - colored sparrow , Spizella pallida", "Brewer 's sparrow , Spizella breweri", "Field sparrow , Spizella pusilla", "Worthen 's sparrow , Spizella wortheni ( A )", "Black - chinned sparrow , Spizella atrogularis", "Vesper sparrow , Pooecetes gramineus", "Lark sparrow , Chondestes grammacus", "Five - striped sparrow , Amphispiza quinquestriata", "Black - throated sparrow , Amphispiza bilineata", "Sagebrush sparrow , Artemisiospiza nevadensis", "Bell 's sparrow , Artemisiospiza belli", "Lark bunting , Calamospiza melanocorys", "Savannah sparrow , Passerculus sandwichensis", "Grasshopper sparrow , Ammodramus savannarum", "Baird 's sparrow , Ammodramus bairdii", "Henslow 's sparrow , Ammodramus henslowii", "LeConte 's sparrow , Ammodramus leconteii", "Nelson 's sparrow , Ammodramus nelsoni", "Saltmarsh sparrow , Ammodramus caudacutus ( EM )", "Seaside sparrow , Ammodramus maritimus ( EM )", "Fox sparrow , Passerella iliaca", "Song sparrow , Melospiza melodia", "Lincoln 's sparrow , Melospiza lincolnii", "Swamp sparrow , Melospiza georgiana", "White - throated sparrow , Zonotrichia albicollis", "Harris 's sparrow , Zonotrichia querula", "White - crowned sparrow , Zonotrichia leucophrys", "Golden - crowned sparrow , Zonotrichia atricapilla", "Dark - eyed junco , Junco hyemalis", "Yellow - eyed junco , Junco phaeonotus", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Spindalidae", "The members of this small family are native to the Greater Antilles . One species occurs fairly frequently in Florida .", "Western spindalis , Spindalis zena", "Western spindalis , Spindalis zena", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Icteriidae", "This species was historically placed in the wood - warblers ( Parulidae ) but nonetheless most authorities were unsure if it belonged there . It was placed in its own family in 2017 .", "Yellow - breasted chat , Icteria vireos", "Yellow - breasted chat , Icteria vireos", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Icteridae", "The icterids are a group of small to medium - sized , often colorful passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles , New World blackbirds , and New World orioles . Most species have black as a predominant plumage color which is often enlivened by yellow , orange , or red .", "Yellow - headed blackbird , Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Bobolink , Dolichonyx oryzivorus Eastern meadowlark , Sturnella magna Western meadowlark , Sturnella neglecta Black - vented oriole , Icterus wagleri ( A ) Orchard oriole , Icterus spurius Hooded oriole , Icterus cucullatus Streak - backed oriole , Icterus pustulatus ( C ) Bullock 's oriole , Icterus bullockii Spot - breasted oriole , Icterus pectoralis ( I ) Altamira oriole , Icterus gularis Audubon 's oriole , Icterus graduacauda Baltimore oriole , Icterus galbula Scott 's oriole , Icterus parisorum Red - winged blackbird , Agelaius phoeniceus Tricolored blackbird , Agelaius tricolor Tawny - shouldered blackbird , Agelaius humeralis ( A ) Shiny cowbird , Molothrus bonariensis Bronzed cowbird , Molothrus aeneus Brown - headed cowbird , Molothrus ater Rusty blackbird , Euphagus carolinus Brewer 's blackbird , Euphagus cyanocephalus Common grackle , Quiscalus quiscula Boat - tailed grackle , Quiscalus major ( EM ) Great - tailed grackle , Quiscalus mexicanus", "Yellow - headed blackbird , Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus", "Bobolink , Dolichonyx oryzivorus", "Eastern meadowlark , Sturnella magna", "Western meadowlark , Sturnella neglecta", "Black - vented oriole , Icterus wagleri ( A )", "Orchard oriole , Icterus spurius", "Hooded oriole , Icterus cucullatus", "Streak - backed oriole , Icterus pustulatus ( C )", "Bullock 's oriole , Icterus bullockii", "Spot - breasted oriole , Icterus pectoralis ( I )", "Altamira oriole , Icterus gularis", "Audubon 's oriole , Icterus graduacauda", "Baltimore oriole , Icterus galbula", "Scott 's oriole , Icterus parisorum", "Red - winged blackbird , Agelaius phoeniceus", "Tricolored blackbird , Agelaius tricolor", "Tawny - shouldered blackbird , Agelaius humeralis ( A )", "Shiny cowbird , Molothrus bonariensis", "Bronzed cowbird , Molothrus aeneus", "Brown - headed cowbird , Molothrus ater", "Rusty blackbird , Euphagus carolinus", "Brewer 's blackbird , Euphagus cyanocephalus", "Common grackle , Quiscalus quiscula", "Boat - tailed grackle , Quiscalus major ( EM )", "Great - tailed grackle , Quiscalus mexicanus", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Parulidae", "The wood - warblers are a group of small often colorful passerine birds restricted to the New World . Most are arboreal , but some are more terrestrial . Most members of this family are insectivores .", "Ovenbird , Seiurus aurocapilla Worm - eating warbler , Helmitheros vermivorum Louisiana waterthrush , Parkesia motacilla Northern waterthrush , Parkesia noveboracensis Bachman 's warbler , Vermivora bachmanii ( E ) Golden - winged warbler , Vermivora chrysoptera Blue - winged warbler , Vermivora cyanoptera Black - and - white warbler , Mniotilta varia Prothonotary warbler , Protonotaria citrea Swainson 's warbler , Limnothlypis swainsonii Crescent - chested warbler , Oreothlypis superciliosa ( C ) Tennessee warbler , Oreothlypis peregrina Orange - crowned warbler , Oreothlypis celata Colima warbler , Oreothlypis crissalis Lucy 's warbler , Oreothlypis luciae Nashville warbler , Oreothlypis ruficapilla Virginia 's warbler , Oreothlypis virginiae Connecticut warbler , Oporornis agilis Gray - crowned yellowthroat , Geothlypis poliocephala ( C ) MacGillivray 's warbler , Geothlypis tolmiei Mourning warbler , Geothlypis philadelphia Kentucky warbler , Geothlypis formosa Common yellowthroat , Geothlypis trichas Hooded warbler , Setophaga citrina American redstart , Setophaga ruticilla Kirtland 's warbler , Setophaga kirtlandii Cape May warbler , Setophaga tigrina Cerulean warbler , Setophaga cerulea Northern parula , Setophaga americana Tropical parula , Setophaga pitiayumi Magnolia warbler , Setophaga magnolia Bay - breasted warbler , Setophaga castanea Blackburnian warbler , Setophaga fusca Yellow warbler , Setophaga petechia Chestnut - sided warbler , Setophaga pensylvanica Blackpoll warbler , Setophaga striata Black - throated blue warbler , Setophaga caerulescens Palm warbler , Setophaga palmarum Pine warbler , Setophaga pinus Yellow - rumped warbler , Setophaga coronata Yellow - throated warbler , Setophaga dominica Prairie warbler , Setophaga discolor Adelaide 's warbler , Setophaga adelaidae Grace 's warbler , Setophaga graciae Black - throated gray warbler , Setophaga nigrescens Townsend 's warbler , Setophaga townsendi Hermit warbler , Setophaga occidentalis Golden - cheeked warbler , Setophaga chrysoparia Black - throated green warbler , Setophaga virens Fan - tailed warbler , Basileuterus lachrymosus ( C ) Rufous - capped warbler , Basileuterus rufifrons Black - cheeked warbler , Basileuterus melanogenys Golden - crowned warbler , Basileuterus culicivorus ( C ) Canada warbler , Cardellina canadensis Wilson 's warbler , Cardellina pusilla Red - faced warbler , Cardellina rubrifrons Painted redstart , Myioborus pictus Slate - throated redstart , Myioborus miniatus ( C )", "Ovenbird , Seiurus aurocapilla", "Worm - eating warbler , Helmitheros vermivorum", "Louisiana waterthrush , Parkesia motacilla", "Northern waterthrush , Parkesia noveboracensis", "Bachman 's warbler , Vermivora bachmanii ( E )", "Golden - winged warbler , Vermivora chrysoptera", "Blue - winged warbler , Vermivora cyanoptera", "Black - and - white warbler , Mniotilta varia", "Prothonotary warbler , Protonotaria citrea", "Swainson 's warbler , Limnothlypis swainsonii", "Crescent - chested warbler , Oreothlypis superciliosa ( C )", "Tennessee warbler , Oreothlypis peregrina", "Orange - crowned warbler , Oreothlypis celata", "Colima warbler , Oreothlypis crissalis", "Lucy 's warbler , Oreothlypis luciae", "Nashville warbler , Oreothlypis ruficapilla", "Virginia 's warbler , Oreothlypis virginiae", "Connecticut warbler , Oporornis agilis", "Gray - crowned yellowthroat , Geothlypis poliocephala ( C )", "MacGillivray 's warbler , Geothlypis tolmiei", "Mourning warbler , Geothlypis philadelphia", "Kentucky warbler , Geothlypis formosa", "Common yellowthroat , Geothlypis trichas", "Hooded warbler , Setophaga citrina", "American redstart , Setophaga ruticilla", "Kirtland 's warbler , Setophaga kirtlandii", "Cape May warbler , Setophaga tigrina", "Cerulean warbler , Setophaga cerulea", "Northern parula , Setophaga americana", "Tropical parula , Setophaga pitiayumi", "Magnolia warbler , Setophaga magnolia", "Bay - breasted warbler , Setophaga castanea", "Blackburnian warbler , Setophaga fusca", "Yellow warbler , Setophaga petechia", "Chestnut - sided warbler , Setophaga pensylvanica", "Blackpoll warbler , Setophaga striata", "Black - throated blue warbler , Setophaga caerulescens", "Palm warbler , Setophaga palmarum", "Pine warbler , Setophaga pinus", "Yellow - rumped warbler , Setophaga coronata", "Yellow - throated warbler , Setophaga dominica", "Prairie warbler , Setophaga discolor", "Adelaide 's warbler , Setophaga adelaidae", "Grace 's warbler , Setophaga graciae", "Black - throated gray warbler , Setophaga nigrescens", "Townsend 's warbler , Setophaga townsendi", "Hermit warbler , Setophaga occidentalis", "Golden - cheeked warbler , Setophaga chrysoparia", "Black - throated green warbler , Setophaga virens", "Fan - tailed warbler , Basileuterus lachrymosus ( C )", "Rufous - capped warbler , Basileuterus rufifrons", "Black - cheeked warbler , Basileuterus melanogenys", "Golden - crowned warbler , Basileuterus culicivorus ( C )", "Canada warbler , Cardellina canadensis", "Wilson 's warbler , Cardellina pusilla", "Red - faced warbler , Cardellina rubrifrons", "Painted redstart , Myioborus pictus", "Slate - throated redstart , Myioborus miniatus ( C )", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Cardinalidae", "The cardinals are a family of robust seed - eating birds with strong bills . They are typically associated with open woodland . The sexes usually have distinct plumages .", "Hepatic tanager , Piranga flava Summer tanager , Piranga rubra Scarlet tanager , Piranga olivacea Western tanager , Piranga ludoviciana Flame - colored tanager , Piranga bidentata Crimson - collared grosbeak , Rhodothraupis celaeno ( C ) Northern cardinal , Cardinalis cardinalis Pyrrhuloxia , Cardinalis sinuatus Yellow grosbeak , Pheucticus chrysopeplus ( C ) Rose - breasted grosbeak , Pheucticus ludovicianus Black - headed grosbeak , Pheucticus melanocephalus Blue bunting , Cyanocompsa parellina ( C ) Blue grosbeak , Passerina caerulea Lazuli bunting , Passerina amoena Indigo bunting , Passerina cyanea Varied bunting , Passerina versicolor Painted bunting , Passerina ciris Dickcissel , Spiza americana", "Hepatic tanager , Piranga flava", "Summer tanager , Piranga rubra", "Scarlet tanager , Piranga olivacea", "Western tanager , Piranga ludoviciana", "Flame - colored tanager , Piranga bidentata", "Crimson - collared grosbeak , Rhodothraupis celaeno ( C )", "Northern cardinal , Cardinalis cardinalis", "Pyrrhuloxia , Cardinalis sinuatus", "Yellow grosbeak , Pheucticus chrysopeplus ( C )", "Rose - breasted grosbeak , Pheucticus ludovicianus", "Black - headed grosbeak , Pheucticus melanocephalus", "Blue bunting , Cyanocompsa parellina ( C )", "Blue grosbeak , Passerina caerulea", "Lazuli bunting , Passerina amoena", "Indigo bunting , Passerina cyanea", "Varied bunting , Passerina versicolor", "Painted bunting , Passerina ciris", "Dickcissel , Spiza americana", "Order : Passeriformes Family : Thraupidae", "The tanagers are a large group of small to medium - sized passerine birds restricted to the New World , mainly in the tropics . Many species are brightly colored . They are seed eaters , but their preference tends towards fruit and nectar .", "Red - crested cardinal , Paroaria coronata ( I ) Yellow - billed cardinal , Paroaria capitata ( I ) Saffron finch , Sicalis flaveola ( I ) Red - legged honeycreeper , Cyanerpes cyaneus ( A ) Bananaquit , Coereba flaveola ( C ) Yellow - faced grassquit , Tiaris olivaceus ( C ) Black - faced grassquit , Tiaris bicolor ( C ) White - collared seedeater , Sporophila torqueola", "Red - crested cardinal , Paroaria coronata ( I )", "Yellow - billed cardinal , Paroaria capitata ( I )", "Saffron finch , Sicalis flaveola ( I )", "Red - legged honeycreeper , Cyanerpes cyaneus ( A )", "Bananaquit , Coereba flaveola ( C )", "Yellow - faced grassquit , Tiaris olivaceus ( C )", "Black - faced grassquit , Tiaris bicolor ( C )", "White - collared seedeater , Sporophila torqueola" ]
List of birds of the United States - Wikipedia List of birds of the United States Jump to: navigation , search The bald eagle is the national bird of the United States. The California condor is one of North America's most endangered birds. This list of birds of the United States is a comprehensive listing of all the bird species recorded in the United States as of July, 2017. It includes species from all 50 states. The birds of the continental United States most closely resemble those of Eurasia , which was connected to the continent as part of the supercontinent Laurasia until around 60 million years ago. Many groups occur throughout the Northern Hemisphere and worldwide. However some groups unique to the New World have also arisen; those represented in this list are the hummingbirds , the New World vultures , the New World quail , the tyrant flycatchers , the vireos , the mimids , the New World warblers , the tanagers , the cardinals , and the icterids . Several common birds in the United States, such as the house sparrow , the rock dove , the European starling , and the mute swan are introduced species , meaning that they are not native to this continent but were brought here by humans. Introduced species are marked on this list as (I). In addition, many non-native species which have individual escapees or small feral populations in North America are not on this list. This is especially true of birds that are commonly held as pets, such as parrots and finches . The status of one bird on this list, the ivory-billed woodpecker is controversial. Until 2005 this bird was widely considered to be extinct. In April of that year it was reported that at least one adult male bird had been sighted in the Cache River National Wildlife Refuge in Arkansas . This report, however, has not been universally accepted and the American Birding Association still lists the ivory-billed woodpecker as extinct. Contents ( hide ) 1 Sources and geographic coverage 2 Taxonomy and status 3 By the numbers 4 Ducks, geese, and waterfowl 5 Chachalacas, curassows, and guans 6 Guineafowl 7 New World quail 8 Pheasants, grouse, and allies 9 Flamingos 10 Grebes 11 Sandgrouse 12 Pigeons and doves 13 Cuckoos 14 Nightjars and allies 15 Swifts 16 Hummingbirds 17 Rails, gallinules, and coots 18 Finfoots 19 Limpkin 20 Cranes 21 Thick-knees 22 Stilts and avocets 23 Oystercatchers 24 Plovers and lapwings 25 Jacanas 26 Sandpipers and allies 27 Pratincoles 28 Skuas and jaegers 29 Auks, murres, and puffins 30 Gulls, terns, and skimmers 31 Tropicbirds 32 Loons 33 Albatrosses 34 Shearwaters and petrels 35 Storm-petrels 36 Storks 37 Frigatebirds 38 Boobies and gannets 39 Cormorants 40 Anhinga 41 Pelicans 42 Herons, egrets, and bitterns 43 Ibises and spoonbills 44 New World vultures 45 Osprey 46 Hawks, kites, and eagles 47 Barn-owls 48 Typical owls 49 Trogons 50 Hoopoes 51 Kingfishers 52 Woodpeckers 53 Falcons and caracaras 54 New World and African parrots 55 Old World parrots 56 Tyrant flycatchers 57 Tityras and allies 58 Shrikes 59 Vireos 60 Jays, crows, magpies, and ravens 61 Monarch flycatchers 62 Larks 63 Swallows and martins 64 Chickadees and titmice 65 Penduline tits 66 Long-tailed tits 67 Nuthatches 68 Treecreepers 69 Wrens 70 Gnatcatchers 71 Dippers 72 Bulbuls 73 Kinglets 74 Bush-warblers 75 Leaf warblers 76 Old World warblers 77 White-eyes 78 Old World babblers 79 Reed warblers 80 Grassbirds and allies 81 Old World flycatchers 82 Thrushes 83 Mockingbirds and thrashers 84 Starlings and mynas 85 Waxwings 86 Hawaiian honeyeaters 87 Silky-flycatchers 88 Olive warbler 89 Accentors 90 Waxbills, munias, and allies 91 Old World sparrows 92 Wagtails and pipits 93 Finches 94 Longspurs and snow buntings 95 Old World buntings 96 New world sparrows 97 Spindalises 98 Yellow-breasted chat 99 Blackbirds, meadowlarks, cowbirds, grackles, and New World orioles 100 Wood-warblers 101 Cardinals and allies 102 Tanagers 103 References 104 See also 105 External links Sources and geographic coverage ( edit ) This list is derived from the Check-list of North American Birds , 7th edition through the 58th Supplement, published by the American Ornithological Society (AOS). The list's geographic territory is the 48 contiguous states, the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and the adjacent islands under the jurisdiction of those states. It does not include the United States' other Pacific Ocean and Caribbean territories or possessions. Taxonomy and status ( edit ) The taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) used in this list are those of the AOS, the recognized scientific authority on the taxonomy and nomenclature of North American birds. The AOS's Committee on Classification and Nomenclature, the body responsible for maintaining and updating the Check-list , `` strongly and unanimously continues to endorse the biological species concept (BSC), in which species are considered to be genetically cohesive groups of populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups'' . Unless otherwise noted, the species listed here are considered to occur regularly in the United States as permanent residents, summer or winter residents or visitors, or annual migrants. The following tags are used to designate some species: (A) Accidental - occurrence based on one or two (rarely more) records and unlikely to occur regularly (C) Casual - occurrence based on two or a few records, with subsequent records not improbable (E) Extinct - a recent species that no longer exists (Ex) Extirpated - a species which no longer occurs in the United States, but other populations still exist elsewhere (I) Introduced - a species established solely as result of direct or indirect human intervention; synonymous with non-native and non-indigenous (EH) Endemic to Hawaii - a native species found only in Hawaii (EM) Endemic to the mainland - a native species found only in the 48 contiguous states and their adjacent islands (There are no birds endemic to Alaska) The (A) and (C) tags correspond to the codes 5 and 4 respectively of the American Birding Association . The (E), (Ex), and (I) tags describe species' status according to the AOS. The (EH) tags follow the AOS list and the (EM) tags are based on the Clements taxonomy . By the numbers ( edit ) This list contains 1107 species. Of them, 135 are tagged as accidental, 95 as casual, and 57 as introduced. Thirty-three are known to be extinct and one, the thick-billed parrot, has been extirpated though a population remains in Mexico. Thirty-three living species are endemic to Hawaii and an additional 28 former endemics are known to be extinct. Fifteen species are endemic to the 48 contiguous states. Ducks, geese, and waterfowl ( edit ) Trumpeter swan Wood duck pair Falcated duck Common eider Order : Anseriformes Family : Anatidae Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, bills which are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. Black-bellied whistling-duck , Dendrocygna autumnalis Fulvous whistling-duck , Dendrocygna bicolor Emperor goose , Anser canagica Snow goose , Anser caerulescens Ross's goose , Anser rossii Graylag goose , Anser anser (A) Greater white-fronted goose , Anser albifrons Lesser white-fronted goose , Anser erythropus (A) Taiga bean-goose , Anser fabalis Tundra bean-goose , Anser serrirostris Pink-footed goose , Anser brachyrhynchus (C) Brant , Branta bernicla Barnacle goose , Branta leucopsis (C) Cackling goose , Branta hutchinsii Canada goose , Branta canadensis Hawaiian goose , Branta sandvicensis (EH) Mute swan , Cygnus olor (I) Trumpeter swan , Cygnus buccinator Tundra swan , Cygnus columbianus Whooper swan , Cygnus cygnus Egyptian goose , Alopochen aegyptiaca (I) Muscovy duck , Cairina moschata Wood duck , Aix sponsa Baikal teal , Sibirionetta formosa (C) Garganey , Spatula querquedula (C) Blue-winged teal , Spatula discors Cinnamon teal , Spatula cyanoptera Northern shoveler , Spatula clypeata Gadwall , Mareca strepera Falcated duck , Mareca falcata (C) Eurasian wigeon , Mareca penelope American wigeon , Mareca americana Laysan duck , Anas laysanensis (EH) Hawaiian duck , Anas wyvilliana (EH) Eastern spot-billed duck , Anas zonorhyncha (C) Mallard , Anas platyrhynchos American black duck , Anas rubripes Mottled duck , Anas fulvigula White-cheeked pintail , Anas bahamensis (C) Northern pintail , Anas acuta Green-winged teal , Anas crecca Canvasback , Aythya valisineria Redhead , Aythya americana Common pochard , Aythya ferina Ring-necked duck , Aythya collaris Tufted duck , Aythya fuligula Greater scaup , Aythya marila Lesser scaup , Aythya affinis Steller's eider , Polysticta stelleri Spectacled eider , Somateria fischeri King eider , Somateria spectabilis Common eider , Somateria mollissima Harlequin duck , Histrionicus histrionicus Labrador duck , Camptorhynchus labradorius (E) Surf scoter , Melanitta perspicillata White-winged scoter , Melanitta fusca Common scoter , Melanitta nigra (A) Black scoter , Melanitta americana Long-tailed duck , Clangula hyemalis Bufflehead , Bucephala albeola Common goldeneye , Bucephala clangula Barrow's goldeneye , Bucephala islandica Smew , Mergellus albellus Hooded merganser , Lophodytes cucullatus Common merganser , Mergus merganser Red-breasted merganser , Mergus serrator Masked duck , Nomonyx dominicus Ruddy duck , Oxyura jamaicensis Chachalacas, curassows, and guans ( edit ) Order : Galliformes Family : Cracidae The chachalacas, guans, and curassows are birds in the family Cracidae. These are large birds, similar in general appearance to turkeys. The guans and curassows live in trees, but the smaller chachalacas are found in more open scrubby habitats. They are generally dull-plumaged, but the curassows and some guans have colorful facial ornaments. Plain chachalaca , Ortalis vetula Guineafowl ( edit ) Order : Galliformes Family : Numididae Helmeted guineafowl , Numida meleagris (I) New World quail ( edit ) California quail Order : Galliformes Family : Odontophoridae The New World quails are small, plump terrestrial birds only distantly related to the quails of the Old World, but named for their similar appearance and habits. Mountain quail , Oreortyx pictus Northern bobwhite , Colinus virginianus Scaled quail , Callipepla squamata California quail , Callipepla californica Gambel's quail , Callipepla gambelii Montezuma quail , Cyrtonyx montezumae Pheasants, grouse, and allies ( edit ) Wild turkey Order : Galliformes Family : Phasianidae Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump with broad relatively short wings. Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans. Chukar , Alectoris chukar (I) Gray francolin , Francolinus pondicerianus (I) Black francolin , Francolinus francolinus (I) Erckel's francolin , Pternistis erckelii (I) Himalayan snowcock , Tetraogallus himalayensis (I) Gray partridge , Perdix perdix (I) Japanese quail , Coturnix japonica (I) Kalij pheasant , Lophura leucomelanos (I) Ring-necked pheasant , Phasianus colchicus (I) Common peafowl , Pavo cristatus (I) Ruffed grouse , Bonasa umbellus Greater sage-grouse , Centrocercus urophasianus Gunnison sage-grouse , Centrocercus minimus (EM) Willow ptarmigan , Lagopus lagopus Rock ptarmigan , Lagopus mutus White-tailed ptarmigan , Lagopus leucurus Spruce grouse , Falcipennis canadensis Dusky grouse , Dendragapus obscurus Sooty grouse , Dendragapus fuliginosus Sharp-tailed grouse , Tympanuchus phasianellus Greater prairie-chicken , Tympanuchus cupido (EM) (Ex from former range in Canada) Lesser prairie-chicken , Tympanuchus pallidicinctus (EM) Wild turkey , Meleagris gallopavo Flamingos ( edit ) American flamingo Order : Phoenicopteriformes Family : Phoenicopteridae Flamingos are gregarious wading birds, usually 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 m) tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down. American flamingo , Phoenicopterus ruber Grebes ( edit ) Clark's grebe Order : Podicipediformes Family : Podicipedidae Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land. Least grebe , Tachybaptus dominicus Pied-billed grebe , Podilymbus podiceps Horned grebe , Podiceps auritus Red-necked grebe , Podiceps grisegena Eared grebe , Podiceps nigricollis Western grebe , Aechmorphorus occidentalis Clark's grebe , Aechmorphorus clarkii Sandgrouse ( edit ) Order : Pteroclidiformes Family : Pteroclididae Sandgrouse have small pigeon-like heads and necks, but sturdy compact bodies. They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fast direct flight. Their legs are feathered down to the toes. Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse , Pterocles exustus (I) Pigeons and doves ( edit ) Mourning dove Order : Columbiformes Family : Columbidae Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. They feed on seeds , fruit , and plants. Unlike most other birds, the doves and pigeons produce `` crop milk ,'' which is secreted by a sloughing of fluid-filled cells from the lining of the crop . Both sexes produce this highly nutritious substance to feed to the young. Rock pigeon , Columba livia (I) Scaly-naped pigeon , Patagioenas squamosa (A) White-crowned pigeon , Patagioenas leucocephala Red-billed pigeon , Patagioenas flavirostris Band-tailed pigeon , Patagioenas fasciata Oriental turtle-dove , Streptopelia orientalis (C) European turtle-dove , Streptopelia turtur (A) Eurasian collared-dove , Streptopelia decaocto (I) Spotted dove , Spilopelia chinensis (I) Zebra dove , Geopelia striata (I) Passenger pigeon , Ectopistes migratorius (E) Inca dove , Columbina inca Common ground-dove , Columbina passerina Ruddy ground-dove , Columbina talpacoti Ruddy quail-dove , Geotrygon montana (A) Key West quail-dove , Geotrygon chrysia (C) White-tipped dove , Leptotila verreauxi White-winged dove , Zenaida asiatica Zenaida dove , Zenaida aurita (A) Mourning dove , Zenaida macroura Cuckoos ( edit ) Black-billed cuckoo Order : Cuculiformes Family : Cuculidae The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos , roadrunners , and anis . These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs. Common cuckoo , Cuculus canorus Oriental cuckoo , Cuculus optatus (C) Yellow-billed cuckoo , Coccyzus americanus Mangrove cuckoo , Coccyzus minor Black-billed cuckoo , Coccyzus erythropthalmus Greater roadrunner , Geococcyx californianus Smooth-billed ani , Crotophaga ani Groove-billed ani , Crotophaga sulcirostris Nightjars and allies ( edit ) Common nighthawk Order : Caprimulgiformes Family : Caprimulgidae Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs, and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is cryptically colored to resemble bark or leaves. Lesser nighthawk , Chordeiles acutipennis Common nighthawk , Chordeiles minor Antillean nighthawk , Chordeiles gundlachii Common pauraque , Nyctidromus albicollis Common poorwill , Phalaenoptilus nuttallii Chuck-will's -widow , Antrostomus carolinensis Buff-collared nightjar , Antrostomus ridgwayi Eastern whip-poor-will , Antrostomus vociferus Mexican whip-poor-will , Antrostomus arizonae Gray nightjar , Caprimulgus jotaka (A) Swifts ( edit ) Chimney swift Order : Apodiformes Family : Apodidae The swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. Black swift , Cypseloides niger White-collared swift , Streptoprocne zonaris (C) Chimney swift , Chaetura pelagica Vaux's swift , Chaetura vauxi White-throated needletail Hirundapus caudacutus (A) Mariana swiftlet , Aerodramus bartschi (I) Common swift , Apus apus (A) Fork-tailed swift , Apus pacificus (C) White-throated swift , Aeronautes saxatalis Antillean palm-swift , Tachornis phoenicobia (A) Hummingbirds ( edit ) Ruby-throated hummingbird Order : Apodiformes Family : Trochilidae Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards. Mexican violetear , Colibri thalassinus Green-breasted mango , Anthracothorax prevostii (C) Rivoli's hummingbird , Eugenes fulgens Plain-capped starthroat , Heliomaster constantii (C) Blue-throated hummingbird , Lampornis clemenciae Bahama woodstar , Calliphlox evelynae (A) Lucifer hummingbird , Calothorax lucifer Ruby-throated hummingbird , Archilochus colubris Black-chinned hummingbird , Archilochus alexandri Anna's hummingbird , Calypte anna Costa's hummingbird , Calypte costae Bumblebee hummingbird , Atthis heloisa (A) Broad-tailed hummingbird , Selasphorus platycercus Rufous hummingbird , Selasphorus rufus Allen's hummingbird , Selasphorus sasin Calliope hummingbird , Selasphorus calliope Broad-billed hummingbird , Cynanthus latirostris Berylline hummingbird , Amazilia beryllina Buff-bellied hummingbird , Amazilia yucatanensis Cinnamon hummingbird , Amazilia rutila (A) Violet-crowned hummingbird , Amazilia violiceps White-eared hummingbird , Hylocharis leucotis Xantus's hummingbird , Hylocharis xantusii (A) Rails, gallinules, and coots ( edit ) King rail Order : Gruiformes Family : Rallidae Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. The most typical family members occupy dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. Yellow rail , Coturnicops noveboracensis Black rail , Laterallus jamaicensis Corn crake , Crex crex (C) Ridgway's rail , Rallus obsoletus Clapper rail , Rallus crepitans King rail , Rallus elegans Virginia rail , Rallus limicola Rufous-necked wood-rail , Aramides axillaris (A) Sora , Porzana carolina Laysan rail , Zapornia palmeri (EH) (E) Hawaiian rail , Zapornia sandwichensis (EH) (E) Paint-billed crake , Neocrex erythrops (A) Spotted rail , Pardirallus maculatus (A) Purple gallinule , Porphyrio martinicus Purple swamphen , Porphyrio porphyrio (I) Common gallinule , Gallinula galeata Common moorhen , Gallinula chloropus (A) Eurasian coot , Fulica atra (A) Hawaiian coot , Fulica alai (EH) American coot , Fulica americana Finfoots ( edit ) Order : Gruiformes Family : Heliornithidae Finfoots resemble rails; they have long necks, slender bodies, broad tails, and sharp, pointed bills. Their legs and feet are brightly colored. The family has three species and only the sungrebe is found in the New World. Sungrebe , Heliornis fulica (A) Limpkin ( edit ) Limpkin Order : Gruiformes Family : Aramidae The limpkin is an odd bird that looks like a large rail , but is skeletally closer to the cranes . It is found in marshes with some trees or scrub in the Caribbean , South America , and southern Florida . Limpkin , Aramus guarauna Cranes ( edit ) Sandhill cranes Order : Gruiformes Family : Gruidae Cranes are large, long-legged, and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or `` dances'' . Sandhill crane , Antigone canadensis Common crane , Grus grus (C) Whooping crane , Grus americana Thick-knees ( edit ) Order : Charadriiformes Family : Burhinidae The thick-knees are a group of waders found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes, and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats. Double-striped thick-knee , Burhinus bistriatus (A) Stilts and avocets ( edit ) American avocet Order : Charadriiformes Family : Recurvirostridae Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. Black-winged stilt , Himantopus himantopus (A) Black-necked stilt , Himantopus mexicanus American avocet , Recurvirostra americana Oystercatchers ( edit ) American oystercatcher Order : Charadriiformes Family : Haematopodidae The oystercatchers are large, obvious, and noisy plover -like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prying open molluscs . Eurasian oystercatcher , Haematopus ostralegus (A) American oystercatcher , Haematopus palliatus Black oystercatcher , Haematopus bachmani Plovers and lapwings ( edit ) Killdeer Order : Charadriiformes Family : Charadriidae The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short thick necks, and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. Northern lapwing , Vanellus vanellus (C) Black-bellied plover , Pluvialis squatarola European golden-plover , Pluvialis apricaria (C) American golden-plover , Pluvialis dominica Pacific golden-plover , Pluvialis fulva Lesser sand-plover , Charadrius mongolus Greater sand-plover , Charadrius leschenaultii (A) Collared plover , Charadrius collaris (A) Snowy plover , Charadrius nivosus Wilson's plover , Charadrius wilsonia Common ringed plover , Charadrius hiaticula Semipalmated plover , Charadrius semipalmatus Piping plover , Charadrius melodus Little ringed plover , Charadrius dubius (A) Killdeer , Charadrius vociferus Mountain plover , Charadrius montanus Eurasian dotterel , Charadrius morinellus (C) Jacanas ( edit ) Order : Charadriiformes Family : Jacanidae The jacanas are a family of waders found worldwide within the tropical zone. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat. Northern jacana , Jacana spinosa (C) Sandpipers and allies ( edit ) Ruddy turnstone Greater yellowlegs Red-necked phalarope Order : Charadriiformes Family : Scolopacidae Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of legs and bills enable multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. Upland sandpiper , Bartramia longicauda Bristle-thighed curlew , Numenius tahitiensis Whimbrel , Numenius phaeopus Little curlew , Numenius minutus (A) Eskimo curlew , Numenius borealis (E?) Long-billed curlew , Numenius americanus Far Eastern curlew , Numenius madagascariensis (C) Slender-billed curlew , Numenius tenuirostris (A per AOS; `` cannot be found'' per ABA) Eurasian curlew , Numenius arquata (C) Bar-tailed godwit , Limosa lapponica Black-tailed godwit , Limosa limosa Hudsonian godwit , Limosa haemastica Marbled godwit , Limosa fedoa Ruddy turnstone , Arenaria interpres Black turnstone , Arenaria melanocephala Great knot , Calidris tenuirostris (C) Red knot , Calidris canutus Surfbird , Calidris virgata Ruff , Calidris pugnax Broad-billed sandpiper , Calidris falcinellus (C) Sharp-tailed sandpiper , Calidris acuminata Stilt sandpiper , Calidris himantopus Curlew sandpiper , Calidris ferruginea Temminck's stint , Calidris temminckii Long-toed stint , Calidris subminuta Spoon-billed sandpiper , Calidris pygmeus (C) Red-necked stint , Calidris ruficollis Sanderling , Calidris alba Dunlin , Calidris alpina Rock sandpiper , Calidris ptilocnemis Purple sandpiper , Calidris maritima Baird's sandpiper , Calidris bairdii Little stint , Calidris minuta (C) Least sandpiper , Calidris minutilla White-rumped sandpiper , Calidris fuscicollis Buff-breasted sandpiper , Calidris subruficollis Pectoral sandpiper , Calidris melanotos Semipalmated sandpiper , Calidris pusilla Western sandpiper , Calidris mauri Short-billed dowitcher , Limnodromus griseus Long-billed dowitcher , Limnodromus scolopaceus Jack snipe , Lymnocryptes minimus (C) Eurasian woodcock , Scolopax rusticola (A) American woodcock , Scolopax minor Solitary snipe , Gallinago solitaria (A) Pin-tailed snipe , Gallinago stenura (A) Common snipe , Gallinago gallinago Wilson's snipe , Gallinago delicata Terek sandpiper , Xenus cinereus Common sandpiper , Actitis hypoleucos Spotted sandpiper , Actitis macularia Green sandpiper , Tringa ochropus (C) Solitary sandpiper , Tringa solitaria Gray-tailed tattler , Tringa brevipes Wandering tattler , Tringa incana Lesser yellowlegs , Tringa flavipes Willet , Tringa semipalmata Spotted redshank , Tringa erythropus (C) Common greenshank , Tringa nebularia Greater yellowlegs , Tringa melanoleuca Common redshank , Tringa totanus (A) Wood sandpiper , Tringa glareola Marsh sandpiper , Tringa stagnatilis (A) Wilson's phalarope , Phalaropus tricolor Red-necked phalarope , Phalaropus lobatus Red phalarope , Phalaropus fulicarius Pratincoles ( edit ) Order : Charadriiformes Family : Glareolidae The pratincoles have short legs, very long pointed wings, and long forked tails. Their most unusual feature for birds classed as waders is that they typically hunt their insect prey on the wing like swallows , although they can also feed on the ground. Their short bills are an adaptation to aerial feeding. Their flight is fast and graceful like that of a swallow or a tern , with many twists and turns to pursue their prey. Oriental pratincole , Glareola maldivarum (A) Skuas and jaegers ( edit ) Long-tailed jaeger Order : Charadriiformes Family : Stercorariidae Skuas are in general medium to large birds, typically with gray or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They have longish bills with hooked tips and webbed feet with sharp claws. They look like large dark gulls, but have a fleshy cere above the upper mandible. They are strong, acrobatic fliers. Great skua , Stercorarius skua South polar skua , Stercorarius maccormicki Pomarine jaeger , Stercorarius pomarinus Parasitic jaeger , Stercorarius parasiticus Long-tailed jaeger , Stercorarius longicaudus Auks, murres, and puffins ( edit ) Order : Charadriiformes Family : Alcidae Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colors, their upright posture, and some of their habits. However, they are only distantly related to the penguins and are able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest. Dovekie , Alle alle Common murre , Uria aalge Thick-billed murre , Uria lomvia Razorbill , Alca torda Great auk , Pinguinus impennis (E) Black guillemot , Cepphus grylle Pigeon guillemot , Cepphus columba Long-billed murrelet , Brachyramphus perdix Marbled murrelet , Brachyramphus marmoratus Kittlitz's murrelet , Brachyramphus brevirostris Scripps's murrelet , Synthliboramphus scrippsi Guadalupe murrelet , Synthliboramphus hypoleucus Craveri's murrelet , Synthliboramphus craveri Ancient murrelet , Synthliboramphus antiquus Cassin's auklet , Ptychoramphus aleuticus Parakeet auklet , Aethia psittacula Least auklet , Aethia pusilla Whiskered auklet , Aethia pygmaea Crested auklet , Aethia cristatella Rhinoceros auklet , Cerorhinca monocerata Atlantic puffin , Fratercula arctica Horned puffin , Fratercula corniculata Tufted puffin , Fratercula cirrhata Gulls, terns, and skimmers ( edit ) A western gull in front of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco Common tern Black skimmer Order : Charadriiformes Family : Laridae Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds and includes gulls , terns , and skimmers . Gulls are typically gray or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. Skimmers are a small family of tropical tern-like birds. They have an elongated lower mandible which they use to feed by flying low over the water surface and skimming the water for small fish. Swallow-tailed gull , Creagrus furcatus (A) Black-legged kittiwake , Rissa tridactyla Red-legged kittiwake , Rissa brevirostris Ivory gull , Pagophila eburnea Sabine's gull , Xema sabini Bonaparte's gull , Chroicocephalus philadelphia Gray-hooded gull , Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (A) Black-headed gull , Chroicocephalus ridibundus Little gull , Hydrocoleus minutus Ross's gull , Rhodostethia rosea Laughing gull , Leucophaeus atricilla Franklin's gull , Leucophaeus pipixcan Belcher's gull , Larus belcheri (A) Black-tailed gull , Larus crassirostris (C) Heermann's gull , Larus heermanni Mew gull , Larus canus Ring-billed gull , Larus delawarensis Western gull , Larus occidentalis Yellow-footed gull , Larus livens California gull , Larus californicus Herring gull , Larus argentatus Yellow-legged gull , Larus cachinnans (C) Iceland gull , Larus glaucoides Lesser black-backed gull , Larus fuscus Slaty-backed gull , Larus schistisagus Glaucous-winged gull , Larus glaucescens Glaucous gull , Larus hyperboreus Great black-backed gull , Larus marinus Kelp gull , Larus dominicanus (C) Brown noddy , Anous stolidus Black noddy , Anous minutus Blue-gray noddy , Anous ceruleus White tern , Gygis alba Sooty tern , Onychoprion fuscatus Bridled tern , Onychoprion anaethetus Aleutian tern , Onychoprion aleuticus Least tern , Sternula antillarum Large-billed tern , Phaetusa simplex (A) Gull-billed tern , Gelochelidon nilotica Caspian tern , Hydroprogne caspia Black tern , Chlidonias niger White-winged tern , Chlidonias leucopterus (C) Whiskered tern , Chlidonias hybrida (A) Roseate tern , Sterna dougallii Common tern , Sterna hirundo Arctic tern , Sterna paradisaea Forster's tern , Sterna forsteri Royal tern , Thalasseus maximus Sandwich tern , Thalasseus sandvicensis Elegant tern , Thalasseus elegans Black skimmer , Rynchops niger Tropicbirds ( edit ) Red-tailed tropicbird Order : Phaethontiformes Family : Phaethontidae Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their long wings have black markings, as does the head. White-tailed tropicbird , Phaethon lepturus Red-billed tropicbird , Phaethon aethereus Red-tailed tropicbird , Phaethon rubricauda (C) Loons ( edit ) Pacific loon Order : Gaviiformes Family : Gaviidae Loons are aquatic birds, the size of a large duck, to which they are unrelated. Their plumage is largely gray or black, and they have spear-shaped bills. Loons swim well and fly adequately, but are almost hopeless on land, because their legs are placed towards the rear of the body. Red-throated loon , Gavia stellata Arctic loon , Gavia arctica Pacific loon , Gavia pacifica Common loon , Gavia immer Yellow-billed loon , Gavia adamsii Albatrosses ( edit ) Black-footed albatross Order : Procellariiformes Family : Diomedeidae The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses of the genus Diomedea have the largest wingspans of any extant birds. Yellow-nosed albatross , Thalassarche chlororhynchos (C) White-capped albatross , Thalassarche cauta (C) Chatham albatross , Thalassarche eremita (A) Salvin's albatross , Thalassarche salvini (A) Black-browed albatross , Thalassarche melanophris (A) Light-mantled albatross , Phoebetria palpebrata (A) Wandering albatross , Diomedea exulans (A) Laysan albatross , Phoebastria immutabilis Black-footed albatross , Phoebastria nigripes Short-tailed albatross , Phoebastria albatrus Shearwaters and petrels ( edit ) Northern fulmar Cook's petrel Great shearwater Order : Procellariiformes Family : Procellariidae The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized `` true petrels'' , characterized by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary. Northern fulmar , Fulmarus glacialis Great-winged petrel , Pterodroma macroptera (A) Providence petrel , Pterodroma solandri (C) Kermadec petrel , Pterodroma neglecta Trindade petrel , Pterodroma arminjoniana Herald petrel , Pterodroma heraldica Murphy's petrel , Pterodroma ultima Mottled petrel , Pterodroma inexpectata Bermuda petrel , Pterodroma cahow Black-capped petrel , Pterodroma hasitata Juan Fernandez petrel , Pterodroma externa Hawaiian petrel , Pterodroma sandwichensis White-necked petrel , Pterodroma cervicalis Bonin petrel , Pterodroma hypoleuca Black-winged petrel , Pterodroma nigripennis `` Dark-rumped'' petrel Pterodroma phaeopygia/sandwichensis complex Fea's petrel , Pterodroma feae Zino's petrel , Pterodroma madeira (A) Cook's petrel , Pterodroma cookii Stejneger's petrel , Pterodroma longirostris (C) Bulwer's petrel , Bulweria bulwerii (A) Jouanin's petrel , Bulweria fallax (A) White-chinned petrel , Procellaria aequinoctialis (A) Parkinson's petrel , Procellaria parkinsoni (A) Streaked shearwater , Calonectris leucomelas (C) Cory's shearwater , Calonectris diomedea Cape Verde shearwater , Calonectris edwardsii (A) Wedge-tailed shearwater , Ardenna pacificus (C) Buller's shearwater , Ardenna bulleri Short-tailed shearwater , Ardenna tenuirostris Sooty shearwater , Ardenna griseus Great shearwater , Ardenna gravis Pink-footed shearwater , Ardenna creatopus Flesh-footed shearwater , Ardenna carneipes Christmas shearwater , Puffinus nativitatis Manx shearwater , Puffinus puffinus Townsend's shearwater , Puffinus auricularis Newell's shearwater , Puffinus auricularis (A) Bryan's shearwater , Puffinus bryani Black-vented shearwater , Puffinus opisthomelas Audubon's shearwater , Puffinus lherminieri Barolo shearwater , Puffinus baroli (A) Storm-petrels ( edit ) Wilson's storm-petrel Order : Procellariiformes Family : Hydrobatidae The storm-petrels are the smallest seabirds, relatives of the petrels , feeding on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat -like. Wilson's storm-petrel , Oceanites oceanicus White-faced storm-petrel , Pelagodroma marina European storm-petrel , Hydrobates pelagicus (C) Black-bellied storm-petrel , Fregetta tropica (A) Fork-tailed storm-petrel , Oceanodroma furcata Ringed storm-petrel , Oceanodroma hornbyi (A) Swinhoe's storm-petrel , Oceanodroma monorhis (A) Leach's storm-petrel , Oceanodroma leucorhoa Ashy storm-petrel , Oceanodroma homochroa Band-rumped storm-petrel , Oceanodroma castro Wedge-rumped storm-petrel , Oceanodroma tethys (C) Black storm-petrel , Oceanodroma melania Tristram's storm-petrel , Oceanodroma tristrami (A) Least storm-petrel , Oceanodroma microsoma Storks ( edit ) Wood stork Order : Ciconiiformes Family : Ciconiidae Storks are large, heavy, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long stout bills and wide wingspans. They lack the powder down that other wading birds such as herons, spoonbills, and ibises use to clean off fish slime. Storks lack a pharynx and are mute. Jabiru , Jabiru mycteria (C) Wood stork , Mycteria americana Frigatebirds ( edit ) Magnificent frigatebird Order : Suliformes Family : Fregatidae Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black, or black-and-white, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have colored inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week. Magnificent frigatebird , Fregata magnificens Great frigatebird , Fregata minor (A) Lesser frigatebird , Fregata ariel (A) Boobies and gannets ( edit ) Blue-footed booby Order : Suliformes Family : Sulidae The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies . Both groups are medium-large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish. Masked booby , Sula dactylatra Blue-footed booby , Sula nebouxii (C) Brown booby , Sula leucogaster Red-footed booby , Sula sula (C) Northern gannet , Morus bassanus Cormorants ( edit ) Double-crested cormorant Order : Suliformes Family : Phalacrocoracidae Cormorants are medium-to-large aquatic birds, usually with mainly dark plumage and areas of colored skin on the face. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet are four-toed and webbed. Brandt's cormorant , Phalacrocorax penicillatus Neotropic cormorant , Phalacrocorax brasilianus Double-crested cormorant , Phalacrocorax auritus Great cormorant , Phalacrocorax carbo Red-faced cormorant , Phalacrocorax urile Pelagic cormorant , Phalacrocorax pelagicus Anhinga ( edit ) Anhinga Order : Suliformes Family : Anhingidae Anhingas are cormorant-like water birds with very long necks and long straight beaks. They are fish eaters which often swim with only their neck above the water. Anhinga , Anhinga anhinga Pelicans ( edit ) Brown pelican Order : Pelecaniformes Family : Pelecanidae Pelicans are very large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. Like other birds in the order Pelecaniformes, they have four webbed toes. American white pelican , Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Brown pelican , Pelecanus occidentalis Herons, egrets, and bitterns ( edit ) Snowy egret Order : Pelecaniformes Family : Ardeidae The family Ardeidae contains the herons, egrets, and bitterns. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more secretive. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises, and spoonbills. American bittern , Botaurus lentiginosus Yellow bittern , Ixobrychus sinensis (A) Least bittern , Ixobrychus exilis Bare-throated tiger-heron , Tigrisoma mexicanum (A) Great blue heron , Ardea herodias Gray heron , Ardea cinerea (A) Great egret , Ardea alba Intermediate egret , Ardea intermedia (A) Chinese egret , Egretta eulophotes (A) Little egret , Egretta garzetta (C) Western reef-heron , Egretta gularis (A) Snowy egret , Egretta thula Little blue heron , Egretta caerulea Tricolored heron , Egretta tricolor Reddish egret , Egretta rufescens Cattle egret , Bubulcus ibis Chinese pond-heron , Ardeola bacchus (A) Green heron , Butorides virescens Black-crowned night-heron , Nycticorax nycticorax Yellow-crowned night-heron , Nyctanassa violacea Ibises and spoonbills ( edit ) Glossy ibis Order : Pelecaniformes Family : Threskiornithidae The family Threskiornithidae includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings. Their bodies tend to be elongated, the neck more so, with rather long legs. The bill is also long, decurved in the case of the ibises, straight and distinctively flattened in the spoonbills. White ibis , Eudocimus albus Scarlet ibis , Eudocimus ruber (A) Glossy ibis , Plegadis falcinellus White-faced ibis , Plegadis chihi Roseate spoonbill , Ajaia ajaja New World vultures ( edit ) Turkey vulture Order : Cathartiformes Family : Cathartidae The New World vultures are not closely related to Old World vultures, but superficially resemble them because of convergent evolution . Like the Old World vultures, they are scavengers. However, unlike Old World vultures, which find carcasses by sight, New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carcasses . Black vulture , Coragyps atratus Turkey vulture , Cathartes aura California condor , Gymnogyps californianus (Ex, but reestablishment is in progress) Osprey ( edit ) Order : Accipitriformes Family : Pandionidae Pandionidae is a monotypic family of fish-eating birds of prey. Its single species possesses a very large and powerful hooked beak, strong legs, strong talons, and keen eyesight. Osprey , Pandion haliaetus Hawks, kites, and eagles ( edit ) Northern goshawk Red-shouldered hawk A five-year-old golden eagle Order : Accipitriformes Family : Accipitridae Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight. Hook-billed kite , Chondrohierax uncinatus Swallow-tailed kite , Elanoides forficatus White-tailed kite , Elanus leucurus Snail kite , Rostrhamus sociabilis Double-toothed kite , Harpagus bidentatus (A) Mississippi kite , Ictinia mississippiensis Black kite , Milvus migrans (A in Hawaii per the AOS) Bald eagle , Haliaeetus leucocephalus White-tailed eagle , Haliaeetus albicilla (C) Steller's sea-eagle , Haliaeetus pelagicus (C) Northern harrier , Circus hudsonius Chinese sparrowhawk , Accipiter soloensis (A in Hawaii per the AOS) Sharp-shinned hawk , Accipiter striatus Cooper's hawk , Accipiter cooperii Northern goshawk , Accipiter gentilis Crane hawk , Geranospiza caerulescens (A) Common black hawk , Buteogallus anthracinus Roadside hawk , Rupornis magnirostris (C) Harris's hawk , Parabuteo unicinctus White-tailed hawk , Buteo albicaudatus Gray hawk , Buteo plagiatus Red-shouldered hawk , Buteo lineatus Broad-winged hawk , Buteo platypterus Hawaiian hawk , Buteo solitarius (EH) Short-tailed hawk , Buteo brachyurus Swainson's hawk , Buteo swainsoni Zone-tailed hawk , Buteo albonotatus Red-tailed hawk , Buteo jamaicensis Rough-legged hawk , Buteo lagopus Ferruginous hawk , Buteo regalis Golden eagle , Aquila chrysaetos Barn-owls ( edit ) Barn owl Order : Strigiformes Family : Tytonidae Owls in the family Tytonidae are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. Barn owl , Tyto Alba Typical owls ( edit ) Barred owl Order : Strigiformes Family : Strigidae Typical or `` true'' owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk. Oriental scops-owl , Otus sunia (A) Flammulated owl , Psiloscops flammeolus Western screech-owl , Megascops kennicottii Eastern screech-owl , Megascops asio Whiskered screech-owl , Megascops trichopsis Great horned owl , Bubo virginianus Snowy owl , Bubo scandiacus Northern hawk owl , Surnia ulula Northern pygmy-owl , Glaucidium gnoma Ferruginous pygmy-owl , Glaucidium brasilianum Elf owl , Micrathene whitneyi Burrowing owl , Athene cunicularia Mottled owl , Ciccaba virgata (A) Spotted owl , Strix occidentalis Barred owl , Strix varia Great gray owl , Strix nebulosa Long-eared owl , Asio otus Stygian owl , Asio stygius (A) Short-eared owl , Asio flammeus Boreal owl , Aegolius funereus Northern saw-whet owl , Aegolius acadicus Northern boobook , Ninox scutulata (A) Trogons ( edit ) Elegant trogon Order : Trogoniformes Family : Trogonidae Trogons are residents of tropical forests worldwide with the greatest diversity in Central and South America . They feed on insects and fruit, and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits. Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly any distance. Trogons do not migrate. Trogons have soft, often colorful, feathers with distinctive male and female plumage. They nest in holes in trees or termite nests , laying white or pastel-colored eggs. Elegant trogon , Trogon elegans Eared quetzal , Euptilotis neoxenus (C) Hoopoes ( edit ) Order : Upupiformes Family : Upupidae Hoopoes spend much time on the ground hunting insects and worms. This black, white, and pink bird is quite unmistakable, especially in its erratic flight, which is like that of a giant butterfly. The crest is erectile, but is mostly kept closed. It walks on the ground like a starling . The song is a trisyllabic oop-oop-oop , which gives rise to its English and scientific names. Eurasian hoopoe , Upupa epops (A) Kingfishers ( edit ) Ringed kingfisher Order : Coraciiformes Family : Alcedinidae Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails. Ringed kingfisher , Megaceryle torquata Belted kingfisher , Megaceryle alcyon Amazon kingfisher , Chloroceryle amazona (A) Green kingfisher , Chloroceryle americana Woodpeckers ( edit ) Red-naped sapsucker Northern flicker Order : Piciformes Family : Picidae Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks. Eurasian wryneck , Jynx torquilla (A) Lewis's woodpecker , Melanerpes lewis Red-headed woodpecker , Melanerpes erythrocephalus Acorn woodpecker , Melanerpes formicivorus Gila woodpecker , Melanerpes uropygialis Golden-fronted woodpecker , Melanerpes aurifrons Red-bellied woodpecker , Melanerpes carolinus Williamson's sapsucker , Sphyrapicus thyroideus Yellow-bellied sapsucker , Sphyrapicus varius Red-naped sapsucker , Sphyrapicus nuchalis Red-breasted sapsucker , Sphyrapicus ruber Great spotted woodpecker , Dendrocopos major (C) Ladder-backed woodpecker , Picoides scalaris Nuttall's woodpecker , Picoides nuttallii Downy woodpecker , Picoides pubescens Hairy woodpecker , Picoides villosus Arizona woodpecker , Picoides arizonae Red-cockaded woodpecker , Picoides borealis (EM) White-headed woodpecker , Picoides albolarvatus American three-toed woodpecker , Picoides dorsalis Black-backed woodpecker , Picoides arcticus Northern flicker , Colaptes auratus Gilded flicker , Colaptes chrysoides Pileated woodpecker , Dryocopus pileatus Ivory-billed woodpecker , Campephilus principalis (E?) Falcons and caracaras ( edit ) American kestrel Order : Falconiformes Family : Falconidae Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey, notably the falcons and caracaras. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons. Collared forest-falcon , Micrastur semitorquatus (A) Crested caracara , Caracara cheriway Eurasian kestrel , Falco tinnunculus (C) American kestrel , Falco sparverius Red-footed falcon , Falco vespertinus (A) Merlin , Falco columbarius Eurasian hobby , Falco subbuteo (C) Aplomado falcon , Falco femoralis Gyrfalcon , Falco rusticolus Peregrine falcon , Falco peregrinus Prairie falcon , Falco mexicanus New World and african parrots ( edit ) Red-crowned parrot Order : Psittaciformes Family : Psittacidae Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly colored, and some are multi-colored. In size they range from 8 cm (3.1 in) to 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. Most of the more than 150 species in this family are found in the New World. Monk parakeet , Myiopsitta monachus (I) Carolina parakeet , Conuropsis carolinensis (E) Nanday parakeet , Aratinga nenday (I) Green parakeet , Psittacara holochlorus Mitred parakeet , Psittacara mitratus (I) Thick-billed parrot , Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (Ex) White-winged parakeet , Brotogeris versicolurus (I) Red-crowned parrot , Amazona viridigenalis Old World parrots ( edit ) Order : Psittaciformes Family : Psittaculidae Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly colored, and some are multi-colored. In size they range from 8 cm (3.1 in) to 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand. Rose-ringed parakeet , Psittacula krameri (I) Rosy-faced lovebird , Agapornis roseicollis (I) Budgerigar , Melopsittacus undulatus (I) Tyrant flycatchers ( edit ) Willow flycatcher Vermilion flycatcher Eastern kingbird Order : Passeriformes Family : Tyrannidae Tyrant flycatchers are Passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, are rather plain. As the name implies, most are insectivorous . Northern beardless-tyrannulet , Camptostoma imberbe Greenish elaenia , Myiopagis viridicata (A) White-crested elaenia , Elaenia albiceps (A) Tufted flycatcher , Mitrephanes phaeocercus (A) Olive-sided flycatcher , Contopus cooperi Greater pewee , Contopus pertinax Western wood-pewee , Contopus sordidulus Eastern wood-pewee , Contopus virens Cuban pewee , Contopus caribaeus (A) Yellow-bellied flycatcher , Empidonax flaviventris Acadian flycatcher , Empidonax virescens Alder flycatcher , Empidonax alnorum Willow flycatcher , Empidonax traillii Least flycatcher , Empidonax minimus Hammond's flycatcher , Empidonax hammondii Gray flycatcher , Empidonax wrightii Dusky flycatcher , Empidonax oberholseri Pacific-slope flycatcher , Empidonax difficilis Cordilleran flycatcher , Empidonax occidentalis Buff-breasted flycatcher , Empidonax fulvifrons Black phoebe , Sayornis nigricans Eastern phoebe , Sayornis phoebe Say's phoebe , Sayornis saya Vermilion flycatcher , Pyrocephalus rubinus Dusky-capped flycatcher , Myiarchus tuberculifer Ash-throated flycatcher , Myiarchus cinerascens Nutting's flycatcher , Myiarchus nuttingi (A) Great crested flycatcher , Myiarchus crinitus Brown-crested flycatcher , Myiarchus tyrannulus La Sagra's flycatcher , Myiarchus sagrae Great kiskadee , Pitangus sulphuratus Social flycatcher , Myiozetetes similis (A) Sulphur-bellied flycatcher , Myiodynastes luteiventris Piratic flycatcher , Legatus leucophaius (C) Variegated flycatcher , Empidonomus varius (A) Crowned slaty flycatcher , Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus (A) Tropical kingbird , Tyrannus melancholicus Couch's kingbird , Tyrannus couchii Cassin's kingbird , Tyrannus vociferans Thick-billed kingbird , Tyrannus crassirostris Western kingbird , Tyrannus verticalis Eastern kingbird , Tyrannus tyrannus Gray kingbird , Tyrannus dominicensis Loggerhead kingbird , Tyrannus caudifasciatus (A) Scissor-tailed flycatcher , Tyrannus forficatus Fork-tailed flycatcher , Tyrannus savana Tityras and allies ( edit ) Order : Passeriformes Family : Tityridae Tityridae is family of suboscine passerine birds found in forest and woodland in the Neotropics . The approximately 30 species in this family were formerly lumped with the families Pipridae and Cotingidae ( see Taxonomy ). As yet, no widely accepted common name exists for the family, although Tityras and allies and Tityras, mourners, and allies have been used. They are small to medium-sized birds. Masked tityra , Tityra semifasciata (A) Gray-collared becard , Pachyramphus major (A) Rose-throated becard , Pachyramphus aglaiae Shrikes ( edit ) Northern shrike Order : Passeriformes Family : Laniidae Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A shrike's beak is hooked, like that of a typical bird of prey. Brown shrike , Lanius cristatus (C) Loggerhead shrike , Lanius ludovicianus Northern shrike , Lanius borealis Vireos ( edit ) Yellow-throated vireo Order : Passeriformes Family : Vireonidae The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World, though a few other species in the family are found in Asia. They are typically greenish in color and resemble wood-warblers apart from their heavier bills. Black-capped vireo , Vireo atricapilla White-eyed vireo , Vireo griseus Thick-billed vireo , Vireo crassirostris (C) Bell's vireo , Vireo bellii Gray vireo , Vireo vicinior Hutton's vireo , Vireo huttoni Yellow-throated vireo , Vireo flavifrons Cassin's vireo , Vireo cassinii Blue-headed vireo , Vireo solitarius Plumbeous vireo , Vireo plumbeus Philadelphia vireo , Vireo philadelphicus Warbling vireo , Vireo gilvus Red-eyed vireo , Vireo olivaceus Yellow-green vireo , Vireo flavoviridis Black-whiskered vireo , Vireo altiloquus Yucatan vireo , Vireo magister (A) Jays, crows, magpies, and ravens ( edit ) Clark's nutcracker American crow Order : Passeriformes Family : Corvidae The family Corvidae includes crows , ravens , jays , choughs , magpies , treepies , nutcrackers , and ground jays . Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence. Gray jay , Perisoreus canadensis Brown jay , Psilorhinus morio Green jay , Cyanocorax yncas Pinyon jay , Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Steller's jay , Cyanocitta stelleri Blue jay , Cyanocitta cristata Florida scrub-jay , Aphelocoma coerulescens (EM) Island scrub-jay , Aphelocoma insularis (EM) California scrub-jay , Aphelocoma californica Woodhouse's scrub-jay , Aphelocoma woodhouseii Mexican jay , Aphelocoma wollweberi Clark's nutcracker , Nucifraga columbiana Black-billed magpie , Pica hudsonia Yellow-billed magpie , Pica nuttalli (EM) Eurasian jackdaw , Corvus monedula (C) American crow , Corvus brachyrhynchos Northwestern crow , Corvus caurinus Tamaulipas crow , Corvus imparatus Fish crow , Corvus ossifragus (EM) Hawaiian crow , Corvus hawaiiensis (EH) Chihuahuan raven , Corvus cryptoleucus Common raven , Corvus corax Monarch flycatchers ( edit ) Hawaii elepaio Order : Passeriformes Family : Monarchidae The Monarchinae are a relatively recent grouping of a number of seemingly very different birds, mostly from the Southern Hemisphere, which are more closely related than they at first appear. Many of the approximately 140 species making up the family were previously assigned to other groups, largely on the basis of general morphology or behavior. With the new insights generated by the DNA-DNA hybridisation studies of Sibley and his co-workers toward the end of the 20th century, however, it became clear that these apparently unrelated birds were all descended from a common ancestor. The Monarchinae are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines, many of which hunt by flycatching. These three species endemic to Hawaii represent the group. Kauai elepaio , Chasiempis sclateri (EH) Oahu elepaio , Chasiempis ibidis (EH) Hawaii elepaio , Chasiempis sandwichensis (EH) Larks ( edit ) Horned lark Order : Passeriformes Family : Alaudidae Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds. Eurasian skylark , Alauda arvensis (regular visitor-AK) (A-CA) (Ex-NY) (I, now Ex BC & WA) Horned lark , Eremophila alpestris Swallows and martins ( edit ) Tree swallow Order : Passeriformes Family : Hirundinidae The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. Purple martin , Progne subis Cuban martin , Progne cryptoleuca (A) Gray-breasted martin , Progne chalybea (A) Southern martin , Progne elegans (A) Brown-chested martin , Progne tapera (A) Tree swallow , Tachycineta bicolor Mangrove swallow , Tachycineta albilinea (A) Violet-green swallow , Tachycineta thalassina Bahama swallow , Tachycineta cyaneoviridis (C) Northern rough-winged swallow , Stelgidopteryx serripennis Bank swallow , Riparia riparia Cliff swallow , Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Cave swallow , Petrochelidon fulva Barn swallow , Hirundo rustica Common house-martin , Delichon urbica (C) Chickadees and titmice ( edit ) Tufted titmouse Order : Passeriformes Family : Paridae The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. Carolina chickadee , Poecile carolinensis (EM) Black-capped chickadee , Poecile atricapilla Mountain chickadee , Poecile gambeli Mexican chickadee , Poecile sclateri Chestnut-backed chickadee , Poecile rufescens Boreal chickadee , Poecile hudsonica Gray-headed chickadee , Poecile cincta Bridled titmouse , Baeolophus wollweberi Oak titmouse , Baeolophus inornatus Juniper titmouse , Baeolophus ridgwayi Tufted titmouse , Baeolophus bicolor Black-crested titmouse , Baeolophus atricristatus Penduline tits ( edit ) Verdin Order : Passeriformes Family : Remizidae The only member of this family in the New World, the verdin one of the smallest passerines in North America. It is gray overall and adults have a bright yellow head and rufous `` shoulder patch'' (the lesser coverts). Verdins are insectivorous , continuously foraging among the desert trees and scrubs. They are usually solitary except when they pair up to construct their conspicuous nests. Verdin , Auriparus flaviceps Long-tailed tits ( edit ) Bushtit Order : Passeriformes Family : Aegithalidae The long-tailed tits are a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They make woven bag nests in trees. Most eat a mixed diet which includes insects. Bushtit , Psaltriparus minimus Nuthatches ( edit ) White-breasted nuthatch Order : Passeriformes Family : Sittidae Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails, and powerful bills and feet. Red-breasted nuthatch , Sitta canadensis White-breasted nuthatch , Sitta carolinensis Pygmy nuthatch , Sitta pygmaea Brown-headed nuthatch , Sitta pusilla Treecreepers ( edit ) Brown creeper Order : Passeriformes Family : Certhiidae Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees. Brown creeper , Certhia americana Wrens ( edit ) Carolina wren Order : Passeriformes Family : Troglodytidae Wrens are small and inconspicuous birds, except for their loud songs. They have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous. Rock wren , Salpinctes obsoletus Canyon wren , Catherpes mexicanus House wren , Troglodytes aedon Pacific wren , Troglodytes pacificus Winter wren , Troglodytes hiemalis Sedge wren , Cistothorus platensis Marsh wren , Cistothorus palustris Carolina wren , Thryothorus ludovicianus Bewick's wren , Thryomanes bewickii Cactus wren , Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus Sinaloa wren , Thryothorus sinaloa (A) Gnatcatchers ( edit ) Blue-gray gnatcatcher Order : Passeriformes Family : Polioptilidae These dainty birds resemble Old World warblers in their structure and habits, moving restlessly through the foliage seeking insects. The gnatcatchers are mainly soft bluish gray in color and have the typical insectivore's long sharp bill. Many species have distinctive black head patterns (especially males) and long, regularly cocked, black-and-white tails. Blue-gray gnatcatcher , Polioptila caerulea California gnatcatcher , Polioptila californica Black-tailed gnatcatcher , Polioptila melanura Black-capped gnatcatcher , Polioptila nigriceps Dippers ( edit ) American dipper Order : Passeriformes Family : Cinclidae Dippers are a group of perching birds whose habitat includes aquatic environments in the Americas , Europe , and Asia . They are named for their bobbing or dipping movements. These birds have adaptations which allows them to submerge and walk on the bottom to feed on insect larvae. American dipper , Cinclus mexicanus Bulbuls ( edit ) Order : Passeriformes Family : Pycnonotidae The bulbuls are a family of medium-sized passerine songbirds native to Africa and tropical Asia . These are noisy and gregarious birds with often beautiful striking songs. Red-vented bulbul , Pycnonotus cafer (I) Red-whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus (I) Kinglets ( edit ) Golden-crowned kinglet Order : Passeriformes Family : Regulidae The kinglets and `` crests'' are a small family of birds which resemble some warblers. They are very small insectivorous birds in the single genus Regulus . The adults have colored crowns, giving rise to their name. Golden-crowned kinglet , Regulus satrapa Ruby-crowned kinglet , Regulus calendula Bush-warblers ( edit ) Order : Passeriformes Family : Cettiidae Japanese bush-warbler , Horornis diphone (I) Leaf warblers ( edit ) Order : Passeriformes Family : Phylloscopidae Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The Arctic warbler breeds east into Alaska. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with grayish-green to grayish-brown colors. Willow warbler , Phylloscopus trochilus (A) Common chiffchaff , Phylloscopus collybita (A) Wood warbler , Phylloscopus sibilatrix (A) Dusky warbler , Phylloscopus fuscatus (C) Pallas's leaf warbler , Phylloscopus proregulus (A) Yellow-browed warbler , Phylloscopus inornatus (C) Arctic warbler , Phylloscopus borealis Kamchatka leaf warbler , Phylloscopus examinandus (A) Old World warblers ( edit ) Order : Passeriformes Family : Sylviidae The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia, and to a lesser extent Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs. Lesser whitethroat , Sylvia curruca (A) Wrentit , Chamaea fasciata White-eyes ( edit ) Order : Passeriformes Family : Zosteropidae The white-eyes are small passerine birds native to tropical and sub-tropical Africa, southern Asia, and Australasia. The birds of this group are mostly of undistinguished appearance, their plumage above being generally some dull color like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast, or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. But as indicated by their scientific name, derived from the Ancient Greek for girdle-eye, there is a conspicuous ring around the eyes of many species. They have rounded wings and strong legs. The size ranges up to 15 cm (6 inches) in length. All the species of white-eyes are sociable, forming large flocks which only separate on the approach of the breeding season. Though mainly insectivorous, they eat nectar and fruits of various kinds. Japanese white-eye , Zosterops japonicus (I) Old World babblers ( edit ) Order : Passeriformes Family : Timaliidae The Old World babblers or `` timaliids'' are a large family of mostly Old World passerine birds. They are rather diverse in size and coloration, but are characterized by soft fluffy plumage. These birds have strong legs and many are quite terrestrial. This group is not strongly migratory and most species have short rounded wings and a weak flight. Greater necklaced laughingthrush , Garrulax pectoralis (I) Hwamei , Garrulax canorus (I) Red-billed leiothrix , Leiothrix lutea (I) Reed warblers ( edit ) Order : Passeriformes Family : Acrocephalidae The members of this family are usually rather large for `` warblers'' . Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa. Millerbird , Acrocephalus familiaris (EH) Sedge warbler , Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (A) Blyth's reed warbler , Acrocephalus dumetorum (A) Grassbirds and allies ( edit ) Order : Passeriformes Family : Locustellidae Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over. Middendorff's grasshopper-warbler , Locustella ochotensis (C) Lanceolated warbler , Locustella lanceolata (A) Old World flycatchers ( edit ) Order : Passeriformes Family : Muscicapidae The Old World flycatchers form a large family of small passerine birds. These are mainly small arboreal insectivores , many of which, as the name implies, take their prey on the wing. Gray-streaked flycatcher , Muscicapa griseisticta (C) Asian brown flycatcher , Muscicapa dauurica (A) Spotted flycatcher , Muscicapa striata (A) Dark-sided flycatcher , Muscicapa sibirica (C) White-rumped shama , Copsychus malabaricus (I) Rufous-tailed robin , Luscinia sibilans (A) Siberian rubythroat , Luscinia calliope Bluethroat , Luscinia svecica Siberian blue robin , Luscinia cyane (A) Red-flanked bluetail , Tarsiger cyanurus (C) Narcissus flycatcher , Ficedula narcissina (A) Mugimaki flycatcher , Ficedula mugimaki (A) Taiga flycatcher , Ficedula albicilla (C) Common redstart , Phoenicurus phoenicurus (A) Stonechat , Saxicola torquatus (C) Northern wheatear , Oenanthe oenanthe Thrushes ( edit ) Western bluebird Puaiohi American robin Order : Passeriformes Family : Turdidae The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs. Eastern bluebird , Sialia sialis Western bluebird , Sialia mexicana Mountain bluebird , Sialia currucoides Townsend's solitaire , Myadestes townsendi Brown-backed solitaire , Myadestes occidentalis (A) Kamao , Myadestes myadestinus (EH)(E) Amaui , Myadestes woahensis (EH)(E) Olomao , Myadestes lanaiensis (EH) Omao , Myadestes obscurus (EH) Puaiohi , Myadestes palmeri (EH) Orange-billed nightingale-thrush , Catharus aurantiirostris (A) Black-headed nightingale-thrush , Catharus mexicanus (A) Veery , Catharus fuscescens Gray-cheeked thrush , Catharus minimus Bicknell's thrush , Catharus bicknelli Swainson's thrush , Catharus ustulatus Hermit thrush , Catharus guttatus Wood thrush , Hylocichla mustelina Eurasian blackbird , Turdus merula (A) Eyebrowed thrush , Turdus obscurus Dusky thrush , Turdus naumanni (C) Fieldfare , Turdus pilaris (C) Redwing , Turdus iliacus (C) Song thrush , Turdus philomelos (A) Clay-colored thrush , Turdus grayi White-throated thrush , Turdus assimilis (C) Rufous-backed robin , Turdus rufopalliatus American robin , Turdus migratorius Red-legged thrush , Turdus plumbeus (A) Varied thrush , Ixoreus naevius Aztec thrush , Ridgwayia pinicola (C) Mockingbirds and thrashers ( edit ) Northern mockingbird Order : Passeriformes Family : Mimidae The mimids are a family of passerine birds which includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalization, especially their remarkable ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. The species tend towards dull grays and browns in their appearance. Blue mockingbird , Melanotis caerulescens (A) Gray catbird , Dumetella carolinensis Curve-billed thrasher , Toxostoma curvirostre Brown thrasher , Toxostoma rufum Long-billed thrasher , Toxostoma longirostre Bendire's thrasher , Toxostoma bendirei California thrasher , Toxostoma redivivum LeConte's thrasher , Toxostoma lecontei Crissal thrasher , Toxostoma crissale Sage thrasher , Oreoscoptes montanus Bahama mockingbird , Mimus gundlachii (C) Northern mockingbird , Mimus polyglottos Starlings and mynas ( edit ) An immature female European starling Order : Passeriformes Family : Sturnidae Starlings and mynas are small to medium-sized Old World passerine birds with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct and most are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit. The plumage of several species is dark with a metallic sheen. European starling , Sturnus vulgaris (I) Common myna , Acridotheres tistis (I) Hill myna , Gracula religiosa (I) Waxwings ( edit ) Cedar waxwing Order : Passeriformes Family : Bombycillidae The waxwings are a group of passerine birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter. Bohemian waxwing , Bombycilla garrulus Cedar waxwing , Bombycilla cedrorum Hawaiian honeyeaters ( edit ) The extinct Kauai oo Order : Passeriformes Family : Mohoidae Hawaiian honeyeaters prefer to flit quickly from perch to perch in the outer foliage, stretching up or sideways or hanging upside down at need. They have a highly developed brush-tipped tongue, which is frayed and fringed with bristles which soak up liquids readily. The tongue is flicked rapidly and repeatedly into a flower, the upper mandible then compressing any liquid out when the bill is closed. All species of honeyeaters below were endemic to Hawaii, but are now extinct. The Kauai oo was the last species to survive, and was last seen in 1987. Kauai oo , Moho braccatus (EH) (E) Oahu oo , Moho apicalus (EH) (E) Bishop's oo , Moho bishopi (EH) (E) Hawaii oo , Moho nobilis (EH) (E) Kioea , Chaetoptila angustipluma (EH) (E) Silky-flycatchers ( edit ) Phainopepla Order : Passeriformes Family : Ptiliogonatidae The silky-flycatchers are a small family of passerine birds which occur mainly in Central America . They are related to waxwings and most species have small crests. Gray silky-flycatcher , Ptiliogonys cinereus (A) Phainopepla , Phainopepla nitens Olive warbler ( edit ) Order : Passeriformes Family : Peucedramidae The olive warbler has a gray body with some olive-green on the wings and two white wing bars. The male's head and breast are orange and there is a black patch through the eye. This is the only species in its family. Olive warbler , Peucedramus taeniatus Accentors ( edit ) Order : Passeriformes Family : Prunellidae Accentors are small, fairly drab species superficially similar, but unrelated to, sparrows . However, accentors have thin sharp bills, reflecting their diet of insects in summer, augmented with seeds and berries in winter. Siberian accentor , Prunella montanella (C) Waxbills, munias, and allies ( edit ) Order : Passeriformes Family : Estrildidae The members of this family are small passerine birds native to the Old World tropics. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colors and patterns. Red-cheeked cordon-bleu , Uraeginthus bengalus (I) Lavender waxbill , Estrilda caerulescens (I) Orange-cheeked waxbill , Estrilda melpoda (I) Black-rumped waxbill , Estrilda troglodytes (I) Common waxbill , Estrilda astrild (I) Red avadavat , Amandava amandava (I) Indian silverbill , Euodice malabarica (I) African silverbill , Euodice cantans (I) Java sparrow , Lonchura oryzivora (I) Scaly-breasted munia , Lonchura punctulata (I) Tricolored munia , Lonchura malacca (I) Old World sparrows ( edit ) House sparrow Order : Passeriformes Family : Passeridae Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small plump brownish or grayish birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects. House sparrow , Passer domesticus (I) Eurasian tree sparrow , Passer montanus (I) Wagtails and pipits ( edit ) American pipit Order : Passeriformes Family : Motacillidae Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws, and pipits. They are slender ground-feeding insectivores of open country. Eastern yellow wagtail , Motacilla tschutschensis Citrine wagtail , Motacilla citreola (A) Gray wagtail , Motacilla cinerea (C) White wagtail , Motacilla alba Tree pipit , Anthus trivialis (A) Olive-backed pipit , Anthus hodgsoni Pechora pipit , Anthus gustavi (C) Red-throated pipit , Anthus cervinus American pipit , Anthus rubescens Sprague's pipit , Anthus spragueii Finches ( edit ) Gray-crowned rosy-finch Iiwi American goldfinch Order : Passeriformes Family : Fringillidae Finches are seed-eating passerine birds that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well. Common chaffinch , Fringilla coelebs (C) Brambling , Fringilla montifringilla Evening grosbeak , Coccothraustes vespertinus Hawfinch , Coccothraustes coccothraustes (C) Common rosefinch , Carpodacus erythrinus (C) Pallas's rosefinch , Carpodacus roseus (A) Poo-uli , Melamprosops phaeosoma (EH) Akikiki , Oreomystis bairdi (EH) Oahu alauahio , Paroreomyza maculata (EH) Kakawahie , Paroreomyza flammea (EH) (E) Maui alauahio , Paroreomyza montana (EH) Palila , Loxiodes balleui (EH) Laysan finch , Telespiza cantans (EH) Nihoa finch , Telespiza ultima (EH) Kona grosbeak , Chloridops kona (EH) (E) Lesser koa-finch , Rhodacanthis flaviceps (EH) (E) Greater koa-finch , Rhodacanthis palmeri (EH) (E) Ula-ai-hawane , Ciridops anna (EH) (E) Akohekohe , Palmeria dolei (EH) Laysan honeycreeper , Himatione fraithii (EH) (E) Apapane , Himatione sanguinea (EH) Iiwi , Drepanis coccinea (EH) Hawaii mamo , Drepanis pacifica (EH) (E) Black mamo , Drepanis funerea (EH) (E) Ou , Psittirostra psittacea (EH) Lanai hookbill , Dysmorodropanis munroi (EH) (E) Maui parrotbill , Pseudonestor xanthrophrys (EH) Kauai nukupuu , Hemignathus hanapepe (EH) (E) Oahu nukupuu , Hemignathus lucidus (EH) (E) Maui nukupuu , Hemignathus affinis (EH) (E) Akiapolaau , Hemignathus wilsoni (EH) Lesser akialoa , Akialoa obscura (EH) (E) Kauai akialoa , Akialoa stejnegeri (EH) (E) Oahu akialoa , Akialoa ellisiana (EH) (E) Maui-nui akialoa , Akialoa lanaiensis (EH) (E) Anianiau , Magumma parva (EH) Hawaii amakihi , Chlorodrepanis virens (EH) Oahu amakihi , Chlorodrepanis flavus (EH) Kauai amakihi , Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri (EH) Greater amakihi , Viridonia sagittirostris (EH) (E) Hawaii creeper , Loxops mana (EH) Akekee , Loxops caeruleirostris (EH) Oahu akepa , Loxops wolstenholmei (EH) (E) Maui akepa , Loxops ochraceus (EH) (E) Hawaii akepa , Loxops coccineus (EH) Pine grosbeak , Pinicola enucleator Eurasian bullfinch , Pyrrhula pyrrhula (C) Asian rosy-finch , Leucosticte arctoa (A) Gray-crowned rosy-finch , Leucosticte tephrocotis Black rosy-finch , Leucosticte atrata (EM) Brown-capped rosy-finch , Leucosticte australis (EM) House finch , Haemorhous mexicanus Purple finch , Haemorhous purpureus Cassin's finch , Haemorhous cassinii Oriental greenfinch , Chloris sinica (C) Yellow-fronted canary , Crithagra mozambica (I) Common redpoll , Acanthis flammea Hoary redpoll , Acanthis hornemanni Red crossbill , Loxia curvirostra Cassia crossbill , Loxia sinesciuris White-winged crossbill , Loxia leucoptera Eurasian siskin , Spinus spinus (A) Pine siskin , Spinus pinus Lesser goldfinch , Spinus psaltria Lawrence's goldfinch , Spinus lawrencei American goldfinch , Spinus tristis Island canary , Serinus canaria (I) Longspurs and snow buntings ( edit ) Order : Passeriformes Family : Calcariidae The Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds that had been traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas. Lapland longspur , Calcarius lapponicus Chestnut-collared longspur , Calcarius ornatus Smith's longspur , Calcarius pictus McCown's longspur , Rhyncophanes mccownii Snow bunting , Plectrophenax nivalis McKay's bunting , Plectrophenax hyperboreus Old World buntings ( edit ) Order : Passeriformes Family : Emberizidae Emberizidae is a family of passerine birds containing a single genus. Until 2017, the New World sparrows (Passerellidae) were also considered part of this family. Pine bunting , Emberiza leucocephalos (A) Yellow-browed bunting , Emberiza chrysophrys (A) Little bunting , Emberiza pusilla (C) Rustic bunting , Emberiza rustica Yellow-throated bunting , Emberiza elegans (A) Yellow-breasted bunting , Emberiza aureola (A) Gray bunting , Emberiza variabilis (A) Pallas's bunting , Emberiza pallasi (A) Reed bunting , Emberiza schoeniclus (C) New World sparrows ( edit ) Eastern towhee White-crowned sparrow Dark-eyed junco Order : Passeriformes Family : Passerellidae Until 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae. Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns. Olive sparrow , Arremonops rufivirgatus Green-tailed towhee , Pipilo chlorurus Spotted towhee , Pipilo maculatus Eastern towhee , Pipilo erythrophthalmus Rufous-crowned sparrow , Aimophila ruficeps Canyon towhee , Melozone fuscus California towhee , Melozone crissalis Abert's towhee , Melozone aberti Rufous-winged sparrow , Peucaea carpalis Botteri's sparrow , Peucaea botterii Cassin's sparrow , Peucaea cassinii Bachman's sparrow , Peucaea aestivalis (EM) American tree sparrow , Spizelloides arborea Chipping sparrow , Spizella passerina Clay-colored sparrow , Spizella pallida Brewer's sparrow , Spizella breweri Field sparrow , Spizella pusilla Worthen's sparrow , Spizella wortheni (A) Black-chinned sparrow , Spizella atrogularis Vesper sparrow , Pooecetes gramineus Lark sparrow , Chondestes grammacus Five-striped sparrow , Amphispiza quinquestriata Black-throated sparrow , Amphispiza bilineata Sagebrush sparrow , Artemisiospiza nevadensis Bell's sparrow , Artemisiospiza belli Lark bunting , Calamospiza melanocorys Savannah sparrow , Passerculus sandwichensis Grasshopper sparrow , Ammodramus savannarum Baird's sparrow , Ammodramus bairdii Henslow's sparrow , Ammodramus henslowii LeConte's sparrow , Ammodramus leconteii Nelson's sparrow , Ammodramus nelsoni Saltmarsh sparrow , Ammodramus caudacutus (EM) Seaside sparrow , Ammodramus maritimus (EM) Fox sparrow , Passerella iliaca Song sparrow , Melospiza melodia Lincoln's sparrow , Melospiza lincolnii Swamp sparrow , Melospiza georgiana White-throated sparrow , Zonotrichia albicollis Harris's sparrow , Zonotrichia querula White-crowned sparrow , Zonotrichia leucophrys Golden-crowned sparrow , Zonotrichia atricapilla Dark-eyed junco , Junco hyemalis Yellow-eyed junco , Junco phaeonotus Spindalises ( edit ) Order : Passeriformes Family : Spindalidae The members of this small family are native to the Greater Antilles . One species occurs fairly frequently in Florida. Western spindalis , Spindalis zena Yellow-breasted chat ( edit ) Yellow-breasted chat -- whose breeding range is almost entirely within the contiguous United States . Order : Passeriformes Family : Icteriidae This species was historically placed in the wood-warblers (Parulidae) but nonetheless most authorities were unsure if it belonged there. It was placed in its own family in 2017. Yellow-breasted chat , Icteria vireos Blackbirds, meadowlarks, cowbirds, grackles, and New World orioles ( edit ) Red-winged blackbird Baltimore oriole Order : Passeriformes Family : Icteridae The icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colorful passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles. Most species have black as a predominant plumage color which is often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red. Yellow-headed blackbird , Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Bobolink , Dolichonyx oryzivorus Eastern meadowlark , Sturnella magna Western meadowlark , Sturnella neglecta Black-vented oriole , Icterus wagleri (A) Orchard oriole , Icterus spurius Hooded oriole , Icterus cucullatus Streak-backed oriole , Icterus pustulatus (C) Bullock's oriole , Icterus bullockii Spot-breasted oriole , Icterus pectoralis (I) Altamira oriole , Icterus gularis Audubon's oriole , Icterus graduacauda Baltimore oriole , Icterus galbula Scott's oriole , Icterus parisorum Red-winged blackbird , Agelaius phoeniceus Tricolored blackbird , Agelaius tricolor Tawny-shouldered blackbird , Agelaius humeralis (A) Shiny cowbird , Molothrus bonariensis Bronzed cowbird , Molothrus aeneus Brown-headed cowbird , Molothrus ater Rusty blackbird , Euphagus carolinus Brewer's blackbird , Euphagus cyanocephalus Common grackle , Quiscalus quiscula Boat-tailed grackle , Quiscalus major (EM) Great-tailed grackle , Quiscalus mexicanus Wood-warblers ( edit ) Nashville warbler Hooded warbler Cerulean warbler Yellow warbler Order : Passeriformes Family : Parulidae The wood-warblers are a group of small often colorful passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are more terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores. Ovenbird , Seiurus aurocapilla Worm-eating warbler , Helmitheros vermivorum Louisiana waterthrush , Parkesia motacilla Northern waterthrush , Parkesia noveboracensis Bachman's warbler , Vermivora bachmanii (E) Golden-winged warbler , Vermivora chrysoptera Blue-winged warbler , Vermivora cyanoptera Black-and-white warbler , Mniotilta varia Prothonotary warbler , Protonotaria citrea Swainson's warbler , Limnothlypis swainsonii Crescent-chested warbler , Oreothlypis superciliosa (C) Tennessee warbler , Oreothlypis peregrina Orange-crowned warbler , Oreothlypis celata Colima warbler , Oreothlypis crissalis Lucy's warbler , Oreothlypis luciae Nashville warbler , Oreothlypis ruficapilla Virginia's warbler , Oreothlypis virginiae Connecticut warbler , Oporornis agilis Gray-crowned yellowthroat , Geothlypis poliocephala (C) MacGillivray's warbler , Geothlypis tolmiei Mourning warbler , Geothlypis philadelphia Kentucky warbler , Geothlypis formosa Common yellowthroat , Geothlypis trichas Hooded warbler , Setophaga citrina American redstart , Setophaga ruticilla Kirtland's warbler , Setophaga kirtlandii Cape May warbler , Setophaga tigrina Cerulean warbler , Setophaga cerulea Northern parula , Setophaga americana Tropical parula , Setophaga pitiayumi Magnolia warbler , Setophaga magnolia Bay-breasted warbler , Setophaga castanea Blackburnian warbler , Setophaga fusca Yellow warbler , Setophaga petechia Chestnut-sided warbler , Setophaga pensylvanica Blackpoll warbler , Setophaga striata Black-throated blue warbler , Setophaga caerulescens Palm warbler , Setophaga palmarum Pine warbler , Setophaga pinus Yellow-rumped warbler , Setophaga coronata Yellow-throated warbler , Setophaga dominica Prairie warbler , Setophaga discolor Adelaide's warbler , Setophaga adelaidae Grace's warbler , Setophaga graciae Black-throated gray warbler , Setophaga nigrescens Townsend's warbler , Setophaga townsendi Hermit warbler , Setophaga occidentalis Golden-cheeked warbler , Setophaga chrysoparia Black-throated green warbler , Setophaga virens Fan-tailed warbler , Basileuterus lachrymosus (C) Rufous-capped warbler , Basileuterus rufifrons Black-cheeked warbler , Basileuterus melanogenys Golden-crowned warbler , Basileuterus culicivorus (C) Canada warbler , Cardellina canadensis Wilson's warbler , Cardellina pusilla Red-faced warbler , Cardellina rubrifrons Painted redstart , Myioborus pictus Slate-throated redstart , Myioborus miniatus (C) Cardinals and allies ( edit ) Northern cardinal Indigo bunting Order : Passeriformes Family : Cardinalidae The cardinals are a family of robust seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages. Hepatic tanager , Piranga flava Summer tanager , Piranga rubra Scarlet tanager , Piranga olivacea Western tanager , Piranga ludoviciana Flame-colored tanager , Piranga bidentata Crimson-collared grosbeak , Rhodothraupis celaeno (C) Northern cardinal , Cardinalis cardinalis Pyrrhuloxia , Cardinalis sinuatus Yellow grosbeak , Pheucticus chrysopeplus (C) Rose-breasted grosbeak , Pheucticus ludovicianus Black-headed grosbeak , Pheucticus melanocephalus Blue bunting , Cyanocompsa parellina (C) Blue grosbeak , Passerina caerulea Lazuli bunting , Passerina amoena Indigo bunting , Passerina cyanea Varied bunting , Passerina versicolor Painted bunting , Passerina ciris Dickcissel , Spiza americana Tanagers ( edit ) Order : Passeriformes Family : Thraupidae The tanagers are a large group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World, mainly in the tropics. Many species are brightly colored. They are seed eaters, but their preference tends towards fruit and nectar. Red-crested cardinal , Paroaria coronata (I) Yellow-billed cardinal , Paroaria capitata (I) Saffron finch , Sicalis flaveola (I) Red-legged honeycreeper , Cyanerpes cyaneus (A) Bananaquit , Coereba flaveola (C) Yellow-faced grassquit , Tiaris olivaceus (C) Black-faced grassquit , Tiaris bicolor (C) White-collared seedeater , Sporophila torqueola References ( edit ) Jump up ^ American Ornithologists' Union. 1998. Check-list of North American Birds . 7th edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. ^ Jump up to: R. Terry Chesser, Kevin J. Burns, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J.V. Remsen, Jr., James D. Rising, Douglas F. Stotz, and Kevin Winker. `` Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds '' . The Auk 2017, vol. 134:751-773 retrieved 7 July 2017 Jump up ^ AOU 1998, xiv Jump up ^ The ABA Checklist Version 7.9.0 (7/12/2016) http://listing.aba.org/aba-checklist/ retrieved 15 August 2016 Jump up ^ Clements, J.F. , T.S. Schulenberg, M.J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T.A. Fredericks, B.L. Sullivan, and C.L. Wood. 2016. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2016. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved 11 August 2016 See also ( edit ) List of birds Lists of birds by region Birds of the USA coded for abundance and seasonal permanence External links ( edit ) Birds of the USA - World Institute for Conservation and Environment ( hide ) Bird lists of North America by region Canada Provinces British Columbia Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Quebec ( Mont-Tremblant ) New Brunswick Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Newfoundland and Labrador Territories Yukon Northwest Territories Nunavut United States States Alabama Alaska ( Aleutian Islands ) Arizona ( Yuma County , Sonoran Desert ) Arkansas California ( Santa Cruz County ) Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii ( Endemic , Non-native ) Idaho Illinois Indiana ( Indiana Dunes ) Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana ( Glacier National Park ) Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon ( Klamath Basin ) Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas ( South Texas ) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming ( Yellowstone ) Territories American Samoa Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico ( Vieques ) Virgin Islands Washington, D.C. See also County birds State birds Threatened birds Other Bermuda Cuba Greenland Jamaica Mexico ( Sierra Madre Occidental ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_birds_of_the_United_States&oldid=808459844 '' Categories : Lists of birds by country Birds of the United States Lists of biota of the United States Hidden categories: Use American English from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017, at 00:16. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
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when was the first tv released to the public
National Australia Film and Archives Museum
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[ "The invention of the television was the work of many individuals in the late 19th century and early 20th century . Individuals and corporations competed in various parts of the world to deliver a device that superseded previous technology . Many were compelled to capitalize on the invention and make profit , while some wanted to change the world through visual and audio communication technology .", "Facsimile transmission systems pioneered methods of mechanically scanning graphics in the early 19th century . The Scottish inventor Alexander Bain introduced the facsimile machine between 1843 and 1846 . The English physicist Frederick Bakewell demonstrated a working laboratory version in 1851 . The first practical facsimile system , working on telegraph lines , was developed and put into service by the Italian priest Giovanni Caselli from 1856 onward .", "Willoughby Smith , an English electrical engineer , discovered the photoconductivity of the element selenium in 1873 .", "As a 23 - year - old German university student , Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow proposed and patented the Nipkow disk in 1884 . This was a spinning disk with a spiral pattern of holes in it , so each hole scanned a line of the image . Although he never built a working model of the system , variations of Nipkow 's spinning - disk `` image rasterizer '' became exceedingly common . Constantin Perskyi had coined the word television in a paper read to the International Electricity Congress at the International World Fair in Paris on August 24 , 1900 . Perskyi 's paper reviewed the existing electromechanical technologies , mentioning the work of Nipkow and others . However , it was not until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology , by Lee de Forest and Arthur Korn among others , made the design practical .", "The first demonstration of the instantaneous transmission of images was by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier in Paris in 1909 . A matrix of 64 selenium cells , individually wired to a mechanical commutator , served as an electronic retina . In the receiver , a type of Kerr cell modulated the light and a series of variously angled mirrors attached to the edge of a rotating disc scanned the modulated beam onto the display screen . A separate circuit regulated synchronization . The 8x8 pixel resolution in this proof - of - concept demonstration was just sufficient to clearly transmit individual letters of the alphabet . An updated image was transmitted `` several times '' each second .", "In 1911 , Boris Rosing and his student Vladimir Zworykin created a system that used a mechanical mirror - drum scanner to transmit , in Zworykin 's words , `` very crude images '' over wires to the `` Braun tube '' ( cathode ray tube or `` CRT '' ) in the receiver . Moving images were not possible because , in the scanner , `` the sensitivity was not enough and the selenium cell was very laggy '' .", "By the 1920s , when amplification made television practical , Scottish inventor John Logie Baird employed the Nipkow disk in his prototype video systems . He created his prototype in a little village called Santa Cruz on the island of Trinidad where he was recovering from an illness . He had also started work on the first color television . On March 25 , 1925 , Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised silhouette images in motion , at Selfridge 's Department Store in London . Since human faces had inadequate contrast to show up on his primitive system , he televised a talking , moving ventriloquist 's dummy named `` Stooky Bill '' , whose painted face had higher contrast . By January 26 , 1926 he demonstrated the transmission of an image of a face in motion by radio . This is widely regarded as the first television demonstration in history . The subject was Baird 's business partner Oliver Hutchinson . Baird 's system used the Nipkow disk for both scanning the image and displaying it . A bright light shining through a spinning Nipkow disk set with lenses projected a bright spot of light that swept across the subject . A selenium photoelectric tube detected the light reflected from the subject and converted it into a proportional electrical signal . This was transmitted by AM radio waves to a receiver unit , where the video signal was applied to a neon light behind a second Nipkow disk rotating synchronized with the first . The brightness of the neon lamp was varied in proportion to the brightness of each spot on the image . As each hole in the disk passed by , one scan line of the image was reproduced . Baird 's disk had 30 holes , producing an image with only 30 scan lines , just enough to recognize a human face .", "In 1927 , Baird transmitted a signal over 438 miles ( 705 km ) of telephone line between London and Glasgow . In 1928 , Baird 's company ( Baird Television Development Company / Cinema Television ) broadcast the first transatlantic television signal , between London and New York , and the first shore - to - ship transmission . In 1929 , he became involved in the first experimental mechanical television service in Germany . In November of the same year , Baird and Bernard Natan of Pathé established France 's first television company , Télévision - Baird - Natan . In 1931 , he made the first outdoor remote broadcast , of The Derby . In 1932 , he demonstrated ultra-short wave television . Baird 's mechanical system reached a peak of 240 lines of resolution on BBC television broadcasts in 1936 , though the mechanical system did not scan the televised scene directly . Instead , a 17.5 mm film was shot , rapidly developed and then scanned while the film was still wet .", "An American inventor , Charles Francis Jenkins , also pioneered the television . He published an article on `` Motion Pictures by Wireless '' in 1913 , but it was not until December 1923 that he transmitted moving silhouette images for witnesses . On June 13 , 1925 , Jenkins publicly demonstrated the synchronized transmission of silhouette pictures . In 1925 , Jenkins used a Nipkow disk and transmitted the silhouette image of a toy windmill in motion , over a distance of five miles ( from a naval radio station in Maryland to his laboratory in Washington , D.C. ) , using a lensed disk scanner with a 48 - line resolution . He was granted U.S. patent 1,544,156 ( Transmitting Pictures over Wireless ) on June 30 , 1925 ( filed March 13 , 1922 ) .", "On December 25 , 1925 , Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a television system with a 40 - line resolution that employed a Nipkow disk scanner and CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan . This prototype is still on display at the Takayanagi Memorial Museum at Shizuoka University , Hamamatsu Campus . By 1927 , Takayanagi improved the resolution to 100 lines , which was unrivaled until 1931 . By 1928 , he was the first to transmit human faces in halftones . His work had an influence on the later work of Vladimir K. Zworykin . By 1935 , Takayanagi had invented the first all - electronic television . His research toward creating a production model was halted by the US after Japan lost World War II .", "Herbert E. Ives and Frank Gray of Bell Telephone Laboratories gave a dramatic demonstration of mechanical television on April 7 , 1927 . The reflected - light television system included both small and large viewing screens . The small receiver had a two - inch - wide by 2.5 - inch - high screen . The large receiver had a screen 24 inches wide by 30 inches high . Both sets were capable of reproducing reasonably accurate , monochromatic moving images . Along with the pictures , the sets also received synchronized sound . The system transmitted images over two paths : first , a copper wire link from Washington to New York City , then a radio link from Whippany , New Jersey . Comparing the two transmission methods , viewers noted no difference in quality . Subjects of the telecast included Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover . A flying - spot scanner beam illuminated these subjects . The scanner that produced the beam had a 50 - aperture disk . The disc revolved at a rate of 18 frames per second , capturing one frame about every 56 milliseconds . ( Today 's systems typically transmit 30 or 60 frames per second , or one frame every 33.3 or 16.7 milliseconds respectively . ) Television historian Albert Abramson underscored the significance of the Bell Labs demonstration : `` It was in fact the best demonstration of a mechanical television system ever made to this time . It would be several years before any other system could even begin to compare with it in picture quality . ''", "In 1928 , WRGB ( then W2XB ) was started as the world 's first television station . It broadcast from the General Electric facility in Schenectady , NY . It was popularly known as `` WGY Television '' .", "Meanwhile , in the Soviet Union , Léon Theremin had been developing a mirror drum - based television , starting with 16 - line resolution in 1925 , then 32 lines and eventually 64 using interlacing in 1926 . As part of his thesis on May 7 , 1926 , Theremin electrically transmitted and then projected near - simultaneous moving images on a five - foot square screen . By 1927 he achieved an image of 100 lines , a resolution that was not surpassed until 1931 by RCA , with 120 lines .", "Because only a limited number of holes could be made in the disks , and disks beyond a certain diameter became impractical , image resolution in mechanical television broadcasts was relatively low , ranging from about 30 lines up to about 120 . Nevertheless , the image quality of 30 - line transmissions steadily improved with technical advances , and by 1933 the UK broadcasts using the Baird system were remarkably clear . A few systems ranging into the 200 - line region also went on the air . Two of these were the 180 - line system that Compagnie des Compteurs ( CDC ) installed in Paris in 1935 , and the 180 - line system that Peck Television Corp. started in 1935 at station VE9AK in Montreal .", "Anton Codelli ( 22nd . March , 1875 - † 28 . April 1954 ) , a Slovenian nobleman , was a passionate inventor . Among other things , he had devised a miniature refrigerator for cars and a new rotary engine design . Intrigued by television , he decided to apply his technical skills to the new medium . At the time , the biggest challenge in television technology was to transmit images with sufficient resolution to reproduce recognizable figures . As recounted by media historian Melita Zajc , most inventors were determined to increase the number of lines used by their systems -- some were approaching what was then the magic number of 100 lines . But Baron Codelli had a different idea . In 1929 , he developed a television device with a single line -- but one that formed a continuous spiral on the screen . Codelli based his ingenious design on his understanding of the human eye . He knew that objects seen in peripheral vision do n't need to be as sharp as those in the center . The baron 's mechanical television system , whose image was sharpest in the middle , worked well , and he was soon able to transmit images of his wife , Ilona von Drasche - Lazar , over the air . Despite the backing of the German electronics giant Telefunken , however , Codelli 's television system never became a commercial reality . Electronic television ultimately emerged as the dominant system , and Codelli moved on to other projects . His invention was largely forgotten .", "The advancement of all - electronic television ( including image dissectors and other camera tubes and cathode ray tubes for the reproducer ) marked the beginning of the end for mechanical systems as the dominant form of television . Mechanical TV usually only produced small images . It was the main type of TV until the 1930s . The last mechanical television broadcasts ended in 1939 at stations run by a handful of public universities in the United States .", "In 1897 , J.J. Thomson , an English physicist , in his three famous experiments was able to deflect cathode rays , a fundamental function of the modern Cathode Ray Tube ( CRT ) . The earliest version of the CRT was invented by the German physicist Karl Ferdinand Braun in 1897 and is also known as the Braun tube . It was a cold - cathode diode , a modification of the Crookes tube with a phosphor - coated screen . A cathode ray tube was successfully demonstrated as a displaying device by the German Professor Max Dieckmann in 1906 , his experimental results were published by the journal Scientific American in 1909 . In 1908 Alan Archibald Campbell - Swinton , fellow of the Royal Society ( UK ) , published a letter in the scientific journal Nature in which he described how `` distant electric vision '' could be achieved by using a cathode ray tube ( or `` Braun '' tube ) as both a transmitting and receiving device . He expanded on his vision in a speech given in London in 1911 and reported in The Times and the Journal of the Röntgen Society . In a letter to Nature published in October 1926 , Campbell - Swinton also announced the results of some `` not very successful experiments '' he had conducted with G.M. Minchin and J.C.M. Stanton . They had attempted to generate an electrical signal by projecting an image onto a selenium - coated metal plate that was simultaneously scanned by a cathode ray beam . These experiments were conducted before March 1914 , when Minchin died . They were later repeated in 1937 by two different teams , H. Miller and J.W. Strange from EMI , and H. Iams and A. Rose from RCA . Both teams succeeded in transmitting `` very faint '' images with the original Campbell - Swinton 's selenium - coated plate . Although others had experimented with using a cathode ray tube as a receiver , the concept of using one as a transmitter was novel . The first cathode ray tube to use a hot cathode was developed by John B. Johnson ( who gave his name to the term Johnson noise ) and Harry Weiner Weinhart of Western Electric , and became a commercial product in 1922 .", "In 1926 , Hungarian engineer Kálmán Tihanyi designed a television system utilizing fully electronic scanning and display elements and employing the principle of `` charge storage '' within the scanning ( or `` camera '' ) tube . The problem of low sensitivity to light resulting in low electrical output from transmitting or `` camera '' tubes would be solved with the introduction of charge - storage technology by Kálmán Tihanyi beginning in 1924 . His solution was a camera tube that accumulated and stored electrical charges ( `` photoelectrons '' ) within the tube throughout each scanning cycle . The device was first described in a patent application he filed in Hungary in March 1926 for a television system he dubbed `` Radioskop '' . After further refinements included in a 1928 patent application , Tihanyi 's patent was declared void in Great Britain in 1930 , and so he applied for patents in the United States . Although his breakthrough would be incorporated into the design of RCA 's `` iconoscope '' in 1931 , the U.S. patent for Tihanyi 's transmitting tube would not be granted until May 1939 . The patent for his receiving tube had been granted the previous October . Both patents had been purchased by RCA prior to their approval . Charge storage remains a basic principle in the design of imaging devices for television to the present day .", "On December 25 , 1926 , Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a TV system with a 40 - line resolution that employed a CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan . This was the first working example of a fully electronic television receiver . Takayanagi did not apply for a patent .", "On September 7 , 1927 , Philo Farnsworth 's image dissector camera tube transmitted its first image , a simple straight line , at his laboratory at 202 Green Street in San Francisco . By September 3 , 1928 , Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press . This is widely regarded as the first electronic television demonstration . In 1929 , the system was further improved by elimination of a motor generator , so that his television system now had no mechanical parts . That year , Farnsworth transmitted the first live human images with his system , including a three and a half - inch image of his wife Elma ( `` Pem '' ) with her eyes closed ( possibly due to the bright lighting required ) .", "Meanwhile , Vladimir Zworykin was also experimenting with the cathode ray tube to create and show images . While working for Westinghouse Electric in 1923 , he began to develop an electronic camera tube . But in a 1925 demonstration , the image was dim , had low contrast and poor definition , and was stationary . Zworykin 's imaging tube never got beyond the laboratory stage . But RCA , which acquired the Westinghouse patent , asserted that the patent for Farnsworth 's 1927 image dissector was written so broadly that it would exclude any other electronic imaging device . Thus RCA , on the basis of Zworykin 's 1923 patent application , filed a patent interference suit against Farnsworth . The U.S. Patent Office examiner disagreed in a 1935 decision , finding priority of invention for Farnsworth against Zworykin . Farnsworth claimed that Zworykin 's 1923 system would be unable to produce an electrical image of the type to challenge his patent . Zworykin received a patent in 1928 for a color transmission version of his 1923 patent application , he also divided his original application in 1931 . Zworykin was unable or unwilling to introduce evidence of a working model of his tube that was based on his 1923 patent application . In September 1939 , after losing an appeal in the courts and determined to go forward with the commercial manufacturing of television equipment , RCA agreed to pay Farnsworth US $1 million over a ten - year period , in addition to license payments , to use Farnsworth 's patents .", "In 1933 RCA introduced an improved camera tube that relied on Tihanyi 's charge storage principle . Dubbed the Iconoscope by Zworykin , the new tube had a light sensitivity of about 75,000 lux , and thus was claimed to be much more sensitive than Farnsworth 's image dissector . However , Farnsworth had overcome his power problems with his Image Dissector through the invention of a completely unique `` multipactor '' device that he began work on in 1930 , and demonstrated in 1931 . This small tube could amplify a signal reportedly to the 60th power or better and showed great promise in all fields of electronics . A problem with the multipactor , unfortunately , was that it wore out at an unsatisfactory rate .", "At the Berlin Radio Show in August 1931 , Manfred von Ardenne gave a public demonstration of a television system using a CRT for both transmission and reception . However , Ardenne had not developed a camera tube , using the CRT instead as a flying - spot scanner to scan slides and film . Philo Farnsworth gave the world 's first public demonstration of an all - electronic television system , using a live camera , at the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia on August 25 , 1934 , and for ten days afterwards .", "In Britain the EMI engineering team led by Isaac Shoenberg applied in 1932 for a patent for a new device they dubbed `` the Emitron '' , which formed the heart of the cameras they designed for the BBC . On November 2 , 1936 , a 405 - line broadcasting service employing the Emitron began at studios in Alexandra Palace , and transmitted from a specially built mast atop one of the Victorian building 's towers . It alternated for a short time with Baird 's mechanical system in adjoining studios , but was more reliable and visibly superior . This was the world 's first regular high - definition television service .", "The original American iconoscope was noisy , had a high ratio of interference to signal , and ultimately gave disappointing results , especially when compared to the high definition mechanical scanning systems then becoming available . The EMI team under the supervision of Isaac Shoenberg analyzed how the iconoscope ( or Emitron ) produces an electronic signal and concluded that its real efficiency was only about 5 % of the theoretical maximum . They solved this problem by developing and patenting in 1934 two new camera tubes dubbed super-Emitron and CPS Emitron . The super-Emitron was between ten and fifteen times more sensitive than the original Emitron and iconoscope tubes and , in some cases , this ratio was considerably greater . It was used for an outside broadcasting by the BBC , for the first time , on Armistice Day 1937 , when the general public could watch in a television set how the King lay a wreath at the Cenotaph . This was the first time that anyone could broadcast a live street scene from cameras installed on the roof of neighbor buildings , because neither Farnsworth nor RCA could do the same before the 1939 New York World 's Fair .", "On the other hand , in 1934 , Zworykin shared some patent rights with the German licensee company Telefunken . The `` image iconoscope '' ( `` Superikonoskop '' in Germany ) was produced as a result of the collaboration . This tube is essentially identical to the super-Emitron . The production and commercialization of the super-Emitron and image iconoscope in Europe were not affected by the patent war between Zworykin and Farnsworth , because Dieckmann and Hell had priority in Germany for the invention of the image dissector , having submitted a patent application for their Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerröhre für Fernseher ( Photoelectric Image Dissector Tube for Television ) in Germany in 1925 , two years before Farnsworth did the same in the United States . The image iconoscope ( Superikonoskop ) became the industrial standard for public broadcasting in Europe from 1936 until 1960 , when it was replaced by the vidicon and plumbicon tubes . Indeed , it was the representative of the European tradition in electronic tubes competing against the American tradition represented by the image orthicon . The German company Heimann produced the Superikonoskop for the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games , later Heimann also produced and commercialized it from 1940 to 1955 , finally the Dutch company Philips produced and commercialized the image iconoscope and multicon from 1952 to 1958 .", "American television broadcasting at the time consisted of a variety of markets in a wide range of sizes , each competing for programming and dominance with separate technology , until deals were made and standards agreed upon in 1941 . RCA , for example , used only Iconoscopes in the New York area , but Farnsworth Image Dissectors in Philadelphia and San Francisco . In September 1939 , RCA agreed to pay the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation royalties over the next ten years for access to Farnsworth 's patents . With this historic agreement in place , RCA integrated much of what was best about the Farnsworth Technology into their systems . In 1941 , the United States implemented 525 - line television .", "The world 's first 625 - line television standard was designed in the Soviet Union in 1944 , and became a national standard in 1946 . The first broadcast in 625 - line standard occurred in 1948 in Moscow . The concept of 625 lines per frame was subsequently implemented in the European CCIR standard .", "In 1936 , Kálmán Tihanyi described the principle of plasma display , the first flat panel display system .", "In 1978 , James P Mitchell described , prototyped and demonstrated what was perhaps the earliest monochromatic flat panel LED television display LED Display targeted at replacing the CRT .", "The basic idea of using three monochrome images to produce a color image had been experimented with almost as soon as black - and - white televisions had first been built . Among the earliest published proposals for television was one by Maurice Le Blanc in 1880 for a color system , including the first mentions in television literature of line and frame scanning , although he gave no practical details . Polish inventor Jan Szczepanik patented a color television system in 1897 , using a selenium photoelectric cell at the transmitter and an electromagnet controlling an oscillating mirror and a moving prism at the receiver . But his system contained no means of analyzing the spectrum of colors at the transmitting end , and could not have worked as he described it . Another inventor , Hovannes Adamian , also experimented with color television as early as 1907 . The first color television project is claimed by him , and was patented in Germany on March 31 , 1908 , patent No 197183 , then in Britain , on April 1 , 1908 , patent No 7219 , in France ( patent No 390326 ) and in Russia in 1910 ( patent No 17912 ) .", "Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the world 's first color transmission on July 3 , 1928 , using scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures , each spiral with filters of a different primary color ; and three light sources at the receiving end , with a commutator to alternate their illumination . Baird also made the world 's first color broadcast on February 4 , 1938 , sending a mechanically scanned 120 - line image from Baird 's Crystal Palace studios to a projection screen at London 's Dominion Theatre .", "Mechanically scanned color television was also demonstrated by Bell Laboratories in June 1929 using three complete systems of photoelectric cells , amplifiers , glow - tubes and color filters , with a series of mirrors to superimpose the red , green and blue images into one full color image .", "The first practical hybrid system was again pioneered by John Logie Baird . In 1940 he publicly demonstrated a color television combining a traditional black - and - white display with a rotating colored disc . This device was very `` deep '' , but was later improved with a mirror folding the light path into an entirely practical device resembling a large conventional console . However , Baird was not happy with the design , and as early as 1944 had commented to a British government committee that a fully electronic device would be better .", "Mexican inventor Guillermo González Camarena also played an important role in early TV . His experiments with TV ( known as telectroescopía at first ) began in 1931 and led to a patent for the `` trichromatic field sequential system '' color television in 1940 .", "In 1939 , Hungarian engineer Peter Carl Goldmark introduced an electro - mechanical system while at CBS , which contained an Iconoscope sensor . The CBS field - sequential color system was partly mechanical , with a disc made of red , blue , and green filters spinning inside the television camera at 1,200 rpm , and a similar disc spinning in synchronization in front of the cathode ray tube inside the receiver set . The system was first demonstrated to the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) on August 29 , 1940 , and shown to the press on September 4 .", "CBS began experimental color field tests using film as early as August 28 , 1940 , and live cameras by November 12 . NBC ( owned by RCA ) made its first field test of color television on February 20 , 1941 . CBS began daily color field tests on June 1 , 1941 . These color systems were not compatible with existing black - and - white television sets , and as no color television sets were available to the public at this time , viewing of the color field tests was restricted to RCA and CBS engineers and the invited press . The War Production Board halted the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from April 22 , 1942 , to August 20 , 1945 , limiting any opportunity to introduce color television to the general public .", "As early as 1940 , Baird had started work on a fully electronic system he called the `` Telechrome '' . Early Telechrome devices used two electron guns aimed at either side of a phosphor plate . The phosphor was patterned so the electrons from the guns only fell on one side of the patterning or the other . Using cyan and magenta phosphors , a reasonable limited - color image could be obtained . He also demonstrated the same system using monochrome signals to produce a 3D image ( called `` stereoscopic '' at the time ) . A demonstration on August 16 , 1944 was the first example of a practical color television system . Work on the Telechrome continued and plans were made to introduce a three - gun version for full color . However , Baird 's untimely death in 1946 ended development of the Telechrome system .", "Similar concepts were common through the 1940s and 1950s , differing primarily in the way they re-combined the colors generated by the three guns . The Geer tube was similar to Baird 's concept , but used small pyramids with the phosphors deposited on their outside faces , instead of Baird 's 3D patterning on a flat surface . The Penetron used three layers of phosphor on top of each other and increased the power of the beam to reach the upper layers when drawing those colors . The Chromatron used a set of focusing wires to select the colored phosphors arranged in vertical stripes on the tube .", "One of the great technical challenges of introducing color broadcast television was the desire to conserve bandwidth , potentially three times that of the existing black - and - white standards , and not use an excessive amount of radio spectrum . In the United States , after considerable research , the National Television Systems Committee approved an all - electronic Compatible color system developed by RCA , which encoded the color information separately from the brightness information and greatly reduced the resolution of the color information in order to conserve bandwidth . The brightness image remained compatible with existing black - and - white television sets at slightly reduced resolution , while color televisions could decode the extra information in the signal and produce a limited - resolution color display . The higher resolution black - and - white and lower resolution color images combine in the brain to produce a seemingly high - resolution color image . The NTSC standard represented a major technical achievement .", "Although all - electronic color was introduced in the U.S. in 1953 , high prices and the scarcity of color programming greatly slowed its acceptance in the marketplace . The first national color broadcast ( the 1954 Tournament of Roses Parade ) occurred on January 1 , 1954 , but during the following ten years most network broadcasts , and nearly all local programming , continued to be in black - and - white . It was not until the mid-1960s that color sets started selling in large numbers , due in part to the color transition of 1965 in which it was announced that over half of all network prime - time programming would be broadcast in color that fall . The first all - color prime - time season came just one year later . In 1972 , the last holdout among daytime network programs converted to color , resulting in the first completely all - color network season .", "Early color sets were either floor - standing console models or tabletop versions nearly as bulky and heavy , so in practice they remained firmly anchored in one place . The introduction of GE 's relatively compact and lightweight Porta - Color set in the spring of 1966 made watching color television a more flexible and convenient proposition . In 1972 , sales of color sets finally surpassed sales of black - and - white sets .", "Color broadcasting in Europe was also not standardized on the PAL format until the 1960s .", "By the mid-1970s , the only stations broadcasting in black - and - white were a few high - numbered UHF stations in small markets , and a handful of low - power repeater stations in even smaller markets such as vacation spots . By 1979 , even the last of these had converted to color , and by the early 1980s black - and - white sets had been pushed into niche markets , notably low - power uses , small portable sets , or use as video monitor screens in lower - cost consumer equipment . By the late 1980s even these areas switched to color sets .", "Digital television ( DTV ) is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signal , in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by analog television . Digital TV can support more than one program in the same channel bandwidth . It is an innovative service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s .", "Digital TV 's roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive , high performance computers . It was n't until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility .", "In the mid-1980s Japanese consumer electronics firms forged ahead with the development of HDTV technology , and the MUSE analog format proposed by NHK , a Japanese company , was seen as a pacesetter that threatened to eclipse U.S. electronics companies . Until June 1990 , the Japanese MUSE standard -- based on an analog system -- was the front - runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration . Then , an American company , General Instrument , demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal . This breakthrough was of such significance that the FCC was persuaded to delay its decision on an ATV standard until a digitally based standard could be developed .", "In March 1990 , when it became clear that a digital standard was feasible , the FCC made a number of critical decisions . First , the Commission declared that the new ATV standard must be more than an enhanced analog signal , but be able to provide a genuine HDTV signal with at least twice the resolution of existing television images. ( 7 ) Then , to ensure that viewers who did not wish to buy a new digital television set could continue to receive conventional television broadcasts , it dictated that the new ATV standard must be capable of being `` simulcast '' on different channels. ( 8 ) The new ATV standard also allowed the new DTV signal to be based on entirely new design principles . Although incompatible with the existing NTSC standard , the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements .", "The final standard adopted by the FCC did not require a single standard for scanning formats , aspect ratios , or lines of resolution . This outcome resulted from a dispute between the consumer electronics industry ( joined by some broadcasters ) and the computer industry ( joined by the film industry and some public interest groups ) over which of the two scanning processes -- interlaced or progressive -- is superior . Interlaced scanning , which is used in televisions worldwide , scans even - numbered lines first , then odd - numbered ones . Progressive scanning , which is the format used in computers , scans lines in sequences , from top to bottom . The computer industry argued that progressive scanning is superior because it does not `` flicker '' in the manner of interlaced scanning . It also argued that progressive scanning enables easier connections with the Internet , and is more cheaply converted to interlaced formats than vice versa . The film industry also supported progressive scanning because it offers a more efficient means of converting filmed programming into digital formats . For their part , the consumer electronics industry and broadcasters argued that interlaced scanning was the only technology that could transmit the highest quality pictures then feasible , that is , 1080 lines per picture and 1920 pixels per line . William F. Schreiber , who was a director of the Advanced Television Research Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1983 until his retirement in 1990 , thought that the continued advocacy of interlaced equipment originated from consumer electronics companies that were trying to get back the substantial investments they made in the interlaced technology .", "Digital television transition started in the late 2000s . All the governments across the world set the deadline for analog shutdown by the 2010s . Initially the adoption rate was low . But soon , more and more households were converting to digital televisions . The transition is expected to be completed worldwide by mid to late 2010s .", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 )", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 )", "Advent of digital television allowed innovations like smart TVs . A smart television , sometimes referred to as connected TV or hybrid television , is a television set with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 features , and is an example of technological convergence between computers and television sets and set - top boxes . Besides the traditional functions of television sets and set - top boxes provided through traditional broadcasting media , these devices can also provide Internet TV , online interactive media , over-the - top content , as well as on - demand streaming media , and home networking access . These TVs come pre-loaded with an operating system .", "Smart TV should not to be confused with Internet TV , IPTV or with Web TV . Internet television refers to the receiving television content over internet instead of traditional systems ( terrestrial , cable and satellite ) ( although internet itself is received by these methods ) . Internet Protocol television ( IPTV ) is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television broadcasters . Web television ( WebTV ) is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV .", "A first patent was filed in 1994 ( and extended the following year ) for an `` intelligent '' television system , linked with data processing systems , by means of a digital or analog network . Apart from being linked to data networks , one key point is its ability to automatically download necessary software routines , according to a user 's demand , and process their needs .", "Major TV manufacturers have announced production of smart TVs only , for middle - end and high - end TVs in 2015 .", "Stereoscopic 3D television was demonstrated for the first time on August 10 , 1928 , by John Logie Baird in his company 's premises at 133 Long Acre , London . Baird pioneered a variety of 3D television systems using electro - mechanical and cathode - ray tube techniques . The first 3D TV was produced in 1935 . The advent of digital television in the 2000s greatly improved 3D TVs .", "Although 3D TV sets are quite popular for watching 3D home media such as on Blu - ray discs , 3D programming has largely failed to make inroads among the public . Many 3D television channels that started in the early 2010s were shut down by the mid-2010s .", "Programming is broadcast by television stations , sometimes called `` channels '' , as stations are licensed by their governments to broadcast only over assigned channels in the television band . At first , terrestrial broadcasting was the only way television could be widely distributed , and because bandwidth was limited , i.e. , there were only a small number of channels available , government regulation was the norm .", "In the U.S. , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) allowed stations to broadcast advertisements beginning in July 1941 , but required public service programming commitments as a requirement for a license . By contrast , the United Kingdom chose a different route , imposing a television license fee on owners of television reception equipment to fund the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) , which had public service as part of its Royal Charter .", "WRGB claims to be the world 's oldest television station , tracing its roots to an experimental station founded on January 13 , 1928 , broadcasting from the General Electric factory in Schenectady , NY , under the call letters W2XB . It was popularly known as `` WGY Television '' after its sister radio station . Later in 1928 , General Electric started a second facility , this one in New York City , which had the call letters W2XBS and which today is known as WNBC . The two stations were experimental in nature and had no regular programming , as receivers were operated by engineers within the company . The image of a Felix the Cat doll rotating on a turntable was broadcast for 2 hours every day for several years as new technology was being tested by the engineers .", "On November 2 , 1936 , the BBC began transmitting the world 's first public regular high - definition service from the Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London . It therefore claims to be the birthplace of TV broadcasting as we know it today .", "With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 80s , terrestrial television broadcasts have been in decline ; in 2013 it was estimated that about 7 % of US households used an antenna . A slight increase in use began around 2010 due to a switchover to digital terrestrial television broadcasts , which offer pristine image quality over very large areas , and offered an alternate to CATV for cord cutters .", "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) adopted the American NTSC 525 - line B / W 60 field per second system as its broadcast standard . It began television broadcasting in Canada in September 1952 . The first broadcast was on September 6 , 1952 from its Montreal station CBFT . The premiere broadcast was bilingual , spoken in English and French . Two days later , on September 8 , 1952 , the Toronto station CBLT went on the air . This became the English - speaking flagship station for the country , while CBFT became the French - language flagship after a second English - language station was licensed to CBC in Montreal later in the decade . The CBC 's first privately owned affiliate television station , CKSO in Sudbury , Ontario , launched in October 1953 ( at the time , all private stations were expected to affiliate with the CBC , a condition that was relaxed in 1960 -- 61 when CTV , Canada 's second national English - language network , was formed ) .", "In former Czechoslovakia ( now Slovakia and the Czech Republic ) the first experimental television sets were produced in 1948 . In the same year the first TV - transmission was performed . The first regular TV public transmission started on May 1 , 1953 . The state - owned TV - centers were in Prague , Bratislava , Brno and Ostrava . In 1961 more than a million citizens had a television set . In 1970 , Czechoslovak television had three channels : Czech , Slovak and a bilingual Federal Channel . In 1973 , color broadcasting started .", "The first experiments in television broadcasting began in France in the 1930s , although the French did not immediately employ the new technology .", "In November 1929 , Bernard Natan established France 's first television company , Télévision - Baird - Natan . On April 14 , 1931 , there took place the first transmission with a thirty - line standard by René Barthélemy . On December 6 , 1931 , Henri de France created the Compagnie Générale de Télévision ( CGT ) . In December 1932 , Barthélemy carried out an experimental program in black and white ( definition : 60 lines ) one hour per week , `` Paris Télévision '' , which gradually became daily from early 1933 .", "The first official channel of French television appeared on February 13 , 1935 , the date of the official inauguration of television in France , which was broadcast in 60 lines from 8 : 15 to 8 : 30 pm . The program showed the actress Béatrice Bretty in the studio of Radio - PTT Vision at 103 rue de Grenelle in Paris . The broadcast had a range of 100 km ( 62 mi ) . On November 10 , George Mandel , Minister of Posts , inaugurated the first broadcast in 180 lines from the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower . On the 18th , Susy Wincker , the first announcer since the previous June , carried out a demonstration for the press from 5 : 30 to 7 : 30 pm . Broadcasts became regular from January 4 , 1937 from 11 : 00 to 11 : 30 am and 8 : 00 to 8 : 30 pm during the week , and from 5 : 30 to 7 : 30 pm on Sundays . In July 1938 , a decree defined for three years a standard of 455 lines VHF ( whereas three standards were used for the experiments : 441 lines for Gramont , 450 lines for the Compagnie des Compteurs and 455 for Thomson ) . In 1939 , there were about only 200 to 300 individual television sets , some of which were also available in a few public places .", "With the entry of France into World War II the same year , broadcasts ceased and the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower was sabotaged . On September 3 , 1940 , French television was seized by the German occupation forces . A technical agreement was signed by the Compagnie des Compteurs and Telefunken , and a financing agreement for the resuming of the service is signed by German Ministry of Post and Radiodiffusion Nationale ( Vichy 's radio ) . On May 7 , 1943 at 3 : 00 evening broadcasts . The first broadcast of Fernsehsender Paris ( Paris Télévision ) was transmitted from rue Cognac - Jay . These regular broadcasts ( 5 ​ ⁄ hours a day ) lasted until August 16 , 1944 . One thousand 441 - line sets , most of which were installed in soldiers ' hospitals , picked up the broadcasts . These Nazi - controlled television broadcasts from the Eiffel Tower in Paris were able to be received on the south coast of England by R.A.F. and BBC engineers , who photographed the station identification image direct from the screen .", "In 1944 , René Barthélemy developed an 819 - line television standard . During the years of occupation , Barthélemy reached 1015 and even 1042 lines . On October 1 , 1944 , television service resumed after the liberation of Paris . The broadcasts were transmitted from the Cognacq - Jay studios . In October 1945 , after repairs , the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower was back in service . On November 20 , 1948 , François Mitterrand decreed a broadcast standard of 819 lines ; broadcasting began at the end of 1949 in this definition . Besides France , this standard was later adopted by Algeria , Monaco , and Morocco . Belgium and Luxembourg used a modified version of this standard with bandwidth narrowed to 7 MHz .", "Electromechanical broadcasts began in Germany in 1929 , but were without sound until 1934 . Network electronic service started on March 22 , 1935 , on 180 lines using telecine transmission of film , intermediate film system , or cameras using the Nipkow Disk . Transmissions using cameras based on the iconoscope began on January 15 , 1936 . The Berlin Summer Olympic Games were televised , using both all - electronic iconoscope - based cameras and intermediate film cameras , to Berlin and Hamburg in August 1936 . Twenty - eight public television rooms were opened for anybody who did not own a television set . The Germans had a 441 - line system on the air in February 1937 , and during World War II brought it to France , where they broadcast from the Eiffel Tower .", "After the end of World War II , the victorious Allies imposed a general ban on all radio and television broadcasting in Germany . Radio broadcasts for information purposes were soon permitted again , but television broadcasting was allowed to resume only in 1948 .", "In East Germany , the head of broadcasting in the Soviet occupation zone , Hans Mahler , predicted in 1948 that in the near future ' a new and important technical step forward in the field of broadcasting in Germany will begin its triumphant march : television . ' In 1950 , the plans for a nationwide television service got off the ground , and a Television Centre in Berlin was approved . Transmissions began on December 21 , 1952 using the 625 - line standard developed in the Soviet Union in 1944 , although at that time there were probably no more than 75 television receivers capable of receiving the programming .", "In West Germany , the British occupation forces as well as NWDR ( Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk ) , which had started work in the British zone straight after the war , agreed to the launch of a television station . Even before this , German television specialists had agreed on 625 lines as the future standard . This standard had narrower channel bandwidth ( 7 MHz ) compared to the Soviet specification ( 8 MHz ) , allowing three television channels to fit into the VHF I band .", "When color was introduced , West Germany chose a variant of the NTSC color system , modified by Walter Bruch and called PAL . East Germany accepted the French SECAM system , which was used in Eastern European countries . With the reunification of Germany , it was decided to switch to the PAL color system . The system was changed in December 1990 .", "In Italy , the first experimental tests on television broadcasts were made in Turin since 1934 . The city already hosted the Center for Management of the EIAR ( lately renamed as RAI ) at the premises of the Theatre of Turin . Subsequently , the EAIR established offices in Rome and Milan . On July 22 , 1939 comes into operation in Rome the first television transmitter at the EIAR station , which performed a regular broadcast for about a year using a 441 - line system that was developed in Germany . In September of the same year , a second television transmitter was installed in Milan , making experimental broadcasts during major events in the city .", "The broadcasts were suddenly ended on May 31 , 1940 , by order of the government , allegedly because of interferences encountered in the first air navigation systems . Also , the imminent participation in the war is believed to have played a role in this decision . EIAR transmitting equipment was relocated to Germany by the German troops . Lately , it was returned to Italy .", "The first official television broadcast began on January 3 , 1954 by the RAI .", "Television broadcasting in Japan started in August 28 , 1953 , making the country one of the first in the world with an experimental television service . The first television tests were conducted as early as 1926 using a combined mechanical Nipkow disk and electronic Braun tube system , later switching to an all - electronic system in the 1935 using a domestically developed iconoscope system . In spite of that , because of the beginning of World War II in the Pacific region , this first full - fledged TV broadcast experimentation lasted only a few months . Regular television broadcasts would eventually start in 1953 .", "In 1979 , NHK first developed a consumer high - definition television with a 5 : 3 display aspect ratio . The system , known as Hi - Vision or MUSE after its Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding for encoding the signal , required about twice the bandwidth of the existing NTSC system but provided about four times the resolution ( 1080i / 1125 lines ) . Satellite test broadcasts started in 1989 , with regular testing starting in 1991 and regular broadcasting of BS - 9ch commenced on November 25 , 1994 , which featured commercial and NHK television programming .", "Sony first demonstrated a wideband analog high - definition television system HDTV capable video camera , monitor and video tape recorder ( VTR ) in April 1981 at an international meeting of television engineers in Algiers . The HDVS range was launched in April 1984 , with the HDC - 100 camera , HDV - 100 video recorder and HDS - 100 video switcher all working in the 1125 - line component video format with interlaced video and a 5 : 3 aspect ratio .", "The first testing television station in Mexico signed on in 1935 . When KFMB - TV in San Diego signed on in 1949 , Baja California became the first state to receive a commercial television station over the air . Within a year , the Mexican government would adopt the U.S. NTSC 525 - line B / W 60 - field - per - second system as the country 's broadcast standard . In 1950 , the first commercial television station within Mexico , XHTV in Mexico City , signed on the air , followed by XEW - TV in 1951 and XHGC in 1952 . Those three were not only the first television stations in the country , but also the flagship stations of Telesistema Mexicano , which was formed in 1955 . That year , Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta , who had signed on XEW - TV , entered into a partnership with Rómulo O'Farrill who had signed on XHTV , and Guillermo González Camarena , who had signed on XHGC . The earliest 3D television broadcasts in the world were broadcast over XHGC in 1954 . Color television was introduced in 1962 , also over XHGC - TV . One of Telesistema Mexicano 's earliest broadcasts as a network , over XEW - TV , on June 25 , 1955 , was the first international North American broadcast in the medium 's history , and was jointly aired with NBC in the United States , where it aired as the premiere episode of Wide Wide World , and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Except for a brief period between 1969 -- 1973 , nearly every commercial television station in Mexico , with exceptions in the border cities , was expected to affiliate with a subnetwork of Telesistema Mexicano or its successor , Televisa ( formed by the 1973 merger of Telesistema Mexicano and Television Independiente de Mexico ) . This condition would not be relaxed for good until 1993 , when Imevision was privatized to become TV Azteca .", "The Soviet Union began offering 30 - line electromechanical test broadcasts in Moscow on October 31 , 1931 , and a commercially manufactured television set in 1932 .", "First electronic television system on 180 lines at 25 fps was created in the beginning of 1935 in Leningrad ( St. Petersburg ) . In September 1937 the experimental Leningrad TV Center ( OLTC ) was put in action . OLTC worked with 240 lines at 25 fps progressive scan .", "In Moscow , experimental transmissions of electronic television took place on March 9 , 1937 , using equipment manufactured by RCA . Regular broadcasting began on December 31 , 1938 . It was quickly realized that 343 lines of resolution offered by this format would have become insufficient in the long run , thus a specification for 441 - line format at 25 fps interlaced was developed in 1940 .", "Television broadcasts were suspended during Great Patriotic War . In 1944 , while the war was still raging , a new standard , offering 625 lines of vertical resolution was prepared . This format was ultimately accepted as a national standard .", "The transmissions in 625 - line format started in Moscow on November 4 , 1948 . Regular broadcasting began on June 16 , 1949 . Details for this standard were formalized in 1955 specification called GOST 7845 - 55 , basic parameters for black - and - white television broadcast . In particular , frame size was set to 625 lines , frame rate to 25 frames / s interlaced , and video bandwidth to 6 MHz . These basic parameters were accepted by most countries having 50 Hz mains frequency and became the foundation of television systems presently known as PAL and SECAM .", "Starting in 1951 , broadcasting in the 625 - line standard was introduced in other major cities of the Soviet Union .", "Color television broadcast started in 1967 , using SECAM color system .", "The first Turkish television channel , ITU TV , was launched in 1952 . The first national television is TRT 1 and was launched in 1964 . Color television was introduced in 1981 . Before 1989 there was the only channel , the state broadcasting company TRT , and it broadcast in several times of the dateline . Turkey 's first private television channel Star started it broadcast on 26 May 1989 . Until then there was only one television channel controlled by the state , but with the wave of liberalization , privately owned broadcasting began . Turkey 's television market is defined by a handful of big channels , led by Kanal D , ATV and Show , with 14 % , 10 % and 9.6 % market share , respectively . The most important reception platforms are terrestrial and satellite , with almost 50 % of homes using satellite ( of these 15 % were pay services ) at the end of 2009 . Three services dominate the multi-channel market : the satellite platforms Digitürk and D - Smart and the cable TV service Türksat .", "The first British television broadcast was made by Baird Television 's electromechanical system over the BBC radio transmitter in September 1929 . Baird provided a limited amount of programming five days a week by 1930 . During this time , Southampton earned the distinction of broadcasting the first - ever live television interview , which featured Peggy O'Neil , an actress and singer from Buffalo , New York . On August 22 , 1932 , BBC launched its own regular service using Baird 's 30 - line electromechanical system , continuing until September 11 , 1935 . On November 2 , 1936 the BBC began broadcasting a dual - system service , alternating between Marconi - EMI 's 405 - line standard and Baird 's improved 240 - line standard , from Alexandra Palace in London , making the BBC Television Service ( now BBC One ) the UK 's first regular high - definition television service . The government , on advice from a special advisory committee , decided that Marconi - EMI 's electronic system gave the superior picture , and the Baird system was dropped in February 1937 . TV broadcasts in London were on the air an average of four hours daily from 1936 to 1939 . There were 12,000 to 15,000 receivers . Some sets in restaurants or bars might have 100 viewers for sport events ( Dunlap , p56 ) . The outbreak of the Second World War caused the BBC service to be abruptly suspended on September 1 , 1939 , at 12 : 35 pm , after a Mickey Mouse cartoon and test signals were broadcast , so that transmissions could not be used as a beacon to guide enemy aircraft to London . It resumed , again from Alexandra Palace on June 7 , 1946 after the end of the war , began with a live programme that opened with the line `` Good afternoon everybody . How are you ? Do you remember me , Jasmine Bligh ? '' '' and was followed by the same Mickey Mouse cartoon broadcast on the last day before the war . At the end of 1947 there were 54,000 licensed television receivers , compared with 44,000 television sets in the United States at that time .", "The first transatlantic television signal was sent in 1928 from London to New York by the Baird Television Development Company / Cinema Television , although this signal was not broadcast to the public . The first live satellite signal to Britain from the United States was broadcast via the Telstar satellite on July 23 , 1962 .", "The first live broadcast from the European continent was made on August 27 , 1950 .", "The first regularly scheduled television service in the United States began on July 2 , 1928 , fifteen months before the United Kingdom . The Federal Radio Commission authorized C.F. Jenkins to broadcast from experimental station W3XK in Wheaton Maryland , a suburb of Washington , D.C. For at least the first eighteen months , 48 - line silhouette images from motion picture film were broadcast , although beginning in the summer of 1929 he occasionally broadcast in halftones .", "Hugo Gernsback 's New York City radio station began a regular , if limited , schedule of live television broadcasts on August 14 , 1928 , using 48 - line images . Working with only one transmitter , the station alternated radio broadcasts with silent television images of the station 's call sign , faces in motion , and wind - up toys in motion . Speaking later that month , Gernsback downplayed the broadcasts , intended for amateur experimenters . `` In six months we may have television for the public , but so far we have not got it . '' Gernsback also published Television , the world 's first magazine about the medium .", "General Electric 's experimental station in Schenectady , New York , on the air sporadically since January 13 , 1928 , was able to broadcast reflected - light , 48 - line images via shortwave as far as Los Angeles , and by September was making four television broadcasts weekly . It is considered to be the direct predecessor of current television station WRGB . The Queen 's Messenger , a one - act play broadcast on September 11 , 1928 , was the world 's first live drama on television .", "Radio giant RCA began daily experimental television broadcasts in New York City in March 1929 over station W2XBS , the predecessor of current television station WNBC . The 60 - line transmissions consisted of pictures , signs , and views of persons and objects . Experimental broadcasts continued to 1931 .", "General Broadcasting System 's WGBS radio and W2XCR television aired their regular broadcasting debut in New York City on April 26 , 1931 , with a special demonstration set up in Aeolian Hall at Fifth Avenue and Fifty - fourth Street . Thousands waited to catch a glimpse of the Broadway stars who appeared on the six - inch ( 15 cm ) square image , in an evening event to publicize a weekday programming schedule offering films and live entertainers during the four - hour daily broadcasts . Appearing were boxer Primo Carnera , actors Gertrude Lawrence , Louis Calhern , Frances Upton and Lionel Atwill , WHN announcer Nils Granlund , the Forman Sisters , and a host of others .", "CBS 's New York City station W2XAB began broadcasting their first regular seven - day - a-week television schedule on July 21 , 1931 , with a 60 - line electromechanical system . The first broadcast included Mayor Jimmy Walker , the Boswell Sisters , Kate Smith , and George Gershwin . The service ended in February 1933 . Don Lee Broadcasting 's station W6XAO in Los Angeles went on the air in December 1931 . Using the UHF spectrum , it broadcast a regular schedule of filmed images every day except Sundays and holidays for several years .", "By 1935 , low - definition electromechanical television broadcasting had ceased in the United States except for a handful of stations run by public universities that continued to 1939 . The Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) saw television in the continual flux of development with no consistent technical standards , hence all such stations in the U.S. were granted only experimental and non-commercial licenses , hampering television 's economic development . Just as importantly , Philo Farnsworth 's August 1934 demonstration of an all - electronic system at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia pointed out the direction of television 's future .", "On June 15 , 1936 , Don Lee Broadcasting began a one - month - long demonstration of high definition ( 240 + line ) television in Los Angeles on W6XAO ( later KTSL , now KCBS - TV ) with a 300 - line image from motion picture film . By October , W6XAO was making daily television broadcasts of films . By 1934 RCA increased the definition to 343 interlaced lines and the frame rate to 30 per second . On July 7 , 1936 RCA and its subsidiary NBC demonstrated in New York City a 343 - line electronic television broadcast with live and film segments to its licensees , and made its first public demonstration to the press on November 6 . Irregularly scheduled broadcasts continued through 1937 and 1938 . Regularly scheduled electronic broadcasts began in April 1938 in New York ( to the second week of June , and resuming in August ) and Los Angeles . NBC officially began regularly scheduled television broadcasts in New York on April 30 , 1939 , with a broadcast of the opening of the 1939 New York World 's Fair .", "In 1937 RCA raised the frame definition to 441 lines , and its executives petitioned the FCC for approval of the standard . By June 1939 , regularly scheduled 441 - line electronic television broadcasts were available in New York City and Los Angeles , and by November on General Electric 's station in Schenectady . From May through December 1939 , the New York City NBC station ( W2XBS ) of RCA broadcast twenty to fifty - eight hours of programming per month , Wednesday through Sunday of each week . The programming was 33 % news , 29 % drama , and 17 % educational programming , with an estimated 2,000 receiving sets by the end of the year , and an estimated audience of five to eight thousand . A remote truck could cover outdoor events from up to 10 miles ( 16 km ) away from the transmitter , which was located atop the Empire State Building . Coaxial cable was used to cover events at Madison Square Garden . The coverage area for reliable reception was a radius of 40 to 50 miles ( 80 km ) from the Empire State Building , an area populated by more than 10,000,000 people ( Lohr , 1940 ) .", "The FCC adopted NTSC television engineering standards on May 2 , 1941 , calling for 525 lines of vertical resolution , 30 frames per second with interlaced scanning , 60 fields per second , and sound carried by frequency modulation . Sets sold since 1939 that were built for slightly lower resolution could still be adjusted to receive the new standard . ( Dunlap , p31 ) . The FCC saw television ready for commercial licensing , and the first such licenses were issued to NBC - and CBS - owned stations in New York on July 1 , 1941 , followed by Philco 's station WPTZ in Philadelphia .", "The first official , paid advertising to appear on American commercial television occurred on the afternoon of July 1 , 1941 , over New York station WNBT ( now WNBC ) before a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies . The announcement for Bulova watches , for which the company paid anywhere from $4.00 to $9.00 ( reports vary ) , displayed a WNBT test pattern modified to look like a clock with the hands showing the time . The Bulova logo , with the phrase `` Bulova Watch Time '' , was shown in the lower right - hand quadrant of the test pattern while the second hand swept around the dial for one minute .", "After the U.S. entry into World War II , the FCC reduced the required minimum air time for commercial television stations from 15 hours per week to 4 hours . Most TV stations suspended broadcasting ; of the ten original television stations only six continued through the war . On the few that remained , programs included entertainment such as boxing and plays , events at Madison Square Garden , and illustrated war news as well as training for air raid wardens and first aid providers . In 1942 , there were 5,000 sets in operation , but production of new TVs , radios , and other broadcasting equipment for civilian purposes was suspended from April 1942 to August 1945 ( Dunlap ) .", "By 1947 , when there were 40 million radios in the U.S. , there were about 44,000 television sets ( with probably 30,000 in the New York area ) . Regular network television broadcasts began on NBC on a three - station network linking New York with the Capital District and Philadelphia in 1944 ; on the DuMont Television Network in 1946 , and on CBS and ABC in 1948 .", "Following the rapid rise of television after the war , the Federal Communications Commission was flooded with applications for television station licenses . With more applications than available television channels , the FCC ordered a freeze on processing station applications in 1948 that remained in effect until April 14 , 1952 .", "By 1949 , the networks stretched from New York to the Mississippi River , and by 1951 to the West Coast . Commercial color television broadcasts began on CBS in 1951 with a field - sequential color system that was suspended four months later for technical and economic reasons . The television industry 's National Television System Committee ( NTSC ) developed a color television system based on RCA technology that was compatible with existing black and white receivers , and commercial color broadcasts reappeared in 1953 .", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 )", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 )", "Cable television is a system of broadcasting television programming to paying subscribers via radio frequency ( RF ) signals transmitted through coaxial cables or light pulses through fiber - optic cables . This contrasts with traditional terrestrial television , in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television . FM radio programming , high - speed Internet , telephone service , and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables .", "The abbreviation CATV is often used for cable television . It originally stood for Community Access Television or Community Antenna Television , from cable television 's origins in 1948 : in areas where over-the - air reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain , large `` community antennas '' were constructed , and cable was run from them to individual homes . The origins of cable broadcasting are even older as radio programming was distributed by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924 .", "Early cable television was analog , but since the 2000s all cable operators have switched to , or are in the process of switching to , digital cable television .", "Satellite television is a system of supplying television programming using broadcast signals relayed from communication satellites . The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic reflector antenna usually referred to as a satellite dish and a low - noise block downconverter ( LNB ) . A satellite receiver then decodes the desired television programme for viewing on a television set . Receivers can be external set - top boxes , or a built - in television tuner . Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services , especially to geographic areas without terrestrial television or cable television .", "The most common method of reception is direct - broadcast satellite television ( DBSTV ) , also known as `` direct to home '' ( DTH ) . In DBSTV systems , signals are relayed from a direct broadcast satellite on the K wavelength and are completely digital . Satellite TV systems formerly used systems known as television receive - only . These systems received analog signals transmitted in the C - band spectrum from FSS type satellites , and required the use of large dishes . Consequently , these systems were nicknamed `` big dish '' systems , and were more expensive and less popular .", "The direct - broadcast satellite television signals were earlier analog signals and later digital signals , both of which require a compatible receiver . Digital signals may include high - definition television ( HDTV ) . Some transmissions and channels are free - to - air or free - to - view , while many other channels are pay television requiring a subscription . In 1945 British science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke proposed a worldwide communications system that would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in earth orbit . This was published in the October 1945 issue of the Wireless World magazine and won him the Franklin Institute 's Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1963 .", "The first satellite television signals from Europe to North America were relayed via the Telstar satellite over the Atlantic ocean on July 23 , 1962 . The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries and watched by over 100 million . Launched in 1962 , the Relay 1 satellite was the first satellite to transmit television signals from the US to Japan . The first geosynchronous communication satellite , Syncom 2 , was launched on July 26 , 1963 .", "The world 's first commercial communications satellite , called Intelsat I and nicknamed `` Early Bird '' , was launched into geosynchronous orbit on April 6 , 1965 . The first national network of television satellites , called Orbita , was created by the Soviet Union in October 1967 , and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical Molniya satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television signals to a network of twenty ground downlink stations each equipped with a parabolic antenna 39 feet ( 12 m ) in diameter . The first commercial North American satellite to carry television transmissions was Canada 's geostationary Anik 1 , which was launched on 9 November 1972 . ATS - 6 , the world 's first experimental educational and Direct Broadcast Satellite ( DBS ) , was launched on May 30 , 1974 . It transmitted at 860 MHz using wideband FM modulation and had two sound channels . The transmissions were focused on the Indian subcontinent but experimenters were able to receive the signal in Western Europe using home constructed equipment that drew on UHF television design techniques already in use .", "In the Soviet Union , the Moskva ( or Moscow ) system of broadcasting and delivering of TV signals via satellites was launched in 1979 . Stationary and mobile downlink stations with parabolic antennas 13.1 and 8.2 feet ( 4 and 2.5 m ) in diameter were receiving signal from Gorizont communication satellites deployed to geostationary orbits . The first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites to carry Direct - To - Home television , Ekran 1 , was launched on October 26 , 1976 . It used a 714 MHz UHF downlink frequency so that the transmissions could be received with existing UHF television technology rather than microwave technology .", "In the United States , the satellite television industry developed from the cable television industry as communication satellites were being used to distribute television programming to remote cable television headends . Home Box Office ( HBO ) , Turner Broadcasting System ( TBS ) , and Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN , later The Family Channel ) were among the first to use satellite television to deliver programming . Taylor Howard of San Andreas , California became the first person to receive C - band satellite signals with his home - built system in 1976 . PBS , a non-profit public broadcasting service , began to distribute its television programming by satellite in 1978 . On October 18 , 1979 , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) began allowing people to have home satellite earth stations without a federal government license . The front cover of the 1979 Neiman - Marcus Christmas catalogue featured the first home satellite TV stations on sale for $36,500 . The dishes were nearly 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) in diameter and were remote - controlled . The price went down by half soon after that , but there were only eight more channels . The Society for Private and Commercial Earth Stations ( SPACE ) , an organisation that represented consumers and satellite TV system owners was established in 1980 .", "Early satellite television systems were not very popular due to their expense and large dish size . The satellite television dishes of the systems in the late 1970s and early 1980s were 10 to 16 feet ( 3.0 to 4.9 m ) in diameter , made of fibreglass or solid aluminum or steel , and in the United States cost more than $5,000 , sometimes as much as $10,000 . Programming sent from ground stations was relayed from eighteen satellites in geostationary orbit located 22,300 miles ( 35,900 km ) above the Earth .", "By 1980 , satellite television was well established in the USA and Europe . On April 26 , 1982 , the first satellite channel in the UK , Satellite Television Ltd. ( later Sky1 ) , was launched . Its signals were transmitted from the ESA 's Orbital Test Satellites . Between 1981 and 1985 , TVRO systems ' sales rates increased as prices fell . Advances in receiver technology and the use of Gallium Arsenide FET technology enabled the use of smaller dishes . 500,000 systems , some costing as little as $2000 , were sold in the US in 1984 . Dishes pointing to one satellite were even cheaper . People in areas without local broadcast stations or cable television service could obtain good - quality reception with no monthly fees . The large dishes were a subject of much consternation , as many people considered them eyesores , and in the US most condominiums , neighborhoods , and other homeowner associations tightly restricted their use , except in areas where such restrictions were illegal . These restrictions were altered in 1986 when the Federal Communications Commission ruled all of them illegal . A municipality could require a property owner to relocate the dish if it violated other zoning restrictions , such as a setback requirement , but could not outlaw their use . The necessity of these restrictions would slowly decline as the dishes got smaller .", "Originally , all channels were broadcast in the clear ( ITC ) because the equipment necessary to receive the programming was too expensive for consumers . With the growing number of TVRO systems , the program providers and broadcasters had to scramble their signal and develop subscription systems .", "In October 1984 , the U.S. Congress passed the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 , which gave those using TVRO systems the right to receive signals for free unless they were scrambled , and required those who did scramble to make their signals available for a reasonable fee . Since cable channels could prevent reception by big dishes , other companies had an incentive to offer competition . In January 1986 , HBO began using the now - obsolete VideoCipher II system to encrypt their channels . Other channels uses less secure television encryption systems . The scrambling of HBO was met with much protest from owners of big - dish systems , most of which had no other option at the time for receiving such channels , claiming that clear signals from cable channels would be difficult to receive . Eventually HBO allowed dish owners to subscribe directly to their service for $12.95 per month , a price equal to or higher than what cable subscribers were paying , and required a descrambler to be purchased for $395 . This led to the attack on HBO 's transponder Galaxy 1 by John R. MacDougall in April 1986 . One by one , all commercial channels followed HBO 's lead and began scrambling their channels . The Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association SBCA was founded on December 2 , 1986 as the result of a merger between SPACE and the Direct Broadcast Satellite Association ( DBSA ) .", "Videocipher II used analog scrambling on its video signal and Data Encryption Standard based encryption on its audio signal . VideoCipher II was defeated , and there was a black market for descrambler devices , which were initially sold as `` test '' devices .", "By 1987 , nine channels were scrambled , but 99 others were available free - to - air . While HBO initially charged a monthly fee of $19.95 , soon it became possible to unscramble all channels for $200 a year . Dish sales went down from 600,000 in 1985 to 350,000 in 1986 , but pay television services were seeing dishes as something positive since some people would never have cable service , and the industry was starting to recover as a result . Scrambling also led to the development of pay - per - view events . On November 1 , 1988 , NBC began scrambling its C - band signal but left its K band signal unencrypted in order for affiliates to not lose viewers who could not see their advertising . Most of the two million satellite dish users in the United States still used C - band . ABC and CBS were considering scrambling , though CBS was reluctant due to the number of people unable to receive local network affiliates . The piracy on satellite television networks in the US led to the introduction of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 . This legislation enabled anyone caught engaging in signal theft to be fined up to $50,000 and to be sentenced to a maximum of two years in prison . A repeat offender can be fined up to $100,000 and be imprisoned for up to five years .", "Satellite television had also developed in Europe but it initially used low power communication satellites and it required dish sizes of over 1.7 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) . On December 11 , 1988 Luxembourg launched Astra 1A , the first satellite to provide medium power satellite coverage to Western Europe . This was one of the first medium - powered satellites , transmitting signals in K band and allowing reception with small dishes ( 90 cm ) . The launch of Astra beat the winner of the UK 's state Direct Broadcast Satellite licence holder , British Satellite Broadcasting , to the market .", "In the US in the early 1990s , four large cable companies launched PrimeStar , a direct broadcasting company using medium power satellite . The relatively strong transissions allowed the use of smaller ( 90 cm ) dishes . Its popularity declined with the 1994 launch of the Hughes DirecTV and Dish Network satellite television systems .", "On March 4 , 1996 EchoStar introduced Digital Sky Highway ( Dish Network ) using the EchoStar 1 satellite . EchoStar launched a second satellite in September 1996 to increase the number of channels available on Dish Network to 170 . These systems provided better pictures and stereo sound on 150 - 200 video and audio channels , and allowed small dishes to be used . This greatly reduced the popularity of TVRO systems . In the mid-1990s , channels began moving their broadcasts to digital television transmission using the DigiCipher conditional access system .", "In addition to encryption , the widespread availability , in the US , of DBS services such as PrimeStar and DirecTV had been reducing the popularity of TVRO systems since the early 1990s . Signals from DBS satellites ( operating in the more recent K band ) are higher in both frequency and power ( due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites ) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C - band , and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods . Each satellite also can carry up to 32 transponders in the K band , but only 24 in the C band , and several digital subchannels can be multiplexed ( MCPC ) or carried separately ( SCPC ) on a single transponder . Advances in noise reduction due to improved microwave technology and semiconductor materials have also had an effect . However , one consequence of the higher frequencies used for DBS services is rain fade where viewers lose signal during a heavy downpour. C - band satellite television signals are less prone to rain fade .", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 )", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 )", "Internet television ( Internet TV ) , ( online television ) or IPTV ( Internet Protocol Television ) is the digital distribution of television content via the Internet as opposed to traditional systems like terrestrial , cable and satellite , although internet itself is received by terrestrial , cable or satellite methods . Internet television is a general term that covers the delivery of television shows and other video content over the Internet by video streaming technology , typically by major traditional television broadcasters .", "Internet television should not to be confused with Smart TV , IPTV or with Web TV . Smart television refers to the TV set that has an inbuilt operating system . Internet Protocol television ( IPTV ) is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television broadcasters . Web television is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV .", "A television set , also called a television receiver , television , TV set , TV , or telly , is a device that combines a tuner , display , and speakers for the purpose of viewing television . Introduced in the late 1920s in mechanical form , television sets became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form , using cathode ray tubes . The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets in the 1960s , and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes . The ubiquitous television set became the display device for the first recorded media in the 1970s , such as VHS and later DVD . In the late 2000s flat panel television incorporating liquid - crystal displays largely replaced cathode ray tubes . Modern flat panel TVs are typically capable of high - definition display ( 720p , 1080p or 2160p ) and can also play content from a USB device .", "Mechanical televisions were commercially sold from 1928 to 1934 in the United Kingdom , United States , and Soviet Union . The earliest commercially made televisions sold by Baird called Televisors in the UK in 1928 were radios with the addition of a television device consisting of a neon tube behind a mechanically spinning disk ( patented by German engineer Paul Nipkow in 1884 ) with a spiral of apertures first mass - produced television set , selling about a thousand units .", "The first commercially made electronic televisions with cathode ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Germany in 1934 , followed by other makers in France ( 1936 ) , Britain ( 1936 ) , and the United States ( 1938 ) . The cheapest model with a 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) screen was $445 ( equivalent to $7,736 in 2017 ) . An estimated 19,000 electronic televisions were manufactured in Britain , and about 1,600 in Germany , before World War II . About 7,000 -- 8,000 electronic sets were made in the U.S. before the War Production Board halted manufacture in April 1942 , production resuming in August 1945 . Television usage in the western world skyrocketed after World War II with the lifting of the manufacturing freeze , war - related technological advances , the drop in television prices caused by mass production , increased leisure time , and additional disposable income . While only 0.5 % of U.S. households had a television in 1946 , 55.7 % had one in 1954 , and 90 % by 1962 . In Britain , there were 15,000 television households in 1947 , 1.4 million in 1952 , and 15.1 million by 1968 . By the late 1960s and early 1970s , color television had come into wide use . In Britain , BBC1 , BBC2 and ITV were regularly broadcasting in color by 1969 .", "By the late 2000s , CRT display technology was largely supplanted worldwide by flat - panel displays such as LCD . Flat - panel television , especially LCD , has become the dominant form of television since the early 2010s .", "The first national live television broadcast in the U.S. took place on September 4 , 1951 when President Harry Truman 's speech at the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference in San Francisco was transmitted over AT&T 's transcontinental cable and microwave radio relay system to broadcast stations in local markets .", "The first live coast - to - coast commercial television broadcast in the U.S. took place on November 18 , 1951 during the premiere of CBS 's See It Now , which showed a split - screen view of the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco .", "In 1958 , the CBC completed the longest television network in the world , from Sydney , Nova Scotia to Victoria , British Columbia .", "Reportedly , the first continuous live broadcast of a `` breaking '' news story in the world was conducted by the CBC during the Springhill mining disaster , which began on October 23 of that year .", "The development of cable television and satellite television in the 1970s allowed for more channels and encouraged businessmen to target programming toward specific audiences . It also enabled the rise of subscription television channels , such as Home Box Office ( HBO ) and Showtime in the U.S. , and Sky Television in the U.K.", "Important people in the development of TV technology in the 19th or 20th centuries .", "Alan Archibald Campbell - Swinton Alan Blumlein Allen B. DuMont Antonio Quirino Assis Chateaubriand Boris Grabovsky Boris Rosing Charles Francis Jenkins Constantin Perskyi David Sarnoff Guillermo González Camarena John Logie Baird Kálmán Tihanyi Kenjiro Takayanagi Léon Theremin Earl Muntz Manfred von Ardenne Paul Gottlieb Nipkow Philo T. Farnsworth Siegmund and David Loewe , founders of Loewe AG in 1923 Ulises Armand Sanabria Vladimir Zworykin Walter Bruch ( PAL television )", "Alan Archibald Campbell - Swinton", "Allen B. DuMont", "Charles Francis Jenkins", "Guillermo González Camarena", "John Logie Baird", "Manfred von Ardenne", "Paul Gottlieb Nipkow", "Philo T. Farnsworth", "Siegmund and David Loewe , founders of Loewe AG in 1923", "Ulises Armand Sanabria", "Walter Bruch ( PAL television )", "Paley Center for Media ( formerly the Museum of Television & Radio ) Early Television Museum Museum of Broadcast Communications National Media Museum National Australia Film and Archives Museum", "Paley Center for Media ( formerly the Museum of Television & Radio )", "Early Television Museum", "Museum of Broadcast Communications", "National Media Museum", "National Australia Film and Archives Museum" ]
History of television - wikipedia History of television The invention of the television was the work of many individuals in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Individuals and corporations competed in various parts of the world to deliver a device that superseded previous technology. Many were compelled to capitalize on the invention and make profit, while some wanted to change the world through visual and audio communication technology. Contents ( hide ) 1 Mechanical television 2 Electronic television 3 Color television 4 Digital television 5 Smart television 6 3D television 7 Terrestrial television 7.1 Overview 7.2 Canada 7.3 Czechoslovakia 7.4 France 7.5 Germany 7.6 Italy 7.7 Japan 7.8 Mexico 7.9 Soviet Union (USSR) 7.10 Turkey 7.11 United Kingdom 7.12 United States 8 Cable television 9 Satellite television 9.1 Overview 9.2 Beginning of the satellite TV industry 9.3 TVRO/C-band satellite era 9.4 Late 1980s and 1990s to present 10 Internet television 11 Television sets 12 Technological innovations 13 Television pioneers 14 Television museums 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Mechanical television ( edit ) Main article: Mechanical television Facsimile transmission systems pioneered methods of mechanically scanning graphics in the early 19th century. The Scottish inventor Alexander Bain introduced the facsimile machine between 1843 and 1846. The English physicist Frederick Bakewell demonstrated a working laboratory version in 1851. The first practical facsimile system, working on telegraph lines, was developed and put into service by the Italian priest Giovanni Caselli from 1856 onward. Willoughby Smith , an English electrical engineer, discovered the photoconductivity of the element selenium in 1873. The Nipkow disk . This schematic shows the circular paths traced by the holes, which may also be square for greater precision. The area of the disk outlined in black shows the region scanned. As a 23-year-old German university student, Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow proposed and patented the Nipkow disk in 1884. This was a spinning disk with a spiral pattern of holes in it, so each hole scanned a line of the image. Although he never built a working model of the system, variations of Nipkow's spinning-disk `` image rasterizer '' became exceedingly common. Constantin Perskyi had coined the word television in a paper read to the International Electricity Congress at the International World Fair in Paris on August 24, 1900. Perskyi's paper reviewed the existing electromechanical technologies, mentioning the work of Nipkow and others. However, it was not until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology, by Lee de Forest and Arthur Korn among others, made the design practical. The first demonstration of the instantaneous transmission of images was by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier in Paris in 1909. A matrix of 64 selenium cells, individually wired to a mechanical commutator , served as an electronic retina . In the receiver, a type of Kerr cell modulated the light and a series of variously angled mirrors attached to the edge of a rotating disc scanned the modulated beam onto the display screen. A separate circuit regulated synchronization. The 8x8 pixel resolution in this proof-of-concept demonstration was just sufficient to clearly transmit individual letters of the alphabet. An updated image was transmitted `` several times'' each second. In 1911, Boris Rosing and his student Vladimir Zworykin created a system that used a mechanical mirror-drum scanner to transmit, in Zworykin's words, `` very crude images'' over wires to the `` Braun tube'' ( cathode ray tube or `` CRT'' ) in the receiver. Moving images were not possible because, in the scanner, `` the sensitivity was not enough and the selenium cell was very laggy'' . Baird in 1925 with his televisor equipment and dummies `` James'' and `` Stooky Bill'' (right) . By the 1920s, when amplification made television practical, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird employed the Nipkow disk in his prototype video systems. He created his prototype in a little village called Santa Cruz on the island of Trinidad where he was recovering from an illness. He had also started work on the first color television. On March 25, 1925, Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised silhouette images in motion, at Selfridge's Department Store in London. Since human faces had inadequate contrast to show up on his primitive system, he televised a talking, moving ventriloquist's dummy named `` Stooky Bill'' , whose painted face had higher contrast. By January 26, 1926 he demonstrated the transmission of an image of a face in motion by radio. This is widely regarded as the first television demonstration in history. The subject was Baird's business partner Oliver Hutchinson. Baird's system used the Nipkow disk for both scanning the image and displaying it. A bright light shining through a spinning Nipkow disk set with lenses projected a bright spot of light that swept across the subject. A selenium photoelectric tube detected the light reflected from the subject and converted it into a proportional electrical signal. This was transmitted by AM radio waves to a receiver unit, where the video signal was applied to a neon light behind a second Nipkow disk rotating synchronized with the first. The brightness of the neon lamp was varied in proportion to the brightness of each spot on the image. As each hole in the disk passed by, one scan line of the image was reproduced. Baird's disk had 30 holes, producing an image with only 30 scan lines, just enough to recognize a human face. In 1927, Baird transmitted a signal over 438 miles (705 km) of telephone line between London and Glasgow . In 1928, Baird's company (Baird Television Development Company/Cinema Television) broadcast the first transatlantic television signal, between London and New York, and the first shore-to-ship transmission. In 1929, he became involved in the first experimental mechanical television service in Germany. In November of the same year, Baird and Bernard Natan of Pathé established France's first television company, Télévision - Baird -Natan. In 1931, he made the first outdoor remote broadcast, of The Derby . In 1932, he demonstrated ultra-short wave television. Baird's mechanical system reached a peak of 240 lines of resolution on BBC television broadcasts in 1936, though the mechanical system did not scan the televised scene directly. Instead, a 17.5mm film was shot, rapidly developed and then scanned while the film was still wet. An American inventor, Charles Francis Jenkins , also pioneered the television. He published an article on `` Motion Pictures by Wireless'' in 1913, but it was not until December 1923 that he transmitted moving silhouette images for witnesses. On June 13, 1925, Jenkins publicly demonstrated the synchronized transmission of silhouette pictures. In 1925, Jenkins used a Nipkow disk and transmitted the silhouette image of a toy windmill in motion, over a distance of five miles (from a naval radio station in Maryland to his laboratory in Washington, D.C.), using a lensed disk scanner with a 48-line resolution. He was granted U.S. patent 1,544,156 (Transmitting Pictures over Wireless) on June 30, 1925 (filed March 13, 1922). On December 25, 1925, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a television system with a 40-line resolution that employed a Nipkow disk scanner and CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan. This prototype is still on display at the Takayanagi Memorial Museum at Shizuoka University , Hamamatsu Campus. By 1927, Takayanagi improved the resolution to 100 lines, which was unrivaled until 1931. By 1928, he was the first to transmit human faces in halftones. His work had an influence on the later work of Vladimir K. Zworykin . By 1935, Takayanagi had invented the first all-electronic television. His research toward creating a production model was halted by the US after Japan lost World War II . Herbert E. Ives and Frank Gray of Bell Telephone Laboratories gave a dramatic demonstration of mechanical television on April 7, 1927. The reflected-light television system included both small and large viewing screens. The small receiver had a two-inch-wide by 2.5-inch-high screen. The large receiver had a screen 24 inches wide by 30 inches high. Both sets were capable of reproducing reasonably accurate, monochromatic moving images. Along with the pictures, the sets also received synchronized sound. The system transmitted images over two paths: first, a copper wire link from Washington to New York City, then a radio link from Whippany, New Jersey . Comparing the two transmission methods, viewers noted no difference in quality. Subjects of the telecast included Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover . A flying-spot scanner beam illuminated these subjects. The scanner that produced the beam had a 50-aperture disk. The disc revolved at a rate of 18 frames per second, capturing one frame about every 56 milliseconds . (Today's systems typically transmit 30 or 60 frames per second, or one frame every 33.3 or 16.7 milliseconds respectively.) Television historian Albert Abramson underscored the significance of the Bell Labs demonstration: `` It was in fact the best demonstration of a mechanical television system ever made to this time. It would be several years before any other system could even begin to compare with it in picture quality.'' In 1928, WRGB (then W2XB ) was started as the world's first television station. It broadcast from the General Electric facility in Schenectady, NY . It was popularly known as `` WGY Television'' . Meanwhile, in the Soviet Union , Léon Theremin had been developing a mirror drum-based television, starting with 16-line resolution in 1925, then 32 lines and eventually 64 using interlacing in 1926. As part of his thesis on May 7, 1926, Theremin electrically transmitted and then projected near-simultaneous moving images on a five-foot square screen. By 1927 he achieved an image of 100 lines, a resolution that was not surpassed until 1931 by RCA, with 120 lines. Because only a limited number of holes could be made in the disks, and disks beyond a certain diameter became impractical, image resolution in mechanical television broadcasts was relatively low, ranging from about 30 lines up to about 120. Nevertheless, the image quality of 30-line transmissions steadily improved with technical advances, and by 1933 the UK broadcasts using the Baird system were remarkably clear. A few systems ranging into the 200-line region also went on the air. Two of these were the 180-line system that Compagnie des Compteurs (CDC) installed in Paris in 1935, and the 180-line system that Peck Television Corp. started in 1935 at station VE9AK in Montreal . Anton Codelli (22nd. March, 1875 - † 28. April 1954), a Slovenian nobleman, was a passionate inventor. Among other things, he had devised a miniature refrigerator for cars and a new rotary engine design. Intrigued by television, he decided to apply his technical skills to the new medium. At the time, the biggest challenge in television technology was to transmit images with sufficient resolution to reproduce recognizable figures. As recounted by media historian Melita Zajc, most inventors were determined to increase the number of lines used by their systems -- some were approaching what was then the magic number of 100 lines. But Baron Codelli had a different idea. In 1929, he developed a television device with a single line -- but one that formed a continuous spiral on the screen. Codelli based his ingenious design on his understanding of the human eye. He knew that objects seen in peripheral vision don't need to be as sharp as those in the center. The baron's mechanical television system, whose image was sharpest in the middle, worked well, and he was soon able to transmit images of his wife, Ilona von Drasche-Lazar, over the air. Despite the backing of the German electronics giant Telefunken, however, Codelli's television system never became a commercial reality. Electronic television ultimately emerged as the dominant system, and Codelli moved on to other projects. His invention was largely forgotten. The advancement of all-electronic television (including image dissectors and other camera tubes and cathode ray tubes for the reproducer) marked the beginning of the end for mechanical systems as the dominant form of television. Mechanical TV usually only produced small images. It was the main type of TV until the 1930s. The last mechanical television broadcasts ended in 1939 at stations run by a handful of public universities in the United States. Electronic television ( edit ) Main article: Video camera tube In 1897, J.J. Thomson , an English physicist , in his three famous experiments was able to deflect cathode rays, a fundamental function of the modern Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). The earliest version of the CRT was invented by the German physicist Karl Ferdinand Braun in 1897 and is also known as the Braun tube . It was a cold-cathode diode , a modification of the Crookes tube with a phosphor -coated screen. A cathode ray tube was successfully demonstrated as a displaying device by the German Professor Max Dieckmann in 1906, his experimental results were published by the journal Scientific American in 1909. In 1908 Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton , fellow of the Royal Society (UK), published a letter in the scientific journal Nature in which he described how `` distant electric vision'' could be achieved by using a cathode ray tube (or `` Braun'' tube) as both a transmitting and receiving device. He expanded on his vision in a speech given in London in 1911 and reported in The Times and the Journal of the Röntgen Society. In a letter to Nature published in October 1926, Campbell-Swinton also announced the results of some `` not very successful experiments'' he had conducted with G.M. Minchin and J.C.M. Stanton. They had attempted to generate an electrical signal by projecting an image onto a selenium-coated metal plate that was simultaneously scanned by a cathode ray beam . These experiments were conducted before March 1914, when Minchin died. They were later repeated in 1937 by two different teams, H. Miller and J.W. Strange from EMI , and H. Iams and A. Rose from RCA . Both teams succeeded in transmitting `` very faint'' images with the original Campbell-Swinton's selenium-coated plate. Although others had experimented with using a cathode ray tube as a receiver, the concept of using one as a transmitter was novel. The first cathode ray tube to use a hot cathode was developed by John B. Johnson (who gave his name to the term Johnson noise ) and Harry Weiner Weinhart of Western Electric , and became a commercial product in 1922. In 1926, Hungarian engineer Kálmán Tihanyi designed a television system utilizing fully electronic scanning and display elements and employing the principle of `` charge storage'' within the scanning (or `` camera'' ) tube. The problem of low sensitivity to light resulting in low electrical output from transmitting or `` camera'' tubes would be solved with the introduction of charge-storage technology by Kálmán Tihanyi beginning in 1924. His solution was a camera tube that accumulated and stored electrical charges (`` photoelectrons'' ) within the tube throughout each scanning cycle. The device was first described in a patent application he filed in Hungary in March 1926 for a television system he dubbed `` Radioskop'' . After further refinements included in a 1928 patent application, Tihanyi's patent was declared void in Great Britain in 1930, and so he applied for patents in the United States. Although his breakthrough would be incorporated into the design of RCA 's `` iconoscope '' in 1931, the U.S. patent for Tihanyi's transmitting tube would not be granted until May 1939. The patent for his receiving tube had been granted the previous October. Both patents had been purchased by RCA prior to their approval. Charge storage remains a basic principle in the design of imaging devices for television to the present day. On December 25, 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a TV system with a 40-line resolution that employed a CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan. This was the first working example of a fully electronic television receiver. Takayanagi did not apply for a patent. On September 7, 1927, Philo Farnsworth 's image dissector camera tube transmitted its first image, a simple straight line, at his laboratory at 202 Green Street in San Francisco . By September 3, 1928, Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press. This is widely regarded as the first electronic television demonstration. In 1929, the system was further improved by elimination of a motor generator, so that his television system now had no mechanical parts. That year, Farnsworth transmitted the first live human images with his system, including a three and a half-inch image of his wife Elma (`` Pem'' ) with her eyes closed (possibly due to the bright lighting required). Vladimir Zworykin demonstrates electronic television (1929) Meanwhile, Vladimir Zworykin was also experimenting with the cathode ray tube to create and show images. While working for Westinghouse Electric in 1923, he began to develop an electronic camera tube. But in a 1925 demonstration, the image was dim, had low contrast and poor definition, and was stationary. Zworykin's imaging tube never got beyond the laboratory stage. But RCA, which acquired the Westinghouse patent, asserted that the patent for Farnsworth's 1927 image dissector was written so broadly that it would exclude any other electronic imaging device. Thus RCA, on the basis of Zworykin's 1923 patent application, filed a patent interference suit against Farnsworth. The U.S. Patent Office examiner disagreed in a 1935 decision, finding priority of invention for Farnsworth against Zworykin. Farnsworth claimed that Zworykin's 1923 system would be unable to produce an electrical image of the type to challenge his patent. Zworykin received a patent in 1928 for a color transmission version of his 1923 patent application, he also divided his original application in 1931. Zworykin was unable or unwilling to introduce evidence of a working model of his tube that was based on his 1923 patent application. In September 1939, after losing an appeal in the courts and determined to go forward with the commercial manufacturing of television equipment, RCA agreed to pay Farnsworth US$1 million over a ten-year period, in addition to license payments, to use Farnsworth's patents. In 1933 RCA introduced an improved camera tube that relied on Tihanyi's charge storage principle. Dubbed the Iconoscope by Zworykin, the new tube had a light sensitivity of about 75,000 lux, and thus was claimed to be much more sensitive than Farnsworth's image dissector. However, Farnsworth had overcome his power problems with his Image Dissector through the invention of a completely unique `` multipactor'' device that he began work on in 1930, and demonstrated in 1931. This small tube could amplify a signal reportedly to the 60th power or better and showed great promise in all fields of electronics. A problem with the multipactor, unfortunately, was that it wore out at an unsatisfactory rate. At the Berlin Radio Show in August 1931, Manfred von Ardenne gave a public demonstration of a television system using a CRT for both transmission and reception. However, Ardenne had not developed a camera tube, using the CRT instead as a flying-spot scanner to scan slides and film. Philo Farnsworth gave the world's first public demonstration of an all-electronic television system, using a live camera, at the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia on August 25, 1934, and for ten days afterwards. In Britain the EMI engineering team led by Isaac Shoenberg applied in 1932 for a patent for a new device they dubbed `` the Emitron'' , which formed the heart of the cameras they designed for the BBC. On November 2, 1936, a 405-line broadcasting service employing the Emitron began at studios in Alexandra Palace , and transmitted from a specially built mast atop one of the Victorian building's towers. It alternated for a short time with Baird's mechanical system in adjoining studios, but was more reliable and visibly superior. This was the world's first regular high-definition television service. The original American iconoscope was noisy, had a high ratio of interference to signal, and ultimately gave disappointing results, especially when compared to the high definition mechanical scanning systems then becoming available. The EMI team under the supervision of Isaac Shoenberg analyzed how the iconoscope (or Emitron) produces an electronic signal and concluded that its real efficiency was only about 5% of the theoretical maximum. They solved this problem by developing and patenting in 1934 two new camera tubes dubbed super-Emitron and CPS Emitron . The super-Emitron was between ten and fifteen times more sensitive than the original Emitron and iconoscope tubes and, in some cases, this ratio was considerably greater. It was used for an outside broadcasting by the BBC, for the first time, on Armistice Day 1937, when the general public could watch in a television set how the King lay a wreath at the Cenotaph. This was the first time that anyone could broadcast a live street scene from cameras installed on the roof of neighbor buildings, because neither Farnsworth nor RCA could do the same before the 1939 New York World's Fair . Ad for the beginning of experimental television broadcasting in New York City by RCA in 1939 On the other hand, in 1934, Zworykin shared some patent rights with the German licensee company Telefunken. The `` image iconoscope'' (`` Superikonoskop'' in Germany) was produced as a result of the collaboration. This tube is essentially identical to the super-Emitron. The production and commercialization of the super-Emitron and image iconoscope in Europe were not affected by the patent war between Zworykin and Farnsworth, because Dieckmann and Hell had priority in Germany for the invention of the image dissector, having submitted a patent application for their Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerröhre für Fernseher ( Photoelectric Image Dissector Tube for Television ) in Germany in 1925, two years before Farnsworth did the same in the United States. The image iconoscope (Superikonoskop) became the industrial standard for public broadcasting in Europe from 1936 until 1960, when it was replaced by the vidicon and plumbicon tubes. Indeed, it was the representative of the European tradition in electronic tubes competing against the American tradition represented by the image orthicon. The German company Heimann produced the Superikonoskop for the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, later Heimann also produced and commercialized it from 1940 to 1955, finally the Dutch company Philips produced and commercialized the image iconoscope and multicon from 1952 to 1958. American television broadcasting at the time consisted of a variety of markets in a wide range of sizes, each competing for programming and dominance with separate technology, until deals were made and standards agreed upon in 1941. RCA, for example, used only Iconoscopes in the New York area, but Farnsworth Image Dissectors in Philadelphia and San Francisco. In September 1939, RCA agreed to pay the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation royalties over the next ten years for access to Farnsworth's patents. With this historic agreement in place, RCA integrated much of what was best about the Farnsworth Technology into their systems. In 1941, the United States implemented 525-line television. The world's first 625-line television standard was designed in the Soviet Union in 1944, and became a national standard in 1946. The first broadcast in 625-line standard occurred in 1948 in Moscow. The concept of 625 lines per frame was subsequently implemented in the European CCIR standard. In 1936, Kálmán Tihanyi described the principle of plasma display , the first flat panel display system. In 1978, James P Mitchell described, prototyped and demonstrated what was perhaps the earliest monochromatic flat panel LED television display LED Display targeted at replacing the CRT. Color television ( edit ) Main article: Color television The basic idea of using three monochrome images to produce a color image had been experimented with almost as soon as black-and-white televisions had first been built. Among the earliest published proposals for television was one by Maurice Le Blanc in 1880 for a color system, including the first mentions in television literature of line and frame scanning, although he gave no practical details. Polish inventor Jan Szczepanik patented a color television system in 1897, using a selenium photoelectric cell at the transmitter and an electromagnet controlling an oscillating mirror and a moving prism at the receiver. But his system contained no means of analyzing the spectrum of colors at the transmitting end, and could not have worked as he described it. Another inventor, Hovannes Adamian , also experimented with color television as early as 1907. The first color television project is claimed by him, and was patented in Germany on March 31, 1908, patent No 197183, then in Britain , on April 1, 1908, patent No 7219, in France (patent No 390326) and in Russia in 1910 (patent No 17912). Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the world's first color transmission on July 3, 1928, using scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures, each spiral with filters of a different primary color; and three light sources at the receiving end, with a commutator to alternate their illumination. Baird also made the world's first color broadcast on February 4, 1938, sending a mechanically scanned 120-line image from Baird's Crystal Palace studios to a projection screen at London 's Dominion Theatre . Mechanically scanned color television was also demonstrated by Bell Laboratories in June 1929 using three complete systems of photoelectric cells , amplifiers, glow-tubes and color filters, with a series of mirrors to superimpose the red, green and blue images into one full color image. The first practical hybrid system was again pioneered by John Logie Baird. In 1940 he publicly demonstrated a color television combining a traditional black-and-white display with a rotating colored disc. This device was very `` deep'' , but was later improved with a mirror folding the light path into an entirely practical device resembling a large conventional console. However, Baird was not happy with the design, and as early as 1944 had commented to a British government committee that a fully electronic device would be better. Mexican inventor Guillermo González Camarena also played an important role in early TV. His experiments with TV (known as telectroescopía at first) began in 1931 and led to a patent for the `` trichromatic field sequential system'' color television in 1940. In 1939, Hungarian engineer Peter Carl Goldmark introduced an electro-mechanical system while at CBS , which contained an Iconoscope sensor. The CBS field-sequential color system was partly mechanical, with a disc made of red, blue, and green filters spinning inside the television camera at 1,200 rpm, and a similar disc spinning in synchronization in front of the cathode ray tube inside the receiver set. The system was first demonstrated to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on August 29, 1940, and shown to the press on September 4. CBS began experimental color field tests using film as early as August 28, 1940, and live cameras by November 12. NBC (owned by RCA) made its first field test of color television on February 20, 1941. CBS began daily color field tests on June 1, 1941. These color systems were not compatible with existing black-and-white television sets, and as no color television sets were available to the public at this time, viewing of the color field tests was restricted to RCA and CBS engineers and the invited press. The War Production Board halted the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from April 22, 1942, to August 20, 1945, limiting any opportunity to introduce color television to the general public. As early as 1940, Baird had started work on a fully electronic system he called the `` Telechrome'' . Early Telechrome devices used two electron guns aimed at either side of a phosphor plate. The phosphor was patterned so the electrons from the guns only fell on one side of the patterning or the other. Using cyan and magenta phosphors, a reasonable limited-color image could be obtained. He also demonstrated the same system using monochrome signals to produce a 3D image (called `` stereoscopic'' at the time). A demonstration on August 16, 1944 was the first example of a practical color television system. Work on the Telechrome continued and plans were made to introduce a three-gun version for full color. However, Baird's untimely death in 1946 ended development of the Telechrome system. Similar concepts were common through the 1940s and 1950s, differing primarily in the way they re-combined the colors generated by the three guns. The Geer tube was similar to Baird's concept, but used small pyramids with the phosphors deposited on their outside faces, instead of Baird's 3D patterning on a flat surface. The Penetron used three layers of phosphor on top of each other and increased the power of the beam to reach the upper layers when drawing those colors. The Chromatron used a set of focusing wires to select the colored phosphors arranged in vertical stripes on the tube. One of the great technical challenges of introducing color broadcast television was the desire to conserve bandwidth , potentially three times that of the existing black-and-white standards, and not use an excessive amount of radio spectrum . In the United States, after considerable research, the National Television Systems Committee approved an all-electronic Compatible color system developed by RCA , which encoded the color information separately from the brightness information and greatly reduced the resolution of the color information in order to conserve bandwidth. The brightness image remained compatible with existing black-and-white television sets at slightly reduced resolution, while color televisions could decode the extra information in the signal and produce a limited-resolution color display. The higher resolution black-and-white and lower resolution color images combine in the brain to produce a seemingly high-resolution color image. The NTSC standard represented a major technical achievement. Color bars used in a test pattern , sometimes used when no program material is available. Although all-electronic color was introduced in the U.S. in 1953, high prices and the scarcity of color programming greatly slowed its acceptance in the marketplace. The first national color broadcast (the 1954 Tournament of Roses Parade ) occurred on January 1, 1954, but during the following ten years most network broadcasts, and nearly all local programming, continued to be in black-and-white. It was not until the mid-1960s that color sets started selling in large numbers, due in part to the color transition of 1965 in which it was announced that over half of all network prime-time programming would be broadcast in color that fall. The first all-color prime-time season came just one year later. In 1972, the last holdout among daytime network programs converted to color, resulting in the first completely all-color network season. Early color sets were either floor-standing console models or tabletop versions nearly as bulky and heavy, so in practice they remained firmly anchored in one place. The introduction of GE's relatively compact and lightweight Porta-Color set in the spring of 1966 made watching color television a more flexible and convenient proposition. In 1972, sales of color sets finally surpassed sales of black-and-white sets. Color broadcasting in Europe was also not standardized on the PAL format until the 1960s. By the mid-1970s, the only stations broadcasting in black-and-white were a few high-numbered UHF stations in small markets, and a handful of low-power repeater stations in even smaller markets such as vacation spots. By 1979, even the last of these had converted to color, and by the early 1980s black-and-white sets had been pushed into niche markets, notably low-power uses, small portable sets, or use as video monitor screens in lower-cost consumer equipment. By the late 1980s even these areas switched to color sets. Digital television ( edit ) Main article: Digital television See also: Digital television transition Digital television (DTV) is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signal, in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by analog television . Digital TV can support more than one program in the same channel bandwidth. It is an innovative service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s. Digital TV's roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive, high performance computers. It wasn't until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility. In the mid-1980s Japanese consumer electronics firms forged ahead with the development of HDTV technology, and the MUSE analog format proposed by NHK, a Japanese company, was seen as a pacesetter that threatened to eclipse U.S. electronics companies. Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard-- based on an analog system-- was the front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration. Then, an American company, General Instrument, demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal. This breakthrough was of such significance that the FCC was persuaded to delay its decision on an ATV standard until a digitally based standard could be developed. In March 1990, when it became clear that a digital standard was feasible, the FCC made a number of critical decisions. First, the Commission declared that the new ATV standard must be more than an enhanced analog signal, but be able to provide a genuine HDTV signal with at least twice the resolution of existing television images.(7) Then, to ensure that viewers who did not wish to buy a new digital television set could continue to receive conventional television broadcasts, it dictated that the new ATV standard must be capable of being `` simulcast'' on different channels.(8)The new ATV standard also allowed the new DTV signal to be based on entirely new design principles. Although incompatible with the existing NTSC standard, the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements. The final standard adopted by the FCC did not require a single standard for scanning formats, aspect ratios, or lines of resolution. This outcome resulted from a dispute between the consumer electronics industry (joined by some broadcasters) and the computer industry (joined by the film industry and some public interest groups) over which of the two scanning processes-- interlaced or progressive-- is superior. Interlaced scanning, which is used in televisions worldwide, scans even-numbered lines first, then odd-numbered ones. Progressive scanning, which is the format used in computers, scans lines in sequences, from top to bottom. The computer industry argued that progressive scanning is superior because it does not `` flicker'' in the manner of interlaced scanning. It also argued that progressive scanning enables easier connections with the Internet, and is more cheaply converted to interlaced formats than vice versa. The film industry also supported progressive scanning because it offers a more efficient means of converting filmed programming into digital formats. For their part, the consumer electronics industry and broadcasters argued that interlaced scanning was the only technology that could transmit the highest quality pictures then feasible, that is, 1080 lines per picture and 1920 pixels per line. William F. Schreiber, who was a director of the Advanced Television Research Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1983 until his retirement in 1990, thought that the continued advocacy of interlaced equipment originated from consumer electronics companies that were trying to get back the substantial investments they made in the interlaced technology. Digital television transition started in the late 2000s. All the governments across the world set the deadline for analog shutdown by the 2010s. Initially the adoption rate was low. But soon, more and more households were converting to digital televisions. The transition is expected to be completed worldwide by mid to late 2010s. Smart television ( edit ) Main article: Smart television Not to be confused with Internet television , Internet Protocol television , or Web television . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (December 2014) Advent of digital television allowed innovations like smart TVs. A smart television, sometimes referred to as connected TV or hybrid television , is a television set with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 features, and is an example of technological convergence between computers and television sets and set-top boxes. Besides the traditional functions of television sets and set-top boxes provided through traditional broadcasting media , these devices can also provide Internet TV, online interactive media , over-the-top content , as well as on-demand streaming media , and home networking access. These TVs come pre-loaded with an operating system. Smart TV should not to be confused with Internet TV , IPTV or with Web TV . Internet television refers to the receiving television content over internet instead of traditional systems (terrestrial, cable and satellite) (although internet itself is received by these methods). Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television broadcasters. Web television (WebTV) is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV. A first patent was filed in 1994 (and extended the following year) for an `` intelligent'' television system, linked with data processing systems, by means of a digital or analog network. Apart from being linked to data networks, one key point is its ability to automatically download necessary software routines, according to a user's demand, and process their needs. Major TV manufacturers have announced production of smart TVs only, for middle-end and high-end TVs in 2015. 3D television ( edit ) Main article: 3D television Stereoscopic 3D television was demonstrated for the first time on August 10, 1928, by John Logie Baird in his company's premises at 133 Long Acre, London. Baird pioneered a variety of 3D television systems using electro-mechanical and cathode-ray tube techniques. The first 3D TV was produced in 1935. The advent of digital television in the 2000s greatly improved 3D TVs. Although 3D TV sets are quite popular for watching 3D home media such as on Blu-ray discs, 3D programming has largely failed to make inroads among the public. Many 3D television channels that started in the early 2010s were shut down by the mid-2010s. Terrestrial television ( edit ) Main article: Terrestrial television See also: Timeline of the introduction of television in countries Overview ( edit ) Programming is broadcast by television stations , sometimes called `` channels'' , as stations are licensed by their governments to broadcast only over assigned channels in the television band . At first, terrestrial broadcasting was the only way television could be widely distributed, and because bandwidth was limited, i.e., there were only a small number of channels available, government regulation was the norm. In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allowed stations to broadcast advertisements beginning in July 1941, but required public service programming commitments as a requirement for a license. By contrast, the United Kingdom chose a different route, imposing a television license fee on owners of television reception equipment to fund the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), which had public service as part of its Royal Charter . WRGB claims to be the world's oldest television station , tracing its roots to an experimental station founded on January 13, 1928, broadcasting from the General Electric factory in Schenectady, NY , under the call letters W2XB . It was popularly known as `` WGY Television'' after its sister radio station. Later in 1928, General Electric started a second facility, this one in New York City, which had the call letters W2XBS and which today is known as WNBC . The two stations were experimental in nature and had no regular programming, as receivers were operated by engineers within the company. The image of a Felix the Cat doll rotating on a turntable was broadcast for 2 hours every day for several years as new technology was being tested by the engineers. On November 2, 1936, the BBC began transmitting the world's first public regular high-definition service from the Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London. It therefore claims to be the birthplace of TV broadcasting as we know it today. With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 80s, terrestrial television broadcasts have been in decline; in 2013 it was estimated that about 7% of US households used an antenna. A slight increase in use began around 2010 due to a switchover to digital terrestrial television broadcasts, which offer pristine image quality over very large areas, and offered an alternate to CATV for cord cutters . Canada ( edit ) The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) adopted the American NTSC 525-line B/W 60 field per second system as its broadcast standard. It began television broadcasting in Canada in September 1952. The first broadcast was on September 6, 1952 from its Montreal station CBFT . The premiere broadcast was bilingual, spoken in English and French. Two days later, on September 8, 1952, the Toronto station CBLT went on the air. This became the English-speaking flagship station for the country, while CBFT became the French-language flagship after a second English-language station was licensed to CBC in Montreal later in the decade. The CBC's first privately owned affiliate television station, CKSO in Sudbury, Ontario , launched in October 1953 (at the time, all private stations were expected to affiliate with the CBC, a condition that was relaxed in 1960-- 61 when CTV, Canada's second national English-language network, was formed). Czechoslovakia ( edit ) The first mass-produced Czechoslovak TV-set Tesla 4001A (1953-57). In former Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia and the Czech Republic ) the first experimental television sets were produced in 1948. In the same year the first TV- transmission was performed. The first regular TV public transmission started on May 1, 1953. The state-owned TV-centers were in Prague , Bratislava , Brno and Ostrava . In 1961 more than a million citizens had a television set. In 1970, Czechoslovak television had three channels: Czech, Slovak and a bilingual Federal Channel. In 1973, color broadcasting started. France ( edit ) The first experiments in television broadcasting began in France in the 1930s, although the French did not immediately employ the new technology. In November 1929, Bernard Natan established France's first television company, Télévision - Baird -Natan. On April 14, 1931, there took place the first transmission with a thirty-line standard by René Barthélemy . On December 6, 1931, Henri de France created the Compagnie Générale de Télévision (CGT). In December 1932, Barthélemy carried out an experimental program in black and white (definition: 60 lines) one hour per week, `` Paris Télévision '' , which gradually became daily from early 1933. The first official channel of French television appeared on February 13, 1935, the date of the official inauguration of television in France, which was broadcast in 60 lines from 8:15 to 8:30 pm. The program showed the actress Béatrice Bretty in the studio of Radio-PTT Vision at 103 rue de Grenelle in Paris. The broadcast had a range of 100 km (62 mi). On November 10, George Mandel , Minister of Posts, inaugurated the first broadcast in 180 lines from the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower . On the 18th, Susy Wincker, the first announcer since the previous June, carried out a demonstration for the press from 5:30 to 7:30 pm. Broadcasts became regular from January 4, 1937 from 11:00 to 11:30 am and 8:00 to 8:30 pm during the week, and from 5:30 to 7:30 pm on Sundays. In July 1938, a decree defined for three years a standard of 455 lines VHF (whereas three standards were used for the experiments: 441 lines for Gramont, 450 lines for the Compagnie des Compteurs and 455 for Thomson). In 1939, there were about only 200 to 300 individual television sets, some of which were also available in a few public places. With the entry of France into World War II the same year, broadcasts ceased and the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower was sabotaged. On September 3, 1940, French television was seized by the German occupation forces. A technical agreement was signed by the Compagnie des Compteurs and Telefunken , and a financing agreement for the resuming of the service is signed by German Ministry of Post and Radiodiffusion Nationale ( Vichy 's radio). On May 7, 1943 at 3:00 evening broadcasts. The first broadcast of Fernsehsender Paris (Paris Télévision ) was transmitted from rue Cognac-Jay. These regular broadcasts (5​ ⁄ hours a day) lasted until August 16, 1944. One thousand 441-line sets, most of which were installed in soldiers' hospitals, picked up the broadcasts. These Nazi-controlled television broadcasts from the Eiffel Tower in Paris were able to be received on the south coast of England by R.A.F. and BBC engineers, who photographed the station identification image direct from the screen. In 1944, René Barthélemy developed an 819-line television standard. During the years of occupation, Barthélemy reached 1015 and even 1042 lines. On October 1, 1944, television service resumed after the liberation of Paris . The broadcasts were transmitted from the Cognacq-Jay studios. In October 1945, after repairs, the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower was back in service. On November 20, 1948, François Mitterrand decreed a broadcast standard of 819 lines; broadcasting began at the end of 1949 in this definition. Besides France, this standard was later adopted by Algeria, Monaco, and Morocco. Belgium and Luxembourg used a modified version of this standard with bandwidth narrowed to 7 MHz. Germany ( edit ) Electromechanical broadcasts began in Germany in 1929, but were without sound until 1934. Network electronic service started on March 22, 1935, on 180 lines using telecine transmission of film, intermediate film system , or cameras using the Nipkow Disk. Transmissions using cameras based on the iconoscope began on January 15, 1936. The Berlin Summer Olympic Games were televised, using both all-electronic iconoscope-based cameras and intermediate film cameras, to Berlin and Hamburg in August 1936. Twenty-eight public television rooms were opened for anybody who did not own a television set. The Germans had a 441-line system on the air in February 1937, and during World War II brought it to France, where they broadcast from the Eiffel Tower. After the end of World War II, the victorious Allies imposed a general ban on all radio and television broadcasting in Germany. Radio broadcasts for information purposes were soon permitted again, but television broadcasting was allowed to resume only in 1948. In East Germany, the head of broadcasting in the Soviet occupation zone, Hans Mahler, predicted in 1948 that in the near future ' a new and important technical step forward in the field of broadcasting in Germany will begin its triumphant march: television.' In 1950, the plans for a nationwide television service got off the ground, and a Television Centre in Berlin was approved. Transmissions began on December 21, 1952 using the 625-line standard developed in the Soviet Union in 1944, although at that time there were probably no more than 75 television receivers capable of receiving the programming. In West Germany, the British occupation forces as well as NWDR (Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk), which had started work in the British zone straight after the war, agreed to the launch of a television station. Even before this, German television specialists had agreed on 625 lines as the future standard. This standard had narrower channel bandwidth (7 MHz) compared to the Soviet specification (8 MHz), allowing three television channels to fit into the VHF I band. When color was introduced, West Germany chose a variant of the NTSC color system, modified by Walter Bruch and called PAL . East Germany accepted the French SECAM system, which was used in Eastern European countries. With the reunification of Germany, it was decided to switch to the PAL color system. The system was changed in December 1990. Italy ( edit ) In Italy, the first experimental tests on television broadcasts were made in Turin since 1934. The city already hosted the Center for Management of the EIAR (lately renamed as RAI ) at the premises of the Theatre of Turin. Subsequently, the EAIR established offices in Rome and Milan . On July 22, 1939 comes into operation in Rome the first television transmitter at the EIAR station, which performed a regular broadcast for about a year using a 441-line system that was developed in Germany. In September of the same year, a second television transmitter was installed in Milan, making experimental broadcasts during major events in the city. The broadcasts were suddenly ended on May 31, 1940, by order of the government, allegedly because of interferences encountered in the first air navigation systems. Also, the imminent participation in the war is believed to have played a role in this decision. EIAR transmitting equipment was relocated to Germany by the German troops. Lately, it was returned to Italy. The first official television broadcast began on January 3, 1954 by the RAI. Japan ( edit ) Television broadcasting in Japan started in August 28, 1953, making the country one of the first in the world with an experimental television service. The first television tests were conducted as early as 1926 using a combined mechanical Nipkow disk and electronic Braun tube system, later switching to an all-electronic system in the 1935 using a domestically developed iconoscope system. In spite of that, because of the beginning of World War II in the Pacific region, this first full-fledged TV broadcast experimentation lasted only a few months. Regular television broadcasts would eventually start in 1953. In 1979, NHK first developed a consumer high-definition television with a 5:3 display aspect ratio. The system, known as Hi-Vision or MUSE after its Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding for encoding the signal, required about twice the bandwidth of the existing NTSC system but provided about four times the resolution (1080i/1125 lines). Satellite test broadcasts started in 1989, with regular testing starting in 1991 and regular broadcasting of BS -9ch commenced on November 25, 1994, which featured commercial and NHK television programming . Sony first demonstrated a wideband analog high-definition television system HDTV capable video camera, monitor and video tape recorder (VTR) in April 1981 at an international meeting of television engineers in Algiers . The HDVS range was launched in April 1984, with the HDC-100 camera, HDV-100 video recorder and HDS-100 video switcher all working in the 1125-line component video format with interlaced video and a 5:3 aspect ratio. Mexico ( edit ) The first testing television station in Mexico signed on in 1935. When KFMB-TV in San Diego signed on in 1949, Baja California became the first state to receive a commercial television station over the air. Within a year, the Mexican government would adopt the U.S. NTSC 525-line B/W 60-field-per-second system as the country's broadcast standard. In 1950, the first commercial television station within Mexico, XHTV in Mexico City, signed on the air, followed by XEW-TV in 1951 and XHGC in 1952. Those three were not only the first television stations in the country, but also the flagship stations of Telesistema Mexicano , which was formed in 1955. That year, Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta , who had signed on XEW-TV, entered into a partnership with Rómulo O'Farrill who had signed on XHTV, and Guillermo González Camarena , who had signed on XHGC. The earliest 3D television broadcasts in the world were broadcast over XHGC in 1954. Color television was introduced in 1962, also over XHGC-TV. One of Telesistema Mexicano's earliest broadcasts as a network, over XEW-TV, on June 25, 1955, was the first international North American broadcast in the medium's history, and was jointly aired with NBC in the United States, where it aired as the premiere episode of Wide Wide World , and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Except for a brief period between 1969-- 1973, nearly every commercial television station in Mexico, with exceptions in the border cities, was expected to affiliate with a subnetwork of Telesistema Mexicano or its successor, Televisa (formed by the 1973 merger of Telesistema Mexicano and Television Independiente de Mexico ). This condition would not be relaxed for good until 1993, when Imevision was privatized to become TV Azteca . Soviet Union (ussr) ( edit ) The Soviet Union began offering 30-line electromechanical test broadcasts in Moscow on October 31, 1931, and a commercially manufactured television set in 1932. First electronic television system on 180 lines at 25 fps was created in the beginning of 1935 in Leningrad (St. Petersburg). In September 1937 the experimental Leningrad TV Center (OLTC) was put in action. OLTC worked with 240 lines at 25 fps progressive scan. In Moscow, experimental transmissions of electronic television took place on March 9, 1937, using equipment manufactured by RCA . Regular broadcasting began on December 31, 1938. It was quickly realized that 343 lines of resolution offered by this format would have become insufficient in the long run, thus a specification for 441-line format at 25 fps interlaced was developed in 1940. Television broadcasts were suspended during Great Patriotic War . In 1944, while the war was still raging, a new standard, offering 625 lines of vertical resolution was prepared. This format was ultimately accepted as a national standard. The transmissions in 625-line format started in Moscow on November 4, 1948. Regular broadcasting began on June 16, 1949. Details for this standard were formalized in 1955 specification called GOST 7845-55, basic parameters for black-and-white television broadcast . In particular, frame size was set to 625 lines, frame rate to 25 frames/s interlaced, and video bandwidth to 6 MHz. These basic parameters were accepted by most countries having 50 Hz mains frequency and became the foundation of television systems presently known as PAL and SECAM. Starting in 1951, broadcasting in the 625-line standard was introduced in other major cities of the Soviet Union. Color television broadcast started in 1967, using SECAM color system. Turkey ( edit ) The first Turkish television channel, ITU TV , was launched in 1952. The first national television is TRT 1 and was launched in 1964. Color television was introduced in 1981. Before 1989 there was the only channel, the state broadcasting company TRT, and it broadcast in several times of the dateline. Turkey 's first private television channel Star started it broadcast on 26 May 1989. Until then there was only one television channel controlled by the state, but with the wave of liberalization, privately owned broadcasting began. Turkey's television market is defined by a handful of big channels, led by Kanal D , ATV and Show , with 14%, 10% and 9.6% market share, respectively. The most important reception platforms are terrestrial and satellite, with almost 50% of homes using satellite (of these 15% were pay services) at the end of 2009. Three services dominate the multi-channel market: the satellite platforms Digitürk and D-Smart and the cable TV service Türksat . United Kingdom ( edit ) The first British television broadcast was made by Baird Television's electromechanical system over the BBC radio transmitter in September 1929. Baird provided a limited amount of programming five days a week by 1930. During this time, Southampton earned the distinction of broadcasting the first-ever live television interview, which featured Peggy O'Neil , an actress and singer from Buffalo, New York . On August 22, 1932, BBC launched its own regular service using Baird's 30-line electromechanical system, continuing until September 11, 1935. On November 2, 1936 the BBC began broadcasting a dual-system service, alternating between Marconi-EMI's 405-line standard and Baird's improved 240-line standard, from Alexandra Palace in London, making the BBC Television Service (now BBC One ) the UK's first regular high-definition television service. The government, on advice from a special advisory committee, decided that Marconi-EMI's electronic system gave the superior picture, and the Baird system was dropped in February 1937. TV broadcasts in London were on the air an average of four hours daily from 1936 to 1939. There were 12,000 to 15,000 receivers. Some sets in restaurants or bars might have 100 viewers for sport events (Dunlap, p56). The outbreak of the Second World War caused the BBC service to be abruptly suspended on September 1, 1939, at 12:35 pm, after a Mickey Mouse cartoon and test signals were broadcast, so that transmissions could not be used as a beacon to guide enemy aircraft to London. It resumed, again from Alexandra Palace on June 7, 1946 after the end of the war, began with a live programme that opened with the line `` Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh?'' '' and was followed by the same Mickey Mouse cartoon broadcast on the last day before the war. At the end of 1947 there were 54,000 licensed television receivers, compared with 44,000 television sets in the United States at that time. The first transatlantic television signal was sent in 1928 from London to New York by the Baird Television Development Company/Cinema Television, although this signal was not broadcast to the public. The first live satellite signal to Britain from the United States was broadcast via the Telstar satellite on July 23, 1962. The first live broadcast from the European continent was made on August 27, 1950. United States ( edit ) WNBT (later WNBC ) schedule for first week of commercial TV programming in the United States, July 1941 American family watching TV, 1958 The first regularly scheduled television service in the United States began on July 2, 1928, fifteen months before the United Kingdom. The Federal Radio Commission authorized C.F. Jenkins to broadcast from experimental station W3XK in Wheaton Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D.C. For at least the first eighteen months, 48-line silhouette images from motion picture film were broadcast, although beginning in the summer of 1929 he occasionally broadcast in halftones. Hugo Gernsback 's New York City radio station began a regular, if limited, schedule of live television broadcasts on August 14, 1928, using 48-line images. Working with only one transmitter, the station alternated radio broadcasts with silent television images of the station's call sign , faces in motion, and wind-up toys in motion. Speaking later that month, Gernsback downplayed the broadcasts, intended for amateur experimenters. `` In six months we may have television for the public, but so far we have not got it.'' Gernsback also published Television , the world's first magazine about the medium. General Electric 's experimental station in Schenectady, New York , on the air sporadically since January 13, 1928, was able to broadcast reflected-light, 48-line images via shortwave as far as Los Angeles , and by September was making four television broadcasts weekly. It is considered to be the direct predecessor of current television station WRGB . The Queen's Messenger , a one-act play broadcast on September 11, 1928, was the world's first live drama on television. Radio giant RCA began daily experimental television broadcasts in New York City in March 1929 over station W2XBS , the predecessor of current television station WNBC . The 60-line transmissions consisted of pictures, signs, and views of persons and objects. Experimental broadcasts continued to 1931. General Broadcasting System 's WGBS radio and W2XCR television aired their regular broadcasting debut in New York City on April 26, 1931, with a special demonstration set up in Aeolian Hall at Fifth Avenue and Fifty-fourth Street. Thousands waited to catch a glimpse of the Broadway stars who appeared on the six-inch (15 cm) square image, in an evening event to publicize a weekday programming schedule offering films and live entertainers during the four-hour daily broadcasts. Appearing were boxer Primo Carnera , actors Gertrude Lawrence , Louis Calhern , Frances Upton and Lionel Atwill , WHN announcer Nils Granlund , the Forman Sisters , and a host of others. CBS 's New York City station W2XAB began broadcasting their first regular seven-day-a-week television schedule on July 21, 1931, with a 60-line electromechanical system. The first broadcast included Mayor Jimmy Walker , the Boswell Sisters , Kate Smith , and George Gershwin . The service ended in February 1933. Don Lee Broadcasting 's station W6XAO in Los Angeles went on the air in December 1931. Using the UHF spectrum, it broadcast a regular schedule of filmed images every day except Sundays and holidays for several years. By 1935, low-definition electromechanical television broadcasting had ceased in the United States except for a handful of stations run by public universities that continued to 1939. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) saw television in the continual flux of development with no consistent technical standards, hence all such stations in the U.S. were granted only experimental and non-commercial licenses, hampering television's economic development. Just as importantly, Philo Farnsworth's August 1934 demonstration of an all-electronic system at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia pointed out the direction of television's future. On June 15, 1936, Don Lee Broadcasting began a one-month-long demonstration of high definition (240+ line) television in Los Angeles on W6XAO (later KTSL, now KCBS-TV ) with a 300-line image from motion picture film. By October, W6XAO was making daily television broadcasts of films. By 1934 RCA increased the definition to 343 interlaced lines and the frame rate to 30 per second. On July 7, 1936 RCA and its subsidiary NBC demonstrated in New York City a 343-line electronic television broadcast with live and film segments to its licensees, and made its first public demonstration to the press on November 6. Irregularly scheduled broadcasts continued through 1937 and 1938. Regularly scheduled electronic broadcasts began in April 1938 in New York (to the second week of June, and resuming in August) and Los Angeles. NBC officially began regularly scheduled television broadcasts in New York on April 30, 1939, with a broadcast of the opening of the 1939 New York World's Fair . In 1937 RCA raised the frame definition to 441 lines, and its executives petitioned the FCC for approval of the standard. By June 1939, regularly scheduled 441-line electronic television broadcasts were available in New York City and Los Angeles, and by November on General Electric's station in Schenectady. From May through December 1939, the New York City NBC station (W2XBS) of RCA broadcast twenty to fifty-eight hours of programming per month, Wednesday through Sunday of each week. The programming was 33% news, 29% drama, and 17% educational programming, with an estimated 2,000 receiving sets by the end of the year, and an estimated audience of five to eight thousand. A remote truck could cover outdoor events from up to 10 miles (16 km) away from the transmitter, which was located atop the Empire State Building . Coaxial cable was used to cover events at Madison Square Garden . The coverage area for reliable reception was a radius of 40 to 50 miles (80 km) from the Empire State Building, an area populated by more than 10,000,000 people (Lohr, 1940). The FCC adopted NTSC television engineering standards on May 2, 1941, calling for 525 lines of vertical resolution, 30 frames per second with interlaced scanning , 60 fields per second, and sound carried by frequency modulation . Sets sold since 1939 that were built for slightly lower resolution could still be adjusted to receive the new standard. (Dunlap, p31). The FCC saw television ready for commercial licensing, and the first such licenses were issued to NBC- and CBS-owned stations in New York on July 1, 1941, followed by Philco 's station WPTZ in Philadelphia . The first official, paid advertising to appear on American commercial television occurred on the afternoon of July 1, 1941, over New York station WNBT (now WNBC ) before a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies . The announcement for Bulova watches, for which the company paid anywhere from $4.00 to $9.00 (reports vary), displayed a WNBT test pattern modified to look like a clock with the hands showing the time. The Bulova logo, with the phrase `` Bulova Watch Time'' , was shown in the lower right-hand quadrant of the test pattern while the second hand swept around the dial for one minute. After the U.S. entry into World War II, the FCC reduced the required minimum air time for commercial television stations from 15 hours per week to 4 hours. Most TV stations suspended broadcasting; of the ten original television stations only six continued through the war. On the few that remained, programs included entertainment such as boxing and plays, events at Madison Square Garden, and illustrated war news as well as training for air raid wardens and first aid providers. In 1942, there were 5,000 sets in operation, but production of new TVs, radios, and other broadcasting equipment for civilian purposes was suspended from April 1942 to August 1945 (Dunlap). The Philco Predicta , 1958. In the collection of The Children's Museum of Indianapolis By 1947, when there were 40 million radios in the U.S., there were about 44,000 television sets (with probably 30,000 in the New York area). Regular network television broadcasts began on NBC on a three-station network linking New York with the Capital District and Philadelphia in 1944; on the DuMont Television Network in 1946, and on CBS and ABC in 1948. Following the rapid rise of television after the war, the Federal Communications Commission was flooded with applications for television station licenses. With more applications than available television channels, the FCC ordered a freeze on processing station applications in 1948 that remained in effect until April 14, 1952. By 1949, the networks stretched from New York to the Mississippi River , and by 1951 to the West Coast. Commercial color television broadcasts began on CBS in 1951 with a field-sequential color system that was suspended four months later for technical and economic reasons. The television industry's National Television System Committee (NTSC) developed a color television system based on RCA technology that was compatible with existing black and white receivers, and commercial color broadcasts reappeared in 1953. Cable television ( edit ) Main article: Cable television See also: Cable television by region This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (December 2014) Cable television is a system of broadcasting television programming to paying subscribers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables or light pulses through fiber-optic cables. This contrasts with traditional terrestrial television, in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone service, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables. The abbreviation CATV is often used for cable television. It originally stood for Community Access Television or Community Antenna Television, from cable television's origins in 1948: in areas where over-the-air reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large `` community antennas'' were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes. The origins of cable broadcasting are even older as radio programming was distributed by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924. Early cable television was analog, but since the 2000s all cable operators have switched to, or are in the process of switching to, digital cable television. Satellite television ( edit ) Main article: Satellite television Overview ( edit ) Satellite television is a system of supplying television programming using broadcast signals relayed from communication satellites . The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic reflector antenna usually referred to as a satellite dish and a low-noise block downconverter (LNB). A satellite receiver then decodes the desired television programme for viewing on a television set . Receivers can be external set-top boxes , or a built-in television tuner . Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services, especially to geographic areas without terrestrial television or cable television . The most common method of reception is direct-broadcast satellite television (DBSTV), also known as `` direct to home'' (DTH). In DBSTV systems, signals are relayed from a direct broadcast satellite on the K wavelength and are completely digital. Satellite TV systems formerly used systems known as television receive-only . These systems received analog signals transmitted in the C-band spectrum from FSS type satellites, and required the use of large dishes. Consequently, these systems were nicknamed `` big dish'' systems, and were more expensive and less popular. The direct-broadcast satellite television signals were earlier analog signals and later digital signals, both of which require a compatible receiver. Digital signals may include high-definition television (HDTV). Some transmissions and channels are free-to-air or free-to-view , while many other channels are pay television requiring a subscription. In 1945 British science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke proposed a worldwide communications system that would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in earth orbit. This was published in the October 1945 issue of the Wireless World magazine and won him the Franklin Institute 's Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1963. The first satellite television signals from Europe to North America were relayed via the Telstar satellite over the Atlantic ocean on July 23, 1962. The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries and watched by over 100 million. Launched in 1962, the Relay 1 satellite was the first satellite to transmit television signals from the US to Japan. The first geosynchronous communication satellite , Syncom 2 , was launched on July 26, 1963. The world's first commercial communications satellite, called Intelsat I and nicknamed `` Early Bird'' , was launched into geosynchronous orbit on April 6, 1965. The first national network of television satellites, called Orbita , was created by the Soviet Union in October 1967, and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical Molniya satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television signals to a network of twenty ground downlink stations each equipped with a parabolic antenna 39 feet (12 m) in diameter. The first commercial North American satellite to carry television transmissions was Canada 's geostationary Anik 1 , which was launched on 9 November 1972. ATS-6 , the world's first experimental educational and Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), was launched on May 30, 1974. It transmitted at 860 MHz using wideband FM modulation and had two sound channels. The transmissions were focused on the Indian subcontinent but experimenters were able to receive the signal in Western Europe using home constructed equipment that drew on UHF television design techniques already in use. In the Soviet Union, the Moskva (or Moscow ) system of broadcasting and delivering of TV signals via satellites was launched in 1979. Stationary and mobile downlink stations with parabolic antennas 13.1 and 8.2 feet (4 and 2.5 m) in diameter were receiving signal from Gorizont communication satellites deployed to geostationary orbits . The first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites to carry Direct-To-Home television, Ekran 1, was launched on October 26, 1976. It used a 714 MHz UHF downlink frequency so that the transmissions could be received with existing UHF television technology rather than microwave technology. Beginning of the satellite TV industry ( edit ) In the United States, the satellite television industry developed from the cable television industry as communication satellites were being used to distribute television programming to remote cable television headends . Home Box Office (HBO), Turner Broadcasting System (TBS), and Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN, later The Family Channel ) were among the first to use satellite television to deliver programming. Taylor Howard of San Andreas , California became the first person to receive C-band satellite signals with his home-built system in 1976. PBS , a non-profit public broadcasting service, began to distribute its television programming by satellite in 1978. On October 18, 1979, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) began allowing people to have home satellite earth stations without a federal government license. The front cover of the 1979 Neiman-Marcus Christmas catalogue featured the first home satellite TV stations on sale for $36,500. The dishes were nearly 20 feet (6.1 m) in diameter and were remote-controlled. The price went down by half soon after that, but there were only eight more channels. The Society for Private and Commercial Earth Stations (SPACE), an organisation that represented consumers and satellite TV system owners was established in 1980. Early satellite television systems were not very popular due to their expense and large dish size. The satellite television dishes of the systems in the late 1970s and early 1980s were 10 to 16 feet (3.0 to 4.9 m) in diameter, made of fibreglass or solid aluminum or steel , and in the United States cost more than $5,000, sometimes as much as $10,000. Programming sent from ground stations was relayed from eighteen satellites in geostationary orbit located 22,300 miles (35,900 km) above the Earth. TVRO/C-band satellite ERA ( edit ) Further information: Television receive-only By 1980, satellite television was well established in the USA and Europe. On April 26, 1982, the first satellite channel in the UK, Satellite Television Ltd. (later Sky1 ), was launched. Its signals were transmitted from the ESA 's Orbital Test Satellites . Between 1981 and 1985, TVRO systems' sales rates increased as prices fell. Advances in receiver technology and the use of Gallium Arsenide FET technology enabled the use of smaller dishes. 500,000 systems, some costing as little as $2000, were sold in the US in 1984. Dishes pointing to one satellite were even cheaper. People in areas without local broadcast stations or cable television service could obtain good-quality reception with no monthly fees. The large dishes were a subject of much consternation, as many people considered them eyesores , and in the US most condominiums, neighborhoods, and other homeowner associations tightly restricted their use, except in areas where such restrictions were illegal. These restrictions were altered in 1986 when the Federal Communications Commission ruled all of them illegal. A municipality could require a property owner to relocate the dish if it violated other zoning restrictions, such as a setback requirement, but could not outlaw their use. The necessity of these restrictions would slowly decline as the dishes got smaller. Originally, all channels were broadcast in the clear (ITC) because the equipment necessary to receive the programming was too expensive for consumers. With the growing number of TVRO systems, the program providers and broadcasters had to scramble their signal and develop subscription systems. In October 1984, the U.S. Congress passed the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 , which gave those using TVRO systems the right to receive signals for free unless they were scrambled, and required those who did scramble to make their signals available for a reasonable fee. Since cable channels could prevent reception by big dishes, other companies had an incentive to offer competition. In January 1986, HBO began using the now-obsolete VideoCipher II system to encrypt their channels . Other channels uses less secure television encryption systems. The scrambling of HBO was met with much protest from owners of big-dish systems, most of which had no other option at the time for receiving such channels, claiming that clear signals from cable channels would be difficult to receive. Eventually HBO allowed dish owners to subscribe directly to their service for $12.95 per month, a price equal to or higher than what cable subscribers were paying, and required a descrambler to be purchased for $395. This led to the attack on HBO's transponder Galaxy 1 by John R. MacDougall in April 1986. One by one, all commercial channels followed HBO's lead and began scrambling their channels. The Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association SBCA was founded on December 2, 1986 as the result of a merger between SPACE and the Direct Broadcast Satellite Association (DBSA). Videocipher II used analog scrambling on its video signal and Data Encryption Standard based encryption on its audio signal. VideoCipher II was defeated, and there was a black market for descrambler devices, which were initially sold as `` test'' devices. Late 1980s and 1990s to present ( edit ) DBS satellite dishes. By 1987, nine channels were scrambled, but 99 others were available free-to-air. While HBO initially charged a monthly fee of $19.95, soon it became possible to unscramble all channels for $200 a year. Dish sales went down from 600,000 in 1985 to 350,000 in 1986, but pay television services were seeing dishes as something positive since some people would never have cable service, and the industry was starting to recover as a result. Scrambling also led to the development of pay-per-view events. On November 1, 1988, NBC began scrambling its C-band signal but left its K band signal unencrypted in order for affiliates to not lose viewers who could not see their advertising. Most of the two million satellite dish users in the United States still used C-band. ABC and CBS were considering scrambling, though CBS was reluctant due to the number of people unable to receive local network affiliates . The piracy on satellite television networks in the US led to the introduction of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 . This legislation enabled anyone caught engaging in signal theft to be fined up to $50,000 and to be sentenced to a maximum of two years in prison. A repeat offender can be fined up to $100,000 and be imprisoned for up to five years. Satellite television had also developed in Europe but it initially used low power communication satellites and it required dish sizes of over 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in). On December 11, 1988 Luxembourg launched Astra 1A , the first satellite to provide medium power satellite coverage to Western Europe. This was one of the first medium-powered satellites, transmitting signals in K band and allowing reception with small dishes (90 cm). The launch of Astra beat the winner of the UK's state Direct Broadcast Satellite licence holder, British Satellite Broadcasting , to the market. In the US in the early 1990s, four large cable companies launched PrimeStar , a direct broadcasting company using medium power satellite. The relatively strong transissions allowed the use of smaller (90 cm) dishes. Its popularity declined with the 1994 launch of the Hughes DirecTV and Dish Network satellite television systems. On March 4, 1996 EchoStar introduced Digital Sky Highway (Dish Network) using the EchoStar 1 satellite. EchoStar launched a second satellite in September 1996 to increase the number of channels available on Dish Network to 170. These systems provided better pictures and stereo sound on 150-200 video and audio channels, and allowed small dishes to be used. This greatly reduced the popularity of TVRO systems. In the mid-1990s, channels began moving their broadcasts to digital television transmission using the DigiCipher conditional access system. In addition to encryption, the widespread availability, in the US, of DBS services such as PrimeStar and DirecTV had been reducing the popularity of TVRO systems since the early 1990s. Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent K band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods. Each satellite also can carry up to 32 transponders in the K band, but only 24 in the C band, and several digital subchannels can be multiplexed (MCPC) or carried separately ( SCPC ) on a single transponder. Advances in noise reduction due to improved microwave technology and semiconductor materials have also had an effect. However, one consequence of the higher frequencies used for DBS services is rain fade where viewers lose signal during a heavy downpour. C-band satellite television signals are less prone to rain fade. Internet television ( edit ) Main article: Internet television Not to be confused with Smart television , Internet Protocol television , or Web television . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (December 2014) Internet television (Internet TV), (online television) or IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) is the digital distribution of television content via the Internet as opposed to traditional systems like terrestrial, cable and satellite, although internet itself is received by terrestrial, cable or satellite methods. Internet television is a general term that covers the delivery of television shows and other video content over the Internet by video streaming technology, typically by major traditional television broadcasters. Internet television should not to be confused with Smart TV , IPTV or with Web TV . Smart television refers to the TV set that has an inbuilt operating system. Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television broadcasters. Web television is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV. Television sets ( edit ) Main article: Television set A television set, also called a television receiver, television, TV set, TV, or telly, is a device that combines a tuner, display, and speakers for the purpose of viewing television . Introduced in the late 1920s in mechanical form, television sets became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form, using cathode ray tubes . The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets in the 1960s, and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes. The ubiquitous television set became the display device for the first recorded media in the 1970s, such as VHS and later DVD . In the late 2000s flat panel television incorporating liquid-crystal displays largely replaced cathode ray tubes . Modern flat panel TVs are typically capable of high-definition display (720p, 1080p or 2160p) and can also play content from a USB device. RCA 630-TS, the first mass-produced television set, which sold in 1946-- 1947 Mechanical televisions were commercially sold from 1928 to 1934 in the United Kingdom, United States, and Soviet Union. The earliest commercially made televisions sold by Baird called Televisors in the UK in 1928 were radios with the addition of a television device consisting of a neon tube behind a mechanically spinning disk (patented by German engineer Paul Nipkow in 1884) with a spiral of apertures first mass-produced television set, selling about a thousand units. The first commercially made electronic televisions with cathode ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Germany in 1934, followed by other makers in France (1936), Britain (1936), and the United States (1938). The cheapest model with a 12-inch (30 cm) screen was $445 (equivalent to $7,736 in 2017). An estimated 19,000 electronic televisions were manufactured in Britain, and about 1,600 in Germany, before World War II. About 7,000-- 8,000 electronic sets were made in the U.S. before the War Production Board halted manufacture in April 1942, production resuming in August 1945. Television usage in the western world skyrocketed after World War II with the lifting of the manufacturing freeze, war-related technological advances, the drop in television prices caused by mass production, increased leisure time, and additional disposable income. While only 0.5% of U.S. households had a television in 1946, 55.7% had one in 1954, and 90% by 1962. In Britain, there were 15,000 television households in 1947, 1.4 million in 1952, and 15.1 million by 1968. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, color television had come into wide use. In Britain, BBC1 , BBC2 and ITV were regularly broadcasting in color by 1969. By the late 2000s, CRT display technology was largely supplanted worldwide by flat-panel displays such as LCD . Flat-panel television, especially LCD, has become the dominant form of television since the early 2010s. Technological innovations ( edit ) The first national live television broadcast in the U.S. took place on September 4, 1951 when President Harry Truman 's speech at the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference in San Francisco was transmitted over AT&T 's transcontinental cable and microwave radio relay system to broadcast stations in local markets. The first live coast-to-coast commercial television broadcast in the U.S. took place on November 18, 1951 during the premiere of CBS 's See It Now , which showed a split-screen view of the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. In 1958, the CBC completed the longest television network in the world, from Sydney, Nova Scotia to Victoria, British Columbia . Reportedly, the first continuous live broadcast of a `` breaking'' news story in the world was conducted by the CBC during the Springhill mining disaster , which began on October 23 of that year. The development of cable television and satellite television in the 1970s allowed for more channels and encouraged businessmen to target programming toward specific audiences. It also enabled the rise of subscription television channels, such as Home Box Office (HBO) and Showtime in the U.S., and Sky Television in the U.K. Television pioneers ( edit ) Important people in the development of TV technology in the 19th or 20th centuries. Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton Alan Blumlein Allen B. DuMont Antonio Quirino Assis Chateaubriand Boris Grabovsky Boris Rosing Charles Francis Jenkins Constantin Perskyi David Sarnoff Guillermo González Camarena John Logie Baird Kálmán Tihanyi Kenjiro Takayanagi Léon Theremin Earl Muntz Manfred von Ardenne Paul Gottlieb Nipkow Philo T. Farnsworth Siegmund and David Loewe, founders of Loewe AG in 1923 Ulises Armand Sanabria Vladimir Zworykin Walter Bruch (PAL television) Television museums ( edit ) Paley Center for Media (formerly the Museum of Television & Radio) Early Television Museum Museum of Broadcast Communications National Media Museum National Australia Film and Archives Museum See also ( edit ) Archive of American Television BBC Archives Geographical usage of television Golden Age of Television , c. 1949-- 1960 in the US Golden Age of Television (2000s-- present) History of broadcasting History of radio History of telecommunication History of videotelephony List of experimental television stations List of years in television Muntzing Oldest television station Television Hall of Fame Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries Timeline of the introduction of television in countries References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephens, Mitchell (February 6, 2015). `` History of Television'' . www.nyu.edu . 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Sutton, Business & Economics - 1973, p. 330 Jump up ^ The History of Television, 1880-1941, by Albert Abramson, 1987, p. 27 Jump up ^ A. Rokhlin, Tak rozhdalos' dal'novidenie (in Russian) Archived April 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ John Logie Baird, Television Apparatus and the Like , U.S. patent, filed in U.K. in 1928. Jump up ^ Baird Television: Crystal Palace Television Studios . Previous color television demonstrations in the U.K. and U.S. had been via closed circuit. Jump up ^ `` The World's First High Definition Colour Television System'' . Retrieved December 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Patent US2296019 - Chromoscopic adapter for television equipment'' . Retrieved December 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter C. Goldmark, assignor to Columbia Broadcasting System, `` Color Television'' , U.S. Patent 2,480,571 , filed Sept. 7, 1940. Jump up ^ Current Broadcasting 1940 Jump up ^ `` Color Television Success in Test'' , The New York Times , August 30, 1940, p. 21. 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Jump up ^ W6XAO later moved to VHF Channel 1 before World War II, and to Channel 2 in the post-war television realignment. It was commercially licensed in 1947 as KTSL and is the direct ancestor of current station KCBS-TV . ^ Jump up to: Alexander B. Magoun, Television: The Life Story of a Technology . Greenwood, p. 65. ISBN 978-0313331282 . Jump up ^ `` Where Is Television Now? '' , Popular Mechanics , August 1938, p. 178. Jump up ^ `` Telecasts Here and Abroad'' , The New York Times , Drama-Screen-Radio section, April 24, 1938, p.10. Jump up ^ `` Early Birds'' , Time , June 13, 1938. Jump up ^ `` Telecasts to Be Resumed'' , The New York Times , Drama-Screen-Radio section, Aug. 21, 1938, p. 10. Jump up ^ Robert L. Pickering, `` Eight Years of Television in California'' , California -- Magazine of the Pacific , June 1939. Jump up ^ `` Imagery For Profit'' R.W. Stewart, The New York Times, July 6, 1941. Jump up ^ (4) WNBT/Bulova test pattern ^ Jump up to: p.78 Perspectives on Radio and Television: Telecommunication in the United States Routledge, 1998 Jump up ^ Antipolis, Sophia (September 1997). Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Implementation of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation in DVB satellite transmission systems (PDF) (Report). European Telecommunications Standards Institute . pp. 1-- 7. TR 101 198 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frequency letter bands'' . Microwaves101.com. 25 April 2008. ^ Jump up to: `` Installing Consumer-Owned Antennas and Satellite Dishes'' . FCC . Retrieved 2008-11-21 . Jump up ^ Campbell, Dennis; Cotter, Susan (1998). Copyright Infringement . Kluwer Law International. ISBN 90-247-3002-3 . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation'' . Archived from the original on July 25, 2011 . Retrieved December 23, 2014 . 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(15 November 2002). `` Taylor Howard, 70, Pioneer In Satellite TV for the Home'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Public Service Broadcasting in the Age of Globalization, Editors: Indrajit Banerjee, Kalinga Seneviratne. ISBN 9789814136013 Jump up ^ The `` Glory Days'' of Satellite Archived March 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Browne, Ray (2001). The Guide to United States Popular Culture . Madison, Wisconsin : Popular Press. p. 706. ISBN 9780879728212 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Giarrusso, Michael (28 July 1996). `` Tiny Satellite Dishes Sprout in Rural Areas'' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles : Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Keating, Stephen (1999). `` Stealing Free TV, Part 2'' . The Denver Post . Denver, CO : The Denver Post . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Stein, Joe (1989-01-24). `` Whatta dish : Home satellite reception a TV turn-on'' . Evening Tribune . p. C-8. Jump up ^ `` Earth Station Is Very Popular Dish'' . Reading Eagle . Kansas City, Missouri . 21 December 1980 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Brooks, Andree (10 October 1993). `` Old satellite dish restrictions under fire New laws urged for smaller models'' . The Baltimore Sun . Baltimore, MD : The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Nye, Doug (14 January 1990). `` SATELLITE DISHES SURVIVE GREAT SCRAMBLE OF 1980S'' . Deseret News . Salt Lake City : Deseret News . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ku-Band Satellite TV: Theory, Installation and Repair. Frank Baylin et al. ISBN 9780917893148 ^ Jump up to: Stecklow, Steve (1984-07-07). `` America's Favorite Dish'' . The Miami Herald . Knight-Ridder News Service . p. 1C. Jump up ^ Reibstein, Larry (1981-09-27). `` Watching TV Via Satellite Is Their Dish'' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . p. E01. ^ Jump up to: Dawidziak, Mark (1984-12-30). `` Satellite TV Dishes Getting Good Reception'' . Akron Beacon-Journal . p. F-1. ^ Jump up to: `` Broadband Cable 10th Anniversary'' . TinyPic . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to: `` Industry History'' . sbca.com . Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association. 2014. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014 . Retrieved June 5, 2014 . Jump up ^ Stecklow, Steve (1984-10-25). `` Research Needed in Buying Dish: High Cost Is Important Consideration for Consumer'' . Wichita Eagle . Knight-Ridder News Service. p. 6C. ^ Jump up to: Takiff, Jonathan (1987-05-22). `` Satellite TV Skies Brighten As War With Programmers Ends'' . Chicago Tribune . Knight-Ridder Newspapers . Retrieved 2014-04-10 . Jump up ^ Wolf, Ron (1985-01-20). `` Direct-Broadcast TV Is Still Not Turned On'' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . p. C01. ^ Jump up to: Lyman, Rick; Borowski, Neill (April 29, 1986). `` On The Trail Of ' Captain Midnight ' '' . Philly . Retrieved May 20, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Paradise, Paul R. (1 January 1999). Trademark Counterfeiting, Product Piracy, and the Billion Dollar Threat to the U.S. Economy . Westport, Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 147. ISBN 1567202500 . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` Scrambled NBC Bad News for Satellite Pirates'' . San Francisco Chronicle . United Press International. 1988-11-03. p. E3. ^ Jump up to: Article STATUTE-106-Pg1460.pdf, Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 , Act No. 1460 of 8 October 1992 (in English). Retrieved on 3 July 2014. ^ Jump up to: `` ASTRA 1A Satellite details 1988-109B NORAD 19688'' . N2YO. 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Grant, August E. Communication Technology Update (10th ed.). Taylor & Francis . p. 87. ISBN 978-0-240-81475-9 . Jump up ^ Bell-Jones, Robin; Berbner, Jochen; Chai, Jianfeng; Farstad, Thomas; Pham, Minh (June 2001). `` High Technology Strategy and Entrepreneurship'' (PDF) . INSEAD journal . Fontainebleau : INSEAD. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2014. Jump up ^ Mirabito, M.,& Morgenstern, B. (2004). Satellites: Operations and Applications. The New Communication Technologies (fifth edition). Burlington: Focal Press. ^ Jump up to: Khaplil, Vidya R.; Bhalachandra, Anjali R. (April 2008). Advances in Recent Trends in Communication and Networks . New Delhi : Allied Publishers . p. 119. ISBN 1466651709 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rain fade: satellite TV signal and adverse weather'' . Dish-cable.com . Dish-cable.com. 2010 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Early British Television: Baird , Television History: The First 75 Years. Jump up ^ Pre-1935 , Television History: The First 75 Years. The French model shown does not appear to have entered production. Jump up ^ Pre-1935 Baird Sets: UK , that produced a red postage-stamp size image, enlarged to twice that size by a magnifying glass. The Televisor sold in 1930-- 1933 is considered the Television History: The First 75 Years. Jump up ^ Telefunken , Early Electronic TV Gallery, Early Television Foundation. Jump up ^ 1934-- 35 Telefunken , Television History: The First 75 Years. Jump up ^ 1936 French Television , Television History: The First 75 Years. Jump up ^ 1936 Baird T5 , Television History: The First 75 Years. Jump up ^ Communicating Systems, Inc. , Early Electronic TV Gallery, Early Television Foundation. Jump up ^ America's First Electronic Television Set , Television History: The First 75 Years. Jump up ^ American TV Prices , Television History: The First 75 Years. Jump up ^ Annual Television Sales in USA , Television History: The First 75 Years. Jump up ^ Number of TV Households in America , Television History: The First 75 Years. Jump up ^ `` Britain's oldest colour telly ' still going strong' 42 years on, says 69-year-old owner'' . Daily Mail . London. November 11, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Truman to Be Televised In First National Hook-Up'' , The New York Times , September 4, 1951, p. 2. Jump up ^ `` Television Highlights'' , The Washington Post , September 4, 1951, p. B13. Jump up ^ `` Coast to Coast Television'' (CBS advertisement), The Wall Street Journal , September 4, 1951, p. 9. Further reading ( edit ) Abramson, Albert. The History of Television, 1880 to 1941 . (1987). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-89950-284-9 . Abramson, Albert. The History of Television, 1942 to 2000 . (2003). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-7864-1220-8 . Beyer, Rick, The Greatest Stories Never Told : 100 tales from history to astonish, bewilder, & stupefy , A&E Television Networks, 2003, ISBN 0-06-001401-6 . Burns, R.W. Television: An international history of the formative years. (1998). IEE History of Technology Series, 22. London: IEE . ISBN 0-85296-914-7 . Cavendish, Marshall (Corp), Inventors and Inventions , Marshall Cavendish, 2007, ISBN 0-7614-7763-2 . Dunlap, Orrin E. The Future of Television . New York and London: Harper Brothers, 1942. Everson, George (1949), The Story of Television, The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth New York: W.W. Norton & Co., ISBN 978-0-405-06042-7 , 266 pages. Fisher, David E. and Marshall Jon Fisher. Tube: the Invention of Television. (1996). Washington: Counterpoint. ISBN 1-887178-17-1 . Hart, Jeffrey A. , Television, technology, and competition: HDTV and digital TV in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan , New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-521-82624-1 Huurdeman, Anton A., The worldwide history of telecommunications , Wiley-IEEE, 2003, ISBN 0-471-20505-2 . Lohr, Lenox, Television Broadcasting . New York: McGraw Hill, 1940. Meyrowitz, Joshua (1985). No Sense of Place , Oxford University Press, New York. Shiers, George. Early Television: A Bibliographic Guide to 1940 . (1997). Garland Reference Library of Social Science. ISBN 0-8240-7782-2 . External links ( edit ) Links related to the development or history of television NAB: How It All Got Started Mechanical TV and Illusion Generators including a description of what mechanical TV viewing was like History of television -- Includes a systematic collection of early texts on `` seeing at a distance by electricity'' History of European Television -- online exhibition Journal of European Television History and Culture Television history -- inventors including a timeline Technology Review -- Who Really Invented Television? Who Invented Television -- Reconciling The Historical Origins of Electronic Video Photos of early TV receivers Early television museum (extensive online presence) Ed Reitan's Color Television History Erics Vintage Television Sets Detailed timeline of communications media (including the TV) The History of Australian Television EUscreen: Discover Europe's television heritage A Visit to Our Studios: a television program exploring the studios at Johns Hopkins University in 1951 Archive of American Television (information and links to videotaped oral history interviews with TV legends and pioneers) Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Archives History of West Australian Television MZTV Museum of Television & Archive Television Early Patents and Inventions Littleton, Cynthia. `` Happy 70th Birthday, TV Commercial broadcasts bow on July 1, 1941; Variety calls it ' corney' '' , Variety , July 1, 2011. WebCitation archive . Booknotes interview with Daniel Stashower on The Boy Genius and the Mogul: The Untold Story of Television , July 21, 2002. History of TV Infographic Broadcast video formats hide Television Analog 525 lines System M NTSC NTSC-J PAL-M 625 lines PAL System B System D System G System H System I System K PAL-N PALplus SECAM System B System D System G System K System L (SECAM-L) Audio BTSC (MTS) EIAJ NICAM SAP Sound-in-Syncs Zweikanalton (A2/IGR) Hidden signals Captioning CGMS-A EPG GCR PDC Teletext VBI VEIL VIT VITC WSS XDS Historical Pre-1940 Mechanical television 180-line 405-line System A 441-line 819-line MAC MUSE Digital Interlaced SDTV 480i 576i HDTV 1080i Progressive LDTV 1seg 240p 288p EDTV 480p 576p HDTV 720p 1080p UHDTV 2160p 4320p MPEG-2 standards ATSC DVB ISDB DTMB DVB 3D-TV MPEG-4 AVC standards ATSC A/72 DMB DTMB DVB SBTVD 1seg HEVC standards ATSC 3.0 Audio AC-3 ( 5.1 ) DTS MPEG-1 Audio Layer II MPEG Multichannel PCM LPCM AAC HE-AAC Hidden signals AFD Broadcast flag Captioning CPCM EPG Teletext Technical issues 14:9 compromise Broadcast-safe Digital cinema ( DCI ) Display motion blur Moving image formats MPEG transport stream Reverse Standards Conversion Standards conversion Television transmitter Video on demand Video processing Widescreen signaling Templates ( Analogue TV Topics ) Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter (teletype) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners-Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber-optic communication Optical fiber Free-space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space-division Frequency-division Time-division Polarization-division Orbital angular-momentum Code-division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_television&oldid=846313234 '' Categories : History of television Television pioneers Experimental television stations Hidden categories: CS1: Julian-- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription-only content CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown Use mdy dates from December 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles to be expanded from December 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands ភាសា ខ្មែរ Română සිංහල Svenska Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018, at 22:34. 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where was beasts of the southern wild filmed
The film 's fictional setting , `` Isle de Charles Doucet '' , known to its residents as the Bathtub , was inspired by several isolated and independent fishing communities threatened by erosion , hurricanes and rising sea levels in Louisiana 's Terrebonne Parish , most notably the rapidly eroding Isle de Jean Charles . It was filmed in Terrebonne Parish town Montegut .
[ [ "Terrebonne Parish town Montegut" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "Beasts of the Southern Wild Theatrical release poster Directed by Benh Zeitlin Produced by Dan Janvey Josh Penn Michael Gottwald Screenplay by Lucy Alibar Benh Zeitlin Based on Juicy and Delicious by Lucy Alibar Starring Quvenzhané Wallis Dwight Henry Narrated by Quvenzhané Wallis Music by Dan Romer Benh Zeitlin Cinematography Ben Richardson Edited by Crockett Doob Affonso Gonçalves Production company Cinereach Court 13 Journeyman Pictures Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures Release date January 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 20 ) ( Sundance ) June 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 27 ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1.8 million Box office $21.9 million", "Beasts of the Southern Wild", "Theatrical release poster", "Directed by Benh Zeitlin", "Produced by Dan Janvey Josh Penn Michael Gottwald", "Screenplay by Lucy Alibar Benh Zeitlin", "Based on Juicy and Delicious by Lucy Alibar", "Starring Quvenzhané Wallis Dwight Henry", "Narrated by Quvenzhané Wallis", "Music by Dan Romer Benh Zeitlin", "Cinematography Ben Richardson", "Edited by Crockett Doob Affonso Gonçalves", "Production company Cinereach Court 13 Journeyman Pictures", "Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures", "Release date January 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 20 ) ( Sundance ) June 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 27 )", "January 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 20 ) ( Sundance ) June 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 27 )", "January 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 20 ) ( Sundance )", "June 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 27 )", "Running time 93 minutes", "Country United States", "Language English", "Budget $1.8 million", "Box office $21.9 million", "Beasts of the Southern Wild is a 2012 American drama film co-written , co-scored and directed by Benh Zeitlin . It was adapted by Zeitlin and Lucy Alibar from Alibar 's one - act play Juicy and Delicious . After playing at film festivals , it was released on June 27 , 2012 , in New York and Los Angeles , and later distribution was expanded .", "The film was nominated for four Academy Awards at the 85th Academy Awards , in the categories Best Picture , Best Director ( Benh Zeitlin ) , Best Adapted Screenplay ( Lucy Alibar , Benh Zeitlin ) , and Best Actress ( Quvenzhané Wallis ) . At age 9 , Wallis became the youngest Best Actress nominee in history .", "As a storm approaches a southern Louisiana bayou community called the `` Bathtub '' ( a community cut off from the rest of the world by a levee ) , six - year - old Hushpuppy and her ailing , hot - tempered father Wink are optimistic about their life and their future . The children in school are being taught by Miss Bathsheba about nature and the release of prehistoric aurochs from the melting ice caps . At home , Hushpuppy fends for herself while her father is missing . When he returns , he is wearing a hospital gown and bracelet . They argue , and when Hushpuppy returns to her house , she deliberately sets it on fire . A chase ensues between the two , and she ends up getting slapped by Wink . When she retaliates by punching him in the chest , Wink collapses . Hushpuppy , realizing the damage she has caused , runs for help only to find her father missing when she returns .", "Meanwhile , in the Arctic , the frozen aurochs in an ice shelf start drifting into the ocean .", "Many of the Bathtub residents flee an approaching storm . Wink reappears , staggering along the side of the road ; he finds Hushpuppy and takes her home to start barricading before the storm hits . In an effort to make his daughter feel better , Wink attempts to scare off the storm by firing a rifle at the clouds . The next day , the two tour the devastation and connect with surviving residents .", "The Bathtub residents celebrate the end of the storm and make plans to rebuild their community , but the environment is damaged because the salt water surge from the storm has contaminated the fresh water supply . Wink hatches a plan to drain the water away by destroying the levee . He and a small group of friends plant dynamite and blow a hole in the wall using an alligator gar , and the water recedes . Authorities arrive and enforce a mandatory evacuation order , removing the residents of the Bathtub to an emergency shelter . Wink receives surgery , but it is too late to restore his health . At the first opportunity , the evacuees escape back to their homes .", "Aware of her father 's condition , Hushpuppy searches for her absent mother . She and her friends swim to a boat , which takes them to a floating bar known as the Elysian Fields . Hushpuppy meets a cook who may be her mother , though the woman does n't recognize her . The cook says that the girl can stay with her if she wants , but Hushpuppy says she needs to go home . Hushpuppy and her friends return home where she confronts the aurochs . As the aurochs leave , Hushpuppy returns home . She says her last goodbyes to the dying Wink , listening to his last heartbeat . She sets his funeral pyre ablaze , standing together with the remaining residents of the Bathtub .", "Quvenzhané Wallis as Hushpuppy Dwight Henry as Wink Levy Easterly as Jean Battiste Philip Lawrence as Dr. Maloney Gina Montana as Miss Bathsheba Lowell Landes as Walrus Jonshel Alexander as Joy Strong Marilyn Barbarin as Cabaret singer Kaliana Brower as T - Lou Nicholas Clark as Sticks Henry D. Coleman as Peter T", "Quvenzhané Wallis as Hushpuppy", "Dwight Henry as Wink", "Levy Easterly as Jean Battiste", "Philip Lawrence as Dr. Maloney", "Gina Montana as Miss Bathsheba", "Lowell Landes as Walrus", "Jonshel Alexander as Joy Strong", "Marilyn Barbarin as Cabaret singer", "Kaliana Brower as T - Lou", "Nicholas Clark as Sticks", "Henry D. Coleman as Peter T", "The film 's fictional setting , `` Isle de Charles Doucet '' , known to its residents as the Bathtub , was inspired by several isolated and independent fishing communities threatened by erosion , hurricanes and rising sea levels in Louisiana 's Terrebonne Parish , most notably the rapidly eroding Isle de Jean Charles . It was filmed in Terrebonne Parish town Montegut .", "The film was shot on 16mm film , and director Benh Zeitlin created the production with a small professional crew and dozens of local residents in and around Montegut , Louisiana . The filmmakers call themselves `` Court 13 '' and are the first credited at the end of the film . At her audition , Quvenzhané Wallis ( who was five years old , though the casting call had been for girls between six and nine ) impressed the filmmakers with her reading ability , tremendous scream and ability to burp on command , all of which are used in the film . Dwight Henry , who plays Wink , was not looking for an acting job and had no acting experience . As he explained in an interview with the San Diego Reader :", "Before I was cast in the part I owned a bakery called Henry 's Bakery and Deli right across the street from the casting agency where Court 13 had their studio . They used to come over and have lunch or breakfast in the morning . After a few months we kinda developed a relationship . They used to put these fliers in the bakery with a phone number to call if you were interested in appearing in one of their movies .", "During a slow hour , he read for the part , and was chosen . But at the time , Henry was in the middle of moving to a larger building ( which would become the Buttermilk Drop Bakery and Café , in the Tremé neighborhood of New Orleans ) , and the filmmakers had trouble finding him . He explained that he could not leave a new business , but they were determined to have him . Henry concluded , `` I was in Hurricane Katrina in neck - high water . I have an inside understanding for what this movie is about . I brought a passion to the part that an outside actor who had never seen a storm or been in a flood or faced losing everything could n't have. ... I was two - years - old when Hurricane Betsy hit New Orleans and my parents had to put me on the roof of the house . An outsider could n't have brought the passion to the role that I did . ''", "The film has received largely positive critical reviews . According to Metacritic , which assigns aggregate scores from the amount of positive or negative critical reviews of films , Beasts of the Southern Wild has an 86 / 100 based on 44 critic reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Similarly , Rotten Tomatoes reports that the film has received a `` Certified Fresh '' rating of 86 % from 186 reviews ( 160 positive , 26 negative ) with an average score of 8.2 / 10 , with the consensus : `` Beasts of the Southern Wild is a fantastical , emotionally powerful journey and a strong case of filmmaking that values imagination over money . '' The film was designated a 2012 `` Critics ' Pick '' by the reviewers of The New York Times . Author and critic A.O. Scott , writing for The New York Times , calls Beasts a", "`` blast of sheer , improbable joy , a boisterous , thrilling action movie with a protagonist who can hold her own ... Hushpuppy , the 6 - year - old heroine of ' Beasts of the Southern Wild , ' has a smile to charm fish out of the water and a scowl so fierce it can stop monsters in their tracks . The movie , a passionate and unruly explosion of Americana , directed by Benh Zeitlin , winks at skepticism , laughs at sober analysis and stares down criticism . ''", "Scott subsequently named Beasts of the Southern Wild the third - best film of 2012 . Roger Ebert called the film a `` remarkable creation ... Sometimes miraculous films come into being , made by people you 've never heard of , starring unknown faces , blindsiding you with creative genius . `` Beasts of the Southern Wild '' is one of the year 's best films . ''", "Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that Beasts was `` the most divisive film of 2012 , '' opining that `` The filmmaker comes from a perspective of great empathy and considerable skill . But he 's a pile driver as a dramatist . The film 's screw - tightening methods are so overbearing , the story , the characters , the little girl 's plight have to struggle to breathe or develop anything like an inner life . '' Author and activist bell hooks wrote a negative review of the film , saying `` the vibrancy in this film is generated by a crude pornography of violence '' and calling Hushpuppy `` a miniature version of the ' strong black female matriarch , ' racist and sexist representations have depicted from slavery on into the present day . ''", "The performance of newcomer Quvenzhané Wallis has been met with critical acclaim . Amy Biancolli of the San Francisco Chronicle says ,", "`` Regarding Wallis ' performance as Hushpuppy : it is n't one . It 's a fact . Onscreen she simply is , a being as elemental , incontestable and strong as the advancing aurochs . She was 6 when the film was shot , yet the ferociousness of her presence -- the anger and wisdom inside her -- suggest someone older or ageless . ''", "Lou Lumenick of the New York Post says that , upon second viewing ,", "`` the best reason to wade into this ( let 's be honest ) challenging but hugely rewarding film is Quvenzhané Wallis -- a 6 - year - old with no acting experience at the time of filming -- who 's unforgettable as the film 's fierce young protagonist ... It 's the effortlessly charismatic Wallis who deserves a Best Actress Oscar nomination . ''", "Peter Travers of Rolling Stone describes Wallis as `` flat - out amazement . '' He adds that `` there 's no way you wo n't be captivated by Wallis , chosen ahead of 3,500 candidates to play the tiny folk hero who narrates the story . Her performance in this deceptively small film is a towering achievement . ''", "A.O. Scott of The New York Times describes the character of Hushpuppy , `` Played by Quvenzhané Wallis , an untrained sprite who holds the camera 's attention with a charismatic poise that might make grown - up movie stars weep in envy , Hushpuppy is an American original , a rambunctious blend of individualism and fellow feeling . '' Roger Ebert wrote in his positive review for the Chicago Sun - Times , that Hushpuppy is `` played by a force of nature named Quvenzhané Wallis ... She is so uniquely and particularly herself that I wonder if the movie would have been possible without her . '' On January 10 , 2013 , Wallis was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . At 9 years old , she is the youngest ever nominee in that category .", "In an interview with People magazine , President Barack Obama described the film as `` spectacular . '' The film 's acclaim resulted in its Centerpiece screening at the 2012 Traverse City Film Festival . Sight & Sound film magazine listed the film at # 5 on its list of best films of 2012 .", "The film won the Caméra d'Or award at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival after competing in the Un Certain Regard section . It also won the Grand Jury Prize : Dramatic at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival , where it premiered , and the Grand Jury Prize at the 2012 Deauville American Film Festival . The film went on to earn the Los Angeles Film Festival 's Audience Award for Best Narrative Feature and the Seattle International Film Festival 's Golden Space Needle Award for Best Director . In October , it was announced that the film had won the Sutherland Trophy for Most Innovative Debut . On January 10 , 2013 , the film was nominated for four Oscars , in the categories of Best Picture , Best Director ( Benh Zeitlin ) , Best Actress ( Quvenzhané Wallis ) , and Adapted Screenplay ( Lucy Alibar & Benh Zeitlin ) . The script won the 2012 Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation from the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America ." ]
Beasts of the Southern Wild - wikipedia Beasts of the Southern Wild Jump to: navigation , search For the unrelated 1973 short story by Doris Betts, see Beasts of the Southern Wild and Other Stories . Beasts of the Southern Wild Theatrical release poster Directed by Benh Zeitlin Produced by Dan Janvey Josh Penn Michael Gottwald Screenplay by Lucy Alibar Benh Zeitlin Based on Juicy and Delicious by Lucy Alibar Starring Quvenzhané Wallis Dwight Henry Narrated by Quvenzhané Wallis Music by Dan Romer Benh Zeitlin Cinematography Ben Richardson Edited by Crockett Doob Affonso Gonçalves Production company Cinereach Court 13 Journeyman Pictures Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures Release date January 20, 2012 ( 2012-01-20 ) ( Sundance ) June 27, 2012 ( 2012-06-27 ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1.8 million Box office $21.9 million Beasts of the Southern Wild is a 2012 American drama film co-written, co-scored and directed by Benh Zeitlin . It was adapted by Zeitlin and Lucy Alibar from Alibar's one-act play Juicy and Delicious. After playing at film festivals , it was released on June 27, 2012, in New York and Los Angeles, and later distribution was expanded. The film was nominated for four Academy Awards at the 85th Academy Awards , in the categories Best Picture , Best Director ( Benh Zeitlin ), Best Adapted Screenplay (Lucy Alibar, Benh Zeitlin), and Best Actress ( Quvenzhané Wallis ). At age 9, Wallis became the youngest Best Actress nominee in history. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Setting and location 4 Production 5 Reception 6 Accolades 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Plot ( edit ) As a storm approaches a southern Louisiana bayou community called the `` Bathtub'' (a community cut off from the rest of the world by a levee ), six-year-old Hushpuppy and her ailing, hot-tempered father Wink are optimistic about their life and their future. The children in school are being taught by Miss Bathsheba about nature and the release of prehistoric aurochs from the melting ice caps. At home, Hushpuppy fends for herself while her father is missing. When he returns, he is wearing a hospital gown and bracelet. They argue, and when Hushpuppy returns to her house, she deliberately sets it on fire. A chase ensues between the two, and she ends up getting slapped by Wink. When she retaliates by punching him in the chest, Wink collapses. Hushpuppy, realizing the damage she has caused, runs for help only to find her father missing when she returns. Meanwhile, in the Arctic , the frozen aurochs in an ice shelf start drifting into the ocean. Many of the Bathtub residents flee an approaching storm. Wink reappears, staggering along the side of the road; he finds Hushpuppy and takes her home to start barricading before the storm hits. In an effort to make his daughter feel better, Wink attempts to scare off the storm by firing a rifle at the clouds. The next day, the two tour the devastation and connect with surviving residents. The Bathtub residents celebrate the end of the storm and make plans to rebuild their community, but the environment is damaged because the salt water surge from the storm has contaminated the fresh water supply. Wink hatches a plan to drain the water away by destroying the levee . He and a small group of friends plant dynamite and blow a hole in the wall using an alligator gar , and the water recedes. Authorities arrive and enforce a mandatory evacuation order, removing the residents of the Bathtub to an emergency shelter. Wink receives surgery, but it is too late to restore his health. At the first opportunity, the evacuees escape back to their homes. Aware of her father's condition, Hushpuppy searches for her absent mother. She and her friends swim to a boat, which takes them to a floating bar known as the Elysian Fields . Hushpuppy meets a cook who may be her mother, though the woman doesn't recognize her. The cook says that the girl can stay with her if she wants, but Hushpuppy says she needs to go home. Hushpuppy and her friends return home where she confronts the aurochs. As the aurochs leave, Hushpuppy returns home. She says her last goodbyes to the dying Wink, listening to his last heartbeat. She sets his funeral pyre ablaze, standing together with the remaining residents of the Bathtub. Cast ( edit ) Quvenzhané Wallis as Hushpuppy Dwight Henry as Wink Levy Easterly as Jean Battiste Philip Lawrence as Dr. Maloney Gina Montana as Miss Bathsheba Lowell Landes as Walrus Jonshel Alexander as Joy Strong Marilyn Barbarin as Cabaret singer Kaliana Brower as T-Lou Nicholas Clark as Sticks Henry D. Coleman as Peter T Setting and location ( edit ) The film's fictional setting, `` Isle de Charles Doucet'' , known to its residents as the Bathtub, was inspired by several isolated and independent fishing communities threatened by erosion, hurricanes and rising sea levels in Louisiana's Terrebonne Parish , most notably the rapidly eroding Isle de Jean Charles . It was filmed in Terrebonne Parish town Montegut . Production ( edit ) The film was shot on 16mm film, and director Benh Zeitlin created the production with a small professional crew and dozens of local residents in and around Montegut, Louisiana . The filmmakers call themselves `` Court 13'' and are the first credited at the end of the film. At her audition, Quvenzhané Wallis (who was five years old, though the casting call had been for girls between six and nine) impressed the filmmakers with her reading ability, tremendous scream and ability to burp on command, all of which are used in the film. Dwight Henry , who plays Wink, was not looking for an acting job and had no acting experience. As he explained in an interview with the San Diego Reader : Before I was cast in the part I owned a bakery called Henry's Bakery and Deli right across the street from the casting agency where Court 13 had their studio. They used to come over and have lunch or breakfast in the morning. After a few months we kinda developed a relationship. They used to put these fliers in the bakery with a phone number to call if you were interested in appearing in one of their movies. During a slow hour, he read for the part, and was chosen. But at the time, Henry was in the middle of moving to a larger building (which would become the Buttermilk Drop Bakery and Café , in the Tremé neighborhood of New Orleans ), and the filmmakers had trouble finding him. He explained that he could not leave a new business, but they were determined to have him. Henry concluded, `` I was in Hurricane Katrina in neck-high water. I have an inside understanding for what this movie is about. I brought a passion to the part that an outside actor who had never seen a storm or been in a flood or faced losing everything couldn't have. ... I was two-years-old when Hurricane Betsy hit New Orleans and my parents had to put me on the roof of the house. An outsider couldn't have brought the passion to the role that I did.'' Reception ( edit ) The film has received largely positive critical reviews. According to Metacritic , which assigns aggregate scores from the amount of positive or negative critical reviews of films, Beasts of the Southern Wild has an 86/100 based on 44 critic reviews, indicating `` universal acclaim'' . Similarly, Rotten Tomatoes reports that the film has received a `` Certified Fresh'' rating of 86% from 186 reviews (160 positive, 26 negative) with an average score of 8.2/10, with the consensus: `` Beasts of the Southern Wild is a fantastical, emotionally powerful journey and a strong case of filmmaking that values imagination over money.'' The film was designated a 2012 `` Critics' Pick'' by the reviewers of The New York Times . Author and critic A.O. Scott , writing for The New York Times , calls Beasts a `` blast of sheer, improbable joy, a boisterous, thrilling action movie with a protagonist who can hold her own... Hushpuppy, the 6-year-old heroine of ' Beasts of the Southern Wild,' has a smile to charm fish out of the water and a scowl so fierce it can stop monsters in their tracks. The movie, a passionate and unruly explosion of Americana , directed by Benh Zeitlin, winks at skepticism, laughs at sober analysis and stares down criticism.'' Scott subsequently named Beasts of the Southern Wild the third-best film of 2012. Roger Ebert called the film a `` remarkable creation... Sometimes miraculous films come into being, made by people you've never heard of, starring unknown faces, blindsiding you with creative genius. `` Beasts of the Southern Wild'' is one of the year's best films.'' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that Beasts was `` the most divisive film of 2012,'' opining that `` The filmmaker comes from a perspective of great empathy and considerable skill. But he's a pile driver as a dramatist. The film's screw-tightening methods are so overbearing, the story, the characters, the little girl's plight have to struggle to breathe or develop anything like an inner life.'' Author and activist bell hooks wrote a negative review of the film, saying `` the vibrancy in this film is generated by a crude pornography of violence'' and calling Hushpuppy `` a miniature version of the ' strong black female matriarch,' racist and sexist representations have depicted from slavery on into the present day.'' The performance of newcomer Quvenzhané Wallis has been met with critical acclaim. Amy Biancolli of the San Francisco Chronicle says, `` Regarding Wallis' performance as Hushpuppy: it isn't one. It's a fact. Onscreen she simply is, a being as elemental, incontestable and strong as the advancing aurochs. She was 6 when the film was shot, yet the ferociousness of her presence -- the anger and wisdom inside her -- suggest someone older or ageless.'' Lou Lumenick of the New York Post says that, upon second viewing, `` the best reason to wade into this (let's be honest) challenging but hugely rewarding film is Quvenzhané Wallis -- a 6-year-old with no acting experience at the time of filming -- who's unforgettable as the film's fierce young protagonist... It's the effortlessly charismatic Wallis who deserves a Best Actress Oscar nomination.'' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone describes Wallis as `` flat-out amazement.'' He adds that `` there's no way you won't be captivated by Wallis, chosen ahead of 3,500 candidates to play the tiny folk hero who narrates the story. Her performance in this deceptively small film is a towering achievement.'' A.O. Scott of The New York Times describes the character of Hushpuppy, `` Played by Quvenzhané Wallis, an untrained sprite who holds the camera's attention with a charismatic poise that might make grown-up movie stars weep in envy, Hushpuppy is an American original, a rambunctious blend of individualism and fellow feeling.'' Roger Ebert wrote in his positive review for the Chicago Sun-Times , that Hushpuppy is `` played by a force of nature named Quvenzhané Wallis... She is so uniquely and particularly herself that I wonder if the movie would have been possible without her.'' On January 10, 2013, Wallis was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . At 9 years old, she is the youngest ever nominee in that category. In an interview with People magazine, President Barack Obama described the film as `` spectacular.'' The film's acclaim resulted in its Centerpiece screening at the 2012 Traverse City Film Festival . Sight & Sound film magazine listed the film at #5 on its list of best films of 2012. Accolades ( edit ) Main article: List of accolades received by Beasts of the Southern Wild The film won the Caméra d'Or award at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival after competing in the Un Certain Regard section. It also won the Grand Jury Prize: Dramatic at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival , where it premiered, and the Grand Jury Prize at the 2012 Deauville American Film Festival . The film went on to earn the Los Angeles Film Festival 's Audience Award for Best Narrative Feature and the Seattle International Film Festival 's Golden Space Needle Award for Best Director. In October, it was announced that the film had won the Sutherland Trophy for Most Innovative Debut. On January 10, 2013, the film was nominated for four Oscars, in the categories of Best Picture, Best Director (Benh Zeitlin), Best Actress (Quvenzhané Wallis), and Adapted Screenplay (Lucy Alibar & Benh Zeitlin). The script won the 2012 Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation from the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Beasts of the Southern Wild (12A)'' . British Board of Film Classification . August 14, 2012 . Retrieved December 11, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012)'' . The Numbers . Retrieved November 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Youngest v oldest actress vie for Oscar as Lincoln leads the pack'' . The Times . Retrieved January 10, 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker, Tim (January 10, 2013). `` Quvenzhané Wallis v Emmanuelle Riva: Best actress Oscar contested by oldest and youngest ever nominees'' . The Independent . London . Retrieved January 10, 2013 . Jump up ^ Rachel Arons, `` A Mythical Bayou's All-Too-Real Peril: The Making of ' Beasts of the Southern Wild'' , New York Times June 8, 2012 Jump up ^ Lapin, Andrew (June 27, 2012). `` The Real Bathtub: Back To The Bayou With ' Beasts Of The Southern Wild ' '' . IndieWire . Jump up ^ Wells, Veronica (July 24, 2012). `` Black Girl Going Places: Quvenzhané Wallis'' . Madame Noire . Jump up ^ Rivas, Jorge (July 5, 2012). `` 8-year-old tells off Leno'' . Colorlines/Salon Media Group, Inc . Retrieved August 4, 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (June 22, 2012). `` Quvenzhané . A small force of nature.'' . Chicago Sun-Times . Archived from the original on August 16, 2012 . Retrieved August 3, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Marks, Scott. `` Interview: Quvenzhané Wallis and Dwight Henry, Stars of Beasts of the Southern Wild'' . San Diego Reader . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Buttermilk Drop Bakery and Cafe'' . Archived from the original on August 28, 2012 . Retrieved August 13, 2012 . Jump up ^ Persall, Steve (August 1, 2012). `` New Orleans baker Dwight Henry sizzles in ' Beasts of Southern Wild' role'' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 4, 2012 . Jump up ^ Beasts of the Southern Wild at Metacritic Jump up ^ `` Beasts of the Southern Wild -- Rotten Tomatoes'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 15, 2012 . Jump up ^ She's the Man of This Swamp, Review: ' Beasts of the Southern Wild' Directed by Benh Zeitlin , The New York Times. NYT Critics' Pick. By A.O. Scott. 27 June 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012. Jump up ^ Scott, A.O. (December 14, 2012). `` 25 Favorites From A Year When 10 Aren't Enough'' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 14, 2012 . Jump up ^ BEASTS OF THE SOUTHERN WILD , Roger Ebert. Chicago Sun-Times. July 4, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2012. Jump up ^ Manipulative music, plot devices keep ' Beasts of the Southern Wild' from greatness , Michael Phillips. Chicago Tribune. July 5, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2012. Jump up ^ `` NewBlackMan (in Exile): bell hooks: `` No Love in the Wild '' `` . newblackman.blogspot.com . Retrieved November 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ Biancolli, Amy (July 5, 2012). `` 2012 -- ' Beasts of the Southern Wild' review: Wet and wild'' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 29, 2013 . Jump up ^ Lumenick, Lou. `` 2012 -- One of the year's ' Beast' '' . The New York Post . Retrieved January 29, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 -- Beasts of the Southern Wild'' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 29, 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott, A.O. (June 26, 2012). `` 2012 -- She's the Man of this Swamp'' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 29, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 -- Beasts of the Southern Wild'' . Chicago Sun-Times . July 4, 2012 . Retrieved January 29, 2013 . Jump up ^ Boardman, Madeline (January 10, 2013). `` 2012 -- Quvenzhané Wallis & Oscars: 9-Year-Old Is Youngest Best Actress Nominee Ever'' . Huffington Post . Retrieved January 29, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 -- The White House Interview'' . People Magazine . Retrieved December 31, 2012 . Jump up ^ Beasts of the Southern Wild , Reel Life with Jane. Online News Magazine. By Zack Mandell. June 30, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Paul Thomas Anderson's ' The Master' Tops Sight & Sound's Best Of 2012'' . indiewire.com. December 1, 2012 . Retrieved December 1, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Awards'' . Cannes . Retrieved May 27, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Official Selection'' . Cannes . Retrieved April 22, 2012 . Jump up ^ Shoard, Catherine (April 19, 2012). `` Cannes 2012: Haneke v Audiard, but no shows from Malick or PT Anderson'' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved April 22, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Sundance Film Festival Announces Awards'' . sundance.org . January 28, 2012 . Retrieved June 26, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for Beasts of the Southern Wild'' . Retrieved August 4, 2012 . Jump up ^ British Film Institute. `` BFI London Film Festival announces 2012 award winners British Film Institute'' . Bfi.org.uk . Retrieved December 18, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar nominations 2013'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 85th Academy Awards nominees'' . Oscars . Retrieved January 10, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Nebula Award Winners ,'' Locus Magazine, May 18, 2013. Further reading ( edit ) Barnsley, Veronica, `` The Postcolonial Child in Benh Zeitlin's ' Beasts of the Southern Wild' '' , The Journal of Commonwealth Literature , June 2016 51: 240-255, doi:10.1177/0021989415626206 Yaeger, Patricia, `` Beasts of the Southern Wild and Dirty Ecology ,'' Southern Spaces , February 13, 2013. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: Beasts of the Southern Wild Official website Beasts of the Southern Wild on IMDb Beasts of the Southern Wild at AllMovie Beasts of the Southern Wild at Box Office Mojo Beasts of the Southern Wild at Rotten Tomatoes Beasts of the Southern Wild at Metacritic Nebula Award for Best Script / Ray Bradbury Award Nebula Award for Best Script Soylent Green -- Stanley R. 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Hewitt (2006) Pan's Labyrinth -- Guillermo del Toro (2007) WALL-E -- Andrew Stanton , Jim Reardon , and Pete Docter (2008) Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation Terminator 2: Judgment Day -- James Cameron (1992) Babylon 5 -- J. Michael Straczynski (1999) 2000X -- Tales of the Next Millennia -- Yuri Rasovsky and Harlan Ellison (2001) Joss Whedon (2008) District 9 -- Neill Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell (2009) Inception -- Christopher Nolan (2010) Doctor Who : `` The Doctor's Wife '' -- Richard Clark and Neil Gaiman (2011) Beasts of the Southern Wild -- Benh Zeitlin , Lucy Alibar (2012) Gravity -- Alfonso Cuarón and Jonás Cuarón (2013) Guardians of the Galaxy -- James Gunn and Nicole Perlman (2014) Mad Max: Fury Road -- George Miller , Brendan McCarthy , and Nico Lathouris (2015) Arrival -- Eric Heisserer (2016) Caméra d'Or winning films Alambrista! (1978) Northern Lights (1979) Adrien's Story (1980) Desperado City (1981) Half a Life (1982) The Princess (1983) Stranger Than Paradise (1984) Oriana (1985) Noir et Blanc (1986) Robinsonada or My English Grandfather (1987) Salaam Bombay! (1988) My 20th Century (1989) Freeze Die Come to Life (1990) Toto the Hero (1991) Mac (1992) The Scent of Green Papaya (1993) Coming to Terms with the Dead (1994) The White Balloon (1995) Love Serenade (1996) Suzaku (1997) Slam (1998) Marana Simhasanam (1999) Djomeh (2000) A Time for Drunken Horses (2000) Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner (2001) Seaside (2002) Reconstruction (2003) Or (My Treasure) (2004) Me and You and Everyone We Know (2005) The Forsaken Land (2005) 12:08 East of Bucharest (2006) Jellyfish (2007) Hunger (2008) Samson and Delilah (2009) Año bisiesto (2010) Las Acacias (2011) Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012) Ilo Ilo (2013) Party Girl (2014) Land and Shade (2015) Divines (2016) Montparnasse Bienvenue (2017) Sutherland Trophy winning films Tokyo Story (1958) The World of Apu (1959) L'Avventura (1960) Il Posto (1961) Paris Belongs to Us (1962) Muriel (1963) Hamlet (1964) Pierrot le Fou (1965) The Man Who Had His Hair Cut Short (1966) Samurai Rebellion (1967) The Chronicle of Anna Magdalena Bach (1968) L'Amour fou (1969) The Conformist (1970) Four Nights of a Dreamer (1971) The Hour of the Furnaces (1972) Pirosmani (1973) Martha (1974) The Travelling Players (1975) In the Realm of the Senses (1976) Hitler: A Film from Germany (1977) The Scenic Route (1978) The Herd (1979) The Falls (1980) Two Stage Sisters (1980) No Mercy, No Future (1981) Elippathayam (1982) Sans Soleil (1983) This Is My Country (1984) Yellow Earth (1985) Comrades (film) (1986) Terrorizers (1987) Yeelen (1987) Pathfinder (1989) The Fabulous Baker Boys (1990) On the Wire (1991) Proof (1992) Vacas (1993) The Scent of Green Papaya (1994) The Silences of the Palace (1995) Bob's Weekend (1996) The Life of Jesus (1997) The Apple (1998) Ratcatcher (1999) You Can Count On Me (2000) The Warrior (2001) Carnage (2002) Osama (2003) Tarnation (2004) For the Living and the Dead (2005) Red Road (2006) Persepolis (2007) Tulpan (2008) Ajami (2009) The Arbor (2010) Las Acacias (2011) Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012) Ilo Ilo (2013) The Tribe (2014) The Witch (2015) Raw (2016) Black Reel Award for Outstanding Film 2000-2009 The Hurricane (2000) Love & Basketball (2001) Training Day (2002) Antwone Fisher (2003) Out of Time (2004) Ray (2005, drama) Lightning in a Bottle (2005, comedy/musical) Crash (2006) Dreamgirls (2007) Cadillac Records (2008) no awards in 2009 2010-present Precious (2010) Night Catches Us (2011) The Help (2012) Beasts of the Southern Wild (2013) 12 Years a Slave (2014) Selma (2015) Creed (2016) Moonlight (2017) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beasts_of_the_Southern_Wild&oldid=804733917 '' Categories : 2012 films English-language films 2010s drama films 2010s fantasy films American films American drama films American fantasy films Directorial debut films African-American films Animals in media Films based on plays Films set in New Orleans Films shot in Louisiana Films shot in New Orleans American independent films Sundance Film Festival award winners Magic realism films Films about children Films set in Louisiana Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from September 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017, at 20:29. 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what kind of transformation was taking place among african-americans during the summer of love
During the summer of 2017 , San Francisco celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Summer of Love by holding numerous events and art exhibitions . In Liverpool , the city has staged a 50 Summers of Love festival based on the 50th anniversary of the June 1 , 1967 release of the album Sgt Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , by The Beatles .
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[ "Summer of Love Spencer Dryden , Marty Balin , and Paul Kantner of Jefferson Airplane performing at the Fantasy Fair , early June 1967 Date 1967 Location Haight - Ashbury , San Francisco Participants Possibly 100,000 people", "Spencer Dryden , Marty Balin , and Paul Kantner of Jefferson Airplane performing at the Fantasy Fair , early June 1967", "Date 1967", "Location Haight - Ashbury , San Francisco", "Participants Possibly 100,000 people", "The Summer of Love was a social phenomenon that occurred during the summer of 1967 , when as many as 100,000 people , mostly young people sporting hippie fashions of dress and behavior , converged in San Francisco 's neighborhood of Haight - Ashbury . Although hippies also gathered in many other places in the U.S. , Canada and Europe , San Francisco was at that time the most publicized location for hippie subculture .", "Hippies , sometimes called flower children , were an eclectic group . Many were suspicious of the government , rejected consumerist values , and generally opposed the Vietnam War . A few were interested in politics ; others were concerned more with art ( music , painting , poetry in particular ) or spiritual and meditative practices .", "Inspired by the Beat Generation of authors of the 1950s , who had flourished in the North Beach area of San Francisco , those who gathered in Haight - Ashbury during 1967 allegedly rejected the conformist and materialist values of modern life ; there was an emphasis on sharing and community . The Diggers established a Free Store , and a Free Clinic where medical treatment was provided .", "The prelude to the Summer of Love was a celebration known as the Human Be-In at Golden Gate Park on January 14 , 1967 , which was produced and organized by artist Michael Bowen .", "James Rado and Gerome Ragni were in attendance , allegedly helping to inspire their musical drama Hair . Rado recalled , `` There was so much excitement in the streets and the parks and the hippie areas , and we thought ` If we could transmit this excitement to the stage it would be wonderful ... ' We hung out with them and went to their Be-Ins ( and ) let our hair grow . It was very important historically , and if we had n't written it , there 'd not be any examples . You could read about it and see film clips , but you 'd never experience it . We thought , ' This is happening in the streets , ' and we wanted to bring it to the stage . ' ''", "Also at this event , Timothy Leary voiced his phrase , `` turn on , tune in , drop out '' . This phrase became the chisel for shaping the entire hippie counterculture , as it voiced the key ideas of 1960 's rebellion . These ideas included communal living , political decentralization , and dropping out . The term `` dropping out '' became popular among many high school and college students , who would often abandon their education for a summer of sex , drugs and rock n ' roll .", "The event was announced by the Haight - Ashbury 's hippie newspaper , the San Francisco Oracle :", "A new concept of celebrations beneath the human underground must emerge , become conscious , and be shared , so a revolution can be formed with a renaissance of compassion , awareness , and love , and the revelation of unity for all mankind .", "The gathering of approximately 30,000 at the Human Be-In helped publicize hippie fashions .", "The term `` Summer of Love '' originated with the formation of the Council for the Summer of Love during the spring of 1967 as a response to the convergence of young people on the Haight - Ashbury district . The Council was composed of The Family Dog , The Straight Theatre , The Diggers , The San Francisco Oracle , and approximately twenty - five other people , who sought to alleviate some of the problems anticipated from the influx of people expected during the summer . The Council also assisted the Free Clinic and organized housing , food , sanitation , music and arts , along with maintaining coordination with local churches and other social groups .", "The increasing numbers of youth traveling to the Haight - Ashbury district alarmed the San Francisco authorities , whose public warning was that they would keep hippies away . Adam Kneeman , a long - time resident of the Haight - Ashbury , recalls that the police did little to help the hordes of newcomers , much of which was done by residents of the area .", "College and high - school students began streaming into the Haight during the spring break of 1967 and the local government officials , determined to stop the influx of young people once schools ended for the summer , unwittingly brought additional attention to the scene , and a series of articles in local papers alerted the national media to the hippies ' growing numbers . By spring , some Haight - Ashbury residents responded by forming the Council of the Summer of Love , giving the event a name .", "The media 's coverage of hippie life in the Haight - Ashbury drew the attention of youth from all over America . Hunter S. Thompson termed the district `` Hashbury '' in The New York Times Magazine , and the activities in the area were reported almost daily .", "The event was also reported by the counterculture 's own media , particularly the San Francisco Oracle , the pass - around readership of which is thought to have exceeded a half - million people that summer , and the Berkeley Barb .", "The media 's reportage of the `` counterculture '' included other events in California , such as the Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival in Marin County and the Monterey Pop Festival , both during June 1967 . At Monterey , approximately 30,000 people gathered for the first day of the music festival , with the number increasing to 60,000 on the final day . Additionally , media coverage of the Monterey Pop Festival facilitated the Summer of Love as large numbers of hippies traveled to California to hear favorite bands such as The Who , Grateful Dead , the Animals , Jefferson Airplane , Quicksilver Messenger Service , The Jimi Hendrix Experience , Otis Redding , The Byrds , and Big Brother and the Holding Company featuring Janis Joplin .", "Musician John Phillips of the band The Mamas & the Papas wrote the song `` San Francisco ( Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair ) '' for his friend Scott McKenzie . It served to promote both the Monterey Pop Festival that Phillips was helping to organize , and to popularize the flower children of San Francisco . Released on May 13 , 1967 , the song was an instant success . By the week ending July 1 , 1967 , it scored number four on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States , where it remained for four consecutive weeks . Meanwhile , the song scored number one in the United Kingdom and much of Europe . The single is purported to have sold more than 7 million copies worldwide .", "Part of a series on Love Types of love ( show ) Affection Bonding Broken heart Compassionate love Conjugal love Courtly love courtship troubadours Falling in love Free love Friendship romantic Interpersonal relationship Intimacy Limerence Love addiction Love at first sight Love triangle Lovesickness Lovestruck Obsessive love Passion Platonic love Puppy love Relationship Romance Self - love Amour de soi Unconditional love Unrequited love Cultural views ( show ) Chinese Ren Greek words for love Agape Eros Philia Storge Xenia Indian Kama Bhakti Mettā Islamic Ishq Jewish Chesed Latin Amore Charity Related subjects ( show ) Biological basis Love letter Valentine 's Day Philosophy Religious views", "Part of a series on", "Love", "Types of love ( show ) Affection Bonding Broken heart Compassionate love Conjugal love Courtly love courtship troubadours Falling in love Free love Friendship romantic Interpersonal relationship Intimacy Limerence Love addiction Love at first sight Love triangle Lovesickness Lovestruck Obsessive love Passion Platonic love Puppy love Relationship Romance Self - love Amour de soi Unconditional love Unrequited love", "Affection Bonding Broken heart Compassionate love Conjugal love Courtly love courtship troubadours Falling in love Free love Friendship romantic Interpersonal relationship Intimacy Limerence Love addiction Love at first sight Love triangle Lovesickness Lovestruck Obsessive love Passion Platonic love Puppy love Relationship Romance Self - love Amour de soi Unconditional love Unrequited love", "Courtly love courtship troubadours", "courtship troubadours", "Falling in love", "Friendship romantic", "romantic", "Love at first sight", "Self - love Amour de soi", "Amour de soi", "Amour de soi", "Cultural views ( show ) Chinese Ren Greek words for love Agape Eros Philia Storge Xenia Indian Kama Bhakti Mettā Islamic Ishq Jewish Chesed Latin Amore Charity", "Chinese Ren Greek words for love Agape Eros Philia Storge Xenia Indian Kama Bhakti Mettā Islamic Ishq Jewish Chesed Latin Amore Charity", "Chinese Ren", "Ren", "Greek words for love Agape Eros Philia Storge Xenia", "words for love Agape Eros Philia Storge Xenia", "words for love", "Indian Kama Bhakti Mettā", "Kama Bhakti Mettā", "Islamic Ishq", "Ishq", "Jewish Chesed", "Chesed", "Latin Amore Charity", "Amore Charity", "Related subjects ( show ) Biological basis Love letter Valentine 's Day Philosophy Religious views", "Biological basis Love letter Valentine 's Day Philosophy Religious views", "Valentine 's Day", "", "", "In Manhattan , near the Greenwich Village neighborhood , during a concert in Tompkins Square Park on Memorial Day of 1967 , some police officers asked for the music 's volume to be reduced . In response , some people in the crowd threw various objects , and 38 arrests ensued . A debate about the `` threat of the hippie '' ensued between Mayor John Lindsay and Police Commissioner Howard Leary . After this event , Allan Katzman , the editor of the East Village Other , predicted that 50,000 hippies would enter the area for the summer .", "Double that amount , as many as 100,000 young people from around the world , flocked to San Francisco 's Haight - Ashbury district , as well as to nearby Berkeley and to other San Francisco Bay Area cities , to join in a popularized version of the hippieism . A Free Clinic was established for free medical treatment , and a Free Store gave away basic necessities without charge to anyone who needed them .", "The Summer of Love attracted a wide range of people of various ages : teenagers and college students drawn by their peers and the allure of joining an alleged cultural utopia ; middle - class vacationers ; and even partying military personnel from bases within driving distance . The Haight - Ashbury could not accommodate this influx of people , and the neighborhood scene quickly deteriorated , with overcrowding , homelessness , hunger , drug problems , and crime afflicting the neighborhood .", "In England , gatherings with a theme similar to that of the Summer of Love occurred in various places in London . The UFO Club in Tottenham Court Road , open from December 1966 to October 1967 , was a gathering place where psychedelic musical groups such as Pink Floyd and the Soft Machine played , accompanied by light shows . Pink Floyd performed their ' Games For May ' concert in May . The 14 Hour Technicolour Dream in the Alexandra Palace on April 29 was another major event , where amongst others , Pink Floyd , The Crazy World of Arthur Brown , Soft Machine , The Move , Tomorrow , and The Pretty Things played .", "On 29 May in Spalding , Lincolnshire , the UKs first Rock festival was held , Barbeque 67 .", "A Legalise Pot Rally was held at Speakers ' Corner on 16 July , led by activist Stephen Abrams , featuring Allen Ginsberg and assorted London policemen .", "It was soundtracked by songs such as `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' by Procol Harum , `` Itchycoo Park '' by the Small Faces , `` All You Need Is Love '' by the Beatles and `` Hole In My Shoe '' by Traffic . The Beatles were a major influence , particularly by releasing Sgt Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band on June 1 . Much of the music was broadcast by certain radio stations , particularly Radio Caroline and Radio London , which introduced the DJ John Peel and his Perfumed Garden show .", "The events were recorded and promoted by the newspaper International Times , also known as IT , and the magazine Oz .", "Notable graphic artists included Hapshash and the Coloured Coat ( who were Nigel Weymouth and Michael English ) , The Fool ( a Dutch group , endorsed by the Beatles ) , and Martin Sharp .", "Many of the fashion shops , known as boutiques , such as Granny Takes A Trip , Hung On You and Dandie Fashions were on or near the Kings Road . These were where psychedelic clothing , such as kaftans , Victoriana , mini skirts and everything floral could be found .", "Major promoters included John ' Hoppy ' Hopkins , who helped establish the International Times , a hippie newspaper . He established the London Free School and the UFO psychedelic club and promoted the 14 Hour Technicolor Dream with Barry Miles , a writer who established the Indica Gallery and Bookshop . Paul McCartney was particularly vocal in his endorsement of the new fashions .", "The establishment was mystified by and frightened of the new fashions , which were ridiculed by the tabloid press . Some notable arrests included Mick Jagger , Keith Richards , Robert Fraser and John ' Hoppy ' Hopkins . The Times published an editorial headlined ' Who Breaks A Butterfly On A Wheel ? ' denouncing the arrest of Mick Jagger and Keith Richards .", "Part of a series on Psychedelia Arts ( show ) Psychedelic art Algorithmic art Cyberdelic Diffraction Fractal art Liquid light show LSD art Paisley Phosphene Psychedelic music Acid house Acid jazz Acid rock Acid techno Acid trance Chillwave Hypnagogic pop Neo-psychedelia Peyote song Psychedelic folk Psychedelic pop Psychedelic rock Psychedelic soul Psychedelic trance Space rock Stoner rock Trip hop Psychedelic film Acid Western Stoner film Psychedelic literature Culture ( show ) Counterculture Entheogen Smart shop Trip sitter Psychedelic microdosing Drugs ( show ) 25I - NBOMe 2C - B Ayahuasca Cannabis DMT Ibogaine Ketamine LSD Mescaline Peyote Psilocybin mushrooms Salvinorin A / Salvia San Pedro cactus List of psychedelic drugs List of psilocybin mushrooms Psychoactive cactus Experience ( show ) Bad trip Ecology Ego death Serotonergic psychedelic Therapy History ( hide ) Acid Tests Albert Hofmann History of lysergic acid diethylamide Owsley Stanley Psychedelic era Summer of Love Timothy Leary William Leonard Pickard Law ( show ) Drug policy of the Netherlands Drug liberalization Legality of cannabis Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms Legal status of Salvia divinorum Related topics ( show ) Addiction Cannabis MDMA Philosophy of psychedelics Psychonautics Prohibition of drugs Rave Recreational drug use Surrealism Pharmacy and Pharmacology portal", "Part of a series on", "Psychedelia", "Arts ( show ) Psychedelic art Algorithmic art Cyberdelic Diffraction Fractal art Liquid light show LSD art Paisley Phosphene Psychedelic music Acid house Acid jazz Acid rock Acid techno Acid trance Chillwave Hypnagogic pop Neo-psychedelia Peyote song Psychedelic folk Psychedelic pop Psychedelic rock Psychedelic soul Psychedelic trance Space rock Stoner rock Trip hop Psychedelic film Acid Western Stoner film Psychedelic literature", "Psychedelic art", "Algorithmic art Cyberdelic Diffraction Fractal art Liquid light show LSD art Paisley Phosphene", "Liquid light show", "Psychedelic music", "Acid house Acid jazz Acid rock Acid techno Acid trance Chillwave Hypnagogic pop Neo-psychedelia Peyote song Psychedelic folk Psychedelic pop Psychedelic rock Psychedelic soul Psychedelic trance Space rock Stoner rock Trip hop", "Acid Western Stoner film", "Psychedelic literature", "Culture ( show ) Counterculture Entheogen Smart shop Trip sitter Psychedelic microdosing", "Counterculture Entheogen Smart shop Trip sitter Psychedelic microdosing", "Drugs ( show ) 25I - NBOMe 2C - B Ayahuasca Cannabis DMT Ibogaine Ketamine LSD Mescaline Peyote Psilocybin mushrooms Salvinorin A / Salvia San Pedro cactus List of psychedelic drugs List of psilocybin mushrooms Psychoactive cactus", "25I - NBOMe 2C - B Ayahuasca Cannabis DMT Ibogaine Ketamine LSD Mescaline Peyote Psilocybin mushrooms Salvinorin A / Salvia San Pedro cactus", "25I - NBOMe", "2C - B", "Salvinorin A / Salvia", "San Pedro cactus", "List of psychedelic drugs List of psilocybin mushrooms Psychoactive cactus", "List of psychedelic drugs", "List of psilocybin mushrooms", "Experience ( show ) Bad trip Ecology Ego death Serotonergic psychedelic Therapy", "Bad trip Ecology Ego death Serotonergic psychedelic Therapy", "History ( hide ) Acid Tests Albert Hofmann History of lysergic acid diethylamide Owsley Stanley Psychedelic era Summer of Love Timothy Leary William Leonard Pickard", "Acid Tests Albert Hofmann History of lysergic acid diethylamide Owsley Stanley Psychedelic era Summer of Love Timothy Leary William Leonard Pickard", "History of lysergic acid diethylamide", "Summer of Love", "William Leonard Pickard", "Law ( show ) Drug policy of the Netherlands Drug liberalization Legality of cannabis Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms Legal status of Salvia divinorum", "Drug policy of the Netherlands Drug liberalization Legality of cannabis Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms Legal status of Salvia divinorum", "Drug policy of the Netherlands", "Legality of cannabis", "Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms", "Legal status of Salvia divinorum", "Related topics ( show ) Addiction Cannabis MDMA Philosophy of psychedelics Psychonautics Prohibition of drugs Rave Recreational drug use Surrealism", "Addiction Cannabis MDMA Philosophy of psychedelics Psychonautics Prohibition of drugs Rave Recreational drug use Surrealism", "Philosophy of psychedelics", "Prohibition of drugs", "Recreational drug use", "Pharmacy and Pharmacology portal", "Pharmacy and Pharmacology portal", "Pharmacy and Pharmacology portal", "", "", "Psychedelic drug use became common . Grateful Dead guitarist Bob Weir commented :", "Haight Ashbury was a ghetto of bohemians who wanted to do anything -- and we did but I do n't think it has happened since . Yes there was LSD . But Haight Ashbury was not about drugs . It was about exploration , finding new ways of expression , being aware of one 's existence .", "After losing his untenured position as an instructor on the Psychology Faculty at Harvard University , Timothy Leary became a major advocate for the recreational use of psychedelic drugs . After taking psilocybin , a drug extracted from certain mushrooms that causes effects similar to those of LSD , Leary endorsed the use of all psychedelics for personal development . He often invited friends as well as an occasional graduate student to consume such drugs along with him and colleague Richard Alpert .", "On the West Coast , author Ken Kesey , a prior volunteer for a CIA - sponsored LSD experiment , also advocated the use of the drug . Soon after participating , he was inspired to write the bestselling novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest . Subsequently , after buying an old school bus , painting it with psychedelic graffiti and attracting a group of similarly - minded individuals he dubbed the Merry Pranksters , Kesey and his group traveled across the country , often hosting `` acid tests '' where they would fill a large container with a diluted low dose form of the drug and give out diplomas to those who passed their test .", "Along with LSD , cannabis was also much used during this period . With the various all - organic fashions beginning to increase , this drug was even more appealing than LSD because apart from creating a euphoric high , it was all - natural as well . However , as a result , crime increased among users because new laws were subsequently enacted to control the use of both drugs . The users thereof often had sessions to oppose the laws , including The Human Be-In referenced above as well as various `` smoke - ins '' during July and August , however , their efforts at repeal were unsuccessful .", "By the end of summer , many participants had left the scene to join the Back - to - the - land movement of the late ' 60s , to resume school studies , or simply to `` get a job . '' Those remaining in the Haight wanted to commemorate the conclusion of the event . A mock funeral entitled `` The Death of the Hippie '' ceremony was staged on October 6 , 1967 , and organizer Mary Kasper explained the intended message :", "We wanted to signal that this was the end of it , to stay where you are , bring the revolution to where you live and do n't come here because it 's over and done with .", "In New York , the rock musical drama Hair , which told the story of the hippie counterculture and sexual revolution of the 1960s , began Off - Broadway on October 17 , 1967 .", "The `` Second Summer of Love '' ( the term generally refers to the summers of both 1988 and 1989 ) was a renaissance of acid house music and rave parties in Britain . The culture supported MDMA use and some LSD use . The art had a generally psychedelic emotion reminiscent of the 1960s .", "During the summer of 2007 , San Francisco celebrated the 40th anniversary of the Summer of Love by holding numerous events around the region , culminating on September 2 , 2007 , when over 150,000 people attended the 40th anniversary of the Summer of Love concert , held in Golden Gate Park in Speedway Meadows . It was produced by 2b1 Multimedia and the Council of Light .", "In 2016 , 2b1 Multimedia and The Council of Light , once again , began the planning for the 50th Anniversary of the Summer of Love in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco , this was intended to be the most incredible gathering of Legendary Musicians and Speakers in a decade . By the beginning of 2017 , the Council had gathered about 25 of the best poster artists in the country , many were poster artists from the 60 's , about 10 of them submitted their finished art , but it was never printed , the Council was also contacted by some of the most famous and legendary Bands and Musicians in the World , who wanted to be part of this historic event , all were waiting for the Date to be determined before a final commitment . Unfortunately , it never happened . Due to the new Rules and Regulations of the San Francisco Parks and Recreational Department , ( PRD ) it was impossible to have such a large free event , it seems the PRD had other plans , what they were was never made clear nor did it ever materialize , which led to one of the most disappointing and shameful decisions for San Francisco that affected tens of thousands of people around the World . There were many events planned for San Francisco in 2017 , many revolved around the theme of the 50th Anniversary , but no Free Concert . The PRD tried to put on their version of what they first called a Summer Solstice Party , then changed the name to the 50th Anniversary of the Summer of Love 2 weeks before their event happened , there was an attendance of less than 20,000 local bay area residence , with no mention of Peace , Love , and Harmony , that was the message of the first Summer of Love concert that happened on January 14th of 1967 .", "In frustration , producer Boots Hughston put the proposal of what was by then to be a 52nd anniversary free concert into the form of an initiative intended for the November 6 , 2018 ballot . The issue did not make the ballot , however a more generic Proposition E provides for directing hotel tax fees to a $32 million budget for `` arts and cultural organizations and projects in the city . ''", "During the summer of 2017 , San Francisco celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Summer of Love by holding numerous events and art exhibitions . In Liverpool , the city has staged a 50 Summers of Love festival based on the 50th anniversary of the June 1 , 1967 release of the album Sgt Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , by The Beatles ." ]
Summer of Love - wikipedia Summer of Love For the concurrent period of race riots during the American civil rights movement, see Long hot summer of 1967 . For other uses, see Summer of Love (disambiguation) . Summer of Love Spencer Dryden , Marty Balin , and Paul Kantner of Jefferson Airplane performing at the Fantasy Fair , early June 1967 Date 1967 Location Haight-Ashbury , San Francisco Participants Possibly 100,000 people The Summer of Love was a social phenomenon that occurred during the summer of 1967, when as many as 100,000 people, mostly young people sporting hippie fashions of dress and behavior, converged in San Francisco 's neighborhood of Haight-Ashbury . Although hippies also gathered in many other places in the U.S., Canada and Europe, San Francisco was at that time the most publicized location for hippie subculture. Hippies, sometimes called flower children, were an eclectic group. Many were suspicious of the government , rejected consumerist values , and generally opposed the Vietnam War . A few were interested in politics; others were concerned more with art (music, painting, poetry in particular) or spiritual and meditative practices. Contents 1 Early 1967 2 Popularization 3 `` San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)'' 4 Event 5 In London 6 Use of drugs 7 Funeral and aftermath 8 Legacy 8.1 Second Summer of Love 8.2 40th anniversary 8.3 50th anniversary 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early 1967 ( edit ) Junction of Haight and Ashbury Streets, San Francisco, celebrated as the central location of the Summer of Love Inspired by the Beat Generation of authors of the 1950s, who had flourished in the North Beach area of San Francisco, those who gathered in Haight-Ashbury during 1967 allegedly rejected the conformist and materialist values of modern life; there was an emphasis on sharing and community. The Diggers established a Free Store, and a Free Clinic where medical treatment was provided. The prelude to the Summer of Love was a celebration known as the Human Be-In at Golden Gate Park on January 14, 1967, which was produced and organized by artist Michael Bowen . James Rado and Gerome Ragni were in attendance, allegedly helping to inspire their musical drama Hair . Rado recalled, `` There was so much excitement in the streets and the parks and the hippie areas, and we thought `If we could transmit this excitement to the stage it would be wonderful... ' We hung out with them and went to their Be-Ins (and) let our hair grow. It was very important historically, and if we hadn't written it, there'd not be any examples. You could read about it and see film clips, but you'd never experience it. We thought, ' This is happening in the streets,' and we wanted to bring it to the stage.' '' Also at this event, Timothy Leary voiced his phrase, `` turn on, tune in, drop out '' . This phrase became the chisel for shaping the entire hippie counterculture, as it voiced the key ideas of 1960's rebellion. These ideas included communal living, political decentralization, and dropping out. The term `` dropping out'' became popular among many high school and college students, who would often abandon their education for a summer of sex, drugs and rock n' roll. The event was announced by the Haight-Ashbury's hippie newspaper, the San Francisco Oracle : A new concept of celebrations beneath the human underground must emerge, become conscious, and be shared, so a revolution can be formed with a renaissance of compassion, awareness, and love, and the revelation of unity for all mankind. The gathering of approximately 30,000 at the Human Be-In helped publicize hippie fashions. The term `` Summer of Love'' originated with the formation of the Council for the Summer of Love during the spring of 1967 as a response to the convergence of young people on the Haight-Ashbury district. The Council was composed of The Family Dog, The Straight Theatre, The Diggers, The San Francisco Oracle, and approximately twenty-five other people, who sought to alleviate some of the problems anticipated from the influx of people expected during the summer. The Council also assisted the Free Clinic and organized housing, food, sanitation, music and arts, along with maintaining coordination with local churches and other social groups. Popularization ( edit ) The increasing numbers of youth traveling to the Haight-Ashbury district alarmed the San Francisco authorities, whose public warning was that they would keep hippies away. Adam Kneeman, a long-time resident of the Haight-Ashbury, recalls that the police did little to help the hordes of newcomers, much of which was done by residents of the area. College and high-school students began streaming into the Haight during the spring break of 1967 and the local government officials, determined to stop the influx of young people once schools ended for the summer, unwittingly brought additional attention to the scene, and a series of articles in local papers alerted the national media to the hippies' growing numbers. By spring, some Haight-Ashbury residents responded by forming the Council of the Summer of Love, giving the event a name. The media's coverage of hippie life in the Haight-Ashbury drew the attention of youth from all over America. Hunter S. Thompson termed the district `` Hashbury'' in The New York Times Magazine , and the activities in the area were reported almost daily. The event was also reported by the counterculture's own media, particularly the San Francisco Oracle , the pass-around readership of which is thought to have exceeded a half-million people that summer, and the Berkeley Barb . An anti-Vietnam War march in San Francisco on April 15, 1967. The media's reportage of the `` counterculture'' included other events in California, such as the Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival in Marin County and the Monterey Pop Festival , both during June 1967. At Monterey, approximately 30,000 people gathered for the first day of the music festival, with the number increasing to 60,000 on the final day. Additionally, media coverage of the Monterey Pop Festival facilitated the Summer of Love as large numbers of hippies traveled to California to hear favorite bands such as The Who , Grateful Dead , the Animals , Jefferson Airplane , Quicksilver Messenger Service , The Jimi Hendrix Experience , Otis Redding , The Byrds , and Big Brother and the Holding Company featuring Janis Joplin . `` San Francisco (be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)'' ( edit ) Musician John Phillips of the band The Mamas & the Papas wrote the song `` San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair) '' for his friend Scott McKenzie . It served to promote both the Monterey Pop Festival that Phillips was helping to organize, and to popularize the flower children of San Francisco. Released on May 13, 1967, the song was an instant success. By the week ending July 1, 1967, it scored number four on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, where it remained for four consecutive weeks. Meanwhile, the song scored number one in the United Kingdom and much of Europe. The single is purported to have sold more than 7 million copies worldwide. Event ( edit ) Part of a series on Love Types of love (show) Affection Bonding Broken heart Compassionate love Conjugal love Courtly love courtship troubadours Falling in love Free love Friendship romantic Interpersonal relationship Intimacy Limerence Love addiction Love at first sight Love triangle Lovesickness Lovestruck Obsessive love Passion Platonic love Puppy love Relationship Romance Self-love Amour de soi Unconditional love Unrequited love Cultural views (show) Chinese Ren Greek words for love Agape Eros Philia Storge Xenia Indian Kama Bhakti Mettā Islamic Ishq Jewish Chesed Latin Amore Charity Related subjects (show) Biological basis Love letter Valentine's Day Philosophy Religious views In Manhattan, near the Greenwich Village neighborhood, during a concert in Tompkins Square Park on Memorial Day of 1967, some police officers asked for the music's volume to be reduced. In response, some people in the crowd threw various objects, and 38 arrests ensued. A debate about the `` threat of the hippie'' ensued between Mayor John Lindsay and Police Commissioner Howard Leary. After this event, Allan Katzman, the editor of the East Village Other , predicted that 50,000 hippies would enter the area for the summer. Double that amount, as many as 100,000 young people from around the world, flocked to San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district, as well as to nearby Berkeley and to other San Francisco Bay Area cities, to join in a popularized version of the hippieism. A Free Clinic was established for free medical treatment, and a Free Store gave away basic necessities without charge to anyone who needed them. The Summer of Love attracted a wide range of people of various ages: teenagers and college students drawn by their peers and the allure of joining an alleged cultural utopia; middle-class vacationers; and even partying military personnel from bases within driving distance. The Haight-Ashbury could not accommodate this influx of people, and the neighborhood scene quickly deteriorated, with overcrowding, homelessness, hunger, drug problems, and crime afflicting the neighborhood. In London ( edit ) In England, gatherings with a theme similar to that of the Summer of Love occurred in various places in London. The UFO Club in Tottenham Court Road , open from December 1966 to October 1967, was a gathering place where psychedelic musical groups such as Pink Floyd and the Soft Machine played, accompanied by light shows. Pink Floyd performed their ' Games For May ' concert in May. The 14 Hour Technicolour Dream in the Alexandra Palace on April 29 was another major event, where amongst others, Pink Floyd, The Crazy World of Arthur Brown , Soft Machine, The Move , Tomorrow , and The Pretty Things played. On 29 May in Spalding , Lincolnshire , the UKs first Rock festival was held, Barbeque 67 . A Legalise Pot Rally was held at Speakers' Corner on 16 July, led by activist Stephen Abrams , featuring Allen Ginsberg and assorted London policemen. It was soundtracked by songs such as `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' by Procol Harum , `` Itchycoo Park '' by the Small Faces , `` All You Need Is Love '' by the Beatles and `` Hole In My Shoe '' by Traffic . The Beatles were a major influence, particularly by releasing Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band on June 1. Much of the music was broadcast by certain radio stations, particularly Radio Caroline and Radio London , which introduced the DJ John Peel and his Perfumed Garden show. The events were recorded and promoted by the newspaper International Times , also known as IT , and the magazine Oz . Notable graphic artists included Hapshash and the Coloured Coat (who were Nigel Weymouth and Michael English), The Fool (a Dutch group, endorsed by the Beatles), and Martin Sharp . Many of the fashion shops, known as boutiques, such as Granny Takes A Trip , Hung On You and Dandie Fashions were on or near the Kings Road . These were where psychedelic clothing, such as kaftans , Victoriana , mini skirts and everything floral could be found. Major promoters included John ' Hoppy' Hopkins , who helped establish the International Times , a hippie newspaper. He established the London Free School and the UFO psychedelic club and promoted the 14 Hour Technicolor Dream with Barry Miles , a writer who established the Indica Gallery and Bookshop . Paul McCartney was particularly vocal in his endorsement of the new fashions. The establishment was mystified by and frightened of the new fashions, which were ridiculed by the tabloid press. Some notable arrests included Mick Jagger , Keith Richards , Robert Fraser and John ' Hoppy' Hopkins. The Times published an editorial headlined ' Who Breaks A Butterfly On A Wheel? ' denouncing the arrest of Mick Jagger and Keith Richards. Use of drugs ( edit ) Part of a series on Psychedelia Arts (show) Psychedelic art Algorithmic art Cyberdelic Diffraction Fractal art Liquid light show LSD art Paisley Phosphene Psychedelic music Acid house Acid jazz Acid rock Acid techno Acid trance Chillwave Hypnagogic pop Neo-psychedelia Peyote song Psychedelic folk Psychedelic pop Psychedelic rock Psychedelic soul Psychedelic trance Space rock Stoner rock Trip hop Psychedelic film Acid Western Stoner film Psychedelic literature Culture (show) Counterculture Entheogen Smart shop Trip sitter Psychedelic microdosing Drugs (show) 25I-NBOMe 2C-B Ayahuasca Cannabis DMT Ibogaine Ketamine LSD Mescaline Peyote Psilocybin mushrooms Salvinorin A / Salvia San Pedro cactus List of psychedelic drugs List of psilocybin mushrooms Psychoactive cactus Experience (show) Bad trip Ecology Ego death Serotonergic psychedelic Therapy History (hide) Acid Tests Albert Hofmann History of lysergic acid diethylamide Owsley Stanley Psychedelic era Summer of Love Timothy Leary William Leonard Pickard Law (show) Drug policy of the Netherlands Drug liberalization Legality of cannabis Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms Legal status of Salvia divinorum Related topics (show) Addiction Cannabis MDMA Philosophy of psychedelics Psychonautics Prohibition of drugs Rave Recreational drug use Surrealism Pharmacy and Pharmacology portal Psychedelic drug use became common. Grateful Dead guitarist Bob Weir commented: Haight Ashbury was a ghetto of bohemians who wanted to do anything-- and we did but I don't think it has happened since. Yes there was LSD. But Haight Ashbury was not about drugs. It was about exploration, finding new ways of expression, being aware of one's existence. After losing his untenured position as an instructor on the Psychology Faculty at Harvard University, Timothy Leary became a major advocate for the recreational use of psychedelic drugs. After taking psilocybin , a drug extracted from certain mushrooms that causes effects similar to those of LSD, Leary endorsed the use of all psychedelics for personal development. He often invited friends as well as an occasional graduate student to consume such drugs along with him and colleague Richard Alpert . On the West Coast, author Ken Kesey , a prior volunteer for a CIA -sponsored LSD experiment, also advocated the use of the drug. Soon after participating, he was inspired to write the bestselling novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest . Subsequently, after buying an old school bus, painting it with psychedelic graffiti and attracting a group of similarly-minded individuals he dubbed the Merry Pranksters , Kesey and his group traveled across the country, often hosting `` acid tests'' where they would fill a large container with a diluted low dose form of the drug and give out diplomas to those who passed their test. Along with LSD, cannabis was also much used during this period. With the various all-organic fashions beginning to increase, this drug was even more appealing than LSD because apart from creating a euphoric high, it was all-natural as well. However, as a result, crime increased among users because new laws were subsequently enacted to control the use of both drugs. The users thereof often had sessions to oppose the laws, including The Human Be-In referenced above as well as various `` smoke-ins'' during July and August, however, their efforts at repeal were unsuccessful. Funeral and aftermath ( edit ) Mock funeral notice By the end of summer, many participants had left the scene to join the Back-to-the-land movement of the late ' 60s, to resume school studies, or simply to `` get a job.'' Those remaining in the Haight wanted to commemorate the conclusion of the event. A mock funeral entitled `` The Death of the Hippie'' ceremony was staged on October 6, 1967, and organizer Mary Kasper explained the intended message: We wanted to signal that this was the end of it, to stay where you are, bring the revolution to where you live and don't come here because it's over and done with. In New York, the rock musical drama Hair , which told the story of the hippie counterculture and sexual revolution of the 1960s, began Off-Broadway on October 17, 1967. Legacy ( edit ) Second Summer of Love ( edit ) Main article: Second Summer of Love The `` Second Summer of Love'' (the term generally refers to the summers of both 1988 and 1989) was a renaissance of acid house music and rave parties in Britain. The culture supported MDMA use and some LSD use. The art had a generally psychedelic emotion reminiscent of the 1960s. 40th anniversary ( edit ) During the summer of 2007, San Francisco celebrated the 40th anniversary of the Summer of Love by holding numerous events around the region, culminating on September 2, 2007, when over 150,000 people attended the 40th anniversary of the Summer of Love concert, held in Golden Gate Park in Speedway Meadows. It was produced by 2b1 Multimedia and the Council of Light. 50th anniversary ( edit ) In 2016, 2b1 Multimedia and The Council of Light, once again, began the planning for the 50th Anniversary of the Summer of Love in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco, this was intended to be the most incredible gathering of Legendary Musicians and Speakers in a decade. By the beginning of 2017, the Council had gathered about 25 of the best poster artists in the country, many were poster artists from the 60's , about 10 of them submitted their finished art, but it was never printed, the Council was also contacted by some of the most famous and legendary Bands and Musicians in the World, who wanted to be part of this historic event, all were waiting for the Date to be determined before a final commitment. Unfortunately, it never happened. Due to the new Rules and Regulations of the San Francisco Parks and Recreational Department, (PRD) it was impossible to have such a large free event, it seems the PRD had other plans, what they were was never made clear nor did it ever materialize, which led to one of the most disappointing and shameful decisions for San Francisco that affected tens of thousands of people around the World. There were many events planned for San Francisco in 2017, many revolved around the theme of the 50th Anniversary, but no Free Concert. The PRD tried to put on their version of what they first called a Summer Solstice Party, then changed the name to the 50th Anniversary of the Summer of Love 2 weeks before their event happened, there was an attendance of less than 20,000 local bay area residence, with no mention of Peace, Love, and Harmony, that was the message of the first Summer of Love concert that happened on January 14th of 1967. In frustration, producer Boots Hughston put the proposal of what was by then to be a 52nd anniversary free concert into the form of an initiative intended for the November 6, 2018 ballot. The issue did not make the ballot, however a more generic Proposition E provides for directing hotel tax fees to a $32 million budget for `` arts and cultural organizations and projects in the city.'' Illumination of the Conservatory of Flowers on June 21st, 2017 During the summer of 2017, San Francisco celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Summer of Love by holding numerous events and art exhibitions. In Liverpool, the city has staged a 50 Summers of Love festival based on the 50th anniversary of the June 1, 1967 release of the album Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band , by The Beatles . See also ( edit ) 1960s portal 1960s Counterculture 1967 in Music Acid rock Allen Ginsberg David Peel Deadhead Central Park Be-In Commune Grateful Dead Hippies Jefferson Airplane John Lennon Neil Young Nick St. Nicholas Psychedelia Psychedelic rock Season of the Witch: Enchantment, Terror, and Deliverance in the City of Love References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ E. Vulliamy, `` Love and Haight'' , Observer Music Monthly 20 May 2007 Jump up ^ P. Braunstein, and M.Doyle (eds), Imagine Nation: The American Counterculture of the 1960s and ' 70s , (New York, 2002), p.7 ^ Jump up to: Hinckley, David (October 15, 1998). `` Groovy The Summer Of Love, 1967'' . New York Daily News . Retrieved September 28, 2012 . Jump up ^ College, Smith. `` Counterculture'' . www.smith.edu . Retrieved 2017-08-16 . Jump up ^ M. Isserman, and M. Kazin (eds), America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s , (Oxford University Press, 2004), pp.151-- 172 Jump up ^ `` What was the summer of love?'' . The Guardian . 2007-05-26. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2017-08-16 . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of San Francisco Rock 1965-1969'' . Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco . Retrieved 2008-11-01 . Jump up ^ `` Copy of Certificate of Honor presented to Michael Bowen'' . City and County of San Francisco. 2007-09-02 . Retrieved 2008-11-01 . Jump up ^ T.H. Anderson, The Movement and the Sixties: Protest in America from Greensboro to Wounded Knee , (Oxford University Press, 1995), p.172 ^ Jump up to: Weller, Sheila (July 2012). `` Suddenly That Summer'' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 28, 2012 . Jump up ^ San Francisco Oracle , Vol.1, Issue 5, p.2 Jump up ^ T. Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage , (New York, 1993), p.215 Jump up ^ Chet Helms. `` About this event...'' Summer of Love . Archived from the original on 2011-02-28 . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Stuart Maconie, `` A Taste of Summer'' broadcast, Radio 2 , 9 October 2007 ^ Jump up to: `` The Year of the Hippie: Timeline'' . PBS.org . Retrieved 2007-04-24 . Jump up ^ T. Anderson, The Movement and the Sixties: Protest in America from Greensboro to Wounded Knee , (Oxford University Press, 1995), p.174 Jump up ^ `` Summer of Love: Underground News'' . PBS American Experience companion website . Retrieved 2007-05-15 . Jump up ^ T. Anderson, The Movement and the Sixties: Protest in America from Greensboro to Wounded Knee , (Oxford University Press, 1995), p.175 Jump up ^ T. Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage , (New York, 1993), p.215-- 217 Jump up ^ Eddi Fiegel (2006). Dream a Little Dream of Me: The Life of ' Mama' Cass Elliot . pp. 225-- 226. ISBN 9780330487511 . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits: Eighth Edition . Record Research. p. 415. Jump up ^ Carson, Jim (August 5, 2011). `` Did You You: `` San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)'' By Scott McKenzie`` . CBS Radio . Archived from the original on August 16, 2011 . Retrieved 2012-02-24 . Jump up ^ Allen Cohen Archived 2003-03-01 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to: Gail Dolgin ; Vicente Franco (2007). The Summer of Love . American Experience . PBS . Retrieved 2007-04-23 . Jump up ^ http://flavorwire.com/606202/gelatin-silver-portraits-from-the-summer-of-love-in-1967 Jump up ^ http://www.fubiz.net/en/2017/06/23/photographs-of-hippie-culture-in-san-francisco-by-elaine-mayes-2/ Jump up ^ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/348677196135471950/ Jump up ^ J. McDonald quoted in E. Vulliamy, `` Love and Haight'' , Observer Music Monthly , 20 May 2007 Jump up ^ Harden, Mark (July 6, 1997). `` Summer of Love Seminal ' 67 Event Back after 30 Years'' . Retrieved September 28, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript (for American Experience documentary on the Summer of Love)'' . PBS and WGBH. 2007-03-14. Jump up ^ Ron Bruguiere. Collision: When Reality and Illusion Collide . p. 75 . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Reynolds, Simon (1998). Energy Flash . Picador. ISBN 0-330-35056-0 . Jump up ^ Elledge, Jonn (2005-01-11). `` Stuck still'' . AK13 . Retrieved 2006-06-13 . , `` By the end of 1988, the second summer of love was over'' Jump up ^ `` History of Hard House'' . Archived from the original on 2006-05-16 . Retrieved 2006-06-13 . `` As the second `` Summer of Love'' arrived in 1989'' Jump up ^ http://www.2b1records.com/summeroflove40th/FullProc.pdf Jump up ^ Joel Selvin (September 2, 2007). `` Summer of Love bands and fans jam in Golden Gate Park - SFGate'' . San Francisco Chronicle . San Francisco : Hearst . ISSN 1932-8672 . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Line Up for 2007'' . Summer of Love 50th Anniversary - 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170125006249/en/2b1-Multimedia-Council-Light-Announce-San-Francisco's Jump up ^ http://www.ampthemag.com/the-real/summer-love-producer-heading-polls-various-permit-denials/ Jump up ^ https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Summer-of-Love-concert-promoter-won-t-give-up-12485585.php Jump up ^ https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/SF-s-ballot-measures-get-their-letters-so-13153177.php Jump up ^ http://www.sftravel.com/summer-love-2017 Further reading ( edit ) Lee, Martin A.; Shlain, Bruce (1985). Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD, and the Sixties Rebellion . New York: Grove Press. IDBN 0-394-55013-7, ISBN 0-394-62081-X . External links ( edit ) Summer of Love: 40 years later , from SFGate , the online publication of the San Francisco Chronicle The Summer of Love, Performers in Britain and the United States , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and the American National Biography Long Hot Summer of Love Writer Mark Jacobson reminisces about his experiences during the Summer of Love in New York, from New York magazine CIS: ' Summer of Love' Reached Behind Iron Curtain , by Salome Asatiani. RFE/RL , August 30, 2007 (an article about the impact of the Summer of Love event on Soviet youth culture) PBS television, The American Experience: Summer of Love , 2007 Rock festivals Subtypes List of heavy metal festivals List of jam band music festivals List of punk rock festivals List of gothic festivals List of industrial music festivals Traveling ( italics = ongoing) Anger Management Tour Area Festival Big Day Out Coachella Crüe Fest Curiosa Deconstruction Tour Doomination Family Values Tour Festival Express Fuji Rock Festival G3 Gigantour Hard Electric Tour H.O.R.D.E. Knotfest Lilith Fair Lollapalooza Mayhem Festival Magic Circle Festival Monsters of Rock Nintendo Fusion Tour Persistence Tour Rock am Ring and Rock im Park Rock in Rio Rock in Roma Rock Boat Ruido Fest Ozzfest Projekt Revolution Rock Never Stops Tour Sonisphere Festival Sounds of the Underground Soundwave Summer Sanitarium Tour Taste of Chaos The Unholy Alliance Tour Uproar Festival Vive Latino Warped Tour Culture Deadheads Hippies La Onda Moshpit Pogo (dance) Headbanging Stage diving Crowd surfing Sign of the horns Summer of Love Rivethead Related events Music festival Rock concert Concert tour Pop festival Folk festival Hip hop music festival EDM festival Trance festival Reggae festival Hippies History of the hippie movement Etymology of ' hippie' Beat Generation / Beatniks Central Park be-in Counterculture of the 1960s Red Dog Experience San Francisco Sound Drop City Sunset Strip curfew riots Love Pageant Rally Haight-Ashbury Human Be-In Mantra-Rock Dance Summer of Love Fantasy Fair Monterey Pop Festival Newport Pop Festival Sky River Rock Festival People's Park Woodstock Glastonbury Festival The Farm Piedra Roja Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro Nambassa People and groups Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters Further bus Diggers San Francisco Oracle Haight Ashbury Free Clinics Haight-Ashbury Switchboard Yippies Wavy Gravy and the Hog Farm Collective The Brotherhood of Eternal Love Rainbow Family Deadhead New Age travellers Radical Faeries Politics and ethics Free love Anti-authoritarianism Simple living Environmentalism Pacifism Communalism Counterculture Bohemianism Make love, not war Turn on, tune in, drop out Vegetarianism Veganism Culture and fashion Psychedelia Flower power Hippie trail Hippie exploitation films Happening Peace symbols Bell-bottoms Love beads Long hair Tie-dye Intentional community communal living Free festival Music festival Flower child Music Folk music Folk rock Protest music Psychedelic music Psychedelic folk Psychedelic rock Psychedelic soul Psychedelic pop Psychedelic trance Acid rock Space rock Progressive rock Raga rock World music New-age music Jam bands List of jam band music festivals List of historic rock festivals Psychedelics and other drugs Cannabis LSD Magic mushrooms Mescaline Peyote Related List of films List of books and other publications Subculture Cannabis culture Cyberdelic Head shop Underground press press syndicate list New Age movement Legend of the Rainbow Warriors Freak scene Free Speech Movement Anti-war movement Civil rights movement Protests of 1968 Chicago Seven New Left UK underground La Onda New social movements Mánička Post-materialism Neotribalism Hungry generation Sexual revolution Second Summer of Love Neo-psychedelia Sexual revolution Main topics Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf Free love Summer of Love Milestones Abortion law Blue Movie Divorce law by country Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Golden Age of Porn `` Porno chic '' Pornography Pornography in the United States Swinging The Pill (1965) United States v. One Book Called Ulysses Slogans `` Make love, not war '' `` The personal is political '' Events Kinsey Reports Masters and Johnson Institute Playboy Protests of 1968 Stonewall riots People Gerard Damiano Hugh Hefner Virginia Johnson Alfred Kinsey William Masters Radley Metzger Wilhelm Reich Andy Warhol Related topics Counterculture of the 1960s Feminist views of pornography Freudo-Marxism Hippie LGBT LGBT culture in New York City Lust New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre 55th Street Playhouse Peace movement The Factory Whatever (1994 novel) Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History (2001 book) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Summer_of_Love&oldid=865277020 '' Categories : 1967 in the United States Counterculture of the 1960s Hippie movement Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco 1960s in San Francisco Sexual revolution 1967 in California 1960s fads and trends 1967 in American music 1967 in San Francisco Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with incomplete citations from November 2012 All articles with incomplete citations Articles containing French-language text Articles containing Chinese-language text Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text Articles containing Sanskrit-language text Articles containing Arabic-language text Articles containing Hebrew-language text Articles containing Latin-language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018, at 21:56 (UTC) . 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star utsav iss pyaar ko kya naam doon full episode
Jaskiran Kapoor of the Indian Express has stated that Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? ... Ek Baar Phir is `` riding high on the success of Season One , '' and `` leads of Season 2 need to pump up the charisma , if they want to replicate the success of the original show '' .
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[ "Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? ... Ek Baar Phir Genre Indian soap opera Drama Romance Created by Star Plus Directed by Waseem Sabir Yusuf Ansari Creative director ( s ) Shikha Vij Starring Avinash Sachdev Shrenu Parikh Theme music composer Lalit Sen Shaurabh Kalsi Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi Marathi No. of episodes 542 Production Executive producer ( s ) Karnika Saxena Producer ( s ) Sunjoy Wadhwwa Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 minutes Production company ( s ) Sphere Origins Release Original network Star Plus Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release 26 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 26 ) -- 13 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 )", "Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? ... Ek Baar Phir", "Genre Indian soap opera Drama Romance", "Created by Star Plus", "Directed by Waseem Sabir Yusuf Ansari", "Creative director ( s ) Shikha Vij", "Starring Avinash Sachdev Shrenu Parikh", "Theme music composer Lalit Sen Shaurabh Kalsi", "Country of origin India", "Original language ( s ) Hindi Marathi", "No. of episodes 542", "Production", "Executive producer ( s ) Karnika Saxena", "Producer ( s ) Sunjoy Wadhwwa", "Camera setup Multi-camera", "Running time 21 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Sphere Origins", "Release", "Original network Star Plus", "Picture format HDTV 1080i", "Original release 26 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 26 ) -- 13 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 )", "Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? ... Ek Baar Phir is a Hindi television soap opera , that was broadcast 26 August 2013 to 13 June 2015 , airing Monday to Saturday on Star Plus . It is a sequel to Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? with a new plot and new cast and characters. The series was translated to Malayalam as the part 2 of the popular series Mounam Sammadham . However , it also became as popular as part 1 of the series . Despite being the very first Indian soap opera to air at early time slot , 6 pm , it has set a trend of airing soap operas in the particular time slot . Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ... Ek Baar Phir is currently retelecasting on Star Utsav at the 8 : 30pm time slot .", "Aastha ( Shrenu Parikh ) is a middle - class , free - minded girl who values relationships and stands up for what is right . Shlok ( Avinash Sachdev ) , on the other hand , is the son of a rich business man and believes in wealth more than in relationships . He has a miserable past which makes him hate women , in particular his own mother . After a series of misunderstandings , Shlok mistakenly believes Aastha is responsible for the insult of his parents and the family name and decides to take revenge .", "Aastha and Shlok fall in love and are married . On their first night together , Shlok reveals to Aastha that he did n't love her and only wanted to take revenge . He threatens her that if she reveals this to anyone he 'd have her father framed in a case of corruption . Meanwhile Shlok 's mother , Anjali , is very strict and attempts to transform Aastha into the daughter - in - law she wants - one who does only what she 's told . When Aastha 's father is arrested she blames Shlok , leaves his home , and files for divorce . Shlok 's father , Niranjan Agnihotri , bribes the judge and Aastha is ordered to stay with Shlok for six months during which she realizes that he is a good person whose past has made him so arrogant . Wanting to change him , she discovers that he was in love with a girl named Swati but they broke up and this led to Shlok 's hatred and mistrust of all women . Astha asks Anjali and Shlok 's brother Varad about Swati but they ask her to leave it alone .", "Enter Aditi , the daughter of a close friend of Niranjan 's . In some time it becomes clear that she wants to hurt Shlok so she tries to kill Astha but Shlok saves her every time . Astha discovers Aditi 's plans . Aditi destroys any proof that Aastha treis to gather against her . No one believes Astha including Shlok . Aditi arranges Aastha 's abduction . While Shlok looks for Aastha , the rest of the Agnihotri family discovers Aditi is the culprit . Shlok rescues Aastha just as Aditi is about to shoot her . Aditi finally reveals that she is actually Swati 's sister , Gayatri . Aastha and Shlok are shocked to see Swati in a paralysed condition . Gayatri blames Shlok for Swati 's condition and tells them that she came to take revenge . The police arrest her and Swati passes away as her health deteriorates .", "Shlok realizes his true feelings for Aastha . They happily consummate their marriage . Aastha soon comes to know that Niranjan is the real villain who has been forcing Anjali to act the way she does . She decides to expose his true nature . It is also shown that Varad is having an extramarital affair with a woman named Mansi who does not believe in marriage . Unhappy with Shlok and Aastha 's closeness , Niranjan creates misunderstandings between them . Aastha reveals Niranjan 's truth to Shlok but is unable to prove it . Angry at Aastha , he divides the house into two and orders her to stay in one part alone but she is joined by Anjali . Soon , Shlok 's sister Jyoti also discovers their father 's truth and is heartbroken .", "Avinash Sachdev as Shlok Niranjan Agnihotri , Aastha 's husband ( 2013 -- 15 ) Shrenu Parikh as Aastha kirlosker after Aastha Shlok Agnihotri , Shlok 's wife ( 2013 -- 15 )", "Avinash Sachdev as Shlok Niranjan Agnihotri , Aastha 's husband ( 2013 -- 15 )", "Shrenu Parikh as Aastha kirlosker after Aastha Shlok Agnihotri , Shlok 's wife ( 2013 -- 15 )", "Manish Wadhwa as Niranjan Agnihotri , Shlok 's father , Anjali 's husband ( 2013 -- 15 ) Geetanjali Tikekar as Anjali Niranjan Agnihotri , Shlok 's mother , Niranjan 's wife ( 2013 -- 15 ) Samir Sharma as Varad Niranjan Agnihotri , Shlok 's brother , Sojal 's husband ( 2013 -- 15 ) Shalmalee Desai as Sojal Varad Agnihotri , Shlok 's Bhabhi , Varad 's wife ( 2013 -- 15 ) Tushar Dalvi as Avdhoot Kirloskar , Aastha 's father , Kalindi 's husband ( 2013 -- 15 ) Prachi Shah as Kalindi Avdhoot Kirloskar , Aastha 's mother , Avdhoot 's wife ( 2013 -- 15 ) Sheetal Dhabolkar as Jyoti Siddharth Lokhande , Shlok 's sister , Siddharth 's wife ( 2013 -- 15 ) Grace Girdhar as Kavya Varad Agnihotri , Varad & Sojal 's daughter ( 2013 -- 15 ) Neha Sargam as Aditi / Gayatri , Aastha - Shlok 's enemy ( 2014 ) Shivani Tomar as Swati , Shlok 's first love ( 2013 ) Manjushree Kulkarni as Jaya ( 2014 -- 15 ) Ankit Modgill as Siddharth Lokhande , Jyoti 's second husband ( 2014 -- 15 ) Minal Karpe as Ajju Nupur Alankar as Renuka Lokhande ( 2014 -- 15 ) Dolly Minhas as Ahilya Vinas ( 2015 ) Aarav Chaudhary as Indrajeet Sarkar ( 2015 ) Roma Bali as Kavita Sarkar ( 2015 ) Swati Rajput as Poornima Sarkar Reet Sharma as Mishti Sarkar , Indrajeet 's daughter ( 2015 ) Lakshya Wahi as Shantanu Sarkar , Indrajeet 's son ( 2015 ) Satish Sharma as Pradeep Vinas , Indrajeet 's Mama ji ( 2015 ) Jaanvi Sangwan as Rashmi Vinas , Indrajeet 's Mami ji ( 2015 ) Kabeer Maira as Ankush Prabhakar Joshi , Kalindi 's son , Aastha 's step - brother ( 2014 -- 15 ) Karan Gangwal as Suresh ( 2013 -- 14 ) Shivani Tomar as Swati , Shlok 's ex-girlfriend ( 2013 ) Deep Jaitley as Abhay Deshmukh , Jyoti 's ex-husband ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sachin Parikh as Vinayak Agnihotri ( 2013 -- 15 ) Pratibha Goregaonkar as Sulbha Deshmukh ( 2014 ) Anchal Sabharwal as Mansi , Varad 's ex-girlfriend ( 2014 ) Aakshi Khari as Apsara Sharmin Kazi as Riya Lokhande Anjuman Saxena as Nani Yogi Raj as Shiv", "Manish Wadhwa as Niranjan Agnihotri , Shlok 's father , Anjali 's husband ( 2013 -- 15 )", "Geetanjali Tikekar as Anjali Niranjan Agnihotri , Shlok 's mother , Niranjan 's wife ( 2013 -- 15 )", "Samir Sharma as Varad Niranjan Agnihotri , Shlok 's brother , Sojal 's husband ( 2013 -- 15 )", "Shalmalee Desai as Sojal Varad Agnihotri , Shlok 's Bhabhi , Varad 's wife ( 2013 -- 15 )", "Tushar Dalvi as Avdhoot Kirloskar , Aastha 's father , Kalindi 's husband ( 2013 -- 15 )", "Prachi Shah as Kalindi Avdhoot Kirloskar , Aastha 's mother , Avdhoot 's wife ( 2013 -- 15 )", "Sheetal Dhabolkar as Jyoti Siddharth Lokhande , Shlok 's sister , Siddharth 's wife ( 2013 -- 15 )", "Grace Girdhar as Kavya Varad Agnihotri , Varad & Sojal 's daughter ( 2013 -- 15 )", "Neha Sargam as Aditi / Gayatri , Aastha - Shlok 's enemy ( 2014 )", "Shivani Tomar as Swati , Shlok 's first love ( 2013 )", "Manjushree Kulkarni as Jaya ( 2014 -- 15 )", "Ankit Modgill as Siddharth Lokhande , Jyoti 's second husband ( 2014 -- 15 )", "Minal Karpe as Ajju", "Nupur Alankar as Renuka Lokhande ( 2014 -- 15 )", "Dolly Minhas as Ahilya Vinas ( 2015 )", "Aarav Chaudhary as Indrajeet Sarkar ( 2015 )", "Roma Bali as Kavita Sarkar ( 2015 )", "Swati Rajput as Poornima Sarkar", "Reet Sharma as Mishti Sarkar , Indrajeet 's daughter ( 2015 )", "Lakshya Wahi as Shantanu Sarkar , Indrajeet 's son ( 2015 )", "Satish Sharma as Pradeep Vinas , Indrajeet 's Mama ji ( 2015 )", "Jaanvi Sangwan as Rashmi Vinas , Indrajeet 's Mami ji ( 2015 )", "Kabeer Maira as Ankush Prabhakar Joshi , Kalindi 's son , Aastha 's step - brother ( 2014 -- 15 )", "Karan Gangwal as Suresh ( 2013 -- 14 )", "Shivani Tomar as Swati , Shlok 's ex-girlfriend ( 2013 )", "Deep Jaitley as Abhay Deshmukh , Jyoti 's ex-husband ( 2013 -- 14 )", "Sachin Parikh as Vinayak Agnihotri ( 2013 -- 15 )", "Pratibha Goregaonkar as Sulbha Deshmukh ( 2014 )", "Anchal Sabharwal as Mansi , Varad 's ex-girlfriend ( 2014 )", "Aakshi Khari as Apsara", "Sharmin Kazi as Riya Lokhande", "Anjuman Saxena as Nani", "Yogi Raj as Shiv", "Year Award Nominee Result Source 2014 Indian Telly Awards Best New Actor In Negative Role ( Male ) Manish Wadhwa Nominated 2014 Indian Telly Awards Jury Award for Best Stylist Tara Desai Nominated 2014 Indian Telly Awards Jury Award for Best Dialogue Writer Ritesh Shah Nominated", "Year Award Nominee Result Source", "2014 Indian Telly Awards Best New Actor In Negative Role ( Male ) Manish Wadhwa Nominated", "2014 Indian Telly Awards Jury Award for Best Stylist Tara Desai Nominated", "2014 Indian Telly Awards Jury Award for Best Dialogue Writer Ritesh Shah Nominated", "Jaskiran Kapoor of the Indian Express has stated that Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? ... Ek Baar Phir is `` riding high on the success of Season One , '' and `` leads of Season 2 need to pump up the charisma , if they want to replicate the success of the original show '' ." ]
Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?...Ek Baar Phir - Wikipedia Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?...Ek Baar Phir Jump to: navigation , search Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?...Ek Baar Phir Genre Indian soap opera Drama Romance Created by Star Plus Directed by Waseem Sabir Yusuf Ansari Creative director(s) Shikha Vij Starring Avinash Sachdev Shrenu Parikh Theme music composer Lalit Sen Shaurabh Kalsi Country of origin India Original language(s) Hindi Marathi No. of episodes 542 Production Executive producer(s) Karnika Saxena Producer(s) Sunjoy Wadhwwa Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 minutes Production company(s) Sphere Origins Release Original network Star Plus Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release 26 August 2013 ( 2013-08-26 ) -- 13 June 2015 ( 2015-06-13 ) Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?...Ek Baar Phir is a Hindi television soap opera , that was broadcast 26 August 2013 to 13 June 2015, airing Monday to Saturday on Star Plus . It is a sequel to Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? with a new plot and new cast and characters.The series was translated to Malayalam as the part 2 of the popular series Mounam Sammadham. However, it also became as popular as part 1 of the series. Despite being the very first Indian soap opera to air at early time slot, 6 pm, it has set a trend of airing soap operas in the particular time slot. Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon..Ek Baar Phir is currently retelecasting on Star Utsav at the 8:30pm time slot. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Awards 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Aastha ( Shrenu Parikh ) is a middle-class, free-minded girl who values relationships and stands up for what is right. Shlok ( Avinash Sachdev ), on the other hand, is the son of a rich business man and believes in wealth more than in relationships. He has a miserable past which makes him hate women, in particular his own mother. After a series of misunderstandings, Shlok mistakenly believes Aastha is responsible for the insult of his parents and the family name and decides to take revenge. Aastha and Shlok fall in love and are married. On their first night together, Shlok reveals to Aastha that he didn't love her and only wanted to take revenge. He threatens her that if she reveals this to anyone he'd have her father framed in a case of corruption. Meanwhile Shlok's mother, Anjali, is very strict and attempts to transform Aastha into the daughter-in-law she wants - one who does only what she's told. When Aastha's father is arrested she blames Shlok, leaves his home, and files for divorce. Shlok's father, Niranjan Agnihotri, bribes the judge and Aastha is ordered to stay with Shlok for six months during which she realizes that he is a good person whose past has made him so arrogant. Wanting to change him, she discovers that he was in love with a girl named Swati but they broke up and this led to Shlok's hatred and mistrust of all women. Astha asks Anjali and Shlok's brother Varad about Swati but they ask her to leave it alone. Enter Aditi, the daughter of a close friend of Niranjan's . In some time it becomes clear that she wants to hurt Shlok so she tries to kill Astha but Shlok saves her every time. Astha discovers Aditi's plans. Aditi destroys any proof that Aastha treis to gather against her. No one believes Astha including Shlok. Aditi arranges Aastha's abduction. While Shlok looks for Aastha, the rest of the Agnihotri family discovers Aditi is the culprit. Shlok rescues Aastha just as Aditi is about to shoot her. Aditi finally reveals that she is actually Swati's sister, Gayatri. Aastha and Shlok are shocked to see Swati in a paralysed condition. Gayatri blames Shlok for Swati's condition and tells them that she came to take revenge. The police arrest her and Swati passes away as her health deteriorates. Shlok realizes his true feelings for Aastha. They happily consummate their marriage. Aastha soon comes to know that Niranjan is the real villain who has been forcing Anjali to act the way she does. She decides to expose his true nature. It is also shown that Varad is having an extramarital affair with a woman named Mansi who does not believe in marriage. Unhappy with Shlok and Aastha's closeness, Niranjan creates misunderstandings between them. Aastha reveals Niranjan's truth to Shlok but is unable to prove it. Angry at Aastha, he divides the house into two and orders her to stay in one part alone but she is joined by Anjali. Soon, Shlok's sister Jyoti also discovers their father's truth and is heartbroken. Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Avinash Sachdev as Shlok Niranjan Agnihotri, Aastha's husband (2013-- 15) Shrenu Parikh as Aastha kirlosker after Aastha Shlok Agnihotri, Shlok's wife (2013-- 15) Recurring cast ( edit ) Manish Wadhwa as Niranjan Agnihotri, Shlok's father, Anjali's husband (2013-- 15) Geetanjali Tikekar as Anjali Niranjan Agnihotri, Shlok's mother, Niranjan's wife (2013-- 15) Samir Sharma as Varad Niranjan Agnihotri, Shlok's brother, Sojal's husband (2013-- 15) Shalmalee Desai as Sojal Varad Agnihotri, Shlok's Bhabhi, Varad's wife (2013-- 15) Tushar Dalvi as Avdhoot Kirloskar, Aastha's father, Kalindi's husband (2013-- 15) Prachi Shah as Kalindi Avdhoot Kirloskar, Aastha's mother, Avdhoot's wife (2013-- 15) Sheetal Dhabolkar as Jyoti Siddharth Lokhande, Shlok's sister, Siddharth's wife (2013-- 15) Grace Girdhar as Kavya Varad Agnihotri, Varad & Sojal's daughter (2013-- 15) Neha Sargam as Aditi/Gayatri, Aastha-Shlok's enemy (2014) Shivani Tomar as Swati, Shlok's first love (2013) Manjushree Kulkarni as Jaya (2014-- 15) Ankit Modgill as Siddharth Lokhande, Jyoti's second husband (2014-- 15) Minal Karpe as Ajju Nupur Alankar as Renuka Lokhande (2014-- 15) Dolly Minhas as Ahilya Vinas (2015) Aarav Chaudhary as Indrajeet Sarkar (2015) Roma Bali as Kavita Sarkar (2015) Swati Rajput as Poornima Sarkar Reet Sharma as Mishti Sarkar, Indrajeet's daughter (2015) Lakshya Wahi as Shantanu Sarkar, Indrajeet's son (2015) Satish Sharma as Pradeep Vinas, Indrajeet's Mama ji (2015) Jaanvi Sangwan as Rashmi Vinas, Indrajeet's Mami ji (2015) Kabeer Maira as Ankush Prabhakar Joshi, Kalindi's son, Aastha's step-brother (2014-- 15) Karan Gangwal as Suresh (2013-- 14) Shivani Tomar as Swati, Shlok's ex-girlfriend (2013) Deep Jaitley as Abhay Deshmukh, Jyoti's ex-husband (2013-- 14) Sachin Parikh as Vinayak Agnihotri (2013-- 15) Pratibha Goregaonkar as Sulbha Deshmukh (2014) Anchal Sabharwal as Mansi, Varad's ex-girlfriend (2014) Aakshi Khari as Apsara Sharmin Kazi as Riya Lokhande Anjuman Saxena as Nani Yogi Raj as Shiv Awards ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Source 2014 Indian Telly Awards Best New Actor In Negative Role(Male) Manish Wadhwa Nominated 2014 Indian Telly Awards Jury Award for Best Stylist Tara Desai Nominated 2014 Indian Telly Awards Jury Award for Best Dialogue Writer Ritesh Shah Nominated Reception ( edit ) Jaskiran Kapoor of the Indian Express has stated that Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?... Ek Baar Phir is `` riding high on the success of Season One,'' and `` leads of Season 2 need to pump up the charisma, if they want to replicate the success of the original show'' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon Ek Baar Phir Serial Episodes online STAR Player'' . Startv.in . Retrieved 2014-08-04 . Jump up ^ `` Episodes TOI'' . Times of India . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Second season of Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon -- Daily Bhaskar Jump up ^ Had no idea it was a sequel: Avinash on `Iss Pyaar Ko... 2` Jump up ^ Just another love Story -- Indian Express Jump up ^ Avinash & Shrenu in season 2 Jump up ^ ' Iss Pyaar...Ek Bar Phir' a love-hate story: Shrenu Parikh -- Indian Express Jump up ^ staff (3 September 2014). `` Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon..Ek Baar Phir completes 300 episodes'' . Times of India . Retrieved 14 September 2014... Check date values in: access-date= ( help ) Jump up ^ I'm Hero-Cum-Villain Of ' Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon..Ek Baar Phir' : Avinash Sachdev - Oneindia ^ Jump up to: `` Winners'' . Tellyawards . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Review: Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon, Ek Baar Phir, just another love story -- Indian Express External links ( edit ) Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon..Ek Baar Phir Streaming On Hotstar ( hide ) Current broadcasts on Star Plus Currently broadcast Primetime soap opera Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara Ishqbaaaz Rishton Ka Chakravyuh Meri Durga Naamkarann Tu Sooraj, Main Saanjh Piyaji Yeh Hai Mohabbatein Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Historical fiction Chandra Nandini Weekend Dance Champions The Great Indian Laughter Challenge Lip Sing Battle Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iss_Pyaar_Ko_Kya_Naam_Doon%3F...Ek_Baar_Phir&oldid=808871748 '' Categories : Star Plus television series 2013 Indian television series debuts 2015 Indian television series endings Indian drama television series Indian television soap operas Hidden categories: CS1 errors: dates Use Indian English from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017, at 18:56. 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what was a result of the headright system on colonial society
A headright is a legal grant of land to settlers . Headrights are most notable for their role in the expansion of the thirteen British colonies in North America ; the Virginia Company of London gave headrights to settlers , and the Plymouth Company followed suit . The headright system was used in several colonies , including Maryland , Georgia , North Carolina and South Carolina . Most headrights were for 1 to 1,000 acres ( 4.0 km ) of land , and were given to anyone willing to cross the Atlantic Ocean and help populate the colonies . Headrights were granted to anyone who would pay for the transportation costs of a laborer or indentured servant . These land grants consisted of 50 acres ( 200,000 m ) for someone newly moving to the area and 100 acres ( 0.40 km ) for people previously living in the area . By giving the land to the landowning masters the indentured servants had little or no chance to procure their own land . This kept many colonials poor and led to strife between the poor servants and wealthy landowners .
[ [ "kept many colonials poor and led to strife between the poor servants and wealthy landowners" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "A headright is a legal grant of land to settlers . Headrights are most notable for their role in the expansion of the thirteen British colonies in North America ; the Virginia Company of London gave headrights to settlers , and the Plymouth Company followed suit . The headright system was used in several colonies , including Maryland , Georgia , North Carolina and South Carolina . Most headrights were for 1 to 1,000 acres ( 4.0 km ) of land , and were given to anyone willing to cross the Atlantic Ocean and help populate the colonies . Headrights were granted to anyone who would pay for the transportation costs of a laborer or indentured servant . These land grants consisted of 50 acres ( 200,000 m ) for someone newly moving to the area and 100 acres ( 0.40 km ) for people previously living in the area . By giving the land to the landowning masters the indentured servants had little or no chance to procure their own land . This kept many colonials poor and led to strife between the poor servants and wealthy landowners .", "Look up headright in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .", "Look up headright in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .", "The headright system began in Jamestown , Virginia in 1618 as an attempt to solve labor shortages due to the advent of the tobacco economy , which required large plots of land with many workers . The disproportion that existed between the amount of land available and the population led to a situation with a low supply of labor , resulting in the growth of indentured servitude and of slavery . The headright system also served to attract new colonists . Colonists who had already been living in Virginia were each given two headrights of 50 acres ( 200,000 m2 ) ; immigrant colonists who paid for their passage were given one headright , and individuals would subsequently receive one headright each time they paid for the passage of another individual . This last mechanism increased the division between the wealthy land - owners and the working poor . Headrights were given to heads - of - households , and because 50 acres were accumulated for each member of the household , families had an incentive to make the passage to the colonies together .", "After paying for the passage of an individual to make it to the colonies , one needed to obtain a patent for the land . First , the governor or local county court had to provide a certificate that certified the validity of the importation of a person . One would then select the land one desired and have an official survey made . The two basic surveying instruments used to mark plots of land were a chain known as Gunter 's chain and a compass . The patent 's claimant would then take the description of this land to the colony 's secretary , who created the patent to be approved by the governor . Once a headright was obtained , it was treated as a commodity and could be bought , sold , or traded . It also could be saved indefinitely and used at a later date .", "Individuals who could afford to do so would accumulate headrights by providing funds for poor individuals to travel to Virginia . ( During the 17th century , the cost of transport from England to the colonies was about six pounds per person . ) This system led to the development of indentured servitude where poor individuals would become workers for a specified number of years and provide labor in order to repay the landowners who had sponsored their transportation to the colonies . The claimaints to headrights could receive grants for men , women and children since anyone could become an indentured servant . Early documentation from the Virginia Company seems to suggest that a landowner could receive a headright even if the indentured servant whose trip they sponsored did not make it to Virginia alive . While the majority of headrights distributed were issued under the names of British immigrants , as time went on , indentured servants who provided the heads - of - households with land came from throughout Europe and could be used as headrights , as could slaves from Africa .", "Plantation owners benefited from the headright system when they paid for the transportation of imported slaves . This , along with the increase in the amount of money required to bring indentured servants to the colonies , contributed to the shift towards slavery in the colonies . Until 1699 , a slave was worth a headright of fifty acres . According to records , in the 1670s over 400 slaves were used as headrights in Virginia . This number increased in the 1680s and 1690s . Many families grew in power in the colonies by receiving large tracts of land when they imported slaves . For example , George Menefie purchased sixty slaves , and received a total of 3,000 acres in 1638 . In 1699 , it was decided that headrights would only be granted for English citizens and that transportating a slave would no longer guarantee land .", "According to records , there was a large discrepancy between the number of headrights issued and the number of new residents in the colonies . This gap may be explained by high mortality rates of people during their journey to the colonies . Landowners would receive headrights for the dead and thus , the gap would widen between population growth and amount of headrights issued . Another explanation suggests that the secretary 's office that issued the headrights grew more lax . There were few regulations in place to keep the headright system in check . Because of this , several headrights were claimed multiple times and people took advantage of the lack of governance . For instance , when a person was brought to the colonies , both the ship captain and the individual paying the transportation costs may have attempted to receive land patents or headrights for the same person . Another problem was that secretaries sometimes issued headrights for fictitious people . During the 1660s and 1670s , the number of headrights was about four times more than the increase in population . If this large discrepancy must be attributed to more than fictitious issuing , a final explanation suggests that people had accumulated and saved headrights . Headrights could be bought for about 50 pounds of tobacco each . The owners of the grants then claimed the land years later once the land had risen in value . Although keeping a count of the number of headrights issued may not lead to accurate estimations of population growth in the colonies , the number of patents issued acts as an indicator of the demand for land .", "In addition to leading to the distribution of too much land at the lax secretary 's discretion , the headright system increased tensions between Native Americans and colonists . Indentured servants were granted land inland , which was near the natives . This migration produced conflict between the natives and the indentured servants . Later , Bacon 's Rebellion was sparked by tensions between the natives , settlers , and indentured servants ." ]
Headright - wikipedia Headright Jump to: navigation , search A headright is a legal grant of land to settlers. Headrights are most notable for their role in the expansion of the thirteen British colonies in North America; the Virginia Company of London gave headrights to settlers, and the Plymouth Company followed suit. The headright system was used in several colonies, including Maryland , Georgia , North Carolina and South Carolina . Most headrights were for 1 to 1,000 acres (4.0 km ) of land, and were given to anyone willing to cross the Atlantic Ocean and help populate the colonies . Headrights were granted to anyone who would pay for the transportation costs of a laborer or indentured servant . These land grants consisted of 50 acres (200,000 m ) for someone newly moving to the area and 100 acres (0.40 km ) for people previously living in the area. By giving the land to the landowning masters the indentured servants had little or no chance to procure their own land. This kept many colonials poor and led to strife between the poor servants and wealthy landowners. Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview of the headright system 2 Process of obtaining headrights 3 Eligibility 4 Slavery and the headright system 5 Issues with land patent records 6 Consequences of the headright system 7 See also 8 References Overview of the headright system ( edit ) Look up headright in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The headright system began in Jamestown, Virginia in 1618 as an attempt to solve labor shortages due to the advent of the tobacco economy, which required large plots of land with many workers. The disproportion that existed between the amount of land available and the population led to a situation with a low supply of labor, resulting in the growth of indentured servitude and of slavery . The headright system also served to attract new colonists. Colonists who had already been living in Virginia were each given two headrights of 50 acres (200,000 m2 ); immigrant colonists who paid for their passage were given one headright, and individuals would subsequently receive one headright each time they paid for the passage of another individual. This last mechanism increased the division between the wealthy land-owners and the working poor. Headrights were given to heads-of-households, and because 50 acres were accumulated for each member of the household, families had an incentive to make the passage to the colonies together. Process of obtaining headrights ( edit ) After paying for the passage of an individual to make it to the colonies, one needed to obtain a patent for the land. First, the governor or local county court had to provide a certificate that certified the validity of the importation of a person. One would then select the land one desired and have an official survey made. The two basic surveying instruments used to mark plots of land were a chain known as Gunter's chain and a compass . The patent's claimant would then take the description of this land to the colony's secretary, who created the patent to be approved by the governor. Once a headright was obtained, it was treated as a commodity and could be bought, sold, or traded. It also could be saved indefinitely and used at a later date. Eligibility ( edit ) Individuals who could afford to do so would accumulate headrights by providing funds for poor individuals to travel to Virginia. (During the 17th century, the cost of transport from England to the colonies was about six pounds per person.) This system led to the development of indentured servitude where poor individuals would become workers for a specified number of years and provide labor in order to repay the landowners who had sponsored their transportation to the colonies. The claimaints to headrights could receive grants for men, women and children since anyone could become an indentured servant. Early documentation from the Virginia Company seems to suggest that a landowner could receive a headright even if the indentured servant whose trip they sponsored did not make it to Virginia alive. While the majority of headrights distributed were issued under the names of British immigrants, as time went on, indentured servants who provided the heads-of-households with land came from throughout Europe and could be used as headrights, as could slaves from Africa. Slavery and the headright system ( edit ) Plantation owners benefited from the headright system when they paid for the transportation of imported slaves. This, along with the increase in the amount of money required to bring indentured servants to the colonies, contributed to the shift towards slavery in the colonies. Until 1699, a slave was worth a headright of fifty acres. According to records, in the 1670s over 400 slaves were used as headrights in Virginia. This number increased in the 1680s and 1690s. Many families grew in power in the colonies by receiving large tracts of land when they imported slaves. For example, George Menefie purchased sixty slaves, and received a total of 3,000 acres in 1638. In 1699, it was decided that headrights would only be granted for English citizens and that transportating a slave would no longer guarantee land. Issues with land patent records ( edit ) According to records, there was a large discrepancy between the number of headrights issued and the number of new residents in the colonies . This gap may be explained by high mortality rates of people during their journey to the colonies. Landowners would receive headrights for the dead and thus, the gap would widen between population growth and amount of headrights issued. Another explanation suggests that the secretary's office that issued the headrights grew more lax. There were few regulations in place to keep the headright system in check. Because of this, several headrights were claimed multiple times and people took advantage of the lack of governance. For instance, when a person was brought to the colonies, both the ship captain and the individual paying the transportation costs may have attempted to receive land patents or headrights for the same person. Another problem was that secretaries sometimes issued headrights for fictitious people. During the 1660s and 1670s, the number of headrights was about four times more than the increase in population. If this large discrepancy must be attributed to more than fictitious issuing, a final explanation suggests that people had accumulated and saved headrights. Headrights could be bought for about 50 pounds of tobacco each. The owners of the grants then claimed the land years later once the land had risen in value. Although keeping a count of the number of headrights issued may not lead to accurate estimations of population growth in the colonies, the number of patents issued acts as an indicator of the demand for land. Consequences of the headright system ( edit ) In addition to leading to the distribution of too much land at the lax secretary's discretion, the headright system increased tensions between Native Americans and colonists. Indentured servants were granted land inland, which was near the natives. This migration produced conflict between the natives and the indentured servants. Later, Bacon's Rebellion was sparked by tensions between the natives, settlers, and indentured servants. See also ( edit ) Patroon References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Baird, Robert (2001). `` Understanding Headrights'' . Bob's Genealogy Filing Cabinet II . Retrieved February 12, 2012 . Jump up ^ Hirschfelder, Arlene B. (1999). `` Rolfe, John (1585-1622)'' . Encyclopedia of Smoking and Tobacco . Oryx Press. p. 262. ISBN 9781573562027 . Retrieved 2017-08-07 . John Rolfe, a pipe-smoking Englishman from Norfolk, Virginia, has been credited with the success of Jamestown's tobacco crop. (...) In June 1614, Rolfe shipped his first cargo of Virginia tobacco, called `` Orinoco,'' to England. Jump up ^ Eichholz, Alice (2004). Red Book: American State, County and Town Sources . Provo, UT: Ancestry. ISBN 978-1-59331-166-7 . Jump up ^ Hilliard, Sam B. (October 1992). `` Headright Grants and Surveying in Northeastern Georgia'' . American Geographical Society . 72 (4): 416-- 429. JSTOR 214594 . ^ Jump up to: Grymes, Charles A. `` Acquiring Virginia Land By Headright ' '' . virginiaplaces.org . Retrieved February 12, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Morgan, Edmund S. (July 1972). `` Headrights and Head Counts: A Review Article'' . The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 80 (3): 361-- 371. JSTOR 4247736 . Jump up ^ Bruce, Philip Alexander (1896). Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century: an Inquiry into the Material Condition of the People, Based upon Original and Contemporaneous Records, Volume 2 (Google EBook). New York: Macmillan and Co. Jump up ^ Morgan, Edmund S. (1995). American Slavery, American Freedom: the Ordeal of Colonial Virginia . New York: WW Norton & Co. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-393-31288-1 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Headright&oldid=812899152 '' Categories : Thirteen Colonies History of labor relations in the United States Indentured servitude in the Americas Hidden categories: All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017, at 15:09. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
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who sang marias part in west side story
In 1956 , she worked closely with Deborah Kerr to supply the star 's singing voice for the film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's The King and I and the next year she again worked with Kerr to dub her voice in An Affair to Remember . That year , she also sang for Sophia Loren in Boy on a Dolphin . In 1960 , she dubbed Janet Leigh 's voice in Pepe and had an on - screen chorus role in Can - Can . In 1961 's West Side Story , the studio kept her work on the film ( as the singing voice of Natalie Wood 's Maria ) a secret from the actress , and Nixon also dubbed Rita Moreno 's singing in the film 's `` Tonight '' quintet . She asked the film 's producers for , but did not receive , any direct royalties from her work on the film , but Leonard Bernstein contractually gave her 1 / 4 of one percent of his personal royalties from it . In 1962 , she also sang Wood 's high notes in Gypsy . For My Fair Lady in 1964 , she again worked with the female lead of the film , Audrey Hepburn , to perform the songs of Hepburn 's character Eliza . Because of her uncredited dubbing work in these films , Time magazine called her `` The Ghostess with the Mostest '' .
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[ "Marni Nixon Nixon at the Metropolitan Room , New York City ( 2009 ) Margaret Nixon McEathron ( 1930 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1930 Altadena , California , U.S. July 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 24 ) ( aged 86 ) New York , New York , U.S. Occupation Singer , actress Spouse ( s ) Ernest Gold ( m . 1950 ; div. 1969 ) Lajos Fenster ( m . 1971 ; div. 1975 ) Albert Block ( m . 1983 ; d . 2015 ) Children 3 , including Andrew Gold Website www.marninixon.org", "Marni Nixon", "Nixon at the Metropolitan Room , New York City ( 2009 )", "Margaret Nixon McEathron ( 1930 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1930 Altadena , California , U.S.", "July 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 24 ) ( aged 86 ) New York , New York , U.S.", "Occupation Singer , actress", "Spouse ( s ) Ernest Gold ( m . 1950 ; div. 1969 ) Lajos Fenster ( m . 1971 ; div. 1975 ) Albert Block ( m . 1983 ; d . 2015 )", "Ernest Gold ( m . 1950 ; div. 1969 ) Lajos Fenster ( m . 1971 ; div. 1975 ) Albert Block ( m . 1983 ; d . 2015 )", "Ernest Gold ( m . 1950 ; div. 1969 )", "Lajos Fenster ( m . 1971 ; div. 1975 )", "Albert Block ( m . 1983 ; d . 2015 )", "Children 3 , including Andrew Gold", "Website www.marninixon.org", "Margaret Nixon McEathron ( February 22 , 1930 -- July 24 , 2016 ) , known professionally as Marni Nixon , was an American soprano and ghost singer for featured actresses in movie musicals . She is now well - known as the real singing voices of the leading actresses in films , including The King and I , West Side Story , and My Fair Lady , although this was concealed at the time from audiences .", "Besides her voice work in films , Nixon 's varied career included some film roles of her own , television , opera , musicals on Broadway and elsewhere throughout the United States , concerts with major symphony orchestras , and recordings .", "Born in Altadena , California to Charles Nixon and Margaret Elsa ( née Wittke ) McEathron , Nixon was a child film actress who also played the violin and began singing at an early age in choruses , including performing solos with the Roger Wagner Chorale . She went on to study singing and opera with , among others , Vera Schwarz , Carl Ebert , Boris Goldovsky and Sarah Caldwell . In 1947 , having adopted the stage name Marni Nixon , she made her Hollywood Bowl solo debut in Carmina Burana with the Los Angeles Philharmonic under conductor Leopold Stokowski .", "Nixon 's career in film started in 1948 when she sang the voices of the angels heard by Ingrid Bergman in Joan of Arc ( 1948 ) . The same year , she did her first dubbing work when she provided Margaret O'Brien 's singing voice in 1948 's Big City and then 1949 's The Secret Garden . She sang for Jeanne Crain in Cheaper by the Dozen ( 1950 ) and dubbed Marilyn Monroe 's high notes in `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes ( 1953 ) . Also in 1953 , she sang for Ida Lupino in Jennifer . Nixon appeared on Broadway in 1954 in The Girl in Pink Tights .", "In 1956 , she worked closely with Deborah Kerr to supply the star 's singing voice for the film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's The King and I and the next year she again worked with Kerr to dub her voice in An Affair to Remember . That year , she also sang for Sophia Loren in Boy on a Dolphin . In 1960 , she dubbed Janet Leigh 's voice in Pepe and had an on - screen chorus role in Can - Can . In 1961 's West Side Story , the studio kept her work on the film ( as the singing voice of Natalie Wood 's Maria ) a secret from the actress , and Nixon also dubbed Rita Moreno 's singing in the film 's `` Tonight '' quintet . She asked the film 's producers for , but did not receive , any direct royalties from her work on the film , but Leonard Bernstein contractually gave her 1 / 4 of one percent of his personal royalties from it . In 1962 , she also sang Wood 's high notes in Gypsy . For My Fair Lady in 1964 , she again worked with the female lead of the film , Audrey Hepburn , to perform the songs of Hepburn 's character Eliza . Because of her uncredited dubbing work in these films , Time magazine called her `` The Ghostess with the Mostest '' .", "Nixon made guest appearances with Leonard Bernstein 's Young People 's Concerts , including in 1960 , singing `` Improvisation sur Mallarmé I '' from Pli selon pli by Pierre Boulez , and on April 9 , 1961 , in a program entitled `` Folk Music in the Concert Hall '' , singing three `` Songs of the Auvergne '' by Joseph Canteloube . Before My Fair Lady was released in theatres in 1964 , Nixon played Eliza in a revival of the musical at New York City Center . Nixon 's first onscreen appearance was as Sister Sophia in the 1965 film The Sound of Music . In the DVD commentary to the film , director Robert Wise comments that audiences were finally able to see the woman whose voice they knew so well . In 1967 , she was the singing voice of Princess Serena in a live action and animated version of Jack and the Beanstalk on NBC . Especially in the 1960s , but also earlier and later , Nixon made concert appearances , specializing in contemporary music as a soloist with the New York Philharmonic , and gave recitals at Carnegie Hall , Alice Tully Hall and Town Hall in New York City .", "Nixon taught at the California Institute of the Arts in Santa Clarita from 1969 to 1971 and joined the faculty of the Music Academy of the West , Santa Barbara , in 1980 , where she taught for many years . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , she hosted a children 's television show in Seattle on KOMO - TV channel 4 called Boomerang , winning four Emmy Awards as best actress , and made numerous other television appearances on variety shows and as a guest star in prime time series . Nixon 's opera repertory included Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos , Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro , both Blonde and Konstanze in Die Entführung aus dem Serail , Violetta in La traviata , the title role in La Périchole and Philine in Mignon . Her opera credits included performances at Los Angeles Opera , Seattle Opera , San Francisco Opera and the Tanglewood Music Festival among others . In addition to giving recitals , she appeared as an oratorio and concert soloist with the New York Philharmonic under Leonard Bernstein , the Los Angeles Philharmonic , the Cleveland Orchestra , Toronto Symphony Orchestra , the London Symphony Orchestra and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra among others .", "Nixon also toured with Liberace and Victor Borge and later in her own cabaret shows . On stage , in 1984 , she originated the role of Edna Off - Broadway in Taking My Turn , composed by Gary William Friedman , receiving a nomination for a Drama Desk Award . She also originated the role of Sadie McKibben in Opal ( 1992 ) , and she had a 1997 film role as Aunt Alice in I Think I Do . Under her own name , beginning in the 1980s , Nixon recorded songs by Jerome Kern , George Gershwin and various classical composers . She was nominated for two Grammy Awards for Best Classical Performance , Vocal Soloist , one for her Schönberg album and one for her Copland album .", "In the 1998 Disney film Mulan , Nixon was the singing voice of `` Grandmother Fa '' . She then returned to the stage , touring the United States as Fraulein Schneider in Cabaret in 1997 -- 1998 . She eventually sang on more than 50 soundtracks . In 1999 , she originated the role of Mrs. Wilson in the premiere of Ballymore , an opera by Richard Wargo at Skylight Opera Theatre in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , which was taped for PBS . In regional theatre and Off - Broadway , she played Nurse in Romeo and Juliet and appeared in productions of The King and I and The Sound of Music . She also continued to teach voice and judge vocal competitions .", "In 2000 , after nearly a half century away , she returned to Broadway as Aunt Kate in James Joyce 's The Dead . In 2001 , Nixon replaced Joan Roberts as Heidi Schiller in the Broadway revival of Stephen Sondheim 's Follies . She played Eunice Miller in 70 , Girls , 70 in a 2002 production in Los Angeles . In 2003 , she was again on Broadway as a replacement in role of Guido 's mother in the revival of Nine . Nixon appeared as Frau Direktor Kirschner in the 2009 Encores ! production of the musical Music in the Air at New York City Center . Her autobiography , I Could Have Sung All Night , was published in 2006 . She performed in the 2008 North American Tour of Cameron Mackintosh 's UK revival of My Fair Lady in the role of Mrs. Higgins .", "In 1950 , Nixon married the first of her three husbands , Ernest Gold , who composed the theme song to the movie Exodus . They had three children , including singer / songwriter Andrew Gold . They divorced in 1969 . She was married to Dr. Lajos `` Fritz '' Fenster from 1971 to 1975 , and to woodwind player Albert Block from 1983 to his death in 2015 .", "Nixon survived breast cancer in 1985 and 2000 but finally succumbed to the disease . She died on July 24 , 2016 , in New York , aged 86 .", "On October 27 , 2008 , Nixon was presented with the Singer Symposium 's Distinguished Artist Award in New York City . She was also an honorary member of Sigma Alpha Iota International Women 's Music Fraternity .", "In 2012 , Nixon was the recipient of the George Peabody Award for Outstanding Contributions to American Music .", "Year Title Role Notes 1942 The Bashful Bachelor Angela Abernathy 1950 Cinderella Narrator ( vocals ) Song : `` Cinderella '' ( uncredited ) 1951 Alice in Wonderland Singing Flowers ( vocals ) Uncredited 1953 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes Lorelei Lee ( vocals ) Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend ( high notes ) ( uncredited ) 1956 The King and I Anna Leonowens ( vocals ) 4 songs ( uncredited ) 1956 Dance with Me , Henry Vocals Song : `` Libiamo ne ' lieti calici '' 1957 An Affair to Remember Terry McKay ( vocals ) 3 songs ( uncredited ) 1961 West Side Story Maria Nunez ( vocals ) 7 songs ( uncredited ) 1964 Mary Poppins Geese ( vocals ) Uncredited 1964 My Fair Lady Eliza Doolittle ( vocals ) 10 songs ( uncredited ) 1965 The Sound of Music Sister Sophia Song : `` Maria '' I Think I Do Aunt Alice 1998 Mulan Grandmother Fa ( vocals ) Song : `` Honor to Us All '' ( uncredited )", "Year Title Role Notes", "1942 The Bashful Bachelor Angela Abernathy", "1950 Cinderella Narrator ( vocals ) Song : `` Cinderella '' ( uncredited )", "1951 Alice in Wonderland Singing Flowers ( vocals ) Uncredited", "1953 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes Lorelei Lee ( vocals ) Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend ( high notes ) ( uncredited )", "1956 The King and I Anna Leonowens ( vocals ) 4 songs ( uncredited )", "1956 Dance with Me , Henry Vocals Song : `` Libiamo ne ' lieti calici ''", "1957 An Affair to Remember Terry McKay ( vocals ) 3 songs ( uncredited )", "1961 West Side Story Maria Nunez ( vocals ) 7 songs ( uncredited )", "1964 Mary Poppins Geese ( vocals ) Uncredited", "1964 My Fair Lady Eliza Doolittle ( vocals ) 10 songs ( uncredited )", "1965 The Sound of Music Sister Sophia Song : `` Maria ''", "I Think I Do Aunt Alice", "1998 Mulan Grandmother Fa ( vocals ) Song : `` Honor to Us All '' ( uncredited )", "Year Title Role Notes 1967 Jack and the Beanstalk Princess Serena ( vocals ) Movie ; various songs 1969 The Mothers - in - Law Herself Episode : `` The Not - So - Grand Opera '' 1984 Taking My Turn Edna Movie Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Edna Dumas Episode : `` Redemption ''", "Year Title Role Notes", "1967 Jack and the Beanstalk Princess Serena ( vocals ) Movie ; various songs", "1969 The Mothers - in - Law Herself Episode : `` The Not - So - Grand Opera ''", "1984 Taking My Turn Edna Movie", "Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Edna Dumas Episode : `` Redemption ''" ]
Marni Nixon - wikipedia Marni Nixon Marni Nixon Nixon at the Metropolitan Room, New York City (2009) Margaret Nixon McEathron ( 1930-02-22 ) February 22, 1930 Altadena , California , U.S. July 24, 2016 (2016-07-24) (aged 86) New York , New York , U.S. Occupation Singer, actress Spouse(s) Ernest Gold ( m. 1950; div. 1969) Lajos Fenster ( m. 1971; div. 1975) Albert Block ( m. 1983; d. 2015) Children 3, including Andrew Gold Website www.marninixon.org Margaret Nixon McEathron (February 22, 1930 -- July 24, 2016), known professionally as Marni Nixon , was an American soprano and ghost singer for featured actresses in movie musicals . She is now well-known as the real singing voices of the leading actresses in films, including The King and I , West Side Story , and My Fair Lady , although this was concealed at the time from audiences. Besides her voice work in films, Nixon's varied career included some film roles of her own, television, opera , musicals on Broadway and elsewhere throughout the United States, concerts with major symphony orchestras , and recordings. Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early films and musicals 2.2 Later work 3 Personal life and death 4 Honors 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Born in Altadena, California to Charles Nixon and Margaret Elsa (née Wittke) McEathron, Nixon was a child film actress who also played the violin and began singing at an early age in choruses, including performing solos with the Roger Wagner Chorale. She went on to study singing and opera with, among others, Vera Schwarz , Carl Ebert , Boris Goldovsky and Sarah Caldwell . In 1947, having adopted the stage name Marni Nixon, she made her Hollywood Bowl solo debut in Carmina Burana with the Los Angeles Philharmonic under conductor Leopold Stokowski . Career ( edit ) Early films and musicals ( edit ) Nixon's career in film started in 1948 when she sang the voices of the angels heard by Ingrid Bergman in Joan of Arc (1948). The same year, she did her first dubbing work when she provided Margaret O'Brien 's singing voice in 1948's Big City and then 1949's The Secret Garden . She sang for Jeanne Crain in Cheaper by the Dozen (1950) and dubbed Marilyn Monroe 's high notes in `` Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend '' in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953). Also in 1953, she sang for Ida Lupino in Jennifer . Nixon appeared on Broadway in 1954 in The Girl in Pink Tights . In 1956, she worked closely with Deborah Kerr to supply the star's singing voice for the film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's The King and I and the next year she again worked with Kerr to dub her voice in An Affair to Remember . That year, she also sang for Sophia Loren in Boy on a Dolphin . In 1960, she dubbed Janet Leigh 's voice in Pepe and had an on-screen chorus role in Can-Can . In 1961's West Side Story , the studio kept her work on the film (as the singing voice of Natalie Wood 's Maria) a secret from the actress, and Nixon also dubbed Rita Moreno 's singing in the film's `` Tonight'' quintet. She asked the film's producers for, but did not receive, any direct royalties from her work on the film, but Leonard Bernstein contractually gave her 1/4 of one percent of his personal royalties from it. In 1962, she also sang Wood's high notes in Gypsy . For My Fair Lady in 1964, she again worked with the female lead of the film, Audrey Hepburn , to perform the songs of Hepburn's character Eliza. Because of her uncredited dubbing work in these films, Time magazine called her `` The Ghostess with the Mostest'' . Nixon made guest appearances with Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts , including in 1960, singing `` Improvisation sur Mallarmé I'' from Pli selon pli by Pierre Boulez , and on April 9, 1961, in a program entitled `` Folk Music in the Concert Hall'' , singing three `` Songs of the Auvergne'' by Joseph Canteloube . Before My Fair Lady was released in theatres in 1964, Nixon played Eliza in a revival of the musical at New York City Center . Nixon's first onscreen appearance was as Sister Sophia in the 1965 film The Sound of Music . In the DVD commentary to the film, director Robert Wise comments that audiences were finally able to see the woman whose voice they knew so well. In 1967, she was the singing voice of Princess Serena in a live action and animated version of Jack and the Beanstalk on NBC. Especially in the 1960s, but also earlier and later, Nixon made concert appearances, specializing in contemporary music as a soloist with the New York Philharmonic , and gave recitals at Carnegie Hall , Alice Tully Hall and Town Hall in New York City. Later work ( edit ) Nixon taught at the California Institute of the Arts in Santa Clarita from 1969 to 1971 and joined the faculty of the Music Academy of the West , Santa Barbara, in 1980, where she taught for many years. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, she hosted a children's television show in Seattle on KOMO-TV channel 4 called Boomerang , winning four Emmy Awards as best actress, and made numerous other television appearances on variety shows and as a guest star in prime time series. Nixon's opera repertory included Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos , Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro , both Blonde and Konstanze in Die Entführung aus dem Serail , Violetta in La traviata , the title role in La Périchole and Philine in Mignon . Her opera credits included performances at Los Angeles Opera , Seattle Opera , San Francisco Opera and the Tanglewood Music Festival among others. In addition to giving recitals, she appeared as an oratorio and concert soloist with the New York Philharmonic under Leonard Bernstein , the Los Angeles Philharmonic , the Cleveland Orchestra , Toronto Symphony Orchestra , the London Symphony Orchestra and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra among others. Nixon also toured with Liberace and Victor Borge and later in her own cabaret shows. On stage, in 1984, she originated the role of Edna Off-Broadway in Taking My Turn , composed by Gary William Friedman , receiving a nomination for a Drama Desk Award . She also originated the role of Sadie McKibben in Opal (1992), and she had a 1997 film role as Aunt Alice in I Think I Do . Under her own name, beginning in the 1980s, Nixon recorded songs by Jerome Kern , George Gershwin and various classical composers. She was nominated for two Grammy Awards for Best Classical Performance, Vocal Soloist, one for her Schönberg album and one for her Copland album. In the 1998 Disney film Mulan , Nixon was the singing voice of `` Grandmother Fa'' . She then returned to the stage, touring the United States as Fraulein Schneider in Cabaret in 1997-- 1998. She eventually sang on more than 50 soundtracks. In 1999, she originated the role of Mrs. Wilson in the premiere of Ballymore , an opera by Richard Wargo at Skylight Opera Theatre in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which was taped for PBS. In regional theatre and Off-Broadway, she played Nurse in Romeo and Juliet and appeared in productions of The King and I and The Sound of Music . She also continued to teach voice and judge vocal competitions. In 2000, after nearly a half century away, she returned to Broadway as Aunt Kate in James Joyce's The Dead . In 2001, Nixon replaced Joan Roberts as Heidi Schiller in the Broadway revival of Stephen Sondheim 's Follies . She played Eunice Miller in 70, Girls, 70 in a 2002 production in Los Angeles. In 2003, she was again on Broadway as a replacement in role of Guido's mother in the revival of Nine . Nixon appeared as Frau Direktor Kirschner in the 2009 Encores! production of the musical Music in the Air at New York City Center. Her autobiography, I Could Have Sung All Night , was published in 2006. She performed in the 2008 North American Tour of Cameron Mackintosh 's UK revival of My Fair Lady in the role of Mrs. Higgins. Personal life and death ( edit ) In 1950, Nixon married the first of her three husbands, Ernest Gold , who composed the theme song to the movie Exodus . They had three children, including singer/songwriter Andrew Gold . They divorced in 1969. She was married to Dr. Lajos `` Fritz'' Fenster from 1971 to 1975, and to woodwind player Albert Block from 1983 to his death in 2015. Nixon survived breast cancer in 1985 and 2000 but finally succumbed to the disease. She died on July 24, 2016, in New York, aged 86. Honors ( edit ) On October 27, 2008, Nixon was presented with the Singer Symposium's Distinguished Artist Award in New York City. She was also an honorary member of Sigma Alpha Iota International Women's Music Fraternity. In 2012, Nixon was the recipient of the George Peabody Award for Outstanding Contributions to American Music. Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1942 The Bashful Bachelor Angela Abernathy 1950 Cinderella Narrator (vocals) Song: `` Cinderella'' (uncredited) 1951 Alice in Wonderland Singing Flowers (vocals) Uncredited 1953 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes Lorelei Lee (vocals) Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend (high notes) (uncredited) 1956 The King and I Anna Leonowens (vocals) 4 songs (uncredited) 1956 Dance with Me, Henry Vocals Song: `` Libiamo ne' lieti calici'' 1957 An Affair to Remember Terry McKay (vocals) 3 songs (uncredited) 1961 West Side Story Maria Nunez (vocals) 7 songs (uncredited) 1964 Mary Poppins Geese (vocals) Uncredited 1964 My Fair Lady Eliza Doolittle (vocals) 10 songs (uncredited) 1965 The Sound of Music Sister Sophia Song: `` Maria '' I Think I Do Aunt Alice 1998 Mulan Grandmother Fa (vocals) Song: `` Honor to Us All '' (uncredited) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1967 Jack and the Beanstalk Princess Serena (vocals) Movie ; various songs 1969 The Mothers-in-Law Herself Episode: `` The Not-So-Grand Opera'' 1984 Taking My Turn Edna Movie Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Edna Dumas Episode: `` Redemption'' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Fox, Margalit . `` Marni Nixon, the Singing Voice Behind the Screen, Dies at 86'' , The New York Times , July 25, 2016 ^ Jump up to: Ivri, Benjamin. `` Remembering Marni Nixon, the Greatest Ghost Singer'' , The Forward , July 26, 2016 ^ Jump up to: Savage, Mark. `` Marni Nixon: Hollywood's ' invisible voice' dies aged 86'' , BBC News, July 25, 2016 ^ Jump up to: Marni Nixon , Internet Broadway Database, accessed July 26, 2016 ^ Jump up to: Ruhlmann, William. `` About Marni Nixon'' , MTV, accessed November 24, 2014 ^ Jump up to: Lawson, Kyle. `` 6/17-22: Marni Nixon in My Fair Lady '' , AZCentral.com, June 10, 2008, accessed December 23, 2011 Jump up ^ Prial, Frank J. `` Voice of the Many, but Rarely Herself'' , The New York Times , March 6, 2007, accessed December 23, 2011 ^ Jump up to: Bargreen, Melonda. `` From shadows to spotlight: Acclaimed soprano Marni Nixon, 76, writes her memoir'' , The Seattle Times , November 3, 2006, accessed July 19, 2017 Jump up ^ Miller, Frank. 198696&name =Gypsy Gypsy , TCM.com, accessed November 24, 2014 Jump up ^ `` Hollywood: Instant Voice'' , Time magazine, February 7, 1964 Jump up ^ Lunden, Jeff. `` ' Ghost' Soprano Marni Nixon, Who Voiced Blockbuster Musicals, Dies at 86'' , NPR.org, July 25, 2016 Jump up ^ Bernstein, Leonard. Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts . Amadeus Press (1962), pp. 349-- 350 ISBN 1-57467-102-2 Jump up ^ Kenrick, John . `` Musicals on DVD 8'' , Musicals101.com, John Kenrick, 2007, accessed November 30, 2011 ^ Jump up to: `` Marni Nixon Biography (1930-- )'' , Film Reference.com, accessed November 24, 2014 ^ Jump up to: Bernheimer: `` Marni Nixon'' , Grove Music Online ^ Jump up to: `` The Singer Symposium 2008 Distinguished Artist Award'' , Singer Symposium, October 25, 2008, accessed February 20, 2013 Jump up ^ Taking My Turn Archived October 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. , Lortel Archives, accessed January 28, 20143 ^ Jump up to: Jones, Kenneth. `` Marni Nixon Warms Up in Milwaukee for Friel-Based Opera Ballymore, Jan. 29 -- Feb 14'' Archived December 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , January 29, 1999, accessed February 20, 2013 Jump up ^ Hernandez, Ernio. `` Voice of `` My Fair Lady'' and `` West Side Story'' Joins Nine on Broadway, Oct. 7'' Archived December 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , September 15, 2003, accessed December 23, 2011 Jump up ^ Brantley, Ben. `` Inside the Big, Bad City, Temptations by the Score'' , The New York Times , February 6, 2009 Jump up ^ Zeka, Rita `` Eliza Doolittle and love of hats bring actors together'' , Toronto Star , May 24, 2008, accessed December 23, 2011 Jump up ^ `` My Fair Lady (Cast Biographies)'' , Center Theatre Group, 2008, accessed December 23, 2011 Jump up ^ Leigh, Spencer. `` Andrew Gold: Musician and songwriter whose collaborators included Ronstadt, Garfunkel and Cher'' , The Independent , June 8, 2011, accessed July 26, 2016 Jump up ^ `` Albert Block'' , Riverside Memorial Chapel , August 17, 2015, accessed March 13, 2016 Jump up ^ `` Honorary Member'' Archived January 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. , Sai-national.org, accessed July 25, 2016 Sources ( edit ) Nixon, Marni, with Cole, Stephen. I Could Have Sung All Night: My Story. New York, Billboard Books. 2006; ISBN 0-8230-8365-9 . Martin Bernheimer: `` Marni Nixon'' , Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy; accessed September 22, 2008 (see here (subscription access) ) External links ( edit ) Marni Nixon on IMDb Marni Nixon at the Internet Broadway Database Works by Marni Nixon at Open Library Marni Nixon at the Internet Off-Broadway Database Extensive Nixon biography and photos Interview with Marni Nixon by Bruce Duffie, June 10, 1987 Nixon singing with Leonard Bernstein on television in 1961 BNE : XX5581664 BNF : cb139566546 (data) GND : 132869810 ISNI : 0000 0000 8113 8386 LCCN : n83070039 MusicBrainz : 4bc4aee5-3f5f-4af9-bce1-d89064ce2bcc SNAC : w6vj8d1j VIAF : 34649765 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marni_Nixon&oldid=854538636 '' Categories : 1930 births 2016 deaths American musical theatre actresses American operatic sopranos California Institute of the Arts faculty Music Academy of the West faculty People from Altadena, California Actresses from California Deaths from breast cancer Deaths from cancer in New York (state) Singers from California Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from July 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with IBDb links Open Library ID not in Wikidata Articles with Open Library links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018, at 02:54 (UTC) . 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what is the birthplace of an atlantic basin hurricane
An Atlantic hurricane or tropical storm is a tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean , usually in the summer or fall . A hurricane differs from a cyclone or typhoon only on the basis of location . A hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean , a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean , and a cyclone occurs in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean .
[ [ "the Atlantic Ocean" ] ]
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[ "An Atlantic hurricane or tropical storm is a tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean , usually in the summer or fall . A hurricane differs from a cyclone or typhoon only on the basis of location . A hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean , a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean , and a cyclone occurs in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean .", "Tropical cyclones can be categorized by intensity . Tropical storms have one - minute maximum sustained winds of at least 39 mph ( 34 knots , 17 m / s , 63 km / h ) , while hurricanes have one - minute maximum sustained winds exceeding 74 mph ( 64 knots , 33 m / s , 119 km / h ) . Most North Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes form between June 1 and November 30 . The United States National Hurricane Center monitors the basin and issues reports , watches , and warnings about tropical weather systems for the North Atlantic Basin as one of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers for tropical cyclones , as defined by the World Meteorological Organization .", "In recent times , tropical disturbances that reach tropical storm intensity are named from a predetermined list . Hurricanes that result in significant damage or casualties may have their names retired from the list at the request of the affected nations in order to prevent confusion should a subsequent storm be given the same name . On average , in the North Atlantic basin ( from 1966 to 2009 ) 11.3 named storms occur each season , with an average of 6.2 becoming hurricanes and 2.3 becoming major hurricanes ( Category 3 or greater ) . The climatological peak of activity is around September 11 each season .", "In March 2004 , Catarina was the first hurricane - intensity tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Southern Atlantic Ocean . Since 2011 , the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center has started to use the same scale of the North Atlantic Ocean for tropical cyclones in the South Atlantic Ocean and assign names to those which reach 35 kn ( 65 km / h ; 40 mph ) .", "Tropical cyclones are steered by the surrounding flow throughout the depth of the troposphere ( the atmosphere from the surface to about eight miles ( 12 km ) high ) . Neil Frank , former director of the United States National Hurricane Center , used the analogies such as `` a leaf carried along in a stream '' or a `` brick moving through a river of air '' to describe the way atmospheric flow affects the path of a hurricane across the ocean . Specifically , air flow around high pressure systems and toward low pressure areas influences hurricane tracks .", "In the tropical latitudes , tropical storms and hurricanes generally move westward with a slight tendency toward the north , under the influence of the subtropical ridge , a high pressure system that usually extends east - west across the subtropics . South of the subtropical ridge , surface easterly winds ( blowing from east to west ) prevail . If the subtropical ridge is weakened by an upper trough , a tropical cyclone may turn poleward and then recurve , or curve back toward the northeast into the main belt of the Westerlies . Poleward ( north ) of the subtropical ridge , westerly winds prevail and generally steer tropical cyclones that reach northern latitudes toward the east . The westerlies also steer extratropical cyclones with their cold and warm fronts from west to east .", "Most intense Atlantic hurricanes Rank Hurricane Season Pressure hPa inHg Wilma 2005 882 26.05 Gilbert 888 26.23 `` Labor Day '' 1935 892 26.34 Rita 2005 895 26.43 5 Allen 1980 899 26.55 6 Camille 1969 900 26.58 7 Katrina 2005 902 26.64 8 Mitch 1998 905 26.73 Dean 2007 10 Maria 2017 908 26.81 Source : HURDAT", "Most intense Atlantic hurricanes", "Rank Hurricane Season Pressure", "hPa inHg", "Wilma 2005 882 26.05", "Gilbert 888 26.23", "`` Labor Day '' 1935 892 26.34", "Rita 2005 895 26.43", "5 Allen 1980 899 26.55", "6 Camille 1969 900 26.58", "7 Katrina 2005 902 26.64", "8 Mitch 1998 905 26.73", "Dean 2007", "10 Maria 2017 908 26.81", "Source : HURDAT", "Generally speaking , the intensity of a tropical cyclone is determined by either the storm 's maximum sustained winds or lowest barometric pressure . The following table lists the most intense Atlantic hurricanes in terms of their lowest barometric pressure . In terms of wind speed , Hurricane Allen ( in 1980 ) was the strongest Atlantic tropical cyclone on record , with maximum sustained winds of 190 mph ( 310 km / h ) . However , these measurements are suspect since instrumentation used to document wind speeds at the time would likely succumb to winds of such intensity . Nonetheless , their central pressures are low enough to rank them among the strongest recorded Atlantic hurricanes .", "Owing to their intensity , the strongest Atlantic hurricanes have all attained Category 5 classification . Hurricane Opal , the strongest Category 4 hurricane recorded , intensified to reach a minimum pressure of 916 mbar ( hPa ; 27.05 inHg ) , a pressure typical of Category 5 hurricanes . Nonetheless , the pressure remains too high to list Opal as one of the ten strongest Atlantic tropical cyclones . Presently , Hurricane Wilma is the strongest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded , after reaching an intensity of 882 mbar ( hPa ; 26.05 inHg ) in October 2005 ; this also made Wilma the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide outside of the West Pacific , where seven tropical cyclones have been recorded to intensify to lower pressures . However , this was later superseded by Hurricane Patricia in 2015 in the east Pacific , which had a pressure reading of 872 mbar . Preceding Wilma is Hurricane Gilbert , which had also held the record for most intense Atlantic hurricane for 17 years . The 1935 Labor Day hurricane , with a pressure of 892 mbar ( hPa ; 26.34 inHg ) , is the third strongest Atlantic hurricane and the strongest documented tropical cyclone prior to 1950 . Since the measurements taken during Wilma and Gilbert were documented using dropsonde , this pressure remains the lowest measured over land .", "Hurricane Rita is the fourth strongest Atlantic hurricane in terms of barometric pressure and one of three tropical cyclones from 2005 on the list , with the others being Wilma and Katrina at first and sixth , respectively . However , with a barometric pressure of 895 mbar ( hPa ; 26.43 inHg ) , Rita is the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico . Hurricanes Camille , Mitch , and Dean share intensities for the seventh strongest Atlantic hurricane at 905 mbar ( hPa ; 26.73 inHg ) . The tenth place for most intense Atlantic tropical cyclone is Hurricane Maria listed to have deepened to a pressure as low as 908 mbar ( hPa ; 26.81 inHg ) .", "Many of the strongest recorded tropical cyclones weakened prior to their eventual landfall or demise . However , three of the storms remained intense enough at landfall to be considered some of the strongest landfalling hurricanes -- three of the eleven hurricanes on the list constitute the three most intense Atlantic landfalls in recorded history . The 1935 Labor Day hurricane made landfall at peak intensity , making it the most intense Atlantic landfall . Though it weakened slightly before its eventual landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula , Hurricane Gilbert maintained a pressure of 900 mbar ( hPa ; 26.58 inHg ) at landfall , making its landfall the second strongest . Similarly , Hurricane Dean made landfall on the peninsula , though it did so at peak intensity and with a higher barometric pressure ; its landfall marked the third strongest in Atlantic hurricane history .", "Total and Average Number of Tropical Storms by Month ( 1851 -- 2015 ) Month Total Average per year January -- April 5 < 0.05 May 21 0.1 June 87 0.5 July 118 0.7 August 378 2.3 September 571 3.5 October 336 2.0 November 89 0.5 December 17 0.1 Source : NOAA FAQ", "Total and Average Number of Tropical Storms by Month ( 1851 -- 2015 )", "Month Total Average per year", "January -- April 5 < 0.05", "May 21 0.1", "June 87 0.5", "July 118 0.7", "August 378 2.3", "September 571 3.5", "October 336 2.0", "November 89 0.5", "December 17 0.1", "Source : NOAA FAQ", "Climatology does serve to characterize the general properties of an average season and can be used as one of many other tools for making forecasts . Most storms form in warm waters several hundred miles north of the equator near the Intertropical convergence zone from tropical waves . The Coriolis force is usually too weak to initiate sufficient rotation near the equator . Storms frequently form in the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico , the Caribbean Sea , and the tropical Atlantic Ocean as far east as the Cape Verde Islands , the origin of strong and long - lasting Cape Verde - type hurricanes . Systems may also strengthen over the Gulf Stream off the coast of the eastern United States , wherever water temperatures exceed 26.5 ° C ( 79.7 ° F ) .", "Although most storms are found within tropical latitudes , occasionally storms will form further north and east from disturbances other than tropical waves such as cold fronts and upper - level lows . These are known as baroclinically induced tropical cyclones . There is a strong correlation between Atlantic hurricane activity in the tropics and the presence of an El Niño or La Niña in the Pacific Ocean . El Niño events increase the wind shear over the Atlantic , producing a less - favorable environment for formation and decreasing tropical activity in the Atlantic basin . Conversely , La Niña causes an increase in activity due to a decrease in wind shear .", "According to the Azores High hypothesis by Kam - biu Liu , an anti-phase pattern is expected to exist between the Gulf of Mexico coast and the North American Atlantic coast . During the quiescent periods ( 3000 -- 1400 BC , and 1000 AD to present ) , a more northeasterly position of the Azores High would result in more hurricanes being steered toward the Atlantic coast . During the hyperactive period ( 1400 BC to 1000 AD ) , more hurricanes were steered towards the Gulf coast as the Azores High was shifted to a more southwesterly position near the Caribbean . Such a displacement of the Azores High is consistent with paleoclimatic evidence that shows an abrupt onset of a drier climate in Haiti around 3200 C years BP , and a change towards more humid conditions in the Great Plains during the late - Holocene as more moisture was pumped up the Mississippi Valley through the Gulf coast . Preliminary data from the northern Atlantic coast seem to support the Azores High hypothesis . A 3000 - year proxy record from a coastal lake in Cape Cod suggests that hurricane activity has increased significantly during the past 500 -- 1000 years , just as the Gulf coast was amid a quiescent period of the last millennium .", "Climatologically speaking , approximately 97 percent of tropical cyclones that form in the North Atlantic develop between the dates of June 1 and November 30 -- dates which delimit the modern - day Atlantic hurricane season . Though the beginning of the annual hurricane season has historically remained the same , the official end of the hurricane season has shifted from its initial date of October 31 . Regardless , on average once every few years a tropical cyclone develops outside the limits of the season ; as of January 2016 there have been 66 tropical cyclones in the off - season , with the most recent being Tropical Storm Arlene in 2017 . The first tropical cyclone of the 1938 Atlantic hurricane season , which formed on January 3 , became the earliest forming tropical storm and hurricane after reanalysis concluded on the storm in December 2012 .", "Hurricane Able in 1951 was initially thought to be the earliest forming major hurricane -- a tropical cyclone with winds exceeding 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) -- however following post-storm analysis it was determined that Able only reached Category 1 strength which made Hurricane Alma of 1966 the new record holder ; as it became a major hurricane on June 8 . Though it developed within the bounds of the Atlantic hurricane season , Hurricane Audrey in 1957 became the earliest developing Category 4 hurricane on record after it reached the intensity on June 27 . However , reanalysis from 1956 to 1960 by NOAA downgraded Audrey to a Category 3 , making Hurricane Dennis of 2005 the earliest Category 4 on record on July 8 , 2005 . The earliest - forming Category 5 hurricane , Emily , reached the highest intensity on the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale on July 17 , 2005 .", "Though the official end of the Atlantic hurricane season occurs on November 30 , the dates of October 31 and November 15 have also historically marked the official end date for the hurricane season . December , the only month of the year after the hurricane season , has featured the cyclogenesis of fourteen tropical cyclones . Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005 was the latest tropical cyclone to attain tropical storm intensity as it did so on December 30 . However , the second Hurricane Alice in 1954 was the latest forming tropical cyclone to attain hurricane intensity . Both Zeta and Alice were the only two storms to exist in two calendar years -- the former from 1954 to 1955 and the latter from 2005 to 2006 . No storms have been recorded to exceed Category 1 hurricane intensity in December . In 1999 , Hurricane Lenny reached Category 4 intensity on November 17 as it took an unprecedented west to east track across the Caribbean ; its intensity made it the latest developing Category 4 hurricane , though this was well within the bounds of the hurricane season . Hurricane Hattie ( October 27 - November 1 , 1961 ) was initially thought to have been the latest forming Category 5 hurricane ever documented , though reanalysis indicated that a devastating hurricane in 1932 reached such an intensity at a later date . Consequently , this made the hurricane the latest developing tropical cyclone to reach all four Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale classifications past Category 1 intensity .", "The beginning of the hurricane season is most closely related to the timing of increases in sea surface temperatures , convective instability , and other thermodynamic factors . Although June marks the beginning of the hurricane season , generally little activity occurs during the month with an average of 1 tropical cyclone every 2 years . Tropical systems usually form in the Gulf of Mexico or off the east coast of the United States .", "Since 1851 , a total of 81 tropical storms and hurricanes formed in the month of June . During this period , two of these systems developed in the deep tropics east of the Lesser Antilles . Since 1870 , three major hurricanes have formed during June , most notably Hurricane Audrey in 1957 . Audrey attained an intensity greater than that of any Atlantic tropical cyclone during June or July until Hurricanes Dennis and Emily of 2005 . The easternmost forming storm during June , Tropical Storm Ana in 1979 , formed at 45 ° W .", "Not much tropical activity occurs during the month of July , but the majority of hurricane seasons see the formation of one tropical cyclone during July . From an average of Atlantic tropical cyclone seasons from 1944 to 1996 , the first tropical storm in half of the seasons occurred by 11 July , and a second formed by 8 August .", "Formation usually occurs in the eastern Caribbean Sea around the Lesser Antilles , in the northern and eastern parts of the Gulf of Mexico , in the vicinity of the northern Bahamas , and off the coast of The Carolinas and Virginia over the Gulf Stream . Storms travel westward through the Caribbean and then either move towards the north and curve near the eastern coast of the United States or stay on a north - westward track and enter the Gulf of Mexico .", "Since 1851 , a total of 105 tropical storms have formed during the month of July . Since 1870 , ten of these storms reached major hurricane intensity . Only Hurricane Emily of 2005 , the strongest July tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin , attained Category 5 hurricane status during July , making it the earliest Category 5 hurricane on record . The easternmost forming storm and longest lived during the month of July , Hurricane Bertha in 2008 , formed at 22.9 ° W and lasted 17 days .", "Decrease in wind shear from July to August contributes to a significant increase of tropical activity . An average of 2.8 Atlantic tropical storms develop annually in August . On average , four named tropical storms , including one hurricane , occur by August 30 , and the first intense hurricane develops by 4 September .", "The peak of the hurricane season occurs in September and corresponds with low wind shear and the warmest sea surface temperatures . The month of September sees an average of 3 storms a year . By 24 September , the average Atlantic season features 7 named tropical storms , including 4 hurricanes . In addition , two major hurricanes occur on average by 28 September . Relatively few tropical cyclones make landfall at these intensities .", "The favorable conditions found during September begin to decay in October . The main reason for the decrease in activity is increasing wind shear , although sea surface temperatures are also cooler than in September . Activity falls markedly with 1.8 cyclones developing on average despite a climatological secondary peak around 20 October . By 21 October , the average season features 9 named storms with 5 hurricanes . A third major hurricane occurs after 28 September in half of all Atlantic tropical cyclone seasons . In contrast to mid-season activity , the mean locus of formation shifts westward to the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico , reversing the eastward progression of June through August .", "Wind shear from westerlies increases substantially through November , generally preventing cyclone formation . On average , one tropical storm forms during every other November . On rare occasions , a major hurricane occurs . The few intense hurricanes in November include Hurricane `` Cuba '' in late October and early November 1932 ( the strongest November hurricane on record peaking as a Category 5 hurricane ) , Hurricane Lenny in mid-November 1999 , Hurricane Kate in late November 1985 which was the latest major hurricane formation on record until Hurricane Otto ( a category 3 storm ) of the 2016 hurricane season . Hurricane Paloma was a very potent category 4 storm that made landfall in Cuba in early November 2008 .", "Although the hurricane season is defined as beginning on June 1 and ending on November 30 , there have been several off - season storms . Since 1870 , there have been 32 off - season cyclones , 18 of which occurred in May . In the same time span , nine storms formed in December , two in April , and one each in January , February and March . During four years ( 1887 , 1953 , 2003 , and 2007 ) , tropical cyclones formed in the North Atlantic Ocean both during or before May and during December . In 1887 , four storms occurred outside the season , the most in a single year . High vertical wind shear and low sea surface temperatures generally preclude tropical cyclone formation during the off - season .", "Tropical cyclones have formed in all months . Four tropical cyclones existed during the month of January , two of which formed during late December : the second Hurricane Alice in 1954 / 1955 , and Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005 / 2006 . The only two hurricanes to form in January are a Category 1 hurricane in the 1938 season , and Hurricane Alex in the 2016 season . A subtropical storm in January also began the 1978 Atlantic hurricane season . No major hurricanes have occurred in the off - season .", "The season in which the most tropical storms formed on record was the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season ( 28 ) . That season was also the one in which the most hurricanes formed on record ( 15 ) . The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and 1961 Atlantic hurricane season had the most major hurricanes on record ( 7 ) . The 1950 Atlantic hurricane season was once thought to have 8 , but a re-analysis showed that several storms were weaker than thought , and thus the record is now held by the 2005 season . The least active season on record since 1946 ( when the database is considered more reliable ) was the 1983 Atlantic hurricane season , with four tropical storms , two hurricanes , and one major hurricane . Overall , the 1914 Atlantic hurricane season remains the least active , with only one documented storm . The most intense hurricane ( by barometric pressure ) on record in the North Atlantic basin was Hurricane Wilma ( 2005 ) ( 882 mbar ) . The largest hurricane ( in gale diameter ) on record to form in the North Atlantic was Hurricane Sandy ( 2012 ) with a gale diameter of 1,100 miles ( 1,800 km ) . The longest - lasting hurricane was the San Ciriaco 's Hurricane of 1899 , which lasted for 27 days and 18 hours as a tropical cyclone . The longest - tracked hurricane was Hurricane Faith , which traveled for 6,850 miles ( 11,020 km ) as a tropical cyclone . Faith is also the northernmost moving tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin . The most tornadoes spawned by a hurricane was 127 by Hurricane Ivan ( 2004 season ) . The strongest landfalling hurricane was the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 ( 892 hPa ) . The deadliest hurricane was the Great Hurricane of 1780 ( 22,000 fatalities ) . The deadliest hurricane to make landfall on the continental United States was the Galveston Hurricane in 1900 which may have killed up to 12,000 people . The most damaging hurricane was both Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Harvey of the 2005 and 2017 seasons , respectively , both of which caused $125 billion in damages in their respective years . However , when adjusted for inflation , Katrina is the costliest with $161 billion . The quickest forming hurricane was Hurricane Humberto in 2007 . It was a minimal hurricane that formed and intensified faster than any other tropical cyclone on record before landfall . Developing on September 12 , 2007 , in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico , the cyclone rapidly strengthened and struck High Island , Texas , with winds of about 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) early on September 13 .", "The season in which the most tropical storms formed on record was the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season ( 28 ) . That season was also the one in which the most hurricanes formed on record ( 15 ) .", "The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and 1961 Atlantic hurricane season had the most major hurricanes on record ( 7 ) . The 1950 Atlantic hurricane season was once thought to have 8 , but a re-analysis showed that several storms were weaker than thought , and thus the record is now held by the 2005 season .", "The least active season on record since 1946 ( when the database is considered more reliable ) was the 1983 Atlantic hurricane season , with four tropical storms , two hurricanes , and one major hurricane . Overall , the 1914 Atlantic hurricane season remains the least active , with only one documented storm .", "The most intense hurricane ( by barometric pressure ) on record in the North Atlantic basin was Hurricane Wilma ( 2005 ) ( 882 mbar ) .", "The largest hurricane ( in gale diameter ) on record to form in the North Atlantic was Hurricane Sandy ( 2012 ) with a gale diameter of 1,100 miles ( 1,800 km ) .", "The longest - lasting hurricane was the San Ciriaco 's Hurricane of 1899 , which lasted for 27 days and 18 hours as a tropical cyclone .", "The longest - tracked hurricane was Hurricane Faith , which traveled for 6,850 miles ( 11,020 km ) as a tropical cyclone . Faith is also the northernmost moving tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin .", "The most tornadoes spawned by a hurricane was 127 by Hurricane Ivan ( 2004 season ) .", "The strongest landfalling hurricane was the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 ( 892 hPa ) .", "The deadliest hurricane was the Great Hurricane of 1780 ( 22,000 fatalities ) .", "The deadliest hurricane to make landfall on the continental United States was the Galveston Hurricane in 1900 which may have killed up to 12,000 people .", "The most damaging hurricane was both Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Harvey of the 2005 and 2017 seasons , respectively , both of which caused $125 billion in damages in their respective years . However , when adjusted for inflation , Katrina is the costliest with $161 billion .", "The quickest forming hurricane was Hurricane Humberto in 2007 . It was a minimal hurricane that formed and intensified faster than any other tropical cyclone on record before landfall . Developing on September 12 , 2007 , in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico , the cyclone rapidly strengthened and struck High Island , Texas , with winds of about 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) early on September 13 .", "While the number of storms in the Atlantic has increased since 1995 , there is no obvious global trend . The annual number of tropical cyclones worldwide remains about 87 ± 10 . However , the ability of climatologists to make long - term data analysis in certain basins is limited by the lack of reliable historical data in some basins , primarily in the Southern Hemisphere . In spite of that , there is some evidence that the intensity of hurricanes is increasing . In 2006 , Kerry Emanuel stated , `` Records of hurricane activity worldwide show an upswing of both the maximum wind speed in and the duration of hurricanes . The energy released by the average hurricane ( again considering all hurricanes worldwide ) seems to have increased by around 70 % in the past 30 years or so , corresponding to about a 15 % increase in the maximum wind speed and a 60 % increase in storm lifetime . '' At the time , Emanuel theorized that increased heat from global warming was driving this trend , however , some argue that Emanuel 's own research in 2008 refuted this theory . Others contend that the trend does not exist at all , but instead is a figment created by faulty readings from primitive 1970s - era measurement equipment . Vecchi and Knutson ( 2008 ) found a weakly positive , although not statistically - significant trend in the number of North Atlantic tropical cyclones for 1878 -- 2006 , but also a surprisingly strong decrease in cyclone duration over this period .", "On May 15 , 2014 , the journal Nature published a peer - reviewed submission from October 2013 by James P. Kossin , Kerry A. Emanuel , and Gabriel A. Vecchi that suggests that a poleward migration exists for the paths of maximum intensity of tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic . The focus of the report is on the latitude at which recent tropical cyclones in the Atlantic are reaching maximum intensity . Their data indicates that during the past thirty years , the peak intensity of these storms has shifted poleward in both hemispheres at a rate of approximately 60 km per decade , amounting to approximately one degree of latitude per decade .", "Atlantic storms are becoming more destructive financially , since five of the ten most expensive storms in United States history have occurred since 1990 . According to the World Meteorological Organization , `` recent increase in societal impact from tropical cyclones has largely been caused by rising concentrations of population and infrastructure in coastal regions . '' Pielke et al. ( 2008 ) normalized mainland U.S. hurricane damage from 1900 -- 2005 to 2005 values and found no remaining trend of increasing absolute damage . The 1970s and 1980s were notable because of the extremely low amounts of damage compared to other decades . The decade 1996 -- 2005 has the second most damage among the past 11 decades , with only the decade 1926 -- 1935 surpassing its costs . The most damaging single storm is the 1926 Miami hurricane , with $157 billion of normalized damage .", "Often in part because of the threat of hurricanes , many coastal regions had sparse population between major ports until the advent of automobile tourism ; therefore , the most severe portions of hurricanes striking the coast may have gone unmeasured in some instances . The combined effects of ship destruction and remote landfall severely limit the number of intense hurricanes in the official record before the era of hurricane reconnaissance aircraft and satellite meteorology . Although the record shows a distinct increase in the number and strength of intense hurricanes , therefore , experts regard the early data as suspect . Christopher Landsea et al. estimated an undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 . These undercounts roughly take into account the typical size of tropical cyclones , the density of shipping tracks over the Atlantic basin , and the amount of populated coastline .", "The number and strength of Atlantic hurricanes may undergo a 50 -- 70 year cycle , also known as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation . Nyberg et al. reconstructed Atlantic major hurricane activity back to the early eighteenth century and found five periods averaging 3 -- 5 major hurricanes per year and lasting 40 -- 60 years , and six other averaging 1.5 -- 2.5 major hurricanes per year and lasting 10 -- 20 years . These periods are associated with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation . Throughout , a decadal oscillation related to solar irradiance was responsible for enhancing / dampening the number of major hurricanes by 1 -- 2 per year .", "Although more uncommon since 1995 , few above - normal hurricane seasons occurred during 1970 -- 94 . Destructive hurricanes struck frequently from 1926 -- 60 , including many major New England hurricanes . Twenty - one Atlantic tropical storms formed in 1933 , a record only recently exceeded in 2005 , which saw 28 storms . Tropical hurricanes occurred infrequently during the seasons of 1900 -- 25 ; however , many intense storms formed during 1870 -- 99 . During the 1887 season , 19 tropical storms formed , of which a record 4 occurred after November 1 and 11 strengthened into hurricanes . Few hurricanes occurred in the 1840s to 1860s ; however , many struck in the early 19th century , including an 1821 storm that made a direct hit on New York City . Some historical weather experts say these storms may have been as high as Category 4 in strength .", "These active hurricane seasons predated satellite coverage of the Atlantic basin . Before the satellite era began in 1960 , tropical storms or hurricanes went undetected unless a reconnaissance aircraft encountered one , a ship reported a voyage through the storm , or a storm landed in a populated area . The official record , therefore , could miss storms in which no ship experienced gale - force winds , recognized it as a tropical storm ( as opposed to a high - latitude extra-tropical cyclone , a tropical wave , or a brief squall ) , returned to port , and reported the experience .", "Proxy records based on paleotempestological research have revealed that major hurricane activity along the Gulf of Mexico coast varies on timescales of centuries to millennia . Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000 -- 1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium . These quiescent intervals were separated by a hyperactive period during 1400 BC and 1000 AD , when the Gulf coast was struck frequently by catastrophic hurricanes and their landfall probabilities increased by 3 -- 5 times . This millennial - scale variability has been attributed to long - term shifts in the position of the Azores High , which may also be linked to changes in the strength of the North Atlantic Oscillation .", "According to the Azores High hypothesis , an anti-phase pattern is expected to exist between the Gulf of Mexico coast and the Atlantic coast . During the quiescent periods , a more northeasterly position of the Azores High would result in more hurricanes being steered towards the Atlantic coast . During the hyperactive period , more hurricanes were steered towards the Gulf coast as the Azores High was shifted to a more southwesterly position near the Caribbean . Such a displacement of the Azores High is consistent with paleoclimatic evidence that shows an abrupt onset of a drier climate in Haiti around 3200 C years BP , and a change towards more humid conditions in the Great Plains during the late - Holocene as more moisture was pumped up the Mississippi Valley through the Gulf coast . Preliminary data from the northern Atlantic coast seem to support the Azores High hypothesis . A 3,000 - year proxy record from a coastal lake in Cape Cod suggests that hurricane activity increased significantly during the past 500 -- 1000 years , just as the Gulf Coast was amid a quiescent period during the last millennium . Evidence also shows that the average latitude of hurricane impacts has been steadily shifting northward , towards the Eastern Seaboard over the past few centuries . This change has been sped up in modern times due to the Arctic Ocean heating up especially much from fossil fuel - caused global warming ." ]
Atlantic hurricane - wikipedia Atlantic hurricane Jump to: navigation , search Tracks of North Atlantic tropical cyclones (1851-- 2012) An Atlantic hurricane or tropical storm is a tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean , usually in the summer or fall. A hurricane differs from a cyclone or typhoon only on the basis of location. A hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean , a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, and a cyclone occurs in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean . Tropical cyclones can be categorized by intensity. Tropical storms have one-minute maximum sustained winds of at least 39 mph (34 knots, 17 m/s, 63 km/h), while hurricanes have one-minute maximum sustained winds exceeding 74 mph (64 knots, 33 m/s, 119 km/h). Most North Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes form between June 1 and November 30. The United States National Hurricane Center monitors the basin and issues reports, watches, and warnings about tropical weather systems for the North Atlantic Basin as one of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers for tropical cyclones , as defined by the World Meteorological Organization . In recent times, tropical disturbances that reach tropical storm intensity are named from a predetermined list . Hurricanes that result in significant damage or casualties may have their names retired from the list at the request of the affected nations in order to prevent confusion should a subsequent storm be given the same name. On average, in the North Atlantic basin (from 1966 to 2009) 11.3 named storms occur each season, with an average of 6.2 becoming hurricanes and 2.3 becoming major hurricanes ( Category 3 or greater). The climatological peak of activity is around September 11 each season. In March 2004, Catarina was the first hurricane-intensity tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Southern Atlantic Ocean. Since 2011, the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center has started to use the same scale of the North Atlantic Ocean for tropical cyclones in the South Atlantic Ocean and assign names to those which reach 35 kn (65 km/h; 40 mph). Contents ( hide ) 1 Steering factors 2 Intensity 3 Climatology 3.1 Seasonal variation 3.1.1 June 3.1.2 July 3.1.3 August 3.1.4 September 3.1.5 October 3.1.6 November 3.1.7 December to May 4 Extremes 5 Trends 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Steering factors ( edit ) The subtropical ridge (in the Pacific) shows up as a large area of black (dryness) on this water vapor satellite image from September 2000 Tropical cyclones are steered by the surrounding flow throughout the depth of the troposphere (the atmosphere from the surface to about eight miles (12 km) high). Neil Frank , former director of the United States National Hurricane Center , used the analogies such as `` a leaf carried along in a stream'' or a `` brick moving through a river of air'' to describe the way atmospheric flow affects the path of a hurricane across the ocean. Specifically, air flow around high pressure systems and toward low pressure areas influences hurricane tracks. In the tropical latitudes , tropical storms and hurricanes generally move westward with a slight tendency toward the north, under the influence of the subtropical ridge , a high pressure system that usually extends east-west across the subtropics. South of the subtropical ridge, surface easterly winds (blowing from east to west) prevail. If the subtropical ridge is weakened by an upper trough , a tropical cyclone may turn poleward and then recurve , or curve back toward the northeast into the main belt of the Westerlies. Poleward (north) of the subtropical ridge, westerly winds prevail and generally steer tropical cyclones that reach northern latitudes toward the east. The westerlies also steer extratropical cyclones with their cold and warm fronts from west to east. Intensity ( edit ) Most intense Atlantic hurricanes Rank Hurricane Season Pressure hPa inHg Wilma 2005 882 26.05 Gilbert 888 26.23 `` Labor Day'' 1935 892 26.34 Rita 2005 895 26.43 5 Allen 1980 899 26.55 6 Camille 1969 900 26.58 7 Katrina 2005 902 26.64 8 Mitch 1998 905 26.73 Dean 2007 10 Maria 2017 908 26.81 Source: HURDAT Generally speaking, the intensity of a tropical cyclone is determined by either the storm's maximum sustained winds or lowest barometric pressure . The following table lists the most intense Atlantic hurricanes in terms of their lowest barometric pressure. In terms of wind speed, Hurricane Allen (in 1980 ) was the strongest Atlantic tropical cyclone on record, with maximum sustained winds of 190 mph (310 km/h). However, these measurements are suspect since instrumentation used to document wind speeds at the time would likely succumb to winds of such intensity. Nonetheless, their central pressures are low enough to rank them among the strongest recorded Atlantic hurricanes. Owing to their intensity, the strongest Atlantic hurricanes have all attained Category 5 classification. Hurricane Opal , the strongest Category 4 hurricane recorded, intensified to reach a minimum pressure of 916 mbar (hPa; 27.05 inHg), a pressure typical of Category 5 hurricanes. Nonetheless, the pressure remains too high to list Opal as one of the ten strongest Atlantic tropical cyclones. Presently, Hurricane Wilma is the strongest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded, after reaching an intensity of 882 mbar (hPa; 26.05 inHg) in October 2005; this also made Wilma the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide outside of the West Pacific , where seven tropical cyclones have been recorded to intensify to lower pressures. However, this was later superseded by Hurricane Patricia in 2015 in the east Pacific, which had a pressure reading of 872 mbar. Preceding Wilma is Hurricane Gilbert , which had also held the record for most intense Atlantic hurricane for 17 years. The 1935 Labor Day hurricane , with a pressure of 892 mbar (hPa; 26.34 inHg), is the third strongest Atlantic hurricane and the strongest documented tropical cyclone prior to 1950. Since the measurements taken during Wilma and Gilbert were documented using dropsonde , this pressure remains the lowest measured over land. Hurricane Rita is the fourth strongest Atlantic hurricane in terms of barometric pressure and one of three tropical cyclones from 2005 on the list, with the others being Wilma and Katrina at first and sixth, respectively. However, with a barometric pressure of 895 mbar (hPa; 26.43 inHg), Rita is the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico . Hurricanes Camille, Mitch , and Dean share intensities for the seventh strongest Atlantic hurricane at 905 mbar (hPa; 26.73 inHg). The tenth place for most intense Atlantic tropical cyclone is Hurricane Maria listed to have deepened to a pressure as low as 908 mbar (hPa; 26.81 inHg). Many of the strongest recorded tropical cyclones weakened prior to their eventual landfall or demise. However, three of the storms remained intense enough at landfall to be considered some of the strongest landfalling hurricanes -- three of the eleven hurricanes on the list constitute the three most intense Atlantic landfalls in recorded history. The 1935 Labor Day hurricane made landfall at peak intensity, making it the most intense Atlantic landfall. Though it weakened slightly before its eventual landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula , Hurricane Gilbert maintained a pressure of 900 mbar (hPa; 26.58 inHg) at landfall, making its landfall the second strongest. Similarly, Hurricane Dean made landfall on the peninsula, though it did so at peak intensity and with a higher barometric pressure; its landfall marked the third strongest in Atlantic hurricane history. Climatology ( edit ) See also: Tropical cyclogenesis Total and Average Number of Tropical Storms by Month (1851-- 2015) Month Total Average per year January -- April 5 < 0.05 May 21 0.1 June 87 0.5 July 118 0.7 August 378 2.3 September 571 3.5 October 336 2.0 November 89 0.5 December 17 0.1 Source: NOAA FAQ Climatology does serve to characterize the general properties of an average season and can be used as one of many other tools for making forecasts. Most storms form in warm waters several hundred miles north of the equator near the Intertropical convergence zone from tropical waves . The Coriolis force is usually too weak to initiate sufficient rotation near the equator. Storms frequently form in the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico , the Caribbean Sea , and the tropical Atlantic Ocean as far east as the Cape Verde Islands, the origin of strong and long-lasting Cape Verde-type hurricanes . Systems may also strengthen over the Gulf Stream off the coast of the eastern United States , wherever water temperatures exceed 26.5 ° C (79.7 ° F). Although most storms are found within tropical latitudes, occasionally storms will form further north and east from disturbances other than tropical waves such as cold fronts and upper-level lows. These are known as baroclinically induced tropical cyclones. There is a strong correlation between Atlantic hurricane activity in the tropics and the presence of an El Niño or La Niña in the Pacific Ocean . El Niño events increase the wind shear over the Atlantic, producing a less-favorable environment for formation and decreasing tropical activity in the Atlantic basin. Conversely, La Niña causes an increase in activity due to a decrease in wind shear. According to the Azores High hypothesis by Kam-biu Liu , an anti-phase pattern is expected to exist between the Gulf of Mexico coast and the North American Atlantic coast . During the quiescent periods (3000-- 1400 BC, and 1000 AD to present), a more northeasterly position of the Azores High would result in more hurricanes being steered toward the Atlantic coast. During the hyperactive period (1400 BC to 1000 AD), more hurricanes were steered towards the Gulf coast as the Azores High was shifted to a more southwesterly position near the Caribbean. Such a displacement of the Azores High is consistent with paleoclimatic evidence that shows an abrupt onset of a drier climate in Haiti around 3200 C years BP, and a change towards more humid conditions in the Great Plains during the late- Holocene as more moisture was pumped up the Mississippi Valley through the Gulf coast. Preliminary data from the northern Atlantic coast seem to support the Azores High hypothesis. A 3000-year proxy record from a coastal lake in Cape Cod suggests that hurricane activity has increased significantly during the past 500-- 1000 years, just as the Gulf coast was amid a quiescent period of the last millennium. SEASONAL variation ( edit ) Climatologically speaking, approximately 97 percent of tropical cyclones that form in the North Atlantic develop between the dates of June 1 and November 30 -- dates which delimit the modern-day Atlantic hurricane season. Though the beginning of the annual hurricane season has historically remained the same, the official end of the hurricane season has shifted from its initial date of October 31. Regardless, on average once every few years a tropical cyclone develops outside the limits of the season ; as of January 2016 there have been 66 tropical cyclones in the off-season, with the most recent being Tropical Storm Arlene in 2017 . The first tropical cyclone of the 1938 Atlantic hurricane season , which formed on January 3, became the earliest forming tropical storm and hurricane after reanalysis concluded on the storm in December 2012. Hurricane Able in 1951 was initially thought to be the earliest forming major hurricane -- a tropical cyclone with winds exceeding 115 mph (185 km/h) -- however following post-storm analysis it was determined that Able only reached Category 1 strength which made Hurricane Alma of 1966 the new record holder; as it became a major hurricane on June 8. Though it developed within the bounds of the Atlantic hurricane season, Hurricane Audrey in 1957 became the earliest developing Category 4 hurricane on record after it reached the intensity on June 27. However, reanalysis from 1956 to 1960 by NOAA downgraded Audrey to a Category 3, making Hurricane Dennis of 2005 the earliest Category 4 on record on July 8, 2005. The earliest-forming Category 5 hurricane , Emily , reached the highest intensity on the Saffir-- Simpson hurricane wind scale on July 17, 2005. Though the official end of the Atlantic hurricane season occurs on November 30, the dates of October 31 and November 15 have also historically marked the official end date for the hurricane season. December, the only month of the year after the hurricane season, has featured the cyclogenesis of fourteen tropical cyclones. Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005 was the latest tropical cyclone to attain tropical storm intensity as it did so on December 30. However, the second Hurricane Alice in 1954 was the latest forming tropical cyclone to attain hurricane intensity. Both Zeta and Alice were the only two storms to exist in two calendar years -- the former from 1954 to 1955 and the latter from 2005 to 2006. No storms have been recorded to exceed Category 1 hurricane intensity in December. In 1999 , Hurricane Lenny reached Category 4 intensity on November 17 as it took an unprecedented west to east track across the Caribbean; its intensity made it the latest developing Category 4 hurricane, though this was well within the bounds of the hurricane season. Hurricane Hattie (October 27-November 1, 1961) was initially thought to have been the latest forming Category 5 hurricane ever documented, though reanalysis indicated that a devastating hurricane in 1932 reached such an intensity at a later date. Consequently, this made the hurricane the latest developing tropical cyclone to reach all four Saffir-- Simpson hurricane wind scale classifications past Category 1 intensity. June ( edit ) Typical locations and tracks of tropical systems in June; blue is likely, green more likely, and orange most likely The beginning of the hurricane season is most closely related to the timing of increases in sea surface temperatures , convective instability , and other thermodynamic factors. Although June marks the beginning of the hurricane season, generally little activity occurs during the month with an average of 1 tropical cyclone every 2 years. Tropical systems usually form in the Gulf of Mexico or off the east coast of the United States . Since 1851, a total of 81 tropical storms and hurricanes formed in the month of June. During this period, two of these systems developed in the deep tropics east of the Lesser Antilles. Since 1870, three major hurricanes have formed during June, most notably Hurricane Audrey in 1957 . Audrey attained an intensity greater than that of any Atlantic tropical cyclone during June or July until Hurricanes Dennis and Emily of 2005. The easternmost forming storm during June, Tropical Storm Ana in 1979, formed at 45° W. July ( edit ) Typical locations and tracks in July Not much tropical activity occurs during the month of July, but the majority of hurricane seasons see the formation of one tropical cyclone during July. From an average of Atlantic tropical cyclone seasons from 1944 to 1996, the first tropical storm in half of the seasons occurred by 11 July, and a second formed by 8 August. Formation usually occurs in the eastern Caribbean Sea around the Lesser Antilles , in the northern and eastern parts of the Gulf of Mexico , in the vicinity of the northern Bahamas , and off the coast of The Carolinas and Virginia over the Gulf Stream . Storms travel westward through the Caribbean and then either move towards the north and curve near the eastern coast of the United States or stay on a north-westward track and enter the Gulf of Mexico . Since 1851, a total of 105 tropical storms have formed during the month of July. Since 1870, ten of these storms reached major hurricane intensity. Only Hurricane Emily of 2005 , the strongest July tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin, attained Category 5 hurricane status during July, making it the earliest Category 5 hurricane on record. The easternmost forming storm and longest lived during the month of July, Hurricane Bertha in 2008 , formed at 22.9° W and lasted 17 days. August ( edit ) Typical locations and tracks in August Decrease in wind shear from July to August contributes to a significant increase of tropical activity. An average of 2.8 Atlantic tropical storms develop annually in August. On average, four named tropical storms, including one hurricane, occur by August 30, and the first intense hurricane develops by 4 September. September ( edit ) Typical locations and tracks in September The peak of the hurricane season occurs in September and corresponds with low wind shear and the warmest sea surface temperatures . The month of September sees an average of 3 storms a year. By 24 September, the average Atlantic season features 7 named tropical storms, including 4 hurricanes. In addition, two major hurricanes occur on average by 28 September. Relatively few tropical cyclones make landfall at these intensities. October ( edit ) Typical locations and tracks in October. The favorable conditions found during September begin to decay in October. The main reason for the decrease in activity is increasing wind shear , although sea surface temperatures are also cooler than in September. Activity falls markedly with 1.8 cyclones developing on average despite a climatological secondary peak around 20 October. By 21 October, the average season features 9 named storms with 5 hurricanes. A third major hurricane occurs after 28 September in half of all Atlantic tropical cyclone seasons. In contrast to mid-season activity, the mean locus of formation shifts westward to the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, reversing the eastward progression of June through August. November ( edit ) Typical locations and tracks in November. Wind shear from westerlies increases substantially through November, generally preventing cyclone formation. On average, one tropical storm forms during every other November. On rare occasions, a major hurricane occurs. The few intense hurricanes in November include Hurricane `` Cuba'' in late October and early November 1932 (the strongest November hurricane on record peaking as a Category 5 hurricane), Hurricane Lenny in mid-November 1999, Hurricane Kate in late November 1985 which was the latest major hurricane formation on record until Hurricane Otto (a category 3 storm) of the 2016 hurricane season. Hurricane Paloma was a very potent category 4 storm that made landfall in Cuba in early November 2008. December to may ( edit ) Further information: Off-season storms Probability of a tropical cyclone of tropical storm or hurricane strength at a specific date, expressed as systems per 100 years Although the hurricane season is defined as beginning on June 1 and ending on November 30, there have been several off-season storms. Since 1870, there have been 32 off-season cyclones, 18 of which occurred in May. In the same time span, nine storms formed in December, two in April, and one each in January, February and March. During four years ( 1887 , 1953 , 2003 , and 2007 ), tropical cyclones formed in the North Atlantic Ocean both during or before May and during December. In 1887, four storms occurred outside the season, the most in a single year. High vertical wind shear and low sea surface temperatures generally preclude tropical cyclone formation during the off-season. Tropical cyclones have formed in all months. Four tropical cyclones existed during the month of January, two of which formed during late December: the second Hurricane Alice in 1954/1955, and Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005/2006. The only two hurricanes to form in January are a Category 1 hurricane in the 1938 season , and Hurricane Alex in the 2016 season . A subtropical storm in January also began the 1978 Atlantic hurricane season . No major hurricanes have occurred in the off-season. Extremes ( edit ) Costliest Atlantic hurricanes Hurricane Katrina was the costliest and one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States. Hurricane Harvey was also the costliest hurricane in the history of the United States, causing historic and catastrophic flooding in Texas . See also: List of Atlantic hurricane records The season in which the most tropical storms formed on record was the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season (28). That season was also the one in which the most hurricanes formed on record (15). The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and 1961 Atlantic hurricane season had the most major hurricanes on record (7). The 1950 Atlantic hurricane season was once thought to have 8, but a re-analysis showed that several storms were weaker than thought, and thus the record is now held by the 2005 season. The least active season on record since 1946 (when the database is considered more reliable) was the 1983 Atlantic hurricane season , with four tropical storms, two hurricanes, and one major hurricane. Overall, the 1914 Atlantic hurricane season remains the least active, with only one documented storm. The most intense hurricane (by barometric pressure) on record in the North Atlantic basin was Hurricane Wilma ( 2005 ) (882 mbar ). The largest hurricane (in gale diameter) on record to form in the North Atlantic was Hurricane Sandy (2012) with a gale diameter of 1,100 miles (1,800 km). The longest-lasting hurricane was the San Ciriaco's Hurricane of 1899 , which lasted for 27 days and 18 hours as a tropical cyclone. The longest-tracked hurricane was Hurricane Faith , which traveled for 6,850 miles (11,020 km) as a tropical cyclone. Faith is also the northernmost moving tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin. The most tornadoes spawned by a hurricane was 127 by Hurricane Ivan ( 2004 season ). The strongest landfalling hurricane was the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 (892 hPa). The deadliest hurricane was the Great Hurricane of 1780 (22,000 fatalities). The deadliest hurricane to make landfall on the continental United States was the Galveston Hurricane in 1900 which may have killed up to 12,000 people. The most damaging hurricane was both Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Harvey of the 2005 and 2017 seasons , respectively, both of which caused $125 billion in damages in their respective years. However, when adjusted for inflation, Katrina is the costliest with $161 billion. The quickest forming hurricane was Hurricane Humberto in 2007. It was a minimal hurricane that formed and intensified faster than any other tropical cyclone on record before landfall. Developing on September 12, 2007, in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, the cyclone rapidly strengthened and struck High Island, Texas, with winds of about 90 mph (150 km/h) early on September 13. Trends ( edit ) See also: Atlantic hurricane reanalysis Atlantic Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index from NOAA . Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation Timeseries, 1856-- 2013 While the number of storms in the Atlantic has increased since 1995, there is no obvious global trend. The annual number of tropical cyclones worldwide remains about 87 ± 10. However, the ability of climatologists to make long-term data analysis in certain basins is limited by the lack of reliable historical data in some basins, primarily in the Southern Hemisphere. In spite of that, there is some evidence that the intensity of hurricanes is increasing. In 2006, Kerry Emanuel stated, `` Records of hurricane activity worldwide show an upswing of both the maximum wind speed in and the duration of hurricanes. The energy released by the average hurricane (again considering all hurricanes worldwide) seems to have increased by around 70% in the past 30 years or so, corresponding to about a 15% increase in the maximum wind speed and a 60% increase in storm lifetime.'' At the time, Emanuel theorized that increased heat from global warming was driving this trend, however, some argue that Emanuel's own research in 2008 refuted this theory. Others contend that the trend does not exist at all, but instead is a figment created by faulty readings from primitive 1970s-era measurement equipment. Vecchi and Knutson (2008) found a weakly positive, although not statistically-significant trend in the number of North Atlantic tropical cyclones for 1878-- 2006, but also a surprisingly strong decrease in cyclone duration over this period. On May 15, 2014, the journal Nature published a peer-reviewed submission from October 2013 by James P. Kossin, Kerry A. Emanuel, and Gabriel A. Vecchi that suggests that a poleward migration exists for the paths of maximum intensity of tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. The focus of the report is on the latitude at which recent tropical cyclones in the Atlantic are reaching maximum intensity. Their data indicates that during the past thirty years, the peak intensity of these storms has shifted poleward in both hemispheres at a rate of approximately 60 km per decade, amounting to approximately one degree of latitude per decade. Atlantic storms are becoming more destructive financially, since five of the ten most expensive storms in United States history have occurred since 1990. According to the World Meteorological Organization , `` recent increase in societal impact from tropical cyclones has largely been caused by rising concentrations of population and infrastructure in coastal regions.'' Pielke et al. (2008) normalized mainland U.S. hurricane damage from 1900-- 2005 to 2005 values and found no remaining trend of increasing absolute damage. The 1970s and 1980s were notable because of the extremely low amounts of damage compared to other decades. The decade 1996-- 2005 has the second most damage among the past 11 decades, with only the decade 1926-- 1935 surpassing its costs. The most damaging single storm is the 1926 Miami hurricane , with $157 billion of normalized damage. Often in part because of the threat of hurricanes, many coastal regions had sparse population between major ports until the advent of automobile tourism; therefore, the most severe portions of hurricanes striking the coast may have gone unmeasured in some instances. The combined effects of ship destruction and remote landfall severely limit the number of intense hurricanes in the official record before the era of hurricane reconnaissance aircraft and satellite meteorology. Although the record shows a distinct increase in the number and strength of intense hurricanes, therefore, experts regard the early data as suspect. Christopher Landsea et al. estimated an undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910. These undercounts roughly take into account the typical size of tropical cyclones, the density of shipping tracks over the Atlantic basin, and the amount of populated coastline. The number and strength of Atlantic hurricanes may undergo a 50-- 70 year cycle, also known as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation . Nyberg et al. reconstructed Atlantic major hurricane activity back to the early eighteenth century and found five periods averaging 3-- 5 major hurricanes per year and lasting 40-- 60 years, and six other averaging 1.5-- 2.5 major hurricanes per year and lasting 10-- 20 years. These periods are associated with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Throughout, a decadal oscillation related to solar irradiance was responsible for enhancing/dampening the number of major hurricanes by 1-- 2 per year. Although more uncommon since 1995, few above-normal hurricane seasons occurred during 1970-- 94. Destructive hurricanes struck frequently from 1926-- 60, including many major New England hurricanes. Twenty-one Atlantic tropical storms formed in 1933 , a record only recently exceeded in 2005 , which saw 28 storms. Tropical hurricanes occurred infrequently during the seasons of 1900-- 25; however, many intense storms formed during 1870-- 99. During the 1887 season , 19 tropical storms formed, of which a record 4 occurred after November 1 and 11 strengthened into hurricanes. Few hurricanes occurred in the 1840s to 1860s; however, many struck in the early 19th century, including an 1821 storm that made a direct hit on New York City . Some historical weather experts say these storms may have been as high as Category 4 in strength. These active hurricane seasons predated satellite coverage of the Atlantic basin. Before the satellite era began in 1960, tropical storms or hurricanes went undetected unless a reconnaissance aircraft encountered one, a ship reported a voyage through the storm, or a storm landed in a populated area. The official record, therefore, could miss storms in which no ship experienced gale-force winds, recognized it as a tropical storm (as opposed to a high-latitude extra-tropical cyclone, a tropical wave, or a brief squall), returned to port, and reported the experience. Proxy records based on paleotempestological research have revealed that major hurricane activity along the Gulf of Mexico coast varies on timescales of centuries to millennia. Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000-- 1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium. These quiescent intervals were separated by a hyperactive period during 1400 BC and 1000 AD, when the Gulf coast was struck frequently by catastrophic hurricanes and their landfall probabilities increased by 3-- 5 times. This millennial-scale variability has been attributed to long-term shifts in the position of the Azores High , which may also be linked to changes in the strength of the North Atlantic Oscillation . According to the Azores High hypothesis, an anti-phase pattern is expected to exist between the Gulf of Mexico coast and the Atlantic coast. During the quiescent periods, a more northeasterly position of the Azores High would result in more hurricanes being steered towards the Atlantic coast. During the hyperactive period, more hurricanes were steered towards the Gulf coast as the Azores High was shifted to a more southwesterly position near the Caribbean. Such a displacement of the Azores High is consistent with paleoclimatic evidence that shows an abrupt onset of a drier climate in Haiti around 3200 C years BP, and a change towards more humid conditions in the Great Plains during the late-Holocene as more moisture was pumped up the Mississippi Valley through the Gulf coast. Preliminary data from the northern Atlantic coast seem to support the Azores High hypothesis. A 3,000-year proxy record from a coastal lake in Cape Cod suggests that hurricane activity increased significantly during the past 500-- 1000 years, just as the Gulf Coast was amid a quiescent period during the last millennium. Evidence also shows that the average latitude of hurricane impacts has been steadily shifting northward, towards the Eastern Seaboard over the past few centuries. This change has been sped up in modern times due to the Arctic Ocean heating up especially much from fossil fuel-caused global warming. See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal 2018 Atlantic hurricane season Atlantic hurricane seasons South Atlantic tropical cyclone List of named tropical cyclones Hebert Box Mediterranean tropical cyclone Pacific hurricane Typhoon Western Hemisphere Warm Pool Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-- Simpson hurricane wind scale . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` What is the difference between a hurricane, a cyclone, and a typhoon?'' . OCEAN FACTS . National Ocean Service . Retrieved 2016-12-24 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center. Glossary of NHC/TPC Terms. Retrieved on 2006-10-28. Jump up ^ Chris Landsea. Subject: E16- When did the earliest and latest hurricanes occur? Retrieved on 2008-06-10. Jump up ^ World Meteorological Organization (April 25, 2006). `` RSMCs'' . Tropical Cyclone Programme (TCP) . Retrieved 2006-11-05 . Jump up ^ NOAA The Retirement of Hurricane Names Retrieved on 2008-06-10. ^ Jump up to: `` Tropical Cyclone Climatology'' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Normas Da Autoridade Marítima Para As Atividades De Meteorologia Marítima '' (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Navy. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory , Hurricane Research Division. `` Frequently Asked Questions: What determines the movement of tropical cyclones?'' . NOAA . Retrieved 2006-07-25 . Jump up ^ U.S. Navy. Section 2: Tropical Cyclone Motion Terminology. Retrieved on 2007-04-10. Jump up ^ Hurricane Research Division. Frequently Asked Questions: Subject G6 - What determines the movement of tropical cyclones? Retrieved on 2006-10-28. ^ Jump up to: `` Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)'' . Hurricane Research Division (Database). Miami, FL: National Hurricane Center. April 11, 2017 . Retrieved May 29, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Landsea, Chris (April 21, 2010). `` E1) Which is the most intense tropical cyclone on record?'' . Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). 4.6. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayfield, Max (November 29, 1995). Hurricane Opal Preliminary Report (Preliminary Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Louisiana Geographic Information Center. `` The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale'' . Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center. `` The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949-- 2017'' . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. A guide on how to read the database is available here . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Cyclone Best Track Information for the North Indian Ocean 1990-2008'' . India Meteorological Department . 2009. Archived from the original (XLS) on November 16, 2009 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Royer, Stephane (7 February 2003). `` Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Gafilo'' . Météo France . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Cyclone Information for the Australian Region'' . Bureau of Meteorology. 2008 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ MetService (May 22, 2009). `` TCWC Wellington Best Track Data 1967-- 2006'' . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Jump up ^ `` Western North Pacific Typhoon best track file 1951-2018'' . Japan Meteorological Agency . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Willoughby, H.E.; Masters, J.M. ; Landsea, C.W. (December 1, 1989). `` A Record Minimum Sea Level Pressure Observed in Hurricane Gilbert'' . Monthly Weather Review . Miami, Florida: American Meteorological Society. 117 (12): 2824-- 2828. Bibcode : 1989MWRv..117.2824W . doi : 10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117< 2824:ARMSLP> 2.0.CO;2 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Franklin, James L. (January 31, 2008). `` Hurricane Dean'' (PDF) . National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Reports . Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ National Weather Service (November 14, 2005). `` Post Storm Data Acquisition -- Hurricane Rita Peak Gust Analysis and Storm Surge Data'' (PDF) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TC FAQ: E17: How many hurricanes have there been in each month?'' . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2010-04-22 . Retrieved 2010-06-15 . ^ Jump up to: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory , Hurricane Research Division. `` Frequently Asked Questions: How do tropical cyclones form?'' . NOAA . Archived from the original on August 27, 2009 . Retrieved 2006-07-26 . Jump up ^ Christopher A. Davis & Lance F. Bosart (November 2003). `` Baroclinically Induced Tropical Cyclogenesis'' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society. 131 (11): 2730. Bibcode : 2003MWRv..131.2730D . doi : 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131< 2730:BITC> 2.0.CO;2 . ISSN 1520-0493 . Retrieved 2015-08-09 . Jump up ^ Marc C. Cove, James J. O'Brien , et al. Effect of El Niño on U.S. Landfalling Hurricanes, Revisited. Retrieved on 2006-10-28. ^ Jump up to: Liu, Kam-biu (1999). Millennial-scale variability in catastrophic hurricane landfalls along the Gulf of Mexico coast . 23d Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology. Dallas, TX: Amer. Meteor. Soc. pp. 374-- 377. ^ Jump up to: Liu, Kam-biu; Fearn, Miriam L. (2000). `` Reconstruction of Prehistoric Landfall Frequencies of Catastrophic Hurricanes in Northwestern Florida from Lake Sediment Records'' . Quaternary Research . 54 (2): 238-- 245. Bibcode : 2000QuRes..54..238L . doi : 10.1006/qres.2000.2166 . ^ Jump up to: Higuera-Gundy, Antonia; et al. (1999). `` A 10,300 C yr Record of Climate and Vegetation Change from Haiti'' . Quaternary Research . 52 (2): 159-- 170. Bibcode : 1999QuRes..52..159H . doi : 10.1006/qres.1999.2062 . ^ Jump up to: Dorst, Neal (January 21, 2010). `` G1) When is hurricane season?'' . Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). 4.6. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Landsea, Chris; et al. (June 2013). `` Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT'' . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original (TXT) on 2 August 2013 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldenburg, Stan (June 1, 2012). `` A3) What is a super-typhoon? What is a major hurricane? What is an intense hurricane?'' . Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). 4.5. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hurricanes: Science and Society. `` 1957 -- Hurricane Audrey'' . Storms in the 1950s . University of Rhode Island . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reanalysis of 1956 to 1960 Atlantic hurricane seasons completed: 10 new tropical storms discovered'' (PDF) . National Hurricane Center . July 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Franklin, James L.; Brown, Daniel P. (March 10, 2006). Hurricane Emily (PDF) . National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report (Report). Miami, Florida: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Hurricane Center . 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Retrieved on 2006-10-28. ^ Jump up to: USDC and NOAA (2009) Historical Climatology Series 6-2 Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean 1851-2006 pp. 212 ^ Jump up to: USDC and NOAA (2009) Historical Climatology Series 6-2 Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean 1851-2006 pp. 27 Jump up ^ USDC and NOAA (2009) Historical Climatology Series 6-2 Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean 1851-2006 pp. 213 Jump up ^ USDC and NOAA (2009) Historical Climatology Series 6-2 Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean 1851-2006 pp. 200 Jump up ^ USDC and NOAA (2009) Historical Climatology Series 6-2 Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean 1851-2006 pp. 203 ^ Jump up to: Anantha R. Aiyyer. Climatology of Vertical Wind Shear Over the Tropical Atlantic. Retrieved on 2006-10-28. Jump up ^ Chris Landsea. Frequently Asked Questions: G5) Why do tropical cyclones occur primarily in the summer and autumn? Archived August 13, 2006, at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2006-10-28. 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short summary of two gentlemen of verona by william shakespeare
In 2007 , producer Roger Elsgood and director Willi Richards adapted the play into a radio drama called The Two Gentlemen of Valasna . Set in two petty Indian princely states called Malpur and Valasna in the weeks leading up to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the play was first broadcast on BBC Radio 3 on 29 July 2007 . It was recorded on location in Maharashtra , India earlier in 2007 with a cast drawn from Bollywood , Indian television and the Mumbai English - speaking theatre traditions ; actors included Nadir Khan as Vishvadev ( i.e. Valentine ) , Arghya Lahiri as Parminder ( Proteus ) , Anuradha Menon as Syoni ( Silvia ) , Avantika Akerkar as Jumaana / Servi ( Julia / Sebastian ) , Sohrab Ardishir as The Maharaja ( Duke of Milan ) and Zafar Karachiwala as Thaqib ( Thurio ) .
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[ "The Two Gentlemen of Verona is a comedy by William Shakespeare , believed to have been written between 1589 and 1593 . It is considered by some to be Shakespeare 's first play , and is often seen as showing his first tentative steps in laying out some of the themes and motifs with which he would later deal in more detail ; for example , it is the first of his plays in which a heroine dresses as a boy . The play deals with the themes of friendship and infidelity , the conflict between friendship and love , and the foolish behaviour of people in love . The highlight of the play is considered by some to be Launce , the clownish servant of Proteus , and his dog Crab , to whom `` the most scene - stealing non-speaking role in the canon '' has been attributed .", "Two Gentlemen is often regarded as one of Shakespeare 's weakest plays . It has the smallest named cast of any play by Shakespeare .", "Valentine -- young man living in Verona Proteus -- his closest friend Silvia -- falls in love with Valentine in Milan Julia -- in love with Proteus in Verona Duke of Milan -- Silvia 's father Lucetta -- Julia 's waiting woman Antonio -- Proteus ' father Thurio -- foolish rival to Valentine for Silvia Eglamour -- aids in Silvia 's escape Speed -- a clownish servant to Valentine Launce -- Proteus 's servant Panthino -- Antonio 's servant Host -- of the inn where Julia lodges in Milan Outlaws Crab -- Launce 's dog Servants Musicians", "Valentine -- young man living in Verona", "Proteus -- his closest friend", "Silvia -- falls in love with Valentine in Milan", "Julia -- in love with Proteus in Verona", "Duke of Milan -- Silvia 's father", "Lucetta -- Julia 's waiting woman", "Antonio -- Proteus ' father", "Thurio -- foolish rival to Valentine for Silvia", "Eglamour -- aids in Silvia 's escape", "Speed -- a clownish servant to Valentine", "Launce -- Proteus 's servant", "Panthino -- Antonio 's servant", "Host -- of the inn where Julia lodges in Milan", "Crab -- Launce 's dog", "As the play begins , Valentine is preparing to leave Verona for Milan so as to broaden his horizons . He begs his best friend , Proteus , to come with him , but Proteus is in love with Julia , and refuses to leave . Disappointed , Valentine bids Proteus farewell and goes on alone . Meanwhile , Julia is discussing Proteus with her maid , Lucetta , who tells Julia that she thinks Proteus is fond of her . Julia , however , acts coyly , embarrassed to admit that she likes him . Lucetta then produces a letter ; she will not say who gave it to her , but teases Julia that it was Valentine 's servant , Speed , who brought it from Proteus . Julia , still unwilling to reveal her love in front of Lucetta , angrily tears up the letter . She sends Lucetta away , but then , realising her own rashness , she picks up the fragments of the letter and kisses them , trying to piece them back together .", "Meanwhile , Proteus ' father has decided that Proteus should travel to Milan and join Valentine . He orders that Proteus must leave the next day , prompting a tearful farewell with Julia , to whom Proteus swears eternal love . The two exchange rings and vows and Proteus promises to return as soon as he can .", "In Milan , Proteus finds Valentine in love with the Duke 's daughter , Silvia . Despite being in love with Julia , Proteus falls instantly in love with Silvia and vows to win her . Unaware of Proteus ' feelings , Valentine tells him the Duke wants Silvia to marry the foppish but wealthy Thurio , against her wishes . Because the Duke suspects that his daughter and Valentine are in love , he locks her nightly in a tower , to which he keeps the only key . However , Valentine tells Proteus that he plans to free her by means of a corded ladder , and together , they will elope . Proteus immediately informs the Duke , who subsequently captures and banishes Valentine . While wandering outside Milan , Valentine runs afoul of a band of outlaws , who claim they are also exiled gentlemen . Valentine lies , saying he was banished for killing a man in a fair fight , and the outlaws elect him their leader .", "Meanwhile , in Verona , Julia decides to join her lover in Milan . She convinces Lucetta to dress her in boy 's clothes and help her fix her hair so she will not be harmed on the journey . Once in Milan , Julia quickly discovers Proteus ' love for Silvia , watching him attempt to serenade her . She contrives to become his page boy -- Sebastian -- until she can decide upon a course of action . Proteus sends Sebastian to Silvia with a gift of the ring that Julia gave to him before he left Verona , but Julia learns that Silvia scorns Proteus ' affections and is disgusted he would forget his love back home , i.e. Julia herself . Silvia deeply mourns the loss of Valentine , who Proteus has told her is rumoured dead .", "Not persuaded of Valentine 's death , Silvia determines to flee the city with the help of Sir Eglamour . They escape into the forest but when they are confronted by the outlaws , Eglamour flees and Silvia is taken captive . The outlaws head to their leader ( Valentine ) , but on the way , they encounter Proteus and Julia ( still disguised as Sebastian ) . Proteus rescues Silvia , and then pursues her deeper into the forest . Secretly observed by Valentine , Proteus attempts to persuade Silvia that he loves her , but she rejects his advances .", "Proteus insinuates that he will rape her ( `` I 'll force thee yield to my desire '' ) , but at this point , Valentine intervenes and denounces Proteus . Horrified at what has happened , Proteus vows that the hate Valentine feels for him is nothing compared to the hate he feels for himself . Convinced that Proteus ' repentance is genuine , Valentine forgives him and seems to offer Silvia to him . At this point , overwhelmed , Julia faints , revealing her true identity . Upon seeing her , Proteus suddenly remembers his love for her and vows fidelity to her once again . The Duke and Thurio are brought as prisoners by the outlaws . Seeing Silvia , Thurio claims her as his , but Valentine warns Thurio that if he makes one move toward her , he will kill him . Terrified , Thurio renounces Silvia . The Duke , disgusted with Thurio 's cowardice and impressed by Valentine 's actions , approves his and Silvia 's love , and consents to their marriage . The two couples are happily united , and the Duke pardons the outlaws , telling them they may return to Milan .", "In writing The Two Gentlemen of Verona , Shakespeare drew on the Spanish prose romance Los Siete Libros de la Diana ( The Seven Books of the Diana ) by the Portuguese writer Jorge de Montemayor . In the second book of Diana , Don Felix , who is in love with Felismena , sends her a letter explaining his feelings . Like Julia , Felismena pretends to reject the letter , and be annoyed with her maid for delivering it . Like Proteus , Felix is sent away by his father , and is followed by Felismena , who , disguised as a boy , becomes his page , only to subsequently learn that Felix has fallen in love with Celia . Felismena is then employed by Felix to act as his messenger in all communications with Celia , who scorns his love . Instead , Celia falls in love with the page ( i.e. Felismena in disguise ) . Eventually , after a combat in a wood , Felix and Felismena are reunited . Upon Felismena revealing herself however , Celia , having no counterpart to Valentine , dies of grief .", "Diana was published in Spanish in 1559 and translated into French by Nicholas Collin in 1578 . An English translation was made by Bartholomew Young and published in 1598 , though Young claims in his preface to have finished the translation sixteen years earlier ( c. 1582 ) . Shakespeare could have read a manuscript of Young 's English translation , or encountered the story in French , or learned of it from an anonymous English play , The History of Felix and Philiomena , which may have been based on Diana , and which was performed for the court at Greenwich Palace by the Queen 's Men on 3 January 1585 . The History of Felix and Philiomena is now lost .", "Another major influence on Shakespeare was the story of the intimate friendship of Titus and Gisippus as told in Thomas Elyot 's The Boke Named the Governour in 1531 ( the same story is told in The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio , but verbal similarities between The Two Gentlemen and The Governor suggest it was Elyot 's work Shakespeare used as his primary source , not Boccaccio 's ) . In this story , Titus and Gisippus are inseparable until Gisippus falls in love with Sophronia . He introduces her to Titus , but Titus is overcome with jealousy , and vows to seduce her . Upon hearing of Titus ' plan , Gisippus arranges for them to change places on the wedding night , thus placing their friendship above his love .", "Also important to Shakespeare in the composition of the play was John Lyly 's Euphues , The Anatomy of Wit , published in 1578 . Like The Governor , Euphues presents two close friends who are inseparable until a woman comes between them , and , like both The Governor and Two Gentlemen , the story concludes with one friend sacrificing the woman so as to save the friendship . However , as Geoffrey Bullough argues `` Shakespeare 's debt to Lyly was probably one of technique more than matter . '' Lyly 's Midas may also have influenced the scene where Launce and Speed run through the milkmaid 's virtues and defects , as it contains a very similar scene between Lucio and Petulus .", "Other minor sources include Arthur Brooke 's narrative poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet . Obviously Shakespeare 's source for Romeo and Juliet , it features a character called Friar Laurence , as does Two Gentlemen , and a scene where a young man attempts to outwit his lover 's father by means of a corded ladder ( as Valentine does in Two Gentlemen ) . Philip Sidney 's The Countess of Pembroke 's Arcadia may also have influenced Shakespeare insofar as it contains a character who follows her betrothed , dressed as his page , and later on , one of the main characters becomes captain of a group of Helots .", "The exact date of composition of The Two Gentlemen of Verona is unknown , but it is generally believed to have been one of Shakespeare 's earliest works . The first evidence of its existence is in a list of Shakespeare 's plays in Francis Meres 's Palladis Tamia , published in 1598 , but it is thought to have been written in the early 1590s . Clifford Leech , for example , argues for 1592 / 1593 ; G. Blakemore Evans places the date at 1590 -- 1593 ; Gary Taylor suggests 1590 -- 1591 ; Kurt Schlueter posits the late 1580s ; William C. Carroll suggests 1590 -- 1592 ; Roger Warren tentatively suggests 1587 , but acknowledges 1590 / 1591 as more likely .", "It has been argued that Two Gentlemen may have been Shakespeare 's first work for the stage . This theory was first suggested by Edmond Malone in 1821 , in the Third Variorum edition of Shakespeare 's plays , edited by James Boswell based on Malone 's notes . Malone dated the play 1591 , a modification of his earlier 1595 date from the third edition of The Plays of William Shakespeare . At this time , the dominant theory was that the Henry VI trilogy had been Shakespeare 's first work . More recently , the play was placed first in The Oxford Shakespeare : The Complete Works of 1986 , and again in the 2nd edition of 2005 , in The Norton Shakespeare of 1997 , and again in the 2nd edition of 2008 , and in The Complete Pelican Shakespeare of 2002 .", "A large part of the theory that this may be Shakespeare 's first play is the quality of the work itself . Writing in 1968 , Norman Sanders argued `` all are agreed on the play 's immaturity . '' The argument is that the play betrays a lack of practical theatrical experience on Shakespeare 's part , and as such , it must have come extremely early in his career . Stanley Wells , for example , has written the `` dramatic structure is comparatively unambitious , and while some of its scenes are expertly constructed , those involving more than , at the most , four characters betray an uncertainty of technique suggestive of inexperience . '' This uncertainty can be seen in how Shakespeare handles the distribution of dialogue in such scenes . Whenever there are more than three characters on stage , at least one of those characters tends to fall silent . For example , Speed is silent for almost all of Act 2 , Scene 4 , as are Thurio , Silvia and Julia for most of the last half of the final scene . It has also been suggested that the handling of the final scene in general , in which the faithful lover seemingly offers his beloved as a token of his forgiveness to the man who has just attempted to rape her , is a sign of Shakespeare 's lack of maturity as a dramatist .", "In his 2008 edition of the play for the Oxford Shakespeare , Roger Warren argues that the play is the oldest surviving piece of Shakespearean literature , suggesting a date of composition as somewhere between 1587 and 1591 . He hypothesizes that the play was perhaps written before Shakespeare came to London , with an idea towards using the famous comic actor Richard Tarlton in the role of Launce ( this theory stems from the fact that Tarlton had performed several extremely popular and well known scenes with dogs ) . However , Tarlton died in September 1588 , and Warren notes several passages in Two Gentlemen which seem to borrow from John Lyly 's Midas , which was n't written until at least late - 1589 . As such , Warren acknowledges that 1590 / 1591 is most likely the correct date of composition .", "The play was not printed until 1623 , when it appeared in the First Folio of Shakespeare 's plays .", "Perhaps the most critically discussed issue in the play is the sequence , bizarre by modern Western European standards , in Act 5 , Scene 4 in which Valentine seems to ' give ' Silvia to Proteus as a sign of his friendship . For many years , the general critical consensus on this issue was that the incident revealed an inherent misogyny in the text . For example , Hilary Spurling wrote in 1970 , `` Valentine is so overcome ( by Proteus ' apology ) that he promptly offers to hand over his beloved to the man who , not three minutes before , had meant to rape her . '' Modern scholarship , however , is much more divided about Valentine 's actions at the end of the play , with some critics arguing that he does not offer to give Silvia to Proteus at all . The ambiguity lies in the line `` All that was mine in Silvia I give thee '' ( 5.4. 83 ) . Some critics ( such as Stanley Wells , for example ) interpret this to mean that Valentine is indeed handing Silvia over to her would - be rapist , but another school of thought suggests that Valentine simply means `` I will love you ( Proteus ) with as much love as I love Silvia , '' thus reconciling the dichotomy of friendship and love as depicted elsewhere in the play . This is certainly how Jeffrey Masten , for example , sees it , arguing that the play as a whole `` reveals not the opposition of male friendship and Petrarchan love but rather their interdependence . '' As such , the final scene `` stages the play 's ultimate collaboration of male friendship and its incorporation of the plot we would label `` heterosexual '' . ''", "This is also how Roger Warren interprets the final scene . Warren cites a number of productions of the play as evidence for this argument , including Robin Phillips ' Royal Shakespeare Company ( RSC ) production in 1970 , where Valentine kisses Silvia , makes his offer and then kisses Proteus . Another staging cited by Warren is Edward Hall 's 1998 Swan Theatre production . In Hall 's version of the scene , after Valentine says the controversial line , Silvia approaches him and takes him by the hand . They remain holding hands for the rest of the play , clearly suggesting that Valentine has not ' given ' her away . Warren also mentions Leon Rubin 's 1984 Stratford Shakespeare Festival production ( where the controversial line was altered to `` All my love to Silvia I also give to thee '' ) , David Thacker 's 1991 Swan Theatre production , and the 1983 BBC Television Shakespeare adaptation as supporting the theory that Valentine is not giving Silvia away , but is simply promising to love Proteus as much as he loves Silvia . Patty S. Derrick also interprets the BBC production in this manner , arguing that `` Proteus clearly perceives the offer as a noble gesture of friendship , not an actual offer , because he does not even look towards Silvia but rather falls into an embrace with Valentine '' ( although Derrick does raise the question that if Valentine is not offering Silvia to Proteus , why does Julia swoon ? ) .", "There are other theories regarding this final scene , however . For example , in his 1990 edition of the play for the New Cambridge Shakespeare , Kurt Schlueter suggests that Valentine is indeed handing Silvia over to Proteus , but the audience is not supposed to take it literally ; the incident is farcical , and should be interpreted as such . Schlueter argues that the play provides possible evidence it was written to be performed and viewed primarily by a young audience , and as such , to be staged at university theatres , as opposed to public playhouses . Such an audience would be more predisposed to accepting the farcical nature of the scene , and more likely to find humorous the absurdity of Valentine 's gift . As such , in Schlueter 's theory , the scene does represent what it appears to represent ; Valentine does give Silvia to her would - be rapist , but it is done purely for comic effect .", "Another theory is provided by William C. Carroll in his 2004 edition for the Arden Shakespeare , Third Series . Carroll argues , like Schlueter , that Valentine is indeed giving Silvia to Proteus , but unlike Schlueter , Carroll detects no sense of farce . Instead , he sees the action as a perfectly logical one in terms of the notions of friendship which were prevalent at the time :", "the idealisation of male friendship as superior to male - female love ( which was considered not romantic or compassionate but merely lustful , hence inferior ) performs a project of cultural nostalgia , a stepping back from potentially more threatening social arrangements to a world of order , a world based on a ' gift ' economy of personal relations among male social equals rather than one based on a newer , less stable economy of emotional and economic risk . The offer of the woman from one male friend to another would therefore be the highest expression of friendship from one point of view , a low point of psycho - sexual regression from another .", "As in Schlueter , Carroll here interprets Valentine 's actions as a gift to Proteus , but unlike Schlueter , and more in line with traditional criticism of the play , Carroll also argues that such a gift , as unacceptable as it is to modern eyes , is perfectly understandable when one considers the cultural and social milieu of the play itself .", "Language is of primary importance in the play insofar as Valentine and Proteus speak in blank verse , but Launce and Speed speak ( for the most part ) in prose . More specifically , the actual content of many of the speeches serve to illustrate the pompousness of Valentine and Proteus ' exalted outlook , and the more realistic and practical outlook of the servants . This is most apparent in Act 3 , Scene 1 . Valentine has just given a lengthy speech lamenting his banishment and musing on how he can not possibly survive without Silvia ; `` Except I be by Silvia in the night / There is no music in the nightingale. / Unless I look on Silvia in the day / There is no day for me to look upon '' ( ll. 178 -- 181 ) . However , when Launce enters only a few lines later , he announces that he too is in love , and proceeds to outline , along with Speed , all of his betrothed 's positives ( `` She brews good ale '' ; `` She can knit '' ; `` She can wash and scour '' ) , and negatives ( `` She hath a sweet mouth '' ; `` She doth talk in her sleep '' ; `` She is slow in words '' ) . After weighing his options , Launce decides that the woman 's most important quality is that `` she hath more hair than wit , and more faults than hairs , and more wealth than faults '' ( ll. 343 -- 344 ) . He announces that her wealth `` makes the faults gracious '' ( l. 356 ) , and chooses for that reason to wed her . This purely materialistic reasoning , as revealed in the form of language , is in stark contrast to the more spiritual and idealised love espoused by Valentine earlier in the scene .", "One of the dominant theories as regards the value of Two Gentlemen is that thematically , it represents a ' trial run ' of sorts , in which Shakespeare deals briefly with themes which he would examine in more detail in later works . E.K. Chambers , for example , believed that the play represents something of a gestation of Shakespeare 's great thematic concerns . Writing in 1905 , Chambers stated that Two Gentlemen", "was Shakespeare 's first essay at originality , at fashioning for himself the outlines of that romantic or tragicomic formula in which so many of his most characteristic dramas were afterwards to be cast . Something which is neither quite tragedy nor quite comedy , something which touches the heights and depths of sentiment and reveals the dark places of the human heart without lingering long enough there to crystallise the painful impression , a love story broken for a moment into passionate chords by absence and inconstancy and intrigue , and then reunited to the music of wedding bells .", "As such , the play 's primary interest for critics has tended to lie in relation to what it reveals about Shakespeare 's conception of certain themes before he became the accomplished playwright of later years . Writing in 1879 , A.C. Swinburne , for example , states `` here is the first dawn of that higher and more tender humour that was never given in such perfection to any man as ultimately to Shakespeare . '' Similarly , in 1906 , Warwick R. Bond writes `` Shakespeare first opens the vein he worked so richly afterwards -- the vein of crossed love , of flight and exile under the escort of the generous sentiments ; of disguised heroines , and sufferings endured and virtues exhibited under their disguise ; and of the Providence , kinder than life , that annuls the errors and forgives the sin . '' More recently , Stanley Wells has referred to the play as a `` dramatic laboratory in which Shakespeare first experimented with the conventions of romantic comedy which he would later treat with a more subtle complexity , but it has its own charm . ''", "Other critics have been less kind however , arguing that if the later plays show a skilled and confident writer exploring serious issues of the human heart , Two Gentlemen represents the initial , primarily unsuccessful attempt to do likewise . In 1921 , for example , J. Dover Wilson and Arthur Quiller - Couch , in their edition of the play for the Cambridge Shakespeare , famously stated that after hearing Valentine offer Silvia to Proteus `` one 's impulse , upon this declaration , is to remark that there are , by this time , no gentlemen in Verona . '' H.B. Charlton , writing in 1938 , argues that `` clearly , Shakespeare 's first attempt to make romantic comedy had only succeeded so far as it had unexpectedly and inadvertently made romance comic . '' Another such argument is provided by Norman Sanders in 1968 ; `` because the play reveals a relatively unsure dramatist and many effects managed with a tiro 's lack of expertise , it offers us an opportunity to see more clearly than anywhere else in the canon what were to become characteristic techniques . It stands as an ' anatomie ' or show - through version , as it were , of Shakespeare 's comic art . '' Kurt Schlueter , on the other hand , argues that critics have been too harsh on the play precisely because the later plays are so much superior . He suggests that when looking at Shakespeare 's earlier works , scholars put too much emphasis on how they fail to measure up to the later works , rather than looking at them for their own intrinsic merits ; `` we should not continue the practice of holding his later achievements against him when dealing with his early beginnings . ''", "Norman Sanders calls the play `` almost a complete anthology of the practices of the doctrine of romantic love which inspired the poetic and prose Romances of the period . '' At the very centre of this is the contest between love and friendship ; `` an essential part of the comicality of The Two Gentlemen of Verona is created by the necessary conflict between highly stylised concepts of love and friendship . '' This is manifested in the question of whether the relationship between two male friends is more important than that between lovers , encapsulated by Proteus ' rhetorical question at 5.4. 54 ; `` In love / Who respects friend ? '' This question `` exposes the raw nerve at the heart of the central relationships , the dark reality lurking beneath the wit and lyricism with which the play has in general presented lovers ' behaviour . '' In the program notes for John Barton 's 1981 RSC production at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre , Anne Barton , his wife , wrote that the central theme of the play was `` how to bring love and friendship into a constructive and mutually enhancing relationship . '' As William C. Carroll points out , this is a common theme in Renaissance literature , which often celebrates friendship as the more important relationship ( because it is pure and unconcerned with sexual attraction ) , and contends that love and friendship can not co-exist . As actor Alex Avery argues , `` The love between two men is a greater love for some reason . There seems to be a sense that the function of a male / female relationship is purely for the family and to procreate , to have a family . But a love between two men is something that you choose . You have arranged marriages , ( but ) a friendship between two men is created by the desires and wills of those two men , whereas a relationship between a man and a girl is actually constructed completely peripheral to whatever the feelings of the said boy and girl are . ''", "Carroll sees this societal belief as vital in interpreting the final scene of the play , arguing that Valentine does give Silvia to Proteus , and in so doing , he is merely acting in accordance with the practices of the day . However , if one accepts that Valentine does not give Silvia to Proteus , as critics such as Jeffrey Masten argue , but instead offers to love Proteus as much as he loves Silvia , then the conclusion of the play can be read as a final triumphant reconciliation between friendship and love ; Valentine intends to love his friend as much as he does his betrothed . Love and friendship are shown to be co-existent , not exclusive .", "Another major theme is the foolishness of lovers , what Roger Warren refers to as `` mockery of the absurdity of conventional lovers ' behaviour . '' Valentine for example , is introduced into the play mocking the excesses of love ; `` To be in love , where scorn is bought with groans / Coy looks with heart - sore sighs , one fading moment 's mirth / With twenty watchful , weary , tedious nights '' ( 1.1. 29 -- 31 ) . Later , however , he becomes as much a prisoner of love as Proteus , exclaiming , `` For in revenge of my contempt for love / Love hath chased sleep from my enthrall 'd eyes / And made them watchers of my own heart 's sorrow '' ( 2.4. 131 -- 133 ) .", "The majority of the cynicism and mockery as regards conventional lovers , however , comes from Launce and Speed , who serve as foils for the two protagonists , and `` supply a mundane view of the idealistic flights of fancy indulged in by Proteus and Valentine . '' Several times in the play , after either Valentine or Proteus has made an eloquent speech about love , Shakespeare introduces either Launce or Speed ( or both ) , whose more mundane concerns serve to undercut what has just been said , thus exposing Proteus and Valentine to mockery . For example , in Act 2 , Scene 1 , as Valentine and Silvia engage in a game of flirtation , hinting at their love for one another , Speed provides constant asides which serve to directly mock the couple ;", "VALENTINE Peace , here she comes . Enter Silvia SPEED ( aside ) O excellent motion ! O exceeding puppet ! Now he will interpret her . VALENTINE Madame and mistress , a thousand good - morrows . SPEED ( aside ) O , give ye good e'en . Here 's a million of manners . SILVIA Sir Valentine and servant , to you two thousand . SPEED ( aside ) He should give her interest , and she gives it him . ( 2.1. 85 - 94 )", "A third major theme is inconstancy , particularly as manifested in Proteus , whose very name hints at his changeable mind ( in Ovid 's Metamorphoses , Proteus is a sea - god forever changing its shape ) . At the start of the play , Proteus has only eyes for Julia . However , upon meeting Silvia , he immediately falls in love with her ( although he has no idea why ) . He then finds himself drawn to the page Sebastian ( Julia in disguise ) whilst still trying to woo Silvia , and at the end of the play , he announces that Silvia is no better than Julia and vows he now loves Julia again . Indeed , Proteus himself seems to be aware of this mutability , pointing out towards the end of the play ; `` O heaven , were man / But constant , he were perfect . That one error / Fills him with faults , makes him run through all th'sins ; / Inconstancy falls off ere it begins '' ( 5.4. 109 -- 112 ) .", "There is no record of a performance during Shakespeare 's lifetime , although due to its inclusion in Francis Meres ' Palladis Tamia , we know the play had definitely been performed by 1598 . The earliest known performance was at Drury Lane in 1762 . However , this production was of a version of the play rewritten by Benjamin Victor . The earliest known performance of the straight Shakespearean text was at Covent Garden in 1784 , advertised as `` Shaxespeare 's with alterations . '' Although the play was supposed to run for several weeks , it closed after the first night .", "From the middle of the eighteenth century , even if staging Shakespeare 's original ( as opposed to Victor 's rewrite ) it was common to cut the lines in the final scene where Valentine seems to offer Silvia to Proteus . This practice prevailed until William Macready reintroduced the lines in 1841 in a production at Drury Lane , although they were still being removed as late as 1952 , in Denis Carey 's production at the Bristol Old Vic . Notable nineteenth - century performances include Charles Kean 's 1848 production at the Haymarket Theatre , Samuel Phelps ' 1857 production at Sadler 's Wells Theatre and William Poel 's 1892 and 1896 productions .", "During the twentieth century , the play has been produced sporadically in the English - speaking world , although it has proved more popular in Europe . Indeed , there have been only a few significant English speaking productions . Little is known , for example , about Harley Granville - Barker 's 1904 production at the Court Theatre , F.R. Benson 's 1910 production at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre , Robert Atkins ' 1923 production at the Apollo Theatre , or Ben Iden Payne 's 1938 production at Stratford - upon - Avon . The earliest production about which we have significant information is Michael Langham 's 1957 production at The Old Vic , starring Richard Gale as Valentine , Keith Michell as Proteus , Barbara Jefford as Julia and Ingrid Hafner as Silvia . In this production , set in late nineteenth - century Italy and grounded very much in high Romanticism , Proteus threatens to kill himself with a pistol at the end of the play , prompting Valentine 's hasty offer of Silvia .", "Perhaps the most notable 20th - century production was Peter Hall 's 1960 production at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre . Set in a late medieval milieu , the play starred Denholm Elliott as Valentine , Derek Godfrey as Proteus , Susan Maryott as Silvia , Frances Cuka as Julia , and featured a much lauded performance by Patrick Wymark as Launce . Hall had only recently been appointed as Artistic Director of the RSC , and , somewhat unexpectedly , he chose Two Gentlemen as his inaugural production , billed as the opening show in a re-examination of the development of Shakespearean comedy .", "Ten years later , in 1970 , Robin Phillips ' RSC production starred Peter Egan as Valentine , Ian Richardson as Proteus , Helen Mirren as Julia , Estelle Kohler as Silvia , and Patrick Stewart as Launce . This production concentrated on the issues of friendship and treachery , and set the play in a decadent world of social elitism . Valentine and Proteus were presented as aristocratic students , the Duke was a Don , and Eglamour an old scout master . On the other hand , the poverty - stricken outlaws were dressed in animal skins .", "The RSC again staged the play at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in 1981 , as a double bill with Titus Andronicus , with both plays heavily edited . Directed by John Barton , the production starred Peter Chelsom as Valentine , Peter Land as Proteus , Julia Swift as Julia and Diana Hardcastle as Silvia . This production saw the actors not involved in the current on - stage scene sit at the front of the stage and watch the performance . Leon Rubin directed a performance at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in 1984 , where the actors were dressed in modern clothes and contemporary pop music was featured within the play ( for example , the outlaws are portrayed as an anarchic rock group ) .", "A 1991 RSC production at the Swan Theatre saw director David Thacker use an on - stage band for the duration of the play , playing music from the 1930s , such as Cole Porter and George Gershwin . Thacker 's production featured Richard Bonneville as Valentine , Finbar Lynch as Proteus , Clare Holman as Julia and Saskia Reeves as Silvia . In 1992 , Thacker 's production moved to the Barbican Centre , and in 1993 went on regional tour . In 1996 , Jack Shepherd directed a modern dress version at the Royal National Theatre as part of Shakespeare 's Globe 's `` Prologue Season '' . The production starred Lenny James as Valentine , Mark Rylance as Proteus , Stephanie Roth Haberle as Julia and Anastasia Hille as Silvia . Another RSC production took place at the Swan in 1998 , under the direction of Edward Hall , and starring Tom Goodman - Hill as Valentine , Dominic Rowan as Proteus , Lesley Vickerage as Julia and Poppy Miller as Silvia . This production set the play in a grimy unnamed contemporary city where material obsession was all - encompassing .", "In 2004 , Fiona Buffini directed a touring production for the RSC . Premiering at the Swan , the production starred Alex Avery as Valentine , Laurence Mitchell as Proteus , Vanessa Ackerman as Julia and Rachel Pickup as Silvia . Buffini set the play in a swinging 1930s milieu , and featuring numerous dance numbers . Additionally , London and New York replaced Verona and Milan ; initially , Valentine and Proteus are shown as living in the English countryside , in a rural paradise devoid of any real vitality , the sons of wealthy families who have retired from the city . When Valentine leaves , he heads to New York to pursue the American Dream and falls in love with Silvia , the famous actress daughter of a powerful media magnate . Another change to the play was that the roles of the outlaws ( represented here as a group of paparazzi ) were increased considerably . Scenes added to the play show them arriving in New York and going about their daily business , although none of the new scenes featured any dialogue . Another performance worth noting occurred at the Courtyard Theatre in Stratford in 2006 . A non-professional acting company from Brazil , named Nós do Morro , in collaboration with a Gallery 37 group from Birmingham , gave a single performance of the play during the RSC 's presentation of the Complete Works , directed by Guti Fraga . The production was spoken in Portuguese , with the original English text projected as surtitles onto the back of the stage . It also featured two 17 - year - olds in the roles of Valentine and Proteus ( usually , actors in their 20s are cast ) , and Crab was played not by a dog , but by a human actor in a dog costume . In 2009 , Joe Dowling directed the play at the Guthrie Theater , starring Sam Bardwell as Valentine , Jonas Goslow as Proteus , Sun Mee Chomet as Julia and Valeri Mudek as Silvia . Staged as a 1950s live television production , large black - and - white monitors were set on either side of the stage , with cameras feeding the action to them . Additionally , period advertisements appeared both before the show and during the intermission . The actors spoke the original dialogue , but wore 1950s clothing . Rock and roll music and dance sequences were occasionally mixed with the action .", "In 2011 , Laura Cole directed a production at the Shakespeare Tavern . Presented as an `` in repertory '' production , alongside The Taming of the Shrew and The Comedy of Errors , it starred Kenneth Wigley as Valentine , Jonathan Horne as Proteus , Amee Vyas as Julia and Kati Grace Morton as Silvia . In 2012 , P.J. Paparelli directed a Shakespeare Theatre Company production at the Lansburgh Theatre , starring Andrew Veenstra as Valentine , Nick Dillenburg as Proteus , Natalie Mitchell as Silvia and Miriam Silverman as Julia . Set in the 1990s , and featuring a contemporary soundtrack , mobile phones and guns , the production downplayed the comedy , and instead presented the play as a semi-tragic coming - of - age story . Reviews were mixed , with most critics impressed with the attempts to do something new with the play , but not universally sure the new ideas worked . Also in 2012 , a touring production was staged at various venues throughout the UK , including a performance at the Globe Theatre as part of the Globe to Globe Festival , under the name Vakomana Vaviri Ve Zimbabwe ( The Two Gentlemen from Zimbabwe ) . Directed by Arne Pohlmeier , and spoken in Shona , the entire play was performed with a cast of two ; Denton Chikura and Tonderai Munyevu . In 2014 , for the first time since Robin Phillips ' 1970 production , the RSC performed the play in a full production at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre . Directed by Simon Godwin , the production starred Michael Marcus as Valentine , Mark Arends as Proteus , Pearl Chanda as Julia and Sarah MacRae as Silvia . On 3 September , the play was broadcast live to cinemas around the world as part of the `` Live from Stratford - upon - Avon '' series . The production received generally positive reviews , with most critics happy to see it back on the RSC stage .", "Benjamin Victor rewrote the play for performance in 1762 ( the earliest recorded performance we have of the play ) , at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane . Starring Richard Yates as Launce , his wife , Mary Ann Yates as Julia and Elizabeth Pope as Silvia , Victor brought all of the Verona scenes together , removed Valentine 's ' gift ' of Silvia to Proteus and increased the roles of Launce and Crab ( especially during the outlaw scenes , where both characters are intimately involved in the action ) . He also switched the emphasis of the play away from the love - friendship dichotomy and instead focused on the issues of fidelity , with the last line of the play altered to , `` Lovers must be faithful to be bless 'd . '' This necessitated rewriting Valentine as a near flawless protagonist who represents such faithfulness , and Proteus as a traditional villain , who does n't care for such notions . The two are not presented as old friends , but simply as acquaintances . Thurio was also rewritten as a harmless , but lovable fool , not unlike Launce and Speed . Although not a major success ( the play initially ran for only six performances ) , it was still being staged as late as 1895 .", "In 1790 , John Philip Kemble staged his own production of the play at Drury Lane , maintaining many of Victor 's alterations whilst also adding many of his own . The production starred Richard Wroughton as Proteus and Elizabeth Satchell as Silvia . The play was again staged at Covent Garden in 1808 , with Kemble , who was fifty years old at the time , playing Valentine .", "Frederic Reynolds staged an operatic version in 1821 at Covent Garden as part of his series of adaptations of the works of Shakespeare . Reynolds wrote the lyrics , with Henry Bishop writing the music . The production ran for twenty - nine performances , and included some of Shakespeare 's sonnets set to music . Augustin Daly revived the opera in 1895 at Daly 's Theatre , in an elaborate production starring Ada Rehan as Julia .", "In 1826 , Franz Schubert set a German translation by Eduard von Bauernfeld of Proteus ' serenade to Silvia ( `` Who is Silvia ? What is she , / That all our swains commend her ? '' ) to music . This song is usually known in English as `` Who is Sylvia ? , '' but in German it is known as `` An Sylvia '' ( `` Vier Lieder '' , opus 106 , number 4 , D. 891 ) . In 1942 , Gerald Finzi included a setting of `` Who Is Silvia ? '' in his song cycle on Shakespearean texts Let Us Garlands Bring ; the title of the work is the last line of the song .", "In 1971 , Galt MacDermot , John Guare and Mel Shapiro adapted the show into a rock musical under the same name as the play . Guare and Shapiro wrote the book , Guare the lyrics , and MacDermot the music . Opening at the St. James Theatre on 1 December 1971 , with Shapiro directing and Jean Erdman as choreographer , it ran for 614 performances , closing on 20 May 1973 . During its initial run , the play won two Tony Awards ; Best Musical and Best Book . The original cast included Clifton Davis as Valentine , Raúl Juliá as Proteus , Jonelle Allen as Silvia and Diana Dávila as Julia . The play moved to the West End in 1973 , playing at the Phoenix Theatre from 26 April , and running for 237 performances . It was revived in 1996 at the New Jersey Shakespeare Festival , directed by Robert Duke , and again in 2005 , directed and choreographed by Kathleen Marshall as part of the Shakespeare in the Park festival . Marshall 's production was performed at the Delacorte Theater in Central Park , and starred Norm Lewis as Valentine , Oscar Isaac as Proteus , Renée Elise Goldsberry as Silvia and Rosario Dawson as Julia .", "The only cinematic adaptation of the play is Yī jiǎn méi ( more commonly known by its English title A Spray of Plum Blossoms ) , a 1931 silent film from China , directed by Bu Wancang and written by Huang Yicuo . A loose adaptation of the play , the film tells the story of Bai Lede ( Wang Chilong ) and Hu Luting ( Jin Yan ) , two military cadets who have been friends since they were children . After graduating , Hu , a playboy uninterested in love , is appointed as a captain in Guangdong and leaves his home town in Shanghai . Bai however , deeply in love with Hu 's sister , Hu Zhuli ( Ruan Lingyu ) stays behind . At Guangdong , Hu falls in love with the local general 's daughter , Shi Luohua ( Lin Chuchu ) , although the general , Shi ( Wang Guilin ) , is unaware of the relationship , and instead wants his daughter to marry the foolish Liao Di'ao ( Kao Chien Fei ) . Meanwhile , Bai 's father uses his influence to get Bai posted to Guangdong , and after a sorrowful farewell between himself and Zhuli , he arrives at his new post and instantly falls in love with Luohua . In an effort to have her for himself , Bai betrays his friend , by informing General Shi of his daughter 's plans to elope with Hu , leading to Shi dishonourably discharging Hu . Bai tries to win Luohua over , but she is uninterested , only concerned with lamenting the loss of Hu . In the meantime , Hu encounters a group of bandits who ask him to be their leader , to which he agrees , planning on returning for Luohua at some point in the future . Some time passes , and one day , as Luohua , Bai and Liao are passing through the forest , they are attacked . Luohua manages to flee , and Bai pursues her into the forest . They engage in an argument , but just as Bai seems about to lose his temper , Hu intervenes , and he and Luohua are reunited . General Shi arrives in time to see Liao flee the scene , and he now realises that he was wrong to get in the way of the relationship between Hu and his daughter . Hu then forgives Bai his betrayal , and Bai reveals that he has discovered that his only true love is in fact Zhuli back in Shanghai . The film is notable for being one of many Chinese films of the period which , although performed in Mandarin when filming , used English intertitles upon its original release . In the English intertitles and credits , the characters are named after their counterparts in the play ; Hu is Valentine , Bai is Proteus , Zhuli is Julia and Luohua is Silvia . Liao is named Tiburio rather than Thurio .", "Two Gentlemen is also featured in Shakespeare in Love ( 1999 ) . Directed by John Madden and written by Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard , the film tells the fictional story of William Shakespeare 's ( Joseph Fiennes ) composition of Romeo and Juliet . Early in the film , Queen Elizabeth ( Judi Dench ) attends a production of Two Gentlemen , greatly enjoying William Kempe ( Patrick Barlow ) being thoroughly outperformed by Crab , and then falling asleep during Henry Condell 's ( Nicholas Boulton ) recitation of Proteus ' soliloquy from Act 2 , Scene 1 . Later , after reading the first draft of Romeo and Ethel , theatre manager Philip Henslowe ( Geoffrey Rush ) suggests that Shakespeare add a dog to liven the play up .", "The first television adaptation was in 1952 , when BBC Television Service broadcast Act 1 of the play live from the Bristol Old Vic . Directed by Denis Carey , the production starred John Neville as Valentine , Laurence Payne as Proteus , Gudrun Ure as Silvia and Pamela Ann as Julia .", "In 1956 , the entire play was broadcast on West German TV channel Das Erste from a performance at the Munich Kammerspiele , under the title Zwei herren aus Verona . The theatrical production was directed by Hans Schalla , with the TV adaptation directed by Ernst Markwardt . The cast included Rolf Schult as Valentine , Hannes Riesenberger as Proteus , Helga Siemers as Julia and Isolde Chlapek as Silvia . In 1964 , the play was made into a TV movie in West Germany , again using the title Zwei herren aus Verona . Screened on ZDF , it was directed by Hans Dieter Schwarze and starred Norbert Hansing as Valentine , Rolf Becker as Proteus , Katinka Hoffman as Julia and Heidelinde Weis as Silvia . Another West German TV movie , under the title Die zwei herren aus Verona , was screened on Das Erste in 1966 . Directed by Harald Benesch , it starred Jürgen Kloth as Valentine , Lothar Berg as Proteus , Anne - Marie Lermon as Julia and Carola Regnier as Silvia . In 1969 , the entire play was broadcast on Austrian TV channel ORF eins from a performance at the Theater in der Josefstadt , under the title Zwei aus Verona . The theatrical production was directed by Edwin Zbonek , with the TV adaptation directed by Wolfgang Lesowsky . The cast included Klaus Maria Brandauer as Valentine , Albert Rueprecht as Proteus , Kitty Speiser as Julia and Brigitte Neumeister as Silvia .", "In 1983 , the play was adapted for the BBC Television Shakespeare series , as the fourth episode of the sixth season . Directed by Don Taylor , it starred Tyler Butterworth as Proteus , John Hudson as Valentine , Tessa Peake - Jones as Julia and Joanne Pearce as Silvia . For the most part , the adaptation is taken verbatim from the First Folio , with some very minor differences . For example , omitted lines include the Duke 's `` Knowing that tender youth is soon suggested '' ( 3.1. 34 ) , and Julia 's `` Her eyes are grey as glass , and so are mine '' ( 4.4. 189 ) . Other differences include a slightly different opening scene to that indicated in the text . Whereas the play seems to open with Valentine and Proteus in mid-conversation , the adaptation begins with Mercatio and Eglamour attempting to formally woo Julia ; Mercatio by showing her a coffer overflowing with gold coins , Eglamour by displaying a parchment detailing his ancestry . Neither Eglamour nor Mercatio appear in the text . However , there is no dialogue in this scene , and the first words spoken are the same as in the text ( `` Cease to persuade my loving Proteus '' ) . Eglamour is also present in the final scene , albeit once again without any dialogue , and , additionally , the capture of Silvia and the flight of Eglamour is seen , as opposed to merely being described . The music for the episode was created by Anthony Rooley , who wrote new arrangements of works from Shakespeare 's own time , such as John Dowland 's `` Lachrimae '' . Performed by The Consort of Musicke , other musicians whose music was used include William Byrd , Thomas Campion , Anthony Holborne , John Johnson , Thomas Morley and Orazio Vecchi .", "Taylor initially planned a representational setting for the film ; Verona , Milan and the forest were all to be realistic . However , he changed his mind early in preproduction and had production designer Barbara Gosnold go in the opposite direction -- a stylised setting . To this end , the forest is composed of metal poles with bits of green tinsel and brown sticks stuck to them ( the cast and crew referred to the set as `` Christmas at Selfridges '' ) . Whilst the set for Verona remained relatively realistic , that for Milan featured young actors dressed like cherubs as extras . This was to convey the idea that the characters lived in a ' Garden of Courtly Love ' , which was slightly divorced from the everyday reality represented by Verona . Working in tandem with this idea , upon Proteus ' arrival in Milan , after meeting Silvia , he is left alone on screen , and the weather suddenly changes from calm and sunny to cloudy and windy , accompanied by a thunderclap . The implication being that Proteus has brought a darkness within him into the garden of courtly delights previously experienced by Silvia . Although the production is edited in a fairly conventional manner , much of it was shot in extremely long takes , and then edited into sections , rather than actually shooting in sections . Director Don Taylor would shoot most of the scenes in single takes , as he felt this enhanced performances and allowed actors to discover aspects which they never would were everything broken up into pieces .", "In 1995 , a production of the play aired on Polish TV channel TVP1 under the title Dwaj panowie z Werony , directed by Roland Rowiński and starring Rafal Krolikowski as Proteus , Marek Bukowski as Valentine , Agnieszka Krukówna as Julia and Edyta Jungowska as Sylvia .", "In 2000 , episode three of season four of Dawson 's Creek , `` Two Gentlemen of Capeside '' loosely adapted the plot of the play . Written by Chris Levinson and Jeffrey Stepakoff , and directed by Sandy Smolan , the episode depicts how Dawson Leery ( James Van Der Beek ) and Pacey Witter ( Joshua Jackson ) , formally best friends , have been driven apart over their love for the same woman . The play is referenced early in the episode as the characters are reading it for their English class .", "In 1923 , extracts from the play were broadcast on BBC Radio , performed by the Cardiff Station Repertory Company as the first episode of a series of programs showcasing Shakespeare 's plays , entitled Shakespeare Night . In 1924 , the entire play was broadcast by 2BD , directed by Joyce Tremayne and R.E. Jeffrey , with Treymane playing Silvia and Jeffrey playing Valentine , alongside G.R. Harvey as Proteus and Daisy Moncur as Julia . In 1927 , the scenes between Julia and Lucetta were broadcast on BBC Radio as part of the Echoes from Greenwich Theatre series . Betty Rayner played Julia and Joan Rayner played Lucetta . BBC National Programme broadcast the full play in 1934 , adapted for radio by Barbara Burnham and produced by Lance Sieveking . Ion Swinley played Valentine , Robert Craven was Proteus , Helen Horsey was Silvia and Lydia Sherwood played Julia .", "In 1958 , the entire play was broadcast on BBC Third Programme . Produced and directed by Raymond Raikes , it starred John Westbrook as Valentine , Charles Hodgson as Proteus , Caroline Leigh as Silvia , Perlita Neilson as Julia , and Frankie Howerd as Launce . BBC Third Programme aired another full production of the play in 1968 , produced and directed by R.D. Smith and starring Denys Hawthorne as Valentine , Michael N. Harbour as Proteus , Judi Dench as Julia and Kate Coleridge as Silvia .", "In 2007 , producer Roger Elsgood and director Willi Richards adapted the play into a radio drama called The Two Gentlemen of Valasna . Set in two petty Indian princely states called Malpur and Valasna in the weeks leading up to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the play was first broadcast on BBC Radio 3 on 29 July 2007 . It was recorded on location in Maharashtra , India earlier in 2007 with a cast drawn from Bollywood , Indian television and the Mumbai English - speaking theatre traditions ; actors included Nadir Khan as Vishvadev ( i.e. Valentine ) , Arghya Lahiri as Parminder ( Proteus ) , Anuradha Menon as Syoni ( Silvia ) , Avantika Akerkar as Jumaana / Servi ( Julia / Sebastian ) , Sohrab Ardishir as The Maharaja ( Duke of Milan ) and Zafar Karachiwala as Thaqib ( Thurio ) ." ]
The Two Gentlemen of Verona - wikipedia The Two Gentlemen of Verona Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the play by William Shakespeare. For the 1971 musical, see Two Gentlemen of Verona (musical) . For the 2000 album, see 2 Gentlemen in Verona . First page of The Two Gentlemen of Verona from the First Folio (1623). The Two Gentlemen of Verona is a comedy by William Shakespeare , believed to have been written between 1589 and 1593. It is considered by some to be Shakespeare's first play, and is often seen as showing his first tentative steps in laying out some of the themes and motifs with which he would later deal in more detail; for example, it is the first of his plays in which a heroine dresses as a boy. The play deals with the themes of friendship and infidelity , the conflict between friendship and love, and the foolish behaviour of people in love. The highlight of the play is considered by some to be Launce, the clownish servant of Proteus, and his dog Crab, to whom `` the most scene-stealing non-speaking role in the canon '' has been attributed. Two Gentlemen is often regarded as one of Shakespeare's weakest plays. It has the smallest named cast of any play by Shakespeare. Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Synopsis 3 Sources 4 Date and text 4.1 Date 4.2 Text 5 Criticism and analysis 5.1 Critical history 5.2 Language 5.3 Themes 5.3.1 Love and friendship 5.3.2 Foolishness of lovers 5.3.3 Inconstancy 6 Performance 7 Adaptations 7.1 Theatrical 7.2 Opera/Musical 7.3 Film 7.4 Television 7.5 Radio 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Editions of The Two Gentlemen of Verona 8.4 Secondary Sources 9 External links Characters ( edit ) Valentine -- young man living in Verona Proteus -- his closest friend Silvia -- falls in love with Valentine in Milan Julia -- in love with Proteus in Verona Duke of Milan -- Silvia's father Lucetta -- Julia's waiting woman Antonio -- Proteus' father Thurio -- foolish rival to Valentine for Silvia Eglamour -- aids in Silvia's escape Speed -- a clownish servant to Valentine Launce -- Proteus's servant Panthino -- Antonio's servant Host -- of the inn where Julia lodges in Milan Outlaws Crab -- Launce's dog Servants Musicians Synopsis ( edit ) Silvia by Charles Edward Perugini (1888). As the play begins, Valentine is preparing to leave Verona for Milan so as to broaden his horizons. He begs his best friend, Proteus, to come with him, but Proteus is in love with Julia, and refuses to leave. Disappointed, Valentine bids Proteus farewell and goes on alone. Meanwhile, Julia is discussing Proteus with her maid, Lucetta, who tells Julia that she thinks Proteus is fond of her. Julia, however, acts coyly, embarrassed to admit that she likes him. Lucetta then produces a letter; she will not say who gave it to her, but teases Julia that it was Valentine's servant, Speed, who brought it from Proteus. Julia, still unwilling to reveal her love in front of Lucetta, angrily tears up the letter. She sends Lucetta away, but then, realising her own rashness, she picks up the fragments of the letter and kisses them, trying to piece them back together. Meanwhile, Proteus' father has decided that Proteus should travel to Milan and join Valentine. He orders that Proteus must leave the next day, prompting a tearful farewell with Julia, to whom Proteus swears eternal love. The two exchange rings and vows and Proteus promises to return as soon as he can. In Milan, Proteus finds Valentine in love with the Duke's daughter, Silvia. Despite being in love with Julia, Proteus falls instantly in love with Silvia and vows to win her. Unaware of Proteus' feelings, Valentine tells him the Duke wants Silvia to marry the foppish but wealthy Thurio, against her wishes. Because the Duke suspects that his daughter and Valentine are in love, he locks her nightly in a tower, to which he keeps the only key. However, Valentine tells Proteus that he plans to free her by means of a corded ladder, and together, they will elope. Proteus immediately informs the Duke, who subsequently captures and banishes Valentine. While wandering outside Milan, Valentine runs afoul of a band of outlaws , who claim they are also exiled gentlemen. Valentine lies, saying he was banished for killing a man in a fair fight, and the outlaws elect him their leader. Valentine Rescuing Silvia from Proteus by William Holman Hunt (1851). Meanwhile, in Verona, Julia decides to join her lover in Milan. She convinces Lucetta to dress her in boy's clothes and help her fix her hair so she will not be harmed on the journey. Once in Milan, Julia quickly discovers Proteus' love for Silvia, watching him attempt to serenade her. She contrives to become his page boy -- Sebastian -- until she can decide upon a course of action. Proteus sends Sebastian to Silvia with a gift of the ring that Julia gave to him before he left Verona, but Julia learns that Silvia scorns Proteus' affections and is disgusted he would forget his love back home, i.e. Julia herself. Silvia deeply mourns the loss of Valentine, who Proteus has told her is rumoured dead. Not persuaded of Valentine's death, Silvia determines to flee the city with the help of Sir Eglamour. They escape into the forest but when they are confronted by the outlaws, Eglamour flees and Silvia is taken captive. The outlaws head to their leader (Valentine), but on the way, they encounter Proteus and Julia (still disguised as Sebastian). Proteus rescues Silvia, and then pursues her deeper into the forest. Secretly observed by Valentine, Proteus attempts to persuade Silvia that he loves her, but she rejects his advances. Proteus insinuates that he will rape her (`` I'll force thee yield to my desire'' ), but at this point, Valentine intervenes and denounces Proteus. Horrified at what has happened, Proteus vows that the hate Valentine feels for him is nothing compared to the hate he feels for himself. Convinced that Proteus' repentance is genuine, Valentine forgives him and seems to offer Silvia to him. At this point, overwhelmed, Julia faints, revealing her true identity. Upon seeing her, Proteus suddenly remembers his love for her and vows fidelity to her once again. The Duke and Thurio are brought as prisoners by the outlaws. Seeing Silvia, Thurio claims her as his, but Valentine warns Thurio that if he makes one move toward her, he will kill him. Terrified, Thurio renounces Silvia. The Duke, disgusted with Thurio's cowardice and impressed by Valentine's actions, approves his and Silvia's love, and consents to their marriage. The two couples are happily united, and the Duke pardons the outlaws, telling them they may return to Milan. Sources ( edit ) First page of The Boke Named the Governour by Thomas Elyot (1531). In writing The Two Gentlemen of Verona , Shakespeare drew on the Spanish prose romance Los Siete Libros de la Diana ( The Seven Books of the Diana ) by the Portuguese writer Jorge de Montemayor . In the second book of Diana , Don Felix, who is in love with Felismena, sends her a letter explaining his feelings. Like Julia, Felismena pretends to reject the letter, and be annoyed with her maid for delivering it. Like Proteus, Felix is sent away by his father, and is followed by Felismena, who, disguised as a boy, becomes his page, only to subsequently learn that Felix has fallen in love with Celia. Felismena is then employed by Felix to act as his messenger in all communications with Celia, who scorns his love. Instead, Celia falls in love with the page (i.e. Felismena in disguise). Eventually, after a combat in a wood, Felix and Felismena are reunited. Upon Felismena revealing herself however, Celia, having no counterpart to Valentine, dies of grief. Diana was published in Spanish in 1559 and translated into French by Nicholas Collin in 1578. An English translation was made by Bartholomew Young and published in 1598, though Young claims in his preface to have finished the translation sixteen years earlier (c. 1582). Shakespeare could have read a manuscript of Young's English translation, or encountered the story in French, or learned of it from an anonymous English play, The History of Felix and Philiomena , which may have been based on Diana , and which was performed for the court at Greenwich Palace by the Queen's Men on 3 January 1585. The History of Felix and Philiomena is now lost . A 1587 printing of John Lyly 's Euphues, The Anatomy of Wit . Another major influence on Shakespeare was the story of the intimate friendship of Titus and Gisippus as told in Thomas Elyot 's The Boke Named the Governour in 1531 (the same story is told in The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio , but verbal similarities between The Two Gentlemen and The Governor suggest it was Elyot's work Shakespeare used as his primary source, not Boccaccio's ). In this story, Titus and Gisippus are inseparable until Gisippus falls in love with Sophronia. He introduces her to Titus, but Titus is overcome with jealousy, and vows to seduce her. Upon hearing of Titus' plan, Gisippus arranges for them to change places on the wedding night, thus placing their friendship above his love. Also important to Shakespeare in the composition of the play was John Lyly 's Euphues, The Anatomy of Wit , published in 1578. Like The Governor , Euphues presents two close friends who are inseparable until a woman comes between them, and, like both The Governor and Two Gentlemen , the story concludes with one friend sacrificing the woman so as to save the friendship. However, as Geoffrey Bullough argues `` Shakespeare's debt to Lyly was probably one of technique more than matter.'' Lyly's Midas may also have influenced the scene where Launce and Speed run through the milkmaid's virtues and defects, as it contains a very similar scene between Lucio and Petulus. Other minor sources include Arthur Brooke's narrative poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet . Obviously Shakespeare's source for Romeo and Juliet , it features a character called Friar Laurence, as does Two Gentlemen , and a scene where a young man attempts to outwit his lover's father by means of a corded ladder (as Valentine does in Two Gentlemen ). Philip Sidney 's The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia may also have influenced Shakespeare insofar as it contains a character who follows her betrothed, dressed as his page, and later on, one of the main characters becomes captain of a group of Helots . Date and text ( edit ) Date ( edit ) Scene from by Angelica Kauffman (1789). The exact date of composition of The Two Gentlemen of Verona is unknown, but it is generally believed to have been one of Shakespeare's earliest works. The first evidence of its existence is in a list of Shakespeare's plays in Francis Meres 's Palladis Tamia , published in 1598, but it is thought to have been written in the early 1590s. Clifford Leech , for example, argues for 1592/1593; G. Blakemore Evans places the date at 1590-- 1593; Gary Taylor suggests 1590-- 1591; Kurt Schlueter posits the late 1580s; William C. Carroll suggests 1590-- 1592; Roger Warren tentatively suggests 1587, but acknowledges 1590/1591 as more likely. It has been argued that Two Gentlemen may have been Shakespeare's first work for the stage. This theory was first suggested by Edmond Malone in 1821, in the Third Variorum edition of Shakespeare's plays, edited by James Boswell based on Malone's notes. Malone dated the play 1591, a modification of his earlier 1595 date from the third edition of The Plays of William Shakespeare . At this time, the dominant theory was that the Henry VI trilogy had been Shakespeare's first work. More recently, the play was placed first in The Oxford Shakespeare: The Complete Works of 1986, and again in the 2nd edition of 2005, in The Norton Shakespeare of 1997, and again in the 2nd edition of 2008, and in The Complete Pelican Shakespeare of 2002. A large part of the theory that this may be Shakespeare's first play is the quality of the work itself. Writing in 1968, Norman Sanders argued `` all are agreed on the play's immaturity.'' The argument is that the play betrays a lack of practical theatrical experience on Shakespeare's part, and as such, it must have come extremely early in his career. Stanley Wells , for example, has written the `` dramatic structure is comparatively unambitious, and while some of its scenes are expertly constructed, those involving more than, at the most, four characters betray an uncertainty of technique suggestive of inexperience.'' This uncertainty can be seen in how Shakespeare handles the distribution of dialogue in such scenes. Whenever there are more than three characters on stage, at least one of those characters tends to fall silent. For example, Speed is silent for almost all of Act 2, Scene 4, as are Thurio, Silvia and Julia for most of the last half of the final scene. It has also been suggested that the handling of the final scene in general, in which the faithful lover seemingly offers his beloved as a token of his forgiveness to the man who has just attempted to rape her, is a sign of Shakespeare's lack of maturity as a dramatist. In his 2008 edition of the play for the Oxford Shakespeare, Roger Warren argues that the play is the oldest surviving piece of Shakespearean literature, suggesting a date of composition as somewhere between 1587 and 1591. He hypothesizes that the play was perhaps written before Shakespeare came to London, with an idea towards using the famous comic actor Richard Tarlton in the role of Launce (this theory stems from the fact that Tarlton had performed several extremely popular and well known scenes with dogs). However, Tarlton died in September 1588, and Warren notes several passages in Two Gentlemen which seem to borrow from John Lyly's Midas , which wasn't written until at least late-1589. As such, Warren acknowledges that 1590/1591 is most likely the correct date of composition. Text ( edit ) The play was not printed until 1623, when it appeared in the First Folio of Shakespeare's plays. Criticism and analysis ( edit ) Silvia Rescued by Valentine by Francis Wheatley (1792). Critical History ( edit ) Perhaps the most critically discussed issue in the play is the sequence, bizarre by modern Western European standards, in Act 5, Scene 4 in which Valentine seems to ' give' Silvia to Proteus as a sign of his friendship. For many years, the general critical consensus on this issue was that the incident revealed an inherent misogyny in the text. For example, Hilary Spurling wrote in 1970, `` Valentine is so overcome (by Proteus' apology) that he promptly offers to hand over his beloved to the man who, not three minutes before, had meant to rape her.'' Modern scholarship, however, is much more divided about Valentine's actions at the end of the play, with some critics arguing that he does not offer to give Silvia to Proteus at all. The ambiguity lies in the line `` All that was mine in Silvia I give thee'' (5.4.83). Some critics (such as Stanley Wells, for example ) interpret this to mean that Valentine is indeed handing Silvia over to her would-be rapist, but another school of thought suggests that Valentine simply means `` I will love you (Proteus) with as much love as I love Silvia,'' thus reconciling the dichotomy of friendship and love as depicted elsewhere in the play. This is certainly how Jeffrey Masten, for example, sees it, arguing that the play as a whole `` reveals not the opposition of male friendship and Petrarchan love but rather their interdependence.'' As such, the final scene `` stages the play's ultimate collaboration of male friendship and its incorporation of the plot we would label `` heterosexual '' .'' This is also how Roger Warren interprets the final scene. Warren cites a number of productions of the play as evidence for this argument, including Robin Phillips ' Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) production in 1970, where Valentine kisses Silvia, makes his offer and then kisses Proteus. Another staging cited by Warren is Edward Hall 's 1998 Swan Theatre production. In Hall's version of the scene, after Valentine says the controversial line, Silvia approaches him and takes him by the hand. They remain holding hands for the rest of the play, clearly suggesting that Valentine has not ' given' her away. Warren also mentions Leon Rubin 's 1984 Stratford Shakespeare Festival production (where the controversial line was altered to `` All my love to Silvia I also give to thee'' ), David Thacker 's 1991 Swan Theatre production, and the 1983 BBC Television Shakespeare adaptation as supporting the theory that Valentine is not giving Silvia away, but is simply promising to love Proteus as much as he loves Silvia. Patty S. Derrick also interprets the BBC production in this manner, arguing that `` Proteus clearly perceives the offer as a noble gesture of friendship, not an actual offer, because he does not even look towards Silvia but rather falls into an embrace with Valentine'' (although Derrick does raise the question that if Valentine is not offering Silvia to Proteus, why does Julia swoon?). There are other theories regarding this final scene, however. For example, in his 1990 edition of the play for the New Cambridge Shakespeare , Kurt Schlueter suggests that Valentine is indeed handing Silvia over to Proteus, but the audience is not supposed to take it literally; the incident is farcical , and should be interpreted as such. Schlueter argues that the play provides possible evidence it was written to be performed and viewed primarily by a young audience, and as such, to be staged at university theatres, as opposed to public playhouses. Such an audience would be more predisposed to accepting the farcical nature of the scene, and more likely to find humorous the absurdity of Valentine's gift. As such, in Schlueter's theory, the scene does represent what it appears to represent; Valentine does give Silvia to her would-be rapist, but it is done purely for comic effect. Launce's substitute for Proteus' dog by Augustus Egg (1849). Another theory is provided by William C. Carroll in his 2004 edition for the Arden Shakespeare , Third Series. Carroll argues, like Schlueter, that Valentine is indeed giving Silvia to Proteus, but unlike Schlueter, Carroll detects no sense of farce. Instead, he sees the action as a perfectly logical one in terms of the notions of friendship which were prevalent at the time: the idealisation of male friendship as superior to male-female love (which was considered not romantic or compassionate but merely lustful, hence inferior) performs a project of cultural nostalgia, a stepping back from potentially more threatening social arrangements to a world of order, a world based on a ' gift' economy of personal relations among male social equals rather than one based on a newer, less stable economy of emotional and economic risk. The offer of the woman from one male friend to another would therefore be the highest expression of friendship from one point of view, a low point of psycho-sexual regression from another. As in Schlueter, Carroll here interprets Valentine's actions as a gift to Proteus, but unlike Schlueter, and more in line with traditional criticism of the play, Carroll also argues that such a gift, as unacceptable as it is to modern eyes, is perfectly understandable when one considers the cultural and social milieu of the play itself. Language ( edit ) Language is of primary importance in the play insofar as Valentine and Proteus speak in blank verse , but Launce and Speed speak (for the most part) in prose . More specifically, the actual content of many of the speeches serve to illustrate the pompousness of Valentine and Proteus' exalted outlook, and the more realistic and practical outlook of the servants. This is most apparent in Act 3, Scene 1. Valentine has just given a lengthy speech lamenting his banishment and musing on how he cannot possibly survive without Silvia; `` Except I be by Silvia in the night/There is no music in the nightingale. /Unless I look on Silvia in the day/There is no day for me to look upon'' (ll.178-- 181). However, when Launce enters only a few lines later, he announces that he too is in love, and proceeds to outline, along with Speed, all of his betrothed's positives (`` She brews good ale '' ; `` She can knit '' ; `` She can wash and scour'' ), and negatives (`` She hath a sweet mouth'' ; `` She doth talk in her sleep'' ; `` She is slow in words'' ). After weighing his options, Launce decides that the woman's most important quality is that `` she hath more hair than wit, and more faults than hairs, and more wealth than faults'' (ll.343-- 344). He announces that her wealth `` makes the faults gracious'' (l.356), and chooses for that reason to wed her. This purely materialistic reasoning, as revealed in the form of language, is in stark contrast to the more spiritual and idealised love espoused by Valentine earlier in the scene. Themes ( edit ) H.C. Selous ' illustration of Valentine and Proteus' farewell in Act 1, Scene 1; from The Plays of William Shakespeare: The Comedies , edited by Charles Cowden Clarke and Mary Cowden Clarke (1830). One of the dominant theories as regards the value of Two Gentlemen is that thematically, it represents a ' trial run' of sorts, in which Shakespeare deals briefly with themes which he would examine in more detail in later works. E.K. Chambers , for example, believed that the play represents something of a gestation of Shakespeare's great thematic concerns. Writing in 1905, Chambers stated that Two Gentlemen was Shakespeare's first essay at originality, at fashioning for himself the outlines of that romantic or tragicomic formula in which so many of his most characteristic dramas were afterwards to be cast. Something which is neither quite tragedy nor quite comedy, something which touches the heights and depths of sentiment and reveals the dark places of the human heart without lingering long enough there to crystallise the painful impression, a love story broken for a moment into passionate chords by absence and inconstancy and intrigue, and then reunited to the music of wedding bells. As such, the play's primary interest for critics has tended to lie in relation to what it reveals about Shakespeare's conception of certain themes before he became the accomplished playwright of later years. Writing in 1879, A.C. Swinburne , for example, states `` here is the first dawn of that higher and more tender humour that was never given in such perfection to any man as ultimately to Shakespeare.'' Similarly, in 1906, Warwick R. Bond writes `` Shakespeare first opens the vein he worked so richly afterwards -- the vein of crossed love, of flight and exile under the escort of the generous sentiments; of disguised heroines, and sufferings endured and virtues exhibited under their disguise; and of the Providence , kinder than life, that annuls the errors and forgives the sin.'' More recently, Stanley Wells has referred to the play as a `` dramatic laboratory in which Shakespeare first experimented with the conventions of romantic comedy which he would later treat with a more subtle complexity, but it has its own charm.'' Early 20th-century Henry James Haley illustration of Act 2, Scene 1 (Silvia refusing Valentine's letter). Other critics have been less kind however, arguing that if the later plays show a skilled and confident writer exploring serious issues of the human heart, Two Gentlemen represents the initial, primarily unsuccessful attempt to do likewise. In 1921, for example, J. Dover Wilson and Arthur Quiller-Couch , in their edition of the play for the Cambridge Shakespeare, famously stated that after hearing Valentine offer Silvia to Proteus `` one's impulse, upon this declaration, is to remark that there are, by this time, no gentlemen in Verona.'' H.B. Charlton, writing in 1938, argues that `` clearly, Shakespeare's first attempt to make romantic comedy had only succeeded so far as it had unexpectedly and inadvertently made romance comic.'' Another such argument is provided by Norman Sanders in 1968; `` because the play reveals a relatively unsure dramatist and many effects managed with a tiro's lack of expertise, it offers us an opportunity to see more clearly than anywhere else in the canon what were to become characteristic techniques. It stands as an ' anatomie ' or show-through version, as it were, of Shakespeare's comic art.'' Kurt Schlueter, on the other hand, argues that critics have been too harsh on the play precisely because the later plays are so much superior. He suggests that when looking at Shakespeare's earlier works, scholars put too much emphasis on how they fail to measure up to the later works, rather than looking at them for their own intrinsic merits; `` we should not continue the practice of holding his later achievements against him when dealing with his early beginnings.'' Love and friendship ( edit ) Norman Sanders calls the play `` almost a complete anthology of the practices of the doctrine of romantic love which inspired the poetic and prose Romances of the period.'' At the very centre of this is the contest between love and friendship; `` an essential part of the comicality of The Two Gentlemen of Verona is created by the necessary conflict between highly stylised concepts of love and friendship.'' This is manifested in the question of whether the relationship between two male friends is more important than that between lovers, encapsulated by Proteus' rhetorical question at 5.4.54; `` In love/Who respects friend?'' This question `` exposes the raw nerve at the heart of the central relationships, the dark reality lurking beneath the wit and lyricism with which the play has in general presented lovers' behaviour.'' In the program notes for John Barton 's 1981 RSC production at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre , Anne Barton, his wife, wrote that the central theme of the play was `` how to bring love and friendship into a constructive and mutually enhancing relationship.'' As William C. Carroll points out, this is a common theme in Renaissance literature , which often celebrates friendship as the more important relationship (because it is pure and unconcerned with sexual attraction), and contends that love and friendship cannot co-exist. As actor Alex Avery argues, `` The love between two men is a greater love for some reason. There seems to be a sense that the function of a male/female relationship is purely for the family and to procreate , to have a family. But a love between two men is something that you choose. You have arranged marriages, (but) a friendship between two men is created by the desires and wills of those two men, whereas a relationship between a man and a girl is actually constructed completely peripheral to whatever the feelings of the said boy and girl are.'' Carroll sees this societal belief as vital in interpreting the final scene of the play, arguing that Valentine does give Silvia to Proteus, and in so doing, he is merely acting in accordance with the practices of the day. However, if one accepts that Valentine does not give Silvia to Proteus, as critics such as Jeffrey Masten argue, but instead offers to love Proteus as much as he loves Silvia, then the conclusion of the play can be read as a final triumphant reconciliation between friendship and love; Valentine intends to love his friend as much as he does his betrothed. Love and friendship are shown to be co-existent, not exclusive. Scene from The Two Gentlemen of Verona (Valentine woos Silvia; the Duke sits nearby, pretending to be asleep) by Alfred Elmore (1857). Foolishness of lovers ( edit ) Another major theme is the foolishness of lovers, what Roger Warren refers to as `` mockery of the absurdity of conventional lovers' behaviour.'' Valentine for example, is introduced into the play mocking the excesses of love; `` To be in love, where scorn is bought with groans/Coy looks with heart-sore sighs, one fading moment's mirth/With twenty watchful, weary, tedious nights'' (1.1.29-- 31). Later, however, he becomes as much a prisoner of love as Proteus, exclaiming, `` For in revenge of my contempt for love/Love hath chased sleep from my enthrall'd eyes/And made them watchers of my own heart's sorrow'' (2.4.131-- 133). The majority of the cynicism and mockery as regards conventional lovers, however, comes from Launce and Speed, who serve as foils for the two protagonists, and `` supply a mundane view of the idealistic flights of fancy indulged in by Proteus and Valentine.'' Several times in the play, after either Valentine or Proteus has made an eloquent speech about love, Shakespeare introduces either Launce or Speed (or both), whose more mundane concerns serve to undercut what has just been said, thus exposing Proteus and Valentine to mockery. For example, in Act 2, Scene 1, as Valentine and Silvia engage in a game of flirtation, hinting at their love for one another, Speed provides constant asides which serve to directly mock the couple; VALENTINE Peace, here she comes. Enter Silvia SPEED (aside) O excellent motion! O exceeding puppet! Now he will interpret her. VALENTINE Madame and mistress, a thousand good-morrows. SPEED (aside) O, give ye good e'en . Here's a million of manners. SILVIA Sir Valentine and servant, to you two thousand. SPEED (aside) He should give her interest, and she gives it him. (2.1.85-94) Inconstancy ( edit ) A third major theme is inconstancy, particularly as manifested in Proteus, whose very name hints at his changeable mind (in Ovid 's Metamorphoses , Proteus is a sea-god forever changing its shape ). At the start of the play, Proteus has only eyes for Julia. However, upon meeting Silvia, he immediately falls in love with her (although he has no idea why). He then finds himself drawn to the page Sebastian (Julia in disguise) whilst still trying to woo Silvia, and at the end of the play, he announces that Silvia is no better than Julia and vows he now loves Julia again. Indeed, Proteus himself seems to be aware of this mutability, pointing out towards the end of the play; `` O heaven, were man/But constant, he were perfect. That one error/Fills him with faults, makes him run through all th'sins ;/Inconstancy falls off ere it begins'' (5.4.109-- 112). Performance ( edit ) Who is Sylvia - What is she, that all the swains commend her by Edwin Austin Abbey (1899). There is no record of a performance during Shakespeare's lifetime, although due to its inclusion in Francis Meres' Palladis Tamia , we know the play had definitely been performed by 1598. The earliest known performance was at Drury Lane in 1762. However, this production was of a version of the play rewritten by Benjamin Victor . The earliest known performance of the straight Shakespearean text was at Covent Garden in 1784, advertised as `` Shaxespeare's with alterations.'' Although the play was supposed to run for several weeks, it closed after the first night. From the middle of the eighteenth century, even if staging Shakespeare's original (as opposed to Victor's rewrite) it was common to cut the lines in the final scene where Valentine seems to offer Silvia to Proteus. This practice prevailed until William Macready reintroduced the lines in 1841 in a production at Drury Lane, although they were still being removed as late as 1952, in Denis Carey 's production at the Bristol Old Vic . Notable nineteenth-century performances include Charles Kean 's 1848 production at the Haymarket Theatre , Samuel Phelps ' 1857 production at Sadler's Wells Theatre and William Poel 's 1892 and 1896 productions. During the twentieth century, the play has been produced sporadically in the English-speaking world, although it has proved more popular in Europe. Indeed, there have been only a few significant English speaking productions. Little is known, for example, about Harley Granville-Barker 's 1904 production at the Court Theatre , F.R. Benson 's 1910 production at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Robert Atkins ' 1923 production at the Apollo Theatre , or Ben Iden Payne 's 1938 production at Stratford-upon-Avon . The earliest production about which we have significant information is Michael Langham 's 1957 production at The Old Vic , starring Richard Gale as Valentine, Keith Michell as Proteus, Barbara Jefford as Julia and Ingrid Hafner as Silvia. In this production, set in late nineteenth-century Italy and grounded very much in high Romanticism , Proteus threatens to kill himself with a pistol at the end of the play, prompting Valentine's hasty offer of Silvia. Perhaps the most notable 20th-century production was Peter Hall 's 1960 production at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre. Set in a late medieval milieu , the play starred Denholm Elliott as Valentine, Derek Godfrey as Proteus, Susan Maryott as Silvia, Frances Cuka as Julia, and featured a much lauded performance by Patrick Wymark as Launce. Hall had only recently been appointed as Artistic Director of the RSC, and, somewhat unexpectedly, he chose Two Gentlemen as his inaugural production, billed as the opening show in a re-examination of the development of Shakespearean comedy. Tim Mace as Launce and Abbie as Crab from a 2009 modern dress performance at the Capitol Center Theater . Ten years later, in 1970, Robin Phillips' RSC production starred Peter Egan as Valentine, Ian Richardson as Proteus, Helen Mirren as Julia, Estelle Kohler as Silvia, and Patrick Stewart as Launce. This production concentrated on the issues of friendship and treachery, and set the play in a decadent world of social elitism . Valentine and Proteus were presented as aristocratic students, the Duke was a Don , and Eglamour an old scout master. On the other hand, the poverty-stricken outlaws were dressed in animal skins. The RSC again staged the play at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in 1981, as a double bill with Titus Andronicus , with both plays heavily edited. Directed by John Barton, the production starred Peter Chelsom as Valentine, Peter Land as Proteus, Julia Swift as Julia and Diana Hardcastle as Silvia. This production saw the actors not involved in the current on-stage scene sit at the front of the stage and watch the performance. Leon Rubin directed a performance at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in 1984, where the actors were dressed in modern clothes and contemporary pop music was featured within the play (for example, the outlaws are portrayed as an anarchic rock group). A 1991 RSC production at the Swan Theatre saw director David Thacker use an on-stage band for the duration of the play, playing music from the 1930s, such as Cole Porter and George Gershwin . Thacker's production featured Richard Bonneville as Valentine, Finbar Lynch as Proteus, Clare Holman as Julia and Saskia Reeves as Silvia. In 1992, Thacker's production moved to the Barbican Centre , and in 1993 went on regional tour. In 1996, Jack Shepherd directed a modern dress version at the Royal National Theatre as part of Shakespeare's Globe 's `` Prologue Season'' . The production starred Lenny James as Valentine, Mark Rylance as Proteus, Stephanie Roth Haberle as Julia and Anastasia Hille as Silvia. Another RSC production took place at the Swan in 1998, under the direction of Edward Hall, and starring Tom Goodman-Hill as Valentine, Dominic Rowan as Proteus, Lesley Vickerage as Julia and Poppy Miller as Silvia. This production set the play in a grimy unnamed contemporary city where material obsession was all-encompassing. Valentine (Alex Avery), Silvia (Rachel Pickup) and Proteus (Laurence Mitchell) in the 2004 Fiona Buffini production. In 2004, Fiona Buffini directed a touring production for the RSC. Premiering at the Swan, the production starred Alex Avery as Valentine, Laurence Mitchell as Proteus, Vanessa Ackerman as Julia and Rachel Pickup as Silvia. Buffini set the play in a swinging 1930s milieu , and featuring numerous dance numbers. Additionally, London and New York replaced Verona and Milan; initially, Valentine and Proteus are shown as living in the English countryside, in a rural paradise devoid of any real vitality, the sons of wealthy families who have retired from the city. When Valentine leaves, he heads to New York to pursue the American Dream and falls in love with Silvia, the famous actress daughter of a powerful media magnate . Another change to the play was that the roles of the outlaws (represented here as a group of paparazzi ) were increased considerably. Scenes added to the play show them arriving in New York and going about their daily business, although none of the new scenes featured any dialogue. Another performance worth noting occurred at the Courtyard Theatre in Stratford in 2006. A non-professional acting company from Brazil, named Nós do Morro, in collaboration with a Gallery 37 group from Birmingham , gave a single performance of the play during the RSC's presentation of the Complete Works , directed by Guti Fraga . The production was spoken in Portuguese, with the original English text projected as surtitles onto the back of the stage. It also featured two 17-year-olds in the roles of Valentine and Proteus (usually, actors in their 20s are cast), and Crab was played not by a dog, but by a human actor in a dog costume. In 2009, Joe Dowling directed the play at the Guthrie Theater , starring Sam Bardwell as Valentine, Jonas Goslow as Proteus, Sun Mee Chomet as Julia and Valeri Mudek as Silvia. Staged as a 1950s live television production, large black-and-white monitors were set on either side of the stage, with cameras feeding the action to them. Additionally, period advertisements appeared both before the show and during the intermission. The actors spoke the original dialogue, but wore 1950s clothing. Rock and roll music and dance sequences were occasionally mixed with the action. In 2011, Laura Cole directed a production at the Shakespeare Tavern . Presented as an `` in repertory '' production, alongside The Taming of the Shrew and The Comedy of Errors , it starred Kenneth Wigley as Valentine, Jonathan Horne as Proteus, Amee Vyas as Julia and Kati Grace Morton as Silvia. In 2012, P.J. Paparelli directed a Shakespeare Theatre Company production at the Lansburgh Theatre, starring Andrew Veenstra as Valentine, Nick Dillenburg as Proteus, Natalie Mitchell as Silvia and Miriam Silverman as Julia. Set in the 1990s, and featuring a contemporary soundtrack, mobile phones and guns, the production downplayed the comedy, and instead presented the play as a semi-tragic coming-of-age story. Reviews were mixed, with most critics impressed with the attempts to do something new with the play, but not universally sure the new ideas worked. Also in 2012, a touring production was staged at various venues throughout the UK, including a performance at the Globe Theatre as part of the Globe to Globe Festival , under the name Vakomana Vaviri Ve Zimbabwe ( The Two Gentlemen from Zimbabwe ). Directed by Arne Pohlmeier, and spoken in Shona , the entire play was performed with a cast of two; Denton Chikura and Tonderai Munyevu. In 2014, for the first time since Robin Phillips' 1970 production, the RSC performed the play in a full production at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre. Directed by Simon Godwin , the production starred Michael Marcus as Valentine, Mark Arends as Proteus, Pearl Chanda as Julia and Sarah MacRae as Silvia. On 3 September, the play was broadcast live to cinemas around the world as part of the `` Live from Stratford-upon-Avon'' series. The production received generally positive reviews, with most critics happy to see it back on the RSC stage. Adaptations ( edit ) Theatrical ( edit ) Henry Roberts ' engraving of Richard Yates as Launce in the 1762 Drury Lane adaptation by Benjamin Victor . Benjamin Victor rewrote the play for performance in 1762 (the earliest recorded performance we have of the play), at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane. Starring Richard Yates as Launce, his wife, Mary Ann Yates as Julia and Elizabeth Pope as Silvia, Victor brought all of the Verona scenes together, removed Valentine's ' gift' of Silvia to Proteus and increased the roles of Launce and Crab (especially during the outlaw scenes, where both characters are intimately involved in the action). He also switched the emphasis of the play away from the love-friendship dichotomy and instead focused on the issues of fidelity, with the last line of the play altered to, `` Lovers must be faithful to be bless'd .'' This necessitated rewriting Valentine as a near flawless protagonist who represents such faithfulness, and Proteus as a traditional villain, who doesn't care for such notions. The two are not presented as old friends, but simply as acquaintances. Thurio was also rewritten as a harmless, but lovable fool, not unlike Launce and Speed. Although not a major success (the play initially ran for only six performances), it was still being staged as late as 1895. In 1790, John Philip Kemble staged his own production of the play at Drury Lane, maintaining many of Victor's alterations whilst also adding many of his own. The production starred Richard Wroughton as Proteus and Elizabeth Satchell as Silvia. The play was again staged at Covent Garden in 1808, with Kemble, who was fifty years old at the time, playing Valentine. Opera/musical ( edit ) Frederic Reynolds staged an operatic version in 1821 at Covent Garden as part of his series of adaptations of the works of Shakespeare. Reynolds wrote the lyrics, with Henry Bishop writing the music. The production ran for twenty-nine performances, and included some of Shakespeare's sonnets set to music. Augustin Daly revived the opera in 1895 at Daly's Theatre , in an elaborate production starring Ada Rehan as Julia. In 1826, Franz Schubert set a German translation by Eduard von Bauernfeld of Proteus' serenade to Silvia (`` Who is Silvia? What is she,/That all our swains commend her?'' ) to music. This song is usually known in English as `` Who is Sylvia?,'' but in German it is known as `` An Sylvia '' (`` Vier Lieder'' , opus 106, number 4, D. 891). In 1942, Gerald Finzi included a setting of `` Who Is Silvia?'' in his song cycle on Shakespearean texts Let Us Garlands Bring ; the title of the work is the last line of the song. In 1971, Galt MacDermot , John Guare and Mel Shapiro adapted the show into a rock musical under the same name as the play. Guare and Shapiro wrote the book , Guare the lyrics, and MacDermot the music. Opening at the St. James Theatre on 1 December 1971, with Shapiro directing and Jean Erdman as choreographer, it ran for 614 performances, closing on 20 May 1973. During its initial run, the play won two Tony Awards ; Best Musical and Best Book . The original cast included Clifton Davis as Valentine, Raúl Juliá as Proteus, Jonelle Allen as Silvia and Diana Dávila as Julia. The play moved to the West End in 1973, playing at the Phoenix Theatre from 26 April, and running for 237 performances. It was revived in 1996 at the New Jersey Shakespeare Festival , directed by Robert Duke, and again in 2005, directed and choreographed by Kathleen Marshall as part of the Shakespeare in the Park festival. Marshall's production was performed at the Delacorte Theater in Central Park , and starred Norm Lewis as Valentine, Oscar Isaac as Proteus, Renée Elise Goldsberry as Silvia and Rosario Dawson as Julia. Film ( edit ) The only cinematic adaptation of the play is Yī jiǎn méi (more commonly known by its English title A Spray of Plum Blossoms ), a 1931 silent film from China, directed by Bu Wancang and written by Huang Yicuo. A loose adaptation of the play, the film tells the story of Bai Lede (Wang Chilong) and Hu Luting (Jin Yan), two military cadets who have been friends since they were children. After graduating, Hu, a playboy uninterested in love, is appointed as a captain in Guangdong and leaves his home town in Shanghai. Bai however, deeply in love with Hu's sister, Hu Zhuli ( Ruan Lingyu ) stays behind. At Guangdong, Hu falls in love with the local general's daughter, Shi Luohua ( Lin Chuchu ), although the general, Shi (Wang Guilin), is unaware of the relationship, and instead wants his daughter to marry the foolish Liao Di'ao (Kao Chien Fei). Meanwhile, Bai's father uses his influence to get Bai posted to Guangdong, and after a sorrowful farewell between himself and Zhuli, he arrives at his new post and instantly falls in love with Luohua. In an effort to have her for himself, Bai betrays his friend, by informing General Shi of his daughter's plans to elope with Hu, leading to Shi dishonourably discharging Hu. Bai tries to win Luohua over, but she is uninterested, only concerned with lamenting the loss of Hu. In the meantime, Hu encounters a group of bandits who ask him to be their leader, to which he agrees, planning on returning for Luohua at some point in the future. Some time passes, and one day, as Luohua, Bai and Liao are passing through the forest, they are attacked. Luohua manages to flee, and Bai pursues her into the forest. They engage in an argument, but just as Bai seems about to lose his temper, Hu intervenes, and he and Luohua are reunited. General Shi arrives in time to see Liao flee the scene, and he now realises that he was wrong to get in the way of the relationship between Hu and his daughter. Hu then forgives Bai his betrayal, and Bai reveals that he has discovered that his only true love is in fact Zhuli back in Shanghai. The film is notable for being one of many Chinese films of the period which, although performed in Mandarin when filming, used English intertitles upon its original release. In the English intertitles and credits, the characters are named after their counterparts in the play; Hu is Valentine, Bai is Proteus, Zhuli is Julia and Luohua is Silvia. Liao is named Tiburio rather than Thurio. Two Gentlemen is also featured in Shakespeare in Love (1999). Directed by John Madden and written by Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard , the film tells the fictional story of William Shakespeare's ( Joseph Fiennes ) composition of Romeo and Juliet . Early in the film, Queen Elizabeth ( Judi Dench ) attends a production of Two Gentlemen , greatly enjoying William Kempe ( Patrick Barlow ) being thoroughly outperformed by Crab, and then falling asleep during Henry Condell 's ( Nicholas Boulton ) recitation of Proteus' soliloquy from Act 2, Scene 1. Later, after reading the first draft of Romeo and Ethel , theatre manager Philip Henslowe ( Geoffrey Rush ) suggests that Shakespeare add a dog to liven the play up. Television ( edit ) The first television adaptation was in 1952, when BBC Television Service broadcast Act 1 of the play live from the Bristol Old Vic. Directed by Denis Carey , the production starred John Neville as Valentine, Laurence Payne as Proteus, Gudrun Ure as Silvia and Pamela Ann as Julia. In 1956, the entire play was broadcast on West German TV channel Das Erste from a performance at the Munich Kammerspiele , under the title Zwei herren aus Verona . The theatrical production was directed by Hans Schalla, with the TV adaptation directed by Ernst Markwardt. The cast included Rolf Schult as Valentine, Hannes Riesenberger as Proteus, Helga Siemers as Julia and Isolde Chlapek as Silvia. In 1964, the play was made into a TV movie in West Germany, again using the title Zwei herren aus Verona . Screened on ZDF , it was directed by Hans Dieter Schwarze and starred Norbert Hansing as Valentine, Rolf Becker as Proteus, Katinka Hoffman as Julia and Heidelinde Weis as Silvia. Another West German TV movie, under the title Die zwei herren aus Verona , was screened on Das Erste in 1966. Directed by Harald Benesch, it starred Jürgen Kloth as Valentine, Lothar Berg as Proteus, Anne-Marie Lermon as Julia and Carola Regnier as Silvia. In 1969, the entire play was broadcast on Austrian TV channel ORF eins from a performance at the Theater in der Josefstadt , under the title Zwei aus Verona . The theatrical production was directed by Edwin Zbonek , with the TV adaptation directed by Wolfgang Lesowsky. The cast included Klaus Maria Brandauer as Valentine, Albert Rueprecht as Proteus, Kitty Speiser as Julia and Brigitte Neumeister as Silvia. An outlaw hides in the `` Christmas at Selfridges '' set (note the stylised steel ' trees' and tinsel foliage). In 1983, the play was adapted for the BBC Television Shakespeare series, as the fourth episode of the sixth season. Directed by Don Taylor , it starred Tyler Butterworth as Proteus, John Hudson as Valentine, Tessa Peake-Jones as Julia and Joanne Pearce as Silvia. For the most part, the adaptation is taken verbatim from the First Folio , with some very minor differences. For example, omitted lines include the Duke's `` Knowing that tender youth is soon suggested'' (3.1.34), and Julia's `` Her eyes are grey as glass, and so are mine'' (4.4.189). Other differences include a slightly different opening scene to that indicated in the text. Whereas the play seems to open with Valentine and Proteus in mid-conversation, the adaptation begins with Mercatio and Eglamour attempting to formally woo Julia; Mercatio by showing her a coffer overflowing with gold coins, Eglamour by displaying a parchment detailing his ancestry . Neither Eglamour nor Mercatio appear in the text. However, there is no dialogue in this scene, and the first words spoken are the same as in the text (`` Cease to persuade my loving Proteus'' ). Eglamour is also present in the final scene, albeit once again without any dialogue, and, additionally, the capture of Silvia and the flight of Eglamour is seen, as opposed to merely being described. The music for the episode was created by Anthony Rooley , who wrote new arrangements of works from Shakespeare's own time, such as John Dowland 's `` Lachrimae '' . Performed by The Consort of Musicke , other musicians whose music was used include William Byrd , Thomas Campion , Anthony Holborne , John Johnson , Thomas Morley and Orazio Vecchi . Taylor initially planned a representational setting for the film; Verona, Milan and the forest were all to be realistic. However, he changed his mind early in preproduction and had production designer Barbara Gosnold go in the opposite direction -- a stylised setting. To this end, the forest is composed of metal poles with bits of green tinsel and brown sticks stuck to them (the cast and crew referred to the set as `` Christmas at Selfridges '' ). Whilst the set for Verona remained relatively realistic, that for Milan featured young actors dressed like cherubs as extras. This was to convey the idea that the characters lived in a ' Garden of Courtly Love' , which was slightly divorced from the everyday reality represented by Verona. Working in tandem with this idea, upon Proteus' arrival in Milan, after meeting Silvia, he is left alone on screen, and the weather suddenly changes from calm and sunny to cloudy and windy, accompanied by a thunderclap. The implication being that Proteus has brought a darkness within him into the garden of courtly delights previously experienced by Silvia. Although the production is edited in a fairly conventional manner, much of it was shot in extremely long takes, and then edited into sections, rather than actually shooting in sections. Director Don Taylor would shoot most of the scenes in single takes, as he felt this enhanced performances and allowed actors to discover aspects which they never would were everything broken up into pieces. In 1995, a production of the play aired on Polish TV channel TVP1 under the title Dwaj panowie z Werony , directed by Roland Rowiński and starring Rafal Krolikowski as Proteus, Marek Bukowski as Valentine, Agnieszka Krukówna as Julia and Edyta Jungowska as Sylvia. In 2000, episode three of season four of Dawson's Creek , `` Two Gentlemen of Capeside'' loosely adapted the plot of the play. Written by Chris Levinson and Jeffrey Stepakoff , and directed by Sandy Smolan , the episode depicts how Dawson Leery ( James Van Der Beek ) and Pacey Witter ( Joshua Jackson ), formally best friends, have been driven apart over their love for the same woman. The play is referenced early in the episode as the characters are reading it for their English class. Radio ( edit ) In 1923, extracts from the play were broadcast on BBC Radio , performed by the Cardiff Station Repertory Company as the first episode of a series of programs showcasing Shakespeare's plays, entitled Shakespeare Night . In 1924, the entire play was broadcast by 2BD , directed by Joyce Tremayne and R.E. Jeffrey, with Treymane playing Silvia and Jeffrey playing Valentine, alongside G.R. Harvey as Proteus and Daisy Moncur as Julia. In 1927, the scenes between Julia and Lucetta were broadcast on BBC Radio as part of the Echoes from Greenwich Theatre series. Betty Rayner played Julia and Joan Rayner played Lucetta. BBC National Programme broadcast the full play in 1934, adapted for radio by Barbara Burnham and produced by Lance Sieveking . Ion Swinley played Valentine, Robert Craven was Proteus, Helen Horsey was Silvia and Lydia Sherwood played Julia. In 1958, the entire play was broadcast on BBC Third Programme . Produced and directed by Raymond Raikes , it starred John Westbrook as Valentine, Charles Hodgson as Proteus, Caroline Leigh as Silvia, Perlita Neilson as Julia, and Frankie Howerd as Launce. BBC Third Programme aired another full production of the play in 1968, produced and directed by R.D. Smith and starring Denys Hawthorne as Valentine, Michael N. Harbour as Proteus, Judi Dench as Julia and Kate Coleridge as Silvia. In 2007, producer Roger Elsgood and director Willi Richards adapted the play into a radio drama called The Two Gentlemen of Valasna . Set in two petty Indian princely states called Malpur and Valasna in the weeks leading up to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the play was first broadcast on BBC Radio 3 on 29 July 2007. It was recorded on location in Maharashtra, India earlier in 2007 with a cast drawn from Bollywood , Indian television and the Mumbai English-speaking theatre traditions; actors included Nadir Khan as Vishvadev (i.e. Valentine), Arghya Lahiri as Parminder (Proteus), Anuradha Menon as Syoni (Silvia), Avantika Akerkar as Jumaana/Servi (Julia/Sebastian), Sohrab Ardishir as The Maharaja (Duke of Milan) and Zafar Karachiwala as Thaqib (Thurio). References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ It is placed first in both The Oxford Shakespeare: The Complete Works (1986 and 2005), The Norton Shakespeare (1997 and 2008) and The Complete Pelican Shakespeare (2002); see also Leech (1969: xxx), Wells and Taylor (1997: 109), Carroll (2004: 130) and Warren (2008: 26-- 27) Jump up ^ Most modern editors of the play tend to rename this character ' Lance' , on the basis that ' Lance' represents a modernisation of ' Launce' . See, for example, the editions by Kurt Schlueter (1990), William C. Carroll (2004) and Roger Warren (2008). Citations ( edit ) All references to The Two Gentlemen of Verona , unless otherwise specified, are taken from the Oxford Shakespeare (Warren), based on the First Folio text of 1623. Under its referencing system, 2.3.14 means act 2, scene 3, line 14. ^ Jump up to: Wells et al. (2005) , p. 1. Jump up ^ Carroll (2004) , p. 110. Jump up ^ Greenblatt et al. (2008) , p. 103. Jump up ^ Carroll (2004) , pp. 142-145. ^ Jump up to: Schlueter (1990) , p. 1. Jump up ^ Carroll (2004) , p. 128. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , pp. 15-- 16. Jump up ^ Schlueter (1990) , pp. 10-12. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , p. 19. Jump up ^ Bullough (1957) , p. 204. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , p. 20. Jump up ^ Quiller-Couch & Wilson (1955) , pp. ix-x. Jump up ^ Sanders (1968) , p. 11. Jump up ^ See Leech (1969) , p. xxx, Wells & Taylor (1997) , p. 109, Carroll (2004) , p. 130 and Warren (2008) , pp. 26-- 27 Jump up ^ Jackson (2005) , p. xliv. Jump up ^ Leech (1969) , p. xxxv. Jump up ^ Evans (2007) , p. 78. Jump up ^ Wells & Taylor (1997) , p. 109. Jump up ^ Schlueter (1990) , p. 2. Jump up ^ Carroll (2004) , p. 127-130. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , pp. 23-25. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , pp. 21. Jump up ^ Sanders (1968) , p. 7. Jump up ^ Wells (1963) , pp. 161-173. Jump up ^ Greenblatt et al. (2008) , p. 79. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , pp. 24-- 27. Jump up ^ Program notes for 1970 RSC production of The Two Gentlemen of Verona . ^ Jump up to: Masten (1997) , pp. 41; 46-- 47. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , pp. 55-56. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , p. 57. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , pp. 8-9. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , pp. 56-57. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , p. 56. Jump up ^ Derrick, Patty S. (December 1991). `` Two Gents : A Crucial Moment'' . Shakespeare on Film Newsletter. 16 (1): 4. Also available in Schlueter (1996) , pp. 259-262 ^ Jump up to: Schlueter (1990) , p. 3. ^ Jump up to: Carroll (2004) , pp. 15-- 16. Jump up ^ Carroll (2004) , pp. 16. ^ Jump up to: Warren (2008) , p. 10. ^ Jump up to: Kiefer, Frederick (1996). `` Love Letters in The Two Gentlemen of Verona '' . In Schlueter, June . The Two Gentlemen of Verona: Critical Essays . London: Routledge. pp. 133-- 152. ISBN 9780815310204 . Jump up ^ Chambers, E.K. , ed. (1905). The Two Gentlemen of Verona . Red Letter Shakespeare. Glasgow: Blackie and Son. pp. 5-- 6. Jump up ^ Carroll (2004) , p. 115. Jump up ^ Bond (1906) , p. xxxiv. Jump up ^ Quiller-Couch & Wilson (1955) , p. xiv. Jump up ^ Charlton, H.B. (1966) (1st pub. 1938). Shakesperean Comedy . London: Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 9780416692600 . Jump up ^ Sanders (1968) , p. 15. Jump up ^ Sanders (1968) , p. 8. Jump up ^ Schlueter (1990) , p. 17. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , p. 53. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , p. 14. Jump up ^ Avery, Alex (2004). `` Working with the language'' . Royal Shakespeare Company . Archived from the original on 12 September 2007 . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , p. 44. Jump up ^ Sanders (1968) , p. 10. Jump up ^ Carroll (2004) , pp. 57-65. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , p. 71n1.1.0.1. ^ Jump up to: Warren (2008) , p. 1. Jump up ^ Schlueter (1990) , p. 22. ^ Jump up to: Carroll (2004) , p. 93. ^ Jump up to: Carroll (2004) , p. 85. Jump up ^ Halliday (1964) , p. 506. Jump up ^ Trewin (1964) , pp. 30-31. Jump up ^ Schlueter (1990) , pp. 37-38. Jump up ^ Schlueter (1990) , p. 37. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , pp. 3-5. Jump up ^ Schlueter (1990) , pp. 43-44. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , p. 5. Jump up ^ `` Past Productions: Peter Hall'' . Royal Shakespeare Company . Archived from the original on 10 September 2007 . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Carroll (2004) , pp. 43-47. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , pp. 6-7. Jump up ^ Schlueter (1990) , pp. 47-48. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , pp. 7-8. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , p. 9. Jump up ^ Carroll (2004) , pp. 90-98. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , pp. 9-10. Jump up ^ `` The Two Gentlemen of Verona : Study Guide for Teachers'' . Royal Shakespeare Company . 2005 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , pp. 13-14. Jump up ^ `` Dois Cavalheiros de Verona '' . MIT Global Shakespeares. 2010 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Two Gentlemen of Verona '' . Guthrie Theater . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones, Keith (3 March 2009). `` Shakespeare in the 1950s: The Guthrie Theatre's Production of Two Gentlemen of Verona '' . Bardfilm . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` In Repertory: The Two Gentlemen of Verona , The Taming of the Shrew , The Comedy of Errors '' . The New American Shakespeare Tavern . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Klimek, Chris (27 January 2012). `` OMG, Shakespeare can text message!'' . Washington City Paper . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Minton, Eric (31 January 2012). `` Taking a Serious Stab at This Comedy With Youthful Aggression and a Great Crab'' . Shakespearences.com . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Two Gentlemen of Verona (2012)'' . Shakespeare's Globe . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirwan, Peter (13 December 2009). `` Two Gentlemen of Verona; or, Vakomana Vaviri Ve Zimbabwe '' . Reviewing Shakespeare . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Two Gentlemen of Verona '' . Royal Shakespeare Company . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholl, Charles (11 July 2014). `` Why Shakespeare's Two Gentlemen of Verona is as flawed as it is fascinating'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Schlueter (1990) , pp. 17-- 25. Jump up ^ Carroll (2004) , pp. 86-88. Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , pp. 1-2. Jump up ^ Schlueter (1990) , pp. 25-29. Jump up ^ Schlueter (1990) , pp. 29-33. Jump up ^ Jackson (2005) , pp. liv-lv. Jump up ^ `` Pre-20th century productions'' . RSC . Archived from the original on 10 September 2007 . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` An Silvia ' Gesang an Silvia' , D891'' . Hyperion Records . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Sanders, Julie (2007). Shakespeare and Music: Afterlives and Borrowings . Cambridge: Polity. p. 41. ISBN 9780745632971 . Jump up ^ Green (1984) , p. 350. Jump up ^ `` Search Past Winners'' . Tony Awards . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` London Musicals 1973'' (PDF) . Over The Footlights: A History of British Theatre . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Klein, Alvin (2 June 1996). `` A Most Fitting Maiden Voyage Into Musicals'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith, Dinitia (16 August 2005). `` Age of Aquarius Returns In Shakespearean Romp'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Pang, Laikwan (2002). Building a New China in Cinema: The Chinese Left-Wing Cinema Movement, 1932-1937 . Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 26. ISBN 9780742509467 . Jump up ^ Lei, Bi-qi Beatrice (2012). `` Paradox of Chinese Nationalism: Two Gentlemen of Verona in Silent Film'' . In Lei, Bi-qi Beatrice; Perng, Ching-Hsi. Shakespeare in Culture . Taiwan: National Taiwan University Press. pp. 251-- 284. Jump up ^ Masten (2003) , pp. 266-269. Jump up ^ Rothwell, Kenneth S.; Melzer, Annabelle Henkin (1990). Shakespeare on Screen: An International Filmography and Videography . New York, NY: Neal-Schuman. p. 311. ISBN 9780720121063 . Jump up ^ Dörnemann , Kurt (1979). Shakespeare-Theater: Bochum, 1919-1979 . Bochum: Verlag Laupenmühlen -Druck. p. 76. Jump up ^ Holderness, Graham ; McCullough, Christopher (1986). `` Shakespeare on the Screen: A Selective Filmography'' . Shakespeare Survey . 39 : 36. doi : 10.1017/CCOL0521327571.002 . Retrieved October 24, 2014 . (subscription required) Jump up ^ Ledebur, Ruth (1974). Deutsche Shakespeare-Rezeption seit 1945 . Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft. p. 332. ISBN 9783799702386 . Jump up ^ Blum, Heiko R.; Schmitt, Sigrid (1996). Klaus Maria Brandauer: Schauspieler und Regisseur . Munich: Heyen. p. 229. ISBN 9783453094062 . Jump up ^ Brooke, Michael. `` The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1983)'' . BFI Screenonline . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Willis, Susan (1991). The BBC Shakespeare Plays: Making the Televised Canon . Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 212. ISBN 9780807843178 . Jump up ^ Warren (2008) , pp. 11-13. Jump up ^ Wilders, John, ed. (1984). The Two Gentlemen of Verona . The BBC TV Shakespeare. London: BBC Books. p. 26. ISBN 9780563202776 . Jump up ^ See also Keyishian, Harry (December 1984). `` The Shakespeare Plays on TV: Two Gentlemen of Verona '' . Shakespeare on Film Newsletter. 9 (1): 6-- 7. and Derrick, Patty S. (December 1991). `` Two Gents : A Crucial Moment'' . Shakespeare on Film Newsletter. 16 (1): 1-- 4. Both essays are reprinted in Schlueter (1996) , pp. 257-262 Jump up ^ Fabiszak, Jacek (2005). Polish Televised Shakespeares: A Study of Shakespeare Productions Within the Television Theatre Format . Poznan: Motivex. pp. 212-- 225. ISBN 9788387314460 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy, Robert (2011). The Routledge Guide to William Shakespeare . Oxford: Routledge. p. 94. ISBN 9780415275408 . Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare Night: Love's Labour's Lost and The Two Gentlemen of Verona '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1924)'' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Echoes from the Greenleaf Theatre'' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1934)'' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1958)'' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1968)'' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Drama on 3'' . BBC Radio 3 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2014 . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Two Gentlemen of Valasna (2007)'' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Editions of the Two Gentlemen of Verona ( edit ) Bate, Jonathan ; Rasmussen, Eric, eds. (2011). The Two Gentlemen of Verona . The RSC Shakespeare. Basingstoke: Macmillan. ISBN 9780230300910 . Bond, R. Warwick, ed. (1906). The Two Gentlemen of Verona . The Arden Shakespeare, First Series. London: Methuen. Carroll, William C., ed. (2004). The Two Gentlemen of Verona . The Arden Shakespeare, Third Series. London: Thompson Learning. ISBN 9781903436950 . Evans, Bertrand, ed. (2007) (1964). The Two Gentlemen of Verona . Signet Classic Shakespeare (Revised ed.). New York: New American Library. ISBN 9780451530639 . Evans, G. Blakemore , ed. (1997) (1974). The Riverside Shakespeare (Second ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395754900 . Greenblatt, Stephen ; Cohen, Walter; Howard, Jean E.; Maus, Katharine Eisaman, eds. (2008) (1997). The Norton Shakespeare: Based on the Oxford Shakespeare (Second ed.). London: Norton. ISBN 9780393111354 . Jackson, Berners A.W., ed. (1980) (1964). The Two Gentlemen of Verona . The Pelican Shakespeare (Revised ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 9780140714319 . Jackson, Russell, ed. (2005). The Two Gentlemen of Verona . The Penguin Shakespeare. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780141016627 . Leech, Clifford , ed. (1969). The Two Gentlemen of Verona . The Arden Shakespeare, Second Series. London: Methuen. ISBN 9780174435815 . Quiller-Couch, Arthur ; Wilson, John Dover , eds. (1955) (1921). The Two Gentlemen of Verona . The New Shakespeare (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108006101 . Rose, Mary Beth, ed. (2000). The Two Gentlemen of Verona . The New Pelican Shakespeare. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780140714616 . Sanders, Norman, ed. (1968). The Two Gentlemen of Verona . The New Penguin Shakespeare. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780140707175 . Schlueter, Kurt, ed. (1990). The Two Gentlemen of Verona . The New Cambridge Shakespeare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521181693 . Warren, Roger, ed. (2008). The Two Gentlemen of Verona . The Oxford Shakespeare. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192831422 . Wells, Stanley ; Taylor, Gary ; Jowett, John ; Montgomery, William, eds. (2005) (1986). The Oxford Shakespeare: The Complete Works (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199267187 . Werstine, Paul; Mowat, Barbara A., eds. (1999). The Two Gentlemen of Verona . Folger Shakespeare Library. Washington: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780671722951 . Secondary Sources ( edit ) Bullough, Geoffrey (1957). Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare . Volume One: Early Comedies, Poems, Romeo and Juliet . New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231088916 . Brooks, Harold F. (1963). `` Two clowns in a comedy (to say nothing of the dog): Speed, Launce (and Crab) in The Two Gentlemen of Verona '' . Essays and Studies . XVI : 91-- 100. Carlisle, Carol J.; Derrick, Patty S. (1997). `` The Two Gentlemen of Verona on Stage: Protean Problems and Protean Solutions'' . In Collins, Michael J. Shakespeare's Sweet Thunder: Essays on the Early Comedies . Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press. pp. 126-- 154. ISBN 9780874135824 . Ewbank, Inga-Stina (1972). `` '' Were man but constant, he were perfect`` : Constancy and Consistency in The Two Gentlemen of Verona '' . Stratford-Upon-Avon Studies . 14 : 31-- 57. Godshalk, William Leigh (April 1969). `` The Structural Unity of The Two Gentlemen of Verona '' . Studies in Philology. 66 (2): 168-- 181. ISSN 0039-3738 . JSTOR 4173636 -- via JSTOR . (subscription required) Green, Stanley (1984) (1960). The World of Musical Comedy: The story of the American musical stage as told through the careers of its foremost composers and lyricists (Revised Fourth ed.). San Diego, CA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 9780306802072 . Guy-Bray, Stephen (October 2007). `` Shakespeare and the Invention of the Heterosexual'' . Early Modern Literary Studies . 13 (2): 1-- 28. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Halliday, F.E. (1964) (1950). A Shakespeare Companion, 1564-- 1964 (Second ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 9781842321270 . Holmberg, Arthur (Spring 1983). `` The Two Gentlemen of Verona : Shakesperean Comedy as a Rite of Passage'' . Queen's Quarterly . 90 (1): 33-- 44. Masten, Jeffrey (1997). Textual Intercourse: Collaboration, Authorship and Sexualities in Renaissance Drama . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521589208 . Masten, Jeffrey (2003). `` The Two Gentlemen of Verona '' . In Dutton, Richard; Howard, Jean E. A Companion to Shakespeare's Works, Volume III: The Comedies . Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 266-- 289. ISBN 9780631226345 . Morozov, Mikhail M. (1947). Shakespeare on the Soviet Stage . Translated by David Magarshack . London: Open Library. Morse, Ruth (Summer 1983). `` Two Gentlemen and the Cult of Friendship'' . Neuphilologische Mitteilungen. 84 (2): 214-- 224. Muir, Kenneth (2005) (1st pub. 1977). The Sources of Shakespeare's Plays . London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415489133 . Onions, C.T. (1986) (1953). A Shakespeare Glossary . Enlarged and Revised by Robert D. Eagleson. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198125211 . Rackin, Phyllis (2005). Shakespeare and Women . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198186946 . Schlueter, June , ed. (1996). The Two Gentlemen of Verona: Critical Essays . New York, NY: Garland. ISBN 9780815310204 . Speaight, Robert (1973). Shakespeare on the Stage: An Illustrated History of Shakespearian Performance . London: Collins. ISBN 9780316805001 . Tillyard, E.M.W. (1992) (1st pub. 1965). Shakespeare's Early Comedies . London: The Athlone Press. ISBN 9780485300154 . Trewin, J.C. (1964). Shakespeare on the English Stage, 1900-1964: A Survey of Productions . London: Barrie and Rockliff. ISBN 9780214157479 . Wells, Stanley (1963). `` The Failure of The Two Gentlemen of Verona '' . Shakespeare Jahrbüch. 99 : 161-- 173. Wells, Stanley ; Taylor, Gary , eds. (1997) (1987). William Shakespeare: A Textual Companion (Revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780393316674 . Williams, Gordon (2006) (1997). Shakespeare's Sexual Language: A Glossary (2nd ed.). London: Continuum. ISBN 978-0826491343 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Two Gentlemen of Verona Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Two Gentlemen of Verona Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Two Gentlemen of Verona . The Two Gentlemen of Verona -- plain text from Project Gutenberg . The Two Gentlemen of Verona -- scene-indexed HTML version of the play. The Two Gentlemen of Verona -- scene-indexed and searchable HTML version of the play. The Two Gentlemen of Verona -- PDF version, with original First Folio spelling. The Two Gentlemen of Verona Home Page at Internet Shakespeare Editions . The Two Gentlemen of Verona public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Two Gentlemen of Verona at Shakespeare Illustrated. The Two Gentlemen of Verona on IMDb ( BBC Television Shakespeare Version). William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love's Labour's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles, Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A-- K L-- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love's Labour's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain's Men / King's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford-upon-Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare's Globe (replica) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway (wife) Susanna Hall (daughter) Hamnet Shakespeare (son) Judith Quiney (daughter) Elizabeth Barnard (granddaughter) John Shakespeare (father) Mary Arden (mother) Gilbert Shakespeare (brother) Joan Shakespeare (sister) Edmund Shakespeare (brother) Richard Shakespeare (grandfather) John Hall (son-in-law) Thomas Quiney (son-in-law) Thomas Nash (grandson-in-law) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost William Shakespeare 's The Two Gentlemen of Verona Characters Valentine Proteus Julia Silvia Launce Speed Crab Sources The Boke Named the Governour (1531) Los Siete Libros de la Diana (1559) Euphues, The Anatomy of Wit (1578) The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (1580) Theatrical adaptations Two Gentlemen of Verona (1971) Screen adaptations A Spray of Plum Blossoms (1931) The Two Gentlemen of Verona (TV; 1983) Related Proteus Jorge de Montemor Stuart Draper `` An Sylvia '' (1826) Shakespeare in Love (1998) The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? (2002) BNF : cb15890716d (data) GND : 4387477-0 LCCN : n81148674 SUDOC : 069300887 VIAF : 174990169 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Two_Gentlemen_of_Verona&oldid=840518081 '' Categories : 1590s plays British plays adapted into films Cross-dressing in literature English Renaissance plays Love stories Milan in fiction Plays set in Italy Shakespearean comedies Verona in fiction Hidden categories: Pages containing links to subscription-only content Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Беларуская (тарашкевіца )‎ Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018, at 12:04. 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-5238465294003538729
hank williams jr you don't have to call me darlin
US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 60
[ [] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "`` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' Single by David Allan Coe B - side `` Would You Lay with Me '' Released June 1975 Format 7 '' single , airplay Genre Outlaw Country , Country & Western Length 5 : 16 Label Columbia Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Steve Goodman John Prine ( uncredited ) Producer ( s ) Ron Bledsoe David Allan Coe singles chronology `` Would You Be My Lady '' ( 1975 ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' ( 1975 ) `` Longhaired Redneck '' ( 1975 ) `` Would You Be My Lady '' ( 1975 ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' ( 1975 ) `` Longhaired Redneck '' ( 1975 )", "`` You Never Even Called Me by My Name ''", "Single by David Allan Coe", "B - side `` Would You Lay with Me ''", "Released June 1975", "Format 7 '' single , airplay", "Genre Outlaw Country , Country & Western", "Length 5 : 16", "Label Columbia Nashville", "Songwriter ( s ) Steve Goodman John Prine ( uncredited )", "Producer ( s ) Ron Bledsoe", "David Allan Coe singles chronology", "`` Would You Be My Lady '' ( 1975 ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' ( 1975 ) `` Longhaired Redneck '' ( 1975 )", "`` Would You Be My Lady '' ( 1975 ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' ( 1975 ) `` Longhaired Redneck '' ( 1975 )", "`` Would You Be My Lady '' ( 1975 ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' ( 1975 ) `` Longhaired Redneck '' ( 1975 )", "`` Would You Be My Lady '' ( 1975 ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' ( 1975 ) `` Longhaired Redneck '' ( 1975 )", "`` Would You Be My Lady '' ( 1975 ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' ( 1975 ) `` Longhaired Redneck '' ( 1975 )", "`` Would You Be My Lady '' ( 1975 ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' ( 1975 ) `` Longhaired Redneck '' ( 1975 )", "`` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' is a song written and recorded by Steve Goodman and John Prine ; and recorded by country music singer David Allan Coe . It was the third single release of Coe 's career , included on his album Once Upon a Rhyme . The song was Coe 's first Top Ten hit , reaching a peak of number eight on the Billboard country singles charts . The song , over five minutes long , is known for its humorous self - description as `` the perfect country and western song . ''", "The song is a satirical response and kiss - off to the country music industry on Music Row in Nashville . Coe was an ideal choice to convey Steve Goodman 's message to the country music industry due to his non-conformist ( `` outlaw '' ) style ; Coe had little admiration for the Nashville industry .", "The country music industry of the era blatantly refused to acknowledge the writers ' and artist 's fringe style ; Goodman , despite success penning the folk - pop crossover `` City of New Orleans , '' was still considered an outsider and neophyte . Coe 's and Goodman 's response to Nashville was not to sell out ; the song name - drops Waylon Jennings , Charley Pride and Merle Haggard ( as well as his song `` The Fightin ' Side of Me '' ) ; Coe also uses loose impersonations of each artist in doing so , and also makes reference to Faron Young 's `` Hello Walls '' in the background vocals , noting that `` you '' ( industry executives ) `` do n't have to call me '' any of those names anymore . In the third verse , Coe notes `` the only time I know I 'll hear David Allan Coe is when Jesus has his final Judgment Day , '' noting that he never expected the industry to recognize him by his individual merits .", "In a spoken epilogue preceding the song 's iconic closing verse , Coe relates a correspondence he had with songwriter Steve Goodman , who stated the song he had written was the `` perfect country and western song . '' Coe wrote back stating that no song could fit that description without mentioning a laundry list of clichés : `` mama , or trains , or trucks , or prison , or getting drunk . '' Goodman 's equally facetious response was an additional verse that incorporated all five of Coe 's requirements , and upon receiving it , Coe acknowledged the finished product was indeed the `` perfect country and western song '' and included the last verse on the record :", "I was drunk the day my mom got out of prison And I went to pick ' er up in the rain But before I could get to the station in my pickup truck She got runned over by a damned ol ' train", "Goodman and Prine 's versions had a different list in the final verse .", "`` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' is accompanied mainly by resonator guitar , pedal steel guitar and electric guitar .", "`` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' by David Allan Coe spent seventeen weeks on the Billboard country singles charts , peaking at number eight .", "Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 8 Canadian RPM Country Tracks", "Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position", "U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 8", "Canadian RPM Country Tracks", "`` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' Single by Doug Supernaw from the album Deep Thoughts from a Shallow Mind B - side `` State Fair '' Released August 1994 Format CD single , airplay Genre Country Length 4 : 04 Label BNA Songwriter ( s ) Steve Goodman John Prine ( uncredited ) Producer ( s ) Richard Landis Doug Supernaw singles chronology `` State Fair '' ( 1994 ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' ( 1994 ) `` What 'll You Do About Me '' ( 1995 ) `` State Fair '' ( 1994 ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' ( 1994 ) `` What 'll You Do About Me '' ( 1995 )", "`` You Never Even Called Me by My Name ''", "Single by Doug Supernaw", "from the album Deep Thoughts from a Shallow Mind", "B - side `` State Fair ''", "Released August 1994", "Format CD single , airplay", "Genre Country", "Length 4 : 04", "Label BNA", "Songwriter ( s ) Steve Goodman John Prine ( uncredited )", "Producer ( s ) Richard Landis", "Doug Supernaw singles chronology", "`` State Fair '' ( 1994 ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' ( 1994 ) `` What 'll You Do About Me '' ( 1995 )", "`` State Fair '' ( 1994 ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' ( 1994 ) `` What 'll You Do About Me '' ( 1995 )", "`` State Fair '' ( 1994 ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' ( 1994 ) `` What 'll You Do About Me '' ( 1995 )", "`` State Fair '' ( 1994 ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' ( 1994 ) `` What 'll You Do About Me '' ( 1995 )", "`` State Fair '' ( 1994 ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' ( 1994 ) `` What 'll You Do About Me '' ( 1995 )", "`` State Fair '' ( 1994 ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' ( 1994 ) `` What 'll You Do About Me '' ( 1995 )", "In 1994 , Doug Supernaw recorded a cover version on his second studio album , Deep Thoughts from a Shallow Mind . Supernaw 's rendition features a guest vocal from Coe himself , as well as guest appearances by Waylon Jennings , Merle Haggard and Charley Pride , all of whom are mentioned in the original song 's second verse . It was the second single release from Supernaw 's album .", "Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly considered Supernaw 's cover the `` most interesting '' cut on the album , but thought that it was in too high of a key for the guest vocalists involved .", "This version spent seven weeks on the Billboard country charts , peaking at number 60 . Only Supernaw was credited for it on the charts .", "Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 68 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 60", "Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position", "Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 68", "US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 60" ]
You Never Even Called Me by My Name - wikipedia You Never Even Called Me by My Name Jump to: navigation , search `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name'' Single by David Allan Coe B-side `` Would You Lay with Me '' Released June 1975 Format 7'' single , airplay Genre Outlaw Country, Country & Western Length 5 : 16 Label Columbia Nashville Songwriter(s) Steve Goodman John Prine (uncredited) Producer(s) Ron Bledsoe David Allan Coe singles chronology `` Would You Be My Lady'' (1975) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' (1975) `` Longhaired Redneck '' (1975) `` Would You Be My Lady'' (1975) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name'' (1975) `` Longhaired Redneck '' (1975) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name'' is a song written and recorded by Steve Goodman and John Prine ; and recorded by country music singer David Allan Coe . It was the third single release of Coe's career, included on his album Once Upon a Rhyme . The song was Coe's first Top Ten hit, reaching a peak of number eight on the Billboard country singles charts. The song, over five minutes long, is known for its humorous self-description as `` the perfect country and western song.'' Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Chart performance 3 Doug Supernaw version 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Chart performance 4 References 5 External links Content ( edit ) The song is a satirical response and kiss-off to the country music industry on Music Row in Nashville . Coe was an ideal choice to convey Steve Goodman's message to the country music industry due to his non-conformist (`` outlaw '' ) style; Coe had little admiration for the Nashville industry. The country music industry of the era blatantly refused to acknowledge the writers' and artist's fringe style; Goodman, despite success penning the folk-pop crossover `` City of New Orleans ,'' was still considered an outsider and neophyte. Coe's and Goodman's response to Nashville was not to sell out; the song name-drops Waylon Jennings , Charley Pride and Merle Haggard (as well as his song `` The Fightin' Side of Me '' ); Coe also uses loose impersonations of each artist in doing so, and also makes reference to Faron Young 's `` Hello Walls '' in the background vocals, noting that `` you'' (industry executives) `` don't have to call me'' any of those names anymore. In the third verse, Coe notes `` the only time I know I'll hear David Allan Coe is when Jesus has his final Judgment Day ,'' noting that he never expected the industry to recognize him by his individual merits. In a spoken epilogue preceding the song's iconic closing verse, Coe relates a correspondence he had with songwriter Steve Goodman, who stated the song he had written was the `` perfect country and western song.'' Coe wrote back stating that no song could fit that description without mentioning a laundry list of clichés : `` mama, or trains, or trucks, or prison, or getting drunk.'' Goodman's equally facetious response was an additional verse that incorporated all five of Coe's requirements, and upon receiving it, Coe acknowledged the finished product was indeed the `` perfect country and western song'' and included the last verse on the record: I was drunk the day my mom got out of prison And I went to pick ' er up in the rain But before I could get to the station in my pickup truck She got runned over by a damned ol' train Goodman and Prine's versions had a different list in the final verse. `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name'' is accompanied mainly by resonator guitar , pedal steel guitar and electric guitar . Chart performance ( edit ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name'' by David Allan Coe spent seventeen weeks on the Billboard country singles charts, peaking at number eight. Chart (1975) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 8 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Doug Supernaw version ( edit ) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name'' Single by Doug Supernaw from the album Deep Thoughts from a Shallow Mind B-side `` State Fair'' Released August 1994 Format CD single , airplay Genre Country Length 4 : 04 Label BNA Songwriter(s) Steve Goodman John Prine (uncredited) Producer(s) Richard Landis Doug Supernaw singles chronology `` State Fair'' (1994) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' (1994) `` What'll You Do About Me '' (1995) `` State Fair'' (1994) `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name'' (1994) `` What'll You Do About Me '' (1995) In 1994, Doug Supernaw recorded a cover version on his second studio album, Deep Thoughts from a Shallow Mind . Supernaw's rendition features a guest vocal from Coe himself, as well as guest appearances by Waylon Jennings , Merle Haggard and Charley Pride , all of whom are mentioned in the original song's second verse. It was the second single release from Supernaw's album. Critical reception ( edit ) Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly considered Supernaw's cover the `` most interesting'' cut on the album, but thought that it was in too high of a key for the guest vocalists involved. Chart performance ( edit ) This version spent seven weeks on the Billboard country charts, peaking at number 60. Only Supernaw was credited for it on the charts. Chart (1994) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 68 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 60 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research, Inc. p. 98. ISBN 0-89820-177-2 . ^ Jump up to: Whitburn, p. 412 ^ Jump up to: Nash, Alanna (23 September 1994). `` Deep Thoughts from a Shallow Mind review'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 14 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 2625 .'' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . October 17, 1994. Retrieved August 4, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Doug Supernaw Chart History (Hot Country Songs)'' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics David Allan Coe Studio albums Penitentiary Blues Requiem for a Harlequin The Mysterious Rhinestone Cowboy Once Upon a Rhyme Longhaired Redneck Rides Again Texas Moon Tattoo Buckstone County Prison Family Album Nothing Sacred Human Emotions Compass Point Spectrum VII I've Got Something to Say Encore Invictus (Means) Unconquered Tennessee Whiskey DAC Rough Rider Underground Album Castles in the Sand Hello in There Just Divorced Darlin' , Darlin' Unchained Son of the South A Matter of Life and Death I Love Country Crazy Daddy 1990 Songs for Sale Standing Too Close to the Flames Johnny Cash Is a Friend of Mine Recommended for Airplay Long Haired Country Boy Songwriter of the Tear Country and Western Sings Merle Haggard Whoopsy Daisy Sings Johnny Cash's Biggest Hits All I'll Ever Be Rebel Meets Rebel DAC's Back Live albums Live: If That Ain't Country... Live at the Iron Horse Saloon Live at Billy Bob's Texas Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Best of David Allan Coe 17 Greatest Hits For the Record: The First 10 Years 18 X-Rated Hits Biggest Hits Super Hits The Mysterious Rhinestone Cowboy/Once Upon a Time 20 Greatest Hits Longhaired Redneck/Rides Again The Original Outlaw Headed for the Country Best of the Best Compass Point/I've Got Something to Say David Allan Coe, Johnny Paycheck & Others Human Emotions/Spectrum VII Invictus Means Unconquered/Tennessee Whiskey Tattoo/Family Album Lonesome Fugitive The Perfect Country and Western Song Truckin' Outlaw Super Hits, Vol. 2 20 Road Music Hits 16 Biggest Hits Castles in the Sand/Once Upon a Rhyme The Original Outlaw of Country Music 20 All Time Greatest Hits Country Outlaw The Essential David Allan Coe Ultimate Collection For the Soul and for the Mind: Demos of ' 71-' 74 Castles in the Sand/Hello in There Just Divorced/Darlin' Darlin' : Plus Rough Rider/DAC: Plus Unchained/Son of the South: Plus At His Best The Ride Country Hit Parade Early Years Singles `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' `` Longhaired Redneck '' `` Stand by Your Man '' `` Tennessee Whiskey '' `` Dock of the Bay '' `` The Ride '' `` Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile '' `` She Used to Love Me a Lot '' `` I'm Gonna Hurt Her on the Radio '' Related articles Discography Johnny Paycheck `` Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone) '' `` Take This Job and Shove It '' Doug Supernaw Studio albums Red and Rio Grande Deep Thoughts from a Shallow Mind You Still Got Me Notable singles `` Reno '' `` I Don't Call Him Daddy '' `` Red and Rio Grande '' `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' `` What'll You Do About Me '' `` Not Enough Hours in the Night '' Relaled articles Phillip Supernaw Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Never_Even_Called_Me_by_My_Name&oldid=835831188 '' Categories : 1975 singles 1994 singles Doug Supernaw songs David Allan Coe songs Songs written by John Prine Songs written by Steve Goodman Columbia Records singles BNA Records singles Song recordings produced by Richard Landis 1975 songs Hidden categories: Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018, at 01:27. 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who was the inventer of the spinning jenny
The spinning jenny is a multi-spindle spinning frame , and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution . It was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill , Oswaldtwistle , Lancashire in England . The device reduced the amount of work needed to produce cloth , with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once . This grew to 120 as technology advanced . The yarn produced by the jenny was not very strong until Richard Arkwright invented the water - powered ' Water Frame ' , which produced yarn harder and stronger than that of the initial spinning jenny . It started the factory system .
[ [ "James Hargreaves" ] ]
[ -1 ]
[ "The spinning jenny is a multi-spindle spinning frame , and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution . It was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill , Oswaldtwistle , Lancashire in England . The device reduced the amount of work needed to produce cloth , with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once . This grew to 120 as technology advanced . The yarn produced by the jenny was not very strong until Richard Arkwright invented the water - powered ' Water Frame ' , which produced yarn harder and stronger than that of the initial spinning jenny . It started the factory system .", "The spinning jenny was invented by James Hargreaves . He was born in Oswaldtwistle , near Blackburn , around 1720 . Blackburn was a town with a population of about 5,000 , known for the production of `` Blackburn greys , '' cloths of linen warp and cotton weft initially imported from India . They were usually sent to London to be printed .", "At the time , cotton production could not keep up with demand of the textile industry , and Hargreaves spent some time considering how to improve the process . The flying shuttle ( John Kay 1733 ) had increased yarn demand by the weavers by doubling their productivity , and now the spinning jenny could supply that demand by increasing the spinners ' productivity even more . The machine produced coarse thread .", "The idea was developed by Hargreaves as a metal frame with eight wooden spindles at one end . A set of eight rovings was attached to a beam on that frame . The rovings when extended passed through two horizontal bars of wood that could be clasped together . These bars could be drawn along the top of the frame by the spinner 's left hand thus extending the thread . The spinner used his right hand to rapidly turn a wheel which caused all the spindles to revolve , and the thread to be spun . When the bars were returned , the thread wound onto the spindle . A pressing wire ( faller ) was used to guide the threads onto the right place on the spindle .", "In the 17th century , England was famous for its woollen and worsted cloth . That industry was centred in the east and south in towns such as Norwich which jealously protected their product . Cotton processing was tiny : in 1701 only 1,985,868 pounds ( 900,775 kg ) of cotton - wool was imported into England , and by 1730 this had fallen to 1,545,472 pounds ( 701,014 kg ) . This was due to commercial legislation ( Calico Acts ) to protect the woollen industry . Cheap calico prints , imported by the East India Company from `` Hindustan '' , became popular . In 1700 an Act of Parliament was passed to prevent the importation of dyed or printed calicoes from India , China or Persia . This caused grey cloth ( calico that had n't been finished - dyed or printed ) to be imported instead , and these were printed in southern England with popular patterns . Lancashire businessmen produced grey cloth with linen warp and cotton weft , which they sent to London to be finished . Cotton - wool imports recovered and by 1720 were almost back to 1701 levels . Again the woollen manufacturers claimed this was taking jobs from workers in Coventry . Another law was passed , to fine anyone caught wearing printed or stained calico ; muslins , neckcloths and fustians were exempted . It was this exemption that the Lancashire manufacturers exploited .", "The use of coloured cotton weft , with linen warp was permitted in the 1736 Manchester Act . There now was an artificial demand for woven cloth . In 1764 , 3,870,392 pounds ( 1,755,580 kg ) of cotton - wool was imported .", "In England , before canals , and before the turnpikes , the only way to transport goods such as calicos , broadcloth or cotton - wool was by packhorse . Strings of packhorses travelled along a network of bridle paths . A merchant would be away from home most of the year , carrying his takings in cash in his saddlebag . Later a series of chapmen would work for the merchant , taking wares to wholesalers and clients in other towns , with them would go sample books .", "Before 1720 , the handloom weaver spent part of each day visiting neighbours buying any weft they had . Carding and spinning could be the only income for that household , or part of it . The family might farm a few acres and card , spin and weave wool and cotton . It took three carders to provide the roving for one spinner , and up to three spinners to provide the yarn for one weaver . The process was continuous , and done by both sexes , from the youngest to the oldest . The weaver would go once a week to the market with his wares and offer them for sale .", "A change came about 1740 when fustian masters gave out raw cotton and warps to the weavers and returned to collect the finished cloth ( → Putting - out system ) . The weaver organised the carding , spinning and weaving to the master 's specification . The master then dyed or printed the grey cloth , and took it to shopkeepers . Ten years later this had changed and the fustian masters were middle men , who collected the grey cloth and took it to market in Manchester where it was sold to merchants who organised the finishing .", "To handweave a 12 - pound ( 5.4 kg ) piece of eighteenpenny weft took 14 days and paid 36 shillings in all . Of this nine shillings was paid for spinning , and nine for carding . So by 1750 , a rudimentary manufacturing system feeding into a marketing system emerged .", "In 1738 John Kay started to improve the loom . He improved the reed , and invented the raceboard , the shuttleboxes and the picker which together allowed one weaver to double his output . This invention is commonly called the fly - shuttle . It met with violent opposition and he fled from Lancashire to Leeds . Though the workers thought this was a threat to their jobs , it was adopted and the pressure was on to speed up carding and spinning .", "The shortage of spinning capacity to feed the more efficient looms provided the motivation to develop more productive spinning techniques such as the spinning jenny , and triggered the start of the Industrial Revolution .", "Hargreaves kept the machine secret for some time , but produced a number for his own growing industry . The price of yarn fell , angering the large spinning community in Blackburn . Eventually they broke into his house and smashed his machines , forcing him to flee to Nottingham in 1768 . This was a centre for the hosiery industry , and knitted silks , cottons and wool . There he set up shop producing jennies in secret for one Mr Shipley , with the assistance of a joiner named Thomas James . He and James set up a textile business in Mill Street . On 12 July 1770 , he took out a patent ( no . 962 ) on his invention , the Spinning Jenny -- a machine for spinning , drawing and twisting cotton . By this time a number of spinners in Lancashire were using copies of the machine , and Hargreaves sent notice that he was taking legal action against them . The manufacturers met , and offered Hargreaves £ 3,000 . He at first demanded £ 7,000 , and stood out for £ 4,000 , but the case eventually fell apart when it was learned he had sold several in the past .", "The spinning jenny succeeded because it held more than one ball of yarn , making more yarn in a shorter time and reducing the overall cost . The spinning jenny would not have been such a success if the flying shuttle had not been invented and installed in textile factories . Its success was limited in that it required the rovings to be prepared on a wheel , and this was limited by the need to card by hand . It continued in common use in the cotton and fustian industry until about 1810 . The spinning jenny was superseded by the spinning mule . The jenny was adapted for the process of slubbing , being the basis of the Slubbing Billy .", "The most common story told about the invention of the device and the origin of the Jenny in the machine 's name is that a daughter ( or his wife ) named Jenny knocked over one of their own spinning wheels . The device kept working as normal , with the spindle now pointed upright . Hargreaves realized there was no particular reason the spindles had to be horizontal , as they always had been , and he could place them vertically in a row .", "The name is variously said to derive from this tale . The Registers of Church Kirk show that Hargreaves had several daughters , but none named Jenny ( neither was his wife ) . A more likely explanation of the name is that ' Jenny ' was an abbreviation of ' engine ' .", "Thomas Highs of Leigh has claimed to be the inventor and the story is repeated using his wife 's name .", "Another myth has Thomas Earnshaw inventing a spinning device of a similar description - but destroying it after fearing he might be taking bread out of the mouths of the poor ." ]
Spinning jenny - wikipedia Spinning jenny This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 May 2018 . Jump to: navigation , search Model of spinning jenny in the Museum of Early Industrialisation, Wuppertal , Germany The spinning jenny is a multi-spindle spinning frame , and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution . It was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, Oswaldtwistle , Lancashire in England. The device reduced the amount of work needed to produce cloth , with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once. This grew to 120 as technology advanced. The yarn produced by the jenny was not very strong until Richard Arkwright invented the water-powered ' Water Frame ' , which produced yarn harder and stronger than that of the initial spinning jenny. It started the factory system . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Components 1.2 The politics of cotton 1.3 The economics of Northern England in 1750 2 Success 3 Origin and myth 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links History ( edit ) The spinning jenny was invented by James Hargreaves . He was born in Oswaldtwistle , near Blackburn , around 1720. Blackburn was a town with a population of about 5,000, known for the production of `` Blackburn greys,'' cloths of linen warp and cotton weft initially imported from India. They were usually sent to London to be printed. At the time, cotton production could not keep up with demand of the textile industry, and Hargreaves spent some time considering how to improve the process. The flying shuttle ( John Kay 1733) had increased yarn demand by the weavers by doubling their productivity, and now the spinning jenny could supply that demand by increasing the spinners' productivity even more. The machine produced coarse thread. The improved spinning jenny that was used in textile mills Components ( edit ) The idea was developed by Hargreaves as a metal frame with eight wooden spindles at one end. A set of eight rovings was attached to a beam on that frame. The rovings when extended passed through two horizontal bars of wood that could be clasped together. These bars could be drawn along the top of the frame by the spinner's left hand thus extending the thread. The spinner used his right hand to rapidly turn a wheel which caused all the spindles to revolve, and the thread to be spun. When the bars were returned, the thread wound onto the spindle. A pressing wire (faller) was used to guide the threads onto the right place on the spindle. The politics of cotton ( edit ) In the 17th century, England was famous for its woollen and worsted cloth. That industry was centred in the east and south in towns such as Norwich which jealously protected their product. Cotton processing was tiny: in 1701 only 1,985,868 pounds (900,775 kg) of cotton-wool was imported into England, and by 1730 this had fallen to 1,545,472 pounds (701,014 kg). This was due to commercial legislation ( Calico Acts ) to protect the woollen industry. Cheap calico prints, imported by the East India Company from `` Hindustan '' , became popular. In 1700 an Act of Parliament was passed to prevent the importation of dyed or printed calicoes from India, China or Persia. This caused grey cloth (calico that hadn't been finished - dyed or printed) to be imported instead, and these were printed in southern England with popular patterns. Lancashire businessmen produced grey cloth with linen warp and cotton weft, which they sent to London to be finished. Cotton-wool imports recovered and by 1720 were almost back to 1701 levels. Again the woollen manufacturers claimed this was taking jobs from workers in Coventry . Another law was passed, to fine anyone caught wearing printed or stained calico; muslins, neckcloths and fustians were exempted. It was this exemption that the Lancashire manufacturers exploited. The use of coloured cotton weft, with linen warp was permitted in the 1736 Manchester Act. There now was an artificial demand for woven cloth. In 1764, 3,870,392 pounds (1,755,580 kg) of cotton-wool was imported. The economics of northern England in 1750 ( edit ) In England, before canals , and before the turnpikes , the only way to transport goods such as calicos, broadcloth or cotton-wool was by packhorse. Strings of packhorses travelled along a network of bridle paths . A merchant would be away from home most of the year, carrying his takings in cash in his saddlebag. Later a series of chapmen would work for the merchant, taking wares to wholesalers and clients in other towns, with them would go sample books . Before 1720, the handloom weaver spent part of each day visiting neighbours buying any weft they had. Carding and spinning could be the only income for that household, or part of it. The family might farm a few acres and card, spin and weave wool and cotton. It took three carders to provide the roving for one spinner, and up to three spinners to provide the yarn for one weaver. The process was continuous, and done by both sexes, from the youngest to the oldest. The weaver would go once a week to the market with his wares and offer them for sale. A change came about 1740 when fustian masters gave out raw cotton and warps to the weavers and returned to collect the finished cloth (→ Putting-out system ). The weaver organised the carding, spinning and weaving to the master's specification. The master then dyed or printed the grey cloth, and took it to shopkeepers. Ten years later this had changed and the fustian masters were middle men, who collected the grey cloth and took it to market in Manchester where it was sold to merchants who organised the finishing. To handweave a 12-pound (5.4 kg) piece of eighteenpenny weft took 14 days and paid 36 shillings in all. Of this nine shillings was paid for spinning, and nine for carding. So by 1750, a rudimentary manufacturing system feeding into a marketing system emerged. In 1738 John Kay started to improve the loom. He improved the reed, and invented the raceboard, the shuttleboxes and the picker which together allowed one weaver to double his output. This invention is commonly called the fly-shuttle. It met with violent opposition and he fled from Lancashire to Leeds. Though the workers thought this was a threat to their jobs, it was adopted and the pressure was on to speed up carding and spinning. The shortage of spinning capacity to feed the more efficient looms provided the motivation to develop more productive spinning techniques such as the spinning jenny, and triggered the start of the Industrial Revolution . Success ( edit ) Hargreaves kept the machine secret for some time, but produced a number for his own growing industry. The price of yarn fell, angering the large spinning community in Blackburn. Eventually they broke into his house and smashed his machines, forcing him to flee to Nottingham in 1768. This was a centre for the hosiery industry, and knitted silks, cottons and wool. There he set up shop producing jennies in secret for one Mr Shipley, with the assistance of a joiner named Thomas James. He and James set up a textile business in Mill Street. On 12 July 1770, he took out a patent (no. 962) on his invention, the Spinning Jenny-- a machine for spinning, drawing and twisting cotton. By this time a number of spinners in Lancashire were using copies of the machine, and Hargreaves sent notice that he was taking legal action against them. The manufacturers met, and offered Hargreaves £ 3,000. He at first demanded £ 7,000, and stood out for £ 4,000, but the case eventually fell apart when it was learned he had sold several in the past. The spinning jenny succeeded because it held more than one ball of yarn, making more yarn in a shorter time and reducing the overall cost. The spinning jenny would not have been such a success if the flying shuttle had not been invented and installed in textile factories. Its success was limited in that it required the rovings to be prepared on a wheel, and this was limited by the need to card by hand. It continued in common use in the cotton and fustian industry until about 1810. The spinning jenny was superseded by the spinning mule . The jenny was adapted for the process of slubbing, being the basis of the Slubbing Billy. Origin and myth ( edit ) The most common story told about the invention of the device and the origin of the Jenny in the machine's name is that a daughter (or his wife) named Jenny knocked over one of their own spinning wheels. The device kept working as normal, with the spindle now pointed upright. Hargreaves realized there was no particular reason the spindles had to be horizontal, as they always had been, and he could place them vertically in a row. The name is variously said to derive from this tale. The Registers of Church Kirk show that Hargreaves had several daughters, but none named Jenny (neither was his wife). A more likely explanation of the name is that ' Jenny' was an abbreviation of ' engine' . Thomas Highs of Leigh has claimed to be the inventor and the story is repeated using his wife's name. Another myth has Thomas Earnshaw inventing a spinning device of a similar description - but destroying it after fearing he might be taking bread out of the mouths of the poor. See also ( edit ) Cotton mill Luddite Spinning mule Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution Textile manufacturing Timeline of clothing and textiles technology References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Espinasse 1874 , p. 322 Jump up ^ Timmins 1993 , p. 18. Jump up ^ Baines 1835 , p. 157 ^ Jump up to: Espinasse 1874 , p. 296 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 298 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 299 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 300 ^ Jump up to: Espinasse 1874 , p. 306 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 304 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 313 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 325 Jump up ^ Aiken, John. `` John Aitken on the industrialization in and around Manchester, 1795'' . Retrieved 2016-11-26 . Jump up ^ Baines 1835 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Guest 1828 and could produce both weft and warp for the woollen industry. Jump up ^ Marsden 1884 , p. 219 Jump up ^ Bellis, Mary: ``Spinning Jenny - James Hargreaves'' , About.com Jump up ^ Harling, Nick. `` James Hargreaves 1720-1778'' . Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15 . Retrieved 2009-05-17 . Jump up ^ Baines 1835 , p. 155 Jump up ^ Espinasse 1874 , p. 316 Bibliography ( edit ) Baines, Edward (1835). History of the cotton manufacture in Great Britain; . London: H. Fisher, R. Fisher, and P. Jackson. Nasmith, Joseph (1895). Recent Cotton Mill Construction and Engineering (Elibron Classics ed.). London: John Heywood. ISBN 1-4021-4558-6 . Marsden, Richard (1884). Cotton Spinning: its development, principles and practice . George Bell and Sons 1903 . Retrieved 2009-04-26 . Marsden, ed. (1909). Cotton Yearbook 1910 . Manchester: Marsden and Co . Retrieved 2009-04-26 . Espinasse, Francis (1874). Lancashire Worthies . London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co . Retrieved 2010-12-01 . Guest, Richard (1828). The British Cotton Manufactures: and a Reply to an Article on the Spinning Contained in a Recent Number of the Edinburgh Review . London: E. Thomson & Sons and W. & W. Clarke and Longman, Rees, & Co. Timmins, Geoffrey (1993), The Last Shift:The decline of handloom weaving in nineteenth-century Lancashire , Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 253, ISBN 0 7190-3725-5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spinning jennies . Essay from www.cottontown.org on Hargreaves and the spinning jenny. Essay from www.cottonttimes.co.uk on Highs and the spinning jenny. Source for alternate name of spinning ginny ( hide ) Spinning Materials Noil Rolag Roving Sliver Staple Top Tow Woolen Worsted Techniques Carding Combing Heckling Long draw Scutching Short draw Twist per inch Hand spinning tools Hand spinning Distaff Niddy noddy Nostepinne Spindle Spinning wheel Spinners weasel Industrial spinning Cotton-spinning machinery Ring spinning Open-end spinning Dref Friction Spinning Magnetic ring spinning Mule spinners' cancer Piece-rate list Spinning frame Spinning jenny Spinning mule Throstle frame Water frame Wool combing machine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spinning_jenny&oldid=843177566 '' Categories : Spinning Textile machinery English inventions History of the textile industry Industrial Revolution in England History of Blackburn Hidden categories: Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Galego हिन्दी Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018, at 12:04. 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who has taken change as the new building construction minister of bihar
Hajipur , near Patna , remains a major industrial town in the state , linked to the capital city through the Ganges bridge and good road infrastructure . The level of urbanisation ( 10.5 % ) is below the national average ( 27.78 % ) . Urban poverty in Bihar ( 32.91 % ) is above the national average of 23.62 % . Also using per capita water supply as a surrogate variable , Bihar ( 61 litres per day ) is below the national average ( 142 litres per day ) .
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[ "The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Economy of Bihar Statistics GDP ₹ 6.32 lakh crore ( US $99 billion ) ( 2017 - 18 est . ) GDP rank 12th GDP growth 17 % GDP per capita ₹ 26,801 ( US $420 ) ( 2016 ) GDP per capita rank 29 GDP by sector Agriculture 18 % Industry 23 % Services 59 % ( 2016 ) Labour force by occupation Agriculture 56 % Industry 8 % Services 36 % ( 2015 ) Public finances Public debt 19.78 % of GSDP ( 2017 - 18 est . ) Revenues ₹ 1.37 lakh crore ( US $21 billion ) ( 2017 - 18 est . ) Expenses ₹ 1.60 lakh crore ( US $25 billion ) ( 2017 - 18 est . )", "Statistics", "GDP ₹ 6.32 lakh crore ( US $99 billion ) ( 2017 - 18 est . )", "GDP rank 12th", "GDP growth 17 %", "GDP per capita ₹ 26,801 ( US $420 ) ( 2016 )", "GDP per capita rank 29", "GDP by sector Agriculture 18 % Industry 23 % Services 59 % ( 2016 )", "Labour force by occupation Agriculture 56 % Industry 8 % Services 36 % ( 2015 )", "Public finances", "Public debt 19.78 % of GSDP ( 2017 - 18 est . )", "Revenues ₹ 1.37 lakh crore ( US $21 billion ) ( 2017 - 18 est . )", "Expenses ₹ 1.60 lakh crore ( US $25 billion ) ( 2017 - 18 est . )", "The economy of Bihar is largely service - oriented , but it also has a significant agricultural base . The state also has a small industrial sector . As of 2012 , agriculture accounts for 22 % , industry 5 % and service 73 % of the economy of the state For the period 2002 - 2007 , average growth rate of Manufacturing in the state was 0.38 % , against the national average of 7.8 % . Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India , but there are pockets of higher per capita income like the southern half of the state and its capital city , Patna , had per capita income greater than that of Bangalore or Hyderabad in 2008 .", "The GSDP stands at 368,337 Crores Rupees ( $59.4 billion nominal GDP ) as per 2013 - 2014 . In actual terms , as of 2012 - 2013 , Bihar state GDP is ranked 13 out of 28 states . Corruption is an important hurdle for the government to overcome according to Transparency International India , which the government has also acknowledged . Since November 2005 , a new government led by Nitish Kumar has implemented a number of economic and social reforms . A consequence has been a positive improvement in the economy of the state and also of Patna . For example , in June 2009 , the World Bank reported that Patna was the second best city in India to start a business , after Delhi . Between 1999 and 2008 , state GDP grew by 5.1 % a year , which was below the Indian average of 7.3 % . However , in January 2010 , the Indian government 's Central Statistics Organisation reported that in the five - year period between 2004 -- 2005 and 2008 -- 09 , Bihar 's GDP grew by 11.03 % , which made Bihar the second fastest growing economy in India during that 5 - year period , just behind Gujarat 's growth of 11.05 % . Another survey conducted by Central Statistical Organisation ( CSO ) and National Sample Survey Organisation , under MOSPI , said that Bihar saw 14.80 percent growth in factory output in 2007 - 08 , which was slightly less than the Indian rate of 15.24 percent .", "The Magadha economy , under Mauryan royal government , depended mainly on agriculture and the state owned large farm lands for cultivation . The other income of the state came from the taxes levied on agriculture , land , trade , and industrial products such as handicrafts . Mauryan agriculture had two type of landholdings , one were the Rashtra type of holdings which were the direct descendants of the holdings of the former tribal oligarchies who had been subjugated in pre-Mauryan times . The Rashtra landholdings were independent of the state machinery in their internal functioning and administration . Their only obligation was the regular payment of the Rashtra taxes to the state . The second major type of landholdings were the Sita landholdings . These were formed by clearing forest lands with the help of the tribesmen whose tribal way of life had been systematically and annihilated by the Mauryan statecraft . Rice , Wheat , Coarse grains , Sesame , Pepper , Saffron , Pulses , Linseed , mustard , vegetables and fruits of various kinds and sugarcane were grown . The state owned huge farms and these were cultivated by slaves and farm labourers . Water Reservoir and dam were built during this period and they were measured and distributed . The chief industries were mining , metallurgy , jewellery , pot making , textile . The trade was regulated by the state . Artisans and the craftsmen were specially protected by the state and any offences against them were severely punished . Guilds were powerful institutions during this period and they provided economic , political and judicial powers to craftsmen . The chief of the guild was called Jesthaka . A few guilds issued their own coins . These guilds also made donations to learned brahmans and to the destitute . The Mauryan empire supplied western countries with Indigo and other medicinal substances , cotton , silk . Trade was carried out in both land and sea . Godowns , Warehouses were built and special provisions were made to protect the trade routes . The state controlled the weights and measures .", "In the 1540s Sher Shah , the ruler of Bihar and northern India , introduced measures that included laws to ensure that peasants were not cheated and that all were treated equally irrespective of religion and class . Sher Shah built the Grand Trunk Road stretching from Bengal to Peshawar , which is in use even today . He introduced a coin named rupia , to which the modern Indian Rupee system can be traced and also introduced the levy of custom duties . The empire stretched from Bengal in the east to Indus in the west . Sher Shah divided his empire into 47 sarkars which were further subdivided into parganas for ease of administration . The reforms were an indication of the economic sophistication of the Bihar region during Muslim government .", "This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2009 )", "This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2009 )", "1947 - 1979", "The sugar and vegetable oil industries were flourishing sectors of undivided Bihar . Until the mid fifties , 25 % of India 's sugar output was from Bihar , 50 % of horticulture products was from here. Rice and wheat was around 29 % and Bihar was truly an agriculture power house in the days after independence . Dalmianagar was a large agro - industrial town . There have been attempts to industrialize the northern half of the state between 1950 and 1980 : an oil refinery in Barauni , a motor scooter plant at Fatuha , and a power plant at Muzaffarpur . There are many factors behind the economic decline of Bihar . Many in Bihar blame the freight equalisation scheme , poor political vision , under - investments in the key sectors of agriculture , infrastructure and education . Others view cultural and political factors as reasons behind economic decline , especially in the 1980s and 1990s . ' state incapacity by design ' , where the ruling establishment under Lalu Prasad and the Rashtriya Janata Dal ( RJD ) deliberately limited government presence through reduced hiring and expenditures , in an attempt to ensure that upper castes did not benefit . Such a strategy also had value when looked at through the lens of electoral politics , as it enabled the crystallization of a number of poorer and historically oppressed groups into vote banks that would see Lalu Prasad as their champion . Along with it the terrible governance that came with the Yadavs of Bihar being in power bought the economy to its knees .", "The government , between 1947 and 2000 , supported the industrialisation of the southern half of the state rather than the north was the major cause of the lack of industrialisation in north Bihar . The undivided Bihar government developed important industrial cities like Bokaro , Jamshedpur , Dhanbad , and Ranchi in the south . The north remained the agricultural heart of the undivided state . The two regions complimented each other .", "1980 - 1989", "Indian government data from 1980 to 1990 ( see Economic Indicators below ) also show that the GSDP of the undivided Bihar grew by 72 % in this period despite the socio - economic prooblems of the state . The data also shows that the state GSDP grew by 49 % between 1980 and 1985 , which means that the economy was one of the fastest growing in the country during the early 1980s as well . In 1980 undivided Bihar had a population of 70 million . In the 1980s , the five - year plan called for $4 billion in investment in Bihar . By 1987 , the $4 billion translated into $12 investment per person . Economists claimed that a huge budget deficit is spurring inflation , eroding the standard of living of the poorest sections of the people of Bihar . In agriculture , the largest sector , the government failed to invest in the production of agriculture and instead opted to import food grains from other parts of India . This decision helped facilitate problems faced by agricultural workers in the late 1980s and paved for the victory of Lalu Prasad in 1989 .", "Manufacturing of food products in Bihar 1991 - 1992 1991 - 1992 1991 - 1992 1991 - 1992 1991 - 1992 1993 - 1994 1993 - 1994 1993 - 1994 1993 - 1994 1993 - 1994 FVPI Dairy products Grain milling Bakery Veg . oils FVPI Dairy products Grain milling Bakery Veg . oils No. of factories 11 159 31 36 5 19 176 33 31 Value of output ( Rs. 100,000 ) 31 2905 12667 2187 1315 365 6798 210119 981 767 Net value ( Rs 100,000 ) - 15 151 1070 408 71 29 1231 1162 177 257 Net income ( Rs 100,000 ) - 75 106 683 290 49 - 19 1069 713 137 237 NI / NVA 70 64 71 69 87 62 77 53", "1991 - 1992 1991 - 1992 1991 - 1992 1991 - 1992 1991 - 1992 1993 - 1994 1993 - 1994 1993 - 1994 1993 - 1994 1993 - 1994", "FVPI Dairy products Grain milling Bakery Veg . oils FVPI Dairy products Grain milling Bakery Veg . oils", "No. of factories 11 159 31 36 5 19 176 33 31", "Value of output ( Rs. 100,000 ) 31 2905 12667 2187 1315 365 6798 210119 981 767", "Net value ( Rs 100,000 ) - 15 151 1070 408 71 29 1231 1162 177 257", "Net income ( Rs 100,000 ) - 75 106 683 290 49 - 19 1069 713 137 237", "NI / NVA 70 64 71 69 87 62 77 53", "Growth of Factory units in Bihar and India , 1997 - 98 Year Bihar ( Units ) India ( Units ) Bihar 's Share ( % ) 1991 - 1992 1371 112,286 3.26 1992 - 1993 3885 19,494 3.25 1993 - 1994 N.A. N.A. N.A. 1994 - 1995 3600 121,010 2.92 1995 - 1996 3617 134,571 2.68 1996 - 1997 3317 134,556 2.50 1997 - 1998 3297 135,551 2.43", "Year Bihar ( Units ) India ( Units ) Bihar 's Share ( % )", "1991 - 1992 1371 112,286 3.26", "1992 - 1993 3885 19,494 3.25", "1993 - 1994 N.A. N.A. N.A.", "1994 - 1995 3600 121,010 2.92", "1995 - 1996 3617 134,571 2.68", "1996 - 1997 3317 134,556 2.50", "1997 - 1998 3297 135,551 2.43", "1990 - 2005", "Caste and Criminalisation", "The Rashtriya Janata Dal leader , Lalu Prasad 's , support of social justice ensured that politics was dominated by Mandal politics and caste rather than development during this period . Also , the criminalisation of politics during this time created a business unfriendly climate and contributed to the economic collapse . The biggest crisis business faced was with organised kidnapping , which the local BJP leaders claimed was linked to the ruling RJD . The resulting crisis led to a flight of capital , middle class professionals , and business leaders to other parts of India . The flight of business and capital increased unemployment and this led to the mass migration of Bihari farmers and unemployed youth to more developed states of India .", "Non RJD Factors", "Bihar 's share of revenue from the Central pool declined by Rs. 5,000 crores as the Centre 's revenue collection had gone down . This , coupled with the fact that the government failed to get its plan allocation released because it could not contribute the matching non-plan grant , aggravated the financial crisis . The division of Bihar in 2000 , when the industrially advanced and mineral - rich southern - half of the state was carved out to form the separate state of Jharkhand , had a strong impact on development in the north mainly through a loss of revenue . Divided Bihar produces 60 % of the output of the undivided Bihar .", "Economic Indicators under the RJD", "In the non-agricultural sector , the growth rate in Bihar was 6.62 % against 6.61 % for India as a whole during the 1980s . During the 1990s when the growth rate in Bihar was 3.19 % , while for India it rose to 7.25 % . This change was reflected in the per capita income as well . Per capita income in Bihar grew by 2.45 % during the 1980s , against 3.32 % per cent in India as a whole . In the 1990s , per capita income grew by 0.12 % per cent in Bihar , as against 4.08 % per cent in India . The growth rate in agriculture was 2.21 % during the 1980s against India 's 3.38 % , during the 1990s it was 2.35 % in Bihar while at the all - India it stood at 3.14 % . The economic indicators ( see below ) shows that there was a serious recession between 1990 and 1995 , which resulted in an employment - development - crime crisis between 1995 and 2004 .", "After Nitish Kumar came to power , the Finance Ministry under Sushil Kumar Modi gave priority to create investment opportunities for big industrial houses like Reliance . Improvements in law and order , with a more proactive bureaucracy led to a gradual improvement in the economy of the state . NDTV dubbed this as the `` Quiet Transformation '' . In January 2009 , Nitish Kumar was awarded the CNN IBN Indian Politician of the Year award for helping put Bihar on the sustainable development and growth track . Again in January 2009 , the ASSOCHAM Investment Meter stated that the private sector invested over Rs 304 crore in Bihar during the third quarter of 2008 .", "After November 2005 , the government of Bihar has introduced several laws , which it hopes , will provide a positive contribution to the future development of the state 's industries .", "Bihar Single Window Clearance Act Bihar Infrastructure Development Enabling Act . New Industrial Policy Price Preference Policy New Policy Initiatives for Entertainment , Tea Processing and Sugar Sectors Policy for establishing higher Technical Institutions in Private Sector Simplification of VAT Regime", "Bihar Single Window Clearance Act", "Bihar Infrastructure Development Enabling Act .", "New Industrial Policy", "Price Preference Policy", "New Policy Initiatives for Entertainment , Tea Processing and Sugar Sectors", "Policy for establishing higher Technical Institutions in Private Sector", "Simplification of VAT Regime", "VAT reimbursement @ 80 % of the deposited amount for a period of 10 years with a ceiling of 300 % of the capital investment . Provisions for incentive even in zero VAT cases . Reimbursement of 50 % of the amount spent on plant & machinery for captive power generation . 25 % of the VAT reimbursement for the existing units . Exemption from electricity duty for new units . Exemption from Stamp Duty and registration fee on land transfer . Incentive granted on land / shed in Industrial Area / Industrial Park etc . Incentive granted on land / shed in Industrial Area / Industrial Park etc . Corpus fund creation for sick & closed units . Exemption from annual minimum guarantee / monthly minimum guarantee . CST reduced to only 1 % for small & medium industries .", "VAT reimbursement @ 80 % of the deposited amount for a period of 10 years with a ceiling of 300 % of the capital investment . Provisions for incentive even in zero VAT cases .", "Reimbursement of 50 % of the amount spent on plant & machinery for captive power generation .", "25 % of the VAT reimbursement for the existing units .", "Exemption from electricity duty for new units . Exemption from Stamp Duty and registration fee on land transfer . Incentive granted on land / shed in Industrial Area / Industrial Park etc .", "Incentive granted on land / shed in Industrial Area / Industrial Park etc .", "Corpus fund creation for sick & closed units .", "Exemption from annual minimum guarantee / monthly minimum guarantee . CST reduced to only 1 % for small & medium industries .", "The government is working on the expressway from the Purvanchal border through Bihar to Jharkhand , and has also expanded the highway from Hajipur to Muzaffarpur from a two - lane to a four - lane highway . The central government funded north - east corridor expressway will run through the northern part of the state making the north better connected with the rest of India . The state now spends ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Rs 2,222.08 crore on roads , compared with Rs 51.2 crore between 2003 and 2004 . In September 2008 , $420 million ( USD ) loan from the Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) was provided to the government to improve nine state highways . The loan would be used to convert nine state highways into double - lane roads covering a total stretch of 820 kilometres ( 510 mi ) . The governments aim is to convert these roads into double - lane traffic corridors as per international standards and bids have been invited for the conversion of these roads in accordance with international bidding procedures . The ADB had also given its consent for development of 1,500 - kilometre ( 930 mi ) stretch of state highways into two - lane roads as per international standards under Bihar State Highways Project ( BSHP ) . BSHP will be executed in two phases . The nine roads have been included in its first phase . World Bank India Director Onno Ruhl has said that the Bank would double up its assistance to Bihar from current $500 billion , in the next couple of years .", "Bihar also has the largest growing mobile phone market in India . Bihar registered the maximum increase in annual telecom subscribers , marking a growth of 88.2 per cent in the fiscal 2007 - 08 as compared to the 51.1 per cent in 2006 - 07 . The total number of mobile phones in Bihar increased from 57 , 73,370 in 2006 - 07 to 108 , 69,459 in 2007 - 08 .", "For industrial development , the NDA government has cleared a total of 135 proposals worth Rs 71,289.64 crore , submitted by big entrepreneurs for setting up medium and large industries . The proposals are related to sugar mills , ethanol , engineering and medical colleges and power production in the state . A sum of Rs 602.54 crore had already been spent on various activities pertaining to the cleared projects , which are likely to create job opportunities for over 114,000 people . The proposals include opening of 23 new sugar mills and the expansion of seven existing ones , apart from the production of ethanol in two sugar mills and five sugarcane juice production plants . The projects regarding five power plants , 12 food - processing units and 15 steel - processing and cement plants have also been cleared by the state .", "There has been an improvement in tax collection by the state government . Tax collection growth in the first half stood at 265 % . Patna witnessed a growth of 43.09 % in personal income tax collections at Rs 559 crore .", "Impact of the MGNREGA", "The implementation of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) has also led to a dramatic fall in the number of migrant workers in India 's Punjab state .", "Under Presidents rule ( February to November 2005 ) and the current NDA government ( Nov 2005 till date ) , the state 's GSDP is growing on average by 12 % per annum . And from 2004 to 2007 , the state 's GSDP had grown by 22 % . The growth rate has resulted in visits by Indian business leaders to Patna , making commitments to invest in the state 's fast - growing economy . ( see Economic Indicators below )", "Despite the global credit crisis , automobile sales and the real - estate sector continued to grow in Bihar . Auto sales grew by 45 % to 1 , 33,000 in the last 11 months of 2008 , against 92,147 sold in 2007 . Due to the global credit crunch , many Indian states have reported a decline of 20 - 25 percent in the automobile sales . Deputy Bihar Chief Minister Sushil Kumar Modi said `` The rise in sales figure of vehicles in the state at the rate of 45 percent shows that the recession has not affected the sector at all in the state '' . November 2008 reported 19,729 vehicle sales in different categories , whereas 15,326 vehicles were sold in the same period of the prior year . The revenue collection department in Bihar has registered a growth of 28.02 per cent in revenue collection until November 2008 . The department collected Rs 192.01 crore in 2008 against Rs 149.99 crore in 2007 . Also the real - estate sector earned Rs 37 crore in revenue from flat registrations in October and November 2008 alone . Altogether 3,139 flats were registered , which indicates there is good cash flow . The real estate sector has been badly hit by the global recession in other parts of India , which have compelled the builders to slash rates and offer attractive packages to push through their sales . The small industrial base , brought on by political mis - management in the 1990s , the small - scale nature of the loans sector , and that employment is generally with public sector , or semi government owned businesses , are all key factors in Bihar avoiding the recession . The service sector , which is the other large employer , is not as mature as other Indian states and caters for a large market . Modi added that the rate of real estate properties had increased tremendously since it was the middle - class population who dominated the state . Another factor was that a huge number of development projects had been launched in Bihar since the NDA government came to power in 2005 , which had drawn many construction companies , builders and suppliers . In 2008 alone , the state government was investing Rs 13,500 crore ( 135 billion Rupees ) on development projects .", "Standing crops worth Rs 800 crore were destroyed in the five northern districts of Saharsa , Supaul , Madhepura , Araria and Purnia . Three lakh hectares of cropland were submerged under flood water . Up to 3,500 people have been reported as missing", "Indian Railways Contract", "Indian Railways announced contracts to manufacture electric locomotives in Bihar . The electric locomotives will be manufactured at a factory in Madhepura and the diesel ones at Marora . Five multinational companies have been shortlisted for two separate contracts , jointly worth an estimated $8 billion ( Rs37 , 600 crore ) , to manufacture and supply locomotives for the Indian Railways . In the past , Indian Railways manufactured locomotives at the Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in West Bengal or from state - owned Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd , and diesel locomotives from Diesel Locomotive Works in Varanasi . These factories now have developed capacity issues . Germany 's Siemens AG , Bombardier Transportation India Ltd , a unit of Canada 's Bombardier Inc. , and France 's Alstom SA is attempting to secure an order to build and supply at least 660 electric locomotives for the railways . General Electric Co . ( GE ) and Electro Motive Diesel Inc . ( EMD ) will compete for the second contract -- to build and supply 1,000 diesel train engines for the national transporter .", "Patna is the largest city and headquarters of Patna district , Patna division , and Bihar state . It lies on the main line of the Eastern Central Railway and is well connected by road . It is estimated that the city has a population of 1.8 million people , and the district has a population of 3.6 million .", "During the 17th century Patna was the centre of international trade . The British opened a factory in Patna in 1620 for the purchase and storage of calico and silk . Soon it became a trading point for saltpetre , and other European countries like the French , the Danes , the Dutch and the Portuguese began to compete in the lucrative business . Various European factories and godowns started mushrooming in Patna and it acquired a trading fame that attracted far off merchants , as observed by Peter Mundy in 1632 , who calls this place , `` the greatest mart of the eastern region '' .", "The city is known to manufacture pulses , shoes , scooters , masur , chasra , electrical goods and cotton yarn . The city exports these manufactured products as well as vegetables , purval , and milk . Patna is a major importer of cotton , iron , foodgrains , rice , wheat , wool , and dalhan . Rice accounts for more than one third gross area sown . Other important foodgrains grown are maize , pulses and wheat . Non-food crops consist mostly of oil - seeds , cash crops such as vegetables , water - melons etc. , are also grown in Diara belt .", "Patna is one of the few district of the State which have a network of irrigation canals . Attention has been paid to the provision of irrigational facilities . Besides the various irrigational projects executed in the districts , tube wells under the Patna - Barh - Ekangasarai - Bihta Emergency River Pump and Technical co-operation Administration Schemes were installed in the districts .", "The city is one of the best fishing grounds in India . The spawn of rehu , cattla and hilsa is collected from the river Ganges , which is demand in other part of Bihar and West Bengal . The fishing season begins in October , and the peak months are in December , January and February , when a variety if fish can be seen in the fish market . There are a large number of rivers & streams , ponds and low - lying fields in the district where water accumulates in the rainy season and these have considerable potential for development of fishery . The Fisheries Development Schemes of the district are managed by the district Fisheries office located in Patna under the administrative control of the Director of Fisheries , Government of Bihar .", "Even though Bihar has the lowest per capita income in the country at Rs 5,772 against the national average of Rs 22,946 , Patna recorded a per capita of Rs 30,441 . The per capita level for 2007 was higher than Bangalore or Hyderabad , which are both leading centres for global software development .", "After decades of neglect , the new government of Nitish Kumar worked to make improvements in the economy of Patna . The NDA government has raised financing and backing for major projects to improve the entertainment sector in the city . It is expected that in 2009 new multiplexes , malls , parks , restaurants will all open in the city . China and U.S are already doing brisk business in Patna . The government is investing 300 Crores on two projects ; one to replicate the Delhi Haat in Patna , and the other to create a Buddha Park .", "In June 2009 , the World Bank ranked Patna as the best city in India , out of 17 , to start a business . The World Bank also ranked Patna 2nd for the enforcement of contracts , 9th in dealing with construction permits , 15th for paying taxes and registering property , 10th for trading across borders , and 15th for closing a business . Overall , the city was placed 14th .", "Basic civic amenities have not improved in the city as of January 2009 . Garbage is being dumped in open spaces across the city . In terms of drinking water , almost half the total four lakh estimated households do not have a legal water connection . Moreover , frequent leakage in the existing pipelines still continues at different city localities . The city pumps 110 million litres of untreated sewerage to river Ganges . Poor condition of sewerage system , which in some areas , runs very close to the drinking water pipeline , also affects the quality of drinking water .", "Bihar has significant levels of production for the products of mango , guava , litchi , pineapple , brinjal , cauliflower , bhindi , and cabbage in India . Despite the states leading role in food production , investment in irrigation and other agriculture facilities has been inadequate in the past .", "Maize accounts for 1.5 million MT ( or 10 % of country production ) Sugarcaine produces 13.00 million MT Litchi production is 0.28 million MT ( Bihar contributes 71 % of national production ) Makhana levels are 0.003 million MT ( Bihar contributes 85 % of national production ) Mango is 1.4 million MT ( 13 % of All India ) Vegetable production is 8.60 million MT ( 9 % of All India ) Honey Production is 1300 MT ( 14 % of All India ) Aromatic Rice 0.015 million MT Milk Production ( Present ) : 4.06 million MT . COMPFED has established 5023 cooperative societies with 2.54 lakh membership - highest among the eastern states . Fishery production levels are 0.27 million lakh MT All the above data is from the Bihar Government can be found here", "Maize accounts for 1.5 million MT ( or 10 % of country production )", "Sugarcaine produces 13.00 million MT", "Litchi production is 0.28 million MT ( Bihar contributes 71 % of national production )", "Makhana levels are 0.003 million MT ( Bihar contributes 85 % of national production )", "Mango is 1.4 million MT ( 13 % of All India )", "Vegetable production is 8.60 million MT ( 9 % of All India )", "Honey Production is 1300 MT ( 14 % of All India )", "Aromatic Rice 0.015 million MT", "Milk Production ( Present ) : 4.06 million MT . COMPFED has established 5023 cooperative societies with 2.54 lakh membership - highest among the eastern states .", "Fishery production levels are 0.27 million lakh MT", "All the above data is from the Bihar Government can be found here", "The Indian Business Directory states that the Bihar Sugar Industry has flourished in the last couple of years due to the efforts taken by the state government to revive the industry . The Sugar Industry has been helped by the climate of the state , which is very suitable for the growth of high - grade sugarcane . The main benefit of the industry is that it provides employment to many people , especially in the rural areas . Further , it provides facilities of transport and communication , and also helps in the development of the rural areas by mobilizing the rural resources . The total number of sugar mills in Bihar Sugar Industry is 28 out which only 9 are operational . The total area under sugarcane production is 2.30 lakh hectares and the total production of sugarcane is around 129.95 lakh M.T. The location of the sugar mills of Bihar Sugar Industry are Samastipur , Gopalganj , Sitamarhi , West Champaran , Chorma , Dulipati , and Supaul .", "The industry can be divided into 2 groups -- the unorganized sector , which comprises traditional sweeteners manufacturers , and the organized sector , which consists of sugar factories . The producers of traditional sweeteners are considered to be a part of the rural industry and they manufacture khandsari and gur . These are consumed mainly by the rural people and are produced in substantial quantities . The total production of sugar in Bihar Sugar Industry was 4.21 lakh tons in 2002 - 2003 and in 2003 - 2004 , the figure stood at 2.77 lakh tons . Again , in 2004 - 2005 , the figure was 2.77 lakh tons . The state government , in order to boost the Sugar Industry in Bihar has decided to privatize the state - run sugar mills that have not worked for many years . The state government has also approved the proposal for the setting up of 15 new sugar mills in the state which will bring in an investment of Rs. 3,771 crore in Bihar Sugar Industry .", "Bihar has emerged as brewery hub with major domestic and foreign firms setting up production units in the state . Three major firms - United Breweries Group , Danish Brewery Company Carlsberg Group and Cobra Beer - are in the process to setting up new units in Patna and Muzaffarpur in 2012 .", "The state is very rich in cattle population . There are 50,000 footwear artisans in the state . State has tanneries in the private sector . More tanneries & footwear units are to be set up in the private sector .", "Total number of weavers in Bihar is more than 90,000 . Bhagalpur is known as leading silk city . Gaya -- another major weaving centre -- around 8000 . There is a strong traditional handloom clusters in the districts of Bhagalpur , Gaya , Nalanda , Darbhanga , Madhubani , Siwan , Patna . Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services is preparing Project Report for Textile Parks and also for Cluster Development Programmes . However , most of textile centres in state on decline , producing low value goods . Now gaya is developing very fast in textile sector , approx 10000 looms are running and several new projects are coming soon . Shuttel less and hitech technology is also adopting very much , and in Nalanda Rajgir is also developing in Textile sector .", "The small - scale industries have contributed to Bihar 's economic upsurge . The total investment of SSI 's is Rs 88.75 crore . Small / artisan - based industries are generating 5.5 lakh mandays in the current fiscal till December .", "The SIS , an unlisted security company , has the largest manpower in the Asia - Pacific region with a projected revenue of Rs 2,000 crore . The SIS has over 10,000 foreign nationals as its staff members . The Patna registered company achieved this through the acquisition of Australian guard and mobile patrol services business of American conglomerate , United Technologies Corp ( UTC ) . The deal closed in August 2008 . It includes Chubb Security which is Australia 's largest and oldest security company . Chubb Security earned $400 million last year . The SIS is reportedly funding the acquisition through a mix of debt and internal accruals . The SIS , ranked among India 's top three security services firms , has 30,000 employees in India and it is expected to add up to 80,000 by 2012 . Its 2,500 - odd clients include Tatas , Birlas , Reliance , SBI , PNB , ICICI , Hyundai , American Express , Essar , Coca - Cola , Pepsi , Idea and Wipro , to name a few . Chairman / Managing Director Ravindra Kishore Sinha said , `` '' From pedestrian Patna setting to the panoramic skyline of Sydney , it has been a long and rewarding journey , '' he said , adding the SIS remains `` rooted , registered and taxed in Bihar ''", "Sudha , a dairy co-operative , is one of the most successful government companies in India . The Co-operative was founded by IAS officer from Bihar , Ram Chandra Sinha . The co-operative's revenues from a range of milk and milk products has risen from $73.5 m in 2001 - 2002 to $136 m in 2007 . The co-operative has 6,000 outlets covering 84 towns in the state . Over 260,000 milk farmers are members of the co-operative . Sudha also sells its products to other Indian states like Uttar Pradesh , West Bengal , Jharkhand and Delhi .", "Husk Power Systems ( HPS ) is a Bihar - based start - up that provides power to thousands of rural Indians . HPS has created proprietary technology that cost - effectively converts rice husks into electricity . The organization uses this technology to produce , own , and operate 35 - 100 kW `` mini power - plants '' that deliver electricity as a pay - for - use service to villages of 2000 - 4000 inhabitants in the Indian `` Rice Belt . In 2009 , the company won an inaugural global business plan competition sponsored by venture capital firm Draper Fisher Jurvetson and Cisco Systems . The company will receive a $250,000 investment from DFJ and Cisco to help take the technology to the next level .", "The company has since received two rounds of financing from the Shell Foundation . Two of the key founders of HPS are graduates of the top - ranked Darden School of Business ( University of Virginia ) .", "IOC Barauni in the Bihar state of India was built in collaboration with the Soviet Union at a cost of Rs. 49.4 crores and went on stream in July , 1964 . The initial capacity of 2 MMTPA was expanded to 3 MMTPA by 1969 . The present capacity of this refinery is 6.00 MMTPA . A Catalytic Reformer Unit ( CRU ) was also added to the refinery in 1997 for production of unleaded motor spirit . Projects are also planned for meeting future fuel quality requirements .", "Union government has plan to develop a petrochemical plant along with the refinery .", "Hajipur is the only twin city of Patna and lies nearest to the capital and shares most of its government works , headquarters , educational institutions in the name of the capital city . Being another district headquarters , it is equal to the capital in terms of powers . It is one of the railway zones in Indian railway system i.e. East Central Railway zone ; it comprises the following railway divisions : Samastipur , Danapur , Mugalsarai , Dhanbad & Sonepur .", "Zonal , comprises following LIC division : Patna , Jamshedpur & Sambalpur .", "Eastern region headquarters of Indian power major NTPC is situated at Patna ; following are the major power plants under this region : Kahalgaon , Talchar & Farakka . Upcoming power plants in the region are as follows Barh ( Patna ) , Nabinagar ( Aurangabad ) .", "Eastern region comprising Bihar and Jharkhand regional headquarter is at Shastri Nagar , Patna .", "Average per capita income , 2007 City trend Per capita income Patna Rs 31,441 Bengaluru Rs 29,394 Kolkata Rs 27,868 Hydrabad Rs 28,768 Greater Mumbai Rs 40,768 Delhi Rs 43,155 All India Rs 22,946 Average Per Capita Income in various Indian Cities", "Average per capita income , 2007", "City trend Per capita income", "Patna Rs 31,441", "Bengaluru Rs 29,394", "Kolkata Rs 27,868", "Hydrabad Rs 28,768", "Greater Mumbai Rs 40,768", "Delhi Rs 43,155", "All India Rs 22,946", "Average Per Capita Income in various Indian Cities", "From the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation ( Feb 2008 Data )", "Rupee value in Crores", "Year GSDP Percentage Change 1999 -- 2000 50200 N / A 2000 -- 2001 57279 + 14.10 % 2001 -- 2002 57804 + 0.92 % 2002 -- 2003 65117 + 12.65 % 2003 -- 2004 66961 + 2.83 % 2004 -- 2005 73791 + 10.20 % 2005 -- 2006 79682 + 7.98 % 2006 -- 2007 94251 + 18.28 %", "Year GSDP Percentage Change", "1999 -- 2000 50200 N / A", "2000 -- 2001 57279 + 14.10 %", "2001 -- 2002 57804 + 0.92 %", "2002 -- 2003 65117 + 12.65 %", "2003 -- 2004 66961 + 2.83 %", "2004 -- 2005 73791 + 10.20 %", "2005 -- 2006 79682 + 7.98 %", "2006 -- 2007 94251 + 18.28 %", "( Not including Jharkhand )", "From Reserve Bank of India Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy 2011 - 12 ( Rs. crore )", "Year NSDP Percentage Change Base Year : 1999 - 2000 1999 -- 2000 46,071 - 2000 -- 2001 52,519 14.0 % 2001 -- 2002 52,323 - 0.4 % 2002 -- 2003 59,302 13.3 % 2003 -- 2004 59,701 0.7 % 2004 -- 2005 66,041 10.6 % Base Year : 2004 - 05 2005 -- 2006 75,311 14.0 % 2006 -- 2007 94,111 25.0 % 2007 -- 2008 108,096 14.9 % 2008 -- 2009 139,061 28.6 % 2009 -- 2010 163,555 17.6 % 2010 -- 2011 201,264 23.1 % 2011 -- 2012 243,116 20.8 %", "Year NSDP Percentage Change", "Base Year : 1999 - 2000", "1999 -- 2000 46,071 -", "2000 -- 2001 52,519 14.0 %", "2001 -- 2002 52,323 - 0.4 %", "2002 -- 2003 59,302 13.3 %", "2003 -- 2004 59,701 0.7 %", "2004 -- 2005 66,041 10.6 %", "Base Year : 2004 - 05", "2005 -- 2006 75,311 14.0 %", "2006 -- 2007 94,111 25.0 %", "2007 -- 2008 108,096 14.9 %", "2008 -- 2009 139,061 28.6 %", "2009 -- 2010 163,555 17.6 %", "2010 -- 2011 201,264 23.1 %", "2011 -- 2012 243,116 20.8 %", "In terms of income the districts of Patna , Munger and Begusarai in Bihar were the three best - off districts out of a total of 38 districts in the state , recording the highest per capita gross district domestic product of Rs 31,441 , Rs 10,087 and Rs 9,312 , respectively in 2004 - 05 .", "The state has a per capita income of $360 a year against India 's average of $1265 and 30.6 % of the state 's population lives below the poverty line against India 's average of 22.15 % . However , Bihar 's GSDP grew by 18 % over the period 2006 - 2007 , which was higher than in the past 10 years .", "Hajipur , near Patna , remains a major industrial town in the state , linked to the capital city through the Ganges bridge and good road infrastructure . The level of urbanisation ( 10.5 % ) is below the national average ( 27.78 % ) . Urban poverty in Bihar ( 32.91 % ) is above the national average of 23.62 % . Also using per capita water supply as a surrogate variable , Bihar ( 61 litres per day ) is below the national average ( 142 litres per day ) ." ]
Economy of Bihar - wikipedia Economy of Bihar Jump to: navigation , search The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . (January 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Economy of Bihar Statistics GDP ₹ 6.32 lakh crore (US$99 billion) (2017-18 est.) GDP rank 12th GDP growth 17% GDP per capita ₹ 26,801 (US$420) (2016) GDP per capita rank 29 GDP by sector Agriculture 18% Industry 23% Services 59% (2016) Labour force by occupation Agriculture 56% Industry 8% Services 36% (2015) Public finances Public debt 19.78% of GSDP (2017-18 est.) Revenues ₹ 1.37 lakh crore (US$21 billion) (2017-18 est.) Expenses ₹ 1.60 lakh crore (US$25 billion) (2017-18 est.) Bihar accounts for 71 percent of India's annual litchi production. The economy of Bihar is largely service-oriented, but it also has a significant agricultural base. The state also has a small industrial sector. As of 2012, agriculture accounts for 22%, industry 5% and service 73% of the economy of the state For the period 2002-2007, average growth rate of Manufacturing in the state was 0.38%, against the national average of 7.8%. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India, but there are pockets of higher per capita income like the southern half of the state and its capital city, Patna, had per capita income greater than that of Bangalore or Hyderabad in 2008. The GSDP stands at 368,337 Crores Rupees ($59.4 billion nominal GDP) as per 2013-2014. In actual terms, as of 2012-2013, Bihar state GDP is ranked 13 out of 28 states. Corruption is an important hurdle for the government to overcome according to Transparency International India, which the government has also acknowledged. Since November 2005, a new government led by Nitish Kumar has implemented a number of economic and social reforms. A consequence has been a positive improvement in the economy of the state and also of Patna. For example, in June 2009, the World Bank reported that Patna was the second best city in India to start a business, after Delhi . Between 1999 and 2008, state GDP grew by 5.1% a year, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. However, in January 2010, the Indian government's Central Statistics Organisation reported that in the five-year period between 2004-- 2005 and 2008-- 09, Bihar's GDP grew by 11.03%, which made Bihar the second fastest growing economy in India during that 5-year period, just behind Gujarat 's growth of 11.05%. Another survey conducted by Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) and National Sample Survey Organisation, under MOSPI, said that Bihar saw 14.80 percent growth in factory output in 2007-08, which was slightly less than the Indian rate of 15.24 percent. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Mauryan 1.2 Islamic 1.3 Colonial 1.4 Congress 1.5 Collapse 2 Current 2.1 Nitish Kumar reign 2.2 Policies 2.3 Improvements and investments 2.3.1 Roads construction and investment 2.3.2 Mobile phone growth 2.3.3 Industrial development 2.3.4 Tax collection improvements 2.4 State GDP from 2004 to 2007 2.5 2008-2009 Credit crisis 2.6 Kosi Floods 2.7 Public − Private Partnership 3 Economy of Patna 3.1 Background 3.2 Manufacturing, export, import 3.3 Canals 3.4 Fishing 3.5 Per capita income 3.6 Development 3.7 World Bank Report 3.8 Civic amenities 4 Sectors 4.1 Agriculture 4.2 Sugar 4.3 Brewery sector 4.4 Leather 4.5 Textile 4.6 Small-scale industries 5 Key organisations 5.1 Security and Intelligence Services 5.2 Sudha Co-operative 5.3 Husk Power Systems 5.4 IOC Barauni 5.5 East Central Railway, Hajipur 5.6 LIC: East Central Zone 5.7 National Thermal Power Corporation 5.8 Powergrid Corporation 6 Economic indicators 6.1 GSDP at current prices 2000− 2007 6.2 Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) at factor cost at current prices 6.3 Income Distribution; north-south divide 6.4 Poverty, income, and urbanization 7 References History ( edit ) Mauryan ( edit ) The Magadha economy, under Mauryan royal government, depended mainly on agriculture and the state owned large farm lands for cultivation. The other income of the state came from the taxes levied on agriculture, land, trade, and industrial products such as handicrafts. Mauryan agriculture had two type of landholdings, one were the Rashtra type of holdings which were the direct descendants of the holdings of the former tribal oligarchies who had been subjugated in pre-Mauryan times. The Rashtra landholdings were independent of the state machinery in their internal functioning and administration. Their only obligation was the regular payment of the Rashtra taxes to the state. The second major type of landholdings were the Sita landholdings. These were formed by clearing forest lands with the help of the tribesmen whose tribal way of life had been systematically and annihilated by the Mauryan statecraft. Rice, Wheat, Coarse grains, Sesame, Pepper, Saffron, Pulses, Linseed, mustard, vegetables and fruits of various kinds and sugarcane were grown. The state owned huge farms and these were cultivated by slaves and farm labourers. Water Reservoir and dam were built during this period and they were measured and distributed. The chief industries were mining, metallurgy, jewellery, pot making, textile. The trade was regulated by the state. Artisans and the craftsmen were specially protected by the state and any offences against them were severely punished. Guilds were powerful institutions during this period and they provided economic, political and judicial powers to craftsmen. The chief of the guild was called Jesthaka. A few guilds issued their own coins. These guilds also made donations to learned brahmans and to the destitute. The Mauryan empire supplied western countries with Indigo and other medicinal substances, cotton, silk. Trade was carried out in both land and sea. Godowns, Warehouses were built and special provisions were made to protect the trade routes. The state controlled the weights and measures. Islamic ( edit ) In the 1540s Sher Shah, the ruler of Bihar and northern India, introduced measures that included laws to ensure that peasants were not cheated and that all were treated equally irrespective of religion and class. Sher Shah built the Grand Trunk Road stretching from Bengal to Peshawar, which is in use even today. He introduced a coin named rupia, to which the modern Indian Rupee system can be traced and also introduced the levy of custom duties. The empire stretched from Bengal in the east to Indus in the west. Sher Shah divided his empire into 47 sarkars which were further subdivided into parganas for ease of administration. The reforms were an indication of the economic sophistication of the Bihar region during Muslim government. Colonial ( edit ) This section is empty. You can help by adding to it . (December 2009) Congress ( edit ) 1947 - 1979 The sugar and vegetable oil industries were flourishing sectors of undivided Bihar. Until the mid fifties, 25% of India's sugar output was from Bihar, 50% of horticulture products was from here.Rice and wheat was around 29% and Bihar was truly an agriculture power house in the days after independence .Dalmianagar was a large agro - industrial town. There have been attempts to industrialize the northern half of the state between 1950 and 1980: an oil refinery in Barauni , a motor scooter plant at Fatuha, and a power plant at Muzaffarpur . There are many factors behind the economic decline of Bihar. Many in Bihar blame the freight equalisation scheme, poor political vision, under-investments in the key sectors of agriculture, infrastructure and education. Others view cultural and political factors as reasons behind economic decline, especially in the 1980s and 1990s. ' state incapacity by design' , where the ruling establishment under Lalu Prasad and the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) deliberately limited government presence through reduced hiring and expenditures, in an attempt to ensure that upper castes did not benefit. Such a strategy also had value when looked at through the lens of electoral politics, as it enabled the crystallization of a number of poorer and historically oppressed groups into vote banks that would see Lalu Prasad as their champion . Along with it the terrible governance that came with the Yadavs of Bihar being in power bought the economy to its knees. The government, between 1947 and 2000, supported the industrialisation of the southern half of the state rather than the north was the major cause of the lack of industrialisation in north Bihar. The undivided Bihar government developed important industrial cities like Bokaro , Jamshedpur , Dhanbad , and Ranchi in the south. The north remained the agricultural heart of the undivided state. The two regions complimented each other. 1980 - 1989 Indian government data from 1980 to 1990 ( see Economic Indicators below ) also show that the GSDP of the undivided Bihar grew by 72% in this period despite the socio-economic prooblems of the state. The data also shows that the state GSDP grew by 49% between 1980 and 1985, which means that the economy was one of the fastest growing in the country during the early 1980s as well. In 1980 undivided Bihar had a population of 70 million. In the 1980s, the five-year plan called for $4 billion in investment in Bihar. By 1987, the $4 billion translated into $12 investment per person. Economists claimed that a huge budget deficit is spurring inflation, eroding the standard of living of the poorest sections of the people of Bihar. In agriculture, the largest sector, the government failed to invest in the production of agriculture and instead opted to import food grains from other parts of India. This decision helped facilitate problems faced by agricultural workers in the late 1980s and paved for the victory of Lalu Prasad in 1989. Manufacturing of food products in Bihar 1991-1992 1991-1992 1991-1992 1991-1992 1991-1992 1993-1994 1993-1994 1993-1994 1993-1994 1993-1994 FVPI Dairy products Grain milling Bakery Veg. oils FVPI Dairy products Grain milling Bakery Veg. oils No. of factories 11 159 31 36 5 19 176 33 31 Value of output(Rs. 100,000) 31 2905 12667 2187 1315 365 6798 210119 981 767 Net value (Rs 100,000) -15 151 1070 408 71 29 1231 1162 177 257 Net income (Rs 100,000) -75 106 683 290 49 -19 1069 713 137 237 NI/NVA 70 64 71 69 87 62 77 53 Growth of Factory units in Bihar and India, 1997-98 Year Bihar (Units) India (Units) Bihar's Share (%) 1991-1992 1371 112,286 3.26 1992-1993 3885 19,494 3.25 1993-1994 N.A. N.A. N.A. 1994-1995 3600 121,010 2.92 1995-1996 3617 134,571 2.68 1996-1997 3317 134,556 2.50 1997-1998 3297 135,551 2.43 Collapse ( edit ) 1990 - 2005 Caste and Criminalisation The Rashtriya Janata Dal leader, Lalu Prasad's , support of social justice ensured that politics was dominated by Mandal politics and caste rather than development during this period. Also, the criminalisation of politics during this time created a business unfriendly climate and contributed to the economic collapse. The biggest crisis business faced was with organised kidnapping, which the local BJP leaders claimed was linked to the ruling RJD. The resulting crisis led to a flight of capital, middle class professionals, and business leaders to other parts of India. The flight of business and capital increased unemployment and this led to the mass migration of Bihari farmers and unemployed youth to more developed states of India. Extent of corruption in Indian states, as measured in a 2005 study by Transparency International India. (Darker regions are more corrupt) Non RJD Factors Bihar's share of revenue from the Central pool declined by Rs.5,000 crores as the Centre's revenue collection had gone down. This, coupled with the fact that the government failed to get its plan allocation released because it could not contribute the matching non-plan grant, aggravated the financial crisis. The division of Bihar in 2000, when the industrially advanced and mineral-rich southern-half of the state was carved out to form the separate state of Jharkhand , had a strong impact on development in the north mainly through a loss of revenue. Divided Bihar produces 60% of the output of the undivided Bihar. Economic Indicators under the RJD In the non-agricultural sector, the growth rate in Bihar was 6.62% against 6.61% for India as a whole during the 1980s. During the 1990s when the growth rate in Bihar was 3.19%, while for India it rose to 7.25%. This change was reflected in the per capita income as well. Per capita income in Bihar grew by 2.45% during the 1980s, against 3.32% per cent in India as a whole. In the 1990s, per capita income grew by 0.12% per cent in Bihar, as against 4.08% per cent in India. The growth rate in agriculture was 2.21% during the 1980s against India's 3.38%, during the 1990s it was 2.35% in Bihar while at the all-India it stood at 3.14%. The economic indicators ( see below ) shows that there was a serious recession between 1990 and 1995, which resulted in an employment-development-crime crisis between 1995 and 2004. Current ( edit ) Nitish Kumar reign ( edit ) After Nitish Kumar came to power, the Finance Ministry under Sushil Kumar Modi gave priority to create investment opportunities for big industrial houses like Reliance. Improvements in law and order, with a more proactive bureaucracy led to a gradual improvement in the economy of the state. NDTV dubbed this as the `` Quiet Transformation'' . In January 2009, Nitish Kumar was awarded the CNN IBN Indian Politician of the Year award for helping put Bihar on the sustainable development and growth track. Again in January 2009, the ASSOCHAM Investment Meter stated that the private sector invested over Rs 304 crore in Bihar during the third quarter of 2008. Policies ( edit ) Secretariat Building, Patna After November 2005, the government of Bihar has introduced several laws, which it hopes, will provide a positive contribution to the future development of the state's industries. 2006 Bihar Single Window Clearance Act Bihar Infrastructure Development Enabling Act. New Industrial Policy Price Preference Policy New Policy Initiatives for Entertainment, Tea Processing and Sugar Sectors Policy for establishing higher Technical Institutions in Private Sector Simplification of VAT Regime 2007 VAT reimbursement @80% of the deposited amount for a period of 10 years with a ceiling of 300% of the capital investment. Provisions for incentive even in zero VAT cases. Reimbursement of 50% of the amount spent on plant & machinery for captive power generation. 25% of the VAT reimbursement for the existing units. Exemption from electricity duty for new units. Exemption from Stamp Duty and registration fee on land transfer. Incentive granted on land/shed in Industrial Area/ Industrial Park etc. Incentive granted on land/shed in Industrial Area/ Industrial Park etc. Corpus fund creation for sick & closed units. Exemption from annual minimum guarantee/ monthly minimum guarantee. CST reduced to only 1% for small & medium industries. Improvements and investments ( edit ) Roads construction and investment ( edit ) The government is working on the expressway from the Purvanchal border through Bihar to Jharkhand, and has also expanded the highway from Hajipur to Muzaffarpur from a two-lane to a four-lane highway. The central government funded north-east corridor expressway will run through the northern part of the state making the north better connected with the rest of India. The state now spends (2007-- 2008) Rs 2,222.08 crore on roads, compared with Rs 51.2 crore between 2003 and 2004. In September 2008, $420 million (USD) loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) was provided to the government to improve nine state highways. The loan would be used to convert nine state highways into double-lane roads covering a total stretch of 820 kilometres (510 mi). The governments aim is to convert these roads into double-lane traffic corridors as per international standards and bids have been invited for the conversion of these roads in accordance with international bidding procedures. The ADB had also given its consent for development of 1,500-kilometre (930 mi) stretch of state highways into two-lane roads as per international standards under Bihar State Highways Project (BSHP). BSHP will be executed in two phases. The nine roads have been included in its first phase. World Bank India Director Onno Ruhl has said that the Bank would double up its assistance to Bihar from current $500 billion, in the next couple of years. Mobile phone growth ( edit ) Bihar also has the largest growing mobile phone market in India. Bihar registered the maximum increase in annual telecom subscribers, marking a growth of 88.2 per cent in the fiscal 2007-08 as compared to the 51.1 per cent in 2006-07. The total number of mobile phones in Bihar increased from 57,73,370 in 2006-07 to 108,69,459 in 2007-08. Industrial development ( edit ) For industrial development, the NDA government has cleared a total of 135 proposals worth Rs 71,289.64 crore, submitted by big entrepreneurs for setting up medium and large industries. The proposals are related to sugar mills, ethanol, engineering and medical colleges and power production in the state. A sum of Rs 602.54 crore had already been spent on various activities pertaining to the cleared projects, which are likely to create job opportunities for over 114,000 people. The proposals include opening of 23 new sugar mills and the expansion of seven existing ones, apart from the production of ethanol in two sugar mills and five sugarcane juice production plants. The projects regarding five power plants, 12 food-processing units and 15 steel-processing and cement plants have also been cleared by the state. Tax collection improvements ( edit ) There has been an improvement in tax collection by the state government. Tax collection growth in the first half stood at 265%. Patna witnessed a growth of 43.09% in personal income tax collections at Rs 559 crore. Impact of the MGNREGA The implementation of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) has also led to a dramatic fall in the number of migrant workers in India's Punjab state. State GDP from 2004 to 2007 ( edit ) Under Presidents rule (February to November 2005) and the current NDA government (Nov 2005 till date), the state's GSDP is growing on average by 12% per annum. And from 2004 to 2007, the state's GSDP had grown by 22%. The growth rate has resulted in visits by Indian business leaders to Patna, making commitments to invest in the state's fast-growing economy. ( see Economic Indicators below ) 2008-2009 credit crisis ( edit ) Despite the global credit crisis, automobile sales and the real-estate sector continued to grow in Bihar. Auto sales grew by 45% to 1,33,000 in the last 11 months of 2008, against 92,147 sold in 2007. Due to the global credit crunch, many Indian states have reported a decline of 20-25 percent in the automobile sales. Deputy Bihar Chief Minister Sushil Kumar Modi said `` The rise in sales figure of vehicles in the state at the rate of 45 percent shows that the recession has not affected the sector at all in the state '' . November 2008 reported 19,729 vehicle sales in different categories, whereas 15,326 vehicles were sold in the same period of the prior year. The revenue collection department in Bihar has registered a growth of 28.02 per cent in revenue collection until November 2008. The department collected Rs 192.01 crore in 2008 against Rs 149.99 crore in 2007. Also the real-estate sector earned Rs 37 crore in revenue from flat registrations in October and November 2008 alone. Altogether 3,139 flats were registered, which indicates there is good cash flow. The real estate sector has been badly hit by the global recession in other parts of India, which have compelled the builders to slash rates and offer attractive packages to push through their sales. The small industrial base, brought on by political mis-management in the 1990s, the small-scale nature of the loans sector, and that employment is generally with public sector, or semi government owned businesses, are all key factors in Bihar avoiding the recession. The service sector, which is the other large employer, is not as mature as other Indian states and caters for a large market. Modi added that the rate of real estate properties had increased tremendously since it was the middle-class population who dominated the state. Another factor was that a huge number of development projects had been launched in Bihar since the NDA government came to power in 2005, which had drawn many construction companies, builders and suppliers. In 2008 alone, the state government was investing Rs 13,500 crore (135 billion Rupees) on development projects. Kosi Floods ( edit ) Standing crops worth Rs 800 crore were destroyed in the five northern districts of Saharsa, Supaul, Madhepura, Araria and Purnia. Three lakh hectares of cropland were submerged under flood water. Up to 3,500 people have been reported as missing 2008 Bihar floods. Public − private partnership ( edit ) Indian Railways Contract Indian Railways announced contracts to manufacture electric locomotives in Bihar. The electric locomotives will be manufactured at a factory in Madhepura and the diesel ones at Marora. Five multinational companies have been shortlisted for two separate contracts, jointly worth an estimated $8 billion (Rs37,600 crore), to manufacture and supply locomotives for the Indian Railways. In the past, Indian Railways manufactured locomotives at the Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in West Bengal or from state-owned Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, and diesel locomotives from Diesel Locomotive Works in Varanasi. These factories now have developed capacity issues. Germany's Siemens AG, Bombardier Transportation India Ltd, a unit of Canada's Bombardier Inc., and France's Alstom SA is attempting to secure an order to build and supply at least 660 electric locomotives for the railways. General Electric Co. (GE) and Electro Motive Diesel Inc. (EMD) will compete for the second contract-- to build and supply 1,000 diesel train engines for the national transporter. Economy of Patna ( edit ) Patna is the largest city and headquarters of Patna district, Patna division, and Bihar state. It lies on the main line of the Eastern Central Railway and is well connected by road. It is estimated that the city has a population of 1.8 million people, and the district has a population of 3.6 million. Background ( edit ) During the 17th century Patna was the centre of international trade. The British opened a factory in Patna in 1620 for the purchase and storage of calico and silk. Soon it became a trading point for saltpetre, and other European countries like the French, the Danes, the Dutch and the Portuguese began to compete in the lucrative business. Various European factories and godowns started mushrooming in Patna and it acquired a trading fame that attracted far off merchants, as observed by Peter Mundy in 1632, who calls this place, `` the greatest mart of the eastern region'' . Manufacturing, export, import ( edit ) The city is known to manufacture pulses, shoes,scooters, masur, chasra, electrical goods and cotton yarn. The city exports these manufactured products as well as vegetables, purval, and milk. Patna is a major importer of cotton, iron, foodgrains, rice, wheat, wool, and dalhan. Rice accounts for more than one third gross area sown. Other important foodgrains grown are maize, pulses and wheat. Non-food crops consist mostly of oil-seeds, cash crops such as vegetables, water-melons etc., are also grown in Diara belt. Canals ( edit ) Patna is one of the few district of the State which have a network of irrigation canals. Attention has been paid to the provision of irrigational facilities. Besides the various irrigational projects executed in the districts, tube wells under the Patna-Barh-Ekangasarai-Bihta Emergency River Pump and Technical co-operation Administration Schemes were installed in the districts. Fishing ( edit ) The city is one of the best fishing grounds in India. The spawn of rehu, cattla and hilsa is collected from the river Ganges, which is demand in other part of Bihar and West Bengal. The fishing season begins in October, and the peak months are in December, January and February, when a variety if fish can be seen in the fish market. There are a large number of rivers & streams, ponds and low-lying fields in the district where water accumulates in the rainy season and these have considerable potential for development of fishery. The Fisheries Development Schemes of the district are managed by the district Fisheries office located in Patna under the administrative control of the Director of Fisheries, Government of Bihar. Per capita income ( edit ) Even though Bihar has the lowest per capita income in the country at Rs 5,772 against the national average of Rs 22,946,Patna recorded a per capita of Rs 30,441. The per capita level for 2007 was higher than Bangalore or Hyderabad, which are both leading centres for global software development. Development ( edit ) After decades of neglect, the new government of Nitish Kumar worked to make improvements in the economy of Patna. The NDA government has raised financing and backing for major projects to improve the entertainment sector in the city. It is expected that in 2009 new multiplexes, malls, parks, restaurants will all open in the city. China and U.S are already doing brisk business in Patna. The government is investing 300 Crores on two projects; one to replicate the Delhi Haat in Patna, and the other to create a Buddha Park. World Bank report ( edit ) In June 2009, the World Bank ranked Patna as the best city in India, out of 17, to start a business. The World Bank also ranked Patna 2nd for the enforcement of contracts, 9th in dealing with construction permits, 15th for paying taxes and registering property, 10th for trading across borders, and 15th for closing a business. Overall, the city was placed 14th. Civic amenities ( edit ) Basic civic amenities have not improved in the city as of January 2009. Garbage is being dumped in open spaces across the city. In terms of drinking water, almost half the total four lakh estimated households do not have a legal water connection. Moreover, frequent leakage in the existing pipelines still continues at different city localities. The city pumps 110 million litres of untreated sewerage to river Ganges. Poor condition of sewerage system, which in some areas, runs very close to the drinking water pipeline, also affects the quality of drinking water. Sectors ( edit ) Agriculture ( edit ) Bihar has significant levels of production for the products of mango, guava, litchi, pineapple, brinjal, cauliflower, bhindi, and cabbage in India. Despite the states leading role in food production, investment in irrigation and other agriculture facilities has been inadequate in the past. Bihar accounts for 71 per cent of India's annual litchi production Farm workers in Bihar Maize accounts for 1.5 million MT(or 10% of country production) Sugarcaine produces 13.00 million MT Litchi production is 0.28 million MT(Bihar contributes 71% of national production) Makhana levels are 0.003 million MT(Bihar contributes 85% of national production) Mango is 1.4 million MT(13% of All India) Vegetable production is 8.60 million MT (9% of All India) Honey Production is 1300 MT (14% of All India) Aromatic Rice 0.015 million MT Milk Production (Present) :4.06 million MT. COMPFED has established 5023 cooperative societies with 2.54 lakh membership -highest among the eastern states. Fishery production levels are 0.27 million lakh MT All the above data is from the Bihar Government can be found here Sugar ( edit ) The Indian Business Directory states that the Bihar Sugar Industry has flourished in the last couple of years due to the efforts taken by the state government to revive the industry. The Sugar Industry has been helped by the climate of the state, which is very suitable for the growth of high-grade sugarcane. The main benefit of the industry is that it provides employment to many people, especially in the rural areas. Further, it provides facilities of transport and communication, and also helps in the development of the rural areas by mobilizing the rural resources. The total number of sugar mills in Bihar Sugar Industry is 28 out which only 9 are operational. The total area under sugarcane production is 2.30 lakh hectares and the total production of sugarcane is around 129.95 lakh M.T. The location of the sugar mills of Bihar Sugar Industry are Samastipur, Gopalganj, Sitamarhi, West Champaran, Chorma, Dulipati, and Supaul. The industry can be divided into 2 groups -- the unorganized sector, which comprises traditional sweeteners manufacturers, and the organized sector, which consists of sugar factories. The producers of traditional sweeteners are considered to be a part of the rural industry and they manufacture khandsari and gur. These are consumed mainly by the rural people and are produced in substantial quantities. The total production of sugar in Bihar Sugar Industry was 4.21 lakh tons in 2002-2003 and in 2003-2004, the figure stood at 2.77 lakh tons. Again, in 2004-2005, the figure was 2.77 lakh tons. The state government, in order to boost the Sugar Industry in Bihar has decided to privatize the state-run sugar mills that have not worked for many years. The state government has also approved the proposal for the setting up of 15 new sugar mills in the state which will bring in an investment of Rs. 3,771 crore in Bihar Sugar Industry. Brewery sector ( edit ) Bihar has emerged as brewery hub with major domestic and foreign firms setting up production units in the state. Three major firms - United Breweries Group , Danish Brewery Company Carlsberg Group and Cobra Beer - are in the process to setting up new units in Patna and Muzaffarpur in 2012. Leather ( edit ) The state is very rich in cattle population. There are 50,000 footwear artisans in the state. State has tanneries in the private sector. More tanneries & footwear units are to be set up in the private sector. Textile ( edit ) Total number of weavers in Bihar is more than 90,000. Bhagalpur is known as leading silk city. Gaya -- another major weaving centre -- around 8000. There is a strong traditional handloom clusters in the districts of Bhagalpur, Gaya, Nalanda, Darbhanga, Madhubani, Siwan, Patna. Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services is preparing Project Report for Textile Parks and also for Cluster Development Programmes. However, most of textile centres in state on decline, producing low value goods. Now gaya is developing very fast in textile sector, approx 10000 looms are running and several new projects are coming soon. Shuttel less and hitech technology is also adopting very much, and in Nalanda Rajgir is also developing in Textile sector. Small-scale industries ( edit ) The small-scale industries have contributed to Bihar's economic upsurge. The total investment of SSI's is Rs 88.75 crore. Small/artisan-based industries are generating 5.5 lakh mandays in the current fiscal till December. Key organisations ( edit ) Security and Intelligence Services ( edit ) The SIS, an unlisted security company, has the largest manpower in the Asia-Pacific region with a projected revenue of Rs 2,000 crore. The SIS has over 10,000 foreign nationals as its staff members. The Patna registered company achieved this through the acquisition of Australian guard and mobile patrol services business of American conglomerate, United Technologies Corp (UTC). The deal closed in August 2008. It includes Chubb Security which is Australia's largest and oldest security company. Chubb Security earned $400 million last year. The SIS is reportedly funding the acquisition through a mix of debt and internal accruals. The SIS, ranked among India's top three security services firms, has 30,000 employees in India and it is expected to add up to 80,000 by 2012. Its 2,500-odd clients include Tatas, Birlas, Reliance, SBI, PNB, ICICI, Hyundai, American Express, Essar, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Idea and Wipro, to name a few. Chairman/ Managing Director Ravindra Kishore Sinha said, `` '' From pedestrian Patna setting to the panoramic skyline of Sydney, it has been a long and rewarding journey,'' he said, adding the SIS remains `` rooted, registered and taxed in Bihar'' Sudha co-operative ( edit ) Sudha, a dairy co-operative, is one of the most successful government companies in India. The Co-operative was founded by IAS officer from Bihar, Ram Chandra Sinha. The co-operative's revenues from a range of milk and milk products has risen from $73.5m in 2001-2002 to $136m in 2007. The co-operative has 6,000 outlets covering 84 towns in the state. Over 260,000 milk farmers are members of the co-operative. Sudha also sells its products to other Indian states like Uttar Pradesh , West Bengal , Jharkhand and Delhi . Husk power Systems ( edit ) Main article: Husk Power Systems Husk Power Systems (HPS) is a Bihar-based start-up that provides power to thousands of rural Indians. HPS has created proprietary technology that cost-effectively converts rice husks into electricity. The organization uses this technology to produce, own, and operate 35-100 kW `` mini power-plants'' that deliver electricity as a pay-for-use service to villages of 2000-4000 inhabitants in the Indian `` Rice Belt. In 2009, the company won an inaugural global business plan competition sponsored by venture capital firm Draper Fisher Jurvetson and Cisco Systems. The company will receive a $250,000 investment from DFJ and Cisco to help take the technology to the next level. The company has since received two rounds of financing from the Shell Foundation. Two of the key founders of HPS are graduates of the top-ranked Darden School of Business (University of Virginia). Ioc Barauni ( edit ) IOC Barauni in the Bihar state of India was built in collaboration with the Soviet Union at a cost of Rs.49.4 crores and went on stream in July, 1964. The initial capacity of 2 MMTPA was expanded to 3 MMTPA by 1969. The present capacity of this refinery is 6.00 MMTPA. A Catalytic Reformer Unit (CRU) was also added to the refinery in 1997 for production of unleaded motor spirit. Projects are also planned for meeting future fuel quality requirements. Union government has plan to develop a petrochemical plant along with the refinery. East Central railway, Hajipur ( edit ) Hajipur is the only twin city of Patna and lies nearest to the capital and shares most of its government works, headquarters, educational institutions in the name of the capital city. Being another district headquarters, it is equal to the capital in terms of powers. It is one of the railway zones in Indian railway system i.e. East Central Railway zone ; it comprises the following railway divisions: Samastipur, Danapur, Mugalsarai, Dhanbad & Sonepur. LIC: east Central zone ( edit ) Zonal, comprises following LIC division: Patna, Jamshedpur & Sambalpur. National thermal power corporation ( edit ) Eastern region headquarters of Indian power major NTPC is situated at Patna; following are the major power plants under this region: Kahalgaon, Talchar & Farakka. Upcoming power plants in the region are as follows Barh(Patna) , Nabinagar(Aurangabad). Powergrid corporation ( edit ) Eastern region comprising Bihar and Jharkhand regional headquarter is at Shastri Nagar, Patna. Economic indicators ( edit ) Average per capita income, 2007 City trend Per capita income Patna Rs 31,441 Bengaluru Rs 29,394 Kolkata Rs 27,868 Hydrabad Rs 28,768 Greater Mumbai Rs 40,768 Delhi Rs 43,155 All India Rs 22,946 Average Per Capita Income in various Indian Cities Per capita income in Bihar GSDP at current prices 2000− 2007 ( edit ) From the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (Feb 2008 Data) Rupee value in Crores Year GSDP Percentage Change 1999-- 2000 50200 N/A 2000-- 2001 57279 +14.10% 2001-- 2002 57804 +0.92% 2002-- 2003 65117 +12.65% 2003-- 2004 66961 +2.83% 2004-- 2005 73791 +10.20% 2005-- 2006 79682 +7.98% 2006-- 2007 94251 +18.28% (Not including Jharkhand) Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) at factor cost at current prices ( edit ) From Reserve Bank of India Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy 2011-12 (Rs. crore) Year NSDP Percentage Change Base Year : 1999-2000 1999-- 2000 46,071 - 2000-- 2001 52,519 14.0% 2001-- 2002 52,323 -0.4% 2002-- 2003 59,302 13.3% 2003-- 2004 59,701 0.7% 2004-- 2005 66,041 10.6% Base Year : 2004-05 2005-- 2006 75,311 14.0% 2006-- 2007 94,111 25.0% 2007-- 2008 108,096 14.9% 2008-- 2009 139,061 28.6% 2009-- 2010 163,555 17.6% 2010-- 2011 201,264 23.1% 2011-- 2012 243,116 20.8% Macro-economic trend, This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Bihar at market prices by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Income distribution; north-south divide ( edit ) In terms of income the districts of Patna , Munger and Begusarai in Bihar were the three best-off districts out of a total of 38 districts in the state, recording the highest per capita gross district domestic product of Rs 31,441, Rs 10,087 and Rs 9,312, respectively in 2004-05. Poverty, income, and urbanization ( edit ) The state has a per capita income of $360 a year against India's average of $1265 and 30.6% of the state's population lives below the poverty line against India's average of 22.15%. However, Bihar 's GSDP grew by 18% over the period 2006-2007, which was higher than in the past 10 years. Hajipur , near Patna, remains a major industrial town in the state, linked to the capital city through the Ganges bridge and good road infrastructure. The level of urbanisation (10.5%) is below the national average (27.78%). Urban poverty in Bihar (32.91%) is above the national average of 23.62%. Also using per capita water supply as a surrogate variable, Bihar (61 litres per day) is below the national average (142 litres per day). References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Bihar Budget Analysis 2017-18'' (PDF) . PRS Legislative Research . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bihar Budget Analysis 2016-17'' (PDF) . PRS Legislative Research . 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Jump up ^ `` Mauryas in India'' . India9.com. 2005-06-07 . Retrieved 2013-06-10 . Jump up ^ Lavlesh Lamba (2009-10-27). `` Hindu History'' . Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009 . Retrieved 2013-06-10 . ^ Jump up to: Siva (2005-11-16). `` VsiVam: Mauryan Empire'' . Vsivam.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2013-06-10 . Jump up ^ `` Fortress on a little mound'' . The Hindu . Chennai, India. 2006-03-31. Jump up ^ http://www.nipfp.org.in/media/medialibrary/2013/04/WP_2012_107.pdf Jump up ^ `` INDIA: Blinding Justice'' . Time . 1980-12-15 . Retrieved 2017-01-24 . Jump up ^ Weisman, Steven R. (1987-04-29). `` India's Boom Leaves One State in Dark Ages'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010-05-01 . Jump up ^ Prasad Jagdish, `` Bihar-Dynamics of Development'' , Mittal Publication, pp. 34 Jump up ^ Prasad Jagdish, `` Bihar-Dynamics of Development'' , Mittal Publication, pp. 33 ^ Jump up to: `` Navigation News - Frontline'' . Flonnet.com . Retrieved 2013-06-10 . Jump up ^ `` Bihar doctors rally over killing'' . BBC News . 2004-11-16 . Retrieved 2010-05-01 . Jump up ^ `` Why businessmen are leaving Bihar'' . Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. 2004-04-04. Jump up ^ `` Trader's abduction: police grope in dark'' . The Times Of India . 2004-02-29. Jump up ^ Centre for Media Studies (2005). `` India Corruption Study 2005: To Improve Governance Volume -- I: Key Highlights'' (PDF) . Transparency International India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Jump up ^ Bihar witnesses a quiet transformation (2008-07-15). `` Bihar witnesses a quiet transformation'' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 2013-06-10 . Jump up ^ `` IOTY politics winner: Nitish Kumar'' . Ibnlive.in.com. 2009-01-26 . Retrieved 2013-06-10 . Jump up ^ Mishra, Dipak (2009-01-28). `` Bihar no longer a BIMAR(U) state'' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ `` Project Today News: Roadways,CCEA approves upgradation of Patna-Muzaffarpur section'' . Projectstoday.com. 2008-01-31 . Retrieved 2013-06-10 . Jump up ^ Bihar witnesses a quiet transformation (2008-07-15). `` Bihar witnesses a quiet transformation'' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 2013-06-10 . Jump up ^ (1) Jump up ^ `` World Bank doubles Loan to Bihar after its remarkable Growth Rate'' . Biharprabha News . Jump up ^ (2) Jump up ^ India, Press Trust Of (18 August 2008). `` Bihar clears investment proposals worth Rs 71,289 cr'' . Retrieved 24 April 2017 -- via Business Standard. Jump up ^ `` Economy'' . The Times Of India . 2007-10-05. Jump up ^ `` Punjab farmers offer free cell phones to lure Bihari workers'' . The Hindu . Chennai, India. 2008-10-02. Jump up ^ Chaudhary, Pranava K (2007-04-21). `` B-tycoons to attend Bihar development meet'' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20080906175503/http://www.patnadaily.com/news2007/apr/042207/bihar_development_meet.html . Archived from the original on 6 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 October 2008 . Missing or empty title= ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.indiajournal.com/pages/event.php?id=5384 Jump up ^ `` Bihar automobile sale up 45 pc this year'' . The Hindu . Chennai, India. 2008-12-20. ^ Jump up to: (3) Jump up ^ `` Breaking News'' . The Straits Times. 1996-06-10 . Retrieved 2013-06-10 . Jump up ^ `` Bihar reaps benefits despite recession'' . News.webindia123.com. 2008-12-21 . Retrieved 2013-06-10 . Jump up ^ `` Bihar flood destroyed crops worth Rs 800 crore'' . The Times Of India . 2008-10-14. Jump up ^ (4) ^ Jump up to: Rahul Chandran; K.P. Narayana Kumar (2008-10-03). `` Govt shortlists five MNCs for $8 bn Indian Railways orders'' . Livemint . Retrieved 2013-06-10 . ^ Jump up to: http://patna.bih.nic.in/html/P_main.htm Jump up ^ http://www.indiasite.com/bihar/patna.html Jump up ^ http://patna.bih.nic.in/html/agriculture.htm Jump up ^ `` Latest News, Breaking News Today - Bollywood, Cricket, Business, Politics - IndiaToday'' . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . 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Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.huskpowersystems.com/Home.htm Jump up ^ West, India. `` indiawest.com - Best Indian Newspaper in Print & Online'' . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Aditi Nigam (2008). `` For Bihar, P stands for Patna and prosperity'' . The Financial Express . Retrieved 2008-04-07 . ^ Jump up to: DH News Service (2008). `` Bangaloreans make less moolah than others'' . Deccan Herald . Retrieved 2008-08-10 . Jump up ^ `` PER CAPITA INCOME OF ALL STATES/UT'S AND ALL INDIA AT CURRENT PRICES'' (PDF) . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=14361 Jump up ^ `` estimated'' . Archived from the original on 13 April 2006 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` For Bihar, P stands for Patna and prosperity'' . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . 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top 10 most dirty cities in the world
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[ "This list contains the top 500 cities by PM2. 5 annual mean concentration measurement whose measurement is greater than or equal to the air quality guideline ( AQG ) of 10 as documented by the World Health Organization covering the period from 2008 to 2015 , with the majority of values being more recent than 2013 . The 2016 version of the WHO database contains results of ambient ( outdoor ) air pollution monitoring from almost 3000 towns and cities in 103 countries . Air quality in the database is represented by the annual mean concentration of particulate matter ( PM10 and PM2. 5 , i.e. particles smaller than 10 or 2.5 micrometres , respectively ) .", "Position Country Town / City PM2. 5 PM2. 5 Year PM10 PM10 Year Iran Zabol 217 2012 527 2012 India Gwalior 176 2012 329 2012 India Allahabad 170 2012 317 2012 Saudi Arabia Riyadh 156 2014 368 2014 Saudi Arabia Al Jubail 152 2014 359 2014 6 India Patna 149 2013 167 2012 7 India Raipur 144 2012 268 2012 8 Cameroon Bamenda 132 2012 141 2012 9 China Xingtai 128 2014 193 2014 10 China Baoding 126 2014 190 2014 11 India Delhi 122 2013 229 2012 12 India Ludhiana 122 2012 228 2012 13 China Shijiazhuang 121 2014 305 2013 14 Saudi Arabia Dammam 121 2014 286 2014 15 India Kanpur 115 2012 215 2012 16 India Khanna 114 2012 213 2012 17 India Firozabad 113 2012 212 2012 18 India Lucknow 113 2012 211 2012 19 China Handan 112 2014 169 2014 20 Pakistan Peshawar 111 540 21 India Amritsar 108 2012 202 2012 22 India Gobindgarh 108 2012 201 2012 23 Pakistan Rawalpindi 107 448 24 China Hengshui 107 2014 161 2014 25 Bangladesh Narayangonj 106 2014 191 2014 26 Iran Bushehr 105 255 27 India Agra 105 2012 196 2012 28 Uganda Kampala 104 2013 170 2013 29 China Tangshan 102 2014 153 2014 30 India Jodhpur 101 2012 189 2012 31 India Dehradun 100 2012 188 2012 32 India Jaipur 100 2012 187 2012 33 India Howrah 100 2012 186 2012 34 India Ahmedabad 100 2013 83 2012 35 India Faridabad 98 2012 184 2012 36 Saudi Arabia Yanbu 97 2014 230 2014 37 China Langfang 96 2014 144 2014 38 Iran Ahvaz 95 231 39 India Dhanbad 95 2012 178 2012 40 Bangladesh Chittagong 95 2014 135 2014 41 India Bhopal 93 2012 173 2012 42 Qatar Doha 93 2012 168 2012 43 Nigeria Kaduna 90 2013 423 2013 44 India Khurja 90 2012 168 2012 45 Bangladesh Dhaka 90 2014 158 2014 46 Bangladesh Gazipur 89 2014 155 2014 47 Pakistan Karachi 88 2009 290 2009 48 Kuwait Al Shuwaikh 88 2014 212 2014 49 Iraq Baghdad 88 2015 208 2015 50 China Cangzhou 88 2014 133 2014 51 India Raebareli 87 2012 163 2012 52 China Tianjin 87 2014 150 2013 53 Afghanistan Kabul 86 2009 260 2009 54 China Zhengzhou 86 2014 171 2013 55 Qatar Al Wakrah 85 2012 152 2012 56 Bangladesh Barisal 85 2014 142 2014 57 China Beijing 85 2014 108 2013 58 India Kota 84 2012 156 2012 59 India Udaipur 83 2012 155 2012 60 India Alwar 81 2012 152 2012 61 Republic of Macedonia Tetovo 81 2013 140 2013 62 China Wuhan 80 2014 124 2013 63 India Chandrapur 79 2012 148 2012 64 China Anyang 79 2014 119 2014 65 China Hefei 79 2014 115 2013 66 Myanmar Pyin Oo Lwin 78 2012 140 2012 67 China Shouguang 78 2014 117 2014 68 Egypt Greater Cairo 76 2013 179 2013 69 India Indore 76 2012 143 2012 70 Myanmar Taungoo 76 2013 137 2013 71 Myanmar Kyaukphyu 76 2009 136 2009 72 Mongolia Ulaanbaatar 75 165 73 India Jalandhar 75 2012 140 2012 74 Kuwait Ali Subah Al - Salem 74 2014 179 2014 75 Saudi Arabia Makkah 74 2014 176 2014 76 India Akola 74 2012 139 2012 77 India Varanasi 74 2012 138 2012 78 China Jingzhou 74 2014 112 2014 79 China Changsha 74 2014 94 2013 80 India Noida 73 2012 136 2012 81 China Nanjing 72 2014 137 2013 82 China Shenyang 72 2014 129 2013 83 Egypt Delta region 71 2013 167 2013 84 China Chengdu 71 2014 150 2013 85 Myanmar Namkham 71 2012 127 2012 86 China Harbin 71 2014 119 2013 87 China Xi'an 70 2014 189 2013 88 India Jalgaon 70 2012 130 2012 89 China Kaifeng 70 2014 106 2014 90 China Yichang 70 2014 106 2014 91 China Pingdingshan 70 2014 105 2014 92 China Xiangtan 70 2014 105 2014 93 China Yangquan 70 2014 105 2014 94 India Meerut 69 2012 129 2012 95 Myanmar Mawlamyaing 69 2012 124 2012 96 China Zhuzhou 69 2014 105 2014 97 Afghanistan Mazar - e Sharif 68 2009 334 2009 98 Pakistan Lahore 68 198 99 Kuwait Al - Mansouriya 68 2014 165 2014 100 Saudi Arabia Jeddah 68 2014 161 2014 101 China Jiaozuo 68 2014 103 2014 102 China Laiwu 68 2014 103 2014 103 China Jiangyin 68 2014 102 2014 104 China Suqian 68 2014 102 2014 105 China Weinan 68 2014 102 2014 106 China Taiyuan 67 2014 157 2013 107 Mauritius Beau Bassin / Rose Hill , Coromandel 67 2011 131 2011 108 India Raniganj 67 2012 126 2012 109 Myanmar Yenanchaung 67 2009 120 2009 110 Turkey Batman 67 2012 109 2012 111 Turkey Hakkari 67 2012 109 2012 112 Cameroon Bafoussam 67 2012 105 2012 113 China Changzhi 67 2014 101 2014 114 China Wuxi 67 2014 101 2014 115 Nigeria Onitsha 66 2009 594 2009 116 Bahrain Hamad Town 66 2012 318 2012 117 Pakistan Islamabad 66 2011 217 2011 118 Turkey Gaziantep 66 2012 108 2012 119 China Xuzhou 66 2014 100 2014 120 China Zhenjiang 66 2014 99 2014 121 Saudi Arabia Medina 65 2014 153 2014 122 Bosnia and Herzegovina Tuzla 65 106 123 China Changzhou 65 2014 99 2014 124 China Anshan 65 2014 98 2014 125 China Baoji 65 2014 98 2014 126 China Huai'an 65 2014 98 2014 127 China Liuzhou 65 2014 98 2014 128 China Xianyang 65 2014 98 2014 129 China Jurong 65 2014 97 2014 130 China Yangzhou 65 2014 97 2014 131 Bahrain Ma'ameer 64 2012 257 2012 132 Kuwait Al - Ahmadi 64 2014 168 2014 133 Kuwait Al - Salam 64 2014 153 2014 134 China Urumqi 64 2014 146 2013 135 China Changchun 64 2014 130 2013 136 India Navi Mumbai 64 2012 120 2012 137 India Jammu 64 2012 119 2012 138 China Shaoxing 64 2014 105 2013 139 China Suzhou 64 2014 97 2014 140 China Tongchuan 64 2014 97 2014 141 China Zigong 64 2014 97 2014 142 China Sanmenxia 64 2014 96 2014 143 Chile Coyhaique 64 2014 75 2014 144 India Bangalore 63 2012 118 2012 145 India Mumbai 63 2013 117 2012 146 China Huzhou 63 2014 111 2013 147 China Jinhua 63 2014 99 2013 148 China Liaocheng 63 2014 96 2014 149 China Xining 62 2014 163 2013 150 United Arab Emirates Al Gharbia - Bida Zayed 62 2013 146 2013 151 China Linfen 62 2014 94 2014 152 Bangladesh Sylhet 61 2014 170 2014 153 United Arab Emirates Al Gharbia - Gayathi 61 2013 145 2013 154 India Kolkata 61 2014 135 2012 155 Bangladesh Khulna 61 2014 109 2014 156 China Chongqing 61 2014 106 2013 157 China Hangzhou 61 2014 106 2013 158 Turkey Siirt 61 2012 101 2012 159 China Lianyungang 61 2014 92 2014 160 China Wuhu 61 2014 92 2014 161 China Taizhou 61 2014 82 2013 162 South Africa Hartebeespoort 60 2014 119 2014 163 Turkey Afyon 60 2012 98 2012 164 China Heze 60 2014 91 2014 165 China Qinhuangdao 60 2014 91 2014 166 China Zhangjiagang 60 2014 91 2014 167 China Fuyang 60 2014 90 2014 168 China Nantong 60 2014 90 2014 169 India Chandigarh 59 2012 110 2012 170 India Jhansi 59 2012 110 2012 171 India Kolhapur 59 2012 110 2012 172 China Dezhou 59 2014 90 2014 173 China Wafangdian 59 2014 88 2014 174 China Yiwu 59 2014 88 2014 175 China Zhuji 59 2014 88 2014 176 India Hyderabad 59 2014 79 2012 177 Bahrain Nabih Saleh 58 2012 244 2012 178 China Lanzhou 58 2014 153 2013 179 Kuwait Al - Rumaithyia 58 2014 141 2014 180 India Rishikesh 58 2012 109 2012 181 India Sibsagar 58 2012 109 2012 182 India Durgapur 58 2012 108 2012 183 China Pingdu 58 2014 88 2014 184 China Korla 58 2014 87 2014 185 China Lin'an 58 2014 87 2014 186 India Angul 57 2012 106 2012 187 China Quzhou 57 2014 94 2013 188 Turkey Karaman 57 2012 93 2012 189 China Maanshan 57 2014 87 2014 190 China Nanchong 57 2014 86 2014 191 China Yancheng 57 2014 86 2014 192 United Arab Emirates Al Gharbia - Liwa Oasis 56 2013 133 2013 193 United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi 56 2013 132 2013 194 China Jiaxing 56 2014 94 2013 195 China Luoyang 56 2014 85 2014 196 China Panjin 56 2014 85 2014 197 China Wujiang 56 2014 85 2014 198 China Dalian 56 2014 84 2014 199 China Huludao 56 2014 84 2014 200 China Laixi 56 2014 84 2014 201 China Laizhou 56 2014 84 2014 202 China Linyi 56 2014 84 2014 203 India Bhilai 55 2012 103 2012 204 India Nagda 55 2012 103 2012 205 India Nagpur 55 2012 103 2012 206 India Vadodara 55 2012 102 2012 207 China Zhaoqing 55 2014 85 2013 208 China Jinzhou 55 2014 84 2014 209 China Guilin 55 2014 83 2014 210 China Taian 55 2014 83 2014 211 China Taicang 55 2014 82 2014 212 China Zhaoyuan 55 2014 82 2014 213 China Zibo 55 2014 82 2014 214 Jordan Al - Zarqa 54 2015 128 2015 215 India Jamnagar 54 2012 101 2012 216 India Amravati 54 2012 100 2012 217 India Vapi 54 2012 100 2012 218 Turkey Igdir 54 2012 88 2012 219 China Benxi 54 2014 81 2014 220 China Dongying 54 2014 81 2014 221 China Jining 54 2014 81 2014 222 China Yixing 54 2014 81 2014 223 Iran Kermanshah 53 2011 130 2011 224 India Anklesvar 53 2012 100 2012 225 India Baddi 53 2012 99 2012 226 India Rajkot 53 2012 99 2012 227 China Binzhou 53 2014 80 2014 228 China Changde 53 2014 80 2014 229 China Chengde 53 2014 80 2014 230 China Fushun 53 2014 80 2014 231 China Jiaonan 53 2014 79 2014 232 China Jiaozhou 53 2014 79 2014 233 China Jinan 52 2014 199 2013 234 United Arab Emirates Al Ain 52 2013 123 2013 235 India Rourkela 52 2012 98 2012 236 India Surat 52 2012 97 2012 237 Turkey Isparta 52 2012 86 2012 238 Turkey Duzce 52 2012 85 2012 239 China Shanghai 52 2014 84 2013 240 China Liyang 52 2014 78 2014 241 China Yibin 52 2014 78 2014 242 India Nashik 51 2012 95 2012 243 Myanmar Nyaung Oo 51 2013 91 2013 244 Turkey Bitlis 51 2012 84 2012 245 China Baotou 51 2014 77 2014 246 China Haimen 51 2014 77 2014 247 China Jimo 51 2014 77 2014 248 South Africa Pretoria ) 51 2014 63 2014 249 Myanmar Kyauk Pa Taung 50 2013 89 2013 250 Turkey Cankiri 50 2012 83 2012 251 Turkey Muş 50 2012 83 2012 252 Turkey Osmaniye 50 2012 82 2012 253 Turkey Sakarya 50 2012 82 2012 254 China Jilin 50 2014 76 2014 255 China Luzhou 50 2014 75 2014 256 China Mudanjiang 50 2014 75 2014 257 Nigeria Aba 49 2009 373 2009 258 Kuwait Al - Jahra 49 2014 117 2014 259 China Nanchang 49 2014 116 2013 260 India Dewas 49 2012 92 2012 261 India Guwahati 49 2012 92 2012 262 India Pune 49 2012 92 2012 263 Nepal Kathmandu 49 2013 88 2013 264 China Guiyang 49 2014 85 2013 265 Turkey Bolu 49 2012 80 2012 266 Turkey Nigde 49 2012 80 2012 267 China Changshu 49 2014 74 2014 268 China Dandong 49 2014 74 2014 269 China Zunyi 49 2014 74 2014 270 China Weifang 49 2014 73 2014 271 China Yueyang 49 2014 73 2014 272 Cameroon Yaoundé 49 2012 65 2012 273 India Silchar 48 2012 91 2012 274 India Dimapur 48 2012 90 2012 275 Peru Lima 48 2013 88 2013 276 China Shaoguan 48 2014 73 2014 277 China Yan'an 48 2014 73 2014 278 China Zaozhuang 48 2014 73 2014 279 China Guangzhou 48 2014 72 2013 280 China Jintan 48 2014 72 2014 281 China Rushan 48 2014 72 2014 282 China Yinchuan 47 2014 118 2013 283 Kuwait Al - Mutla 47 2014 114 2014 284 Iran Hamadan 47 2013 114 2013 285 Iran Pakdasht 47 2013 113 2013 286 China Nanning 47 2014 90 2013 287 India Naya Nangal 47 2012 89 2012 288 Turkey Burdur 47 2012 78 2012 289 Turkey Ankara 47 2012 77 2012 290 Turkey Kayseri 47 2012 77 2012 291 Turkey Kutahya 47 2012 77 2012 292 China Zhangjiajie 47 2014 71 2014 293 China Zhangqiu 47 2014 71 2014 294 Kuwait Saad Al - Abdullah 46 2014 112 2014 295 Iran Isfahan 46 2012 111 2012 296 China Qingdao 46 2014 106 2013 297 China Wenzhou 46 2014 94 2013 298 China Kunshan 46 2014 69 2014 299 China Penglai 46 2014 69 2014 300 China Wendeng 46 2014 69 2014 301 Iran Yasuj 45 2013 109 2013 302 Iran Shiraz 45 2012 108 2012 303 China Ningbo 45 2014 86 2013 304 Turkey Edirne 45 2012 74 2012 305 Republic of Macedonia Skopje 45 2013 74 2013 306 Turkey Çorum 45 2012 73 2012 307 Turkey Denizli 45 2012 73 2012 308 China Deyang 45 2014 68 2014 309 Bahrain Ras Hayan 44 2012 250 2012 310 Nigeria Owerri 44 2009 158 2009 311 Kuwait Al - Fahaheel 44 2014 107 2014 312 Brazil Santa Gertrudes 44 2014 95 2014 313 Philippines Baguio City 44 2013 84 2013 314 China Foshan 44 2014 83 2013 315 India Solapur 44 2012 83 2012 316 India Balasore 44 2012 82 2012 317 India Kohima 44 2012 82 2012 318 Bolivia La Paz 44 2013 82 2013 319 India Nalbari 44 2012 82 2012 320 India Ramagundam 44 2012 82 2012 321 Myanmar Sintgaing 44 2009 80 2009 322 Myanmar Thaungtha 44 2009 80 2009 323 Turkey Urfa 44 2012 72 2012 324 Turkey Adiyaman 44 2012 71 2012 325 China Mianyang 44 2014 66 2014 326 India Chennai 44 2014 57 2012 327 China Hohhot 43 2014 146 2013 328 Iran Robatkarim 43 2013 105 2013 329 India Bhubaneswar 43 2012 81 2012 330 India Korba 43 2012 81 2012 331 India Aurangabad 43 2012 80 2012 332 India Berhampur 43 2012 80 2012 333 India Parwanoo 43 2012 80 2012 334 India Sangli 43 2012 80 2012 335 India Ujjain 43 2012 80 2012 336 Bhutan Thimphu 43 2012 78 2012 337 China Jiangmen 43 2014 77 2013 338 Turkey Aydin 43 2012 71 2012 339 Turkey Kahramanmaras 43 2012 71 2012 340 Turkey Mugla 43 2012 71 2012 341 Turkey Zonguldak 43 2012 71 2012 342 China Lishui 43 2014 69 2013 343 China Chaozhou 43 2014 65 2014 344 China Dongguan 43 2014 65 2013 345 Poland Pszczyna 43 2013 58 2013 346 Poland Zywiec 43 2013 58 2013 347 Iran Varamin 42 2013 102 2013 348 India Nagaon 42 2012 79 2012 349 India Nalgonda 42 2012 79 2012 350 Montenegro Pljevlja 42 2014 77 2014 351 El Salvador San Salvador 42 2014 77 2014 352 Myanmar Kathar 42 2013 76 2013 353 Turkey Diyarbakir 42 2012 69 2012 354 Turkey Gumushane 42 2012 69 2012 355 Turkey Tekirdag 42 2012 69 2012 356 Turkey Uşak 42 2012 69 2012 357 Turkey Malatya 42 2012 68 2012 358 China Datong 42 2014 63 2014 359 China Qingyuan 42 2014 63 2014 360 Bulgaria Dimitrovgad 42 2013 59 2013 361 Bahrain Hidd 41 2012 178 2012 362 Iran Sanandaj 41 100 363 South Africa Johannesburg 41 2011 85 364 Turkey Aksaray 41 2012 68 2012 365 Turkey Kirikkale 41 2012 67 2012 366 China Shizuishan 41 2014 62 2014 367 Guatemala Guatemala 41 2013 56 2013 368 Colombia La Estrella 41 2014 47 2014 369 Nigeria Umuahia 40 2009 274 2009 370 India Davanagere 40 2012 75 2012 371 India Guntur 40 2012 75 2012 372 India Trichy 40 2012 75 2012 373 India Kurnool 40 2012 74 2012 374 Republic of Macedonia Bitola 40 2013 69 2013 375 Iran Tabriz 40 2013 68 2012 376 Turkey Van 40 2012 65 2012 377 China Yingkou 40 2014 61 2014 378 China Beihai 40 2014 60 2014 379 China Chifeng 40 2014 60 2014 380 China Heyuan 40 2014 60 2014 381 China Jieyang 40 2014 60 2014 382 China Jiujiang 40 2014 60 2014 383 Poland Rybnik 40 2013 53 2013 384 India Thane 39 2012 73 2012 385 Turkey Bayburt 39 2012 65 2012 386 Turkey Konya 39 2012 65 2012 387 Poland Opoczno 39 2013 53 2013 388 Poland Sucha Beskidzka 39 2013 53 2013 389 Poland Wodzislaw Slaski 39 2013 53 2013 390 Tunisia Tunis 38 90 391 India Kochi 38 2012 70 2012 392 China Zhongshan 38 2014 66 2013 393 China Rizhao 38 2014 57 2014 394 China Rongcheng 38 2014 57 2014 395 China Shantou 38 2014 57 2014 396 Bulgaria Dolny Voden 38 2013 54 2013 397 Poland Godow 38 2013 51 2013 398 Iran Shahryar 37 2013 91 2013 399 Iran Urmia 37 2011 91 2011 400 Iran Sari 37 2012 90 2012 401 Tunisia Sfax 37 87 402 Bangladesh Rajshahi 37 2014 64 2014 403 Turkey Ardahan 37 2012 61 2012 404 Madagascar Antananarivo 37 2008 60 2008 405 Turkey Bartin 37 2012 60 2012 406 Bulgaria Montana 37 2013 52 2013 407 Poland Krakow 37 2013 51 2013 408 Poland Skawina 37 2013 50 2013 409 Mexico Monterrey 36 2011 86 2011 410 Jordan Amman 36 2015 68 2015 411 India Coimbatore 36 2012 68 2012 412 India Cuttack 36 2012 68 2012 413 India Panaji 36 2012 67 2012 414 Sri Lanka Colombo 36 2011 64 2011 415 China Xiamen 36 2014 62 2013 416 Honduras Tegucigalpa 36 2013 59 2013 417 Turkey Kilis 36 2012 58 2012 418 China Daqing 36 2014 54 2014 419 Bulgaria Varna 36 2013 51 2013 420 Poland Knurow 36 2013 48 2013 421 Poland Niepolomice 36 2013 48 2013 422 Poland Tuchow 36 2013 48 2013 423 Poland Nowy Sacz 36 2013 45 2013 424 Oman Muscat 35 2009 82 2009 425 India Shillong 35 2012 65 2012 426 India Vishakhapatnam 35 2012 65 2012 427 Chile Padre las Casas 35 2014 64 2014 428 China Huizhou 35 2014 59 2013 429 China Zhuhai 35 2014 59 2013 430 Turkey Trabzon 35 2012 58 2012 431 Turkey Erzurum 35 2012 57 2012 432 Chile Osorno 35 2014 54 2014 433 China Qiqihar 35 2014 52 2014 434 Poland Nowa Ruda 35 2013 47 2013 435 Poland Wadowice 35 2013 47 2013 436 Poland Zabrze 35 2013 47 2013 437 Poland Gliwice 35 2013 46 2013 438 Poland Katowice 35 2013 45 2013 439 Senegal Dakar 34 2013 141 2013 440 China Kunming 34 2014 82 2013 441 Tunisia Bizerte 34 80 442 India Singrauli 34 2012 64 2012 443 India Kothagudem 34 2012 63 2012 444 China Shenzhen 34 2014 61 2013 445 Bulgaria Plovdiv 34 2013 59 2013 446 South Africa Vereeniging 34 2014 58 2014 447 Turkey Kocaeli 34 2012 55 2012 448 China Meizhou 34 2014 51 2014 449 China Nantou 34 2014 51 2014 450 China Zhangjiakou 34 2014 51 2014 451 Poland Brzeziny 34 2013 46 2013 452 Poland Proszowice 34 2013 46 2013 453 Italy Soresina 34 2013 42 2013 454 Poland Bielsko Biala 34 2013 41 2013 455 Mexico Toluca 33 2011 80 2011 456 Ecuador Santo Domingo 33 2012 69 2012 457 India Patiala 33 2012 63 2012 458 India Nellore 33 2012 62 2012 459 Indonesia Bandung 33 2014 59 2014 460 Myanmar Meikhtilar 33 2013 59 2013 461 Turkey Istanbul 33 2012 53 2012 462 China Karamay 33 2014 50 2014 463 Bulgaria Ruse 33 2013 47 2013 464 Bulgaria Haskovo 33 2013 46 2013 465 Bulgaria Pazardzhik 33 2013 46 2013 466 Czech Republic Cesky Tesin 33 2013 45 2013 467 Czech Republic Havirov 33 2013 45 2013 468 Poland Zdunska Wola 33 2013 45 2013 469 Czech Republic Orlová 33 2013 44 2013 470 Poland Rawa Mazowiecka 33 2013 44 2013 471 Poland Sosnowiec 33 2013 44 2013 472 Lebanon Zahle 33 2014 40 2014 473 Poland Kędzierzyn - Koźle 33 2013 39 2013 474 Italy Settimo Torinese 33 2013 39 2013 475 Iran Bojnord 32 78 476 Iran Mashhad 32 2011 78 2011 477 Iran Tehran 32 2014 77 2014 478 Ecuador Milagro 32 2012 66 2012 479 Philippines San Carlos City 32 2013 61 2013 480 Bolivia Cochabamba 32 2014 60 2014 481 India Salem 32 2012 60 2012 482 Thailand Nakhon Sawan 32 2014 57 2014 483 Turkey İçel 32 2012 53 2012 484 Turkey Nevsehir 32 2012 53 2012 485 Turkey Ordu 32 2012 53 2012 486 Turkey Kars 32 2012 52 2012 487 China Maoming 32 2014 49 2014 488 China Changhua 32 2014 48 2014 489 China Jinchang 32 2014 48 2014 490 China Kinmen 32 2014 48 2014 491 China Panzhihua 32 2014 48 2014 492 China Quanzhou 32 2014 48 2014 493 China Qujing 32 2014 48 2014 494 China Yangjiang 32 2014 48 2014 495 Poland Naklo 32 2013 44 2013 496 Poland Dabrowa Gornicza 32 2013 43 2013 497 Poland Jaroslaw 32 2013 43 2013 498 Czech Republic Karvina 32 2013 43 2013 499 Poland Tomaszow Mazowiecki 32 2013 43 2013 500 Poland Tychy 32 2013 43 2013", "Position Country Town / City PM2. 5 PM2. 5 Year PM10 PM10 Year", "Iran Zabol 217 2012 527 2012", "India Gwalior 176 2012 329 2012", "India Allahabad 170 2012 317 2012", "Saudi Arabia Riyadh 156 2014 368 2014", "Saudi Arabia Al Jubail 152 2014 359 2014", "6 India Patna 149 2013 167 2012", "7 India Raipur 144 2012 268 2012", "8 Cameroon Bamenda 132 2012 141 2012", "9 China Xingtai 128 2014 193 2014", "10 China Baoding 126 2014 190 2014", "11 India Delhi 122 2013 229 2012", "12 India Ludhiana 122 2012 228 2012", "13 China Shijiazhuang 121 2014 305 2013", "14 Saudi Arabia Dammam 121 2014 286 2014", "15 India Kanpur 115 2012 215 2012", "16 India Khanna 114 2012 213 2012", "17 India Firozabad 113 2012 212 2012", "18 India Lucknow 113 2012 211 2012", "19 China Handan 112 2014 169 2014", "20 Pakistan Peshawar 111 540", "21 India Amritsar 108 2012 202 2012", "22 India Gobindgarh 108 2012 201 2012", "23 Pakistan Rawalpindi 107 448", "24 China Hengshui 107 2014 161 2014", "25 Bangladesh Narayangonj 106 2014 191 2014", "26 Iran Bushehr 105 255", "27 India Agra 105 2012 196 2012", "28 Uganda Kampala 104 2013 170 2013", "29 China Tangshan 102 2014 153 2014", "30 India Jodhpur 101 2012 189 2012", "31 India Dehradun 100 2012 188 2012", "32 India Jaipur 100 2012 187 2012", "33 India Howrah 100 2012 186 2012", "34 India Ahmedabad 100 2013 83 2012", "35 India Faridabad 98 2012 184 2012", "36 Saudi Arabia Yanbu 97 2014 230 2014", "37 China Langfang 96 2014 144 2014", "38 Iran Ahvaz 95 231", "39 India Dhanbad 95 2012 178 2012", "40 Bangladesh Chittagong 95 2014 135 2014", "41 India Bhopal 93 2012 173 2012", "42 Qatar Doha 93 2012 168 2012", "43 Nigeria Kaduna 90 2013 423 2013", "44 India Khurja 90 2012 168 2012", "45 Bangladesh Dhaka 90 2014 158 2014", "46 Bangladesh Gazipur 89 2014 155 2014", "47 Pakistan Karachi 88 2009 290 2009", "48 Kuwait Al Shuwaikh 88 2014 212 2014", "49 Iraq Baghdad 88 2015 208 2015", "50 China Cangzhou 88 2014 133 2014", "51 India Raebareli 87 2012 163 2012", "52 China Tianjin 87 2014 150 2013", "53 Afghanistan Kabul 86 2009 260 2009", "54 China Zhengzhou 86 2014 171 2013", "55 Qatar Al Wakrah 85 2012 152 2012", "56 Bangladesh Barisal 85 2014 142 2014", "57 China Beijing 85 2014 108 2013", "58 India Kota 84 2012 156 2012", "59 India Udaipur 83 2012 155 2012", "60 India Alwar 81 2012 152 2012", "61 Republic of Macedonia Tetovo 81 2013 140 2013", "62 China Wuhan 80 2014 124 2013", "63 India Chandrapur 79 2012 148 2012", "64 China Anyang 79 2014 119 2014", "65 China Hefei 79 2014 115 2013", "66 Myanmar Pyin Oo Lwin 78 2012 140 2012", "67 China Shouguang 78 2014 117 2014", "68 Egypt Greater Cairo 76 2013 179 2013", "69 India Indore 76 2012 143 2012", "70 Myanmar Taungoo 76 2013 137 2013", "71 Myanmar Kyaukphyu 76 2009 136 2009", "72 Mongolia Ulaanbaatar 75 165", "73 India Jalandhar 75 2012 140 2012", "74 Kuwait Ali Subah Al - Salem 74 2014 179 2014", "75 Saudi Arabia Makkah 74 2014 176 2014", "76 India Akola 74 2012 139 2012", "77 India Varanasi 74 2012 138 2012", "78 China Jingzhou 74 2014 112 2014", "79 China Changsha 74 2014 94 2013", "80 India Noida 73 2012 136 2012", "81 China Nanjing 72 2014 137 2013", "82 China Shenyang 72 2014 129 2013", "83 Egypt Delta region 71 2013 167 2013", "84 China Chengdu 71 2014 150 2013", "85 Myanmar Namkham 71 2012 127 2012", "86 China Harbin 71 2014 119 2013", "87 China Xi'an 70 2014 189 2013", "88 India Jalgaon 70 2012 130 2012", "89 China Kaifeng 70 2014 106 2014", "90 China Yichang 70 2014 106 2014", "91 China Pingdingshan 70 2014 105 2014", "92 China Xiangtan 70 2014 105 2014", "93 China Yangquan 70 2014 105 2014", "94 India Meerut 69 2012 129 2012", "95 Myanmar Mawlamyaing 69 2012 124 2012", "96 China Zhuzhou 69 2014 105 2014", "97 Afghanistan Mazar - e Sharif 68 2009 334 2009", "98 Pakistan Lahore 68 198", "99 Kuwait Al - Mansouriya 68 2014 165 2014", "100 Saudi Arabia Jeddah 68 2014 161 2014", "101 China Jiaozuo 68 2014 103 2014", "102 China Laiwu 68 2014 103 2014", "103 China Jiangyin 68 2014 102 2014", "104 China Suqian 68 2014 102 2014", "105 China Weinan 68 2014 102 2014", "106 China Taiyuan 67 2014 157 2013", "107 Mauritius Beau Bassin / Rose Hill , Coromandel 67 2011 131 2011", "108 India Raniganj 67 2012 126 2012", "109 Myanmar Yenanchaung 67 2009 120 2009", "110 Turkey Batman 67 2012 109 2012", "111 Turkey Hakkari 67 2012 109 2012", "112 Cameroon Bafoussam 67 2012 105 2012", "113 China Changzhi 67 2014 101 2014", "114 China Wuxi 67 2014 101 2014", "115 Nigeria Onitsha 66 2009 594 2009", "116 Bahrain Hamad Town 66 2012 318 2012", "117 Pakistan Islamabad 66 2011 217 2011", "118 Turkey Gaziantep 66 2012 108 2012", "119 China Xuzhou 66 2014 100 2014", "120 China Zhenjiang 66 2014 99 2014", "121 Saudi Arabia Medina 65 2014 153 2014", "122 Bosnia and Herzegovina Tuzla 65 106", "123 China Changzhou 65 2014 99 2014", "124 China Anshan 65 2014 98 2014", "125 China Baoji 65 2014 98 2014", "126 China Huai'an 65 2014 98 2014", "127 China Liuzhou 65 2014 98 2014", "128 China Xianyang 65 2014 98 2014", "129 China Jurong 65 2014 97 2014", "130 China Yangzhou 65 2014 97 2014", "131 Bahrain Ma'ameer 64 2012 257 2012", "132 Kuwait Al - Ahmadi 64 2014 168 2014", "133 Kuwait Al - Salam 64 2014 153 2014", "134 China Urumqi 64 2014 146 2013", "135 China Changchun 64 2014 130 2013", "136 India Navi Mumbai 64 2012 120 2012", "137 India Jammu 64 2012 119 2012", "138 China Shaoxing 64 2014 105 2013", "139 China Suzhou 64 2014 97 2014", "140 China Tongchuan 64 2014 97 2014", "141 China Zigong 64 2014 97 2014", "142 China Sanmenxia 64 2014 96 2014", "143 Chile Coyhaique 64 2014 75 2014", "144 India Bangalore 63 2012 118 2012", "145 India Mumbai 63 2013 117 2012", "146 China Huzhou 63 2014 111 2013", "147 China Jinhua 63 2014 99 2013", "148 China Liaocheng 63 2014 96 2014", "149 China Xining 62 2014 163 2013", "150 United Arab Emirates Al Gharbia - Bida Zayed 62 2013 146 2013", "151 China Linfen 62 2014 94 2014", "152 Bangladesh Sylhet 61 2014 170 2014", "153 United Arab Emirates Al Gharbia - Gayathi 61 2013 145 2013", "154 India Kolkata 61 2014 135 2012", "155 Bangladesh Khulna 61 2014 109 2014", "156 China Chongqing 61 2014 106 2013", "157 China Hangzhou 61 2014 106 2013", "158 Turkey Siirt 61 2012 101 2012", "159 China Lianyungang 61 2014 92 2014", "160 China Wuhu 61 2014 92 2014", "161 China Taizhou 61 2014 82 2013", "162 South Africa Hartebeespoort 60 2014 119 2014", "163 Turkey Afyon 60 2012 98 2012", "164 China Heze 60 2014 91 2014", "165 China Qinhuangdao 60 2014 91 2014", "166 China Zhangjiagang 60 2014 91 2014", "167 China Fuyang 60 2014 90 2014", "168 China Nantong 60 2014 90 2014", "169 India Chandigarh 59 2012 110 2012", "170 India Jhansi 59 2012 110 2012", "171 India Kolhapur 59 2012 110 2012", "172 China Dezhou 59 2014 90 2014", "173 China Wafangdian 59 2014 88 2014", "174 China Yiwu 59 2014 88 2014", "175 China Zhuji 59 2014 88 2014", "176 India Hyderabad 59 2014 79 2012", "177 Bahrain Nabih Saleh 58 2012 244 2012", "178 China Lanzhou 58 2014 153 2013", "179 Kuwait Al - Rumaithyia 58 2014 141 2014", "180 India Rishikesh 58 2012 109 2012", "181 India Sibsagar 58 2012 109 2012", "182 India Durgapur 58 2012 108 2012", "183 China Pingdu 58 2014 88 2014", "184 China Korla 58 2014 87 2014", "185 China Lin'an 58 2014 87 2014", "186 India Angul 57 2012 106 2012", "187 China Quzhou 57 2014 94 2013", "188 Turkey Karaman 57 2012 93 2012", "189 China Maanshan 57 2014 87 2014", "190 China Nanchong 57 2014 86 2014", "191 China Yancheng 57 2014 86 2014", "192 United Arab Emirates Al Gharbia - Liwa Oasis 56 2013 133 2013", "193 United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi 56 2013 132 2013", "194 China Jiaxing 56 2014 94 2013", "195 China Luoyang 56 2014 85 2014", "196 China Panjin 56 2014 85 2014", "197 China Wujiang 56 2014 85 2014", "198 China Dalian 56 2014 84 2014", "199 China Huludao 56 2014 84 2014", "200 China Laixi 56 2014 84 2014", "201 China Laizhou 56 2014 84 2014", "202 China Linyi 56 2014 84 2014", "203 India Bhilai 55 2012 103 2012", "204 India Nagda 55 2012 103 2012", "205 India Nagpur 55 2012 103 2012", "206 India Vadodara 55 2012 102 2012", "207 China Zhaoqing 55 2014 85 2013", "208 China Jinzhou 55 2014 84 2014", "209 China Guilin 55 2014 83 2014", "210 China Taian 55 2014 83 2014", "211 China Taicang 55 2014 82 2014", "212 China Zhaoyuan 55 2014 82 2014", "213 China Zibo 55 2014 82 2014", "214 Jordan Al - Zarqa 54 2015 128 2015", "215 India Jamnagar 54 2012 101 2012", "216 India Amravati 54 2012 100 2012", "217 India Vapi 54 2012 100 2012", "218 Turkey Igdir 54 2012 88 2012", "219 China Benxi 54 2014 81 2014", "220 China Dongying 54 2014 81 2014", "221 China Jining 54 2014 81 2014", "222 China Yixing 54 2014 81 2014", "223 Iran Kermanshah 53 2011 130 2011", "224 India Anklesvar 53 2012 100 2012", "225 India Baddi 53 2012 99 2012", "226 India Rajkot 53 2012 99 2012", "227 China Binzhou 53 2014 80 2014", "228 China Changde 53 2014 80 2014", "229 China Chengde 53 2014 80 2014", "230 China Fushun 53 2014 80 2014", "231 China Jiaonan 53 2014 79 2014", "232 China Jiaozhou 53 2014 79 2014", "233 China Jinan 52 2014 199 2013", "234 United Arab Emirates Al Ain 52 2013 123 2013", "235 India Rourkela 52 2012 98 2012", "236 India Surat 52 2012 97 2012", "237 Turkey Isparta 52 2012 86 2012", "238 Turkey Duzce 52 2012 85 2012", "239 China Shanghai 52 2014 84 2013", "240 China Liyang 52 2014 78 2014", "241 China Yibin 52 2014 78 2014", "242 India Nashik 51 2012 95 2012", "243 Myanmar Nyaung Oo 51 2013 91 2013", "244 Turkey Bitlis 51 2012 84 2012", "245 China Baotou 51 2014 77 2014", "246 China Haimen 51 2014 77 2014", "247 China Jimo 51 2014 77 2014", "248 South Africa Pretoria ) 51 2014 63 2014", "249 Myanmar Kyauk Pa Taung 50 2013 89 2013", "250 Turkey Cankiri 50 2012 83 2012", "251 Turkey Muş 50 2012 83 2012", "252 Turkey Osmaniye 50 2012 82 2012", "253 Turkey Sakarya 50 2012 82 2012", "254 China Jilin 50 2014 76 2014", "255 China Luzhou 50 2014 75 2014", "256 China Mudanjiang 50 2014 75 2014", "257 Nigeria Aba 49 2009 373 2009", "258 Kuwait Al - Jahra 49 2014 117 2014", "259 China Nanchang 49 2014 116 2013", "260 India Dewas 49 2012 92 2012", "261 India Guwahati 49 2012 92 2012", "262 India Pune 49 2012 92 2012", "263 Nepal Kathmandu 49 2013 88 2013", "264 China Guiyang 49 2014 85 2013", "265 Turkey Bolu 49 2012 80 2012", "266 Turkey Nigde 49 2012 80 2012", "267 China Changshu 49 2014 74 2014", "268 China Dandong 49 2014 74 2014", "269 China Zunyi 49 2014 74 2014", "270 China Weifang 49 2014 73 2014", "271 China Yueyang 49 2014 73 2014", "272 Cameroon Yaoundé 49 2012 65 2012", "273 India Silchar 48 2012 91 2012", "274 India Dimapur 48 2012 90 2012", "275 Peru Lima 48 2013 88 2013", "276 China Shaoguan 48 2014 73 2014", "277 China Yan'an 48 2014 73 2014", "278 China Zaozhuang 48 2014 73 2014", "279 China Guangzhou 48 2014 72 2013", "280 China Jintan 48 2014 72 2014", "281 China Rushan 48 2014 72 2014", "282 China Yinchuan 47 2014 118 2013", "283 Kuwait Al - Mutla 47 2014 114 2014", "284 Iran Hamadan 47 2013 114 2013", "285 Iran Pakdasht 47 2013 113 2013", "286 China Nanning 47 2014 90 2013", "287 India Naya Nangal 47 2012 89 2012", "288 Turkey Burdur 47 2012 78 2012", "289 Turkey Ankara 47 2012 77 2012", "290 Turkey Kayseri 47 2012 77 2012", "291 Turkey Kutahya 47 2012 77 2012", "292 China Zhangjiajie 47 2014 71 2014", "293 China Zhangqiu 47 2014 71 2014", "294 Kuwait Saad Al - Abdullah 46 2014 112 2014", "295 Iran Isfahan 46 2012 111 2012", "296 China Qingdao 46 2014 106 2013", "297 China Wenzhou 46 2014 94 2013", "298 China Kunshan 46 2014 69 2014", "299 China Penglai 46 2014 69 2014", "300 China Wendeng 46 2014 69 2014", "301 Iran Yasuj 45 2013 109 2013", "302 Iran Shiraz 45 2012 108 2012", "303 China Ningbo 45 2014 86 2013", "304 Turkey Edirne 45 2012 74 2012", "305 Republic of Macedonia Skopje 45 2013 74 2013", "306 Turkey Çorum 45 2012 73 2012", "307 Turkey Denizli 45 2012 73 2012", "308 China Deyang 45 2014 68 2014", "309 Bahrain Ras Hayan 44 2012 250 2012", "310 Nigeria Owerri 44 2009 158 2009", "311 Kuwait Al - Fahaheel 44 2014 107 2014", "312 Brazil Santa Gertrudes 44 2014 95 2014", "313 Philippines Baguio City 44 2013 84 2013", "314 China Foshan 44 2014 83 2013", "315 India Solapur 44 2012 83 2012", "316 India Balasore 44 2012 82 2012", "317 India Kohima 44 2012 82 2012", "318 Bolivia La Paz 44 2013 82 2013", "319 India Nalbari 44 2012 82 2012", "320 India Ramagundam 44 2012 82 2012", "321 Myanmar Sintgaing 44 2009 80 2009", "322 Myanmar Thaungtha 44 2009 80 2009", "323 Turkey Urfa 44 2012 72 2012", "324 Turkey Adiyaman 44 2012 71 2012", "325 China Mianyang 44 2014 66 2014", "326 India Chennai 44 2014 57 2012", "327 China Hohhot 43 2014 146 2013", "328 Iran Robatkarim 43 2013 105 2013", "329 India Bhubaneswar 43 2012 81 2012", "330 India Korba 43 2012 81 2012", "331 India Aurangabad 43 2012 80 2012", "332 India Berhampur 43 2012 80 2012", "333 India Parwanoo 43 2012 80 2012", "334 India Sangli 43 2012 80 2012", "335 India Ujjain 43 2012 80 2012", "336 Bhutan Thimphu 43 2012 78 2012", "337 China Jiangmen 43 2014 77 2013", "338 Turkey Aydin 43 2012 71 2012", "339 Turkey Kahramanmaras 43 2012 71 2012", "340 Turkey Mugla 43 2012 71 2012", "341 Turkey Zonguldak 43 2012 71 2012", "342 China Lishui 43 2014 69 2013", "343 China Chaozhou 43 2014 65 2014", "344 China Dongguan 43 2014 65 2013", "345 Poland Pszczyna 43 2013 58 2013", "346 Poland Zywiec 43 2013 58 2013", "347 Iran Varamin 42 2013 102 2013", "348 India Nagaon 42 2012 79 2012", "349 India Nalgonda 42 2012 79 2012", "350 Montenegro Pljevlja 42 2014 77 2014", "351 El Salvador San Salvador 42 2014 77 2014", "352 Myanmar Kathar 42 2013 76 2013", "353 Turkey Diyarbakir 42 2012 69 2012", "354 Turkey Gumushane 42 2012 69 2012", "355 Turkey Tekirdag 42 2012 69 2012", "356 Turkey Uşak 42 2012 69 2012", "357 Turkey Malatya 42 2012 68 2012", "358 China Datong 42 2014 63 2014", "359 China Qingyuan 42 2014 63 2014", "360 Bulgaria Dimitrovgad 42 2013 59 2013", "361 Bahrain Hidd 41 2012 178 2012", "362 Iran Sanandaj 41 100", "363 South Africa Johannesburg 41 2011 85", "364 Turkey Aksaray 41 2012 68 2012", "365 Turkey Kirikkale 41 2012 67 2012", "366 China Shizuishan 41 2014 62 2014", "367 Guatemala Guatemala 41 2013 56 2013", "368 Colombia La Estrella 41 2014 47 2014", "369 Nigeria Umuahia 40 2009 274 2009", "370 India Davanagere 40 2012 75 2012", "371 India Guntur 40 2012 75 2012", "372 India Trichy 40 2012 75 2012", "373 India Kurnool 40 2012 74 2012", "374 Republic of Macedonia Bitola 40 2013 69 2013", "375 Iran Tabriz 40 2013 68 2012", "376 Turkey Van 40 2012 65 2012", "377 China Yingkou 40 2014 61 2014", "378 China Beihai 40 2014 60 2014", "379 China Chifeng 40 2014 60 2014", "380 China Heyuan 40 2014 60 2014", "381 China Jieyang 40 2014 60 2014", "382 China Jiujiang 40 2014 60 2014", "383 Poland Rybnik 40 2013 53 2013", "384 India Thane 39 2012 73 2012", "385 Turkey Bayburt 39 2012 65 2012", "386 Turkey Konya 39 2012 65 2012", "387 Poland Opoczno 39 2013 53 2013", "388 Poland Sucha Beskidzka 39 2013 53 2013", "389 Poland Wodzislaw Slaski 39 2013 53 2013", "390 Tunisia Tunis 38 90", "391 India Kochi 38 2012 70 2012", "392 China Zhongshan 38 2014 66 2013", "393 China Rizhao 38 2014 57 2014", "394 China Rongcheng 38 2014 57 2014", "395 China Shantou 38 2014 57 2014", "396 Bulgaria Dolny Voden 38 2013 54 2013", "397 Poland Godow 38 2013 51 2013", "398 Iran Shahryar 37 2013 91 2013", "399 Iran Urmia 37 2011 91 2011", "400 Iran Sari 37 2012 90 2012", "401 Tunisia Sfax 37 87", "402 Bangladesh Rajshahi 37 2014 64 2014", "403 Turkey Ardahan 37 2012 61 2012", "404 Madagascar Antananarivo 37 2008 60 2008", "405 Turkey Bartin 37 2012 60 2012", "406 Bulgaria Montana 37 2013 52 2013", "407 Poland Krakow 37 2013 51 2013", "408 Poland Skawina 37 2013 50 2013", "409 Mexico Monterrey 36 2011 86 2011", "410 Jordan Amman 36 2015 68 2015", "411 India Coimbatore 36 2012 68 2012", "412 India Cuttack 36 2012 68 2012", "413 India Panaji 36 2012 67 2012", "414 Sri Lanka Colombo 36 2011 64 2011", "415 China Xiamen 36 2014 62 2013", "416 Honduras Tegucigalpa 36 2013 59 2013", "417 Turkey Kilis 36 2012 58 2012", "418 China Daqing 36 2014 54 2014", "419 Bulgaria Varna 36 2013 51 2013", "420 Poland Knurow 36 2013 48 2013", "421 Poland Niepolomice 36 2013 48 2013", "422 Poland Tuchow 36 2013 48 2013", "423 Poland Nowy Sacz 36 2013 45 2013", "424 Oman Muscat 35 2009 82 2009", "425 India Shillong 35 2012 65 2012", "426 India Vishakhapatnam 35 2012 65 2012", "427 Chile Padre las Casas 35 2014 64 2014", "428 China Huizhou 35 2014 59 2013", "429 China Zhuhai 35 2014 59 2013", "430 Turkey Trabzon 35 2012 58 2012", "431 Turkey Erzurum 35 2012 57 2012", "432 Chile Osorno 35 2014 54 2014", "433 China Qiqihar 35 2014 52 2014", "434 Poland Nowa Ruda 35 2013 47 2013", "435 Poland Wadowice 35 2013 47 2013", "436 Poland Zabrze 35 2013 47 2013", "437 Poland Gliwice 35 2013 46 2013", "438 Poland Katowice 35 2013 45 2013", "439 Senegal Dakar 34 2013 141 2013", "440 China Kunming 34 2014 82 2013", "441 Tunisia Bizerte 34 80", "442 India Singrauli 34 2012 64 2012", "443 India Kothagudem 34 2012 63 2012", "444 China Shenzhen 34 2014 61 2013", "445 Bulgaria Plovdiv 34 2013 59 2013", "446 South Africa Vereeniging 34 2014 58 2014", "447 Turkey Kocaeli 34 2012 55 2012", "448 China Meizhou 34 2014 51 2014", "449 China Nantou 34 2014 51 2014", "450 China Zhangjiakou 34 2014 51 2014", "451 Poland Brzeziny 34 2013 46 2013", "452 Poland Proszowice 34 2013 46 2013", "453 Italy Soresina 34 2013 42 2013", "454 Poland Bielsko Biala 34 2013 41 2013", "455 Mexico Toluca 33 2011 80 2011", "456 Ecuador Santo Domingo 33 2012 69 2012", "457 India Patiala 33 2012 63 2012", "458 India Nellore 33 2012 62 2012", "459 Indonesia Bandung 33 2014 59 2014", "460 Myanmar Meikhtilar 33 2013 59 2013", "461 Turkey Istanbul 33 2012 53 2012", "462 China Karamay 33 2014 50 2014", "463 Bulgaria Ruse 33 2013 47 2013", "464 Bulgaria Haskovo 33 2013 46 2013", "465 Bulgaria Pazardzhik 33 2013 46 2013", "466 Czech Republic Cesky Tesin 33 2013 45 2013", "467 Czech Republic Havirov 33 2013 45 2013", "468 Poland Zdunska Wola 33 2013 45 2013", "469 Czech Republic Orlová 33 2013 44 2013", "470 Poland Rawa Mazowiecka 33 2013 44 2013", "471 Poland Sosnowiec 33 2013 44 2013", "472 Lebanon Zahle 33 2014 40 2014", "473 Poland Kędzierzyn - Koźle 33 2013 39 2013", "474 Italy Settimo Torinese 33 2013 39 2013", "475 Iran Bojnord 32 78", "476 Iran Mashhad 32 2011 78 2011", "477 Iran Tehran 32 2014 77 2014", "478 Ecuador Milagro 32 2012 66 2012", "479 Philippines San Carlos City 32 2013 61 2013", "480 Bolivia Cochabamba 32 2014 60 2014", "481 India Salem 32 2012 60 2012", "482 Thailand Nakhon Sawan 32 2014 57 2014", "483 Turkey İçel 32 2012 53 2012", "484 Turkey Nevsehir 32 2012 53 2012", "485 Turkey Ordu 32 2012 53 2012", "486 Turkey Kars 32 2012 52 2012", "487 China Maoming 32 2014 49 2014", "488 China Changhua 32 2014 48 2014", "489 China Jinchang 32 2014 48 2014", "490 China Kinmen 32 2014 48 2014", "491 China Panzhihua 32 2014 48 2014", "492 China Quanzhou 32 2014 48 2014", "493 China Qujing 32 2014 48 2014", "494 China Yangjiang 32 2014 48 2014", "495 Poland Naklo 32 2013 44 2013", "496 Poland Dabrowa Gornicza 32 2013 43 2013", "497 Poland Jaroslaw 32 2013 43 2013", "498 Czech Republic Karvina 32 2013 43 2013", "499 Poland Tomaszow Mazowiecki 32 2013 43 2013", "500 Poland Tychy 32 2013 43 2013" ]
List of most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration - wikipedia List of most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration Jump to: navigation , search This list contains the top 500 cities by PM2.5 annual mean concentration measurement whose measurement is greater than or equal to the air quality guideline (AQG) of 10 as documented by the World Health Organization covering the period from 2008 to 2015, with the majority of values being more recent than 2013. The 2016 version of the WHO database contains results of ambient (outdoor) air pollution monitoring from almost 3000 towns and cities in 103 countries. Air quality in the database is represented by the annual mean concentration of particulate matter ( PM10 and PM2.5, i.e. particles smaller than 10 or 2.5 micrometres, respectively). Position Country Town/City PM2.5 PM2.5 Year PM10 PM10 Year Iran Zabol 217 2012 527 2012 India Gwalior 176 2012 329 2012 India Allahabad 170 2012 317 2012 Saudi Arabia Riyadh 156 2014 368 2014 Saudi Arabia Al Jubail 152 2014 359 2014 6 India Patna 149 2013 167 2012 7 India Raipur 144 2012 268 2012 8 Cameroon Bamenda 132 2012 141 2012 9 China Xingtai 128 2014 193 2014 10 China Baoding 126 2014 190 2014 11 India Delhi 122 2013 229 2012 12 India Ludhiana 122 2012 228 2012 13 China Shijiazhuang 121 2014 305 2013 14 Saudi Arabia Dammam 121 2014 286 2014 15 India Kanpur 115 2012 215 2012 16 India Khanna 114 2012 213 2012 17 India Firozabad 113 2012 212 2012 18 India Lucknow 113 2012 211 2012 19 China Handan 112 2014 169 2014 20 Pakistan Peshawar 111 540 21 India Amritsar 108 2012 202 2012 22 India Gobindgarh 108 2012 201 2012 23 Pakistan Rawalpindi 107 448 24 China Hengshui 107 2014 161 2014 25 Bangladesh Narayangonj 106 2014 191 2014 26 Iran Bushehr 105 255 27 India Agra 105 2012 196 2012 28 Uganda Kampala 104 2013 170 2013 29 China Tangshan 102 2014 153 2014 30 India Jodhpur 101 2012 189 2012 31 India Dehradun 100 2012 188 2012 32 India Jaipur 100 2012 187 2012 33 India Howrah 100 2012 186 2012 34 India Ahmedabad 100 2013 83 2012 35 India Faridabad 98 2012 184 2012 36 Saudi Arabia Yanbu 97 2014 230 2014 37 China Langfang 96 2014 144 2014 38 Iran Ahvaz 95 231 39 India Dhanbad 95 2012 178 2012 40 Bangladesh Chittagong 95 2014 135 2014 41 India Bhopal 93 2012 173 2012 42 Qatar Doha 93 2012 168 2012 43 Nigeria Kaduna 90 2013 423 2013 44 India Khurja 90 2012 168 2012 45 Bangladesh Dhaka 90 2014 158 2014 46 Bangladesh Gazipur 89 2014 155 2014 47 Pakistan Karachi 88 2009 290 2009 48 Kuwait Al Shuwaikh 88 2014 212 2014 49 Iraq Baghdad 88 2015 208 2015 50 China Cangzhou 88 2014 133 2014 51 India Raebareli 87 2012 163 2012 52 China Tianjin 87 2014 150 2013 53 Afghanistan Kabul 86 2009 260 2009 54 China Zhengzhou 86 2014 171 2013 55 Qatar Al Wakrah 85 2012 152 2012 56 Bangladesh Barisal 85 2014 142 2014 57 China Beijing 85 2014 108 2013 58 India Kota 84 2012 156 2012 59 India Udaipur 83 2012 155 2012 60 India Alwar 81 2012 152 2012 61 Republic of Macedonia Tetovo 81 2013 140 2013 62 China Wuhan 80 2014 124 2013 63 India Chandrapur 79 2012 148 2012 64 China Anyang 79 2014 119 2014 65 China Hefei 79 2014 115 2013 66 Myanmar Pyin Oo Lwin 78 2012 140 2012 67 China Shouguang 78 2014 117 2014 68 Egypt Greater Cairo 76 2013 179 2013 69 India Indore 76 2012 143 2012 70 Myanmar Taungoo 76 2013 137 2013 71 Myanmar Kyaukphyu 76 2009 136 2009 72 Mongolia Ulaanbaatar 75 165 73 India Jalandhar 75 2012 140 2012 74 Kuwait Ali Subah Al-Salem 74 2014 179 2014 75 Saudi Arabia Makkah 74 2014 176 2014 76 India Akola 74 2012 139 2012 77 India Varanasi 74 2012 138 2012 78 China Jingzhou 74 2014 112 2014 79 China Changsha 74 2014 94 2013 80 India Noida 73 2012 136 2012 81 China Nanjing 72 2014 137 2013 82 China Shenyang 72 2014 129 2013 83 Egypt Delta region 71 2013 167 2013 84 China Chengdu 71 2014 150 2013 85 Myanmar Namkham 71 2012 127 2012 86 China Harbin 71 2014 119 2013 87 China Xi'an 70 2014 189 2013 88 India Jalgaon 70 2012 130 2012 89 China Kaifeng 70 2014 106 2014 90 China Yichang 70 2014 106 2014 91 China Pingdingshan 70 2014 105 2014 92 China Xiangtan 70 2014 105 2014 93 China Yangquan 70 2014 105 2014 94 India Meerut 69 2012 129 2012 95 Myanmar Mawlamyaing 69 2012 124 2012 96 China Zhuzhou 69 2014 105 2014 97 Afghanistan Mazar-e Sharif 68 2009 334 2009 98 Pakistan Lahore 68 198 99 Kuwait Al-Mansouriya 68 2014 165 2014 100 Saudi Arabia Jeddah 68 2014 161 2014 101 China Jiaozuo 68 2014 103 2014 102 China Laiwu 68 2014 103 2014 103 China Jiangyin 68 2014 102 2014 104 China Suqian 68 2014 102 2014 105 China Weinan 68 2014 102 2014 106 China Taiyuan 67 2014 157 2013 107 Mauritius Beau Bassin/Rose Hill, Coromandel 67 2011 131 2011 108 India Raniganj 67 2012 126 2012 109 Myanmar Yenanchaung 67 2009 120 2009 110 Turkey Batman 67 2012 109 2012 111 Turkey Hakkari 67 2012 109 2012 112 Cameroon Bafoussam 67 2012 105 2012 113 China Changzhi 67 2014 101 2014 114 China Wuxi 67 2014 101 2014 115 Nigeria Onitsha 66 2009 594 2009 116 Bahrain Hamad Town 66 2012 318 2012 117 Pakistan Islamabad 66 2011 217 2011 118 Turkey Gaziantep 66 2012 108 2012 119 China Xuzhou 66 2014 100 2014 120 China Zhenjiang 66 2014 99 2014 121 Saudi Arabia Medina 65 2014 153 2014 122 Bosnia and Herzegovina Tuzla 65 106 123 China Changzhou 65 2014 99 2014 124 China Anshan 65 2014 98 2014 125 China Baoji 65 2014 98 2014 126 China Huai'an 65 2014 98 2014 127 China Liuzhou 65 2014 98 2014 128 China Xianyang 65 2014 98 2014 129 China Jurong 65 2014 97 2014 130 China Yangzhou 65 2014 97 2014 131 Bahrain Ma'ameer 64 2012 257 2012 132 Kuwait Al-Ahmadi 64 2014 168 2014 133 Kuwait Al-Salam 64 2014 153 2014 134 China Urumqi 64 2014 146 2013 135 China Changchun 64 2014 130 2013 136 India Navi Mumbai 64 2012 120 2012 137 India Jammu 64 2012 119 2012 138 China Shaoxing 64 2014 105 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133 2013 193 United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi 56 2013 132 2013 194 China Jiaxing 56 2014 94 2013 195 China Luoyang 56 2014 85 2014 196 China Panjin 56 2014 85 2014 197 China Wujiang 56 2014 85 2014 198 China Dalian 56 2014 84 2014 199 China Huludao 56 2014 84 2014 200 China Laixi 56 2014 84 2014 201 China Laizhou 56 2014 84 2014 202 China Linyi 56 2014 84 2014 203 India Bhilai 55 2012 103 2012 204 India Nagda 55 2012 103 2012 205 India Nagpur 55 2012 103 2012 206 India Vadodara 55 2012 102 2012 207 China Zhaoqing 55 2014 85 2013 208 China Jinzhou 55 2014 84 2014 209 China Guilin 55 2014 83 2014 210 China Taian 55 2014 83 2014 211 China Taicang 55 2014 82 2014 212 China Zhaoyuan 55 2014 82 2014 213 China Zibo 55 2014 82 2014 214 Jordan Al-Zarqa 54 2015 128 2015 215 India Jamnagar 54 2012 101 2012 216 India Amravati 54 2012 100 2012 217 India Vapi 54 2012 100 2012 218 Turkey Igdir 54 2012 88 2012 219 China Benxi 54 2014 81 2014 220 China Dongying 54 2014 81 2014 221 China Jining 54 2014 81 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2013 475 Iran Bojnord 32 78 476 Iran Mashhad 32 2011 78 2011 477 Iran Tehran 32 2014 77 2014 478 Ecuador Milagro 32 2012 66 2012 479 Philippines San Carlos City 32 2013 61 2013 480 Bolivia Cochabamba 32 2014 60 2014 481 India Salem 32 2012 60 2012 482 Thailand Nakhon Sawan 32 2014 57 2014 483 Turkey İçel 32 2012 53 2012 484 Turkey Nevsehir 32 2012 53 2012 485 Turkey Ordu 32 2012 53 2012 486 Turkey Kars 32 2012 52 2012 487 China Maoming 32 2014 49 2014 488 China Changhua 32 2014 48 2014 489 China Jinchang 32 2014 48 2014 490 China Kinmen 32 2014 48 2014 491 China Panzhihua 32 2014 48 2014 492 China Quanzhou 32 2014 48 2014 493 China Qujing 32 2014 48 2014 494 China Yangjiang 32 2014 48 2014 495 Poland Naklo 32 2013 44 2013 496 Poland Dabrowa Gornicza 32 2013 43 2013 497 Poland Jaroslaw 32 2013 43 2013 498 Czech Republic Karvina 32 2013 43 2013 499 Poland Tomaszow Mazowiecki 32 2013 43 2013 500 Poland Tychy 32 2013 43 2013 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ WHO -- Air Quality Guideline -- Page 11 Jump up ^ WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database (update 2016) Jump up ^ `` The most polluted cities in the world, ranked'' . 2017-02-03 . Retrieved 2017-04-22 . Jump up ^ `` The most polluted city in the world isn't Beijing or Delhi'' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017-04-22 . Ecology portal Environment portal Lists portal tools.russbot@tools-bastion-03:~$ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration&oldid=823979854 '' Categories : Particulates Pollutants Visibility Air pollution Lists of cities World Health Organization Environment by city Hidden categories: All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from May 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018, at 16:32. About Wikipedia
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how lenz's law is considered as law of conservation of energy
Momentum must be conserved in the process , so if q is pushed in one direction , then q ought to be pushed in the other direction by the same force at the same time . However , the situation becomes more complicated when the finite speed of electromagnetic wave propagation is introduced ( see retarded potential ) . This means that for a brief period the total momentum of the two charges is not conserved , implying that the difference should be accounted for by momentum in the fields , as asserted by Richard P. Feynman . Famous 19th century electrodynamicist James Clerk Maxwell called this the `` electromagnetic momentum '' . Yet , such a treatment of fields may be necessary when Lenz 's law is applied to opposite charges . It is normally assumed that the charges in question have the same sign . If they do not , such as a proton and an electron , the interaction is different . An electron generating a magnetic field would generate an EMF that causes a proton to accelerate in the same direction as the electron . At first , this might seem to violate the law of conservation of momentum , but such an interaction is seen to conserve momentum if the momentum of electromagnetic fields is taken into account .
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[ "Part of a series of articles about Electromagnetism Electricity Magnetism Electrostatics ( show ) Electric charge Static electricity Electric field Conductor Insulator Triboelectricity Electrostatic discharge Induction Coulomb 's law Gauss 's law Electric flux / potential energy Electric dipole moment Polarization density Magnetostatics ( show ) Ampère 's law Magnetic field Magnetization Magnetic flux Biot -- Savart law Magnetic dipole moment Gauss 's law for magnetism Electrodynamics ( hide ) Lorentz force law Electromagnetic induction Faraday 's law Lenz 's law Displacement current Magnetic potential Maxwell 's equations Electromagnetic field Electromagnetic pulse Electromagnetic radiation Maxwell tensor Poynting vector Liénard -- Wiechert potential Jefimenko 's equations Eddy current London equations Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field Electrical network ( show ) Electric current Electric potential Voltage Resistance Ohm 's law Series circuit Parallel circuit Direct current Alternating current Electromotive force Capacitance Inductance Impedance Resonant cavities Waveguides Covariant formulation ( show ) Electromagnetic tensor ( stress -- energy tensor ) Four - current Electromagnetic four - potential Scientists ( show ) Ampère Coulomb Faraday Gauss Heaviside Henry Hertz Lorentz Maxwell Tesla Volta Weber Ørsted", "Part of a series of articles about", "Electromagnetism", "Electricity Magnetism", "Electricity Magnetism", "Electrostatics ( show ) Electric charge Static electricity Electric field Conductor Insulator Triboelectricity Electrostatic discharge Induction Coulomb 's law Gauss 's law Electric flux / potential energy Electric dipole moment Polarization density", "Electric charge Static electricity Electric field Conductor Insulator Triboelectricity Electrostatic discharge Induction Coulomb 's law Gauss 's law Electric flux / potential energy Electric dipole moment Polarization density", "Coulomb 's law", "Gauss 's law", "Electric flux / potential energy", "Electric dipole moment", "Magnetostatics ( show ) Ampère 's law Magnetic field Magnetization Magnetic flux Biot -- Savart law Magnetic dipole moment Gauss 's law for magnetism", "Ampère 's law Magnetic field Magnetization Magnetic flux Biot -- Savart law Magnetic dipole moment Gauss 's law for magnetism", "Ampère 's law", "Biot -- Savart law", "Magnetic dipole moment", "Gauss 's law for magnetism", "Electrodynamics ( hide ) Lorentz force law Electromagnetic induction Faraday 's law Lenz 's law Displacement current Magnetic potential Maxwell 's equations Electromagnetic field Electromagnetic pulse Electromagnetic radiation Maxwell tensor Poynting vector Liénard -- Wiechert potential Jefimenko 's equations Eddy current London equations Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field", "Lorentz force law Electromagnetic induction Faraday 's law Lenz 's law Displacement current Magnetic potential Maxwell 's equations Electromagnetic field Electromagnetic pulse Electromagnetic radiation Maxwell tensor Poynting vector Liénard -- Wiechert potential Jefimenko 's equations Eddy current London equations", "Lorentz force law", "Faraday 's law", "Lenz 's law", "Maxwell 's equations", "Liénard -- Wiechert potential", "Jefimenko 's equations", "Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field", "Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field", "Electrical network ( show ) Electric current Electric potential Voltage Resistance Ohm 's law Series circuit Parallel circuit Direct current Alternating current Electromotive force Capacitance Inductance Impedance Resonant cavities Waveguides", "Electric current Electric potential Voltage Resistance Ohm 's law Series circuit Parallel circuit Direct current Alternating current Electromotive force Capacitance Inductance Impedance Resonant cavities Waveguides", "Ohm 's law", "Covariant formulation ( show ) Electromagnetic tensor ( stress -- energy tensor ) Four - current Electromagnetic four - potential", "Electromagnetic tensor ( stress -- energy tensor )", "Electromagnetic tensor ( stress -- energy tensor )", "Four - current Electromagnetic four - potential", "Four - current", "Electromagnetic four - potential", "Scientists ( show ) Ampère Coulomb Faraday Gauss Heaviside Henry Hertz Lorentz Maxwell Tesla Volta Weber Ørsted", "Ampère Coulomb Faraday Gauss Heaviside Henry Hertz Lorentz Maxwell Tesla Volta Weber Ørsted", "", "", "Lenz 's law ( pronounced / ˈlɛnts / ) , named after the physicist Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz who formulated it in 1834 , states that the direction of current induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field due to induction is such that it creates a magnetic field that opposes the change that produced it .", "Lenz 's law is shown by the negative sign in Faraday 's law of induction :", "E = − ∂ Φ ∂ t , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathcal ( E ) ) = - ( \\ frac ( \\ partial \\ Phi ) ( \\ partial t ) ) , )", "E = − ∂ Φ ∂ t , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathcal ( E ) ) = - ( \\ frac ( \\ partial \\ Phi ) ( \\ partial t ) ) , )", "which indicates that the induced electromotive force ( E ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathcal ( E ) ) ) ) and the change in magnetic flux ( ∂ Φ ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial \\ Phi ) ) have opposite signs . It is a qualitative law that specifies the direction of induced current but says nothing about its magnitude . Lenz 's law explains the direction of many effects in electromagnetism , such as the direction of voltage induced in an inductor or wire loop by a changing current , or why eddy currents exert a drag force on moving objects in a magnetic field .", "Lenz 's law can be seen as analogous to Newton 's third law in classic mechanics .", "For a rigorous mathematical treatment , see electromagnetic induction and Maxwell 's equations .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "If a change in the magnetic field of current i induces another electric current , i , the direction of i is opposite that of the change in i . If these currents are in two coaxial circular conductors l and l respectively , and both are initially 0 , then the currents i and i must counter-rotate . The opposing currents will repel each other as a result .", "Lenz 's law states that the current induced in a circuit due to a change or a motion in a magnetic field is so directed as to oppose the change in flux and to exert a mechanical force opposing the motion .", "Currents bound inside the atoms of strong magnets can create counter-rotating currents in a copper or aluminum pipe . This is shown by dropping the magnet through the pipe . The descent of the magnet inside the pipe is observably slower than when dropped outside the pipe .", "When a voltage is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to Faraday 's Law , the polarity of the induced voltage is such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes the change which produces it . The induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant . In the examples below , if the flux is increasing , the induced field acts in opposition to it . If it is decreasing , the induced field acts in the direction of the applied field to oppose the change .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "In electromagnetism , when charges move along electric field lines work is done on them , whether it involves storing potential energy ( negative work ) or increasing kinetic energy ( positive work ) .", "When net positive work is applied to a charge q , it gains speed and momentum . The net work on q thereby generates a magnetic field whose strength ( in units of magnetic flux density ( 1 tesla = 1 volt - second per square meter ) ) is proportional to the speed increase of q . This magnetic field can interact with a neighboring charge q , passing on this momentum to it , and in return , q loses momentum .", "The charge q can also act on q in a similar manner , by which it returns some of the momentum that it received from q . This back - and - forth component of momentum contributes to magnetic inductance . The closer that q and q are , the greater the effect . When q is inside a conductive medium such as a thick slab made of copper or aluminum , it more readily responds to the force applied to it by q . The energy of q is not instantly consumed as heat generated by the current of q but is also stored in two opposing magnetic fields . The energy density of magnetic fields tends to vary with the square of the magnetic field 's intensity ; however , in the case of magnetically non-linear materials such as ferromagnets and superconductors , this relationship breaks down .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Momentum must be conserved in the process , so if q is pushed in one direction , then q ought to be pushed in the other direction by the same force at the same time . However , the situation becomes more complicated when the finite speed of electromagnetic wave propagation is introduced ( see retarded potential ) . This means that for a brief period the total momentum of the two charges is not conserved , implying that the difference should be accounted for by momentum in the fields , as asserted by Richard P. Feynman . Famous 19th century electrodynamicist James Clerk Maxwell called this the `` electromagnetic momentum '' . Yet , such a treatment of fields may be necessary when Lenz 's law is applied to opposite charges . It is normally assumed that the charges in question have the same sign . If they do not , such as a proton and an electron , the interaction is different . An electron generating a magnetic field would generate an EMF that causes a proton to accelerate in the same direction as the electron . At first , this might seem to violate the law of conservation of momentum , but such an interaction is seen to conserve momentum if the momentum of electromagnetic fields is taken into account ." ]
Lenz's law - wikipedia Lenz's law Jump to: navigation , search Part of a series of articles about Electromagnetism Electricity Magnetism Electrostatics (show) Electric charge Static electricity Electric field Conductor Insulator Triboelectricity Electrostatic discharge Induction Coulomb's law Gauss's law Electric flux / potential energy Electric dipole moment Polarization density Magnetostatics (show) Ampère 's law Magnetic field Magnetization Magnetic flux Biot-- Savart law Magnetic dipole moment Gauss's law for magnetism Electrodynamics (hide) Lorentz force law Electromagnetic induction Faraday's law Lenz's law Displacement current Magnetic potential Maxwell's equations Electromagnetic field Electromagnetic pulse Electromagnetic radiation Maxwell tensor Poynting vector Liénard -- Wiechert potential Jefimenko's equations Eddy current London equations Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field Electrical network (show) Electric current Electric potential Voltage Resistance Ohm's law Series circuit Parallel circuit Direct current Alternating current Electromotive force Capacitance Inductance Impedance Resonant cavities Waveguides Covariant formulation (show) Electromagnetic tensor ( stress-- energy tensor ) Four-current Electromagnetic four-potential Scientists (show) Ampère Coulomb Faraday Gauss Heaviside Henry Hertz Lorentz Maxwell Tesla Volta Weber Ørsted Lenz's law tells the direction of a current in a conductor loop induced indirectly by the change in magnetic flux through the loop. Scenarios a, b, c, d and e are possible. Scenario f is impossible due to the law of conservation of energy . The charges (electrons) in the conductor are not pushed in motion directly by the change in flux, but by a circular electric field (not pictured) surrounding the total magnetic field of inducing and induced magnetic fields. This total magnetic field induces the electric field. Lenz's law (pronounced / ˈlɛnts / ), named after the physicist Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz who formulated it in 1834, states that the direction of current induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field due to induction is such that it creates a magnetic field that opposes the change that produced it. Lenz's law is shown by the negative sign in Faraday's law of induction : E = − ∂ Φ ∂ t , (\displaystyle (\mathcal (E))=-(\frac (\partial \Phi )(\partial t)),) which indicates that the induced electromotive force ( E (\displaystyle (\mathcal (E))) ) and the change in magnetic flux ( ∂ Φ (\displaystyle \partial \Phi ) ) have opposite signs. It is a qualitative law that specifies the direction of induced current but says nothing about its magnitude. Lenz's law explains the direction of many effects in electromagnetism , such as the direction of voltage induced in an inductor or wire loop by a changing current, or why eddy currents exert a drag force on moving objects in a magnetic field. Lenz's law can be seen as analogous to Newton's third law in classic mechanics. For a rigorous mathematical treatment, see electromagnetic induction and Maxwell's equations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Opposing currents 1.1 Example 2 Detailed interaction of charges in these currents 3 Conservation of momentum 4 References 5 External links Opposing currents ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (October 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) If a change in the magnetic field of current i induces another electric current , i , the direction of i is opposite that of the change in i . If these currents are in two coaxial circular conductors l and l respectively, and both are initially 0, then the currents i and i must counter-rotate. The opposing currents will repel each other as a result. Lenz's law states that the current induced in a circuit due to a change or a motion in a magnetic field is so directed as to oppose the change in flux and to exert a mechanical force opposing the motion. Example ( edit ) Currents bound inside the atoms of strong magnets can create counter-rotating currents in a copper or aluminum pipe. This is shown by dropping the magnet through the pipe. The descent of the magnet inside the pipe is observably slower than when dropped outside the pipe. When a voltage is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced voltage is such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes the change which produces it. The induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the flux is increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the induced field acts in the direction of the applied field to oppose the change. Detailed interaction of charges in these currents ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (October 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media Aluminium ring moved by electromagnetic induction, thus demonstrating Lenz's law. Play media Experiment showing Lenz's law with two aluminium rings on a scales-like device set up on a pivot so as to freely move in the horizontal plane. One ring is fully enclosed, while the other has an opening, not forming a complete circle. When we place a bar magnet near the fully enclosed ring, the ring is repulsed by it. However, when the system comes to a rest, and we remove the bar magnet, then the ring is attracted by it. In the first case, the induced current created in the ring resists the increase of magnetic flux caused by the proximity of the magnet, while in the latter, taking the magnet out of the ring decreases the magnetic flux, inducing such current whose magnetic field resists the decrease of flux. This phenomenon is absent when we repeat the experiment with the ring that isn't enclosed by inserting and removing the magnet bar. The induced currents in this ring can't enclose themselves in the ring, and have a very weak field that cannot resist the change of the magnetic flux. In electromagnetism, when charges move along electric field lines work is done on them, whether it involves storing potential energy (negative work) or increasing kinetic energy (positive work). When net positive work is applied to a charge q , it gains speed and momentum. The net work on q thereby generates a magnetic field whose strength (in units of magnetic flux density (1 tesla = 1 volt-second per square meter)) is proportional to the speed increase of q . This magnetic field can interact with a neighboring charge q , passing on this momentum to it, and in return, q loses momentum. The charge q can also act on q in a similar manner, by which it returns some of the momentum that it received from q . This back-and-forth component of momentum contributes to magnetic inductance . The closer that q and q are, the greater the effect. When q is inside a conductive medium such as a thick slab made of copper or aluminum, it more readily responds to the force applied to it by q . The energy of q is not instantly consumed as heat generated by the current of q but is also stored in two opposing magnetic fields. The energy density of magnetic fields tends to vary with the square of the magnetic field's intensity; however, in the case of magnetically non-linear materials such as ferromagnets and superconductors , this relationship breaks down. Conservation of momentum ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (October 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Momentum must be conserved in the process, so if q is pushed in one direction, then q ought to be pushed in the other direction by the same force at the same time. However, the situation becomes more complicated when the finite speed of electromagnetic wave propagation is introduced (see retarded potential ). This means that for a brief period the total momentum of the two charges is not conserved, implying that the difference should be accounted for by momentum in the fields, as asserted by Richard P. Feynman . Famous 19th century electrodynamicist James Clerk Maxwell called this the `` electromagnetic momentum'' . Yet, such a treatment of fields may be necessary when Lenz's law is applied to opposite charges. It is normally assumed that the charges in question have the same sign. If they do not, such as a proton and an electron, the interaction is different. An electron generating a magnetic field would generate an EMF that causes a proton to accelerate in the same direction as the electron. At first, this might seem to violate the law of conservation of momentum, but such an interaction is seen to conserve momentum if the momentum of electromagnetic fields is taken into account. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lenz, E. (1834), `` Ueber die Bestimmung der Richtung der durch elektodynamische Vertheilung erregten galvanischen Ströme '' , Annalen der Physik und Chemie , 107 (31), pp. 483-- 494. A partial translation of the paper is available in Magie, W.M. (1963), A Source Book in Physics , Harvard: Cambridge MA, pp. 511-- 513. Jump up ^ Giancoli, Douglas C. (1998). Physics: principles with applications (5th ed.). p. 624. Jump up ^ Schmitt, Ron. Electromagnetics explained . 2002. Retrieved 16 July 2010. Jump up ^ The Feynman Lectures on Physics : Volume I, Chapter 10, page 9. Jump up ^ Maxwell, James C. A treatise on electricity and magnetism, Volume 2 . Retrieved 16 July 2010. External links ( edit ) Eddy Currents and Lenz's Law (audio slideshow from the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory) MIT A brief video demonstrating Lenz's law A dramatic demonstration of the effect on YouTube with an aluminum block in an MRI Eddy currents produced by magnet and copper pipe. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lenz%27s_law&oldid=835387781 '' Categories : Magnetic levitation Electrodynamics Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Хальмг 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018, at 11:46. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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how did the war of 1812 change america
Results of the War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States , 1812 - 1815 , involved with no geographical changes . The main result of the war was two centuries of peace between the United States and Britain . All the causes of the war had disappeared with the end of the war between Britain and France and with the destruction of the power of Indians to block American expansion into the Northwest . American fears of the Native Americans ended , as did British plans to create a buffer Native American state . The American quest for honor after its humiliations by the British were satisfied . The final collapse of the opposition Federalist Party opened an `` Era of good feelings '' with lessened partisanship and an exuberant spirit . The British paid little attention to the war , concentrating instead on their final defeat of Napoleon in 1815 . The U.S. failed to gain any territory from British North America , contrary to many American politicians ' hopes and expectations , but it did gain land from Spain .
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[ "Results of the War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States , 1812 - 1815 , involved with no geographical changes . The main result of the war was two centuries of peace between the United States and Britain . All the causes of the war had disappeared with the end of the war between Britain and France and with the destruction of the power of Indians to block American expansion into the Northwest . American fears of the Native Americans ended , as did British plans to create a buffer Native American state . The American quest for honor after its humiliations by the British were satisfied . The final collapse of the opposition Federalist Party opened an `` Era of good feelings '' with lessened partisanship and an exuberant spirit . The British paid little attention to the war , concentrating instead on their final defeat of Napoleon in 1815 . The U.S. failed to gain any territory from British North America , contrary to many American politicians ' hopes and expectations , but it did gain land from Spain .", "After Napoleon 's defeat in 1814 , Britain was no longer at war with France and there were no restrictions on trade ; the British suspended their policy of impressment of American sailors , and never resumed it , but they insisted they still had the right to resume it . Americans regained their honour and proclaimed victory in what they called a `` second war of independence '' for the decisive defeat of the British invaders at New Orleans seemed to prove that Britain could never regain control of America , and the threat of secession by New England ended with the failure of the Hartford Convention .", "In Britain , the importance of the conflict was totally overshadowed by European triumphs : Napoleon had returned from exile in March 1815 , and was finally defeated at Waterloo 100 days later .", "Upper Canada emerged from the war with a sense of unity and pride as part of the British Empire . Anglophone Canadians claimed the war as a victory for their freedom from American control and credited their militia for the repulse of American invasions . Francophone Canadians largely ignore the war .", "Efforts to end the war began in 1812 when the chief U.S. diplomat in London proposed an armistice in return for a renunciation of impressments ; the British refused . Later , in 1812 , when the British captured Detroit and news of the repeal of the Orders reached Washington , Sir George Prevost arranged an armistice with his counterpart Henry Dearborn . However , President James Madison decided to continue the war . In 1813 , Russia offered to mediate a peace , but London rejected the offer , because it might compromise British interests in Europe . Finally , Great Britain and the United States agreed to commence peace negotiations in January 1814 : the talks were delayed .", "At last in August 1814 , peace discussions began in the neutral city of Ghent . Both sides began negotiations with unrealistic demands . The U.S. wanted an end to all British maritime practices it deemed objectionable and also demanded cessions of Canadian territory and guaranteed fishing rights off Newfoundland . The British announced as an essential element of the peace treaty their long - standing goal of creating an Indian barrier state , a large `` neutral '' Indian state that would cover most of the Old Northwest . It would be independent of the United States and under the tutelage of the British , who would use it to block American expansion and to build up their control of the fur trade . London dropped the demand when the Americans adamantly refused and indicated it would end the negotiations . The British had been weakened by the collapse of Tecumseh 's Confederacy after the Battle of the Thames in 1813 and no longer controlled adequate supply lines to support an Indian barrier state . Britain also wanted to keep the far - northeastern parts of Maine that had been captured to provide a land corridor to Quebec from the maritime colonies .", "After months of negotiations , against the background of changing military victories , defeats and losses , the parties finally realized that their nations wanted peace and there was no real reason to continue the war . Now each side was tired of the war . Export trade was all but paralyzed and after Napoleon fell in 1814 France was no longer an enemy of Britain , so the Royal Navy no longer needed to stop American shipments to France , and it no longer needed more seamen . The British were preoccupied in rebuilding Europe after the apparent final defeat of Napoleon . The negotiators agreed to return to the status quo ante bellum with no changes in boundaries . Both sides signed the Treaty of Ghent on December 24 , 1814 . The next and final step would be formal ratification by each government .", "The British -- but not the Americans -- knew , when they signed , that a battle was imminent at New Orleans ( it was fought on January 8 , 1815 ) . This treaty finally went into effect when it was formally ratified by both sides in February 1815 .", "The Treaty of Ghent failed to secure official British acknowledgment of American maritime rights , but in the century of peace between the worlds naval powers from 1815 until World War I these rights were not seriously violated . The British navy ended the practices that angered Americans , for they were no longer needed after Napoleon . American pride and honor was built as a result of the Indian threat being ended , and through rejoicing surrounding American victory at New Orleans . In doing so , the United States had successfully created sense of becoming fully independent from Britain .", "A key reason that American frontiersmen were so much in favor of the war in the first place was the threat by various Native American tribes , which they blamed on intervention by British agents in Canada . In addition , they wanted access to lands that the British acknowledged belonged to the U.S. but that the British were blocking by inciting and arming the Native Americans . With the death of Tecumseh in battle in 1813 , the First Nation military power ended . The natives were the main losers in the war , losing British protection , and never regained their influence .", "In the Southeast , Andrew Jackson 's destruction of Britain 's allies , the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814 , ended the threat of Native American hostilities in that region . It opened vast areas in Georgia and Alabama for settlement as plantations and farmlands . The U.S. occupied all of West Florida during the war and in 1819 purchased the rest of Florida from Spain , thus closing the base of weapons for hostile tribes . Creek Indians who escaped to Spanish Florida joined the Seminoles there , and put up a long resistance known as the Seminole Wars .", "In the treaty , the British promised not to arm the Native Americans in the U.S. from Canada ( nor even trade with them ) , and the U.S. - Canada border was largely pacified . However , some Americans assumed that the British continued to conspire with their former Native American allies in an attempt to forestall U.S. hegemony in the Great Lakes region . Such perceptions were faulty , argues Calloway ( 1987 ) . After the Treaty of Ghent , the Native Americans in the Great Lakes region became an undesirable burden to British policymakers .", "Some in Washington had expected the largely American population of Upper Canada to throw off the `` British yoke '' , but that did not happen . After 1815 , British officials , Anglican clergy and Canadians loyal to the Empire tried to spot and root out American ideals , such as democracy and republicanism . Thus , the British and Loyalist elite were able to set the different colonies , of what would later become Canada , on a different course from that of their former enemy . Canada discouraged further American immigration .", "When the United States attacked British North America , most of the British forces were engaged in the Napoleonic Wars . Thus , British North America had minimal troops to defend against the United States , who had a much larger ( though poorly trained ) military force . For most of the war , British North America stood alone against a much stronger American force . Reinforcements from the United Kingdom did not arrive until 1814 , the final year of the war . The repelling of the American force helped to foster British loyalties in the colonies that later became Canada .", "The nationalistic sentiment caused a suspicion of such American ideas as republicanism , which would frustrate political reform in Upper and Lower Canada until the Rebellions of 1837 . However , the War of 1812 started the process that ultimately led to Canadian Confederation in 1867 . Canadian writer Pierre Berton has written that , although later events such as the rebellions and the Fenian raids of the 1860s were more important , Canada would have become part of the United States if the War of 1812 had not taken place , because more and more American settlers would have arrived and Canadian nationalism would not have developed .", "The War of 1812 was highly significant in Britain 's North American colonies . After the war , British sympathizers portrayed the war as a successful fight for national survival against an American democratic force that threatened the peace and stability the Canadians desired . Throughout the war , most of Canada 's inhabitants assigned the war to an American desire to annex the British colonies , a perception reinforced by American Generals like William Hull , who issued proclamations stating that Canada would be annexed .", "An alleged Canadian myth from the war was that Canadian militiamen had performed admirably , while the British officers were largely ineffective . Jack Granatstein has termed this the `` militia myth '' , and he feels it has had a deep effect on Canadian military thinking , which placed more stress on a citizens ' militia than on a professional standing army . The United States suffered from a similar `` frontiersman myth '' at the start of the war , believing falsely that individual initiative and marksmanship could be effective against a well - disciplined British battle line . Granatstein argues that the militia was not particularly effective in the war and that any British military success was the work of British regular forces and the result of British domination over the sea . Isaac Brock , for example , was reluctant to trust the militia with muskets .", "Others argue that , in fact , the Canadian militia played important roles in several key engagements , including at the Battle of Chateauguay where they were central to defeating the American advance on Montreal in the fall of 1813 . Historian Robert Henderson has referred to this as `` The myth of the Militia myth '' . See : Canadian Units of the War of 1812", "During the war , British officers constantly worried that the Americans would block the St. Lawrence River , which forms part of the Canada -- U.S. border . If the U.S. military had done so , there would have been no British supply route for Upper Canada , where most of the land battles took place , and British forces would likely have had to withdraw or surrender all western British territory within a few months . British officers ' dispatches after the war exhibited astonishment that the Americans never took such a simple step , but the British were not willing to count on the enemy repeating the mistake : as a result , Britain commissioned the Rideau Canal , an expensive project connecting Kingston , on Lake Ontario , to the Ottawa River , providing an alternative supply route that bypassed the part of the St. Lawrence River along the U.S. border . The settlement at the northeastern end of the canal , where it joins the Ottawa River , later became the city of Ottawa , Canada 's fourth - largest city and its capital ( placed inland to protect it from U.S. invasion -- known then as the ' defensible back - country ' ) . Because population away from the St. Lawrence shores was negligible , the British , in the years following the war , took great lengths to ensure that back - country settlement was increased . They settled soldiers and initiated assisted - immigration schemes , offering free land to farmers , mostly tenants of estates in the south of Ireland . The canal project was not completed until 1832 and was never used for its intended purpose .", "In contrast to Canada , the War of 1812 is seldom remembered in Britain today , as the conflict was quickly forgotten by the British public . Chiefly , this is because it was overshadowed by the dramatic events of the contemporary Napoleonic wars , and because Britain herself neither gained nor lost anything by the peace settlement , except for the fact that it kept control of Canada .", "The Royal Navy was acutely conscious that the United States Navy had won single - ship duels during the war , even though they had no strategic effect . Particular attention was given these battles because American propaganda had projected them as battles of equal force , when actually the only single ship duel where the forces were equal ( although the British had fewer men ) was the Battle of Boston Harbor which the British won . Furthermore , Britain had effectively won the war on the ocean as almost the entire US Navy was blockaded and unable to fight . British honor was restored when the USS President was captured and taken to Britain for all to see that the American ships that participated in battles of so - called equal force where actually much larger than the British ships they were engaged with .", "American privateers and commerce raiders had captured approximately 1200 British merchant ships , sending insurance rates up and embarrassing the Admiralty . Nevertheless , 50 % of all American privateers were captured by the British while the privateers only captured 5 % to 7 % of British commerce . Meanwhile for every 14 American merchant ships that traded before the start of the war only 1 ship dared leave port during the war despite the American effort to double maritime trade . Furthermore of the few ships that left port , a total 1400 were captured . In addition , Britain did win many sea battles . The Royal Navy had been able to deploy overwhelming strength to American waters , annihilating rather than merely denting American maritime trade , and driving the American economy close to bankruptcy . The Royal Navy would emerge unchecked from the conflict .", "The British Army regarded the 1812 - 15 conflict in Canada and America as a sideshow . Only one regiment , the 41st , was awarded a battle honor ( Detroit ) from the war . The army was more interested in the lessons of the Peninsular War in Spain . The battle New Orleans could be conveniently attributed to poor leadership or insuperable physical obstacles and British attention was given to the Royal Navy 's successful capture of the American flagship which the Americans conveniently overlooked . If generalship had been better , it was believed , then British would have been successfully at New Orleans . Due to the huge , overwhelming success and pre-eminence of the Duke of Wellington in Europe , the British army was to make no change to its systems of recruitment , discipline and awards of commissions for more than half a century .", "The British suffered 5,000 killed or wounded soldiers and sailors in the war .", "The gloom in New England , which staunchly opposed the war , culminated in December 1814 , as delegates from five states met secretly in the Hartford Convention . It demanded constitutional amendments to protect New England 's interests against the West and the South . Secession talk was rife and the region might have threatened to secede from the Union , if their demands had been ignored , but the news of peace ended the movement .", "The United States had faced near - disaster in 1814 , but the victories at the Battle of New Orleans and the Battle of Baltimore and what seemed to be a successful fight against the United Kingdom increased national patriotism and helped to unite the United States into one nation . Meanwhile , the loss of the American flagship USS President was conveniently overlooked by the public . The best - known patriotic legacy of the war was The Star Spangled Banner . The words are by Francis Scott Key , who after the bombardment of Fort McHenry set them to the music of a British drinking song , `` To Anacreon in Heaven . '' In 1889 the U.S. Navy began using The Star Spangled Banner at flag - raising ceremonies , a practice copied by the Army . In 1931 , Congress made it the U.S. National Anthem .", "Although all of the original objectives of the war had failed , the American people saw the War of 1812 as evidence of the success of the democratic experiment . The war ushered in a period of American history that has frequently been called `` the Era of Good Feelings , '' a time when , at least on the surface , most Americans felt unified behind a common purpose . The War of 1812 convinced the country that it could fend off any foreign threats and that its focus should be on expansion at home .", "With the collapse of the Hartford Convention and news of the triumph at the Battle of New Orleans , Americans had cause for celebration . In February , President James Madison sent Congress the treaty of peace . He congratulated the nation on the close of a war `` waged with the success which is the natural result of the wisdom of the legislative councils , of the patriotism of the people , of the public spirit of the militia , and of the velour of the military and naval forces of the country . '' The spirit of nationalism and pride led to the collapse of the nay - sayer Federalist Party and the new Era of Good Feelings .", "One indirect result of the War of 1812 was the later election to the presidency of war heroes Andrew Jackson and of William Henry Harrison . Both of these men won military fame which had much to do with their elections . Another indirect result was the decline of Federalist power .", "During the war a total of 2,260 American soldiers and sailors were killed . The war cost the United States about $200 million . Neither the United States nor Great Britain gained any military advantage . Indirectly the United States made some gains .", "A significant military development was the increased emphasis by General Winfield Scott on professionalism in the U.S. Army officer corps and in particular , the training of officers at the United States Military Academy ( `` West Point '' ) . This new professionalism would become apparent during the Mexican - American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) . After the Texas Annexation by the U.S. , the term Manifest Destiny became a widely used political term for those who propagated American expansionism and military pride .", "In a related development , the United States officially abandoned its reliance on the militia for its defense . Moreover , Army Corps of Engineers ( which at that time controlled West Point ) , began building fortifications around New Orleans as a response to the British attack on the city during the war . This effort then grew into numerous civil river works , especially in the 1840s and 1850s under General Pierre Beauregard . The Corps remains the authority over Mississippi ( and other ) river works .", "The embarrassing defeat of Fort Madison in what is now Iowa and Fort McKay in Prairie du Chien led to the fortification of the Mississippi , with the expansion of Fort Belle Fontaine near St. Louis , and the construction of Fort Armstrong ( 1816 ) and Fort Edwards ( 1816 ) in Illinois , Fort Crawford ( 1816 ) in Prairie du Chien , and Fort Snelling ( 1819 ) in Minnesota . Removal of all Indians from the Mississippi Valley became a top priority for the U.S. government .", "Historian Norman Risjord has emphasized the central importance of honour as a cause the war . Americans of every political stripe saw the need to uphold national honour , and to reject the treatment of the United States by Britain as a third class nonentity . Americans talked incessantly about the need for force in response . This quest for honour was a major cause of the war in the sense that most Americans who were not involved in mercantile interests or threatened by Indian attack strongly endorsed the preservation of national honour . Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair in which the HMS Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake in June 1807 was a decisive event . Historians have documented the importance of honour in shaping public opinion in a number of states , including Massachusetts , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and Tennessee , as well as the territory of Michigan . Americans widely celebrated the conclusion of the war as successful , especially the spectacular defeat of the main British invasion army at New Orleans , while conveniently overlooking the loss of their flagship the very next week . For the next century it was often called `` the Second American War for Independence '' and it propelled Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison to the White House . Americans felt they had restored their sense of honour .", "National honour , the reputation of republican government , and the continuing supremacy of the Republican party had seemed to be at stake ... National honour had ( now ) been satisfied , '' says historian Lance Banning , `` Americans celebrated the end of the struggle with a brilliant burst of national pride . They felt that they had fought a second war for independence , and had won .", "National honour , the reputation of republican government , and the continuing supremacy of the Republican party had seemed to be at stake ... National honour had ( now ) been satisfied , '' says historian Lance Banning , `` Americans celebrated the end of the struggle with a brilliant burst of national pride . They felt that they had fought a second war for independence , and had won .", "According to Historians such as Andrew Lambert and William James , British honor was challenged because deserters from the Royal Navy were granted citizenship in the United States . This led to the impressment of American citizens into the Royal Navy . In 1811 , the Little Belt Affair would anger the Admiraly and embarrass the United States . This would lead to the British having a particular interest in capturing the United States flagship USS President . Although the British would effectively disable the vast majority of the United States Navy during the war by having the ships blockaded , the single ship actions that the American 's won embarrassed the Admiralty . Specific attention was given to these battles as the American 's claimed there were between ships of equal force .", "The British effectively restored their honor by capturing the sloop of war USS Frolic and more importantly the flagship USS President . Both ships were taken to Britain for all to see that the American ships of the so - called engagements of equal force were much larger than the British ships they had fought in single ship duels . Furthermore , the United States failed at abolishing impressment when the treaty was signed , but the British did not continue the practice as the Napoleonic Wars had ended so they no longer needed as many sailors . In doing so British honor was restored , only for the entire conflict to be overshadowed by the defeat of Napoleon .", "Although during the War of 1812 the United States ' economy was severely damaged by the British blockade , the aftermath gave a dramatic boost to the manufacturing capabilities of the United States . The British blockade of the American coast created a shortage of cotton cloth in the United States , leading to the creation of a cotton - manufacturing industry , beginning at Waltham , Massachusetts by Francis Cabot Lowell . The war also spurred on construction of the Erie Canal project , which was built to promote commercial links yet was also perceived as having military uses should the need ever arise . As the charter of the First Bank of the United States had been allowed to expire in 1811 , the federal government was ill - prepared to finance the war and resorted to such expediencies as the suspension of specie payment and the issuance of Treasury Notes . These actions set a precedent for future Federal responses to financial crises . Also , this exposure of the nation 's financial weaknesses explained in part the Congressional decision to charter the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 . The readiness of Southern leaders especially John C. Calhoun to support such a measure also indicates a high degree of national feeling . Perhaps the clearest sign of a new sense of national unity was the victorious Democratic - Republican Party , its long - time foes , the Federalists , vanishing from national politics . The result was an Era of Good Feelings with the lowest level of partisanship ever seen .", "Canadians , however , contrasted their post-war economic stagnation to the booming American economy , which Desmond Morton believes led to the Rebellions of 1837 . During the war , Bermudian privateers , with their fast Bermuda sloops , were to capture 298 ships ( the total captures by all British naval or privateering vessels between the Great Lakes and the West Indies was 1,593 vessels ) ." ]
Results of the war of 1812 - wikipedia Results of the war of 1812 Jump to: navigation , search Results of the War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States, 1812-1815, involved with no geographical changes. The main result of the war was two centuries of peace between the United States and Britain. All the causes of the war had disappeared with the end of the war between Britain and France and with the destruction of the power of Indians to block American expansion into the Northwest. American fears of the Native Americans ended, as did British plans to create a buffer Native American state. The American quest for honor after its humiliations by the British were satisfied. The final collapse of the opposition Federalist Party opened an `` Era of good feelings '' with lessened partisanship and an exuberant spirit. The British paid little attention to the war, concentrating instead on their final defeat of Napoleon in 1815. The U.S. failed to gain any territory from British North America, contrary to many American politicians' hopes and expectations, but it did gain land from Spain. After Napoleon's defeat in 1814, Britain was no longer at war with France and there were no restrictions on trade; the British suspended their policy of impressment of American sailors, and never resumed it, but they insisted they still had the right to resume it. Americans regained their honour and proclaimed victory in what they called a `` second war of independence'' for the decisive defeat of the British invaders at New Orleans seemed to prove that Britain could never regain control of America, and the threat of secession by New England ended with the failure of the Hartford Convention . In Britain, the importance of the conflict was totally overshadowed by European triumphs: Napoleon had returned from exile in March 1815, and was finally defeated at Waterloo 100 days later. Upper Canada emerged from the war with a sense of unity and pride as part of the British Empire . Anglophone Canadians claimed the war as a victory for their freedom from American control and credited their militia for the repulse of American invasions. Francophone Canadians largely ignore the war. Contents ( hide ) 1 Efforts to end the war 2 Negotiations 3 Native American affairs 4 Canada 5 Britain 6 United States 6.1 Impact on U.S. military 7 Honour 8 Economic impact 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Memory of the war 12 External links Efforts to end the war ( edit ) Efforts to end the war began in 1812 when the chief U.S. diplomat in London proposed an armistice in return for a renunciation of impressments; the British refused. Later, in 1812, when the British captured Detroit and news of the repeal of the Orders reached Washington, Sir George Prevost arranged an armistice with his counterpart Henry Dearborn . However, President James Madison decided to continue the war. In 1813, Russia offered to mediate a peace, but London rejected the offer, because it might compromise British interests in Europe. Finally, Great Britain and the United States agreed to commence peace negotiations in January 1814: the talks were delayed. Negotiations ( edit ) At last in August 1814, peace discussions began in the neutral city of Ghent . Both sides began negotiations with unrealistic demands. The U.S. wanted an end to all British maritime practices it deemed objectionable and also demanded cessions of Canadian territory and guaranteed fishing rights off Newfoundland. The British announced as an essential element of the peace treaty their long-standing goal of creating an Indian barrier state , a large `` neutral'' Indian state that would cover most of the Old Northwest . It would be independent of the United States and under the tutelage of the British, who would use it to block American expansion and to build up their control of the fur trade. London dropped the demand when the Americans adamantly refused and indicated it would end the negotiations. The British had been weakened by the collapse of Tecumseh's Confederacy after the Battle of the Thames in 1813 and no longer controlled adequate supply lines to support an Indian barrier state. Britain also wanted to keep the far-northeastern parts of Maine that had been captured to provide a land corridor to Quebec from the maritime colonies. After months of negotiations, against the background of changing military victories, defeats and losses, the parties finally realized that their nations wanted peace and there was no real reason to continue the war. Now each side was tired of the war. Export trade was all but paralyzed and after Napoleon fell in 1814 France was no longer an enemy of Britain, so the Royal Navy no longer needed to stop American shipments to France, and it no longer needed more seamen. The British were preoccupied in rebuilding Europe after the apparent final defeat of Napoleon. The negotiators agreed to return to the status quo ante bellum with no changes in boundaries. Both sides signed the Treaty of Ghent on December 24, 1814. The next and final step would be formal ratification by each government. The British-- but not the Americans-- knew, when they signed, that a battle was imminent at New Orleans (it was fought on January 8, 1815). This treaty finally went into effect when it was formally ratified by both sides in February 1815. The Treaty of Ghent failed to secure official British acknowledgment of American maritime rights, but in the century of peace between the worlds naval powers from 1815 until World War I these rights were not seriously violated. The British navy ended the practices that angered Americans, for they were no longer needed after Napoleon. American pride and honor was built as a result of the Indian threat being ended, and through rejoicing surrounding American victory at New Orleans. In doing so, the United States had successfully created sense of becoming fully independent from Britain. Native American affairs ( edit ) A key reason that American frontiersmen were so much in favor of the war in the first place was the threat by various Native American tribes, which they blamed on intervention by British agents in Canada. In addition, they wanted access to lands that the British acknowledged belonged to the U.S. but that the British were blocking by inciting and arming the Native Americans. With the death of Tecumseh in battle in 1813, the First Nation military power ended. The natives were the main losers in the war, losing British protection, and never regained their influence. In the Southeast , Andrew Jackson 's destruction of Britain's allies, the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814, ended the threat of Native American hostilities in that region. It opened vast areas in Georgia and Alabama for settlement as plantations and farmlands. The U.S. occupied all of West Florida during the war and in 1819 purchased the rest of Florida from Spain , thus closing the base of weapons for hostile tribes. Creek Indians who escaped to Spanish Florida joined the Seminoles there, and put up a long resistance known as the Seminole Wars . In the treaty, the British promised not to arm the Native Americans in the U.S. from Canada (nor even trade with them), and the U.S.-Canada border was largely pacified. However, some Americans assumed that the British continued to conspire with their former Native American allies in an attempt to forestall U.S. hegemony in the Great Lakes region. Such perceptions were faulty, argues Calloway (1987). After the Treaty of Ghent, the Native Americans in the Great Lakes region became an undesirable burden to British policymakers. Canada ( edit ) Some in Washington had expected the largely American population of Upper Canada to throw off the `` British yoke'' , but that did not happen. After 1815, British officials, Anglican clergy and Canadians loyal to the Empire tried to spot and root out American ideals, such as democracy and republicanism. Thus, the British and Loyalist elite were able to set the different colonies, of what would later become Canada, on a different course from that of their former enemy. Canada discouraged further American immigration. When the United States attacked British North America, most of the British forces were engaged in the Napoleonic Wars. Thus, British North America had minimal troops to defend against the United States, who had a much larger (though poorly trained) military force. For most of the war, British North America stood alone against a much stronger American force. Reinforcements from the United Kingdom did not arrive until 1814, the final year of the war. The repelling of the American force helped to foster British loyalties in the colonies that later became Canada. The nationalistic sentiment caused a suspicion of such American ideas as republicanism , which would frustrate political reform in Upper and Lower Canada until the Rebellions of 1837 . However, the War of 1812 started the process that ultimately led to Canadian Confederation in 1867. Canadian writer Pierre Berton has written that, although later events such as the rebellions and the Fenian raids of the 1860s were more important, Canada would have become part of the United States if the War of 1812 had not taken place, because more and more American settlers would have arrived and Canadian nationalism would not have developed. The War of 1812 was highly significant in Britain's North American colonies. After the war, British sympathizers portrayed the war as a successful fight for national survival against an American democratic force that threatened the peace and stability the Canadians desired. Throughout the war, most of Canada's inhabitants assigned the war to an American desire to annex the British colonies, a perception reinforced by American Generals like William Hull , who issued proclamations stating that Canada would be annexed. An alleged Canadian myth from the war was that Canadian militiamen had performed admirably, while the British officers were largely ineffective. Jack Granatstein has termed this the `` militia myth'' , and he feels it has had a deep effect on Canadian military thinking, which placed more stress on a citizens' militia than on a professional standing army. The United States suffered from a similar `` frontiersman myth'' at the start of the war, believing falsely that individual initiative and marksmanship could be effective against a well-disciplined British battle line. Granatstein argues that the militia was not particularly effective in the war and that any British military success was the work of British regular forces and the result of British domination over the sea. Isaac Brock , for example, was reluctant to trust the militia with muskets. Others argue that, in fact, the Canadian militia played important roles in several key engagements, including at the Battle of Chateauguay where they were central to defeating the American advance on Montreal in the fall of 1813. Historian Robert Henderson has referred to this as `` The myth of the Militia myth'' . See: Canadian Units of the War of 1812 During the war, British officers constantly worried that the Americans would block the St. Lawrence River , which forms part of the Canada-- U.S. border. If the U.S. military had done so, there would have been no British supply route for Upper Canada, where most of the land battles took place, and British forces would likely have had to withdraw or surrender all western British territory within a few months. British officers' dispatches after the war exhibited astonishment that the Americans never took such a simple step, but the British were not willing to count on the enemy repeating the mistake: as a result, Britain commissioned the Rideau Canal , an expensive project connecting Kingston , on Lake Ontario , to the Ottawa River , providing an alternative supply route that bypassed the part of the St. Lawrence River along the U.S. border. The settlement at the northeastern end of the canal, where it joins the Ottawa River, later became the city of Ottawa , Canada's fourth-largest city and its capital (placed inland to protect it from U.S. invasion-- known then as the ' defensible back-country' ). Because population away from the St. Lawrence shores was negligible, the British, in the years following the war, took great lengths to ensure that back-country settlement was increased. They settled soldiers and initiated assisted-immigration schemes, offering free land to farmers, mostly tenants of estates in the south of Ireland . The canal project was not completed until 1832 and was never used for its intended purpose. Britain ( edit ) In contrast to Canada, the War of 1812 is seldom remembered in Britain today, as the conflict was quickly forgotten by the British public. Chiefly, this is because it was overshadowed by the dramatic events of the contemporary Napoleonic wars, and because Britain herself neither gained nor lost anything by the peace settlement, except for the fact that it kept control of Canada. The Royal Navy was acutely conscious that the United States Navy had won single-ship duels during the war, even though they had no strategic effect. Particular attention was given these battles because American propaganda had projected them as battles of equal force, when actually the only single ship duel where the forces were equal (although the British had fewer men) was the Battle of Boston Harbor which the British won. Furthermore, Britain had effectively won the war on the ocean as almost the entire US Navy was blockaded and unable to fight. British honor was restored when the USS President was captured and taken to Britain for all to see that the American ships that participated in battles of so-called equal force where actually much larger than the British ships they were engaged with. American privateers and commerce raiders had captured approximately 1200 British merchant ships, sending insurance rates up and embarrassing the Admiralty. Nevertheless, 50% of all American privateers were captured by the British while the privateers only captured 5% to 7% of British commerce. Meanwhile for every 14 American merchant ships that traded before the start of the war only 1 ship dared leave port during the war despite the American effort to double maritime trade. Furthermore of the few ships that left port, a total 1400 were captured. In addition, Britain did win many sea battles. The Royal Navy had been able to deploy overwhelming strength to American waters, annihilating rather than merely denting American maritime trade, and driving the American economy close to bankruptcy. The Royal Navy would emerge unchecked from the conflict. The British Army regarded the 1812-15 conflict in Canada and America as a sideshow. Only one regiment, the 41st, was awarded a battle honor (Detroit) from the war. The army was more interested in the lessons of the Peninsular War in Spain. The battle New Orleans could be conveniently attributed to poor leadership or insuperable physical obstacles and British attention was given to the Royal Navy's successful capture of the American flagship which the Americans conveniently overlooked. If generalship had been better, it was believed, then British would have been successfully at New Orleans. Due to the huge, overwhelming success and pre-eminence of the Duke of Wellington in Europe, the British army was to make no change to its systems of recruitment, discipline and awards of commissions for more than half a century. The British suffered 5,000 killed or wounded soldiers and sailors in the war. United States ( edit ) The gloom in New England, which staunchly opposed the war, culminated in December 1814, as delegates from five states met secretly in the Hartford Convention . It demanded constitutional amendments to protect New England's interests against the West and the South. Secession talk was rife and the region might have threatened to secede from the Union, if their demands had been ignored, but the news of peace ended the movement. The United States had faced near-disaster in 1814, but the victories at the Battle of New Orleans and the Battle of Baltimore and what seemed to be a successful fight against the United Kingdom increased national patriotism and helped to unite the United States into one nation. Meanwhile, the loss of the American flagship USS President was conveniently overlooked by the public. The best-known patriotic legacy of the war was The Star Spangled Banner . The words are by Francis Scott Key , who after the bombardment of Fort McHenry set them to the music of a British drinking song, `` To Anacreon in Heaven.'' In 1889 the U.S. Navy began using The Star Spangled Banner at flag-raising ceremonies, a practice copied by the Army. In 1931, Congress made it the U.S. National Anthem . Although all of the original objectives of the war had failed, the American people saw the War of 1812 as evidence of the success of the democratic experiment. The war ushered in a period of American history that has frequently been called `` the Era of Good Feelings ,'' a time when, at least on the surface, most Americans felt unified behind a common purpose. The War of 1812 convinced the country that it could fend off any foreign threats and that its focus should be on expansion at home. With the collapse of the Hartford Convention and news of the triumph at the Battle of New Orleans , Americans had cause for celebration. In February, President James Madison sent Congress the treaty of peace . He congratulated the nation on the close of a war `` waged with the success which is the natural result of the wisdom of the legislative councils, of the patriotism of the people, of the public spirit of the militia, and of the velour of the military and naval forces of the country.'' The spirit of nationalism and pride led to the collapse of the nay-sayer Federalist Party and the new Era of Good Feelings . One indirect result of the War of 1812 was the later election to the presidency of war heroes Andrew Jackson and of William Henry Harrison . Both of these men won military fame which had much to do with their elections. Another indirect result was the decline of Federalist power. Impact on U.S. military ( edit ) During the war a total of 2,260 American soldiers and sailors were killed. The war cost the United States about $200 million. Neither the United States nor Great Britain gained any military advantage. Indirectly the United States made some gains. A significant military development was the increased emphasis by General Winfield Scott on professionalism in the U.S. Army officer corps and in particular, the training of officers at the United States Military Academy (`` West Point'' ). This new professionalism would become apparent during the Mexican-American War (1846-- 1848). After the Texas Annexation by the U.S., the term Manifest Destiny became a widely used political term for those who propagated American expansionism and military pride. In a related development, the United States officially abandoned its reliance on the militia for its defense. Moreover, Army Corps of Engineers (which at that time controlled West Point), began building fortifications around New Orleans as a response to the British attack on the city during the war. This effort then grew into numerous civil river works, especially in the 1840s and 1850s under General Pierre Beauregard . The Corps remains the authority over Mississippi (and other) river works. The embarrassing defeat of Fort Madison in what is now Iowa and Fort McKay in Prairie du Chien led to the fortification of the Mississippi, with the expansion of Fort Belle Fontaine near St. Louis, and the construction of Fort Armstrong (1816) and Fort Edwards (1816) in Illinois, Fort Crawford (1816) in Prairie du Chien, and Fort Snelling (1819) in Minnesota. Removal of all Indians from the Mississippi Valley became a top priority for the U.S. government. Honour ( edit ) Historian Norman Risjord has emphasized the central importance of honour as a cause the war. Americans of every political stripe saw the need to uphold national honour, and to reject the treatment of the United States by Britain as a third class nonentity. Americans talked incessantly about the need for force in response. This quest for honour was a major cause of the war in the sense that most Americans who were not involved in mercantile interests or threatened by Indian attack strongly endorsed the preservation of national honour. Chesapeake-- Leopard Affair in which the HMS Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake in June 1807 was a decisive event. Historians have documented the importance of honour in shaping public opinion in a number of states, including Massachusetts, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee, as well as the territory of Michigan. Americans widely celebrated the conclusion of the war as successful, especially the spectacular defeat of the main British invasion army at New Orleans, while conveniently overlooking the loss of their flagship the very next week. For the next century it was often called `` the Second American War for Independence'' and it propelled Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison to the White House. Americans felt they had restored their sense of honour. National honour, the reputation of republican government, and the continuing supremacy of the Republican party had seemed to be at stake... National honour had (now) been satisfied,'' says historian Lance Banning, `` Americans celebrated the end of the struggle with a brilliant burst of national pride. They felt that they had fought a second war for independence, and had won. According to Historians such as Andrew Lambert and William James, British honor was challenged because deserters from the Royal Navy were granted citizenship in the United States. This led to the impressment of American citizens into the Royal Navy. In 1811, the Little Belt Affair would anger the Admiraly and embarrass the United States. This would lead to the British having a particular interest in capturing the United States flagship USS President . Although the British would effectively disable the vast majority of the United States Navy during the war by having the ships blockaded, the single ship actions that the American's won embarrassed the Admiralty. Specific attention was given to these battles as the American's claimed there were between ships of equal force. The British effectively restored their honor by capturing the sloop of war USS Frolic and more importantly the flagship USS President . Both ships were taken to Britain for all to see that the American ships of the so-called engagements of equal force were much larger than the British ships they had fought in single ship duels. Furthermore, the United States failed at abolishing impressment when the treaty was signed, but the British did not continue the practice as the Napoleonic Wars had ended so they no longer needed as many sailors. In doing so British honor was restored, only for the entire conflict to be overshadowed by the defeat of Napoleon. Economic impact ( edit ) Although during the War of 1812 the United States' economy was severely damaged by the British blockade, the aftermath gave a dramatic boost to the manufacturing capabilities of the United States. The British blockade of the American coast created a shortage of cotton cloth in the United States, leading to the creation of a cotton-manufacturing industry, beginning at Waltham, Massachusetts by Francis Cabot Lowell . The war also spurred on construction of the Erie Canal project, which was built to promote commercial links yet was also perceived as having military uses should the need ever arise. As the charter of the First Bank of the United States had been allowed to expire in 1811, the federal government was ill-prepared to finance the war and resorted to such expediencies as the suspension of specie payment and the issuance of Treasury Notes . These actions set a precedent for future Federal responses to financial crises. Also, this exposure of the nation's financial weaknesses explained in part the Congressional decision to charter the Second Bank of the United States in 1816. The readiness of Southern leaders especially John C. Calhoun to support such a measure also indicates a high degree of national feeling. Perhaps the clearest sign of a new sense of national unity was the victorious Democratic-Republican Party , its long-time foes, the Federalists, vanishing from national politics. The result was an Era of Good Feelings with the lowest level of partisanship ever seen. Canadians, however, contrasted their post-war economic stagnation to the booming American economy, which Desmond Morton believes led to the Rebellions of 1837 . During the war, Bermudian privateers, with their fast Bermuda sloops , were to capture 298 ships (the total captures by all British naval or privateering vessels between the Great Lakes and the West Indies was 1,593 vessels). See also ( edit ) Chronology of the War of 1812 Origins of the War of 1812 War of 1812 Treaty of Ghent Anglo-American Convention of 1818 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taylor, Alan (2010). The Civil War of 1812 . Random House. pp. 137-- 139. ISBN 978-0-679-77673-4 . Jump up ^ Bradford Perkins, ed. The Causes of the War of 1812: National Honor or National Interest? (1962) Jump up ^ Hickey p. 300; Barry Schwartz, `` The Social Context of Commemoration: A Study in Collective Memory.'' Social Forces 61#2 (1982), p. 312 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Benn (2002), p. 81. Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith`` A North American Neutral Indian Zone: Persistence of a British Idea.'' Northwest Ohio Quarterly 61#2-4 (1989): 46-63. Jump up ^ Francis M. Carroll (2001). A Good and Wise Measure: The Search for the Canadian-American Boundary, 1783-1842 . U. of Toronto Press. p. 24. Jump up ^ Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (1992), pp. 94-122. Jump up ^ Pratt (1955), pp. 135-7. Jump up ^ Bertram Wyatt-Brown, `` Andrew Jackson's Honor,'' Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Spring, 1997), pp. 1-36 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Watts (1989) Jump up ^ Walter R. Borneman, 1812: The War That Forged a Nation (2005), p. 269. Jump up ^ Robert Remini, Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars (2002), pp. 277-82. Jump up ^ Colin G. Calloway, Crown and Calumet: British-Indian Relations, 1783-1815 (1987) Jump up ^ Alan Taylor, The Civil War of 1812 (2010), p. 443. Jump up ^ Taylor, Alan (2010). The Civil War of 1812 . Random House. pp. 137-- 139. ISBN 978-0-679-77673-4 . Jump up ^ J.L. Granatstein, Canada's army: waging war and keeping the peace (2004), p. 4. Jump up ^ http://www.warof1812.ca/lacolle1812.htm Jump up ^ http://www.warof1812.ca/chatgy.htm Jump up ^ Robert Henderson `` The myth of the ' Militia Myth' Dorchester Review (Volume 3 No. 1 Spring/Summer 2013) Jump up ^ J.L. Granatstein, Canada's army: waging war and keeping the peace (2004), p. 15. Jump up ^ Jeremy Black, The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon (2009), pp. 221-32. Jump up ^ Lambert, Andrew: The Challege: Britain against America in The War of 1812, Kindle edition Jump up ^ Lambert, Andrew: The Challege: Britain against America in The War of 1812, Kindle edition Jump up ^ Lambert, Andrew: The Challege: Britain against America in The War of 1812, Kindle edition Jump up ^ Benn, p. 84. Jump up ^ George Dangerfield, The Era of Good Feelings (1952), ch 1. Jump up ^ War of 1812. (2006). Compton's by Britannica. Retrieved April 1, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. ( The Curious End of the War ) Jump up ^ Weigley (1973) Jump up ^ Prucha, Francis P. (1969) The Sword of the Republic: The United States Army on the Frontier 1783-- 1846. Macmillan, New York Jump up ^ Norman K. Risjord, `` 1812: Conservatives, War Hawks and the Nation's Honor.'' William and Mary Quarterly: A Magazine of Early American History (1961): 196-210. in JSTOR Jump up ^ Robert L. Ivie, `` The metaphor of force in prowar discourse: The case of 1812.'' Quarterly Journal of Speech 68#3 (1982), pp. 240-253. Jump up ^ Bradford Perkins, The causes of the War of 1812: National honor or national interest? (1962). Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker, Injured Honor: The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, June 22, 1807 (Naval Institute Press, 1996) Jump up ^ William Barlow and David O. Powell. `` Congressman Ezekiel Bacon of Massachusetts and the Coming of the War of 1812.'' Historical Journal of Massachusetts 6#2 (1978): 28. Jump up ^ William R. Barlow, `` Ohio's Congressmen and the War of 1812.'' Ohio History 72 (1963): 175-94. Jump up ^ Victor Sapio, Pennsylvania and the War of 1812 (University Press of Kentucky, 2015) Jump up ^ Martin Kaufman, `` War Sentiment in Western Pennsylvania: 1812.'' Pennsylvania History (1964): 436-448. Jump up ^ William A. Walker, `` Martial Sons: Tennessee Enthusiasm for the War of 1812.'' Tennessee Historical Quarterly 20.1 (1961): 20+ Jump up ^ William Barlow, `` The Coming of the War of 1812 in Michigan Territory.'' Michigan History 53 (1969): 91-107. Jump up ^ Andrew Robertson; et al. (2010). Encyclopedia of U.S. Political History . SAGE Publications. p. 372. Jump up ^ Lance Banning (1980). The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology . Cornell UP. p. 295. Jump up ^ Lambert, Andrew: The Challege: Britain against America in The War of 1812, Kindle edition Jump up ^ Lambert, Andrew: The Challege: Britain against America in The War of 1812, Kindle edition Jump up ^ Stanley Engerman and Robert E. Gallman, eds. The Cambridge economic history of the United States: the colonial era: Volume 1 (2000), p. 372. Jump up ^ Wiltse (1944) Jump up ^ George Dangerfield, The Awakening of American Nationalism, 1815-1828 (1966), ch. 1. Jump up ^ Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (2007), p. 71. Jump up ^ Walter Brownell Hayward, Bermuda past and present (1910), pp. 58-66. Further reading ( edit ) Further information: List of books about the War of 1812 Berton, Pierre; The Invasion of Canada: 1812-1813 (1980). ISBN 0-7710-1244-6 ; Flames Across the Border: 1813-1814 (1981); reissued as Pierre Berton's War of 1812 (Toronto: Anchor Canada, 2011); popular Canadian narrative; 928pp Bickham, Troy, The Weight of Vengeance: The United States, The British Empire, and the War of 1812 (Oxford University Press, 2012) ISBN 978-0195391787 Black, Jeremy. The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon (2009) by English military historian Borneman, Walter R. 1812: The War That Forged a Nation (2004), popular American version Burt, A.L. The United States, Great Britain and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace after the War of 1812. (1940) online edition Heidler, Donald & Jeanne T. Heidler (eds) Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 (2nd ed 2004) 636pp; most comprehensive guide; 500 entries by 70 scholars from several countries Hickey, Donald R. Don't Give Up the Ship! Myths of the War of 1812 . (2006) ISBN 0-252-03179-2 Hickey, Donald R. The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict . ISBN 0-252-06059-8 (1990), standard scholarly history. Hickey, Donald R. 187 Things You Should Know about the War of 1812 (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2012), 170 pp. Hitsman, J.M. The Incredible War of 1812 (1965), survey by Canadian scholar Jensen, Richard. `` Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812,'' The Journal of Military History 76#4 (October 2012): 523-556; online version ; the debate here on Wikipedia Langguth, A.J. Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence (2006) 495pp, popular history Latimer, Jon, 1812: War with America (Harvard, 2007). A British naval perspective. Perkins, Bradford. Castelereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812-1823. (1964), the standard scholarly diplomatic history Remini, Robert Vincent, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (1991), pp. 94-- 122. Stagg, J.C.A. The War of 1812: Conflict for a Continent (Cambridge Essential Histories, 2012) brief overview by New Zealand scholar Taylor, Alan. The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels, & Indian Allies (2010) by Pulitzer Prize winner Tucker, Spencer C., ed. The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 (3 vol: ABC-CLIO, 2012), 1034pp. Zuehlke, Mark. For Honour's Sake: The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace. (2007) by Canadian military historian. Memory of the war ( edit ) Austen, Ian. `` Canada Puts Spotlight on War of 1812, With USA as Villain.'' New York Times 7 October 2012. online Coates, Colin M., and Cecilia Morgan. Heroines and History: Representations of Madeleine de Verchères and Laura Secord (U of Toronto Press, 2002). Eamon, Michael. `` The War Against Public Forgetfulness: Commemorating 1812 in Canada'' London Journal of Canadian Studies (2014) 29#1 pp. 134-- 185 online Forest, Timothy S. `` Epic Triumph, Epic Embarrassment or Both? Commemorations of the War of 1812 Today in Niagara Region,'' Ontario History 104#1 (2012), pp. 96+. Hammack Jr., James W. (1976). Kentucky and the Second American Revolution: The War of 1812 . University Press of Kentucky. pp. 107-- 112. Knowles, Norman. Inventing the Loyalists: the Ontario Loyalist Tradition and the Creation of Usable Pasts (U of Toronto Press, 1997) MacDonald, Heather. `` Heroes and Identity: Two-Hundred Years in the Making,'' The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History (2013) 1#1 Article 6 online Morgan, Cecilia. `` '' Remembering 1812 in the 1840s: John Richardson and the Writing of the War`` , London Journal of Canadian Studies (2014) 29#1 pp. 39-- 69 online Robertson, James Tyler. `` For God, King, and Country: Nineteenth-Century Methodist Interpretations of the War of 1812'' London Journal of Canadian Studies (2014) 29#1 pp. 1-- 38; Canadian Methodists online Sheppard, George. Plunder, Profit, and Paroles: A Social History of the War of 1812 in Upper Canada (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994) Tiro, Karim M. `` Now You See It, Now You Don't : The War of 1812 in Canada and the United States in 2012.'' Public Historian 35#1 (2013): 87-97. in JSTOR Wasson, Jeffrey. `` Inventing a Foundation Myth: Upper Canada in the War of 1812'' (Clark University, 2014) online External links ( edit ) A Question of Identity: War of 1812 , a 1966 National Film Board of Canada documentary on the war's role in fostering a sense of Canadian identity ( hide ) War of 1812 Battles Campaigns Origins Chronology Results People Isaac Brock Andrew Jackson Francis Scott Key James Madison Laura Secord Tecumseh Places Fort Detroit/Shelby Illinois Indiana Kentucky Battles Baltimore Beaver Dams Chateauguay Crysler's Farm Frenchtown Lundy's Lane New Orleans Queenston Heights Spur's Defeat Thames Washington Songs `` The Bold Canadian '' `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' `` The Star-Spangled Banner '' Other Books Opposition in United States War of 1812 Bicentennial Related Tecumseh's War Creek War Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Results_of_the_War_of_1812&oldid=815995000 '' Categories : War of 1812 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017, at 15:31. 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meaning behind the song jeremy by pearl jam
`` Jeremy '' is a song by the American rock band Pearl Jam , with lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music written by bassist Jeff Ament . `` Jeremy '' was released in 1992 as the third single from Pearl Jam 's debut album Ten ( 1991 ) . The song was inspired by a newspaper article Vedder read about a high school student who shot himself in front of his English class on January 8 , 1991 . It reached the number five spot on both the Mainstream and Modern Rock Billboard charts . It did not originally chart on the regular Billboard Hot 100 singles chart since it was not released as a commercial single in the US at the time , but a re-release in July 1995 brought it up to number 79 .
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[ "`` Jeremy '' Single by Pearl Jam from the album Ten B - side `` Footsteps '' / `` Yellow Ledbetter '' Released September 27 , 1992 Format CD single , Cassette , vinyl Recorded March 27 -- April 26 , 1991 at London Bridge Studios , Seattle , Washington Genre Grunge Length 5 : 18 ( album version ) 4 : 46 ( single edit ) 5 : 21 ( promo version ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Eddie Vedder , Jeff Ament Producer ( s ) Rick Parashar , Pearl Jam Pearl Jam singles chronology `` Even Flow '' ( 1992 ) `` Jeremy '' ( 1992 ) `` Oceans '' ( 1992 ) `` Even Flow '' ( 1992 ) `` Jeremy '' ( 1992 ) `` Oceans '' ( 1992 ) Music video `` Jeremy '' on YouTube", "`` Jeremy ''", "Single by Pearl Jam", "from the album Ten", "B - side `` Footsteps '' / `` Yellow Ledbetter ''", "Released September 27 , 1992", "Format CD single , Cassette , vinyl", "Recorded March 27 -- April 26 , 1991 at London Bridge Studios , Seattle , Washington", "Genre Grunge", "Length 5 : 18 ( album version ) 4 : 46 ( single edit ) 5 : 21 ( promo version )", "5 : 18 ( album version ) 4 : 46 ( single edit )", "Label Epic", "Songwriter ( s ) Eddie Vedder , Jeff Ament", "Producer ( s ) Rick Parashar , Pearl Jam", "Pearl Jam singles chronology", "`` Even Flow '' ( 1992 ) `` Jeremy '' ( 1992 ) `` Oceans '' ( 1992 )", "`` Even Flow '' ( 1992 ) `` Jeremy '' ( 1992 ) `` Oceans '' ( 1992 )", "`` Even Flow '' ( 1992 ) `` Jeremy '' ( 1992 ) `` Oceans '' ( 1992 )", "`` Even Flow '' ( 1992 ) `` Jeremy '' ( 1992 ) `` Oceans '' ( 1992 )", "`` Even Flow '' ( 1992 ) `` Jeremy '' ( 1992 ) `` Oceans '' ( 1992 )", "`` Even Flow '' ( 1992 ) `` Jeremy '' ( 1992 ) `` Oceans '' ( 1992 )", "Music video", "`` Jeremy '' on YouTube", "`` Jeremy '' is a song by the American rock band Pearl Jam , with lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music written by bassist Jeff Ament . `` Jeremy '' was released in 1992 as the third single from Pearl Jam 's debut album Ten ( 1991 ) . The song was inspired by a newspaper article Vedder read about a high school student who shot himself in front of his English class on January 8 , 1991 . It reached the number five spot on both the Mainstream and Modern Rock Billboard charts . It did not originally chart on the regular Billboard Hot 100 singles chart since it was not released as a commercial single in the US at the time , but a re-release in July 1995 brought it up to number 79 .", "The song gained notoriety for its music video , directed by Mark Pellington and released in 1992 , which received heavy rotation by MTV and became a hit . The original music video for `` Jeremy '' was directed and produced by Chris Cuffaro . Epic Records and MTV later rejected the music video , and released the version directed by Pellington instead . In 1993 , the `` Jeremy '' video was awarded four MTV Video Music Awards , including Best Video of the Year .", "`` Jeremy '' features lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music written by bassist Jeff Ament . The song 's music was written before the band went out on tour in support of Alice in Chains in February 1991 .", "Ament on the song :", "I already had two pieces of music that I wrote on acoustic guitar ... with the idea that I would play them on a Hamer 12 - string bass I had just ordered . When the bass arrived , one of ( the pieces ) became `` Jeremy '' ... I had an idea for the outro when we were recording it the second time ... I overdubbed a twelve - string bass , and we added a cello . That was big - time production , for us ... Rick ( Parashar ) ' sa supertalented engineer - musician ... Stone ( Gossard , Pearl Jam 's rhythm guitarist ) was sick one day , and Ed , Rick and I conjured up the art piece that opens and closes the song . That was so fun -- I wanted to make a whole record like that .", "In another interview , Ament stated :", "We knew it was a good song , but it was tough getting it to feel right -- for the chorus to sit back and the outro to push over the top . The tune went from practically not making it on the record to being one of the best takes . I 'm not sure if it 's the best song on the album but I think it 's the best take . On `` Jeremy '' I always heard this other melody in the choruses and the end , and it never sounded good on guitar or bass . So we brought in a cello player which inspired a background vocal , and those things made the song really happen . Most of the time if something does n't work right away , I just say fuck it -- but this was an instance when perseverance paid off .", "This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "`` Jeremy '' is in the key of A , and intertwines the parallel modes of major and minor frequently . It features prominent usage of Ament 's 12 - string Hamer bass guitar , which is pivotal to the sound of the introduction and end of the recording . The song starts off with the bassline and quiet harmonic notes also on the 12 - string bass , and continues in a sedate vein until after the second chorus , when densely layered guitars and vocals gradually enter . At the end the instruments gradually fade out until all that is audible is a clean guitar and the 12 - string bass , like the intro . Both instruments play a descending minor key melody , fading out with one single note .", "`` Jeremy '' is based on two different true stories . The song takes its main inspiration from a newspaper article about a 16 - year - old boy named Jeremy Wade Delle from Richardson , Texas who shot himself in front of his teacher and his second period English class of 30 students on the morning of January 8 , 1991 . In a 2009 interview , Vedder said that he felt `` the need to take that small article and make something of it -- to give that action , to give it reaction , to give it more importance . ''", "Delle was described by schoolmates as `` real quiet '' and known for `` acting sad . '' After coming into class late that morning , Delle was told to get an admittance slip from the school office . He left the classroom , and returned with a . 357 Magnum revolver . Delle walked to the front of the classroom , announced `` Miss , I got what I really went for '' , put the barrel of the firearm in his mouth , and pulled the trigger before his teacher or classmates could react . Lisa Moore , a schoolmate , knew Jeremy from the in - school suspension program : `` He and I would pass notes back and forth and he would talk about life and stuff , '' she said . `` He signed all of his notes , ' Write back . ' But on Monday he wrote , ' Later days . ' I did n't know what to make of it . But I never thought this would happen . ''", "When asked about the song , Vedder explained :", "It came from a small paragraph in a paper which means you kill yourself and you make a big old sacrifice and try to get your revenge . That all you 're gon na end up with is a paragraph in a newspaper . Sixty - four degrees and cloudy in a suburban neighborhood . That 's the beginning of the video and that 's the same thing in the end ; it does nothing ... nothing changes . The world goes on and you 're gone . The best revenge is to live on and prove yourself . Be stronger than those people . And then you can come back .", "The second story the song is based on , involved a student that Vedder knew from his junior high school in San Diego , California . He elaborated further in a 1991 interview :", "I actually knew somebody in junior high school , in San Diego , California , that did the same thing , just about , did n't take his life but ended up shooting up an oceanography room . I remember being in the halls and hearing it and I had actually had altercations with this kid in the past . I was kind of a rebellious fifth - grader and I think we got in fights and stuff . So it 's a bit about this kid named Jeremy and it 's also a bit about a kid named Brian that I knew and I do n't know ... the song , I think it says a lot . I think it goes somewhere ... and a lot of people interpret it different ways and it 's just been recently that I 've been talking about the true meaning behind it and I hope no one 's offended and believe me , I think of Jeremy when I sing it .", "While the `` Jeremy '' single was released commercially to international markets in 1992 , the commercial single was not released in the United States until June 27 , 1995 and was only available as a more expensive import version beforehand . `` Jeremy '' was released as a single in 1992 with the previously unreleased B - sides `` Footsteps '' and `` Yellow Ledbetter '' , both of which can also be found on the compilation album , Lost Dogs ( 2003 ) , the former as an alternate version , and the latter of which can also be found on the band 's greatest hits compilation , rearviewmirror ( Greatest Hits 1991 -- 2003 ) . `` Jeremy '' became the most successful song from Ten on the American rock charts . The song peaked at number five on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks and Billboard Modern Rock Tracks charts . The `` Jeremy '' single has been certified gold by the RIAA . At the 1993 Grammy Awards , `` Jeremy '' received nominations for Best Rock Song and Best Hard Rock Performance .", "Outside the United States , the single was released commercially in Australia , Austria , Brazil , Germany , Indonesia , the Netherlands , and the United Kingdom . In Canada , the song reached the top 40 on the Canadian Singles Chart . `` Jeremy '' reached the UK Top 20 . It peaked at number 93 in Germany , reached the top 40 in New Zealand , and was a top ten success in Ireland .", "Chris True of Allmusic said that `` Jeremy '' `` is where Pearl Jam mania galvanized and propelled the band past the ' Seattle sound ' and into rock royalty . '' He described it as a `` classic buildup tune '' and proclaimed it as `` arguably Pearl Jam 's most earnest work and one of their most successful singles . '' Stephen M. Deusner of Pitchfork Media said , `` ' Jeremy ' is for the most part Freudian psychodrama on an album full of them . ''", "In July 1991 , Vedder became acquainted with photographer Chris Cuffaro . Vedder suggested Cuffaro film a music video for the band . On Vedder 's insistence , Epic gave Cuffaro permission to use any song off Ten . He chose `` Jeremy '' , which was not intended to be released as a single at the time . Epic refused to fund the clip , forcing Cuffaro to finance it himself .", "Cuffaro raised the money by taking out a loan and selling all of his furniture and half his guitar collection . He first filmed several scenes of a young actor , Eric Schubert , playing the part of Jeremy . Cuffaro and his crew spent a day filming Schubert playing the part of Jeremy . The scenes with Pearl Jam were filmed in a warehouse on Pico Boulevard in Los Angeles , California on October 4 , 1991 . A revolving platform was rigged at the center of the set , and the members of the band climbed on it individually to give the illusion of the song being performed as a crew member spun the giant turntable by hand . Vedder appeared with black gaffer 's tape around his biceps as a mourning band for the real Jeremy .", "By the time Cuffaro finished his music video , Epic had warmed up to the idea of releasing `` Jeremy '' as a single . Music video director Mark Pellington was brought in to handle the project . Pellington said that he `` was n't a huge fan of the band , but the lyrics intrigued me -- I spoke to Eddie , and I really got connected to his passion . '' Pellington and Pearl Jam convened in Kings Cross , London , England in June 1992 to film a new version of the `` Jeremy '' music video .", "Working with veteran editor Bruce Ashley , Pellington 's high - budget video incorporated rapid - fire editing and juxtaposition of sound , still images , graphics and text elements with live action sequences to create a collage effect . The classroom scenes were filmed at Bayonne High School in New Jersey . The video also featured many close - ups of Vedder performing the song , with the other members of Pearl Jam shown only briefly . Some of the stock imagery was similar to the original video , but when it came to the band Pellington focused on Vedder . Vedder thus serves as the video 's narrator . Ament said , `` It was mostly Mark and Ed 's vision . In fact , I think it would have been a better video if the rest of the band was n't in it . I know some of us were having a hard time with the movie - type video that Mark made , because our two previous videos were made live . '' Jeremy was played by 12 - year - old Trevor Wilson , in his only acting role . Wilson died in 2016 at age 36 in a drowning accident in Puerto Rico .", "The video premiered on August 1 , 1992 , and quickly found its way into heavy rotation on MTV . Michele Romero of Entertainment Weekly described the music video as `` an Afterschool Special from hell . '' She stated that `` when Eddie Vedder yowls the lyric ' Jeremy spoke in class today , ' a chill frosts your cranium to the point of queasy enjoyment . '' The success of the `` Jeremy '' video helped catapult Pearl Jam to fame . Pellington stated , `` I think that video tapped into something that has always been around and will always be around . You 're always going to have peer pressure , you 're always going to have adolescent rage , you 're always going to have dysfunctional families . '' The video won four MTV Video Music Awards in 1993 , including Best Video of the Year , Best Group Video , Best Metal / Hard Rock Video , and Best Direction . Trevor Wilson appeared with Pearl Jam onstage when they won ' Best Video Of The Year . ' Vedder introduced him to the crowd : `` This is Trevor . He lives . ''", "In Pellington 's video , Jeremy is shown being alienated and taunted by classmates at school , running through a forest , and screaming at his parents at a dinner table . Only Jeremy is shown moving in the video ; every other character in his life is frozen a series of stationary tableaus . Shots of words depicting others ' presumed descriptions of Jeremy -- such as `` problem '' , `` peer '' , `` harmless '' , and `` bored '' -- frequently appear onscreen . Included are two biblical allusions : `` the unclean spirit entered '' , from Mark 5 : 13 , and `` Genesis 3 : 6 '' , referencing the creation of sin . As the song becomes more dense and frenetic , Jeremy 's behavior becomes increasingly agitated . Strobe lighting adds to the anxious atmosphere . Jeremy is shown standing , arms raised in a V ( as described in the lyrics at the beginning of the song ) , in front of a wall of billowing flames . Jeremy is later shown staring at the camera while wrapped in an American flag , surrounded by fire .", "The final scene of the video shows Jeremy striding into class , tossing an apple to the teacher , and standing before his classmates . He reaches down and draws back his arm as he takes a gun out of his pocket ( The gun only appears onscreen in the unedited version of the video ) . The edited version cuts to an extreme close - up of Jeremy 's face as he puts the barrel of the gun in his mouth , closes his eyes , and pulls the trigger . After a flash of light the screen turns black . The next shot is a pan across the classroom , showing Jeremy 's blood - spattered classmates , all completely still , recoiling in horror . The video ends on a shot of a dangling blackboard , on which all the harsh terms and phrases seen earlier had been scrawled .", "MTV restrictions on violent imagery prevented Pellington from showing Jeremy putting the gun in his mouth and pulling the trigger at the climax of the video . Incidentally , the ambiguous close - up of Jeremy at the end of the edited video , combined with the defensive posture of Jeremy 's classmates and the large amount of blood , led many viewers to believe that the video ended with Jeremy shooting his classmates , not himself . In 1997 , Rolling Stone described the song and video as depicting an unpopular student bringing a gun to class and shooting people .", "Pellington himself dismisses this interpretation of the video . He said , `` Probably the greatest frustration I 've ever had is that the ending ( of the `` Jeremy '' video ) is sometimes misinterpreted as that he shot his classmates . The idea is , that 's his blood on them , and they 're frozen at the moment of looking . '' He had filmed a scene where Jeremy is shown putting the gun in his mouth , but this footage was edited with a zoom effect for the MTV version of the video so the gun was not visible . Pellington also filmed a slightly different take of the classroom Pledge of Allegiance sequence . In the MTV version of the video there is a brief shot of Jeremy 's classmates making a gesture that could be either the American Bellamy salute or the Nazi Hitler salute ; in the original cut of the video this scene is longer . The video is shot in such a way that the camera pan shows the alternate salute while traveling in the opposite direction ... left to right as opposed to right to left with the normal hand over heart positioning .", "After `` Jeremy '' , Pearl Jam backed away from making music videos . `` Ten years from now , '' Ament said , `` I do n't want people to remember our songs as videos . '' The band did not release another video until 1998 's `` Do the Evolution '' , which was entirely animated .", "In 1996 , a shooting occurred at Frontier Junior High School in Moses Lake , Washington that left three dead and a fourth injured . The prosecutors for the case said shooter , Barry Loukaitis , was influenced by the edited version of the music video .", "After the Columbine High School massacre in 1999 , MTV and VH1 rarely aired the video , and mention of it was omitted in retro - documentaries such as I Love the ' 90s . It is still available on the internet , on websites such as YouTube . It can also occasionally be seen playing at Hard Rock Cafe locations . The video occasionally airs on MTV Classic . The video was included in MuchMusic 's list of the 12 most controversial videos . The reason was because of the topic of suicide , and recent school shootings . The scene of Jeremy with the gun in his mouth was not shown . It was also included on VH1 's countdown of the `` 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 90s '' at number 11 , with several clips of the video shown , including part of the ending . The uncensored version of the video was shown as part of the retrospective `` Pearl Jam Ten Revisited '' on VH1 Classic in 2009 prior to the album 's re-release , including the shot in which Jeremy puts the gun in his mouth .", "`` Jeremy '' was first performed live at the band 's May 17 , 1991 concert in Seattle , Washington at the Off Ramp Café . Pearl Jam performed the song for its appearance on MTV Unplugged in 1992 . Pearl Jam also performed `` Jeremy '' at the MTV Video Music Awards in 1992 . The band had intended to perform the Dead Boys song `` Sonic Reducer '' , but MTV insisted that it play `` Jeremy '' since the song 's music video was already in heavy rotation . ( It had been released after the deadline for that year 's awards . ) At the end of the intense performance , Vedder managed to sneak in a reference to the Dead Boys song by singing the first line of `` Sonic Reducer '' , `` I do n't need no ... I do n't need no mom and dad . '' Live performances of `` Jeremy '' can be found on the `` Animal '' single , the `` Dissident '' / Live in Atlanta box set , various official bootlegs , the Live at the Gorge 05 / 06 box set , and the Drop in the Park LP included in the Super Deluxe edition of the Ten reissue . Performances of the song are also included on the DVD Touring Band 2000 and the MTV Unplugged DVD included in the Ten reissue .", "Promo CD", "`` Jeremy '' ( Promo Version ) -- 5 : 21", "`` Jeremy '' ( Promo Version ) -- 5 : 21", "CD ( US , Australia , Austria , Brazil , and Germany ) and Cassette ( Australia and Indonesia )", "CD ( US , Australia , Austria , Brazil , and Germany ) and Cassette ( Australia and Indonesia )", "`` Jeremy '' ( Eddie Vedder , Jeff Ament ) -- 4 : 49 `` Footsteps '' ( Stone Gossard , Vedder ) -- 3 : 53 Recorded live on Rockline on May 11 , 1992 . `` Yellow Ledbetter '' ( Ament , Mike McCready , Vedder ) -- 5 : 04", "`` Jeremy '' ( Eddie Vedder , Jeff Ament ) -- 4 : 49", "`` Footsteps '' ( Stone Gossard , Vedder ) -- 3 : 53 Recorded live on Rockline on May 11 , 1992 .", "Recorded live on Rockline on May 11 , 1992 .", "Recorded live on Rockline on May 11 , 1992 .", "`` Yellow Ledbetter '' ( Ament , Mike McCready , Vedder ) -- 5 : 04", "CD ( UK )", "CD ( UK )", "`` Jeremy '' ( single version ) ( Vedder , Ament ) -- 4 : 46 `` Yellow Ledbetter '' ( Ament , McCready , Vedder ) -- 5 : 04 `` Alive '' ( live ) ( Vedder , Gossard ) -- 4 : 55 Recorded live on August 3 , 1991 at RKCNDY in Seattle , Washington .", "`` Jeremy '' ( single version ) ( Vedder , Ament ) -- 4 : 46", "`` Yellow Ledbetter '' ( Ament , McCready , Vedder ) -- 5 : 04", "`` Alive '' ( live ) ( Vedder , Gossard ) -- 4 : 55 Recorded live on August 3 , 1991 at RKCNDY in Seattle , Washington .", "Recorded live on August 3 , 1991 at RKCNDY in Seattle , Washington .", "Recorded live on August 3 , 1991 at RKCNDY in Seattle , Washington .", "7 '' Vinyl ( UK ) and Cassette ( UK )", "7 '' Vinyl ( UK ) and Cassette ( UK )", "`` Jeremy '' ( single version ) ( Vedder , Ament ) -- 4 : 46 `` Alive '' ( live ) ( Vedder , Gossard ) -- 4 : 55 Recorded live on August 3 , 1991 at RKCNDY in Seattle , Washington .", "`` Jeremy '' ( single version ) ( Vedder , Ament ) -- 4 : 46", "`` Alive '' ( live ) ( Vedder , Gossard ) -- 4 : 55 Recorded live on August 3 , 1991 at RKCNDY in Seattle , Washington .", "Recorded live on August 3 , 1991 at RKCNDY in Seattle , Washington .", "Recorded live on August 3 , 1991 at RKCNDY in Seattle , Washington .", "7 '' Vinyl ( The Netherlands )", "7 '' Vinyl ( The Netherlands )", "`` Jeremy '' ( Vedder , Ament ) -- 4 : 49 `` Footsteps '' ( Gossard , Vedder ) -- 3 : 53 Recorded live on Rockline on May 11 , 1992 .", "`` Jeremy '' ( Vedder , Ament ) -- 4 : 49", "`` Footsteps '' ( Gossard , Vedder ) -- 3 : 53 Recorded live on Rockline on May 11 , 1992 .", "Recorded live on Rockline on May 11 , 1992 .", "Recorded live on Rockline on May 11 , 1992 .", "7 '' Vinyl ( US )", "7 '' Vinyl ( US )", "`` Jeremy '' ( single version ) ( Vedder , Ament ) -- 5 : 18 `` Alive '' ( Vedder , Gossard ) -- 5 : 40", "`` Jeremy '' ( single version ) ( Vedder , Ament ) -- 5 : 18", "`` Alive '' ( Vedder , Gossard ) -- 5 : 40", "12 '' vinyl ( UK )", "12 '' vinyl ( UK )", "`` Jeremy '' ( Vedder , Ament ) -- 4 : 46 `` Footsteps '' ( Gossard , Vedder ) -- 3 : 53 Recorded live on Rockline on May 11 , 1992 . `` Alive '' ( live ) ( Vedder , Gossard ) -- 4 : 55 Recorded live on August 3 , 1991 at RKCNDY in Seattle , Washington .", "`` Jeremy '' ( Vedder , Ament ) -- 4 : 46", "`` Footsteps '' ( Gossard , Vedder ) -- 3 : 53 Recorded live on Rockline on May 11 , 1992 .", "Recorded live on Rockline on May 11 , 1992 .", "Recorded live on Rockline on May 11 , 1992 .", "`` Alive '' ( live ) ( Vedder , Gossard ) -- 4 : 55 Recorded live on August 3 , 1991 at RKCNDY in Seattle , Washington .", "Recorded live on August 3 , 1991 at RKCNDY in Seattle , Washington .", "Recorded live on August 3 , 1991 at RKCNDY in Seattle , Washington .", "Chart ( 1992 -- 93 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 68 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 32 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 93 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 59 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 34 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 15 US Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks 5 US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 5 Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 79", "Chart ( 1992 -- 93 ) Peak position", "Australia ( ARIA ) 68", "Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 32", "Germany ( Official German Charts ) 93", "Ireland ( IRMA ) 10", "Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 59", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 34", "UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 15", "US Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks 5", "US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 5", "Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position", "US Billboard Hot 100 79", "The information regarding accolades attributed to `` Jeremy '' is adapted in part from Acclaimed Music .", "Publication Country Accolade Year Rank MTV United States `` 100 Greatest Videos Ever Made '' 1999 19 Rolling Stone United States `` The 100 Top Music Videos '' 36 `` The 100 Greatest Pop Songs Since the Beatles '' 2000 48 VH1 United States `` 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years '' 2003 32 `` 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 90s '' 2007 11 Kerrang ! United Kingdom `` 100 Greatest Singles of All Time '' 2002 85", "Publication Country Accolade Year Rank", "MTV United States `` 100 Greatest Videos Ever Made '' 1999 19", "Rolling Stone United States `` The 100 Top Music Videos '' 36", "`` The 100 Greatest Pop Songs Since the Beatles '' 2000 48", "VH1 United States `` 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years '' 2003 32", "`` 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 90s '' 2007 11", "Kerrang ! United Kingdom `` 100 Greatest Singles of All Time '' 2002 85" ]
Jeremy (song) - wikipedia Jeremy (song) Jump to: navigation , search `` Jeremy'' Single by Pearl Jam from the album Ten B-side `` Footsteps'' / `` Yellow Ledbetter '' Released September 27, 1992 Format CD single , Cassette , vinyl Recorded March 27 -- April 26, 1991 at London Bridge Studios , Seattle , Washington Genre Grunge Length 5 : 18 (album version) 4:46 (single edit) 5:21 (promo version) Label Epic Songwriter(s) Eddie Vedder , Jeff Ament Producer(s) Rick Parashar , Pearl Jam Pearl Jam singles chronology `` Even Flow '' (1992) `` Jeremy '' (1992) `` Oceans '' (1992) `` Even Flow '' (1992) `` Jeremy '' (1992) `` Oceans '' (1992) Music video `` Jeremy'' on YouTube `` Jeremy '' is a song by the American rock band Pearl Jam , with lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music written by bassist Jeff Ament . `` Jeremy'' was released in 1992 as the third single from Pearl Jam's debut album Ten (1991). The song was inspired by a newspaper article Vedder read about a high school student who shot himself in front of his English class on January 8, 1991. It reached the number five spot on both the Mainstream and Modern Rock Billboard charts. It did not originally chart on the regular Billboard Hot 100 singles chart since it was not released as a commercial single in the US at the time, but a re-release in July 1995 brought it up to number 79. The song gained notoriety for its music video, directed by Mark Pellington and released in 1992, which received heavy rotation by MTV and became a hit. The original music video for `` Jeremy'' was directed and produced by Chris Cuffaro . Epic Records and MTV later rejected the music video, and released the version directed by Pellington instead. In 1993, the `` Jeremy'' video was awarded four MTV Video Music Awards , including Best Video of the Year. Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and recording 2 Composition 3 Lyrics 4 Release and reception 5 Music video 5.1 Original video 5.2 Official video 5.2.1 Video summary 5.2.2 Controversy 6 Live performances 7 Track listing 8 Chart positions 9 Accolades 10 References 11 External links Origin and recording ( edit ) `` Jeremy'' features lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music written by bassist Jeff Ament . The song's music was written before the band went out on tour in support of Alice in Chains in February 1991. Ament on the song: I already had two pieces of music that I wrote on acoustic guitar...with the idea that I would play them on a Hamer 12-string bass I had just ordered. When the bass arrived, one of (the pieces) became `` Jeremy'' ... I had an idea for the outro when we were recording it the second time...I overdubbed a twelve-string bass , and we added a cello. That was big-time production, for us... Rick (Parashar)' sa supertalented engineer-musician...Stone (Gossard, Pearl Jam's rhythm guitarist) was sick one day, and Ed, Rick and I conjured up the art piece that opens and closes the song. That was so fun-- I wanted to make a whole record like that. In another interview, Ament stated: We knew it was a good song, but it was tough getting it to feel right-- for the chorus to sit back and the outro to push over the top. The tune went from practically not making it on the record to being one of the best takes. I'm not sure if it's the best song on the album but I think it's the best take. On `` Jeremy'' I always heard this other melody in the choruses and the end, and it never sounded good on guitar or bass. So we brought in a cello player which inspired a background vocal, and those things made the song really happen. Most of the time if something doesn't work right away, I just say fuck it-- but this was an instance when perseverance paid off. Composition ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (September 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Jeremy'' is in the key of A , and intertwines the parallel modes of major and minor frequently. It features prominent usage of Ament's 12-string Hamer bass guitar , which is pivotal to the sound of the introduction and end of the recording. The song starts off with the bassline and quiet harmonic notes also on the 12-string bass, and continues in a sedate vein until after the second chorus, when densely layered guitars and vocals gradually enter. At the end the instruments gradually fade out until all that is audible is a clean guitar and the 12-string bass, like the intro. Both instruments play a descending minor key melody, fading out with one single note. Lyrics ( edit ) `` Jeremy'' is based on two different true stories. The song takes its main inspiration from a newspaper article about a 16-year-old boy named Jeremy Wade Delle from Richardson, Texas who shot himself in front of his teacher and his second period English class of 30 students on the morning of January 8, 1991. In a 2009 interview, Vedder said that he felt `` the need to take that small article and make something of it-- to give that action, to give it reaction, to give it more importance.'' Delle was described by schoolmates as `` real quiet'' and known for `` acting sad.'' After coming into class late that morning, Delle was told to get an admittance slip from the school office. He left the classroom, and returned with a .357 Magnum revolver. Delle walked to the front of the classroom, announced `` Miss, I got what I really went for'' , put the barrel of the firearm in his mouth, and pulled the trigger before his teacher or classmates could react. Lisa Moore, a schoolmate, knew Jeremy from the in-school suspension program: `` He and I would pass notes back and forth and he would talk about life and stuff,'' she said. `` He signed all of his notes, ' Write back.' But on Monday he wrote, ' Later days.' I didn't know what to make of it. But I never thought this would happen.'' When asked about the song, Vedder explained: It came from a small paragraph in a paper which means you kill yourself and you make a big old sacrifice and try to get your revenge. That all you're gonna end up with is a paragraph in a newspaper. Sixty-four degrees and cloudy in a suburban neighborhood. That's the beginning of the video and that's the same thing in the end; it does nothing ... nothing changes. The world goes on and you're gone. The best revenge is to live on and prove yourself. Be stronger than those people. And then you can come back. The second story the song is based on, involved a student that Vedder knew from his junior high school in San Diego , California . He elaborated further in a 1991 interview: I actually knew somebody in junior high school, in San Diego, California, that did the same thing, just about, didn't take his life but ended up shooting up an oceanography room. I remember being in the halls and hearing it and I had actually had altercations with this kid in the past. I was kind of a rebellious fifth-grader and I think we got in fights and stuff. So it's a bit about this kid named Jeremy and it's also a bit about a kid named Brian that I knew and I don't know...the song, I think it says a lot. I think it goes somewhere...and a lot of people interpret it different ways and it's just been recently that I've been talking about the true meaning behind it and I hope no one's offended and believe me, I think of Jeremy when I sing it. Release and reception ( edit ) While the `` Jeremy'' single was released commercially to international markets in 1992, the commercial single was not released in the United States until June 27, 1995 and was only available as a more expensive import version beforehand. `` Jeremy'' was released as a single in 1992 with the previously unreleased B-sides `` Footsteps'' and `` Yellow Ledbetter '' , both of which can also be found on the compilation album, Lost Dogs (2003), the former as an alternate version, and the latter of which can also be found on the band's greatest hits compilation, rearviewmirror (Greatest Hits 1991-- 2003) . `` Jeremy'' became the most successful song from Ten on the American rock charts. The song peaked at number five on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks and Billboard Modern Rock Tracks charts. The `` Jeremy'' single has been certified gold by the RIAA . At the 1993 Grammy Awards , `` Jeremy'' received nominations for Best Rock Song and Best Hard Rock Performance . Outside the United States, the single was released commercially in Australia , Austria , Brazil , Germany , Indonesia , the Netherlands , and the United Kingdom . In Canada , the song reached the top 40 on the Canadian Singles Chart . `` Jeremy'' reached the UK Top 20. It peaked at number 93 in Germany, reached the top 40 in New Zealand , and was a top ten success in Ireland . Chris True of Allmusic said that `` Jeremy'' `` is where Pearl Jam mania galvanized and propelled the band past the ' Seattle sound' and into rock royalty.'' He described it as a `` classic buildup tune'' and proclaimed it as `` arguably Pearl Jam's most earnest work and one of their most successful singles.'' Stephen M. Deusner of Pitchfork Media said, `` ' Jeremy' is for the most part Freudian psychodrama on an album full of them.'' Music video ( edit ) Original video ( edit ) In July 1991, Vedder became acquainted with photographer Chris Cuffaro. Vedder suggested Cuffaro film a music video for the band. On Vedder's insistence, Epic gave Cuffaro permission to use any song off Ten . He chose `` Jeremy'' , which was not intended to be released as a single at the time. Epic refused to fund the clip, forcing Cuffaro to finance it himself. Cuffaro raised the money by taking out a loan and selling all of his furniture and half his guitar collection. He first filmed several scenes of a young actor, Eric Schubert, playing the part of Jeremy. Cuffaro and his crew spent a day filming Schubert playing the part of Jeremy. The scenes with Pearl Jam were filmed in a warehouse on Pico Boulevard in Los Angeles , California on October 4, 1991. A revolving platform was rigged at the center of the set, and the members of the band climbed on it individually to give the illusion of the song being performed as a crew member spun the giant turntable by hand. Vedder appeared with black gaffer's tape around his biceps as a mourning band for the real Jeremy. Official video ( edit ) By the time Cuffaro finished his music video, Epic had warmed up to the idea of releasing `` Jeremy'' as a single. Music video director Mark Pellington was brought in to handle the project. Pellington said that he `` wasn't a huge fan of the band, but the lyrics intrigued me-- I spoke to Eddie, and I really got connected to his passion.'' Pellington and Pearl Jam convened in Kings Cross, London , England in June 1992 to film a new version of the `` Jeremy'' music video. Working with veteran editor Bruce Ashley, Pellington's high-budget video incorporated rapid-fire editing and juxtaposition of sound, still images, graphics and text elements with live action sequences to create a collage effect. The classroom scenes were filmed at Bayonne High School in New Jersey . The video also featured many close-ups of Vedder performing the song, with the other members of Pearl Jam shown only briefly. Some of the stock imagery was similar to the original video, but when it came to the band Pellington focused on Vedder. Vedder thus serves as the video's narrator. Ament said, `` It was mostly Mark and Ed's vision. In fact, I think it would have been a better video if the rest of the band wasn't in it. I know some of us were having a hard time with the movie-type video that Mark made, because our two previous videos were made live.'' Jeremy was played by 12-year-old Trevor Wilson, in his only acting role. Wilson died in 2016 at age 36 in a drowning accident in Puerto Rico . The video premiered on August 1, 1992, and quickly found its way into heavy rotation on MTV . Michele Romero of Entertainment Weekly described the music video as `` an Afterschool Special from hell.'' She stated that `` when Eddie Vedder yowls the lyric ' Jeremy spoke in class today,' a chill frosts your cranium to the point of queasy enjoyment.'' The success of the `` Jeremy'' video helped catapult Pearl Jam to fame. Pellington stated, `` I think that video tapped into something that has always been around and will always be around. You're always going to have peer pressure, you're always going to have adolescent rage, you're always going to have dysfunctional families.'' The video won four MTV Video Music Awards in 1993, including Best Video of the Year , Best Group Video , Best Metal/Hard Rock Video , and Best Direction . Trevor Wilson appeared with Pearl Jam onstage when they won ' Best Video Of The Year.' Vedder introduced him to the crowd: `` This is Trevor. He lives.'' Video summary ( edit ) A shot from the end of the video, depicting Jeremy's blood-spattered classmates. In Pellington's video, Jeremy is shown being alienated and taunted by classmates at school, running through a forest, and screaming at his parents at a dinner table. Only Jeremy is shown moving in the video; every other character in his life is frozen a series of stationary tableaus. Shots of words depicting others' presumed descriptions of Jeremy -- such as `` problem'' , `` peer'' , `` harmless'' , and `` bored'' -- frequently appear onscreen. Included are two biblical allusions: `` the unclean spirit entered'' , from Mark 5:13, and `` Genesis 3:6'' , referencing the creation of sin . As the song becomes more dense and frenetic, Jeremy's behavior becomes increasingly agitated. Strobe lighting adds to the anxious atmosphere. Jeremy is shown standing, arms raised in a V (as described in the lyrics at the beginning of the song), in front of a wall of billowing flames. Jeremy is later shown staring at the camera while wrapped in an American flag , surrounded by fire. The final scene of the video shows Jeremy striding into class, tossing an apple to the teacher, and standing before his classmates. He reaches down and draws back his arm as he takes a gun out of his pocket (The gun only appears onscreen in the unedited version of the video). The edited version cuts to an extreme close-up of Jeremy's face as he puts the barrel of the gun in his mouth, closes his eyes, and pulls the trigger. After a flash of light the screen turns black. The next shot is a pan across the classroom, showing Jeremy's blood-spattered classmates, all completely still, recoiling in horror. The video ends on a shot of a dangling blackboard, on which all the harsh terms and phrases seen earlier had been scrawled. Controversy ( edit ) MTV restrictions on violent imagery prevented Pellington from showing Jeremy putting the gun in his mouth and pulling the trigger at the climax of the video. Incidentally, the ambiguous close-up of Jeremy at the end of the edited video, combined with the defensive posture of Jeremy's classmates and the large amount of blood, led many viewers to believe that the video ended with Jeremy shooting his classmates, not himself. In 1997, Rolling Stone described the song and video as depicting an unpopular student bringing a gun to class and shooting people. Pellington himself dismisses this interpretation of the video. He said, `` Probably the greatest frustration I've ever had is that the ending (of the `` Jeremy'' video) is sometimes misinterpreted as that he shot his classmates. The idea is, that's his blood on them, and they're frozen at the moment of looking.'' He had filmed a scene where Jeremy is shown putting the gun in his mouth, but this footage was edited with a zoom effect for the MTV version of the video so the gun was not visible. Pellington also filmed a slightly different take of the classroom Pledge of Allegiance sequence. In the MTV version of the video there is a brief shot of Jeremy's classmates making a gesture that could be either the American Bellamy salute or the Nazi Hitler salute ; in the original cut of the video this scene is longer. The video is shot in such a way that the camera pan shows the alternate salute while traveling in the opposite direction...left to right as opposed to right to left with the normal hand over heart positioning. After `` Jeremy'' , Pearl Jam backed away from making music videos. `` Ten years from now,'' Ament said, `` I don't want people to remember our songs as videos.'' The band did not release another video until 1998's `` Do the Evolution '' , which was entirely animated. In 1996, a shooting occurred at Frontier Junior High School in Moses Lake, Washington that left three dead and a fourth injured. The prosecutors for the case said shooter, Barry Loukaitis , was influenced by the edited version of the music video. After the Columbine High School massacre in 1999, MTV and VH1 rarely aired the video, and mention of it was omitted in retro-documentaries such as I Love the ' 90s . It is still available on the internet, on websites such as YouTube . It can also occasionally be seen playing at Hard Rock Cafe locations. The video occasionally airs on MTV Classic . The video was included in MuchMusic 's list of the 12 most controversial videos. The reason was because of the topic of suicide, and recent school shootings. The scene of Jeremy with the gun in his mouth was not shown. It was also included on VH1's countdown of the `` 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 90s'' at number 11, with several clips of the video shown, including part of the ending. The uncensored version of the video was shown as part of the retrospective `` Pearl Jam Ten Revisited'' on VH1 Classic in 2009 prior to the album's re-release, including the shot in which Jeremy puts the gun in his mouth. Live performances ( edit ) `` Jeremy'' was first performed live at the band's May 17, 1991 concert in Seattle , Washington at the Off Ramp Café . Pearl Jam performed the song for its appearance on MTV Unplugged in 1992. Pearl Jam also performed `` Jeremy'' at the MTV Video Music Awards in 1992. The band had intended to perform the Dead Boys song `` Sonic Reducer '' , but MTV insisted that it play `` Jeremy'' since the song's music video was already in heavy rotation. (It had been released after the deadline for that year's awards.) At the end of the intense performance, Vedder managed to sneak in a reference to the Dead Boys song by singing the first line of `` Sonic Reducer'' , `` I don't need no ... I don't need no mom and dad.'' Live performances of `` Jeremy'' can be found on the `` Animal '' single, the `` Dissident '' / Live in Atlanta box set, various official bootlegs , the Live at the Gorge 05/06 box set, and the Drop in the Park LP included in the Super Deluxe edition of the Ten reissue. Performances of the song are also included on the DVD Touring Band 2000 and the MTV Unplugged DVD included in the Ten reissue. Track listing ( edit ) Promo CD `` Jeremy'' (Promo Version)-- 5:21 CD (US, Australia, Austria, Brazil, and Germany) and Cassette (Australia and Indonesia) `` Jeremy'' ( Eddie Vedder , Jeff Ament ) -- 4:49 `` Footsteps'' ( Stone Gossard , Vedder) -- 3:53 Recorded live on Rockline on May 11, 1992. `` Yellow Ledbetter '' (Ament, Mike McCready , Vedder) -- 5:04 CD (UK) `` Jeremy'' (single version) (Vedder, Ament) -- 4:46 `` Yellow Ledbetter'' (Ament, McCready, Vedder) -- 5:04 `` Alive '' (live) (Vedder, Gossard) -- 4:55 Recorded live on August 3, 1991 at RKCNDY in Seattle , Washington . 7'' Vinyl (UK) and Cassette (UK) `` Jeremy'' (single version) (Vedder, Ament) -- 4:46 `` Alive'' (live) (Vedder, Gossard) -- 4:55 Recorded live on August 3, 1991 at RKCNDY in Seattle, Washington. 7'' Vinyl (The Netherlands) `` Jeremy'' (Vedder, Ament) -- 4:49 `` Footsteps'' (Gossard, Vedder) -- 3:53 Recorded live on Rockline on May 11, 1992. 7'' Vinyl (US) `` Jeremy'' (single version) (Vedder, Ament) -- 5:18 `` Alive'' (Vedder, Gossard) -- 5:40 12'' vinyl (UK) `` Jeremy'' (Vedder, Ament) -- 4:46 `` Footsteps'' (Gossard, Vedder) -- 3:53 Recorded live on Rockline on May 11, 1992. `` Alive'' (live) (Vedder, Gossard) -- 4:55 Recorded live on August 3, 1991 at RKCNDY in Seattle, Washington. Chart positions ( edit ) Chart (1992-- 93) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 68 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 32 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 93 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 59 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 34 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 15 US Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks 5 US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 5 Chart (1995) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 79 Accolades ( edit ) The information regarding accolades attributed to `` Jeremy'' is adapted in part from Acclaimed Music . Publication Country Accolade Year Rank MTV United States `` 100 Greatest Videos Ever Made'' 1999 19 Rolling Stone United States `` The 100 Top Music Videos'' 36 `` The 100 Greatest Pop Songs Since the Beatles'' 2000 48 VH1 United States `` 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years'' 2003 32 `` 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 90s'' 2007 11 Kerrang! United Kingdom `` 100 Greatest Singles of All Time'' 2002 85 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Danaher, Michael (August 4, 2014). `` The 50 Best Grunge Songs'' . Paste . Retrieved November 9, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Miller, Bobbi; Nevins, Annette (1991-01-09). `` Richardson teen-ager kills himself in front of classmates'' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 2014-09-04 . ^ Jump up to: `` Jeremy (UK) - Pearl Jam : Awards: Allmusic. The Billboard Hot 100'' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 27 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to: `` 1993 MTV Video Music Awards'' . Rockonthenet . Retrieved 2007-09-05 . ^ Jump up to: Coryat, Karl. `` Godfather of the `` G'' Word`` . Bass Player Magazine . April 1994. ^ Jump up to: Black, Johnny. `` The Greatest Songs Ever! Jeremy'' . Blender . September 2002. Archived February 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam's `` Jeremy'' and the Intractable Cultural Script of School Shooters`` . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ Brownlee, Clint. `` Still Alive'' . Seattle Sound Magazine . March 2009. Jump up ^ Vedder, Eddie. `` Rockline Interview'' . KISW-FM , Seattle, Washington. October 18, 1993. Jump up ^ Vedder, Eddie. `` Interview with David Sadoff.'' KLOL FM , Houston, Texas. December 1991. Jump up ^ `` Gold and Platinum Database Search'' . Retrieved 2007-02-12 . Jump up ^ `` 35th Grammy Awards'' . Rockonthenet . Retrieved 2007-09-05 . Jump up ^ True, Chris. `` Jeremy > Review'' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation. Retrieved on May 16, 2008. Jump up ^ Deusner, Stephen M. `` Pearl Jam: Ten '' . Pitchfork Media . April 3, 2009. Jump up ^ Neely, Kim. Five Against One . Diane Publishing Company, 1999. ISBN 0-7567-7409-8 Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Chronology: October 1991'' . PearlJam10YearsAgo.no.sapo.pt. September 19, 2001. Jump up ^ http://consequenceofsound.net/2011/02/another-round-pearl-jam-jeremy/ ^ Jump up to: `` Pearl Jam: Timeline'' . Pearljam.com. Archived from the original on 2008-01-09 . Retrieved 2007-06-27 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Top Music Videos'' . Rolling Stone . October 14, 1993. Archived at pearljamhistory Archived April 30, 2015, at the Wayback Machine ...Retrieved May 19, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Unofficial Pearl Jam FAQ'' . vitalogy.de. Jump up ^ Paul, Mary. `` Time after time Jersey produces talent in entertainment'' . Bayonne Journal . July 5, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam's ' Jeremy' : The Untold Story of Video Star Trevor Wilson's Fascinating Life & Tragic Death'' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017-09-05 . Jump up ^ Romero, Michele. `` Jeremy'' . Entertainment Weekly . September 25, 1992. ^ Jump up to: Weisbard, Eric, et al. `` Ten Past Ten'' Spin . August 2001. Jump up ^ `` Bible Gateway passage: Mark 5:13 - 21st Century King James Version'' . BibleGateway.com . Retrieved 2017-04-04 . Jump up ^ `` Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 3:6 - 21st Century King James Version'' . BibleGateway.com . Retrieved 2017-04-04 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam's `` Jeremy'' Blamed For Deaths`` . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2015-09-03 . Jump up ^ Crowe, Cameron (1993-10-28). `` Five Against the World'' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2007-06-23 . ^ Jump up to: `` VH1: 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 90s'' . VH1 . Retrieved 2008-08-09 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Songs: `` Jeremy'' `` . pearljam.com . Jump up ^ Bruns, Jean and Caryn Rose. `` Jeremy: 64 Degrees and Cloudy'' . fivehorizons.com. August 1999. Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Pearl Jam -- Jeremy'' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 56, No. 15, October 10, 1992'' . RPM . Retrieved 2008-03-07 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Pearl Jam Single-Chartverfolgung'' (in German). Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH. Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know'' . Irishcharts.ie. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009 . Retrieved 2007-04-29 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Pearl Jam -- Jeremy'' (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Pearl Jam -- Jeremy'' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam full Official Chart History'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 21, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Jeremy - Pearl Jam : Awards: Allmusic ( Billboard Singles)'' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Jeremy'' accolades`` . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved 2008-05-06 . Jump up ^ `` MTV: 100 Greatest Music Videos Ever Made'' . Rock on the Net . Retrieved 2008-07-31 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Top Music Videos'' . Rolling Stone . October 14, 1993. Archived at rockonthenet.com . Retrieved May 19, 2013. Jump up ^ Greatest Pop Songs `` The 100 Greatest Pop Songs Since the Beatles'' Check url= value ( help ) . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2008-05-06 . Jump up ^ `` VH1: 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years'' . Rock on the Net . Retrieved 2008-07-31 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Singles of All Time'' . Kerrang! . Retrieved 2008-05-06 . External links ( edit ) `` Jeremy '' at Discogs `` Jeremy'' (UK) review at AllMusic by Shawn M. Haney (rating 3.5/5) Steele Shepherds page on Jeremy Wade Delle Original music video for `` Jeremy'' directed by Chris Cuffaro Lyrics at pearljam.com ( hide ) Pearl Jam Jeff Ament Matt Cameron Stone Gossard Mike McCready Eddie Vedder Additional personnel Boom Gaspar Former members Dave Abbruzzese Matt Chamberlain Jack Irons Dave Krusen Studio albums Ten Vs. Vitalogy No Code Yield Binaural Riot Act Pearl Jam Backspacer Lightning Bolt Live albums Live on Two Legs Official Bootlegs Live at Benaroya Hall Live in NYC 12/31/92 Live at Easy Street Live at the Gorge 05/06 Live at Lollapalooza 2007 Live on Ten Legs Pearl Jam Twenty 9.11.2011 Toronto, Canada Let's Play Two Compilations Lost Dogs Rearviewmirror (Greatest Hits 1991-- 2003) Pearl Jam Twenty Videos Single Video Theory Touring Band 2000 Live at the Showbox Live at the Garden Vote for Change? 2004 Immagine in Cornice Pearl Jam Twenty Let's Play Two Singles `` Alive '' `` Even Flow '' `` Jeremy '' `` Oceans '' `` Go '' `` Daughter '' `` Animal '' `` Dissident '' `` Spin the Black Circle '' `` Not for You '' `` Immortality '' `` I Got Id '' `` Who You Are '' `` Hail, Hail '' `` Off He Goes '' `` Given to Fly '' `` Wishlist '' `` Nothing as It Seems '' `` Light Years '' `` I Am Mine '' `` Save You '' `` Love Boat Captain '' `` Man of the Hour '' `` World Wide Suicide '' `` Life Wasted '' `` Gone '' `` The Fixer '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Amongst the Waves '' `` Crown of Thorns '' `` Mind Your Manners '' `` Sirens '' Other songs `` Once '' `` Black '' `` Porch '' `` State of Love and Trust '' `` Breath '' `` Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town '' `` Glorified G '' `` W.M.A. `` Rearviewmirror '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Tremor Christ '' `` Better Man '' `` Nothingman '' `` Corduroy '' `` I Got Id '' `` Red Mosquito '' `` In Hiding '' `` Do the Evolution '' `` Grievance '' `` Thumbing My Way '' `` You Are '' `` 1⁄2Full '' `` Brother '' Tours Mookie Blaylock 1991 United States Tour 1991 United States Tour Ten Tour Lollapalooza 1992 1993 European and North American Tour Vs. Tour Vitalogy Tour No Code Tour Yield Tour Binaural Tour Riot Act Tour Vote for Change 2005 North American and Latin American Tour 2006 World Tour 2007 European Tour 2008 United States Tour Backspacer Tour Pearl Jam Twenty Tour 2012 Tour Lightning Bolt Tour 2015 Latin America Tour 2016 North America Tour Related articles Articles Discography Band members Awards and nominations Monkeywrench Records Pearl Jam Radio Bands Green River Soundgarden Bad Radio Mother Love Bone Temple of the Dog Brad Hater Wellwater Conspiracy Hovercraft Mad Season Red Hot Chili Peppers Three Fish The Rockfords RNDM Albums Mirror Ball Bayleaf Into the Wild Tone Ukulele Songs Water on the Road Moonlander Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_(song)&oldid=809058534 '' Categories : 1992 singles MTV Video of the Year Award Pearl Jam songs Songs about suicide Songs based on actual events Songs in memory of deceased persons Songs inspired by deaths Songs written by Eddie Vedder Songs written by Jeff Ament Song recordings produced by Eddie Vedder Song recordings produced by Stone Gossard Song recordings produced by Jeff Ament Song recordings produced by Mike McCready Song recordings produced by Dave Krusen Song recordings produced by Rick Parashar Teenage tragedy songs Epic Records singles Rock ballads Music videos directed by Mark Pellington 1991 songs Songs about school Songs about bullying Obscenity controversies in music 1990s ballads Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Pages with URL errors Use mdy dates from April 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles that may contain original research from September 2013 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017, at 21:57. 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in the heat of the night (feat. ray charles)
For the 1988 -- 95 television series of the same name , the song was recorded by Bill Champlin .
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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "`` In the Heat of the Night '' is a 1967 song performed by Ray Charles , composed by Quincy Jones , and written by Marilyn Bergman and Alan Bergman for the film In the Heat of the Night . As Matthew Greenwald of AllMusic states , the song `` opens the film and accompanying soundtrack with a slice of real , rural backwoods gospel . Lyrically , one of the key lines is ' In the heat of the night / I 'm feeling motherless somehow , ' which clearly illustrates the main character 's dilemma of being in the wrong place at the wrong time . The main melody is guided by Charles ' funky piano work and is buttressed by then - session ace Billy Preston 's powerful , soulful organ trills . The underlying sense of drama that is so much a part of the film is reflected perfectly in this song , and the Ray Charles Singers add to this with a stately grace . It 's perfect listening for a midsummer night when the temperature is just a bit too hot for comfort . ''", "Released as a single by ABC Records , Charles ' version of the song reached # 33 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and # 21 on the Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles chart . The song was also released on the soundtrack album on United Artists in 1967 .", "For the 1988 -- 95 television series of the same name , the song was recorded by Bill Champlin ." ]
In the Heat of the night (Ray Charles song) - Wikipedia In the Heat of the night (Ray Charles song) Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` In the Heat of the Night '' is a 1967 song performed by Ray Charles , composed by Quincy Jones , and written by Marilyn Bergman and Alan Bergman for the film In the Heat of the Night . As Matthew Greenwald of AllMusic states, the song `` opens the film and accompanying soundtrack with a slice of real, rural backwoods gospel. Lyrically, one of the key lines is ' In the heat of the night/I'm feeling motherless somehow,' which clearly illustrates the main character's dilemma of being in the wrong place at the wrong time. The main melody is guided by Charles' funky piano work and is buttressed by then-session ace Billy Preston 's powerful, soulful organ trills. The underlying sense of drama that is so much a part of the film is reflected perfectly in this song, and the Ray Charles Singers add to this with a stately grace. It's perfect listening for a midsummer night when the temperature is just a bit too hot for comfort.'' Released as a single by ABC Records , Charles' version of the song reached #33 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and #21 on the Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles chart. The song was also released on the soundtrack album on United Artists in 1967. For the 1988-- 95 television series of the same name , the song was recorded by Bill Champlin . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Matthew Greenwald, Song Review , AllMusic. External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Ray Charles Studio albums Atlantic Ray Charles (Hallelujah, I Love Her So) The Great Ray Charles Yes Indeed! Soul Brothers What'd I Say The Genius of Ray Charles The Genius Sings the Blues Soul Meeting The Genius After Hours True to Life Love & Peace Ain't It So Brother Ray Is at It Again ABC The Genius Hits the Road Dedicated to You Ray Charles and Betty Carter Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music, Vol. 2 Ingredients in a Recipe for Soul Sweet & Sour Tears Have a Smile with Me Together Again / Country and Western Meets Rhythm and Blues Crying Time Ray's Moods Ray Charles Invites You to Listen A Portrait of Ray I'm All Yours Baby! Doing His Thing My Kind of Jazz Love Country Style Volcanic Action of My Soul Jazz Number II A Message From The People Through The Eyes Of Love Crossover Renaissance My Kind of Jazz Part 3 Columbia Wish You Were Here Tonight Do I Ever Cross Your Mind Friendship The Spirit of Christmas From the Pages of My Mind Just Between Us Warner Bros. Would You Believe My World Strong Love Affair Other labels Genius+Soul = Jazz Porgy and Bess Thanks for Bringing Love Around Again Genius Loves Company Posthumous studio creations Genius & Friends Ray Sings, Basie Swings Rare Genius Live albums Ray Charles at Newport Ray Charles in Person Live in Concert Ray Charles Live Notable compilations Do the Twist! with Ray Charles Ray Charles Greatest Hits A Man and His Soul The Best of Ray Charles Anthology The Birth of Soul Genius and Soul Ray Charles in Concert Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 Singles `` What'd I Say '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Hit the Road Jack '' `` One Mint Julep '' `` Unchain My Heart '' `` I Can't Stop Loving You '' `` You Don't Know Me '' `` You Are My Sunshine '' `` Busted '' `` Take These Chains from My Heart '' `` Crying Time '' Other Billboard Charts #1 singles `` I Got a Woman '' `` A Fool for You '' `` Mary Ann '' `` Drown in My Own Tears '' `` Together Again '' `` Let's Go Get Stoned '' `` Seven Spanish Angels '' `` I'll Be Good to You '' Grammy Awarded Works (not included above) `` Let The Good Times Roll '' `` Living for the City '' `` A Song for You '' `` Heaven Help Us All '' `` Here We Go Again '' See also Discography David `` Fathead'' Newman Fathead / Ray Charles Sextet Hank Crawford The Raelettes Ray ( soundtrack ) Quincy Jones The Blues Brothers Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles Tribute to Uncle Ray `` Confession Blues '' Diet Pepsi Book Commons Wikiquote This 1960s song-- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Heat_of_the_Night_(Ray_Charles_song)&oldid=821224401 '' Categories : 1967 songs Songs written by Quincy Jones Songs with lyrics by Marilyn Bergman Songs with lyrics by Alan Bergman Ray Charles songs 1960s song stubs Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018, at 03:45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia
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phil collins coming in the air tonight lyrics
The song was also covered by American metal band In This Moment for their 2017 album Ritual .
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[ "`` In the Air Tonight '' Single by Phil Collins from the album Face Value B - side `` The Roof is Leaking '' Released 9 January 1981 Format 7 - inch single 12 - inch single Recorded Townhouse Studios London , 1980 Genre Experimental pop soft rock Length 5 : 34 ( album version ) 4 : 57 ( single edit ) Label Virgin Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Phil Collins Producer ( s ) Phil Collins Hugh Padgham Phil Collins singles chronology `` In the Air Tonight '' ( 1981 ) `` I Missed Again '' ( 1981 ) `` In the Air Tonight '' ( 1981 ) `` I Missed Again '' ( 1981 ) `` Separate Lives '' ( 1985 ) Separate Lives 1985 `` In the Air Tonight '' ( Remix ) ( 1988 ) In the Air Tonight1988 `` A Groovy Kind of Love '' ( 1988 ) A Groovy Kind of Love 1988 `` You Touch My Heart '' ( 2005 ) You Touch My Heart2005 `` In the Air Tonight '' ( Re-release ) ( 2007 ) In the Air Tonight2007 `` ( Love Is Like a ) Heatwave '' ( 2010 ) ( Love Is Like a ) Heatwave 2010 Audio sample file help", "`` In the Air Tonight ''", "Single by Phil Collins", "from the album Face Value", "B - side `` The Roof is Leaking ''", "Released 9 January 1981", "Format 7 - inch single 12 - inch single", "7 - inch single 12 - inch single", "7 - inch single", "12 - inch single", "Recorded Townhouse Studios London , 1980", "Genre Experimental pop soft rock", "Experimental pop soft rock", "Length 5 : 34 ( album version ) 4 : 57 ( single edit )", "Label Virgin Atlantic", "Virgin Atlantic", "Songwriter ( s ) Phil Collins", "Producer ( s ) Phil Collins Hugh Padgham", "Phil Collins Hugh Padgham", "Phil Collins singles chronology", "`` In the Air Tonight '' ( 1981 ) `` I Missed Again '' ( 1981 )", "`` In the Air Tonight '' ( 1981 ) `` I Missed Again '' ( 1981 )", "`` In the Air Tonight '' ( 1981 ) `` I Missed Again '' ( 1981 )", "`` In the Air Tonight '' ( 1981 ) `` I Missed Again '' ( 1981 )", "`` In the Air Tonight '' ( 1981 ) `` I Missed Again '' ( 1981 )", "`` In the Air Tonight '' ( 1981 ) `` I Missed Again '' ( 1981 )", "`` Separate Lives '' ( 1985 ) Separate Lives 1985 `` In the Air Tonight '' ( Remix ) ( 1988 ) In the Air Tonight1988 `` A Groovy Kind of Love '' ( 1988 ) A Groovy Kind of Love 1988", "`` Separate Lives '' ( 1985 ) Separate Lives 1985 `` In the Air Tonight '' ( Remix ) ( 1988 ) In the Air Tonight1988 `` A Groovy Kind of Love '' ( 1988 ) A Groovy Kind of Love 1988", "`` Separate Lives '' ( 1985 ) Separate Lives 1985 `` In the Air Tonight '' ( Remix ) ( 1988 ) In the Air Tonight1988 `` A Groovy Kind of Love '' ( 1988 ) A Groovy Kind of Love 1988", "`` You Touch My Heart '' ( 2005 ) You Touch My Heart2005 `` In the Air Tonight '' ( Re-release ) ( 2007 ) In the Air Tonight2007 `` ( Love Is Like a ) Heatwave '' ( 2010 ) ( Love Is Like a ) Heatwave 2010", "`` You Touch My Heart '' ( 2005 ) You Touch My Heart2005 `` In the Air Tonight '' ( Re-release ) ( 2007 ) In the Air Tonight2007 `` ( Love Is Like a ) Heatwave '' ( 2010 ) ( Love Is Like a ) Heatwave 2010", "`` You Touch My Heart '' ( 2005 ) You Touch My Heart2005 `` In the Air Tonight '' ( Re-release ) ( 2007 ) In the Air Tonight2007 `` ( Love Is Like a ) Heatwave '' ( 2010 ) ( Love Is Like a ) Heatwave 2010", "Audio sample", "file help", "file help", "`` In the Air Tonight '' is the debut solo single by the English singer - songwriter and drummer Phil Collins . It was released as the lead single from Collins ' debut solo album , Face Value , in January 1981 .", "Collins co-produced the single with Hugh Padgham , who became a frequent collaborator in the following years . The song was an instant hit , quickly climbing to No. 2 on the UK Singles chart but was held off the top spot by the posthumous release of John Lennon 's `` Woman '' . It was also an international hit , achieving top 10 status in Australia , New Zealand and several European territories , reaching No. 1 in Austria , Germany , Switzerland and Sweden . It peaked at No. 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States , and was later certified Gold by the RIAA , representing 500,000 copies sold . The song 's music video , directed by Stuart Orme , received heavy play on MTV when the new cable music video channel launched in August 1981 . It remains one of Collins ' best - known hits , often cited as his signature song , and is especially famous for his climactic drum break towards the end , which has been described as `` the sleekest , most melodramatic drum break in history '' .", "Collins wrote the song amid the grief he felt after divorcing his first wife Andrea Bertorelli in 1980 . In a 2016 interview , Collins said of the song 's lyrics : `` I wrote the lyrics spontaneously . I 'm not quite sure what the song is about , but there 's a lot of anger , a lot of despair and a lot of frustration . '' In a 1997 BBC Radio 2 documentary , the singer revealed that the divorce contributed to his 1979 hiatus from Genesis until the band regrouped in October of that year to record the album Duke .", "The lyrics of the song take the form of a dark monologue directed towards an unnamed person :", "Well if you told me you were drowning , I would not lend a hand I 've seen your face before , my friend , but I do n't know if you know who I am Well I was there and I saw what you did I saw it with my own two eyes So you can wipe off that grin I know where you 've been It 's all been a pack of lies", "The recording is notable for its atmospheric production and macabre theme . It has been described as being `` at the vanguard of experimental pop '' in 1981 and `` a rock oddity classic '' , having been influenced by `` the unconventional studio predilections of Brian Eno and Peter Gabriel '' . Musically , the song consists of a series of ominous chords played by a Sequential Circuits Prophet - 5 over a simple drum machine pattern ( the Roland CR - 78 Disco - 2 pattern , plus some programming ) ; processed electric guitar sounds and vocoded vocals , an effect which is increased on key words to add additional atmosphere . The mood is one of restrained anger until the final chorus when an explosive burst of drums releases the musical tension , and the instrumentation builds to a thundering final chorus .", "Collins has described obtaining the drum machine specifically to deal with personal issues relating to his divorce through songwriting , telling Mix magazine : `` I had to start writing some of this music that was inside me . '' He improvised the lyrics during a songwriting session in the studio : `` I was just fooling around . I got these chords that I liked , so I turned the mic on and started singing . The lyrics you hear are what I wrote spontaneously . That frightens me a bit , but I 'm quite proud of the fact that I sang 99.9 percent of those lyrics spontaneously . ''", "Musically , it 's an extraordinarily striking record , because almost nothing happens in it ... It 's the drum sound in particular that 's amazing . You do n't hear it at all for the first two minutes of the song ... then there 's that great doo - dom doo - dom doo - dom comes in , and the drums come in half way through the song , setting the template for all the Eighties drum songs after that . -- Stuart Maconie", "The means by which Collins attained the drum sound on this recording was long a source of mystery . The exact process was a result of serendipity : an unintended use of studio technology giving unexpectedly useful results .", "In this case , the Solid State Logic 4000 mixing board had a `` reverse talk - back '' circuit ( labeled on the board as `` Listen Mic '' ) . Normal `` talkback '' is a button that the mixing engineer has to press in order to talk to the recording musicians ( the recording and the mixing parts of a studio are , otherwise , completely sonically isolated ) . Reverse talkback is a circuit ( also button - activated ) for the engineer to listen to musicians in the studio . In order to compensate for sound level differences -- people can be close to the reverse talkback microphone or far off -- this circuit has a compressor on it , which minimizes the differences between loud and soft sounds . While recording `` Intruder '' for his ex-bandmate Peter Gabriel 's third solo album , at some point Collins started playing the drums while the reverse talkback was activated . Engineer Hugh Padgham was amazed at the sound achieved . Overnight , they rewired the board so that the reverse talkback could be recorded in a more formal manner . Later models of the SSL 4000 allowed the listen mic to be recorded with the touch of a button .", "When recording engineer Padgham was brought in to help develop Collins ' demos that would become Face Value they recreated the `` Intruder '' sound using the reverse talkback microphone as well as heavily compressed and gated ambient mics . Padgham continued working with Genesis for Abacab later in 1981 and the same technique ( generally referred to as gated reverb ) was used , and the powerful drum sound has become synonymous with later Genesis projects and Collins ' solo career ever since .", "The original single version of `` In the Air Tonight '' features extra drums that play underneath the song until the signature drum crash ( referred to by fans as the `` magic break '' ) appears . These were added at the suggestion of Atlantic Records head Ahmet Ertegun . In 2007 , Collins wrote :", "Ahmet came down to the final mix in the cutting room in New York ( ... ) The drums do n't come in until the end but Ahmet did n't know that at this point , because on the demo the drums had n't come in at all ; it was only drum machine all the way . And he was saying , `` Where 's the down beat , where 's the backbeat ? '' I said , `` The drums come in in a minute . '' `` Yeah , you know that and I know that , but the kids do n't know that ; you 've got to put the drums on earlier . '' So we added some drums to the mix and put it out as a single .", "In 2007 , Mike Gruss , former columnist for The Virginian - Pilot , referred to the song as a `` soft rock classic . ''", "Speaking about the song 's rapid ascension in the music charts , Collins wrote the following in 2007 :", "It was a surprise . The single came in at No. 36 , I did Top of the Pops with Dave Lee Travis , and in one of the down moments he said , `` This record is going to be a top three . '' I did n't believe him , because it had been made so haphazardly , but the next week , there it was at No. 3 . And then Mark Chapman shot John Lennon and that was that .", "An urban legend has arisen around `` In the Air Tonight '' , according to which the lyrics are based on a drowning incident in which someone who was close enough to save the victim did not help them , while Collins , who was too far away to help , looked on . Increasingly embellished variations on the legend emerged over time , with the stories often culminating in Collins singling out the guilty party while singing the song at a concert . Collins has denied all such stories ; he commented on the legends about the song in a BBC World Service interview :", "I do n't know what this song is about . When I was writing this I was going through a divorce . And the only thing I can say about it is that it 's obviously in anger . It 's the angry side , or the bitter side of a separation . So what makes it even more comical is when I hear these stories which started many years ago , particularly in America , of someone come up to me and say , `` Did you really see someone drowning ? '' I said , `` No , wrong '' . And then every time I go back to America the story gets Chinese whispers , it gets more and more elaborate . It 's so frustrating , ' cause this is one song out of all the songs probably that I 've ever written that I really do n't know what it 's about , you know ?", "The urban legend is referenced in the song `` Stan '' by Eminem . The reference is contained in the following lyrics :", "You know the song by Phil Collins , `` In the Air of the Night '' ( sic ) About that guy who coulda saved that other guy from drownin ' But did n't , then Phil saw it all , then at a show he found him ?", "The music video animates the photograph of Collins 's face from the cover of the Face Value album , slowly fading in through the introduction until it fills the screen , singing the first chorus . The video then cuts to Collins sitting in an empty room at night . Twice a spectral figure appears in the window , but only the second time does Collins get up to look at it , then is shown walking to the one door of the room .", "Collins 's face returns for the second chorus . He is then shown leaving the room and entering a hallway full of doors . The first one is locked , then the second opens and Collins sees himself looking at the window again , only now the spectre has turned into his own reflection .", "The third door is locked , but as the fourth one opens , the drum break sounds and the viewer is returned to Collins 's face again , this time in thermal coloring , which gradually reverts to black and white . Collins recedes into the darkness as the song repeats and fades .", "In 1983 the music video was released on the home video Phil Collins available on VHS and LaserDisc which received a Grammy nomination for Best Video , Short Form .", "`` In the Air Tonight '' remains a popular selection on classic rock radio stations . It is the song most often associated with Collins ' solo career , and he has performed it at many events , including Live Aid , where he played the song on a piano on the same calendar day in both Philadelphia and London . He also performed the song at The Secret Policeman 's Ball , which was his first live performance as a solo artist . `` I remember doing ' In the Air Tonight ' at Live Aid , '' he recalled , `` and ( Pete ) Townshend saying , ' Are you going to do that fucking song again ? ' as it was the only one I ever played . ''", "`` In the Air Tonight '' has also been licensed extensively for use in films , television and advertisements for various products .", "The song was featured in two episodes of the hit BBC One 1980s - based drama series Ashes to Ashes . In an interview with SFX , series creator Matthew Graham discusses his editorial choices in using the iconic song and its referential value for the dramatic finale . He considered the piece ideal for his purpose , evoking the mood of the early - 1980s . It was featured in the train sequence of the 1983 film Risky Business and appeared on the soundtrack album . In 1984 the song was featured in the pilot episode of U.S. television show Miami Vice ( `` Brother 's Keeper '' ) , one of the first pop / rock songs to be featured as part of a television program in this manner . Its use in that scene was `` a moment that first signaled to audiences and critics that Miami Vice had something to offer that few other TV programs on the air in 1984 could match '' , The A.V. Club wrote in 2012 . It subsequently `` bubbled under '' the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 102 in late 1984 and appeared on the television soundtrack album released in 1985 . On the heels of this successful merging of media , Collins became associated with the show ; other Collins tracks including `` Take Me Home '' were later featured , and Collins himself also acted in the second season episode `` Phil the Shill '' . This song was later used in the show 's fourth season episode `` A Bullet for Crockett '' for its car chase opening scene , a clear reference to the show 's pilot episode . A cover of `` In the Air Tonight '' , performed by American metal band Nonpoint , also appeared in the 2006 film adaptation . It was used in 1986 when the brewer Anheuser - Busch adopted it for an ad campaign promoting Michelob beer , along with night - related songs by Collins ' peers Steve Winwood ( `` Do n't You Know What the Night Can Do ? '' ) and Eric Clapton ( `` After Midnight '' ) . The 2006 Family Guy episode entitled `` Petergeist '' features Stewie trapped in a TV in a manner similar to that depicted in the movie Poltergeist . He tests out the sound of his voice by singing the song , and then vocalizing the drum part . Cadbury used the song in their 2007 Gorilla advertising campaign for its Dairy Milk chocolate bar . Afterwards , the song reached No. 14 on the UK singles chart and No. 9 on the UK Download Chart . The advertisement also helped the song re-enter the New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart and went to No. 1 , staying there for two weeks , beating its original 1981 No. 6 peak , and become his first chart topper song on the country . The single was finished also certified Platinum with sales of over 15,000 copies . This advert was so popular , it won the awards for the Best Ad of the Year , at New Zealands Fair - Go Ad Awards . It was also subsequently parodied in a spoof ad by Wonderbra. Contrary to popular belief , it was not Phil Collins performing in the gorilla suit but American actor Garon Michael . In the 2009 film The Hangover , the protagonists encounter boxer Mike Tyson and his entourage after returning from an amnesiac night in Las Vegas , in which they absconded with the boxer 's pet tiger . Tyson imitates the iconic drum breakdown with his hands , lip syncs the song with the group , and proceeds to punch Alan Gardner ( Zach Galifanakis ) to the floor in retribution . In a 2017 episode of the long - running ITV soap opera Emmerdale , the character Gerry Roberts sang part of this song . In 2017 , Family Guy again referenced the song in the episode The Peter Principle . Joe refers to the song in the intro , even including the drowning story . Bonnie challenges the drowning story as sounding `` bogus '' . Joe looks it up on Snopes and confirms the story is false .", "The song was featured in two episodes of the hit BBC One 1980s - based drama series Ashes to Ashes . In an interview with SFX , series creator Matthew Graham discusses his editorial choices in using the iconic song and its referential value for the dramatic finale . He considered the piece ideal for his purpose , evoking the mood of the early - 1980s .", "It was featured in the train sequence of the 1983 film Risky Business and appeared on the soundtrack album .", "In 1984 the song was featured in the pilot episode of U.S. television show Miami Vice ( `` Brother 's Keeper '' ) , one of the first pop / rock songs to be featured as part of a television program in this manner . Its use in that scene was `` a moment that first signaled to audiences and critics that Miami Vice had something to offer that few other TV programs on the air in 1984 could match '' , The A.V. Club wrote in 2012 . It subsequently `` bubbled under '' the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 102 in late 1984 and appeared on the television soundtrack album released in 1985 . On the heels of this successful merging of media , Collins became associated with the show ; other Collins tracks including `` Take Me Home '' were later featured , and Collins himself also acted in the second season episode `` Phil the Shill '' . This song was later used in the show 's fourth season episode `` A Bullet for Crockett '' for its car chase opening scene , a clear reference to the show 's pilot episode . A cover of `` In the Air Tonight '' , performed by American metal band Nonpoint , also appeared in the 2006 film adaptation .", "It was used in 1986 when the brewer Anheuser - Busch adopted it for an ad campaign promoting Michelob beer , along with night - related songs by Collins ' peers Steve Winwood ( `` Do n't You Know What the Night Can Do ? '' ) and Eric Clapton ( `` After Midnight '' ) .", "The 2006 Family Guy episode entitled `` Petergeist '' features Stewie trapped in a TV in a manner similar to that depicted in the movie Poltergeist . He tests out the sound of his voice by singing the song , and then vocalizing the drum part .", "Cadbury used the song in their 2007 Gorilla advertising campaign for its Dairy Milk chocolate bar . Afterwards , the song reached No. 14 on the UK singles chart and No. 9 on the UK Download Chart . The advertisement also helped the song re-enter the New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart and went to No. 1 , staying there for two weeks , beating its original 1981 No. 6 peak , and become his first chart topper song on the country . The single was finished also certified Platinum with sales of over 15,000 copies . This advert was so popular , it won the awards for the Best Ad of the Year , at New Zealands Fair - Go Ad Awards . It was also subsequently parodied in a spoof ad by Wonderbra. Contrary to popular belief , it was not Phil Collins performing in the gorilla suit but American actor Garon Michael .", "In the 2009 film The Hangover , the protagonists encounter boxer Mike Tyson and his entourage after returning from an amnesiac night in Las Vegas , in which they absconded with the boxer 's pet tiger . Tyson imitates the iconic drum breakdown with his hands , lip syncs the song with the group , and proceeds to punch Alan Gardner ( Zach Galifanakis ) to the floor in retribution .", "In a 2017 episode of the long - running ITV soap opera Emmerdale , the character Gerry Roberts sang part of this song .", "In 2017 , Family Guy again referenced the song in the episode The Peter Principle . Joe refers to the song in the intro , even including the drowning story . Bonnie challenges the drowning story as sounding `` bogus '' . Joe looks it up on Snopes and confirms the story is false .", "`` In the air Tonight '' appears in and is a mission on the video game Grand Theft Auto Vice City Stories He performs the song in a concert where the main protagonist must protect Phil Collins from people sabotaging the equipment in an attempt on his life . The song is also in the playlist of Emotions 98.3 .", "The song has been sampled by many artists , including Shaquille O'Neal in his song `` Edge of Night '' , Nas in his song `` One Mic '' , and Tupac Shakur on his tracks `` Starin ' Through My Rear View '' and `` Letter to the President '' . Other tracks which include samples of `` In the Air Tonight '' include DMX 's `` I Can Feel It '' , Krayzie Bone 's `` Silent Warrior '' , Joe Budden 's `` Rest in Peace ( In the Air ) '' , Sean Kingston 's `` Can You Feel It '' , Young Buck 's `` New York City '' , Big Audio Dynamite 's `` Innocent Child '' , Lil ' Kim 's `` In the Air Tonite '' , Kesha 's `` Love Into the Light '' , and Av LMKR 's `` In The Air '' .", "It was used in 2009 by Canadian rapper Roi Heenok in his song `` La Mama Coca . ''", "According to video game music composer David Wise , he sampled the percussion track of `` In the Air Tonight '' for `` Bayou Boogie '' , a track in the 1995 SNES game Donkey Kong Country 2 : Diddy 's Kong Quest .", "It was also sampled by MiC LOWRY on their single `` Oh Lord '' .", "The song sampled by The Overall Ole in the song `` Gig Paty Gig ! '' .", "U.S. author Mohja Kahf obtained permission to cite two lines from the song in her novel , The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf ( Perseus Books , 2006 ) . When the novel 's protagonist , a young Syrian American woman named Khadra who is coming of age during the 1970s and 1980s in America , performs the Muslim ritual pilgrimage ( hajj ) to Mecca and views the Ka'ba for the first time , the author writes that : `` Khadra tried to keep the joyous talbiya ( ritual chant ) in her mind and on her tongue : Here I am , O my Lord , Here I am ! Labbaik , allahumma , labbaik ! But she kept getting it crossed with Phil Collins in her head crooning , ' I can feel it coming in the air tonight , Oh Lo - ord ... I 've been waiting for this moment for all my life , oh Lo - ord ... ' ''", "VSK102 UK Single Release ( Martin H )", "`` In the Air Tonight '' `` The Roof is Leaking", "`` In the Air Tonight ''", "`` The Roof is Leaking", "Sleeve includes a black and white 12 page cartoon storyboard drawn by Collins ' brother Clive Collins .", "`` In the Air Tonight '' -- 4 : 57 Phil Collins -- Roland CR - 78 drum machine , vocals , drums , Prophet 5 synthesizer , Rhodes piano , Roland VP - 330 vocoder John Giblin -- bass Daryl Stuermer -- guitar L. Shankar -- violins `` The Roof is Leaking '' -- 3 : 36 Phil Collins -- piano , vocal Daryl Stuermer -- banjo Joe Partridge -- slide guitar", "`` In the Air Tonight '' -- 4 : 57 Phil Collins -- Roland CR - 78 drum machine , vocals , drums , Prophet 5 synthesizer , Rhodes piano , Roland VP - 330 vocoder John Giblin -- bass Daryl Stuermer -- guitar L. Shankar -- violins", "Phil Collins -- Roland CR - 78 drum machine , vocals , drums , Prophet 5 synthesizer , Rhodes piano , Roland VP - 330 vocoder John Giblin -- bass Daryl Stuermer -- guitar L. Shankar -- violins", "Phil Collins -- Roland CR - 78 drum machine , vocals , drums , Prophet 5 synthesizer , Rhodes piano , Roland VP - 330 vocoder", "John Giblin -- bass", "Daryl Stuermer -- guitar", "L. Shankar -- violins", "`` The Roof is Leaking '' -- 3 : 36 Phil Collins -- piano , vocal Daryl Stuermer -- banjo Joe Partridge -- slide guitar", "Phil Collins -- piano , vocal Daryl Stuermer -- banjo Joe Partridge -- slide guitar", "Phil Collins -- piano , vocal", "Daryl Stuermer -- banjo", "Joe Partridge -- slide guitar", "A demo track for `` In the Air Tonight '' also appeared on the `` If Leaving Me Is Easy '' single .", "A demo track for `` In the Air Tonight '' also appeared on the `` If Leaving Me Is Easy '' single .", "`` In the Air Tonight '' ( full - length version including the extra drums ) -- 5 : 34 Phil Collins -- Roland CR - 78 drum machine , vocals , drums , Prophet 5 synthesizer , Rhodes piano , Roland VP - 330 vocoder John Giblin -- bass Daryl Stuermer -- guitar L. Shankar -- violins `` The Roof is Leaking '' -- 3 : 36 Phil Collins -- piano , vocal Daryl Stuermer -- banjo Joe Partridge -- slide guitar , aka Eric Clapton , credited as Eric", "`` In the Air Tonight '' ( full - length version including the extra drums ) -- 5 : 34 Phil Collins -- Roland CR - 78 drum machine , vocals , drums , Prophet 5 synthesizer , Rhodes piano , Roland VP - 330 vocoder John Giblin -- bass Daryl Stuermer -- guitar L. Shankar -- violins", "Phil Collins -- Roland CR - 78 drum machine , vocals , drums , Prophet 5 synthesizer , Rhodes piano , Roland VP - 330 vocoder John Giblin -- bass Daryl Stuermer -- guitar L. Shankar -- violins", "Phil Collins -- Roland CR - 78 drum machine , vocals , drums , Prophet 5 synthesizer , Rhodes piano , Roland VP - 330 vocoder", "John Giblin -- bass", "Daryl Stuermer -- guitar", "L. Shankar -- violins", "`` The Roof is Leaking '' -- 3 : 36 Phil Collins -- piano , vocal Daryl Stuermer -- banjo Joe Partridge -- slide guitar , aka Eric Clapton , credited as Eric", "Phil Collins -- piano , vocal Daryl Stuermer -- banjo Joe Partridge -- slide guitar , aka Eric Clapton , credited as Eric", "Phil Collins -- piano , vocal", "Daryl Stuermer -- banjo", "Joe Partridge -- slide guitar , aka Eric Clapton , credited as Eric", "`` In the Air Tonight '' ( extended ) `` In the Air Tonight '' ( ' 88 remix ) `` I Missed Again '' ( Album Version )", "`` In the Air Tonight '' ( extended )", "`` In the Air Tonight '' ( ' 88 remix )", "`` I Missed Again '' ( Album Version )", "`` In the Air Tonight '' ( extended version ) -- 7 : 33 ( Additional production by Ben Liebrand ) `` In the Air Tonight '' ( ' 88 remix ) -- 5 : 07 ( Remixed by Phil Collins and Hugh Padgham ) `` I Missed Again '' -- 3 : 42", "`` In the Air Tonight '' ( extended version ) -- 7 : 33 ( Additional production by Ben Liebrand )", "`` In the Air Tonight '' ( ' 88 remix ) -- 5 : 07 ( Remixed by Phil Collins and Hugh Padgham )", "`` I Missed Again '' -- 3 : 42", "( catalogue 2292 - 57672 - 2 )", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM Top Singles Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 19 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) Zimbabwe Singles ( ZIMA ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 102 Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position Dutch Singles Chart 17 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) UK Singles Chart Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 47 Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 14 Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 102 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 39 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Rank New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 35 Chart ( 2008 ) Rank New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Physical single Gold 250,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Digital single Gold 10,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Physical single Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Digital single Platinum United Kingdom ( BPI ) Physical single Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Physical single Gold 3,500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Digital single 3 × Platinum sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM Top Singles Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 19 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) Zimbabwe Singles ( ZIMA ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 102 Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position Dutch Singles Chart 17 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) UK Singles Chart Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 47 Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 14 Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 102 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 39 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Rank New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 35 Chart ( 2008 ) Rank New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Physical single Gold 250,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Digital single Gold 10,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Physical single Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Digital single Platinum United Kingdom ( BPI ) Physical single Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Physical single Gold 3,500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Digital single 3 × Platinum sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM Top Singles Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 19 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) Zimbabwe Singles ( ZIMA ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 102 Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position Dutch Singles Chart 17 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) UK Singles Chart Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 47 Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 14 Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 102 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 39", "Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position", "Australia ( Kent Music Report )", "Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 )", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders )", "Canadian RPM Top Singles", "Netherlands ( Single Top 100 )", "Germany ( Media Control Charts )", "Ireland ( IRMA )", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6", "Norway ( VG - lista )", "Spain ( AFYVE ) 7", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan )", "Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade )", "UK Singles Chart", "US Billboard Hot 100 19", "US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard )", "Zimbabwe Singles ( ZIMA )", "Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position", "U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 102", "Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position", "Dutch Singles Chart 17", "Germany ( Media Control Charts )", "UK Singles Chart", "Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position", "Australia ( ARIA ) 47", "Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position", "UK Singles Chart 14", "Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ )", "Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position", "France ( SNEP ) 102", "Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position", "Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 39", "Chart ( 1981 ) Rank New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 35 Chart ( 2008 ) Rank New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23", "Chart ( 1981 ) Rank", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 35", "Chart ( 2008 ) Rank", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Physical single Gold 250,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Digital single Gold 10,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Physical single Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Digital single Platinum United Kingdom ( BPI ) Physical single Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Physical single Gold 3,500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Digital single 3 × Platinum sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales", "Germany ( BVMI ) Physical single Gold 250,000", "Italy ( FIMI ) Digital single Gold 10,000", "New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Physical single Gold 25,000", "New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Digital single Platinum", "United Kingdom ( BPI ) Physical single Gold 500,000", "United States ( RIAA ) Physical single Gold 3,500,000", "United States ( RIAA ) Digital single 3 × Platinum", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "Preceded by `` Shaddap You Face '' by Joe Dolce Music Theatre German Singles Chart number - one single 15 May 1981 Succeeded by `` Stars on 45 Medley '' by Stars on 45 Preceded by `` Always on My Mind '' by Tiki Taane New Zealand RIANZ number - one single 21 July 2008 -- 27 July 2008 Succeeded by `` Nesian 101 '' by Nesian Mystik", "Preceded by `` Shaddap You Face '' by Joe Dolce Music Theatre German Singles Chart number - one single 15 May 1981 Succeeded by `` Stars on 45 Medley '' by Stars on 45", "Preceded by `` Always on My Mind '' by Tiki Taane New Zealand RIANZ number - one single 21 July 2008 -- 27 July 2008 Succeeded by `` Nesian 101 '' by Nesian Mystik", "A cover of the song appears on the Nonpoint album Recoil and in the film Miami Vice ( 2006 ) , and a video was made to promote the track using clips from the film . Nonpoint 's version was also used in teasers for the fifth season of Dexter in 2010 .", "The song was also covered by American metal band In This Moment for their 2017 album Ritual ." ]
In the Air Tonight - wikipedia In the Air Tonight Jump to: navigation , search `` In the Air Tonight'' Single by Phil Collins from the album Face Value B-side `` The Roof is Leaking'' Released 9 January 1981 Format 7-inch single 12-inch single Recorded Townhouse Studios London , 1980 Genre Experimental pop soft rock Length 5 : 34 (album version) 4:57 (single edit) Label Virgin Atlantic Songwriter(s) Phil Collins Producer(s) Phil Collins Hugh Padgham Phil Collins singles chronology `` In the Air Tonight '' (1981) `` I Missed Again '' (1981) `` In the Air Tonight '' (1981) `` I Missed Again '' (1981) `` Separate Lives '' (1985) Separate Lives 1985 `` In the Air Tonight '' (Remix) (1988) In the Air Tonight1988 `` A Groovy Kind of Love '' (1988) A Groovy Kind of Love 1988 `` You Touch My Heart'' (2005) You Touch My Heart2005 `` In the Air Tonight '' (Re-release) (2007) In the Air Tonight2007 `` (Love Is Like a) Heatwave '' (2010) (Love Is Like a) Heatwave 2010 Audio sample file help `` In the Air Tonight '' is the debut solo single by the English singer-songwriter and drummer Phil Collins . It was released as the lead single from Collins' debut solo album, Face Value , in January 1981. Collins co-produced the single with Hugh Padgham , who became a frequent collaborator in the following years. The song was an instant hit, quickly climbing to No. 2 on the UK Singles chart but was held off the top spot by the posthumous release of John Lennon 's `` Woman '' . It was also an international hit, achieving top 10 status in Australia, New Zealand and several European territories, reaching No. 1 in Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Sweden. It peaked at No. 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, and was later certified Gold by the RIAA , representing 500,000 copies sold. The song's music video , directed by Stuart Orme, received heavy play on MTV when the new cable music video channel launched in August 1981. It remains one of Collins' best-known hits, often cited as his signature song, and is especially famous for his climactic drum break towards the end, which has been described as `` the sleekest, most melodramatic drum break in history'' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 1.1 Inspiration 1.2 Musical style 1.3 Drum sound 2 Urban legend 3 Music video 4 In popular culture 5 Sampling 6 Use in literature 7 Single and credits 7.1 UK and US single (1981) 7.2 12'' German maxi-single (1981) 7.3 Japan CD single (1988) 7.4 German CD single (1990) 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year-end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 Cover versions 10 References 11 External links Background and recording ( edit ) Inspiration ( edit ) Collins wrote the song amid the grief he felt after divorcing his first wife Andrea Bertorelli in 1980. In a 2016 interview, Collins said of the song's lyrics: `` I wrote the lyrics spontaneously. I'm not quite sure what the song is about, but there's a lot of anger, a lot of despair and a lot of frustration.'' In a 1997 BBC Radio 2 documentary, the singer revealed that the divorce contributed to his 1979 hiatus from Genesis until the band regrouped in October of that year to record the album Duke . The lyrics of the song take the form of a dark monologue directed towards an unnamed person: Well if you told me you were drowning, I would not lend a hand I've seen your face before, my friend, but I don't know if you know who I am Well I was there and I saw what you did I saw it with my own two eyes So you can wipe off that grin I know where you've been It's all been a pack of lies Musical style ( edit ) The recording is notable for its atmospheric production and macabre theme. It has been described as being `` at the vanguard of experimental pop'' in 1981 and `` a rock oddity classic'' , having been influenced by `` the unconventional studio predilections of Brian Eno and Peter Gabriel '' . Musically, the song consists of a series of ominous chords played by a Sequential Circuits Prophet-5 over a simple drum machine pattern (the Roland CR-78 Disco-2 pattern, plus some programming); processed electric guitar sounds and vocoded vocals, an effect which is increased on key words to add additional atmosphere. The mood is one of restrained anger until the final chorus when an explosive burst of drums releases the musical tension, and the instrumentation builds to a thundering final chorus. Collins has described obtaining the drum machine specifically to deal with personal issues relating to his divorce through songwriting, telling Mix magazine: `` I had to start writing some of this music that was inside me.'' He improvised the lyrics during a songwriting session in the studio: `` I was just fooling around. I got these chords that I liked, so I turned the mic on and started singing. The lyrics you hear are what I wrote spontaneously. That frightens me a bit, but I'm quite proud of the fact that I sang 99.9 percent of those lyrics spontaneously.'' Drum sound ( edit ) Musically, it's an extraordinarily striking record, because almost nothing happens in it ... It's the drum sound in particular that's amazing. You don't hear it at all for the first two minutes of the song ... then there's that great doo-dom doo-dom doo-dom comes in, and the drums come in half way through the song, setting the template for all the Eighties drum songs after that. -- Stuart Maconie The means by which Collins attained the drum sound on this recording was long a source of mystery. The exact process was a result of serendipity: an unintended use of studio technology giving unexpectedly useful results. In this case, the Solid State Logic 4000 mixing board had a `` reverse talk-back'' circuit (labeled on the board as `` Listen Mic'' ). Normal `` talkback'' is a button that the mixing engineer has to press in order to talk to the recording musicians (the recording and the mixing parts of a studio are, otherwise, completely sonically isolated). Reverse talkback is a circuit (also button-activated) for the engineer to listen to musicians in the studio. In order to compensate for sound level differences-- people can be close to the reverse talkback microphone or far off-- this circuit has a compressor on it, which minimizes the differences between loud and soft sounds. While recording `` Intruder '' for his ex-bandmate Peter Gabriel's third solo album , at some point Collins started playing the drums while the reverse talkback was activated. Engineer Hugh Padgham was amazed at the sound achieved. Overnight, they rewired the board so that the reverse talkback could be recorded in a more formal manner. Later models of the SSL 4000 allowed the listen mic to be recorded with the touch of a button. When recording engineer Padgham was brought in to help develop Collins' demos that would become Face Value they recreated the `` Intruder'' sound using the reverse talkback microphone as well as heavily compressed and gated ambient mics. Padgham continued working with Genesis for Abacab later in 1981 and the same technique (generally referred to as gated reverb ) was used, and the powerful drum sound has become synonymous with later Genesis projects and Collins' solo career ever since. The original single version of `` In the Air Tonight'' features extra drums that play underneath the song until the signature drum crash (referred to by fans as the `` magic break'' ) appears. These were added at the suggestion of Atlantic Records head Ahmet Ertegun . In 2007, Collins wrote: Ahmet came down to the final mix in the cutting room in New York (...) The drums don't come in until the end but Ahmet didn't know that at this point, because on the demo the drums hadn't come in at all; it was only drum machine all the way. And he was saying, `` Where's the down beat, where's the backbeat?'' I said, `` The drums come in in a minute.'' `` Yeah, you know that and I know that, but the kids don't know that; you've got to put the drums on earlier.'' So we added some drums to the mix and put it out as a single. In 2007, Mike Gruss , former columnist for The Virginian-Pilot , referred to the song as a `` soft rock classic.'' Speaking about the song's rapid ascension in the music charts, Collins wrote the following in 2007: It was a surprise. The single came in at No. 36, I did Top of the Pops with Dave Lee Travis , and in one of the down moments he said, `` This record is going to be a top three.'' I didn't believe him, because it had been made so haphazardly, but the next week, there it was at No. 3. And then Mark Chapman shot John Lennon and that was that. Urban legend ( edit ) An urban legend has arisen around `` In the Air Tonight'' , according to which the lyrics are based on a drowning incident in which someone who was close enough to save the victim did not help them, while Collins, who was too far away to help, looked on. Increasingly embellished variations on the legend emerged over time, with the stories often culminating in Collins singling out the guilty party while singing the song at a concert. Collins has denied all such stories; he commented on the legends about the song in a BBC World Service interview: I don't know what this song is about. When I was writing this I was going through a divorce. And the only thing I can say about it is that it's obviously in anger. It's the angry side, or the bitter side of a separation. So what makes it even more comical is when I hear these stories which started many years ago, particularly in America, of someone come up to me and say, `` Did you really see someone drowning?'' I said, `` No, wrong'' . And then every time I go back to America the story gets Chinese whispers , it gets more and more elaborate. It's so frustrating, ' cause this is one song out of all the songs probably that I've ever written that I really don't know what it's about, you know? The urban legend is referenced in the song `` Stan '' by Eminem . The reference is contained in the following lyrics: You know the song by Phil Collins, `` In the Air of the Night'' ( sic ) About that guy who coulda saved that other guy from drownin' But didn't , then Phil saw it all, then at a show he found him? Music video ( edit ) The music video animates the photograph of Collins's face from the cover of the Face Value album, slowly fading in through the introduction until it fills the screen, singing the first chorus. The video then cuts to Collins sitting in an empty room at night. Twice a spectral figure appears in the window, but only the second time does Collins get up to look at it, then is shown walking to the one door of the room. Collins's face returns for the second chorus. He is then shown leaving the room and entering a hallway full of doors. The first one is locked, then the second opens and Collins sees himself looking at the window again, only now the spectre has turned into his own reflection. The third door is locked, but as the fourth one opens, the drum break sounds and the viewer is returned to Collins's face again, this time in thermal coloring, which gradually reverts to black and white. Collins recedes into the darkness as the song repeats and fades. In 1983 the music video was released on the home video Phil Collins available on VHS and LaserDisc which received a Grammy nomination for Best Video, Short Form . In popular culture ( edit ) `` In the Air Tonight'' remains a popular selection on classic rock radio stations. It is the song most often associated with Collins' solo career, and he has performed it at many events, including Live Aid , where he played the song on a piano on the same calendar day in both Philadelphia and London. He also performed the song at The Secret Policeman's Ball , which was his first live performance as a solo artist. `` I remember doing ' In the Air Tonight' at Live Aid,'' he recalled, `` and (Pete) Townshend saying, ' Are you going to do that fucking song again?' as it was the only one I ever played.'' `` In the Air Tonight'' has also been licensed extensively for use in films, television and advertisements for various products. The song was featured in two episodes of the hit BBC One 1980s-based drama series Ashes to Ashes . In an interview with SFX , series creator Matthew Graham discusses his editorial choices in using the iconic song and its referential value for the dramatic finale. He considered the piece ideal for his purpose, evoking the mood of the early-1980s. It was featured in the train sequence of the 1983 film Risky Business and appeared on the soundtrack album. In 1984 the song was featured in the pilot episode of U.S. television show Miami Vice (`` Brother's Keeper '' ), one of the first pop/rock songs to be featured as part of a television program in this manner. Its use in that scene was `` a moment that first signaled to audiences and critics that Miami Vice had something to offer that few other TV programs on the air in 1984 could match'' , The A.V. Club wrote in 2012. It subsequently `` bubbled under'' the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 102 in late 1984 and appeared on the television soundtrack album released in 1985. On the heels of this successful merging of media, Collins became associated with the show; other Collins tracks including `` Take Me Home '' were later featured, and Collins himself also acted in the second season episode `` Phil the Shill'' . This song was later used in the show's fourth season episode `` A Bullet for Crockett'' for its car chase opening scene, a clear reference to the show's pilot episode. A cover of `` In the Air Tonight'' , performed by American metal band Nonpoint , also appeared in the 2006 film adaptation . It was used in 1986 when the brewer Anheuser-Busch adopted it for an ad campaign promoting Michelob beer, along with night-related songs by Collins' peers Steve Winwood (`` Don't You Know What the Night Can Do? '' ) and Eric Clapton (`` After Midnight '' ). The 2006 Family Guy episode entitled `` Petergeist '' features Stewie trapped in a TV in a manner similar to that depicted in the movie Poltergeist . He tests out the sound of his voice by singing the song, and then vocalizing the drum part. Cadbury used the song in their 2007 Gorilla advertising campaign for its Dairy Milk chocolate bar. Afterwards, the song reached No. 14 on the UK singles chart and No. 9 on the UK Download Chart . The advertisement also helped the song re-enter the New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart and went to No. 1, staying there for two weeks, beating its original 1981 No. 6 peak, and become his first chart topper song on the country. The single was finished also certified Platinum with sales of over 15,000 copies. This advert was so popular, it won the awards for the Best Ad of the Year, at New Zealands Fair-Go Ad Awards. It was also subsequently parodied in a spoof ad by Wonderbra. Contrary to popular belief, it was not Phil Collins performing in the gorilla suit but American actor Garon Michael. In the 2009 film The Hangover , the protagonists encounter boxer Mike Tyson and his entourage after returning from an amnesiac night in Las Vegas , in which they absconded with the boxer's pet tiger. Tyson imitates the iconic drum breakdown with his hands, lip syncs the song with the group, and proceeds to punch Alan Gardner ( Zach Galifanakis ) to the floor in retribution. In a 2017 episode of the long-running ITV soap opera Emmerdale , the character Gerry Roberts sang part of this song. In 2017, Family Guy again referenced the song in the episode The Peter Principle . Joe refers to the song in the intro, even including the drowning story. Bonnie challenges the drowning story as sounding `` bogus'' . Joe looks it up on Snopes and confirms the story is false. `` In the air Tonight'' appears in and is a mission on the video game Grand Theft Auto Vice City Stories He performs the song in a concert where the main protagonist must protect Phil Collins from people sabotaging the equipment in an attempt on his life. The song is also in the playlist of Emotions 98.3. Sampling ( edit ) The song has been sampled by many artists, including Shaquille O'Neal in his song `` Edge of Night'' , Nas in his song `` One Mic '' , and Tupac Shakur on his tracks `` Starin' Through My Rear View '' and `` Letter to the President'' . Other tracks which include samples of `` In the Air Tonight'' include DMX 's `` I Can Feel It'' , Krayzie Bone 's `` Silent Warrior'' , Joe Budden 's `` Rest in Peace (In the Air)'' , Sean Kingston 's `` Can You Feel It'' , Young Buck 's `` New York City'' , Big Audio Dynamite 's `` Innocent Child'' , Lil' Kim 's `` In the Air Tonite '' , Kesha 's `` Love Into the Light'' , and Av LMKR's `` In The Air'' . It was used in 2009 by Canadian rapper Roi Heenok in his song `` La Mama Coca.'' According to video game music composer David Wise , he sampled the percussion track of `` In the Air Tonight'' for `` Bayou Boogie'' , a track in the 1995 SNES game Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest . It was also sampled by MiC LOWRY on their single `` Oh Lord'' . The song sampled by The Overall Ole in the song `` Gig Paty Gig!'' . Use in literature ( edit ) U.S. author Mohja Kahf obtained permission to cite two lines from the song in her novel, The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf (Perseus Books, 2006). When the novel's protagonist, a young Syrian American woman named Khadra who is coming of age during the 1970s and 1980s in America, performs the Muslim ritual pilgrimage ( hajj ) to Mecca and views the Ka'ba for the first time, the author writes that: `` Khadra tried to keep the joyous talbiya (ritual chant) in her mind and on her tongue: Here I am, O my Lord, Here I am! Labbaik, allahumma, labbaik! But she kept getting it crossed with Phil Collins in her head crooning, ' I can feel it coming in the air tonight, Oh Lo-ord ... I've been waiting for this moment for all my life, oh Lo-ord ...' '' Single and credits ( edit ) VSK102 UK Single Release (Martin H) `` In the Air Tonight'' `` The Roof is Leaking Sleeve includes a black and white 12 page cartoon storyboard drawn by Collins' brother Clive Collins. UK and U.Ssingle (1981) ( edit ) `` In the Air Tonight'' -- 4:57 Phil Collins -- Roland CR-78 drum machine , vocals , drums , Prophet 5 synthesizer , Rhodes piano , Roland VP-330 vocoder John Giblin -- bass Daryl Stuermer -- guitar L. Shankar -- violins `` The Roof is Leaking'' -- 3:36 Phil Collins -- piano , vocal Daryl Stuermer -- banjo Joe Partridge -- slide guitar A demo track for `` In the Air Tonight'' also appeared on the `` If Leaving Me Is Easy '' single. 12'' German maxi-single (1981) ( edit ) `` In the Air Tonight'' (full-length version including the extra drums) -- 5:34 Phil Collins -- Roland CR-78 drum machine , vocals , drums , Prophet 5 synthesizer , Rhodes piano , Roland VP-330 vocoder John Giblin -- bass Daryl Stuermer -- guitar L. Shankar -- violins `` The Roof is Leaking'' -- 3:36 Phil Collins -- piano , vocal Daryl Stuermer -- banjo Joe Partridge -- slide guitar , aka Eric Clapton , credited as Eric Japan CD single (1988) ( edit ) `` In the Air Tonight'' (extended) `` In the Air Tonight'' (' 88 remix) `` I Missed Again'' (Album Version) German CD single (1990) ( edit ) `` In the Air Tonight'' (extended version) -- 7:33 (Additional production by Ben Liebrand) `` In the Air Tonight'' (' 88 remix) -- 5:07 (Remixed by Phil Collins and Hugh Padgham) `` I Missed Again'' -- 3:42 (catalogue 2292-57672-2) Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart (1981) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) Canadian RPM Top Singles Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG-lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 19 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) Zimbabwe Singles ( ZIMA ) Chart (1984) Peak position U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 102 Chart (1988) Peak position Dutch Singles Chart 17 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) UK Singles Chart Chart (1989) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 47 Chart (2007) Peak position UK Singles Chart 14 Chart (2008) Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Chart (2012) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 102 Chart (2017) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 39 Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (1981) Rank New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 35 Chart (2008) Rank New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units /Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Physical single Gold 250,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Digital single Gold 10,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Physical single Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Digital single Platinum United Kingdom ( BPI ) Physical single Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Physical single Gold 3,500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Digital single 3× Platinum sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` Shaddap You Face '' by Joe Dolce Music Theatre German Singles Chart number-one single 15 May 1981 Succeeded by `` Stars on 45 Medley '' by Stars on 45 Preceded by `` Always on My Mind '' by Tiki Taane New Zealand RIANZ number-one single 21 July 2008 -- 27 July 2008 Succeeded by `` Nesian 101 '' by Nesian Mystik Cover versions ( edit ) A cover of the song appears on the Nonpoint album Recoil and in the film Miami Vice (2006), and a video was made to promote the track using clips from the film. Nonpoint's version was also used in teasers for the fifth season of Dexter in 2010. The song was also covered by American metal band In This Moment for their 2017 album Ritual . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BPI > Certified Awards > Search results for Phil Collins (page 3)'' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Official Charts > Phil Collins'' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 Best Drummers of All Time'' . LA Weekly . Los Angeles. 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Veix, Joe (11 April 2014). `` An intense 30-minute loop of Phil Collins's ' In The Air Tonight' drum fill'' . Death and Taxes . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Wardrop, Murray (8 May 2009). `` Ozzy Osbourne: ' I love Phil Collins ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Greene, Andy (2016-02-29). `` '' In the Air Tonight'' (1981) Phil Collins: My Life in 15 Songs`` . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016-10-19 . Jump up ^ Mills, Gary (26 May 2010). `` No Flak Jacket Required: In Defence Of Phil Collins'' . The Quietus . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . the single's place in 1981 at the vanguard of experimental pop ^ Jump up to: `` Mix Magazine - Classic Tracks: Phil Collins' `` In the Air Tonight'' `` . Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Jump up ^ Thompson, Dave (November 2004). Turn It On Again: Peter Gabriel, Phil Collins, and Genesis . Backbeat Books. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-87930-810-0 . Jump up ^ Sold on Song - Song Library - In the Air Tonight ^ Jump up to: Collins, Phil ; et al. (2007). Genesis: Chapter and Verse . St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 220-- 221. ISBN 978-0-312-37956-8 . Jump up ^ Gruss, Mike (11 July 2007). `` I've been Waiting for a theme song all my life'' . The Virginian-Pilot . Daily Break section, p. E1 . Retrieved 11 August 2013 ... Phil Collins' 1981 soft-rock classic ' In the Air Tonight.' (subscription required) Jump up ^ `` In the Air Tonight'' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2015-11-11 . Jump up ^ `` BBC World Service - `` The Singer and the Song'' Phil Collins `` '' . Jump up ^ `` Eminem -- Stan Lyrics'' . MetroLyrics . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Collins - Phil Collins at Discogs'' . Discogs . Retrieved March 18, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Collins - Phil Collins (VHS) at Discogs'' . Discogs . Retrieved March 18, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Collins - Phil Collins (LaserDisc) at Discogs'' . Discogs . Retrieved March 18, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards 1985'' . Awards & shows . Retrieved March 18, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News: Stars recall Live Aid spectacular'' . 8 November 2004. Jump up ^ Ellen, Mark : `` Does everybody still hate Phil Collins?'' ; Classic Rock #217, December 2015, p82 Jump up ^ Setchfield, Nick; Graham, Matthew (22 May 2010). `` Ashes exclusive'' . SFX . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The top ten sex scenes in film'' The Michigan Daily 14 February 2002: 5B Jump up ^ Murray, Noel (2 August 2012). `` How Miami Vice launched the ' 80s on TV, then died with its decade TV A Very Special Episode'' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel. Bubbling Under Singles & Albums (1998): 51 Jump up ^ Lippert, Barbara. `` Michelob Taps Sultry Feel In Night Moves'' The Milwaukee Journal 17 June 1986: XTRA14 Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Platinum Certification'' . RadioScope New Zealand . 25 October 2009. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Wonderbra drums up sexy hit , Daily Mail , 9 November 2007. Retrieved 27 February 2012. Jump up ^ YouTube. `` Gorilla TV advert - In The Air Tonight (Ad Of The Decade)'' . YouTube . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Daily Mail. `` Revealed: The man behind the drum-playing gorilla suit in Cadbury's ad'' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Wise on Twitter: `` @pantalytron No coincidence. I was trying to get the SNES to sound like the Roland CR78 that Phil Collins used for In the air tonight. '' `` . Twitter . Retrieved 2016-10-19 . Jump up ^ ( The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf , p. 162) Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-- 1992 (Illustrated ed.). St. Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 71. ISBN 0-646-11917-6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight'' (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight'' (in Dutch). Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight'' (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts > Phil Collins - In the Air Tonight (single)'' (in German). GfK Entertainment . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- In the Air Tonight'' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz - Phil Collins - In the Air Tonight'' . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight'' . VG-lista . Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959-- 2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight'' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight'' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Phil Collins Chart History (Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Phil Collins Chart History (Mainstream Rock)'' . Billboard . Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe. Kimberley, C. Zimbabwe: singles chart book . Harare: C. Kimberley, 2000 Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts > Phil Collins - In the Air Tonight (' 88 Remix) (single)'' (in German). GfK Entertainment . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` australian-charts.com > Discography Phil Collins'' . Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight'' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight'' (in French). Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video'' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 16 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1981'' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2008'' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Phil Collins; ' In The Air Tonight' )'' (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Phil Collins -- In The Air Tonight'' (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Phil Collins -- In The Air Tonight'' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Gold / Platinum Singles -- RadioScope New Zealand'' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . RadioScope New Zealand. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Phil Collins -- In The Air Tonight'' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Enter In The Air Tonight in the search field and then press Enter. ^ Jump up to: `` American single certifications -- Phil Collins -- In The Air Tonight'' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . If necessary, click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) The Singer and the Song , a `` Learning English'' episode from the BBC World Service, which includes a clip from the song and a recording of Collins reading part of the song's lyrics (in RealAudio ) `` Classic track: In the Air Tonight'' About the lyrics and the drum sound. aglassandahalffullproductions.com , Cadbury advert featuring a Gorilla playing the song. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Phil Collins songs Discography Face Value `` In the Air Tonight '' `` I Missed Again '' `` If Leaving Me Is Easy '' Hello, I Must Be Going! `` Thru These Walls '' `` You Can't Hurry Love '' `` I Don't Care Anymore '' `` Don't Let Him Steal Your Heart Away '' `` Why Can't It Wait ' Til Morning '' `` I Cannot Believe It's True '' `` Like China '' No Jacket Required `` Sussudio '' `` One More Night '' `` Don't Lose My Number '' `` Take Me Home '' Buster `` A Groovy Kind of Love '' `` Two Hearts '' ...But Seriously `` Another Day in Paradise '' `` I Wish It Would Rain Down '' `` Something Happened on the Way to Heaven '' `` That's Just the Way It Is '' `` Do You Remember? '' `` Hang in Long Enough '' Serious Hits... Live! `` Do You Remember? '' (live) `` Who Said I Would '' (live) Both Sides `` Both Sides of the Story '' `` Everyday '' `` We Wait and We Wonder '' Dance into the Light `` Dance into the Light '' `` It's in Your Eyes '' `` No Matter Who '' `` Wear My Hat '' `` The Same Moon '' ...Hits `` True Colors '' Tarzan `` You'll Be in My Heart '' `` Strangers Like Me '' `` Son of Man '' `` Two Worlds '' Testify `` Can't Stop Loving You '' `` Come with Me '' `` Wake Up Call '' /`` The Least You Can Do '' Brother Bear `` Look Through My Eyes '' `` No Way Out '' Going Back `` (Love Is Like a) Heatwave '' `` Going Back '' Featured singles `` Do They Know It's Christmas? '' `` Easy Lover '' `` Hero '' `` In the Air Tonite '' `` Home '' Other singles `` Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now) '' `` Separate Lives '' `` Somewhere '' Other songs `` The Man with the Horn '' `` You Ought to Know... '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Air_Tonight&oldid=843195463 '' Categories : 1981 singles Phil Collins songs 1980s ballads Number-one singles in Germany Number-one singles in New Zealand Number-one singles in Sweden Number-one singles in Switzerland Debut singles Virgin Records singles Rock ballads Songs written by Phil Collins Song recordings produced by Hugh Padgham Song recordings produced by Phil Collins Atlantic Records singles 1980 songs Miami Vice Number-one singles in Austria Hidden categories: Pages containing links to subscription-only content CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Use dmy dates from August 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018, at 15:01. 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lee min ho the legend of blue sea
The drama is available to stream on Viki with subtitles in a variety of languages created by a volunteer community .
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[ "The Legend of the Blue Sea Promotional poster Genre Fantasy Romance Created by Park Young - soo Written by Park Ji - eun Directed by Jin Hyuk Park Seon - Ho Starring Jun Ji - hyun Lee Min - ho Theme music composer Ryo Yoshimata Country of origin South Korea Original language ( s ) Korean No. of episodes 20 + 1 special Production Executive producer ( s ) Kim Sun - jung Jinnie Jin - hee Choi Lee Ji - hyun Location ( s ) Goesan , Chungbuk , Jejudo , South Korea Palau Girona , Catalonia , Spain A Coruña , Galicia , Spain Cinematography Choi Sang - muk Editor ( s ) Lee Hyun - mi Running time 60 mins Production company ( s ) Culture Depot Studio Dragon Distributor SBS Studio Dragon ( international ) Budget US $19 million Release Original network SBS Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo First shown in South Korea Original release November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) -- January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) External links Website tv.sbs.co.kr/bluesea/ Production website www.studiodragon.net/front/kr/works/portfolio_view ? class1 = &cpage = 6&idx = 134", "The Legend of the Blue Sea", "Promotional poster", "Genre Fantasy Romance", "Created by Park Young - soo", "Written by Park Ji - eun", "Directed by Jin Hyuk Park Seon - Ho", "Starring Jun Ji - hyun Lee Min - ho", "Theme music composer Ryo Yoshimata", "Country of origin South Korea", "Original language ( s ) Korean", "No. of episodes 20 + 1 special", "Production", "Executive producer ( s ) Kim Sun - jung Jinnie Jin - hee Choi Lee Ji - hyun", "Location ( s ) Goesan , Chungbuk , Jejudo , South Korea Palau Girona , Catalonia , Spain A Coruña , Galicia , Spain", "Cinematography Choi Sang - muk", "Editor ( s ) Lee Hyun - mi", "Running time 60 mins", "Production company ( s ) Culture Depot Studio Dragon", "Distributor SBS Studio Dragon ( international )", "Budget US $19 million", "Release", "Original network SBS", "Picture format 1080i ( HDTV )", "Audio format Stereo", "First shown in South Korea", "Original release November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) -- January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 )", "External links", "Website tv.sbs.co.kr/bluesea/", "Production website www.studiodragon.net/front/kr/works/portfolio_view ? class1 = &cpage = 6&idx = 134", "The Legend of the Blue Sea ( Hangul : 푸른 바다 의 전설 ; RR : Pureun bada - ui jeonseol ) is a 2016 - 2017 South Korean television series starring Jun Ji - hyun and Lee Min - ho . Inspired by a classic Joseon legend from Korea 's first collection of unofficial historical tales about a fisherman who captures and releases a mermaid , this drama tells the love story of a con - artist and a mermaid who travels across the ocean to find him . It aired on SBS every Wednesday and Thursday at 22 : 00 ( KST ) started from 16 November 2016 until 25 January 2017 .", "The television series centers on the love story of Heo Joon - jae ( Lee Min - ho ) , the son of a rich businessman who becomes a handsome and clever con - man after his parents ' divorce , and a mermaid named Shim Cheong ( Jun Ji - hyun ). Focusing on rebirth , fate , and unrequited love , their tale is juxtaposed with the parallel story of their Joseon era incarnations , town head Kim Dam - ryeong and the mermaid Se - hwa .", "During the Joseon era , a mermaid saves Kim Dam - ryeong from drowning when they were still young . Following the incident , they became friends and Dam - ryeong named her Se - hwa , after his younger sister . They ended up falling in love , but one day Dam - ryeong was forced by his family to marry another girl . Devastated by the news , Se - hwa decides to leave Dam - ryeong forever . Nevertheless , Dam - ryeong 's love for Se - hwa forced him to leave his wife and to jump into the ocean to look for the mermaid . The distraught Se - hwa erases his memories of her and their love so that he may not look for her again .", "After years of separation , the two grow as adults . Their paths cross again as Se - hwa was found by town folks trapped in a cave after a storm , and was brought to Dam - ryeong , now a town official . Their broken relationship starts back again . On the other hand , a nobleman named Yang made murderous attempts to steal Se - hwa for his own and to overthrow Dam - ryeong . Investigations on the covert killings of some individuals all indicate Yang as the instigator of the crimes . Dam - ryeong also saved a weak Se - hwa from Yang 's concubine who apparently has beaten her to cry since mermaid tears turn into pearls .", "Meanwhile , Dam - ryeong keeps on experiencing dreams of himself , Se - hwa , and their foes in the future , and feared that the same ill - fate that afflicts himself and Se - hwa will replay itself . To warn his future self , he commissions a soon - to - be artifact -- a time capsule containing a portrait of himself with a message to his future self that `` everything is repeating itself '' and he has to protect the mermaid from danger , particularly the reincarnations of Yang and anyone related to him . As Dam - ryeong was about to strike down Yang for his crimes , he is arrested for his relationship with Se - hwa and was sentenced to be exiled .", "Whilst Dam - ryeong was escorted on boat for his exile , Yang and his associates search for Se - hwa . Urged by his suspicions , he requested the boat to turn around and fought with Yang and his gang . As men aim their harpoons , Dam - ryeong plunges into the water just as a harpoon , hurled by Yang 's son , hits him from behind , saving Se - hwa . To end both of their lives , Se - hwa thrusts the harpoon deeper and stabs herself . The boats sink , carrying Dam - ryeong 's belongings with them , and Dam - ryeong 's jadeite bracelet apparently slides off from the dying Se - hwa 's arm . Yang and his concubine were executed by sword and monkshood poison , respectively , for their crimes .", "In the modern days , young Heo Joon - jae runs away from home after the divorce of his parents . His father Heo Il - joong ( Choi Jung - woo ) adopts stepson Chi - hyun ( Lee Ji - hoon ) and marries Kang Seo - hee ( Hwang Shin - hye ) . Joon - jae 's mother Mo Yoo - ran ( Na Young - hee ) works as a housekeeper . In his search for his mother , Joon - jae becomes a con - artist , using his good looks , wits , and skills in hypnotism in conducting scams with his mentor Jo Nam - doo ( Lee Hee - joon ) and computer hacking genius Tae - oh ( Shin Won - ho ) . His affections are chased after by his college classmate , Cha Shi - ah .", "Using the money he earned from his scams , Joon - jae flies to Spain , where he meets a mysterious pretty woman who went inside his hotel room unseen . He calls the police and sends her to jail , but Joon - jae retrieves her after being curious about the jadeite bracelet he saw on the woman 's arm . Nam - doo receives from Joon - jae a photo of the woman with the jadeite and confirms over the phone that the jadeite is genuine and of high price . Meanwhile , Joon - jae is being chased by gunmen being hired by a rich businesswoman who has fallen for Joon - jae 's scams . He brings the mysterious woman with him throughout the pursuit , until they end up cornered on a cliff facing the sea . They jump into the water , and the woman , who was revealed to be a mermaid unbeknownst to Joon - jae , kisses him to erase his memories of her but promises to follow him to Seoul .", "Joon - jae returns to Seoul and is tormented by the gaps in his memories and by Jo Nam - doo 's claims of him being with a girl with an expensive jadeite . After months of swimming and traveling , the mermaid also arrives in Seoul wandering around the city , until she runs into Joon - jae . He recognizes her to be the woman Nam - doo is referring to and interrogates her on her identity and why he can not remember her , although the mermaid hesitates to answer . He brings her to his home and names her Shim Cheong . They live together and steadily gets closer with each other .", "Kang Seo - hee hires the fugitive Ma Dae - young ( Sung Dong - il ) to kill Joon - jae as part of her scheme to inherit Heo Il - joong 's fortune . She also has secretly introduced Heo Il - joong with small yet potent doses of anticholinergic and monkshood extract , contributing to his failing health , particularly his vision . Chi - hyun dutifully nurses him , completely unaware of his mother 's treachery . Ma Dae - young attempts several times to finish both Joon - jae and Shim Cheong but failed . Shim Cheong uses her power to erase Ma Dae - young 's memories and , in the process , learns the sad fate of their Joseon era incarnations Kim Dam - ryeong and Se - hwa .", "Linked by dreams , mysterious artifacts , including the jadeite bracelet , a vase with an image of a mermaid kissing a man in modern - day clothes , and the portrait of Kim Dam - ryeong with the inscription `` everything is repeating itself '' , Joon - jae also learns of Dam - ryeong 's world and his own fate , concluding that he and Shim Cheong are reincarnations of Kim Dam - ryeong and Se - hwa . Through his consultations with Professor of Neuropsychiatry Jin Kyung - won ( Lee Ho - jae ) , he is able to retrieve his lost memories and the full rendering of his dreams about Kim Dam - ryeong and Se - hwa . He can also hear Shim Cheong 's inner voice ; he learns that she is indeed a mermaid and that , unless she returns to the sea , her heart will harden and stop beating if he will not love her .", "Joon - jae and Shim - cheong lived comfortably with each other despite conflicts and the fear of the impending ill - fate . Joon - jae also finds his mother Mo Yoo - ran , who quit her job as housekeeper . On the other hand , Chi - hyun learns that his real father is Ma Dae - young and he is Kang Seo - hee 's lover . He also learns of Kang Seo - hee 's crimes and reluctantly consents to them . Kang Seo - hee finally kills Heo Il - joong , using a strong dose of monkshood . Joon - jae , with the help of Shim Cheong , Jo Nam - doo , Tae - oh , and police officer - detective Hong Dong - pyo ( Park Hae - soo ) , busts Kang Seo - hee , revealing her real name to be `` Kang Ji - hyun '' and her schemes finally revealed . A maddened Chi - hyun steals a gun and aims at Joon - jae but Shim Cheong takes the shot to save him . Kang Seo - hee is detained while Chi - hyun attempts to kill himself with monkshood poison .", "As Shim Cheong , being a mermaid , survives the fatal injury , Joon - jae learns that Ma Dae - young is visiting Professor Jin Kyung - won . As Joon - jae , Jo Nam - doo , and Officer Hong Dong - pyo rush to get him , Ma Dae - young recovers his memories of his past life and learns the death of his incarnation , Mr. Yang , and Yang 's concubine , revealed to be by the hands of Park Moo , Jo Nam - doo 's incarnation . Just as Professor Jin Kyung - won was about to be murdered , Joon - jae arrives , and Ma Dae - young is seized by the police . Shim Cheong is discharged afterwards , but she still feels pain in her heart due to the gunshot . In order to fully recover , she has to go back into the water . Shim Cheong erases the memories of Joon - jae and of everyone who knew her . Before returning to the sea to recover , Shim Cheong was able to wipe out the memories of all the people she met in Seoul except her child friend named Yoo - na ( Shin Rin - ah ) . Yoo - na shared afterwards that she has been dreaming about her Joseon era incarnation , that she is the daughter of a fisherman and a mermaid , and returns to the ocean .", "Three years passed since Shim Cheong left . Joon - jae becomes a prosecutor , Jo Nam - doo works as a lecturer , and Tae - oh is engaged to Cha Shi - ah ( Shin Hye - sun ) . Shim Cheong fully recovers her health and returns to Seoul . Despite his lost memories , Joon - jae recognizes Shim Cheong and it is revealed that he has been recording his life with Shim Cheong in case his memories are lost again . With this , Joon - jae had ultimately accomplished Kim Dam - ryeong 's reminder to protect Shim Cheong from danger and they had evaded the bad fate that had been in store for them . The couple were finally married and lived happily in a home by the sea .", "Jun Ji - hyun as Se - hwa / Shim Chung Kal So - won as child Se - hwa Shin Eun - soo as teenage Se - hwa A mermaid in the Joseon era / A modern - day mermaid who arrives in Seoul to follow her only love , Joon - jae . She has super strength and the ability to read and erase one 's memory . Lee Min - ho as Kim Dam - ryung / Heo Joon - jae Jeon Jin - seo as child Kim Dam - ryung / Heo Joon - jae Park Jin - young as teenage Kim Dam - ryung / Heo Joon - jae The town head and son of a magistrate in the Joseon era who fell in love with a mermaid / A modern - day con - man who uses his looks and wit to transform into different people and conduct scams . He eventually met a mermaid whom he fell in love with again in his present life .", "Jun Ji - hyun as Se - hwa / Shim Chung Kal So - won as child Se - hwa Shin Eun - soo as teenage Se - hwa A mermaid in the Joseon era / A modern - day mermaid who arrives in Seoul to follow her only love , Joon - jae . She has super strength and the ability to read and erase one 's memory .", "Kal So - won as child Se - hwa Shin Eun - soo as teenage Se - hwa", "Kal So - won as child Se - hwa", "Shin Eun - soo as teenage Se - hwa", "Lee Min - ho as Kim Dam - ryung / Heo Joon - jae Jeon Jin - seo as child Kim Dam - ryung / Heo Joon - jae Park Jin - young as teenage Kim Dam - ryung / Heo Joon - jae The town head and son of a magistrate in the Joseon era who fell in love with a mermaid / A modern - day con - man who uses his looks and wit to transform into different people and conduct scams . He eventually met a mermaid whom he fell in love with again in his present life .", "Jeon Jin - seo as child Kim Dam - ryung / Heo Joon - jae Park Jin - young as teenage Kim Dam - ryung / Heo Joon - jae", "Jeon Jin - seo as child Kim Dam - ryung / Heo Joon - jae", "Park Jin - young as teenage Kim Dam - ryung / Heo Joon - jae", "Lee Hee - joon as Jo Nam - doo / Park Moo", "Lee Hee - joon as Jo Nam - doo / Park Moo", "A con - man and Joon - jae 's mentor . He trained Joon - jae to be a great con - man along with him . His Joseon incarnation is Park Moo , who worked with Joon - jae 's stepbrother in their past lives . It was later revealed that his loyalty towards Dam - ryung and Joon - jae prevailed over his stepbrother in the Joseon era and modern day respectively .", "A con - man and Joon - jae 's mentor . He trained Joon - jae to be a great con - man along with him . His Joseon incarnation is Park Moo , who worked with Joon - jae 's stepbrother in their past lives . It was later revealed that his loyalty towards Dam - ryung and Joon - jae prevailed over his stepbrother in the Joseon era and modern day respectively .", "Shin Hye - sun as Cha Shi - ah", "Shin Hye - sun as Cha Shi - ah", "Joon - jae 's university junior who has an unrequited love for him , and a researcher at KAIST . Through her job she discovered some artifacts related to Dam - ryung from the Joseon era and helped Joon - jae discover his past identity . She was revealed to be the deceased wife of Dam - ryung in the Joseon era .", "Joon - jae 's university junior who has an unrequited love for him , and a researcher at KAIST . Through her job she discovered some artifacts related to Dam - ryung from the Joseon era and helped Joon - jae discover his past identity . She was revealed to be the deceased wife of Dam - ryung in the Joseon era .", "Shin Won - ho as Tae - oh", "Shin Won - ho as Tae - oh", "A genius hacker and a con - man together with Joon - jae and Nam - doo . A quiet person who likes to play computer games . He initially has a secret crush on Shim Chung , but ended up falling for Shi - ah .", "A genius hacker and a con - man together with Joon - jae and Nam - doo . A quiet person who likes to play computer games . He initially has a secret crush on Shim Chung , but ended up falling for Shi - ah .", "Lee Ji - hoon as Heo Chi - hyun", "Lee Ji - hoon as Heo Chi - hyun", "Joon - jae 's stepbrother . A hardworking son who dutifully stayed by his stepfather 's side after Joon - jae left home . His Joseon incarnation was revealed to be an antagonist : the son of Mr. Yang , who killed Dam - ryung and Se - hwa . In his reincarnation , he turned against Joon - jae due to his unrequited love for his stepfather .", "Joon - jae 's stepbrother . A hardworking son who dutifully stayed by his stepfather 's side after Joon - jae left home . His Joseon incarnation was revealed to be an antagonist : the son of Mr. Yang , who killed Dam - ryung and Se - hwa . In his reincarnation , he turned against Joon - jae due to his unrequited love for his stepfather .", "Na Young - hee as Mo Yoo - ran Shim Yi - young as young Mo Yoo - ran", "Na Young - hee as Mo Yoo - ran Shim Yi - young as young Mo Yoo - ran", "Shim Yi - young as young Mo Yoo - ran", "Shim Yi - young as young Mo Yoo - ran", "Joon - jae 's mother . The Cha family 's housekeeper .", "Joon - jae 's mother . The Cha family 's housekeeper .", "Hwang Shin - hye as Kang Seo - hee Oh Yeon - ah as young Kang Seo - hee / Mr. Yang 's concubine", "Hwang Shin - hye as Kang Seo - hee Oh Yeon - ah as young Kang Seo - hee / Mr. Yang 's concubine", "Oh Yeon - ah as young Kang Seo - hee / Mr. Yang 's concubine", "Oh Yeon - ah as young Kang Seo - hee / Mr. Yang 's concubine", "Chi - hyun 's mother and Joon - jae 's stepmother . She will do anything to keep her luxurious life with her son . She hired a hit - man to kill Joon - jae to make her son the definite heir of her husband . Her real name , Kang Ji - yeon , was revealed in the latter part of the series .", "Chi - hyun 's mother and Joon - jae 's stepmother . She will do anything to keep her luxurious life with her son . She hired a hit - man to kill Joon - jae to make her son the definite heir of her husband . Her real name , Kang Ji - yeon , was revealed in the latter part of the series .", "Sung Dong - il as Mr. Yang / Ma Dae - young", "Sung Dong - il as Mr. Yang / Ma Dae - young", "A mermaid trafficker during the Joseon era . In the modern day , he is a murder criminal and a hit - man hired by Seo - hee / Ji - hyun to kill Joon - jae . He was later revealed to be Chi - hyun 's father .", "A mermaid trafficker during the Joseon era . In the modern day , he is a murder criminal and a hit - man hired by Seo - hee / Ji - hyun to kill Joon - jae . He was later revealed to be Chi - hyun 's father .", "Choi Jung - woo as Heo Il - joong", "Choi Jung - woo as Heo Il - joong", "Joon - jae 's father , and a property agent . After the success of his business he divorced with Yoo - ran and married Seo - hee / Ji - hyun .", "Joon - jae 's father , and a property agent . After the success of his business he divorced with Yoo - ran and married Seo - hee / Ji - hyun .", "Moon So - ri as Ahn Jin - joo", "Moon So - ri as Ahn Jin - joo", "Shi - ah 's sister - in - law , a Daechi - dong madam who is vain and haughty . In her past life , she was revealed to be Yoo - ran 's servant .", "Shi - ah 's sister - in - law , a Daechi - dong madam who is vain and haughty . In her past life , she was revealed to be Yoo - ran 's servant .", "Park Hae - soo as Hong Dong - pyo", "Park Hae - soo as Hong Dong - pyo", "A Joseon era government official , who is Dam - ryung 's friend . / A modern - day detective who is investigating Dae - young 's crimes as well as Joon - jae 's scams . Later , he sided up with Joon - jae in investigating the death of Heo Il - joong by the hands of Ji - hyun .", "A Joseon era government official , who is Dam - ryung 's friend . / A modern - day detective who is investigating Dae - young 's crimes as well as Joon - jae 's scams . Later , he sided up with Joon - jae in investigating the death of Heo Il - joong by the hands of Ji - hyun .", "Park Ji - il as Manager Nam Choi Kwon as young Manager Nam in Joseon era", "Park Ji - il as Manager Nam Choi Kwon as young Manager Nam in Joseon era", "Choi Kwon as young Manager Nam in Joseon era", "Choi Kwon as young Manager Nam in Joseon era", "Dam - ryeong 's loyal friend in the Joseon era . Il - joong 's secretary and Joon - jae 's friend in the present time . He took care of Joon - jae when he was still young . In his past incarnation , he discovered the hidden traitors of Dam - ryung , which are Park Moo and the Joseon incarnation of Chi - hyun .", "Dam - ryeong 's loyal friend in the Joseon era . Il - joong 's secretary and Joon - jae 's friend in the present time . He took care of Joon - jae when he was still young . In his past incarnation , he discovered the hidden traitors of Dam - ryung , which are Park Moo and the Joseon incarnation of Chi - hyun .", "Shin Rin - ah as Seo Yoo - na", "Shin Rin - ah as Seo Yoo - na", "Shim Chung 's child friend . Apart from Dam - ryung / Joon - jae , she is the only one who can hear Se - hwa / Shim Chung 's inner voice both during the Joseon era and present time . In the Joseon time , she was the daughter of a fisherman and a mermaid .", "Shim Chung 's child friend . Apart from Dam - ryung / Joon - jae , she is the only one who can hear Se - hwa / Shim Chung 's inner voice both during the Joseon era and present time . In the Joseon time , she was the daughter of a fisherman and a mermaid .", "Hong Jin - kyung as Shim Chung 's homeless friend", "Hong Jin - kyung as Shim Chung 's homeless friend", "A beggar whom Shim Chung always seeks when she has problems and needs life advice .", "A beggar whom Shim Chung always seeks when she has problems and needs life advice .", "Lee Jae - won as Cha Dong - shik", "Lee Jae - won as Cha Dong - shik", "Shi - ah 's brother and Jin - joo 's husband .", "Shi - ah 's brother and Jin - joo 's husband .", "Lee Ho - jae as Professor Jin Kyung - won", "Lee Ho - jae as Professor Jin Kyung - won", "A Joseon era fortune teller . A modern - day neuropsychiatrist who helped both Heo Joon - jae and Ma Dae - young in recovering their lost memories .", "A Joseon era fortune teller . A modern - day neuropsychiatrist who helped both Heo Joon - jae and Ma Dae - young in recovering their lost memories .", "Go Gyu - pil as Han Sung - tae , a Myungdong Capital CEO ( ep. 1 ) Kim Sung - ryung as Jang Jin - ok , Han Sung - tae 's wife , a Myungdong Capital Madam ( ep. 1 - 3 ) Krystal Jung as Min - ji , a flight attendant ( ep. 1 ) Ahn Jae - hong as Thomas , a missionary ( ep. 2 ) Cha Tae - hyun as a Han River con - man ( ep. 4 ) Kim Kang - hyun as a police officer ( ep. 5 ) Park Jin - joo as a nurse ( ep. 6 ) Jo Jung - suk as Yoo Jung - hoon , a merman ( ep. 7 - 8 ) Jeong Yoo - mi as Kim Hye - jin ( ep. 8 ) Kim Sun - young as an ajumma in the jjimjilbang ( ep. 11 ) Im Won - hee as a doctor ( ep. 19 ) Kim Seul - gi as a mermaid ( ep. 20 )", "Go Gyu - pil as Han Sung - tae , a Myungdong Capital CEO ( ep. 1 )", "Kim Sung - ryung as Jang Jin - ok , Han Sung - tae 's wife , a Myungdong Capital Madam ( ep. 1 - 3 )", "Krystal Jung as Min - ji , a flight attendant ( ep. 1 )", "Ahn Jae - hong as Thomas , a missionary ( ep. 2 )", "Cha Tae - hyun as a Han River con - man ( ep. 4 )", "Kim Kang - hyun as a police officer ( ep. 5 )", "Park Jin - joo as a nurse ( ep. 6 )", "Jo Jung - suk as Yoo Jung - hoon , a merman ( ep. 7 - 8 )", "Jeong Yoo - mi as Kim Hye - jin ( ep. 8 )", "Kim Sun - young as an ajumma in the jjimjilbang ( ep. 11 )", "Im Won - hee as a doctor ( ep. 19 )", "Kim Seul - gi as a mermaid ( ep. 20 )", "Filming began on August 19 , 2016 in Goesan , North Chungcheong Province , South Korea . The production team then flew to Palau to film underwater scenes . The cast and crew flew to Spain on September 11 where they filmed in A Coruña , Ribadeo , Lugo , Tossa de Mar and Castell de Santa Florentina in Canet de Mar , as well as Begur ( Es Cau Swimming Pool ) , Sitges ( Town Hall and other backdrops ) and Barcelona ( exteriors of Palau de la Música Catalana , etc . ) , among other places in Catalonia and Galicia ( Spain ) . The first script reading was held on October 8 , 2016 , two months after production began , due to the busy schedules of the actors . It lasted three hours and covered the first four episodes .", "This drama served as a reunion for both Lee Ji - hoon and Shin Hye - sun who debuted together in the 2012 KBS2 hit school drama School 2013 as well as Jun Ji - hyun and Hong Jin - kyung who previously worked together in the 2013 SBS hit drama My Love from the Star .", "The Legend of the Blue Sea Original Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) ( digital ) January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) ( 2CD ) Genre Soundtrack Label Jellyfish LOEN L100005295 Producer Hwang Se - jun ( executive )", "The Legend of the Blue Sea Original Soundtrack", "Soundtrack album by Various Artists", "Released January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) ( digital ) January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) ( 2CD )", "Genre Soundtrack", "Label Jellyfish LOEN L100005295", "Jellyfish LOEN", "Producer Hwang Se - jun ( executive )", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Love Story '' Kim Jang - woo Kim Ji - hyang Kim Ji - hyang MELODESIGN Lyn 3 : 24 2 . `` Love Story '' ( Inst . ) Kim Ji - hyang MELODESIGN 3 : 24 Total length : 6 : 48", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length", "1 . `` Love Story '' Kim Jang - woo Kim Ji - hyang Kim Ji - hyang MELODESIGN Lyn 3 : 24", "Kim Jang - woo Kim Ji - hyang", "Kim Jang - woo", "Kim Ji - hyang", "Kim Ji - hyang MELODESIGN", "Kim Ji - hyang", "2 . `` Love Story '' ( Inst . ) Kim Ji - hyang MELODESIGN 3 : 24", "Kim Ji - hyang MELODESIGN", "Kim Ji - hyang", "Total length : 6 : 48", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` A World That Is You '' ( 그대 라는 세상 ) Han Joo Lee Yoo - jin Yoon Mi - rae 3 : 37 2 . `` A World That Is You '' ( 그대 라는 세상 ( Inst . ) ) Lee Yoo - jin 3 : 37 Total length : 7 : 14", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length", "1 . `` A World That Is You '' ( 그대 라는 세상 ) Han Joo Lee Yoo - jin Yoon Mi - rae 3 : 37", "2 . `` A World That Is You '' ( 그대 라는 세상 ( Inst . ) ) Lee Yoo - jin 3 : 37", "Total length : 7 : 14", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Lean on You '' ( 너 에게 기울어 가 ) Kim Ji - hyang MELODESIGN Jung - yup ( Brown Eyed Soul ) 3 : 46 2 . `` Lean on You '' ( 너 에게 기울어 가 ( Inst . ) ) MELODESIGN 3 : 46 Total length : 7 : 32", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length", "1 . `` Lean on You '' ( 너 에게 기울어 가 ) Kim Ji - hyang MELODESIGN Jung - yup ( Brown Eyed Soul ) 3 : 46", "2 . `` Lean on You '' ( 너 에게 기울어 가 ( Inst . ) ) MELODESIGN 3 : 46", "Total length : 7 : 32", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Shy Boy '' ( 설레 이는 소년 처럼 ) Shin Hae - chul Glory Face Jo Yong - ho Ha Hyun - woo ( Guckkasten ) 3 : 31 2 . `` Shy Boy '' ( 설레 이는 소년 처럼 ( Inst . ) ) Glory Face Jo Yong - ho 3 : 31 Total length : 7 : 02", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length", "1 . `` Shy Boy '' ( 설레 이는 소년 처럼 ) Shin Hae - chul Glory Face Jo Yong - ho Ha Hyun - woo ( Guckkasten ) 3 : 31", "Glory Face Jo Yong - ho", "Jo Yong - ho", "2 . `` Shy Boy '' ( 설레 이는 소년 처럼 ( Inst . ) ) Glory Face Jo Yong - ho 3 : 31", "Glory Face Jo Yong - ho", "Jo Yong - ho", "Total length : 7 : 02", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Somewhere Someday '' ( 어디 선가 언젠가 ) Kim Eana Hwang Se - jun MELODESIGN Sung Si - kyung 4 : 32 2 . `` Somewhere Someday '' ( 어디 선가 언젠가 ( Inst . ) ) Hwang Se - jun MELODESIGN 4 : 32 Total length : 9 : 04", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length", "1 . `` Somewhere Someday '' ( 어디 선가 언젠가 ) Kim Eana Hwang Se - jun MELODESIGN Sung Si - kyung 4 : 32", "Hwang Se - jun MELODESIGN", "Hwang Se - jun", "2 . `` Somewhere Someday '' ( 어디 선가 언젠가 ( Inst . ) ) Hwang Se - jun MELODESIGN 4 : 32", "Hwang Se - jun MELODESIGN", "Hwang Se - jun", "Total length : 9 : 04", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Wind Flower '' ( 바람꽃 ) Hana Tom & Jerry Tom & Jerry Lee Sun - hee 4 : 11 2 . `` Wind Flower '' ( 바람꽃 ( Inst . ) ) Tom & Jerry 4 : 11 Total length : 8 : 22", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length", "1 . `` Wind Flower '' ( 바람꽃 ) Hana Tom & Jerry Tom & Jerry Lee Sun - hee 4 : 11", "Hana Tom & Jerry", "Tom & Jerry", "2 . `` Wind Flower '' ( 바람꽃 ( Inst . ) ) Tom & Jerry 4 : 11", "Total length : 8 : 22", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Fool '' ( 바보 야 ) Honey Pot Honey Pot Ken ( VIXX ) 3 : 14 2 . `` Fool '' ( 바보 야 ( Inst . ) ) Honey Pot 3 : 14 Total length : 6 : 28", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length", "1 . `` Fool '' ( 바보 야 ) Honey Pot Honey Pot Ken ( VIXX ) 3 : 14", "2 . `` Fool '' ( 바보 야 ( Inst . ) ) Honey Pot 3 : 14", "Total length : 6 : 28", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Why Would I Do Like This '' ( 내가 왜 이럴까 ) Noh Ah - ram ( Coffee Boy ) Noh Ah - ram Coffee Boy 3 : 14 2 . `` Why Would I Do Like This '' ( 내가 왜 이럴까 ( Inst . ) ) Noh Ah - ram 3 : 14 Total length : 6 : 28", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length", "1 . `` Why Would I Do Like This '' ( 내가 왜 이럴까 ) Noh Ah - ram ( Coffee Boy ) Noh Ah - ram Coffee Boy 3 : 14", "2 . `` Why Would I Do Like This '' ( 내가 왜 이럴까 ( Inst . ) ) Noh Ah - ram 3 : 14", "Total length : 6 : 28", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Day By Day '' ( 하루 에 하나씩 ) ZigZag Note Kang Myung - shin ZigZag Note Kang Myung - shin Park Yoon - ha 3 : 09 2 . `` Day By Day '' ( 하루 에 하나씩 ( Inst . ) ) ZigZag Note Kang Myung - shin 3 : 09 Total length : 6 : 18", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length", "1 . `` Day By Day '' ( 하루 에 하나씩 ) ZigZag Note Kang Myung - shin ZigZag Note Kang Myung - shin Park Yoon - ha 3 : 09", "ZigZag Note Kang Myung - shin", "Kang Myung - shin", "ZigZag Note Kang Myung - shin", "Kang Myung - shin", "2 . `` Day By Day '' ( 하루 에 하나씩 ( Inst . ) ) ZigZag Note Kang Myung - shin 3 : 09", "ZigZag Note Kang Myung - shin", "Kang Myung - shin", "Total length : 6 : 18", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` If Only '' ( 만 에 하나 ) Min Yeon - jae Lee Dae - sung ( BIGTONE ) KingMing Kim Dong - hwi Se - jeong ( Gugudan ) 4 : 16 2 . `` If Only '' ( 만 에 하나 ( Inst . ) ) KingMing Kim Dong - hwi 4 : 16 Total length : 8 : 32", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length", "1 . `` If Only '' ( 만 에 하나 ) Min Yeon - jae Lee Dae - sung ( BIGTONE ) KingMing Kim Dong - hwi Se - jeong ( Gugudan ) 4 : 16", "Min Yeon - jae Lee Dae - sung ( BIGTONE )", "Min Yeon - jae", "Lee Dae - sung ( BIGTONE )", "KingMing Kim Dong - hwi", "Kim Dong - hwi", "2 . `` If Only '' ( 만 에 하나 ( Inst . ) ) KingMing Kim Dong - hwi 4 : 16", "KingMing Kim Dong - hwi", "Kim Dong - hwi", "Total length : 8 : 32", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Love Road '' ( 사랑 길 ) Kim Ji - hyang MELODESIGN Min Chae 3 : 54 2 . `` Love Road '' ( 사랑 길 ( Inst . ) ) MELODESIGN 3 : 54 Total length : 7 : 48", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length", "1 . `` Love Road '' ( 사랑 길 ) Kim Ji - hyang MELODESIGN Min Chae 3 : 54", "2 . `` Love Road '' ( 사랑 길 ( Inst . ) ) MELODESIGN 3 : 54", "Total length : 7 : 48", "No . Title Music Artist Length 1 . `` Sound Of Ocean '' Ryo Yoshimata Ryo Yoshimata 2 . `` Memories '' Yoshimata Yoshimata 3 . `` The Last Time '' Yoshimata Yoshimata Total length : 8 : 21", "No . Title Music Artist Length", "1 . `` Sound Of Ocean '' Ryo Yoshimata Ryo Yoshimata", "2 . `` Memories '' Yoshimata Yoshimata", "3 . `` The Last Time '' Yoshimata Yoshimata", "Total length : 8 : 21", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Hidden Story '' ( 숨겨진 이야기 ) Second Moon Second Moon Second Moon feat . Han Ah - reum 2 . `` My Name '' ( 나의 이름 ) Second Moon Second Moon feat . Han Ah - reum 3 . `` The Way to Meet You '' ( 너를 찾아 가는 길 ) Second Moon Second Moon Second Moon 4 . `` At This Time '' ( 다음 이 시간 에 ) Second Moon Second Moon Second Moon Total length : 9 : 45", "No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length", "1 . `` Hidden Story '' ( 숨겨진 이야기 ) Second Moon Second Moon Second Moon feat . Han Ah - reum", "2 . `` My Name '' ( 나의 이름 ) Second Moon Second Moon feat . Han Ah - reum", "3 . `` The Way to Meet You '' ( 너를 찾아 가는 길 ) Second Moon Second Moon Second Moon", "4 . `` At This Time '' ( 다음 이 시간 에 ) Second Moon Second Moon Second Moon", "Total length : 9 : 45", "Title Year Peak chart positions Sales Remarks KOR Gaon `` Love Story '' ( Lyn ) 2016 21 KOR : 181,202 + Part 1 `` A World That Is You '' ( Yoon Mi - rae ) 10 KOR : 208,326 + Part 2 `` Lean on You '' ( Jung - yup ( Brown Eyed Soul ) ) 46 KOR : 89,521 Part 3 `` Shy Boy '' ( Ha Hyun - woo ( Guckkasten ) ) 64 KOR : 51,209 Part 4 `` Somewhere Someday '' ( Sung Si - kyung ) 11 KOR : 274,787 + Part 5 `` Wind Flower '' ( Lee Sun - hee ) 27 KOR : 167,441 + Part 6 `` Fool '' ( Ken ( VIXX ) ) 78 KOR : 44,708 + Part 7 `` If Only '' Se - jeong ( Gugudan ) 2017 35 KOR : 56,719 + Part 10", "Title Year Peak chart positions Sales Remarks", "KOR Gaon", "`` Love Story '' ( Lyn ) 2016 21 KOR : 181,202 + Part 1", "KOR : 181,202 +", "KOR : 181,202 +", "`` A World That Is You '' ( Yoon Mi - rae ) 10 KOR : 208,326 + Part 2", "KOR : 208,326 +", "KOR : 208,326 +", "`` Lean on You '' ( Jung - yup ( Brown Eyed Soul ) ) 46 KOR : 89,521 Part 3", "KOR : 89,521", "KOR : 89,521", "`` Shy Boy '' ( Ha Hyun - woo ( Guckkasten ) ) 64 KOR : 51,209 Part 4", "KOR : 51,209", "KOR : 51,209", "`` Somewhere Someday '' ( Sung Si - kyung ) 11 KOR : 274,787 + Part 5", "KOR : 274,787 +", "KOR : 274,787 +", "`` Wind Flower '' ( Lee Sun - hee ) 27 KOR : 167,441 + Part 6", "KOR : 167,441 +", "KOR : 167,441 +", "`` Fool '' ( Ken ( VIXX ) ) 78 KOR : 44,708 + Part 7", "KOR : 44,708 +", "KOR : 44,708 +", "`` If Only '' Se - jeong ( Gugudan ) 2017 35 KOR : 56,719 + Part 10", "KOR : 56,719 +", "KOR : 56,719 +", "Due to the star power of Jun and Lee , the series maintained the first place ranking for its timeslot and surpassed 20 % viewership ratings . The series also fared well overseas , having been exported to all major regions around the world , including Southeast Asia , the Americas and Europe . Despite the show 's success , it was criticized for lack of originality , as many viewers felt that the ' parallel timeline ' and ' romance between a human and supernatural being ' were recycled elements of writer Park 's previous series My Love From the Star ( 2013 - 2014 ) . Additionally , it was slammed for bad editing , loose plot and lack of chemistry . However , Jun 's performance as a mermaid was met with overall high praise ; with The Straits Times saying that she is `` brilliant as the otherworldly goofball who is blissfully unaware of the mission to save her self - worth '' and Yonhap News Agency highlighting her `` trademark lanky , slender yet at times powerful and dramatic performance '' .", "In the table below , the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings .", "Episode # Date Average audience share TNmS Ratings AGB Nielsen Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area November 16 , 2016 15.4 % ( 4th ) 18.9 % ( 3rd ) 16.4 % ( 4th ) 18.0 % ( 2nd ) November 17 , 2016 16.2 % ( 4th ) 20.1 % ( 3rd ) 15.1 % ( 4th ) 16.4 % ( 4th ) November 23 , 2016 18.6 % ( 4th ) 19.6 % ( 2nd ) 15.7 % ( 4th ) 17.2 % ( 4th ) November 24 , 2016 17.9 % ( 4th ) 21.3 % ( 3rd ) 17.1 % ( 4th ) 18.4 % ( 3rd ) 5 November 30 , 2016 16.4 % ( 4th ) 20.4 % ( 2nd ) 16.8 % ( 3rd ) 20.5 % ( 1st ) 6 December 1 , 2016 18.1 % ( 2nd ) 20.2 % ( 1st ) 18.9 % ( 2nd ) 22.1 % ( 1st ) 7 December 7 , 2016 15.8 % ( 4th ) 18.1 % ( 2nd ) 17.4 % ( 2nd ) 19.2 % ( 1st ) 8 December 8 , 2016 17.4 % ( 3rd ) 19.7 % ( 1st ) 17.4 % ( 2nd ) 19.1 % ( 2nd ) 9 December 14 , 2016 14.8 % ( 5th ) 16.4 % ( 2nd ) 16.6 % ( 2nd ) 18.8 % ( 2nd ) 10 December 15 , 2016 16.8 % ( 4th ) 19.2 % ( 2nd ) 17.5 % ( 2nd ) 19.3 % ( 2nd ) 11 December 21 , 2016 17.7 % ( 3rd ) 20.1 % ( 2nd ) 16.7 % ( 3rd ) 18.1 % ( 2nd ) 12 December 22 , 2016 16.3 % ( 4th ) 18.0 % ( 2nd ) 17.3 % ( 3rd ) 18.7 % ( 2nd ) 13 December 28 , 2016 15.8 % ( 4th ) 18.4 % ( 2nd ) 16.0 % ( 4th ) 17.2 % ( 3rd ) 14 January 4 , 2017 15.1 % ( 4th ) 18.1 % ( 3rd ) 17.8 % ( 3rd ) 18.7 % ( 2nd ) 15 January 5 , 2017 15.9 % ( 3rd ) 19.4 % ( 2nd ) 18.3 % ( 3rd ) 20.1 % ( 2nd ) 16 January 11 , 2017 15.1 ( 4th ) 19.0 % ( 2nd ) 18.9 % ( 3rd ) 20.7 % ( 2nd ) 17 January 12 , 2017 18.9 % ( 3rd ) 22.2 % ( 2nd ) 20.8 % ( 2nd ) 23.0 % ( 2nd ) 18 January 18 , 2017 16.5 % ( 3rd ) 18.4 % ( 2nd ) 18.3 % ( 3rd ) 19.9 % ( 2nd ) 19 January 19 , 2017 18.7 % ( 3rd ) 20.4 % ( 2nd ) 21.0 % ( 2nd ) 22.2 % ( 2nd ) 20 January 25 , 2017 16.2 % ( 4th ) 18.4 % ( 2nd ) 17.9 % ( 3rd ) 18.8 % ( 2nd ) Average 16.7 % 19.3 % 17.6 % 19.3 % Special December 29 , 2016 14.5 % ( 8th ) 13.3 % ( 4th ) 11.2 % ( 7th ) 12.3 % ( 4th )", "Episode # Date Average audience share", "TNmS Ratings AGB Nielsen", "Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area", "November 16 , 2016 15.4 % ( 4th ) 18.9 % ( 3rd ) 16.4 % ( 4th ) 18.0 % ( 2nd )", "November 17 , 2016 16.2 % ( 4th ) 20.1 % ( 3rd ) 15.1 % ( 4th ) 16.4 % ( 4th )", "November 23 , 2016 18.6 % ( 4th ) 19.6 % ( 2nd ) 15.7 % ( 4th ) 17.2 % ( 4th )", "November 24 , 2016 17.9 % ( 4th ) 21.3 % ( 3rd ) 17.1 % ( 4th ) 18.4 % ( 3rd )", "5 November 30 , 2016 16.4 % ( 4th ) 20.4 % ( 2nd ) 16.8 % ( 3rd ) 20.5 % ( 1st )", "6 December 1 , 2016 18.1 % ( 2nd ) 20.2 % ( 1st ) 18.9 % ( 2nd ) 22.1 % ( 1st )", "7 December 7 , 2016 15.8 % ( 4th ) 18.1 % ( 2nd ) 17.4 % ( 2nd ) 19.2 % ( 1st )", "8 December 8 , 2016 17.4 % ( 3rd ) 19.7 % ( 1st ) 17.4 % ( 2nd ) 19.1 % ( 2nd )", "9 December 14 , 2016 14.8 % ( 5th ) 16.4 % ( 2nd ) 16.6 % ( 2nd ) 18.8 % ( 2nd )", "10 December 15 , 2016 16.8 % ( 4th ) 19.2 % ( 2nd ) 17.5 % ( 2nd ) 19.3 % ( 2nd )", "11 December 21 , 2016 17.7 % ( 3rd ) 20.1 % ( 2nd ) 16.7 % ( 3rd ) 18.1 % ( 2nd )", "12 December 22 , 2016 16.3 % ( 4th ) 18.0 % ( 2nd ) 17.3 % ( 3rd ) 18.7 % ( 2nd )", "13 December 28 , 2016 15.8 % ( 4th ) 18.4 % ( 2nd ) 16.0 % ( 4th ) 17.2 % ( 3rd )", "14 January 4 , 2017 15.1 % ( 4th ) 18.1 % ( 3rd ) 17.8 % ( 3rd ) 18.7 % ( 2nd )", "15 January 5 , 2017 15.9 % ( 3rd ) 19.4 % ( 2nd ) 18.3 % ( 3rd ) 20.1 % ( 2nd )", "16 January 11 , 2017 15.1 ( 4th ) 19.0 % ( 2nd ) 18.9 % ( 3rd ) 20.7 % ( 2nd )", "17 January 12 , 2017 18.9 % ( 3rd ) 22.2 % ( 2nd ) 20.8 % ( 2nd ) 23.0 % ( 2nd )", "18 January 18 , 2017 16.5 % ( 3rd ) 18.4 % ( 2nd ) 18.3 % ( 3rd ) 19.9 % ( 2nd )", "19 January 19 , 2017 18.7 % ( 3rd ) 20.4 % ( 2nd ) 21.0 % ( 2nd ) 22.2 % ( 2nd )", "20 January 25 , 2017 16.2 % ( 4th ) 18.4 % ( 2nd ) 17.9 % ( 3rd ) 18.8 % ( 2nd )", "Average 16.7 % 19.3 % 17.6 % 19.3 %", "Special December 29 , 2016 14.5 % ( 8th ) 13.3 % ( 4th ) 11.2 % ( 7th ) 12.3 % ( 4th )", "On December 29 , 2016 , SBS aired a movie - like special episode summarizing the first half of the drama focusing on the relationship between Shim Cheong and Heo Joon - jae .", "On December 29 , 2016 , SBS aired a movie - like special episode summarizing the first half of the drama focusing on the relationship between Shim Cheong and Heo Joon - jae .", "Year Award Recipient Result 2016 24th SBS Drama Awards Grand Prize ( Daesang ) Jun Ji - hyun Nominated Lee Min - ho Nominated Top Excellence Award , Actor in a Genre & Fantasy Drama Won Top Excellence Award , Actress in a Genre & Fantasy Drama Jun Ji - hyun Nominated Excellence Award , Actor in a Fantasy Drama Lee Hee - joon Nominated Excellence Award , Actress in a Fantasy Drama Shin Hye - sun Nominated Hwang Shin - hye Nominated Special Award , Actor in Fantasy Drama Sung Dong - il Won Lee Ji - hoon Nominated Special Award , Actress in a Fantasy Drama Oh Yeon - ah Nominated K - Wave Star Award Lee Min - ho Nominated Jun Ji - hyun Nominated Best Couple Lee Min - ho and Jun Ji - hyun Won Top 10 Stars Lee Min - ho Won Jun Ji - hyun Won Idol Academy Award - Best Eating ( Meokbang ) Won", "Year Award Recipient Result", "2016 24th SBS Drama Awards Grand Prize ( Daesang ) Jun Ji - hyun Nominated", "Lee Min - ho Nominated", "Top Excellence Award , Actor in a Genre & Fantasy Drama Won", "Top Excellence Award , Actress in a Genre & Fantasy Drama Jun Ji - hyun Nominated", "Excellence Award , Actor in a Fantasy Drama Lee Hee - joon Nominated", "Excellence Award , Actress in a Fantasy Drama Shin Hye - sun Nominated", "Hwang Shin - hye Nominated", "Special Award , Actor in Fantasy Drama Sung Dong - il Won", "Lee Ji - hoon Nominated", "Special Award , Actress in a Fantasy Drama Oh Yeon - ah Nominated", "K - Wave Star Award Lee Min - ho Nominated", "Jun Ji - hyun Nominated", "Best Couple Lee Min - ho and Jun Ji - hyun Won", "Top 10 Stars Lee Min - ho Won", "Jun Ji - hyun Won", "Idol Academy Award - Best Eating ( Meokbang ) Won", "In Cambodia , the series will be dubbed in Khmer language by Hang Meas HDTV as `` ទេព មច្ឆា ឆ្លង ជាតិ '' . It will air sometime in the second half of 2017 . In Singapore , Indonesia , Malaysia , Cambodia and Brunei , the series aired exclusively on ONE TV Asia , within 24 hours of its original telecast . In Vietnam , it premiered on November 17 , 2016 on HTV2 's YouTube channel . Each episode was available to stream 12 hours after the original South Korean broadcast under the title Huyền thoại biển xanh with Vietnamese subtitles . In Hong Kong , the drama aired on myTV SUPER . It premiered on November 17 , 2016 . In the Philippines , the drama is available to stream on Iflix 24 hours after its original South Korean broadcast with English subtitles . ABS - CBN will air it in May 8 , 2017 at 5 : 00 pm PST , replacing Minute To Win It : Last Duo Standing its Kapamilya Gold block . Meanwhile , the network 's regional stations will air the drama at 9 : 30am PST in order to avoid conflict with regional editions of its flagship evening newscast . On August 18 , 2017 , ABS - CBN confirmed that Legend of the Blue Sea will re-air on the network 's coveted Primetime Bida 10 : 00 timeslot . It will be aired for all of the nation and will be airing on September 4 , 2017 replacing Weightlifting Fairy . It will be dubbed in Filipino . In Sri Lanka , the drama is available to stream on - demand on Iflix with English and Sinhalese subtitles . During its original run , Iflix exclusively streamed episodes of the drama 24 hours after its original South Korean broadcast with English subtitles between November 17 , 2016 and January 26 , 2017 . In the Los Angeles DMA , US the drama airs every Wednesday & Thursday with English subtitles , free over-the - air on Asian American - oriented channel , LA18 ( channel 18 ) from December 7 , 2016 to February 9 , 2017 . In Canada , the drama airs on Korean Canadian - oriented channel , All TV . In Thailand , it will premiere on True4U in January 2017 , dubbed as ngeụ̄xk s̄āw tạw r̂āy kạb nāy t̂m tǔn ( `` เงือก สาว ตัว ร้าย กับ นาย ต้ม ตุ๋น '' ; literally : Sassy Mermaid & Mr. Fraud ) . In Taiwan , episodes of the drama are available to stream on iQiyi . It will also premiere in China on TVC in February , 2017 . In Japan , the series is currently aired on Eisei Gekijo ( a cable TV channel ) from February 26 , 2017 . The drama is available to stream on Viki with subtitles in a variety of languages created by a volunteer community .", "In Cambodia , the series will be dubbed in Khmer language by Hang Meas HDTV as `` ទេព មច្ឆា ឆ្លង ជាតិ '' . It will air sometime in the second half of 2017 .", "In Singapore , Indonesia , Malaysia , Cambodia and Brunei , the series aired exclusively on ONE TV Asia , within 24 hours of its original telecast .", "In Vietnam , it premiered on November 17 , 2016 on HTV2 's YouTube channel . Each episode was available to stream 12 hours after the original South Korean broadcast under the title Huyền thoại biển xanh with Vietnamese subtitles .", "In Hong Kong , the drama aired on myTV SUPER . It premiered on November 17 , 2016 .", "In the Philippines , the drama is available to stream on Iflix 24 hours after its original South Korean broadcast with English subtitles . ABS - CBN will air it in May 8 , 2017 at 5 : 00 pm PST , replacing Minute To Win It : Last Duo Standing its Kapamilya Gold block . Meanwhile , the network 's regional stations will air the drama at 9 : 30am PST in order to avoid conflict with regional editions of its flagship evening newscast . On August 18 , 2017 , ABS - CBN confirmed that Legend of the Blue Sea will re-air on the network 's coveted Primetime Bida 10 : 00 timeslot . It will be aired for all of the nation and will be airing on September 4 , 2017 replacing Weightlifting Fairy . It will be dubbed in Filipino .", "In Sri Lanka , the drama is available to stream on - demand on Iflix with English and Sinhalese subtitles . During its original run , Iflix exclusively streamed episodes of the drama 24 hours after its original South Korean broadcast with English subtitles between November 17 , 2016 and January 26 , 2017 .", "In the Los Angeles DMA , US the drama airs every Wednesday & Thursday with English subtitles , free over-the - air on Asian American - oriented channel , LA18 ( channel 18 ) from December 7 , 2016 to February 9 , 2017 .", "In Canada , the drama airs on Korean Canadian - oriented channel , All TV .", "In Thailand , it will premiere on True4U in January 2017 , dubbed as ngeụ̄xk s̄āw tạw r̂āy kạb nāy t̂m tǔn ( `` เงือก สาว ตัว ร้าย กับ นาย ต้ม ตุ๋น '' ; literally : Sassy Mermaid & Mr. Fraud ) .", "In Taiwan , episodes of the drama are available to stream on iQiyi . It will also premiere in China on TVC in February , 2017 .", "In Japan , the series is currently aired on Eisei Gekijo ( a cable TV channel ) from February 26 , 2017 .", "The drama is available to stream on Viki with subtitles in a variety of languages created by a volunteer community ." ]
The Legend of the Blue Sea - Wikipedia The Legend of the Blue Sea Jump to: navigation , search The Legend of the Blue Sea Promotional poster Genre Fantasy Romance Created by Park Young-soo Written by Park Ji-eun Directed by Jin Hyuk Park Seon-Ho Starring Jun Ji-hyun Lee Min-ho Theme music composer Ryo Yoshimata Country of origin South Korea Original language(s) Korean No. of episodes 20 + 1 special Production Executive producer(s) Kim Sun-jung Jinnie Jin-hee Choi Lee Ji-hyun Location(s) Goesan , Chungbuk , Jejudo , South Korea Palau Girona , Catalonia , Spain A Coruña , Galicia , Spain Cinematography Choi Sang-muk Editor(s) Lee Hyun-mi Running time 60 mins Production company(s) Culture Depot Studio Dragon Distributor SBS Studio Dragon (international) Budget US$19 million Release Original network SBS Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo First shown in South Korea Original release November 16, 2016 ( 2016-11-16 ) -- January 25, 2017 ( 2017-01-25 ) External links Website tv.sbs.co.kr/bluesea/ Production website www.studiodragon.net/front/kr/works/portfolio_view ?class1=&cpage =6&idx =134 The Legend of the Blue Sea ( Hangul : 푸른 바다 의 전설 ; RR : Pureun bada-ui jeonseol ) is a 2016-2017 South Korean television series starring Jun Ji-hyun and Lee Min-ho . Inspired by a classic Joseon legend from Korea's first collection of unofficial historical tales about a fisherman who captures and releases a mermaid, this drama tells the love story of a con-artist and a mermaid who travels across the ocean to find him. It aired on SBS every Wednesday and Thursday at 22:00 ( KST ) started from 16 November 2016 until 25 January 2017. Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Dam-ryeong and Se-hwa 1.2 Joon-jae and Shim Cheong 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 2.3 Recurring 2.4 Special appearances 3 Production 4 Original soundtrack 4.1 OST Part 1 4.2 OST Part 2 4.3 OST Part 3 4.4 OST Part 4 4.5 OST Part 5 4.6 OST Part 6 4.7 OST Part 7 4.8 OST Part 8 4.9 OST Part 9 4.10 OST Part 10 4.11 OST Part 11 4.12 Instrumental 4.12.1 I. 4.12.2 II. 4.13 Charted songs 5 Reception 6 Ratings 7 Awards and nominations 8 International broadcast 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The television series centers on the love story of Heo Joon-jae ( Lee Min-ho ), the son of a rich businessman who becomes a handsome and clever con-man after his parents' divorce, and a mermaid named Shim Cheong ( Jun Ji-hyun ).Focusing on rebirth, fate, and unrequited love, their tale is juxtaposed with the parallel story of their Joseon era incarnations, town head Kim Dam-ryeong and the mermaid Se-hwa. Dam-ryeong and Se-hwa ( edit ) During the Joseon era, a mermaid saves Kim Dam-ryeong from drowning when they were still young. Following the incident, they became friends and Dam-ryeong named her Se-hwa, after his younger sister. They ended up falling in love, but one day Dam-ryeong was forced by his family to marry another girl. Devastated by the news, Se-hwa decides to leave Dam-ryeong forever. Nevertheless, Dam-ryeong's love for Se-hwa forced him to leave his wife and to jump into the ocean to look for the mermaid. The distraught Se-hwa erases his memories of her and their love so that he may not look for her again. After years of separation, the two grow as adults. Their paths cross again as Se-hwa was found by town folks trapped in a cave after a storm, and was brought to Dam-ryeong, now a town official. Their broken relationship starts back again. On the other hand, a nobleman named Yang made murderous attempts to steal Se-hwa for his own and to overthrow Dam-ryeong. Investigations on the covert killings of some individuals all indicate Yang as the instigator of the crimes. Dam-ryeong also saved a weak Se-hwa from Yang's concubine who apparently has beaten her to cry since mermaid tears turn into pearls. Kim Dam-ryeong ( Lee Min-ho ) cradles the mermaid Se-hwa ( Jun Ji-hyun ) in a still from The Legend of the Blue Sea Meanwhile, Dam-ryeong keeps on experiencing dreams of himself, Se-hwa, and their foes in the future, and feared that the same ill-fate that afflicts himself and Se-hwa will replay itself. To warn his future self , he commissions a soon-to-be artifact-- a time capsule containing a portrait of himself with a message to his future self that `` everything is repeating itself'' and he has to protect the mermaid from danger, particularly the reincarnations of Yang and anyone related to him. As Dam-ryeong was about to strike down Yang for his crimes, he is arrested for his relationship with Se-hwa and was sentenced to be exiled. Whilst Dam-ryeong was escorted on boat for his exile, Yang and his associates search for Se-hwa. Urged by his suspicions, he requested the boat to turn around and fought with Yang and his gang. As men aim their harpoons, Dam-ryeong plunges into the water just as a harpoon, hurled by Yang's son, hits him from behind, saving Se-hwa. To end both of their lives, Se-hwa thrusts the harpoon deeper and stabs herself. The boats sink, carrying Dam-ryeong's belongings with them, and Dam-ryeong's jadeite bracelet apparently slides off from the dying Se-hwa's arm. Yang and his concubine were executed by sword and monkshood poison, respectively, for their crimes. Joon-jae and Shim Cheong ( edit ) The modern-day reincarnations: the mermaid Shim Cheong ( Jun Ji-hyun ) and Seoulian con-man Heo Joon-jae ( Lee Min-ho ) In the modern days, young Heo Joon-jae runs away from home after the divorce of his parents. His father Heo Il-joong ( Choi Jung-woo ) adopts stepson Chi-hyun ( Lee Ji-hoon ) and marries Kang Seo-hee ( Hwang Shin-hye ). Joon-jae's mother Mo Yoo-ran ( Na Young-hee ) works as a housekeeper. In his search for his mother, Joon-jae becomes a con-artist, using his good looks, wits, and skills in hypnotism in conducting scams with his mentor Jo Nam-doo ( Lee Hee-joon ) and computer hacking genius Tae-oh ( Shin Won-ho ). His affections are chased after by his college classmate, Cha Shi-ah. Using the money he earned from his scams, Joon-jae flies to Spain, where he meets a mysterious pretty woman who went inside his hotel room unseen. He calls the police and sends her to jail, but Joon-jae retrieves her after being curious about the jadeite bracelet he saw on the woman's arm. Nam-doo receives from Joon-jae a photo of the woman with the jadeite and confirms over the phone that the jadeite is genuine and of high price. Meanwhile, Joon-jae is being chased by gunmen being hired by a rich businesswoman who has fallen for Joon-jae's scams. He brings the mysterious woman with him throughout the pursuit, until they end up cornered on a cliff facing the sea. They jump into the water, and the woman, who was revealed to be a mermaid unbeknownst to Joon-jae, kisses him to erase his memories of her but promises to follow him to Seoul. Joon-jae returns to Seoul and is tormented by the gaps in his memories and by Jo Nam-doo's claims of him being with a girl with an expensive jadeite. After months of swimming and traveling, the mermaid also arrives in Seoul wandering around the city, until she runs into Joon-jae. He recognizes her to be the woman Nam-doo is referring to and interrogates her on her identity and why he cannot remember her, although the mermaid hesitates to answer. He brings her to his home and names her Shim Cheong. They live together and steadily gets closer with each other. Kang Seo-hee hires the fugitive Ma Dae-young ( Sung Dong-il ) to kill Joon-jae as part of her scheme to inherit Heo Il-joong's fortune. She also has secretly introduced Heo Il-joong with small yet potent doses of anticholinergic and monkshood extract, contributing to his failing health, particularly his vision. Chi-hyun dutifully nurses him, completely unaware of his mother's treachery. Ma Dae-young attempts several times to finish both Joon-jae and Shim Cheong but failed. Shim Cheong uses her power to erase Ma Dae-young's memories and, in the process, learns the sad fate of their Joseon era incarnations Kim Dam-ryeong and Se-hwa. Linked by dreams, mysterious artifacts, including the jadeite bracelet, a vase with an image of a mermaid kissing a man in modern-day clothes, and the portrait of Kim Dam-ryeong with the inscription `` everything is repeating itself'' , Joon-jae also learns of Dam-ryeong's world and his own fate, concluding that he and Shim Cheong are reincarnations of Kim Dam-ryeong and Se-hwa. Through his consultations with Professor of Neuropsychiatry Jin Kyung-won (Lee Ho-jae), he is able to retrieve his lost memories and the full rendering of his dreams about Kim Dam-ryeong and Se-hwa. He can also hear Shim Cheong's inner voice; he learns that she is indeed a mermaid and that, unless she returns to the sea, her heart will harden and stop beating if he will not love her. Joon-jae and Shim-cheong lived comfortably with each other despite conflicts and the fear of the impending ill-fate. Joon-jae also finds his mother Mo Yoo-ran, who quit her job as housekeeper. On the other hand, Chi-hyun learns that his real father is Ma Dae-young and he is Kang Seo-hee's lover. He also learns of Kang Seo-hee's crimes and reluctantly consents to them. Kang Seo-hee finally kills Heo Il-joong, using a strong dose of monkshood . Joon-jae, with the help of Shim Cheong, Jo Nam-doo, Tae-oh, and police officer-detective Hong Dong-pyo (Park Hae-soo), busts Kang Seo-hee, revealing her real name to be`` Kang Ji-hyun'' and her schemes finally revealed. A maddened Chi-hyun steals a gun and aims at Joon-jae but Shim Cheong takes the shot to save him. Kang Seo-hee is detained while Chi-hyun attempts to kill himself with monkshood poison. As Shim Cheong, being a mermaid, survives the fatal injury, Joon-jae learns that Ma Dae-young is visiting Professor Jin Kyung-won. As Joon-jae, Jo Nam-doo, and Officer Hong Dong-pyo rush to get him, Ma Dae-young recovers his memories of his past life and learns the death of his incarnation, Mr. Yang, and Yang's concubine, revealed to be by the hands of Park Moo, Jo Nam-doo's incarnation. Just as Professor Jin Kyung-won was about to be murdered, Joon-jae arrives, and Ma Dae-young is seized by the police. Shim Cheong is discharged afterwards, but she still feels pain in her heart due to the gunshot. In order to fully recover, she has to go back into the water. Shim Cheong erases the memories of Joon-jae and of everyone who knew her. Before returning to the sea to recover, Shim Cheong was able to wipe out the memories of all the people she met in Seoul except her child friend named Yoo-na (Shin Rin-ah). Yoo-na shared afterwards that she has been dreaming about her Joseon era incarnation, that she is the daughter of a fisherman and a mermaid, and returns to the ocean. Three years passed since Shim Cheong left. Joon-jae becomes a prosecutor, Jo Nam-doo works as a lecturer, and Tae-oh is engaged to Cha Shi-ah ( Shin Hye-sun ). Shim Cheong fully recovers her health and returns to Seoul. Despite his lost memories, Joon-jae recognizes Shim Cheong and it is revealed that he has been recording his life with Shim Cheong in case his memories are lost again. With this, Joon-jae had ultimately accomplished Kim Dam-ryeong's reminder to protect Shim Cheong from danger and they had evaded the bad fate that had been in store for them. The couple were finally married and lived happily in a home by the sea. Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jun Ji-hyun as Se-hwa / Shim Chung Kal So-won as child Se-hwa Shin Eun-soo as teenage Se-hwa A mermaid in the Joseon era / A modern-day mermaid who arrives in Seoul to follow her only love, Joon-jae. She has super strength and the ability to read and erase one's memory. Lee Min-ho as Kim Dam-ryung / Heo Joon-jae Jeon Jin-seo as child Kim Dam-ryung / Heo Joon-jae Park Jin-young as teenage Kim Dam-ryung / Heo Joon-jae The town head and son of a magistrate in the Joseon era who fell in love with a mermaid / A modern-day con-man who uses his looks and wit to transform into different people and conduct scams. He eventually met a mermaid whom he fell in love with again in his present life. Supporting ( edit ) Lee Hee-joon as Jo Nam-doo / Park Moo A con-man and Joon-jae's mentor. He trained Joon-jae to be a great con-man along with him. His Joseon incarnation is Park Moo, who worked with Joon-jae's stepbrother in their past lives. It was later revealed that his loyalty towards Dam-ryung and Joon-jae prevailed over his stepbrother in the Joseon era and modern day respectively. Shin Hye-sun as Cha Shi-ah Joon-jae's university junior who has an unrequited love for him, and a researcher at KAIST . Through her job she discovered some artifacts related to Dam-ryung from the Joseon era and helped Joon-jae discover his past identity. She was revealed to be the deceased wife of Dam-ryung in the Joseon era. Shin Won-ho as Tae-oh A genius hacker and a con-man together with Joon-jae and Nam-doo. A quiet person who likes to play computer games. He initially has a secret crush on Shim Chung, but ended up falling for Shi-ah. Lee Ji-hoon as Heo Chi-hyun Joon-jae's stepbrother. A hardworking son who dutifully stayed by his stepfather's side after Joon-jae left home. His Joseon incarnation was revealed to be an antagonist: the son of Mr. Yang, who killed Dam-ryung and Se-hwa. In his reincarnation, he turned against Joon-jae due to his unrequited love for his stepfather. Na Young-hee as Mo Yoo-ran Shim Yi-young as young Mo Yoo-ran Joon-jae's mother. The Cha family's housekeeper. Hwang Shin-hye as Kang Seo-hee Oh Yeon-ah as young Kang Seo-hee / Mr. Yang's concubine Chi-hyun's mother and Joon-jae's stepmother. She will do anything to keep her luxurious life with her son. She hired a hit-man to kill Joon-jae to make her son the definite heir of her husband. Her real name, Kang Ji-yeon, was revealed in the latter part of the series. Sung Dong-il as Mr. Yang / Ma Dae-young A mermaid trafficker during the Joseon era. In the modern day, he is a murder criminal and a hit-man hired by Seo-hee/Ji-hyun to kill Joon-jae. He was later revealed to be Chi-hyun's father. Choi Jung-woo as Heo Il-joong Joon-jae's father, and a property agent. After the success of his business he divorced with Yoo-ran and married Seo-hee/Ji-hyun. Moon So-ri as Ahn Jin-joo Shi-ah's sister-in-law, a Daechi-dong madam who is vain and haughty. In her past life, she was revealed to be Yoo-ran's servant. Recurring ( edit ) Park Hae-soo as Hong Dong-pyo A Joseon era government official, who is Dam-ryung's friend. / A modern-day detective who is investigating Dae-young's crimes as well as Joon-jae's scams. Later, he sided up with Joon-jae in investigating the death of Heo Il-joong by the hands of Ji-hyun. Park Ji-il as Manager Nam Choi Kwon as young Manager Nam in Joseon era Dam-ryeong's loyal friend in the Joseon era. Il-joong's secretary and Joon-jae's friend in the present time. He took care of Joon-jae when he was still young. In his past incarnation, he discovered the hidden traitors of Dam-ryung, which are Park Moo and the Joseon incarnation of Chi-hyun. Shin Rin-ah as Seo Yoo-na Shim Chung's child friend. Apart from Dam-ryung/Joon-jae, she is the only one who can hear Se-hwa/Shim Chung's inner voice both during the Joseon era and present time. In the Joseon time, she was the daughter of a fisherman and a mermaid. Hong Jin-kyung as Shim Chung's homeless friend A beggar whom Shim Chung always seeks when she has problems and needs life advice. Lee Jae-won as Cha Dong-shik Shi-ah's brother and Jin-joo's husband. Lee Ho-jae as Professor Jin Kyung-won A Joseon era fortune teller. A modern-day neuropsychiatrist who helped both Heo Joon-jae and Ma Dae-young in recovering their lost memories. Special appearances ( edit ) Go Gyu-pil as Han Sung-tae, a Myungdong Capital CEO (ep.1) Kim Sung-ryung as Jang Jin-ok, Han Sung-tae's wife, a Myungdong Capital Madam (ep.1-3) Krystal Jung as Min-ji, a flight attendant (ep.1) Ahn Jae-hong as Thomas, a missionary (ep.2) Cha Tae-hyun as a Han River con-man (ep.4) Kim Kang-hyun as a police officer (ep.5) Park Jin-joo as a nurse (ep.6) Jo Jung-suk as Yoo Jung-hoon, a merman (ep.7-8) Jeong Yoo-mi as Kim Hye-jin (ep.8) Kim Sun-young as an ajumma in the jjimjilbang (ep.11) Im Won-hee as a doctor (ep.19) Kim Seul-gi as a mermaid (ep.20) Production ( edit ) Filming began on August 19, 2016 in Goesan , North Chungcheong Province , South Korea . The production team then flew to Palau to film underwater scenes. The cast and crew flew to Spain on September 11 where they filmed in A Coruña , Ribadeo , Lugo , Tossa de Mar and Castell de Santa Florentina in Canet de Mar , as well as Begur (Es Cau Swimming Pool), Sitges (Town Hall and other backdrops) and Barcelona (exteriors of Palau de la Música Catalana , etc.), among other places in Catalonia and Galicia ( Spain ). The first script reading was held on October 8, 2016, two months after production began, due to the busy schedules of the actors. It lasted three hours and covered the first four episodes. This drama served as a reunion for both Lee Ji-hoon and Shin Hye-sun who debuted together in the 2012 KBS2 hit school drama School 2013 as well as Jun Ji-hyun and Hong Jin-kyung who previously worked together in the 2013 SBS hit drama My Love from the Star . Original soundtrack ( edit ) The Legend of the Blue Sea Original Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released January 20, 2017 ( 2017-01-20 ) ( digital ) January 24, 2017 ( 2017-01-24 ) ( 2CD ) Genre Soundtrack Label Jellyfish LOEN L100005295 Producer Hwang Se-jun ( executive ) OST Part 1 ( edit ) No. Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1. `` Love Story '' Kim Jang-woo Kim Ji-hyang Kim Ji-hyang MELODESIGN Lyn 3:24 2. `` Love Story'' (Inst.) Kim Ji-hyang MELODESIGN 3:24 Total length: 6:48 OST part 2 ( edit ) No. Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1. `` A World That Is You'' (그대 라는 세상 ) Han Joo Lee Yoo-jin Yoon Mi-rae 3:37 2. `` A World That Is You'' (그대 라는 세상 (Inst.)) Lee Yoo-jin 3:37 Total length: 7:14 OST part 3 ( edit ) No. Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1. `` Lean on You'' (너 에게 기울어 가 ) Kim Ji-hyang MELODESIGN Jung-yup ( Brown Eyed Soul ) 3:46 2. `` Lean on You'' (너 에게 기울어 가 (Inst.)) MELODESIGN 3:46 Total length: 7:32 OST Part 4 ( edit ) No. Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1. `` Shy Boy '' (설레 이는 소년 처럼 ) Shin Hae-chul Glory Face Jo Yong-ho Ha Hyun-woo ( Guckkasten ) 3:31 2. `` Shy Boy'' (설레 이는 소년 처럼 (Inst.)) Glory Face Jo Yong-ho 3:31 Total length: 7:02 OST Part 5 ( edit ) No. Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1. `` Somewhere Someday '' (어디 선가 언젠가 ) Kim Eana Hwang Se-jun MELODESIGN Sung Si-kyung 4:32 2. `` Somewhere Someday'' (어디 선가 언젠가 (Inst.)) Hwang Se-jun MELODESIGN 4:32 Total length: 9:04 OST Part 6 ( edit ) No. Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1. `` Wind Flower'' (바람꽃 ) Hana Tom & Jerry Tom & Jerry Lee Sun-hee 4:11 2. `` Wind Flower'' (바람꽃 (Inst.)) Tom & Jerry 4:11 Total length: 8:22 OST Part 7 ( edit ) No. Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1. `` Fool'' (바보 야 ) Honey Pot Honey Pot Ken ( VIXX ) 3:14 2. `` Fool'' (바보 야 (Inst.)) Honey Pot 3:14 Total length: 6:28 OST part 8 ( edit ) No. Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1. `` Why Would I Do Like This'' (내가 왜 이럴까 ) Noh Ah-ram (Coffee Boy) Noh Ah-ram Coffee Boy 3:14 2. `` Why Would I Do Like This'' (내가 왜 이럴까 (Inst.)) Noh Ah-ram 3:14 Total length: 6:28 OST Part 9 ( edit ) No. Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1. `` Day By Day '' (하루 에 하나씩 ) ZigZag Note Kang Myung-shin ZigZag Note Kang Myung-shin Park Yoon-ha 3:09 2. `` Day By Day'' (하루 에 하나씩 (Inst.)) ZigZag Note Kang Myung-shin 3:09 Total length: 6:18 OST Part 10 ( edit ) No. Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1. `` If Only'' (만 에 하나 ) Min Yeon-jae Lee Dae-sung (BIGTONE) KingMing Kim Dong-hwi Se-jeong ( Gugudan ) 4:16 2. `` If Only'' (만 에 하나 (Inst.)) KingMing Kim Dong-hwi 4:16 Total length: 8:32 OST Part 11 ( edit ) No. Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1. `` Love Road'' (사랑 길 ) Kim Ji-hyang MELODESIGN Min Chae 3:54 2. `` Love Road'' (사랑 길 (Inst.)) MELODESIGN 3:54 Total length: 7:48 Instrumental ( edit ) I. ( edit ) No. Title Music Artist Length 1. `` Sound Of Ocean'' Ryo Yoshimata Ryo Yoshimata 2. `` Memories'' Yoshimata Yoshimata 3. `` The Last Time'' Yoshimata Yoshimata Total length: 8:21 II. ( edit ) No. Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1. `` Hidden Story'' (숨겨진 이야기 ) Second Moon Second Moon Second Moon feat. Han Ah-reum 2. `` My Name'' (나의 이름 ) Second Moon Second Moon feat. Han Ah-reum 3. `` The Way to Meet You'' (너를 찾아 가는 길 ) Second Moon Second Moon Second Moon 4. `` At This Time'' (다음 이 시간 에 ) Second Moon Second Moon Second Moon Total length: 9:45 Charted songs ( edit ) Chart Performance (show) Title Year Peak chart positions Sales Remarks KOR Gaon `` Love Story'' ( Lyn ) 2016 21 KOR: 181,202+ Part 1 `` A World That Is You'' ( Yoon Mi-rae ) 10 KOR: 208,326+ Part 2 `` Lean on You'' (Jung-yup ( Brown Eyed Soul )) 46 KOR: 89,521 Part 3 `` Shy Boy'' (Ha Hyun-woo ( Guckkasten )) 64 KOR: 51,209 Part 4 `` Somewhere Someday'' ( Sung Si-kyung ) 11 KOR: 274,787+ Part 5 `` Wind Flower'' ( Lee Sun-hee ) 27 KOR: 167,441+ Part 6 `` Fool'' ( Ken ( VIXX )) 78 KOR: 44,708+ Part 7 `` If Only'' Se-jeong ( Gugudan ) 2017 35 KOR: 56,719+ Part 10 Reception ( edit ) Due to the star power of Jun and Lee, the series maintained the first place ranking for its timeslot and surpassed 20% viewership ratings. The series also fared well overseas, having been exported to all major regions around the world, including Southeast Asia, the Americas and Europe. Despite the show's success, it was criticized for lack of originality, as many viewers felt that the ' parallel timeline' and ' romance between a human and supernatural being' were recycled elements of writer Park's previous series My Love From the Star (2013-2014). Additionally, it was slammed for bad editing, loose plot and lack of chemistry. However, Jun's performance as a mermaid was met with overall high praise; with The Straits Times saying that she is `` brilliant as the otherworldly goofball who is blissfully unaware of the mission to save her self-worth'' and Yonhap News Agency highlighting her `` trademark lanky, slender yet at times powerful and dramatic performance'' . Ratings ( edit ) In the table below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings. Episode # Date Average audience share TNmS Ratings AGB Nielsen Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area November 16, 2016 15.4% (4th) 18.9% (3rd) 16.4% (4th) 18.0% (2nd) November 17, 2016 16.2% (4th) 20.1% (3rd) 15.1% (4th) 16.4% (4th) November 23, 2016 18.6% (4th) 19.6% (2nd) 15.7% (4th) 17.2% (4th) November 24, 2016 17.9% (4th) 21.3% (3rd) 17.1% (4th) 18.4% (3rd) 5 November 30, 2016 16.4% (4th) 20.4% (2nd) 16.8% (3rd) 20.5% (1st) 6 December 1, 2016 18.1% (2nd) 20.2% (1st) 18.9% (2nd) 22.1% (1st) 7 December 7, 2016 15.8% (4th) 18.1% (2nd) 17.4% (2nd) 19.2% (1st) 8 December 8, 2016 17.4% (3rd) 19.7% (1st) 17.4% (2nd) 19.1% (2nd) 9 December 14, 2016 14.8% (5th) 16.4% (2nd) 16.6% (2nd) 18.8% (2nd) 10 December 15, 2016 16.8% (4th) 19.2% (2nd) 17.5% (2nd) 19.3% (2nd) 11 December 21, 2016 17.7% (3rd) 20.1% (2nd) 16.7% (3rd) 18.1% (2nd) 12 December 22, 2016 16.3% (4th) 18.0% (2nd) 17.3% (3rd) 18.7% (2nd) 13 December 28, 2016 15.8% (4th) 18.4% (2nd) 16.0% (4th) 17.2% (3rd) 14 January 4, 2017 15.1% (4th) 18.1% (3rd) 17.8% (3rd) 18.7% (2nd) 15 January 5, 2017 15.9% (3rd) 19.4% (2nd) 18.3% (3rd) 20.1% (2nd) 16 January 11, 2017 15.1 (4th) 19.0% (2nd) 18.9% (3rd) 20.7% (2nd) 17 January 12, 2017 18.9% (3rd) 22.2% (2nd) 20.8% (2nd) 23.0% (2nd) 18 January 18, 2017 16.5% (3rd) 18.4% (2nd) 18.3% (3rd) 19.9% (2nd) 19 January 19, 2017 18.7% (3rd) 20.4% (2nd) 21.0% (2nd) 22.2% (2nd) 20 January 25, 2017 16.2% (4th) 18.4% (2nd) 17.9% (3rd) 18.8% (2nd) Average 16.7% 19.3% 17.6% 19.3% Special December 29, 2016 14.5% (8th) 13.3% (4th) 11.2% (7th) 12.3% (4th) On December 29, 2016, SBS aired a movie-like special episode summarizing the first half of the drama focusing on the relationship between Shim Cheong and Heo Joon-jae. Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result 2016 24th SBS Drama Awards Grand Prize (Daesang) Jun Ji-hyun Nominated Lee Min-ho Nominated Top Excellence Award, Actor in a Genre & Fantasy Drama Won Top Excellence Award, Actress in a Genre & Fantasy Drama Jun Ji-hyun Nominated Excellence Award, Actor in a Fantasy Drama Lee Hee-joon Nominated Excellence Award, Actress in a Fantasy Drama Shin Hye-sun Nominated Hwang Shin-hye Nominated Special Award, Actor in Fantasy Drama Sung Dong-il Won Lee Ji-hoon Nominated Special Award, Actress in a Fantasy Drama Oh Yeon-ah Nominated K-Wave Star Award Lee Min-ho Nominated Jun Ji-hyun Nominated Best Couple Lee Min-ho and Jun Ji-hyun Won Top 10 Stars Lee Min-ho Won Jun Ji-hyun Won Idol Academy Award - Best Eating (Meokbang) Won International broadcast ( edit ) In Cambodia, the series will be dubbed in Khmer language by Hang Meas HDTV as `` ទេព មច្ឆា ឆ្លង ជាតិ '' . It will air sometime in the second half of 2017. In Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia and Brunei, the series aired exclusively on ONE TV Asia , within 24 hours of its original telecast. In Vietnam, it premiered on November 17, 2016 on HTV2 's YouTube channel. Each episode was available to stream 12 hours after the original South Korean broadcast under the title Huyền thoại biển xanh with Vietnamese subtitles. In Hong Kong, the drama aired on myTV SUPER. It premiered on November 17, 2016. In the Philippines, the drama is available to stream on Iflix 24 hours after its original South Korean broadcast with English subtitles. ABS-CBN will air it in May 8, 2017 at 5:00 pm PST , replacing Minute To Win It: Last Duo Standing its Kapamilya Gold block. Meanwhile, the network's regional stations will air the drama at 9:30am PST in order to avoid conflict with regional editions of its flagship evening newscast . On August 18, 2017, ABS-CBN confirmed that Legend of the Blue Sea will re-air on the network's coveted Primetime Bida 10:00 timeslot. It will be aired for all of the nation and will be airing on September 4, 2017 replacing Weightlifting Fairy . It will be dubbed in Filipino . In Sri Lanka, the drama is available to stream on-demand on Iflix with English and Sinhalese subtitles. During its original run, Iflix exclusively streamed episodes of the drama 24 hours after its original South Korean broadcast with English subtitles between November 17, 2016 and January 26, 2017. In the Los Angeles DMA , US the drama airs every Wednesday & Thursday with English subtitles, free over-the-air on Asian American -oriented channel, LA18 (channel 18) from December 7, 2016 to February 9, 2017. In Canada, the drama airs on Korean Canadian -oriented channel, All TV . In Thailand, it will premiere on True4U in January 2017, dubbed as ngeụ̄xk s̄āw tạw r̂āy kạb nāy t̂m tǔn (`` เงือก สาว ตัว ร้าย กับ นาย ต้ม ตุ๋น '' ; literally: Sassy Mermaid & Mr. Fraud ). In Taiwan, episodes of the drama are available to stream on iQiyi . It will also premiere in China on TVC in February, 2017. In Japan, the series is currently aired on Eisei Gekijo (a cable TV channel) from February 26, 2017. The drama is available to stream on Viki with subtitles in a variety of languages created by a volunteer community. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` ' Legend of the Blue Sea' ends strong despite being too familiar'' . The Korea Herald . Jump up ^ Kil, Sonia. `` Gianna Jun and Lee Min-ho to Star in Korean TV Series ' Blue Sea ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Jun Ji-hyun and Lee Min-ho to star in drama'' . The Korea Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Legend of the Blue Sea is our own ancient mermaid story ' '' . The Korea Times . Jump up ^ `` Actress Jun Ji-hyun plays tough mermaid in new series'' . Yonhap News Agency . Jump up ^ `` Shin Eun-soo to play teenage Jun Ji-hyun in ' The Legend of the Blue Sea' '' . Kpop Herald . Jump up ^ `` 이희준 ' 푸른 바다 의 전설 ' 합류 확정 ...전지현 이민호 와 호흡 '' . SE Daily (in Korean). Jump up ^ `` Actress Shin Hye-sun will join ' Blue Sea' '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Jump up ^ jun2yng. `` Cross Gene's Shin And Lee Hee Joon Join Cast Of Lee Min Ho's Upcoming Drama'' . Soompi . Jump up ^ `` (단독 ) 이지훈 , ' 푸른 바다 의 전설 ' 출연 ... 전지현 이민호 와 호흡 텐 아시아 '' . TenAsia (in Korean). Jump up ^ `` (단독 ) 나영희 , ' 푸른 바다 의 전설'서 전지현 과 재회 ...박지은 작가 와 5번째 '' . MK News (in Korean). Jump up ^ `` 황신혜 는 푸른 바다 의 전설 에 합류 한다 '' . TV Daily (in Korean). Jump up ^ `` (단독 ) 성동일 , 전지현 이민호 이어 ' 푸른 바다 의 전설 ' 합류 '' . MBN News (in Korean). Jump up ^ `` 황신혜 성동일 나영희 최정우 , ' 푸른 바다 의 전설 ' 캐스팅 '' . 텐 아시아 (in Korean). Jump up ^ `` 문소리 , ' 푸른 바다 의 전설 ' 안방 복귀 확정 ...대치동 사모님 役 '' . The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). Jump up ^ `` (단독 )홍진경 , ' 푸른 바다 ...' 로 전지현 X박지은 재회 '' . Joins (in Korean). Jump up ^ `` Krystal makes cameo on ' Legend of the Blue Seas' '' . Kpop Herald . Jump up ^ `` Cha Tae-hyun to cameo in ' Legend of the Blue Sea' '' . Kpop Herald . Jump up ^ `` Jo Jung-suk cameos as merman in ' The Legend of the Blue Sea' '' . Kpop Herald . Jump up ^ Im, Ju Hyeon. `` 정유미 측 `` ' 푸른 바다 ' 카메오 출연 ..오늘 (8일 ) 등장 '' '' ((Spoiler) Jeong Yoo-mi to Make Cameo Appearance in `` The Legend of the Blue Sea'' ). Star News (in Korean). Jump up ^ `` ' Legend of the Blue Sea' stars will film in Palau and Spain'' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Jump up ^ `` 이민호 전지현 , ' 푸른 바다 ' 촬영차 스페인 출국 '' . Joins (in Korean). Jump up ^ `` ' Legend of the Blue Sea' Filming Locations Tour and Private Castle in Tossa de Mar'' . lonelyplanet . Jump up ^ A Coruña será escenario de una teleserie que arrasa en Corea del Sur Jump up ^ `` Legend of the Blue Sea'' filming locations , KoreanDramaland.com . (Accessed 14 September 2017). Jump up ^ `` Filming Location: Legend of the Blue Sea'' , by Honeystars, flyhoneystars , 25 Nov. 2016. (Accessed 14 September 2017). Jump up ^ `` Megaestrellas asiáticas en As Catedrais. Llega un equipo de 150 personas con Jun Ji Hyun y Lee Min Ho, star system en Asia equiparables a Brad Pitt y Angelina Jolie'' , by José Alonso and M. Carneiro, Ribadeo, La Voz de Galicia , 28 Sept. 2016, (in Spanish). (Accessed 14 September 2017) Jump up ^ `` Més de 130 persones participen al rodatge de la sèrie coreana. La producció , que genera expectació al país asiàtic , inclou actors mediàtics i s'estrenarà al novembre'' , (Legend of the Blue Sea topic), Diari de Girona , 16 Sept. 2016, (in Catalan). (Accessed 14 September 2017) Jump up ^ `` Lee Min-ho, Jun Ji-hyun at script read for ' Legend of Blue Sea ' '' . Kpop Herald . Jump up ^ `` Mermaid sellers and cast reunions lined up for ' Legend of the Blue Sea ' '' . Dramabeans . Jump up ^ `` Hong Jin Kyung to reunite with Jun Ji Hyun on ' The Legend of the Blue Sea ' '' . Allkpop . ^ Jump up to: `` (OST) The Legend of the Blue Sea OST by Various Artists'' . Melon.com . LOEN Entertainment . Retrieved 2017-01-19 . ^ Jump up to: `` 푸른 바다 의 전설 O.S.T - SBS 드라마 스페셜 (2CD) ( The Legend of the Blue Sea OST - SBS Drama Special (2CD))'' . Synnara Record . Media Synnara Co., Ltd . Retrieved 2017-01-19 . Jump up ^ `` Lyn unveils OST cut for ' The Legend of the Blue Sea'd '' . Yonhap News Agency . Jump up ^ `` New song from ' Legend of the Blue Sea' OST released'' . Yonhap News Agency . Jump up ^ `` Sung Si-kyung sings ' Someday, Somewhere' from OST of ' The Legend of the Blue Sea ' '' . Yonhap News Agency . Jump up ^ `` Park Yoon-ha track marks 9th on ' The Legend of the Blue Sea' OST'' . Yonhap News Agency . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Love Story'' : `` 2016년 11월 Download Chart (see #37)'' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved 2016-12-23 . `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 53 (see #88)'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017-01-05 . `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 54 (see #99)'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017-01-12 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` A World That Is You'' : `` 2016년 11월 Download Chart (see #38)'' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved 2016-12-23 . `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 53 (see #66)'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017-01-05 . `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 1 (see #73)'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017-01-12 . `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 2 (see #87)'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017-01-19 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Lean on You'' : `` 2016년 48주차 Download Chart (see #32)'' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved 2016-12-02 . `` 2016년 49주차 Download Chart (see #31)'' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved 2016-12-08 . `` 2016년 50주차 Download Chart (see #69)'' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved 2016-12-15 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Shy Boy'' : `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 49'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2016-12-08 . `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 50'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2016-12-15 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Somewhere Someday'' : `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 50'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2016-12-15 . `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 51'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2016-12-22 . `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 52'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2016-12-29 . `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 53 (see #45)'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017-01-05 . `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 1 (see #64)'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017-01-12 . `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 2 (see #70)'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017-01-19 . `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 3 (see #85)'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017-01-27 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Wind Flower'' : `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 51'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2016-12-22 . `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 52'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2016-12-29 . `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 53 (see #39)'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017-01-05 . `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 1 (see #59)'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017-01-12 . `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 2 (see #74)'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017-01-19 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Fool'' : `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 52'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2016-12-29 . `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 53 (see #95)'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017-01-05 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` If Only'' : `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 2 (see #35)'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017-01-19 . `` Gaon Download Chart - Week 3 (see #59)'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017-01-27 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasy-romance drama gets off to strong start'' . Yonhap News Agency . Jump up ^ `` Fantasy drama starring Jun Ji-hyun, Lee Min-ho tops 20 pct in nationwide viewership'' . Yonhap News Agency . Jump up ^ `` ' Legend of the Blue Sea' criticized for poor editing'' . The Korea Times . Jump up ^ `` TV reviews: In Korean drama Legend Of The Blue Sea, Gianna Jun is brilliant as otherworldly goofball of a mermaid'' . The Straits Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Legend of the Blue Sea' ends strong despite being too familiar'' . Yonhap News Agency . Jump up ^ `` TNMS Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu'' . TNMS Ratings (in Korean) . Retrieved 2016-11-16 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu'' . AGB Nielsen Media Research (in Korean) . Retrieved 2016-11-16 . Jump up ^ `` Special episode of ' Legend of the Blue Sea' to air Thursday'' . Yonhap News Agency . Jump up ^ Kim, Jin-suk. `` (SBS 연기 대상 1 )' 멱살 잡고 이끈 ' 김래원 조정석 전지현 한석규 (일간 스포츠 ) 입 '' . news.jtbc.joins.com (in Korean). Jump up ^ `` ទេព មច្ឆា ឆ្លង ជាតិ '' . Jump up ^ Lainey. `` #TheLegendIsReal: ONE HD To Air Highly Anticipated K-Drama, `` The Legend of the Blue Sea '' `` . Hype.my . Retrieved 2016-12-09 . Jump up ^ koreaportal (2016-11-21). `` The Legend of the Blue Sea' Where to Watch the Series If You're Not in Korea'' . koreaportal . Retrieved 2016-12-09 . ^ Jump up to: eva.vn. `` Không thể cưỡng lại vẻ đáng yêu của Lee Min Ho khi đội lốt nai tơ ngơ ngác '' . EVA.VN (in Vietnamese) . Retrieved 2016-12-09 . Jump up ^ `` myTV SUPER'' . facebook.com . Retrieved 2016-12-09 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/iflixph?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor https://twitter.com/iflixlk Jump up ^ https://www.iflix.com/en/index-lk.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.lk%2F&cr=1#devcosd3r7G0EsvQ.97 Jump up ^ Lastrilla, Gary Ann. `` ABS-CBN presents upcoming shows for 2017'' . Push . Retrieved 2016-11-24 . Jump up ^ Love in the Moonlight and Legend of the Blue Sea line-up for ABS-CBN this 2017 -- DaebakPH Jump up ^ ' Destined To Be Yours' tops PHL Twitter trends after teaser release Jump up ^ `` iflix Sri Lanka on Twitter'' . Twitter . Retrieved 2016-12-09 . Jump up ^ `` 푸른 바다 의 전설 The Legend of the Blue Sea - LA18 TV'' . LA18 TV (in Korean). 2016-12-05 . Retrieved 2016-12-09 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend Of The Blue Sea - Canadian TV Listings Guide'' . www.ontvtonight.ca . Retrieved 2016-12-09 . Jump up ^ `` True4U - ตอกย้ํา ' ความ พี ค ' ที่ โดน ใจ จน ไล ค์ กระจาย !!!...'' (in Thai). Facebook. 2016-12-08 . Retrieved 2016-12-13 . Jump up ^ http://www.ibtimes.co.in/legend-blue-sea-excells-internationally-maintains-top-position-viewership-ranking-708959 Jump up ^ `` 《 蓝 色 大海 的 传说 》 计划 明年 2月 中国 播 出 '' . ent.sina.com.cn . Retrieved 2016-12-09 . Jump up ^ http://www.eigeki.com/special/aoiuminodensetsu Jump up ^ The Legend of the Blue Sea , retrieved 2016-12-09 External links ( edit ) Official website (in Korean) The Legend of the Blue Sea at MyDramaList The Legend of the Blue Sea at HanCinema SBS Wednesday-- Thursday drama 1990s Sandglass Asphalt Man Model Happy Together 2000-- 2004 Fireworks Beautiful Days Guardian Angel Piano We Are Dating Now Successful Story of a Bright Girl Age of Innocence All In Land of Wine My Fair Lady Stairway to Heaven Sunlight Pours Down My 19 Year Old Sister-in-Law Stained Glass 2005-- 2009 Hong Kong Express Hello My Teacher Princess Lulu My Girl Tree of Heaven Bad Family Smile Again Please Come Back, Soon-ae Lovers Surgeon Bong Dal-hee Witch Yoo Hee War of Money How to Meet a Perfect Neighbor Lobbyist Robber On Air Iljimae Working Mom Painter of the Wind Star's Lover Cain and Abel The City Hall Swallow the Sun You're Beautiful Will It Snow for Christmas? 2010-- 2014 OB & GY Prosecutor Princess Bad Guy My Girlfriend Is a Nine-Tailed Fox Big Thing Sign 49 Days City Hunter Protect the Boss Deep Rooted Tree Take Care of Us, Captain Rooftop Prince Phantom To the Beautiful You The Great Seer That Winter, the Wind Blows All About My Romance I Can Hear Your Voice Master's Sun The Heirs My Love from the Star Three Days You're All Surrounded It's Okay, That's Love My Lovely Girl Pinocchio 2015-- 2019 Hyde, Jekyll, Me The Girl Who Sees Smells Mask Yong-pal The Village: Achiara's Secret Remember: War of the Son Please Come Back, Mister Entertainer Wanted Jealousy Incarnate The Legend of the Blue Sea Saimdang, Light's Diary Suspicious Partner Reunited Worlds While You Were Sleeping Works by Studio Dragon As a producer Another Miss Oh Dear My Friends 38 Revenue Collection Unit The Good Wife On the Way to the Airport Woman with a Suitcase Entourage The Legend of the Blue Sea Guardian: The Lonely and Great God Circle My Golden Life Mr. Sunshine As a creator/developer Hey Ghost, Let's Fight Cinderella and Four Knights The K2 Voice Introverted Boss Tomorrow With You The Liar and His Lover Tunnel Chicago Typewriter Duel Stranger The Bride of Habaek Criminal Minds Save Me Live Up to Your Name, Dr. Heo Argon Black Revolution Because This is My First Life Avengers Social Club Bad Guys: Age of Evil Mother Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Legend_of_the_Blue_Sea&oldid=803080248 '' Categories : Seoul Broadcasting System television dramas 2010s South Korean television series 2016 South Korean television series debuts 2017 South Korean television series endings Television series by Studio Dragon Mermaids in television South Korean romantic fantasy television series Television shows set in Palau Television shows set in Catalonia Television series set in Joseon Dynasty Hidden categories: CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) CS1 Vietnamese-language sources (vi) CS1 Thai-language sources (th) Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing Korean-language text Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with Korean-language external links MyDramaList title ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân -lâm -gú Español 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Svenska ไทยTürkçeTiếngViệt粵語中文EditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon30September2017,at09:37.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia
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Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television Nominated
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[ "Freddie Highmore Highmore at the premiere of Bates Motel in March 2013 Alfred Thomas Highmore ( 1992 - 02 - 14 ) 14 February 1992 ( age 25 ) Camden Town , London , England Education Highgate School , London Alma mater Emmanuel College ( B.A. ) Occupation Actor Years active 1999 -- present Parents Edward Highmore ( father ) Sue Latimer ( mother )", "Freddie Highmore", "Highmore at the premiere of Bates Motel in March 2013", "Alfred Thomas Highmore ( 1992 - 02 - 14 ) 14 February 1992 ( age 25 ) Camden Town , London , England", "Education Highgate School , London", "Alma mater Emmanuel College ( B.A. )", "Occupation Actor", "Years active 1999 -- present", "Parents Edward Highmore ( father ) Sue Latimer ( mother )", "Edward Highmore ( father ) Sue Latimer ( mother )", "Edward Highmore ( father )", "Sue Latimer ( mother )", "Alfred Thomas `` Freddie '' Highmore ( born 14 February 1992 ) is an English actor . He made his acting debut as a child in the comedy film Women Talking Dirty ( 1999 ) , and has since starred in Finding Neverland ( 2004 ) , Five Children and It ( 2004 ) , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) , Arthur and the Invisibles ( 2006 ) , August Rush ( 2007 ) , The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) , Toast ( 2010 ) , and The Art of Getting By ( 2011 ) . For Finding Neverland ( 2004 ) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) , he won the Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer in two consecutive years .", "For five seasons , Highmore starred as Norman Bates in the A&E drama - thriller series Bates Motel ( 2013 -- 2017 ) , for which he was twice nominated for the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series . He made his screenwriting debut with the series , and in 2017 won a People 's Choice Award for his performance . Also in 2017 , he began starring as Dr. Shaun Murphy in the ABC drama series The Good Doctor , on which he also serves as a producer .", "Highmore was born on 14 February 1992 in Camden Town , London , England , into a show business family . His mother , Sue Latimer , is a talent agent whose clients include actors Daniel Radcliffe and Imelda Staunton , and his father , Edward Highmore , is an actor . He has a younger brother named Albert `` Bertie '' Highmore , born in 1995 . Highmore 's home is in Highgate , an area of North London . Highmore was educated at a primary school in Hampstead Garden Suburb in Hampstead in North London , and at Highgate School , an independent school in Highgate , followed by Emmanuel College at the University of Cambridge , where he earned a Double First in Spanish and Arabic .", "Highmore began his acting career with small roles on television at the age of 7 . He made his film debut in Coky Giedroyc 's comedy Women Talking Dirty ( 1999 ) , playing the son of a woman ( Helena Bonham Carter ) who has recently become estranged from her commitment - phobic French lover . In 2001 , Highmore played a young King Arthur in the TNT miniseries The Mists of Avalon , a revisionist take on the Arthurian legends that depicted the women of Camelot as the real power behind the throne .", "In 2001 , in the BBC miniseries Happy Birthday Shakespeare , he portrayed a young boy who dreams of moving his family to Stratford - upon - Avon . Highmore has acted alongside members of his family in two separate films ; his brother Bertie played his brother in Women Talking Dirty , and his father Edward played his father in Hallmark Entertainment 's television film Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 ) .", "In 2004 , Highmore returned to the big screen for the family adventure film Two Brothers , directed by Jean - Jacques Annaud . He played the son of a French administrator who refuses to believe that his new friend , a tiger cub , might be dangerous after having tasted blood . He next had a major role alongside Kenneth Branagh , Zoë Wanamaker and Eddie Izzard in the fantasy film Five Children and It ( 2004 ) . That same year , Highmore made his breakthrough with a critically acclaimed performance as troubled Peter Llewelyn Davies in Marc Forster 's semi-biographical film Finding Neverland . He received several awards and nominations for the role , including a Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer , and nominations for the Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role .", "In 2005 , he portrayed the main role of Charlie Bucket in Tim Burton 's musical fantasy film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , adapted from the book of the same name by Roald Dahl . He was reportedly recommended by co-star Johnny Depp , with whom Highmore had worked in Finding Neverland ; Depp had been impressed by the young actor 's performance and thus put his name forward for the role . Highmore had not seen the original 1971 version of the film , and decided not to see it until he was done filming so his portrayal of Charlie would not be influenced . For his role , he again won the Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer and was awarded the Satellite Award for Outstanding New Talent . Highmore also lent his voice to the film 's accompanying video game of the same name .", "He next appeared as a young Max Skinner in Ridley Scott 's comedy - drama film A Good Year , which was released in the UK on 27 October 2006 . Also in 2006 , he began portraying protagonist Arthur Montgomery in the live - action / animated fantasy adventure film Arthur and the Invisibles , released on 13 December 2006 . Two sequels followed : Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard ( 2009 ) and Arthur 3 : The War of the Two Worlds ( 2010 ) . For the third film and the trilogy 's accompanying video game , Highmore provided voice acting . In 2007 , he lent his voice to the adventure fantasy film The Golden Compass ( 2007 ) and its video game of the same name . He then portrayed the title character in the drama film August Rush ( 2007 ) , alongside Keri Russell , Jonathan Rhys Meyers , and Robin Williams . The story follows a musical prodigy as he searches for his birth parents . This film received a wide release on 21 November 2007 .", "Highmore next starred in the dual role of American twins Simon and Jared Grace , alongside Sarah Bolger as their sister Mallory , in the fantasy adventure film The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) , based on the popular children 's stories of the same name by Tony DiTerlizzi . The film also had a video game , The Spiderwick Chronicles , in which Highmore reprised the characters of Simon and Jared in a voice role . That same year , he provided voice acting for the role of Little Jack in the animated film A Fox 's Tale ( 2008 ) . In 2009 , Highmore voiced the lead character in the animated film Astro Boy , and provided his voice to its accompanying video game , Astro Boy : The Video Game . He then played the main role in Toast , a BBC autobiographical film about chef Nigel Slater , which was aired on 30 December 2010 . The miniseries marked the third time Highmore has worked with Helena Bonham Carter . Also in 2010 , he starred as Hally Ballard , opposite Ving Rhames , in the drama film Master Harold ... and the Boys , based on the play of the same name by Athol Fugard . The following year , he co-starred alongside Emma Roberts in the romantic comedy - drama The Art of Getting By ( 2011 ) .", "In 2013 , Highmore voiced the title character in the animated adventure film Justin and the Knights of Valour . From 2013 to 2017 , he portrayed the iconic role of Norman Bates , alongside Vera Farmiga as his mother Norma , in the A&E drama - thriller series Bates Motel , a prequel to the Alfred Hitchcock film Psycho that restarts the storyline in the present day . He won a People 's Choice Award in 2016 for his performance , and has received nominations for the Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television ( 2013 ) , Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama ( 2013 ) , and the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series ( 2014 -- 2015 ) . Highmore ventured into writing and directing during his time working on the series , writing the fourth season episode `` Unfaithful '' and the fifth season episode `` Inseparable '' , and directing the fifth season episode `` The Body '' .", "In August 2014 , it was reported that NBC had purchased a comedy pilot script written and executive produced by Highmore and Bates Motel showrunner Kerry Ehrin . However , the pilot was not picked up to series . In 2015 , he appeared in the Libertines ' music video for `` You 're My Waterloo '' , alongside Marama Corlett . In 2016 , Highmore starred in Stephen Poliakoff 's BBC Two seven - part miniseries Close to the Enemy , the coming - of - age comedy - drama film Holding Patterns , and Nick Hamm 's political comedy - drama film The Journey . The following year , he began portraying the lead role of Dr. Shaun Murphy in the ABC drama series The Good Doctor , on which he also serves as a producer . Highmore has also been cast as the voice of the Duke of Cheshire in the animated film adaptation of The Canterville Ghost .", "Highmore is attached to play the title character , Baby Face Nelson , in the A&E drama pilot Baby Face , which he co-wrote and will executive produce with Kerry Ehrin . He will also executive produce Ehrin 's drama pilot Long Distance for NBC .", "Highmore lives in London , which he has said keeps him grounded . He is close friends with his Bates Motel co-star Vera Farmiga , and is godfather to her son with Renn Hawkey , Fynn .", "Year Title Role Notes Two Brothers Raoul Normandin Finding Neverland Peter Llewelyn Davies Five Children and It Robert 2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie Bucket 2006 A Good Year Young Max Skinner 2006 Arthur and the Invisibles Arthur Montgomery 2007 August Rush Evan Taylor / August Rush 2007 The Golden Compass Pantalaimon Voice role 2008 The Spiderwick Chronicles Jared and Simon Grace 2008 A Fox 's Tale Little Jack Voice role 2009 Astro Boy Toby Tenma / Astro Boy Voice role 2009 Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard Arthur Montgomery Arthur 3 : The War of the Two Worlds Arthur Montgomery Master Harold ... and the Boys Hally Ballard 2011 The Art of Getting By George Zinavoy 2013 Justin and the Knights of Valour Justin Voice role 2016 The Journey Jack 2016 Holding Patterns Charlie Brenner Year Title Role Notes 2000 Happy Birthday Shakespeare Steven Green Television film 2001 The Mists of Avalon Young Arthur 2 episodes 2001 Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story Son at Playground 2 episodes 2002 I Saw You Oscar Bingley Television film Toast Nigel Slater Television film 2013 -- 2017 Bates Motel Norman Bates 50 episodes Also wrote 2 episodes and directed `` The Body '' 2016 Close to the Enemy Victor Ferguson 7 episodes 2017 Tour de Pharmacy Adrian Baton Television film 2017 -- present The Good Doctor Dr. Shaun Murphy Also producer", "Year Title Role Notes", "Two Brothers Raoul Normandin", "Finding Neverland Peter Llewelyn Davies", "Five Children and It Robert", "2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie Bucket", "2006 A Good Year Young Max Skinner", "2006 Arthur and the Invisibles Arthur Montgomery", "2007 August Rush Evan Taylor / August Rush", "2007 The Golden Compass Pantalaimon Voice role", "2008 The Spiderwick Chronicles Jared and Simon Grace", "2008 A Fox 's Tale Little Jack Voice role", "2009 Astro Boy Toby Tenma / Astro Boy Voice role", "2009 Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard Arthur Montgomery", "Arthur 3 : The War of the Two Worlds Arthur Montgomery", "Master Harold ... and the Boys Hally Ballard", "2011 The Art of Getting By George Zinavoy", "2013 Justin and the Knights of Valour Justin Voice role", "2016 The Journey Jack", "2016 Holding Patterns Charlie Brenner", "Year Title Role Notes", "2000 Happy Birthday Shakespeare Steven Green Television film", "2001 The Mists of Avalon Young Arthur 2 episodes", "2001 Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story Son at Playground 2 episodes", "2002 I Saw You Oscar Bingley Television film", "Toast Nigel Slater Television film", "2013 -- 2017 Bates Motel Norman Bates 50 episodes Also wrote 2 episodes and directed `` The Body ''", "2016 Close to the Enemy Victor Ferguson 7 episodes", "2017 Tour de Pharmacy Adrian Baton Television film", "2017 -- present The Good Doctor Dr. Shaun Murphy Also producer", "Year Title Role 2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie Bucket 2007 Arthur and the Invisibles Arthur Montgomery 2007 The Golden Compass Pantalaimon 2008 The Spiderwick Chronicles Jared and Simon Grace 2009 Astro Boy : The Video Game Toby Tenma / Astro Boy", "Year Title Role", "2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie Bucket", "2007 Arthur and the Invisibles Arthur Montgomery", "2007 The Golden Compass Pantalaimon", "2008 The Spiderwick Chronicles Jared and Simon Grace", "2009 Astro Boy : The Video Game Toby Tenma / Astro Boy", "The Libertines -- `` You 're My Waterloo ''", "The Libertines -- `` You 're My Waterloo ''", "Year Nominated work Award Result Finding Neverland Empire Award for Best Newcomer Won Phoenix Film Critics ' Society Award for Best Youth Actor Won Las Vegas Film Critics ' Society Award for Youth in Film Won Satellite Award for Outstanding New Talent Won Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Ensemble Cast Won London Film Critics ' Circle Award for British Newcomer of the Year Nominated MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance Nominated Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film Nominated Utah Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer Won 2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Youth Actor Won Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film Nominated 2006 A Good Year Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer Nominated 2007 Arthur and the Invisibles Young Artist Award for Best Performance in an International Feature Film -- Leading Young Actor Nominated August Rush Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer Nominated Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film Nominated Capri Exploit Award Won Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Won 2008 The Spiderwick Chronicles Nominated Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film Nominated 2009 Astro Boy Young Artist Award for Best Voice Over Role Nominated 2013 Bates Motel Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Nominated Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television Nominated People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Anti-Hero Nominated Gold Derby Award for Breakthrough Performance of the Year Nominated 2014 Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2015 Nominated 2016 Gold Derby Award for Best Lead Actor in a Drama Nominated People 's Choice Award for Favorite Cable TV Actor Won Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best TV Actor Nominated Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television Nominated", "Year Nominated work Award Result", "Finding Neverland Empire Award for Best Newcomer Won", "Phoenix Film Critics ' Society Award for Best Youth Actor Won", "Las Vegas Film Critics ' Society Award for Youth in Film Won", "Satellite Award for Outstanding New Talent Won", "Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Ensemble Cast Won", "London Film Critics ' Circle Award for British Newcomer of the Year Nominated", "MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance Nominated", "Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated", "Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated", "Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated", "Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film Nominated", "Utah Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated", "Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer Won", "2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Won", "Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Youth Actor Won", "Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated", "Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film Nominated", "2006 A Good Year Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer Nominated", "2007 Arthur and the Invisibles Young Artist Award for Best Performance in an International Feature Film -- Leading Young Actor Nominated", "August Rush Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer Nominated", "Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film Nominated", "Capri Exploit Award Won", "Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Won", "2008 The Spiderwick Chronicles Nominated", "Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film Nominated", "2009 Astro Boy Young Artist Award for Best Voice Over Role Nominated", "2013 Bates Motel Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Nominated", "Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television Nominated", "People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Anti-Hero Nominated", "Gold Derby Award for Breakthrough Performance of the Year Nominated", "2014 Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated", "2015 Nominated", "2016 Gold Derby Award for Best Lead Actor in a Drama Nominated", "People 's Choice Award for Favorite Cable TV Actor Won", "Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best TV Actor Nominated", "Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television Nominated" ]
Freddie Highmore - wikipedia Freddie Highmore Jump to: navigation , search Freddie Highmore Highmore at the premiere of Bates Motel in March 2013 Alfred Thomas Highmore ( 1992-02-14 ) 14 February 1992 (age 25) Camden Town , London , England Education Highgate School , London Alma mater Emmanuel College ( B.A. ) Occupation Actor Years active 1999-- present Parents Edward Highmore (father) Sue Latimer (mother) Alfred Thomas `` Freddie'' Highmore (born 14 February 1992) is an English actor. He made his acting debut as a child in the comedy film Women Talking Dirty (1999), and has since starred in Finding Neverland (2004), Five Children and It (2004), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), Arthur and the Invisibles (2006), August Rush (2007), The Spiderwick Chronicles (2008), Toast (2010), and The Art of Getting By (2011). For Finding Neverland (2004) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), he won the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer in two consecutive years. For five seasons, Highmore starred as Norman Bates in the A&E drama-thriller series Bates Motel (2013-- 2017), for which he was twice nominated for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series . He made his screenwriting debut with the series, and in 2017 won a People's Choice Award for his performance. Also in 2017, he began starring as Dr. Shaun Murphy in the ABC drama series The Good Doctor , on which he also serves as a producer. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1999-- 2004: Beginnings and Finding Neverland 2.2 2005-- 2011: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Astro Boy 2.3 2012-- 2017: Bates Motel and screenwriting debut 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Music videos 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Highmore was born on 14 February 1992 in Camden Town , London, England, into a show business family. His mother, Sue Latimer, is a talent agent whose clients include actors Daniel Radcliffe and Imelda Staunton , and his father, Edward Highmore , is an actor. He has a younger brother named Albert `` Bertie'' Highmore, born in 1995. Highmore's home is in Highgate , an area of North London . Highmore was educated at a primary school in Hampstead Garden Suburb in Hampstead in North London, and at Highgate School , an independent school in Highgate, followed by Emmanuel College at the University of Cambridge , where he earned a Double First in Spanish and Arabic . Career ( edit ) 1999-- 2004: beginnings and Finding Neverland ( edit ) Highmore began his acting career with small roles on television at the age of 7. He made his film debut in Coky Giedroyc 's comedy Women Talking Dirty (1999), playing the son of a woman ( Helena Bonham Carter ) who has recently become estranged from her commitment-phobic French lover. In 2001, Highmore played a young King Arthur in the TNT miniseries The Mists of Avalon , a revisionist take on the Arthurian legends that depicted the women of Camelot as the real power behind the throne. In 2001, in the BBC miniseries Happy Birthday Shakespeare , he portrayed a young boy who dreams of moving his family to Stratford-upon-Avon . Highmore has acted alongside members of his family in two separate films; his brother Bertie played his brother in Women Talking Dirty , and his father Edward played his father in Hallmark Entertainment 's television film Jack and the Beanstalk: The Real Story (2001). In 2004, Highmore returned to the big screen for the family adventure film Two Brothers , directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud . He played the son of a French administrator who refuses to believe that his new friend, a tiger cub, might be dangerous after having tasted blood. He next had a major role alongside Kenneth Branagh , Zoë Wanamaker and Eddie Izzard in the fantasy film Five Children and It (2004). That same year, Highmore made his breakthrough with a critically acclaimed performance as troubled Peter Llewelyn Davies in Marc Forster 's semi-biographical film Finding Neverland . He received several awards and nominations for the role, including a Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer , and nominations for the Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role . 2005-- 2011: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Astro Boy ( edit ) Highmore at the San Diego Comic-Con International , 23 July 2009 In 2005, he portrayed the main role of Charlie Bucket in Tim Burton 's musical fantasy film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , adapted from the book of the same name by Roald Dahl . He was reportedly recommended by co-star Johnny Depp , with whom Highmore had worked in Finding Neverland ; Depp had been impressed by the young actor's performance and thus put his name forward for the role. Highmore had not seen the original 1971 version of the film, and decided not to see it until he was done filming so his portrayal of Charlie would not be influenced. For his role, he again won the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer and was awarded the Satellite Award for Outstanding New Talent . Highmore also lent his voice to the film's accompanying video game of the same name . He next appeared as a young Max Skinner in Ridley Scott 's comedy-drama film A Good Year , which was released in the UK on 27 October 2006. Also in 2006, he began portraying protagonist Arthur Montgomery in the live-action/animated fantasy adventure film Arthur and the Invisibles , released on 13 December 2006. Two sequels followed: Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard (2009) and Arthur 3: The War of the Two Worlds (2010). For the third film and the trilogy's accompanying video game , Highmore provided voice acting. In 2007, he lent his voice to the adventure fantasy film The Golden Compass (2007) and its video game of the same name . He then portrayed the title character in the drama film August Rush (2007), alongside Keri Russell , Jonathan Rhys Meyers , and Robin Williams . The story follows a musical prodigy as he searches for his birth parents. This film received a wide release on 21 November 2007. Highmore next starred in the dual role of American twins Simon and Jared Grace , alongside Sarah Bolger as their sister Mallory, in the fantasy adventure film The Spiderwick Chronicles (2008), based on the popular children's stories of the same name by Tony DiTerlizzi . The film also had a video game, The Spiderwick Chronicles , in which Highmore reprised the characters of Simon and Jared in a voice role. That same year, he provided voice acting for the role of Little Jack in the animated film A Fox's Tale (2008). In 2009, Highmore voiced the lead character in the animated film Astro Boy , and provided his voice to its accompanying video game, Astro Boy: The Video Game . He then played the main role in Toast , a BBC autobiographical film about chef Nigel Slater , which was aired on 30 December 2010. The miniseries marked the third time Highmore has worked with Helena Bonham Carter. Also in 2010, he starred as Hally Ballard, opposite Ving Rhames , in the drama film Master Harold...and the Boys , based on the play of the same name by Athol Fugard . The following year, he co-starred alongside Emma Roberts in the romantic comedy-drama The Art of Getting By (2011). 2012-- 2017: Bates Motel and screenwriting debut ( edit ) Highmore at PaleyFest for Bates Motel , 10 May 2013 In 2013, Highmore voiced the title character in the animated adventure film Justin and the Knights of Valour . From 2013 to 2017, he portrayed the iconic role of Norman Bates , alongside Vera Farmiga as his mother Norma , in the A&E drama-thriller series Bates Motel , a prequel to the Alfred Hitchcock film Psycho that restarts the storyline in the present day. He won a People's Choice Award in 2016 for his performance, and has received nominations for the Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television (2013), Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama (2013), and the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series (2014-- 2015). Highmore ventured into writing and directing during his time working on the series, writing the fourth season episode `` Unfaithful'' and the fifth season episode `` Inseparable'' , and directing the fifth season episode `` The Body'' . In August 2014, it was reported that NBC had purchased a comedy pilot script written and executive produced by Highmore and Bates Motel showrunner Kerry Ehrin . However, the pilot was not picked up to series. In 2015, he appeared in the Libertines ' music video for `` You're My Waterloo'' , alongside Marama Corlett . In 2016, Highmore starred in Stephen Poliakoff 's BBC Two seven-part miniseries Close to the Enemy , the coming-of-age comedy-drama film Holding Patterns , and Nick Hamm 's political comedy-drama film The Journey . The following year, he began portraying the lead role of Dr. Shaun Murphy in the ABC drama series The Good Doctor , on which he also serves as a producer. Highmore has also been cast as the voice of the Duke of Cheshire in the animated film adaptation of The Canterville Ghost . Highmore is attached to play the title character, Baby Face Nelson , in the A&E drama pilot Baby Face , which he co-wrote and will executive produce with Kerry Ehrin. He will also executive produce Ehrin's drama pilot Long Distance for NBC. Personal life ( edit ) Highmore lives in London, which he has said keeps him grounded. He is close friends with his Bates Motel co-star Vera Farmiga , and is godfather to her son with Renn Hawkey , Fynn. Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Two Brothers Raoul Normandin Finding Neverland Peter Llewelyn Davies Five Children and It Robert 2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie Bucket 2006 A Good Year Young Max Skinner 2006 Arthur and the Invisibles Arthur Montgomery 2007 August Rush Evan Taylor / August Rush 2007 The Golden Compass Pantalaimon Voice role 2008 The Spiderwick Chronicles Jared and Simon Grace 2008 A Fox's Tale Little Jack Voice role 2009 Astro Boy Toby Tenma / Astro Boy Voice role 2009 Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard Arthur Montgomery Arthur 3: The War of the Two Worlds Arthur Montgomery Master Harold...and the Boys Hally Ballard 2011 The Art of Getting By George Zinavoy 2013 Justin and the Knights of Valour Justin Voice role 2016 The Journey Jack 2016 Holding Patterns Charlie Brenner Year Title Role Notes 2000 Happy Birthday Shakespeare Steven Green Television film 2001 The Mists of Avalon Young Arthur 2 episodes 2001 Jack and the Beanstalk: The Real Story Son at Playground 2 episodes 2002 I Saw You Oscar Bingley Television film Toast Nigel Slater Television film 2013-- 2017 Bates Motel Norman Bates 50 episodes Also wrote 2 episodes and directed `` The Body'' 2016 Close to the Enemy Victor Ferguson 7 episodes 2017 Tour de Pharmacy Adrian Baton Television film 2017-- present The Good Doctor Dr. Shaun Murphy Also producer Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role 2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie Bucket 2007 Arthur and the Invisibles Arthur Montgomery 2007 The Golden Compass Pantalaimon 2008 The Spiderwick Chronicles Jared and Simon Grace 2009 Astro Boy: The Video Game Toby Tenma / Astro Boy Music videos ( edit ) The Libertines -- `` You're My Waterloo'' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Nominated work Award Result Finding Neverland Empire Award for Best Newcomer Won Phoenix Film Critics' Society Award for Best Youth Actor Won Las Vegas Film Critics' Society Award for Youth in Film Won Satellite Award for Outstanding New Talent Won Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Ensemble Cast Won London Film Critics' Circle Award for British Newcomer of the Year Nominated MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance Nominated Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film Nominated Utah Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer Won 2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Youth Actor Won Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film Nominated 2006 A Good Year Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer Nominated 2007 Arthur and the Invisibles Young Artist Award for Best Performance in an International Feature Film -- Leading Young Actor Nominated August Rush Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer Nominated Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film Nominated Capri Exploit Award Won Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Won 2008 The Spiderwick Chronicles Nominated Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film Nominated 2009 Astro Boy Young Artist Award for Best Voice Over Role Nominated 2013 Bates Motel Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Nominated Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television Nominated People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Anti-Hero Nominated Gold Derby Award for Breakthrough Performance of the Year Nominated 2014 Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2015 Nominated 2016 Gold Derby Award for Best Lead Actor in a Drama Nominated People's Choice Award for Favorite Cable TV Actor Won Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best TV Actor Nominated Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Births, Marriages & Deaths Index of England & Wales , 1984-- 2004, listed birth name as `` Alfred Thomas Highmore'' . Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (11 May 2017). `` Good Doctor Medical Drama Starring Bates Motel's Freddie Highmore Ordered to Series at ABC'' . TVLine . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Freddie Highmore -- Biography'' . Yahoo! Movies . Archived from the original on 7 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Salisbury, Mark (4 November 2007). `` Freddie Highmore keeps it real in music-filled ' August Rush ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 6 November 2007 . Retrieved 4 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Freddie Highmore: ' When You're Eighteen, You Can't Act the Kid Anymore ' '' . The Independent . 5 December 2010. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Highmore gains double first'' . The Belfast Telegraph . 3 July 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freddie Highmore cast as titular Charlie and the Chocolate Factory'' . JohnAugust.com. 23 May 2004. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Movies: Details for Arthur and the Vengeance of Maltazard'' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Jump up ^ `` Movies: Details for Arthur and The War Of Two Worlds'' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Jump up ^ Freddie Highmore talks August Rush on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Highmore Joins Spiderwick Chronicles'' . Empire . 24 July 2006. Jump up ^ `` Freddie Highmore Signed for Imagi Studios' Astro Boy'' (PDF) . Imagi Studios . Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2008 . Retrieved 28 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Freddie Highmore and Kristen Bell Join Astro Boy: The Video Game'' . GamersHell.com. 5 July 2009. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New BBC One drama, Helena Bonham Carter and Freddie Highmore star in Toast'' . BBC News . 21 May 2010. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Jump up ^ Cox, Gordon (21 April 2010). `` Roberts, Highmore assigned ' Homework ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 27 April 2010 . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (14 September 2012). `` A&E's ' Psycho' Prequel ' Bates Motel' Finds its Young Norman'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` People's Choice Awards 2017 Winners List'' . The Hollywood Reporter. 18 January 2017. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Jump up ^ McCabe, Joseph (28 June 2014). `` Gravity, The Walking Dead, and Breaking Bad Win Big at the Fortieth Annual Saturn Awards'' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pond, Steve (2 December 2013). `` ' 12 Years a Slave' Tops Satellite Award Nominations'' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on 8 November 2014 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Sandberg, Bryn Elise (19 June 2014). `` Critics' Choice Television Awards 2014: Complete Winners List'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (6 May 2015). `` Critics' Choice TV Awards: ' Justified' , ' Olive Kitteridge' , HBO Lead The Field'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 7 May 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Saclao, Christian (4 April 2016). `` ' Bates Motel' Star Freddie Highmore On Writing Season 4, Episode 8 Of A&E's ' Psycho' Prequel'' . Design & Trend . Archived from the original on 25 April 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler, Elena (23 July 2016). `` ' Bates Motel' : 8 Things to Know About Season 5, Rihanna's Casting, and More'' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (22 August 2014). `` ' Bates Motel's ' Freddie Highmore, Kerry Ehrin Sell Comedy to NBC'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Jump up ^ Monroe, Jazz (2 December 2015). `` The Libertines Share Romantic `` You're My Waterloo'' Video Starring Freddie Highmore`` . Pitchfork Media . Archived from the original on 4 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` BBC Two announces new Stephen Poliakoff drama with stellar cast'' . BBC News . 30 March 2015. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Jump up ^ Siegel, Tatiana (18 August 2015). `` Freddie Highmore, Haley Joel Osment to Star in Coming-of-Age Film ' Holding Patterns ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 31 August 2015. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (10 September 2015). `` Toronto: John Hurt, Toby Stephens, Freddie Highmore Join ' The Journey ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (24 February 2017). `` ' Bates Motel' Star Freddie Highmore to Topline ABC's David Shore Drama'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Jump up ^ `` Freddie Highmore goes from ' Bates' killer to life-saving ' Good Doctor ' '' . USA Today . August 6, 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kemp, Stuart (9 May 2014). `` Cannes: Freddie Highmore Lends Voice to Animated ' Oscar Wilde's The Canterville Ghost ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Jump up ^ Birnbaum, Debra (16 December 2016). `` ' Bates Motel's ' Freddie Highmore and Kerry Ehrin Sell Drama Pilot to A&E (EXCLUSIVE)'' . Variety . Archived from the original on 17 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (15 March 2017). `` NBC Buys ' Long Distance' Drama From ' Bates Motel' Duo Kerry Ehrin & Freddie Highmore And Producer Danielle Gelber'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruby, Jennifer (3 May 2017). `` Freddie Highmore: ' staying in London and avoiding social media has kept me grounded ' '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on 3 May 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TVLine Podcast: Dream Emmy Q&A With Bates Motel's Freddie Highmore'' . TVLine. 12 June 2017. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freddie Highmore . Freddie Highmore on IMDb Awards for Freddie Highmore Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer Jonathan Lipnicki (1996) Jurnee Smollett (1997) Ian Michael Smith (1998) Haley Joel Osment (1999) Jamie Bell (2000) Dakota Fanning (2001) Kieran Culkin (2002) Keisha Castle-Hughes (2003) Freddie Highmore / Emmy Rossum (2004) Freddie Highmore / Dakota Fanning (2005) Paul Dano / Abigail Breslin (2006) Ahmad Khan Mahmidzada / Nikki Blonsky (2007) Dev Patel (2008) Saoirse Ronan (2009) Hailee Steinfeld (2010) Thomas Horn (2011) Quvenzhané Wallis (2012) Adèle Exarchopoulos (2013) Ellar Coltrane (2014) Jacob Tremblay (2015) Lucas Hedges (2016) Empire Award for Best Newcomer Bryan Singer (1996) Ewen Bremner (1997) Gary Oldman (1998) Vinnie Jones (1999) Carrie-Anne Moss / Damien O'Donnell (2000) Jamie Bell (2001) Orlando Bloom (2002) Rosamund Pike (2003) Martine McCutcheon (2004) Freddie Highmore (2005) Kelly Reilly (2006) Brandon Routh / Eva Green (2007) Sam Riley (2008) Gemma Arterton (2009) Aaron Johnson (2010) Chloë Grace Moretz (2011) People's Choice Award for Favorite Cable TV Actor Matt Bomer (2015) Kevin Hart (2016) Freddie Highmore (2017) Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Noah Hathaway (1984) Barret Oliver (1985) Carrie Henn (1986) Kirk Cameron (1987) Fred Savage (1988) Adan Jodorowsky (1989/90) Edward Furlong (1991) Scott Weinger (1992) Elijah Wood (1993) Kirsten Dunst (1994) Christina Ricci (1995) Lucas Black (1996) Jena Malone (1997) Tobey Maguire (1998) Haley Joel Osment (1999) Devon Sawa (2000) Haley Joel Osment (2001) Tyler Hoechlin (2002) Jeremy Sumpter (2003) Emmy Rossum (2004) Dakota Fanning (2005) Ivana Baquero (2006) Freddie Highmore (2007) Jaden Smith (2008) Saoirse Ronan (2009) Chloë Grace Moretz (2010) Joel Courtney (2011) Suraj Sharma (2012) Chloë Grace Moretz (2013) Mackenzie Foy (2014) Ty Simpkins (2015) Tom Holland (2016) VIAF : 76564503 LCCN : no2005079407 ISNI : 0000 0001 1850 4678 GND : 142250546 SUDOC : 086271989 BNF : cb14596222r (data) BNE : XX4746390 IATH : w63f5ksg Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freddie_Highmore&oldid=803905385 '' Categories : 1992 births 20th-century English male actors 21st-century English male actors Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge Best Newcomer Empire Award winners English male child actors English male film actors English male screenwriters English male television actors English male video game actors English male voice actors English television directors English television producers Living people Male actors from London People educated at Highgate School People from Camden Town People from Highgate Hidden categories: Use British English from March 2015 Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Baso Minangkabau Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017, at 12:27. 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which one of the following is not a land locked country
If the Caucasian countries and Kazakhstan are counted as part of Europe , then Europe has the most landlocked countries , at 20 . If these transcontinental countries are included in Asia , then Africa has the most , at 16 . Depending on the status of the three transcontinental countries , Asia has between 9 and 15 , while South America has only 2 . North America and Australia are the only continents with no landlocked countries ( not including Antarctica , which has no countries ) .
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[ "A landlocked state or landlocked country is a sovereign state entirely enclosed by land , or whose only coastlines lie on closed seas . There are currently 49 such countries , including five partially recognised states . Only two , Bolivia and Paraguay in South America , lie outside Afro - Eurasia ( the Old World ) .", "As a rule , being landlocked creates political and economic handicaps that access to the high seas avoids . For this reason , states large and small across history have striven to gain access to open waters , even at great expense in wealth , bloodshed , and political capital .", "The economic disadvantages of being landlocked can be alleviated or aggravated depending on degree of development , language barriers , and other considerations . Some historically landlocked countries are quite affluent , such as Switzerland , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , and Austria , all of which frequently employ neutrality to their political advantage . The majority , however , are classified as Landlocked Developing Countries ( LLDCs ) . 9 of the 12 countries with the lowest Human Development Indices ( HDI ) are landlocked .", "Historically , being landlocked has been disadvantageous to a country 's development . It cuts a nation off from important sea resources such as fishing , and impedes or prevents direct access to seaborne trade , a crucial component of economic and social advance . As such , coastal regions tended to be wealthier and more heavily populated than inland ones . Paul Collier in his book The Bottom Billion argues that being landlocked in a poor geographic neighborhood is one of four major development `` traps '' by which a country can be held back . In general , he found that when a neighboring country experiences better growth , it tends to spill over into favorable development for the country itself . For landlocked countries , the effect is particularly strong , as they are limited in their trading activity with the rest of the world . He states , `` If you are coastal , you serve the world ; if you are landlocked , you serve your neighbors . '' Others have argued that being landlocked may actually be a blessing as it creates a `` natural tariff barrier '' which protects the country from cheap imports . In some instances , this has led to more robust local food systems .", "Landlocked developing countries have significantly higher costs of international cargo transportation compared to coastal developing countries ( in Asia the ratio is 3 : 1 ) .", "Countries thus have made particular efforts to avoid being landlocked , by acquiring land that reaches the sea :", "As result of a 2005 territorial exchange with Ukraine , Moldova received a 600 m - long bank of the Danube River ( which is an international waterway ) , subsequently building its Port of Giurgiulești there . The International Congo Society , which owned the territory now constituting the Democratic Republic of the Congo , was awarded a narrow piece of land cutting through Angola to connect it to the sea by the Conference of Berlin in 1885 . The Republic of Ragusa once gave the town of Neum to the Ottoman Empire because it did not want to have a land border with Venice ; this small municipality was inherited by Bosnia and Herzegovina and now provides limited sea access , splitting the Croatian part of the Adriatic coast in two . Since Bosnia and Herzegovina is a new country , railways and ports have not been built for its need . There is no freight port along its short coastline at Neum , making it effectively landlocked , although there are plans to change this . Instead the port of Ploče in Croatia is used . After World War I , in the Treaty of Versailles , a part of Germany designated `` the Polish corridor '' was given to the new Second Polish Republic , for access to the Baltic Sea . This gave Poland a short coastline , but without a large harbour . This was also the pretext for making Danzig ( now Gdańsk ) with its harbour the Free City of Danzig , to which Poland was given free access . However , the Germans placed obstacles to this free access , especially when it came to military material . In response , the small fishing harbour of Gdynia was soon greatly enlarged . Until the dissolution of Austria -- Hungary in 1918 at the end of World War I , Austrians , Hungarians and that empire 's other nationalities had served in that country 's navy , but since then , Austria and Hungary have both been landlocked countries .", "As result of a 2005 territorial exchange with Ukraine , Moldova received a 600 m - long bank of the Danube River ( which is an international waterway ) , subsequently building its Port of Giurgiulești there .", "The International Congo Society , which owned the territory now constituting the Democratic Republic of the Congo , was awarded a narrow piece of land cutting through Angola to connect it to the sea by the Conference of Berlin in 1885 .", "The Republic of Ragusa once gave the town of Neum to the Ottoman Empire because it did not want to have a land border with Venice ; this small municipality was inherited by Bosnia and Herzegovina and now provides limited sea access , splitting the Croatian part of the Adriatic coast in two . Since Bosnia and Herzegovina is a new country , railways and ports have not been built for its need . There is no freight port along its short coastline at Neum , making it effectively landlocked , although there are plans to change this . Instead the port of Ploče in Croatia is used .", "After World War I , in the Treaty of Versailles , a part of Germany designated `` the Polish corridor '' was given to the new Second Polish Republic , for access to the Baltic Sea . This gave Poland a short coastline , but without a large harbour . This was also the pretext for making Danzig ( now Gdańsk ) with its harbour the Free City of Danzig , to which Poland was given free access . However , the Germans placed obstacles to this free access , especially when it came to military material . In response , the small fishing harbour of Gdynia was soon greatly enlarged .", "Until the dissolution of Austria -- Hungary in 1918 at the end of World War I , Austrians , Hungarians and that empire 's other nationalities had served in that country 's navy , but since then , Austria and Hungary have both been landlocked countries .", "Countries can make agreements on getting free transport of goods through neighbour countries :", "The Treaty of Versailles required Germany to offer Czechoslovakia a lease for 99 years of parts of the ports in Hamburg and Stettin , allowing Czechoslovakia sea trade via the Elbe and Oder rivers . Stettin was annexed by Poland after World War II , but Hamburg continued the contract so that part of the port ( now called Moldauhafen ) may still be used for sea trade by a successor of Czechoslovakia , the Czech Republic . The Danube is an international waterway , and thus landlocked Austria , Hungary , Moldova , Serbia , and Slovakia have secure access to the Black Sea ( the same access is given to inland parts of Germany and Croatia , though Germany and Croatia are not landlocked ) . However , oceangoing ships can not use the Danube , so cargo must be transloaded anyway , and many overseas imports into Austria and Hungary use land transport from Atlantic and Mediterranean ports . A similar situation exists for the Rhine river where Switzerland has boat access , but not oceangoing ships . Luxembourg has such through the Moselle , but Liechtenstein has no boat access , even though it is located along the Rhine , as the Rhine is not navigable that far upstream . The Mekong is an international waterway so that landlocked Laos has access to the South China Sea ( since Laos became independent from French Indochina ) . However , it is not navigable due to the Khone Phapheng Falls . Free ports allow transshipment to short - distance ships or river vessels . The TIR Treaty allows sealed road transport without customs checks and charges , mostly in Europe .", "The Treaty of Versailles required Germany to offer Czechoslovakia a lease for 99 years of parts of the ports in Hamburg and Stettin , allowing Czechoslovakia sea trade via the Elbe and Oder rivers . Stettin was annexed by Poland after World War II , but Hamburg continued the contract so that part of the port ( now called Moldauhafen ) may still be used for sea trade by a successor of Czechoslovakia , the Czech Republic .", "The Danube is an international waterway , and thus landlocked Austria , Hungary , Moldova , Serbia , and Slovakia have secure access to the Black Sea ( the same access is given to inland parts of Germany and Croatia , though Germany and Croatia are not landlocked ) . However , oceangoing ships can not use the Danube , so cargo must be transloaded anyway , and many overseas imports into Austria and Hungary use land transport from Atlantic and Mediterranean ports . A similar situation exists for the Rhine river where Switzerland has boat access , but not oceangoing ships . Luxembourg has such through the Moselle , but Liechtenstein has no boat access , even though it is located along the Rhine , as the Rhine is not navigable that far upstream .", "The Mekong is an international waterway so that landlocked Laos has access to the South China Sea ( since Laos became independent from French Indochina ) . However , it is not navigable due to the Khone Phapheng Falls .", "Free ports allow transshipment to short - distance ships or river vessels .", "The TIR Treaty allows sealed road transport without customs checks and charges , mostly in Europe .", "Losing access to the sea is generally a great blow to a nation , politically , militarily , and economically . The following are examples of countries becoming landlocked .", "The independence of Eritrea , brought about by successful separatist movements , has caused Ethiopia to become landlocked . Montenegro 's decision to abandon the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro caused the federal unit of Serbia to become a landlocked independent state . Bolivia lost its coastline to Chile in the War of the Pacific and accepted it in treaties signed in 1884 and 1904 . The last treaty gives port storage facilities and special treatment for the transit of goods from and to Bolivia through Chilean ports and territory . Peru and Argentina have also given special treatment for the transit of goods . A fluvial Bolivian Navy , which did not exist at the time of the War of the Pacific , was created later and both train and operates in Lake Titicaca and rivers . The Bolivian people annually celebrate a patriotic `` Dia del Mar '' ( Day of the Sea ) to remember its territorial loss , which included both the coastal city of Antofagasta and what has proven to be one of the most significant and lucrative copper deposits in the world . Early in the 21st century , the selection of the route of gas pipes from Bolivia to the sea fueled popular uprisings , as people were against the option of laying the pipes through Chilean territory . Austria and Hungary also lost their access to the sea as a consequence of the Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( 1919 ) and the Treaty of Trianon ( 1920 ) respectively . Previously , although Croatia had a limited constitutional autonomy within the Kingdom of Hungary , the City of Fiume / Rijeka on the Croatian coast was governed directly from Budapest by an appointed governor as a corpus separatum , to provide Hungary with its only international port in the periods 1779 -- 1813 , 1822 -- 1848 and 1868 -- 1918 . By 1801 , the Nizam 's dominion of Hyderabad State assumed the shape it is now remembered for : that of a landlocked princely state with territories in central Deccan , bounded on all sides by British India , whereas 150 years earlier it had had a considerable coastline on the Bay of Bengal which was annexed by the British . It is possible that one of the causes of the Paraguayan War was Paraguay 's lack of direct ocean access ( although this is disputed ; see the linked article ) . When the Entente Powers divided the former Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Sèvres at the close of World War I , Armenia was promised part of the Trebizond vilayet ( roughly corresponding to the modern Trabzon and Rize provinces in Turkey ) . This would have given Armenia access to the Black Sea . However , the Sèvres treaty collapsed with the Turkish War of Independence and was superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne , which firmly established Turkish rule over the area . In 2011 , South Sudan broke off from Sudan , causing the former to become landlocked . There still remains conflict over the oil fields in South Sudan between the two countries .", "The independence of Eritrea , brought about by successful separatist movements , has caused Ethiopia to become landlocked .", "Montenegro 's decision to abandon the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro caused the federal unit of Serbia to become a landlocked independent state .", "Bolivia lost its coastline to Chile in the War of the Pacific and accepted it in treaties signed in 1884 and 1904 . The last treaty gives port storage facilities and special treatment for the transit of goods from and to Bolivia through Chilean ports and territory . Peru and Argentina have also given special treatment for the transit of goods . A fluvial Bolivian Navy , which did not exist at the time of the War of the Pacific , was created later and both train and operates in Lake Titicaca and rivers . The Bolivian people annually celebrate a patriotic `` Dia del Mar '' ( Day of the Sea ) to remember its territorial loss , which included both the coastal city of Antofagasta and what has proven to be one of the most significant and lucrative copper deposits in the world . Early in the 21st century , the selection of the route of gas pipes from Bolivia to the sea fueled popular uprisings , as people were against the option of laying the pipes through Chilean territory .", "Austria and Hungary also lost their access to the sea as a consequence of the Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( 1919 ) and the Treaty of Trianon ( 1920 ) respectively . Previously , although Croatia had a limited constitutional autonomy within the Kingdom of Hungary , the City of Fiume / Rijeka on the Croatian coast was governed directly from Budapest by an appointed governor as a corpus separatum , to provide Hungary with its only international port in the periods 1779 -- 1813 , 1822 -- 1848 and 1868 -- 1918 .", "By 1801 , the Nizam 's dominion of Hyderabad State assumed the shape it is now remembered for : that of a landlocked princely state with territories in central Deccan , bounded on all sides by British India , whereas 150 years earlier it had had a considerable coastline on the Bay of Bengal which was annexed by the British .", "It is possible that one of the causes of the Paraguayan War was Paraguay 's lack of direct ocean access ( although this is disputed ; see the linked article ) .", "When the Entente Powers divided the former Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Sèvres at the close of World War I , Armenia was promised part of the Trebizond vilayet ( roughly corresponding to the modern Trabzon and Rize provinces in Turkey ) . This would have given Armenia access to the Black Sea . However , the Sèvres treaty collapsed with the Turkish War of Independence and was superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne , which firmly established Turkish rule over the area .", "In 2011 , South Sudan broke off from Sudan , causing the former to become landlocked . There still remains conflict over the oil fields in South Sudan between the two countries .", "The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea now gives a landlocked country a right of access to and from the sea without taxation of traffic through transit states . The United Nations has a programme of action to assist landlocked developing countries , and the current responsible Undersecretary - General is Anwarul Karim Chowdhury .", "Some countries have a long coastline , but much of it may not be readily usable for trade and commerce . For instance , in its early history , Russia 's only ports were on the Arctic Ocean and frozen shut for much of the year . The wish to gain control of a warm - water port was a major motivator of Russian expansion towards the Baltic Sea , Black Sea and Pacific Ocean . On the other hand , some landlocked countries can have access to the ocean along wide navigable rivers . For instance , Paraguay ( and Bolivia to a lesser extent ) have access to the ocean by the Paraguay and Parana rivers .", "Several countries have coastlines on landlocked seas , such as the Caspian and the Dead . Since these seas are in effect lakes without access to wider seaborne trade , countries such as Kazakhstan are still considered landlocked . Although the Caspian Sea is connected to the Black Sea via the man - made Volga -- Don Canal , large oceangoing ships are unable to traverse it .", "Landlocked countries may be bordered by a single country having access to the high seas , two or more such countries , or be surrounded by other landlocked countries , making a country doubly landlocked .", "Three countries are landlocked by a single country ( enclaved countries ) :", "Lesotho , a state surrounded by South Africa . San Marino , a state surrounded by Italy . Vatican City , a state forming part of Rome , thus surrounded by Italy .", "Lesotho , a state surrounded by South Africa .", "San Marino , a state surrounded by Italy .", "Vatican City , a state forming part of Rome , thus surrounded by Italy .", "Seven landlocked countries are surrounded by only two mutually bordering neighbours ( semi-enclaved countries ) :", "Andorra ( between France and Spain ) Bhutan ( between India and China ) Liechtenstein ( one of the `` doubly landlocked '' countries , between Switzerland and Austria ) Moldova ( between Ukraine and Romania ) Mongolia ( between Russia and China ) Nepal ( between India and China ) Swaziland ( between South Africa and Mozambique )", "Andorra ( between France and Spain )", "Bhutan ( between India and China )", "Liechtenstein ( one of the `` doubly landlocked '' countries , between Switzerland and Austria )", "Moldova ( between Ukraine and Romania )", "Mongolia ( between Russia and China )", "Nepal ( between India and China )", "Swaziland ( between South Africa and Mozambique )", "To this group could be added two de facto states with no or limited international recognition :", "South Ossetia ( between Russia and Georgia ) Transnistria ( between Ukraine and Moldova )", "South Ossetia ( between Russia and Georgia )", "Transnistria ( between Ukraine and Moldova )", "A country is `` doubly landlocked '' or `` double - landlocked '' when it is surrounded entirely by one or more landlocked countries ( requiring the crossing of at least two national borders to reach a coastline ) .", "Liechtenstein in Central Europe , surrounded by Switzerland and Austria . Uzbekistan in Central Asia , surrounded by Afghanistan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , and Turkmenistan .", "Liechtenstein in Central Europe , surrounded by Switzerland and Austria .", "Uzbekistan in Central Asia , surrounded by Afghanistan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , and Turkmenistan .", "There were no doubly landlocked countries in recent times from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the end of World War I. Liechtenstein bordered the Austro - Hungarian Empire , which had an Adriatic coastline , and Uzbekistan was then part of the Russian Empire , which had both ocean and sea access .", "With the dissolution of Austria - Hungary in 1918 and creation of an independent , landlocked Austria , Liechtenstein became the sole doubly landlocked country until 1938 . In the Nazi Anschluss that year , Austria was absorbed into the Third Reich , which possessed a border on the Baltic Sea and the North Sea . After World War II , Austria regained its independence and Liechtenstein once again became doubly landlocked .", "Uzbekistan , which had been absorbed by the new Soviet Union upon the toppling of the Russian throne in 1917 , gained its independence with the dissolution of the U.S.S.R. in 1991 and became the second doubly landlocked country .", "However , Uzbekistan 's doubly landlocked status depends on the Caspian Sea 's status dispute : some countries , especially Iran and Turkmenistan , claim that the Caspian Sea should be considered as a real sea ( mainly because this way they would have larger oil and gas fields ) , which would make Uzbekistan only a simple landlocked country because its neighbours Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan have access to the Caspian Sea .", "Country Area ( km ) Population Cluster Surrounding countries Count Afghanistan 652,230 33,369,945 Central Asia Iran , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , China , Pakistan 6 Andorra 468 84,082 ( none ) France , Spain Armenia 29,743 3,254,300 Caucasia Iran , Turkey , Georgia , Azerbaijan Austria 83,871 8,572,895 Central Europe Germany , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Hungary , Slovenia , Italy , Liechtenstein , Switzerland 8 Azerbaijan 86,600 8,997,401 Caucasia Russia , Georgia , Armenia , Iran , Turkey Belarus 207,600 9,484,300 ( none ) Poland , Lithuania , Russia , Ukraine , Latvia 5 Bhutan 38,394 691,141 ( none ) India , China Bolivia 1,098,581 10,907,778 South America Peru , Brazil , Chile , Argentina , Paraguay 5 Botswana 582,000 1,990,876 Southern Africa Namibia , Zambia , Zimbabwe , South Africa Burkina Faso 274,222 15,746,232 Central Africa Mali , Niger , Benin , Togo , Ghana , Ivory Coast 6 Burundi 27,834 10,557,259 Central Africa Rwanda , Tanzania , Democratic Republic of the Congo Central African Republic 622,984 4,422,000 Central Africa Chad , Cameroon , Congo , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Sudan , South Sudan 6 Chad 1,284,000 13,670,084 Central Africa Libya , Niger , Sudan , Central African Republic , Nigeria , Cameroon 6 Czech Republic 78,867 10,674,947 Central Europe Austria , Germany , Poland , Slovakia Ethiopia 1,104,300 101,853,268 Central Africa Djibouti , Eritrea , Kenya , Somalia , South Sudan , Sudan 6 Hungary 93,028 10,005,000 Central Europe Austria , Croatia , Romania , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Ukraine 7 Kazakhstan 2,724,900 16,372,000 Central Asia China , Kyrgyzstan , Russia , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan 5 Kosovo 10,908 1,804,838 Central Europe Albania , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia Kyrgyzstan 199,951 5,482,000 Central Asia China , Kazakhstan , Tajikistan , Uzbekistan Laos 236,800 6,320,000 ( none ) Myanmar , China , Vietnam , Cambodia , Thailand 5 Lesotho 30,355 2,067,000 ( none ) South Africa Liechtenstein 160 35,789 Central Europe Switzerland , Austria Luxembourg 2,586 502,202 ( none ) Belgium , Germany , France Macedonia 25,713 2,114,550 Central Europe Kosovo , Serbia , Bulgaria , Greece , Albania 5 Malawi 118,484 15,028,757 Southern Africa Zambia , Tanzania , Mozambique Mali 1,240,192 14,517,176 Central Africa Algeria , Niger , Burkina Faso , Ivory Coast , Guinea , Senegal , Mauritania 7 Moldova 33,846 3,559,500 ( Eastern Europe ) Romania , Ukraine Mongolia 1,566,500 2,892,876 ( none ) China , Russia Artsakh 11,458 146,600 Caucasia Armenia , Azerbaijan , Iran Nepal 147,181 26,494,504 ( none ) China , India Niger 1,267,000 15,306,252 Central Africa Libya , Chad , Nigeria , Benin , Burkina Faso , Mali , Algeria 7 Paraguay 406,752 6,349,000 South America Argentina , Brazil , Bolivia Rwanda 26,338 10,746,311 Central Africa Uganda , Tanzania , Burundi , Democratic Republic of the Congo San Marino 61 31,716 ( none ) Italy Serbia 88,361 7,306,677 Central Europe Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria , Macedonia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Albania ( via Kosovo and Metohija ) 8 Slovakia 49,035 5,429,763 Central Europe Austria , Czech Republic , Poland , Ukraine , Hungary 5 South Ossetia 3,900 72,000 ( none ) Georgia , Russia South Sudan 619,745 8,260,490 Central Africa Sudan , Ethiopia , Kenya , Uganda , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Central African Republic 6 Swaziland 17,364 1,185,000 ( none ) Mozambique , South Africa Switzerland 41,284 7,785,600 Central Europe France , Germany , Liechtenstein , Austria , Italy 5 Tajikistan 143,100 7,349,145 Central Asia Afghanistan , Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , China Transnistria 4,163 505,153 ( Eastern Europe ) Moldova , Ukraine Turkmenistan 488,100 5,110,000 Central Asia Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Afghanistan , Iran Uganda 241,038 40,322,768 Central Africa Kenya , South Sudan , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda , Tanzania 5 Uzbekistan 449,100 32,606,007 Central Asia Kazakhstan , Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , Afghanistan , Turkmenistan 5 Vatican City 0.44 826 ( none ) Italy West Bank 5,655 2,862,485 ( none ) Israel , Jordan Zambia 752,612 12,935,000 Southern Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo , Tanzania , Malawi , Mozambique , Zimbabwe , Botswana , Namibia , Angola 8 Zimbabwe 390,757 12,521,000 Southern Africa South Africa , Botswana , Zambia , Mozambique Total 14,776,228 475,818,737 Percentage of World 11.4 % 6.9 %", "Country Area ( km ) Population Cluster Surrounding countries Count", "Afghanistan 652,230 33,369,945 Central Asia Iran , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , China , Pakistan 6", "Andorra 468 84,082 ( none ) France , Spain", "Armenia 29,743 3,254,300 Caucasia Iran , Turkey , Georgia , Azerbaijan", "Austria 83,871 8,572,895 Central Europe Germany , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Hungary , Slovenia , Italy , Liechtenstein , Switzerland 8", "Azerbaijan 86,600 8,997,401 Caucasia Russia , Georgia , Armenia , Iran , Turkey", "Belarus 207,600 9,484,300 ( none ) Poland , Lithuania , Russia , Ukraine , Latvia 5", "Bhutan 38,394 691,141 ( none ) India , China", "Bolivia 1,098,581 10,907,778 South America Peru , Brazil , Chile , Argentina , Paraguay 5", "Botswana 582,000 1,990,876 Southern Africa Namibia , Zambia , Zimbabwe , South Africa", "Burkina Faso 274,222 15,746,232 Central Africa Mali , Niger , Benin , Togo , Ghana , Ivory Coast 6", "Burundi 27,834 10,557,259 Central Africa Rwanda , Tanzania , Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Central African Republic 622,984 4,422,000 Central Africa Chad , Cameroon , Congo , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Sudan , South Sudan 6", "Chad 1,284,000 13,670,084 Central Africa Libya , Niger , Sudan , Central African Republic , Nigeria , Cameroon 6", "Czech Republic 78,867 10,674,947 Central Europe Austria , Germany , Poland , Slovakia", "Ethiopia 1,104,300 101,853,268 Central Africa Djibouti , Eritrea , Kenya , Somalia , South Sudan , Sudan 6", "Hungary 93,028 10,005,000 Central Europe Austria , Croatia , Romania , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Ukraine 7", "Kazakhstan 2,724,900 16,372,000 Central Asia China , Kyrgyzstan , Russia , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan 5", "Kosovo 10,908 1,804,838 Central Europe Albania , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia", "Kyrgyzstan 199,951 5,482,000 Central Asia China , Kazakhstan , Tajikistan , Uzbekistan", "Laos 236,800 6,320,000 ( none ) Myanmar , China , Vietnam , Cambodia , Thailand 5", "Lesotho 30,355 2,067,000 ( none ) South Africa", "Liechtenstein 160 35,789 Central Europe Switzerland , Austria", "Luxembourg 2,586 502,202 ( none ) Belgium , Germany , France", "Macedonia 25,713 2,114,550 Central Europe Kosovo , Serbia , Bulgaria , Greece , Albania 5", "Malawi 118,484 15,028,757 Southern Africa Zambia , Tanzania , Mozambique", "Mali 1,240,192 14,517,176 Central Africa Algeria , Niger , Burkina Faso , Ivory Coast , Guinea , Senegal , Mauritania 7", "Moldova 33,846 3,559,500 ( Eastern Europe ) Romania , Ukraine", "Mongolia 1,566,500 2,892,876 ( none ) China , Russia", "Artsakh 11,458 146,600 Caucasia Armenia , Azerbaijan , Iran", "Nepal 147,181 26,494,504 ( none ) China , India", "Niger 1,267,000 15,306,252 Central Africa Libya , Chad , Nigeria , Benin , Burkina Faso , Mali , Algeria 7", "Paraguay 406,752 6,349,000 South America Argentina , Brazil , Bolivia", "Rwanda 26,338 10,746,311 Central Africa Uganda , Tanzania , Burundi , Democratic Republic of the Congo", "San Marino 61 31,716 ( none ) Italy", "Serbia 88,361 7,306,677 Central Europe Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria , Macedonia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Albania ( via Kosovo and Metohija ) 8", "Slovakia 49,035 5,429,763 Central Europe Austria , Czech Republic , Poland , Ukraine , Hungary 5", "South Ossetia 3,900 72,000 ( none ) Georgia , Russia", "South Sudan 619,745 8,260,490 Central Africa Sudan , Ethiopia , Kenya , Uganda , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Central African Republic 6", "Swaziland 17,364 1,185,000 ( none ) Mozambique , South Africa", "Switzerland 41,284 7,785,600 Central Europe France , Germany , Liechtenstein , Austria , Italy 5", "Tajikistan 143,100 7,349,145 Central Asia Afghanistan , Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , China", "Transnistria 4,163 505,153 ( Eastern Europe ) Moldova , Ukraine", "Turkmenistan 488,100 5,110,000 Central Asia Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Afghanistan , Iran", "Uganda 241,038 40,322,768 Central Africa Kenya , South Sudan , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda , Tanzania 5", "Uzbekistan 449,100 32,606,007 Central Asia Kazakhstan , Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , Afghanistan , Turkmenistan 5", "Vatican City 0.44 826 ( none ) Italy", "West Bank 5,655 2,862,485 ( none ) Israel , Jordan", "Zambia 752,612 12,935,000 Southern Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo , Tanzania , Malawi , Mozambique , Zimbabwe , Botswana , Namibia , Angola 8", "Zimbabwe 390,757 12,521,000 Southern Africa South Africa , Botswana , Zambia , Mozambique", "Total 14,776,228 475,818,737", "Percentage of World 11.4 % 6.9 %", "Has a coastline on the saltwater Caspian Sea Has a coastline on the saltwater Dead Sea Disputed region with limited international recognition Landlocked by just one country Not fully recognized", "Has a coastline on the saltwater Caspian Sea", "Has a coastline on the saltwater Dead Sea", "Disputed region with limited international recognition", "Landlocked by just one country", "Not fully recognized", "They can be grouped in contiguous groups as follows :", "Central Asian cluster ( 6 ) : Afghanistan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan Central European cluster ( 9 ) : Austria , Czech Republic , Hungary , Kosovo ( partially recognized ) , Liechtenstein , Macedonia , Serbia , Slovakia and Switzerland West , Central and East African cluster ( 10 ) : Burkina Faso , Burundi , Central African Republic , Chad , Ethiopia , Mali , Niger , Rwanda , South Sudan , Uganda South African cluster ( 4 ) : Botswana , Malawi , Zambia , Zimbabwe Caucasian cluster ( 3 ) : Armenia , Azerbaijan , Artsakh ( unrecognized ) South American cluster ( 2 ) : Bolivia , Paraguay", "Central Asian cluster ( 6 ) : Afghanistan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan", "Central European cluster ( 9 ) : Austria , Czech Republic , Hungary , Kosovo ( partially recognized ) , Liechtenstein , Macedonia , Serbia , Slovakia and Switzerland", "West , Central and East African cluster ( 10 ) : Burkina Faso , Burundi , Central African Republic , Chad , Ethiopia , Mali , Niger , Rwanda , South Sudan , Uganda", "South African cluster ( 4 ) : Botswana , Malawi , Zambia , Zimbabwe", "Caucasian cluster ( 3 ) : Armenia , Azerbaijan , Artsakh ( unrecognized )", "South American cluster ( 2 ) : Bolivia , Paraguay", "If Transnistria is included then Moldova and Transnistria form their own cluster , listed in parentheses in the table .", "If it were not for the 40 km ( 25 mi ) of coastline at Muanda , Democratic Republic of the Congo would join the two African clusters into one , making them the biggest contiguous group in the world . Also , the Central Asian and Caucasian clusters can be considered contiguous , joined by the landlocked Caspian Sea . Mongolia is almost part of this cluster too , being separated from Kazakhstan by only 30 km ( 19 mi ) , across Russian or Chinese territory .", "There are the following `` single '' landlocked countries ( each of them borders no other landlocked country ) :", "Africa ( 2 ) : Lesotho , Swaziland Asia ( 5 ) : Bhutan , Laos , Mongolia , Nepal , West Bank ( partially recognized ) Europe ( 6 ) : Andorra , Belarus , Luxembourg , Moldova ( if Transnistria is excluded ) , San Marino , and the State of the Vatican City Caucasus ( 1 ) : South Ossetia ( partially recognized )", "Africa ( 2 ) : Lesotho , Swaziland", "Asia ( 5 ) : Bhutan , Laos , Mongolia , Nepal , West Bank ( partially recognized )", "Europe ( 6 ) : Andorra , Belarus , Luxembourg , Moldova ( if Transnistria is excluded ) , San Marino , and the State of the Vatican City", "Caucasus ( 1 ) : South Ossetia ( partially recognized )", "If the Caucasian countries and Kazakhstan are counted as part of Europe , then Europe has the most landlocked countries , at 20 . If these transcontinental countries are included in Asia , then Africa has the most , at 16 . Depending on the status of the three transcontinental countries , Asia has between 9 and 15 , while South America has only 2 . North America and Australia are the only continents with no landlocked countries ( not including Antarctica , which has no countries ) ." ]
Landlocked country - wikipedia Landlocked country Jump to: navigation , search `` Landlocked'' redirects here. For property inaccessible by a public road, see Landlocked parcel . Landlocked countries: 42 landlocked (green), 2 doubly landlocked (purple) A landlocked state or landlocked country is a sovereign state entirely enclosed by land, or whose only coastlines lie on closed seas . There are currently 49 such countries, including five partially recognised states . Only two, Bolivia and Paraguay in South America , lie outside Afro-Eurasia (the Old World ). As a rule, being landlocked creates political and economic handicaps that access to the high seas avoids. For this reason, states large and small across history have striven to gain access to open waters, even at great expense in wealth, bloodshed, and political capital . The economic disadvantages of being landlocked can be alleviated or aggravated depending on degree of development, language barriers, and other considerations. Some historically landlocked countries are quite affluent, such as Switzerland , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , and Austria , all of which frequently employ neutrality to their political advantage. The majority, however, are classified as Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs). 9 of the 12 countries with the lowest Human Development Indices (HDI) are landlocked. Contents ( hide ) 1 Significance 1.1 Efforts to avoid being landlocked 1.2 Trade agreements 1.3 Political repercussions 2 By degree 2.1 Landlocked by a single country 2.2 Landlocked by two countries 2.3 Doubly landlocked 3 List of landlocked countries and territories 4 See also 5 References Significance ( edit ) Bolivia 's loss of its coastline in the War of the Pacific (1879-- 1884) remains a major political issue Historically, being landlocked has been disadvantageous to a country's development. It cuts a nation off from important sea resources such as fishing , and impedes or prevents direct access to seaborne trade , a crucial component of economic and social advance. As such, coastal regions tended to be wealthier and more heavily populated than inland ones. Paul Collier in his book The Bottom Billion argues that being landlocked in a poor geographic neighborhood is one of four major development `` traps'' by which a country can be held back. In general, he found that when a neighboring country experiences better growth, it tends to spill over into favorable development for the country itself. For landlocked countries, the effect is particularly strong, as they are limited in their trading activity with the rest of the world. He states, `` If you are coastal, you serve the world; if you are landlocked, you serve your neighbors.'' Others have argued that being landlocked may actually be a blessing as it creates a `` natural tariff barrier'' which protects the country from cheap imports. In some instances, this has led to more robust local food systems. Landlocked developing countries have significantly higher costs of international cargo transportation compared to coastal developing countries (in Asia the ratio is 3:1). Efforts to avoid being landlocked ( edit ) Countries thus have made particular efforts to avoid being landlocked, by acquiring land that reaches the sea: As result of a 2005 territorial exchange with Ukraine , Moldova received a 600 m-long bank of the Danube River (which is an international waterway ), subsequently building its Port of Giurgiulești there. The International Congo Society , which owned the territory now constituting the Democratic Republic of the Congo , was awarded a narrow piece of land cutting through Angola to connect it to the sea by the Conference of Berlin in 1885. The Republic of Ragusa once gave the town of Neum to the Ottoman Empire because it did not want to have a land border with Venice ; this small municipality was inherited by Bosnia and Herzegovina and now provides limited sea access, splitting the Croatian part of the Adriatic coast in two. Since Bosnia and Herzegovina is a new country, railways and ports have not been built for its need. There is no freight port along its short coastline at Neum , making it effectively landlocked, although there are plans to change this. Instead the port of Ploče in Croatia is used. After World War I , in the Treaty of Versailles , a part of Germany designated `` the Polish corridor '' was given to the new Second Polish Republic , for access to the Baltic Sea . This gave Poland a short coastline, but without a large harbour. This was also the pretext for making Danzig (now Gdańsk ) with its harbour the Free City of Danzig , to which Poland was given free access. However, the Germans placed obstacles to this free access, especially when it came to military material. In response, the small fishing harbour of Gdynia was soon greatly enlarged. Until the dissolution of Austria-- Hungary in 1918 at the end of World War I, Austrians , Hungarians and that empire's other nationalities had served in that country's navy, but since then, Austria and Hungary have both been landlocked countries. Trade agreements ( edit ) Countries can make agreements on getting free transport of goods through neighbour countries: The Treaty of Versailles required Germany to offer Czechoslovakia a lease for 99 years of parts of the ports in Hamburg and Stettin , allowing Czechoslovakia sea trade via the Elbe and Oder rivers. Stettin was annexed by Poland after World War II , but Hamburg continued the contract so that part of the port (now called Moldauhafen ) may still be used for sea trade by a successor of Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic . The Danube is an international waterway , and thus landlocked Austria, Hungary, Moldova , Serbia , and Slovakia have secure access to the Black Sea (the same access is given to inland parts of Germany and Croatia, though Germany and Croatia are not landlocked). However, oceangoing ships cannot use the Danube, so cargo must be transloaded anyway, and many overseas imports into Austria and Hungary use land transport from Atlantic and Mediterranean ports. A similar situation exists for the Rhine river where Switzerland has boat access, but not oceangoing ships. Luxembourg has such through the Moselle , but Liechtenstein has no boat access, even though it is located along the Rhine, as the Rhine is not navigable that far upstream. The Mekong is an international waterway so that landlocked Laos has access to the South China Sea (since Laos became independent from French Indochina ). However, it is not navigable due to the Khone Phapheng Falls . Free ports allow transshipment to short-distance ships or river vessels. The TIR Treaty allows sealed road transport without customs checks and charges, mostly in Europe. Political repercussions ( edit ) Losing access to the sea is generally a great blow to a nation, politically, militarily, and economically. The following are examples of countries becoming landlocked. The independence of Eritrea , brought about by successful separatist movements, has caused Ethiopia to become landlocked. Montenegro 's decision to abandon the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro caused the federal unit of Serbia to become a landlocked independent state . Bolivia lost its coastline to Chile in the War of the Pacific and accepted it in treaties signed in 1884 and 1904. The last treaty gives port storage facilities and special treatment for the transit of goods from and to Bolivia through Chilean ports and territory. Peru and Argentina have also given special treatment for the transit of goods. A fluvial Bolivian Navy , which did not exist at the time of the War of the Pacific , was created later and both train and operates in Lake Titicaca and rivers. The Bolivian people annually celebrate a patriotic `` Dia del Mar '' (Day of the Sea) to remember its territorial loss, which included both the coastal city of Antofagasta and what has proven to be one of the most significant and lucrative copper deposits in the world. Early in the 21st century, the selection of the route of gas pipes from Bolivia to the sea fueled popular uprisings , as people were against the option of laying the pipes through Chilean territory. Austria and Hungary also lost their access to the sea as a consequence of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) and the Treaty of Trianon (1920) respectively. Previously, although Croatia had a limited constitutional autonomy within the Kingdom of Hungary , the City of Fiume / Rijeka on the Croatian coast was governed directly from Budapest by an appointed governor as a corpus separatum , to provide Hungary with its only international port in the periods 1779-- 1813, 1822-- 1848 and 1868-- 1918. By 1801, the Nizam 's dominion of Hyderabad State assumed the shape it is now remembered for: that of a landlocked princely state with territories in central Deccan, bounded on all sides by British India , whereas 150 years earlier it had had a considerable coastline on the Bay of Bengal which was annexed by the British. It is possible that one of the causes of the Paraguayan War was Paraguay 's lack of direct ocean access (although this is disputed; see the linked article). When the Entente Powers divided the former Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Sèvres at the close of World War I , Armenia was promised part of the Trebizond vilayet (roughly corresponding to the modern Trabzon and Rize provinces in Turkey ). This would have given Armenia access to the Black Sea . However, the Sèvres treaty collapsed with the Turkish War of Independence and was superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne , which firmly established Turkish rule over the area. In 2011, South Sudan broke off from Sudan , causing the former to become landlocked. There still remains conflict over the oil fields in South Sudan between the two countries. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea now gives a landlocked country a right of access to and from the sea without taxation of traffic through transit states. The United Nations has a programme of action to assist landlocked developing countries, and the current responsible Undersecretary-General is Anwarul Karim Chowdhury . Some countries have a long coastline, but much of it may not be readily usable for trade and commerce. For instance, in its early history, Russia 's only ports were on the Arctic Ocean and frozen shut for much of the year. The wish to gain control of a warm-water port was a major motivator of Russian expansion towards the Baltic Sea , Black Sea and Pacific Ocean . On the other hand, some landlocked countries can have access to the ocean along wide navigable rivers. For instance, Paraguay (and Bolivia to a lesser extent) have access to the ocean by the Paraguay and Parana rivers. Several countries have coastlines on landlocked seas , such as the Caspian and the Dead . Since these seas are in effect lakes without access to wider seaborne trade, countries such as Kazakhstan are still considered landlocked. Although the Caspian Sea is connected to the Black Sea via the man-made Volga-- Don Canal , large oceangoing ships are unable to traverse it. By degree ( edit ) Landlocked countries may be bordered by a single country having access to the high seas , two or more such countries, or be surrounded by other landlocked countries, making a country doubly landlocked. Landlocked by a single country ( edit ) Three countries are landlocked by a single country ( enclaved countries ): Lesotho , a state surrounded by South Africa . San Marino , a state surrounded by Italy . Vatican City , a state forming part of Rome , thus surrounded by Italy . Landlocked by two countries ( edit ) Seven landlocked countries are surrounded by only two mutually bordering neighbours (semi-enclaved countries): Andorra (between France and Spain ) Bhutan (between India and China ) Liechtenstein (one of the `` doubly landlocked'' countries, between Switzerland and Austria ) Moldova (between Ukraine and Romania ) Mongolia (between Russia and China ) Nepal (between India and China ) Swaziland (between South Africa and Mozambique ) To this group could be added two de facto states with no or limited international recognition : South Ossetia (between Russia and Georgia ) Transnistria (between Ukraine and Moldova ) Doubly landlocked ( edit ) A country is `` doubly landlocked'' or `` double-landlocked'' when it is surrounded entirely by one or more landlocked countries (requiring the crossing of at least two national borders to reach a coastline). Liechtenstein in Central Europe , surrounded by Switzerland and Austria . Uzbekistan in Central Asia , surrounded by Afghanistan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , and Turkmenistan . There were no doubly landlocked countries in recent times from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the end of World War I. Liechtenstein bordered the Austro-Hungarian Empire , which had an Adriatic coastline, and Uzbekistan was then part of the Russian Empire , which had both ocean and sea access. With the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918 and creation of an independent, landlocked Austria , Liechtenstein became the sole doubly landlocked country until 1938. In the Nazi Anschluss that year, Austria was absorbed into the Third Reich , which possessed a border on the Baltic Sea and the North Sea . After World War II, Austria regained its independence and Liechtenstein once again became doubly landlocked. Uzbekistan, which had been absorbed by the new Soviet Union upon the toppling of the Russian throne in 1917, gained its independence with the dissolution of the U.S.S.R. in 1991 and became the second doubly landlocked country. However, Uzbekistan's doubly landlocked status depends on the Caspian Sea 's status dispute: some countries, especially Iran and Turkmenistan , claim that the Caspian Sea should be considered as a real sea (mainly because this way they would have larger oil and gas fields), which would make Uzbekistan only a simple landlocked country because its neighbours Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan have access to the Caspian Sea. List of landlocked countries and territories ( edit ) Country Area (km ) Population Cluster Surrounding countries Count Afghanistan 652,230 33,369,945 Central Asia Iran , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , China , Pakistan 6 Andorra 468 84,082 (none) France , Spain Armenia 29,743 3,254,300 Caucasia Iran , Turkey , Georgia , Azerbaijan Austria 83,871 8,572,895 Central Europe Germany , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Hungary , Slovenia , Italy , Liechtenstein , Switzerland 8 Azerbaijan 86,600 8,997,401 Caucasia Russia , Georgia , Armenia , Iran , Turkey Belarus 207,600 9,484,300 (none) Poland , Lithuania , Russia , Ukraine , Latvia 5 Bhutan 38,394 691,141 (none) India , China Bolivia 1,098,581 10,907,778 South America Peru , Brazil , Chile , Argentina , Paraguay 5 Botswana 582,000 1,990,876 Southern Africa Namibia , Zambia , Zimbabwe , South Africa Burkina Faso 274,222 15,746,232 Central Africa Mali , Niger , Benin , Togo , Ghana , Ivory Coast 6 Burundi 27,834 10,557,259 Central Africa Rwanda , Tanzania , Democratic Republic of the Congo Central African Republic 622,984 4,422,000 Central Africa Chad , Cameroon , Congo , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Sudan , South Sudan 6 Chad 1,284,000 13,670,084 Central Africa Libya , Niger , Sudan , Central African Republic , Nigeria , Cameroon 6 Czech Republic 78,867 10,674,947 Central Europe Austria , Germany , Poland , Slovakia Ethiopia 1,104,300 101,853,268 Central Africa Djibouti , Eritrea , Kenya , Somalia , South Sudan , Sudan 6 Hungary 93,028 10,005,000 Central Europe Austria , Croatia , Romania , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Ukraine 7 Kazakhstan 2,724,900 16,372,000 Central Asia China , Kyrgyzstan , Russia , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan 5 Kosovo 10,908 1,804,838 Central Europe Albania , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia Kyrgyzstan 199,951 5,482,000 Central Asia China , Kazakhstan , Tajikistan , Uzbekistan Laos 236,800 6,320,000 (none) Myanmar , China , Vietnam , Cambodia , Thailand 5 Lesotho 30,355 2,067,000 (none) South Africa Liechtenstein 160 35,789 Central Europe Switzerland , Austria Luxembourg 2,586 502,202 (none) Belgium , Germany , France Macedonia 25,713 2,114,550 Central Europe Kosovo , Serbia , Bulgaria , Greece , Albania 5 Malawi 118,484 15,028,757 Southern Africa Zambia , Tanzania , Mozambique Mali 1,240,192 14,517,176 Central Africa Algeria , Niger , Burkina Faso , Ivory Coast , Guinea , Senegal , Mauritania 7 Moldova 33,846 3,559,500 (Eastern Europe) Romania , Ukraine Mongolia 1,566,500 2,892,876 (none) China , Russia Artsakh 11,458 146,600 Caucasia Armenia , Azerbaijan , Iran Nepal 147,181 26,494,504 (none) China , India Niger 1,267,000 15,306,252 Central Africa Libya , Chad , Nigeria , Benin , Burkina Faso , Mali , Algeria 7 Paraguay 406,752 6,349,000 South America Argentina , Brazil , Bolivia Rwanda 26,338 10,746,311 Central Africa Uganda , Tanzania , Burundi , Democratic Republic of the Congo San Marino 61 31,716 (none) Italy Serbia 88,361 7,306,677 Central Europe Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria , Macedonia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Albania (via Kosovo and Metohija ) 8 Slovakia 49,035 5,429,763 Central Europe Austria , Czech Republic , Poland , Ukraine , Hungary 5 South Ossetia 3,900 72,000 (none) Georgia , Russia South Sudan 619,745 8,260,490 Central Africa Sudan , Ethiopia , Kenya , Uganda , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Central African Republic 6 Swaziland 17,364 1,185,000 (none) Mozambique , South Africa Switzerland 41,284 7,785,600 Central Europe France , Germany , Liechtenstein , Austria , Italy 5 Tajikistan 143,100 7,349,145 Central Asia Afghanistan , Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , China Transnistria 4,163 505,153 (Eastern Europe) Moldova , Ukraine Turkmenistan 488,100 5,110,000 Central Asia Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Afghanistan , Iran Uganda 241,038 40,322,768 Central Africa Kenya , South Sudan , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda , Tanzania 5 Uzbekistan 449,100 32,606,007 Central Asia Kazakhstan , Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , Afghanistan , Turkmenistan 5 Vatican City 0.44 826 (none) Italy West Bank 5,655 2,862,485 (none) Israel , Jordan Zambia 752,612 12,935,000 Southern Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo , Tanzania , Malawi , Mozambique , Zimbabwe , Botswana , Namibia , Angola 8 Zimbabwe 390,757 12,521,000 Southern Africa South Africa , Botswana , Zambia , Mozambique Total 14,776,228 475,818,737 Percentage of World 11.4% 6.9% Has a coastline on the saltwater Caspian Sea Has a coastline on the saltwater Dead Sea Disputed region with limited international recognition Landlocked by just one country Not fully recognized They can be grouped in contiguous groups as follows: Central Asian cluster (6): Afghanistan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan Central European cluster (9): Austria , Czech Republic , Hungary , Kosovo (partially recognized), Liechtenstein , Macedonia , Serbia , Slovakia and Switzerland West, Central and East African cluster (10): Burkina Faso , Burundi , Central African Republic , Chad , Ethiopia , Mali , Niger , Rwanda , South Sudan , Uganda South African cluster (4): Botswana , Malawi , Zambia , Zimbabwe Caucasian cluster (3): Armenia , Azerbaijan , Artsakh (unrecognized) South American cluster (2): Bolivia , Paraguay If Transnistria is included then Moldova and Transnistria form their own cluster, listed in parentheses in the table. If it were not for the 40 km (25 mi) of coastline at Muanda , Democratic Republic of the Congo would join the two African clusters into one, making them the biggest contiguous group in the world. Also, the Central Asian and Caucasian clusters can be considered contiguous, joined by the landlocked Caspian Sea. Mongolia is almost part of this cluster too, being separated from Kazakhstan by only 30 km (19 mi), across Russian or Chinese territory. There are the following `` single'' landlocked countries (each of them borders no other landlocked country): Africa (2): Lesotho , Swaziland Asia (5): Bhutan , Laos , Mongolia , Nepal , West Bank (partially recognized) Europe (6): Andorra , Belarus , Luxembourg , Moldova (if Transnistria is excluded), San Marino , and the State of the Vatican City Caucasus (1): South Ossetia (partially recognized) If the Caucasian countries and Kazakhstan are counted as part of Europe , then Europe has the most landlocked countries, at 20. If these transcontinental countries are included in Asia , then Africa has the most, at 16. Depending on the status of the three transcontinental countries, Asia has between 9 and 15, while South America has only 2. North America and Australia are the only continents with no landlocked countries (not including Antarctica , which has no countries). See also ( edit ) Geography portal Convention on Transit Trade of Land-locked States Declaration recognising the Right to a Flag of States having no Sea-coast Enclave and exclave Landlocked parcel , real estate plots with no legal access to a public roadway List of countries and territories by land and maritime borders List of countries that border only one other country Navies of landlocked countries List of landlocked U.S. states References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paudel, R.C. (2012). `` Landlockedness and Economic Growth: New Evidence'' . Growth and Export Performance of Developing Countries: Is Landlockedness Destiny? (PDF) . Canberra, Australia: Australian National University. pp. 13-- 72. Jump up ^ Faye, M.L. ; McArthur, J.W. ; Sachs, J.D. ; Snow, T. (2004). `` The Challenges Facing Landlocked Developing Countries'' . Journal of Human Development . 5 (1): 31-- 68 (pp. 31-- 32). doi : 10.1080/14649880310001660201 . Jump up ^ Collier, Paul (2007). The Bottom Billion . New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 56, 57. ISBN 978-0-19-537338-7 . Jump up ^ Moseley, W.G. ; Carney, J.; Becker, L. (2010). `` Neoliberal Policy, Rural Livelihoods and Urban Food Security in West Africa: A Comparative Study of The Gambia, Côte d'Ivoire and Mali'' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 107 (13): 5774-- 5779. Bibcode : 2010PNAS..107.5774M . doi : 10.1073/pnas.0905717107 . PMC 2851933 . Jump up ^ Moseley, W.G. (2011). `` Lessons from the 2008 Global Food Crisis: Agro-Food Dynamics in Mali'' . Development in Practice. 21 (4-- 5): 604-- 612. Jump up ^ United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2010). Review of Maritime Transport, 2010 (PDF) . New York and Geneva: United Nations . p. 160. ISBN 978-92-1-112810-9 . Jump up ^ Chopra, P.N. ; Puri, B.N. ; Das, M.N. A Comprehensive History of India . 3 . p. 298. Jump up ^ UN Report Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dempsey Morais, Caitlin. `` Landlocked Countries'' . Geolounge . Retrieved November 4, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Landlocked Countries'' . About.com . Retrieved November 4, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IGU regional conference on environment and quality of life in central Europe'' . GeoJournal. 28 (4). 1992. doi : 10.1007/BF00273120 . Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook Uzbekistan Jump up ^ MacKellar, Landis; Wörgötter , Andreas; Wörz , Julia. `` Economic Development Problems of Landlocked Countries'' (PDF) . Wien Institute for Advanced Studies. p. 12. 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