Hugging Face's logo

Datasets:
cointegrated
/
panlex-definitions

Tasks:
Translation
Modalities:
Tabular
Text
Languages:
Abkhazian
Hijazi Arabic
Afrikaans
Size:
1M - 10M
License:
Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
panlex-definitions / README.md
cointegrated's picture
cointegrated
Update README.md
f0fff44 verified
preview code
|
raw
history blame
19 kB
metadata
license: cc0-1.0
task_categories:
  - translation
size_categories:
  - 1M<n<10M
configs:
  - config_name: default
    data_files: data_def/*.tsv
  - config_name: abk
    data_files: data-def/abk.tsv
  - config_name: acw
    data_files: data-def/acw.tsv
  - config_name: afr
    data_files: data-def/afr.tsv
  - config_name: ain
    data_files: data-def/ain.tsv
  - config_name: akk
    data_files: data-def/akk.tsv
  - config_name: alh
    data_files: data-def/alh.tsv
  - config_name: als
    data_files: data-def/als.tsv
  - config_name: ang
    data_files: data-def/ang.tsv
  - config_name: arb
    data_files: data-def/arb.tsv
  - config_name: art
    data_files: data-def/art.tsv
  - config_name: ast
    data_files: data-def/ast.tsv
  - config_name: ava
    data_files: data-def/ava.tsv
  - config_name: azj
    data_files: data-def/azj.tsv
  - config_name: bel
    data_files: data-def/bel.tsv
  - config_name: ben
    data_files: data-def/ben.tsv
  - config_name: bis
    data_files: data-def/bis.tsv
  - config_name: bkm
    data_files: data-def/bkm.tsv
  - config_name: bos
    data_files: data-def/bos.tsv
  - config_name: bpy
    data_files: data-def/bpy.tsv
  - config_name: bre
    data_files: data-def/bre.tsv
  - config_name: bul
    data_files: data-def/bul.tsv
  - config_name: bvr
    data_files: data-def/bvr.tsv
  - config_name: cat
    data_files: data-def/cat.tsv
  - config_name: cau
    data_files: data-def/cau.tsv
  - config_name: cbi
    data_files: data-def/cbi.tsv
  - config_name: ceb
    data_files: data-def/ceb.tsv
  - config_name: ces
    data_files: data-def/ces.tsv
  - config_name: cgg
    data_files: data-def/cgg.tsv
  - config_name: chc
    data_files: data-def/chc.tsv
  - config_name: chv
    data_files: data-def/chv.tsv
  - config_name: ciw
    data_files: data-def/ciw.tsv
  - config_name: ckb
    data_files: data-def/ckb.tsv
  - config_name: cmn
    data_files: data-def/cmn.tsv
  - config_name: cng
    data_files: data-def/cng.tsv
  - config_name: cnx
    data_files: data-def/cnx.tsv
  - config_name: cor
    data_files: data-def/cor.tsv
  - config_name: crh
    data_files: data-def/crh.tsv
  - config_name: ctz
    data_files: data-def/ctz.tsv
  - config_name: cym
    data_files: data-def/cym.tsv
  - config_name: dan
    data_files: data-def/dan.tsv
  - config_name: dcr
    data_files: data-def/dcr.tsv
  - config_name: deu
    data_files: data-def/deu.tsv
  - config_name: dgz
    data_files: data-def/dgz.tsv
  - config_name: dhg
    data_files: data-def/dhg.tsv
  - config_name: dje
    data_files: data-def/dje.tsv
  - config_name: djk
    data_files: data-def/djk.tsv
  - config_name: djm
    data_files: data-def/djm.tsv
  - config_name: dnj
    data_files: data-def/dnj.tsv
  - config_name: ekk
    data_files: data-def/ekk.tsv
  - config_name: ell
    data_files: data-def/ell.tsv
  - config_name: eng
    data_files: data-def/eng.tsv
  - config_name: epo
    data_files: data-def/epo.tsv
  - config_name: eus
    data_files: data-def/eus.tsv
  - config_name: fin
    data_files: data-def/fin.tsv
  - config_name: fkv
    data_files: data-def/fkv.tsv
  - config_name: fra
    data_files: data-def/fra.tsv
  - config_name: frp
    data_files: data-def/frp.tsv
  - config_name: gla
    data_files: data-def/gla.tsv
  - config_name: gle
    data_files: data-def/gle.tsv
  - config_name: glg
    data_files: data-def/glg.tsv
  - config_name: glv
    data_files: data-def/glv.tsv
  - config_name: gmh
    data_files: data-def/gmh.tsv
  - config_name: gnd
    data_files: data-def/gnd.tsv
  - config_name: goh
    data_files: data-def/goh.tsv
  - config_name: got
    data_files: data-def/got.tsv
  - config_name: gsw
    data_files: data-def/gsw.tsv
  - config_name: gui
    data_files: data-def/gui.tsv
  - config_name: guj
    data_files: data-def/guj.tsv
  - config_name: gvc
    data_files: data-def/gvc.tsv
  - config_name: hat
    data_files: data-def/hat.tsv
  - config_name: hbs
    data_files: data-def/hbs.tsv
  - config_name: heb
    data_files: data-def/heb.tsv
  - config_name: hil
    data_files: data-def/hil.tsv
  - config_name: hin
    data_files: data-def/hin.tsv
  - config_name: hit
    data_files: data-def/hit.tsv
  - config_name: hrv
    data_files: data-def/hrv.tsv
  - config_name: hun
    data_files: data-def/hun.tsv
  - config_name: hye
    data_files: data-def/hye.tsv
  - config_name: hyw
    data_files: data-def/hyw.tsv
  - config_name: ido
    data_files: data-def/ido.tsv
  - config_name: ile
    data_files: data-def/ile.tsv
  - config_name: ilo
    data_files: data-def/ilo.tsv
  - config_name: ina
    data_files: data-def/ina.tsv
  - config_name: ind
    data_files: data-def/ind.tsv
  - config_name: isl
    data_files: data-def/isl.tsv
  - config_name: ita
    data_files: data-def/ita.tsv
  - config_name: jpn
    data_files: data-def/jpn.tsv
  - config_name: kat
    data_files: data-def/kat.tsv
  - config_name: kaz
    data_files: data-def/kaz.tsv
  - config_name: kew
    data_files: data-def/kew.tsv
  - config_name: kfm
    data_files: data-def/kfm.tsv
  - config_name: khk
    data_files: data-def/khk.tsv
  - config_name: khm
    data_files: data-def/khm.tsv
  - config_name: klq
    data_files: data-def/klq.tsv
  - config_name: kmg
    data_files: data-def/kmg.tsv
  - config_name: kmr
    data_files: data-def/kmr.tsv
  - config_name: koo
    data_files: data-def/koo.tsv
  - config_name: kor
    data_files: data-def/kor.tsv
  - config_name: ksh
    data_files: data-def/ksh.tsv
  - config_name: ksr
    data_files: data-def/ksr.tsv
  - config_name: ktz
    data_files: data-def/ktz.tsv
  - config_name: lao
    data_files: data-def/lao.tsv
  - config_name: lat
    data_files: data-def/lat.tsv
  - config_name: lfn
    data_files: data-def/lfn.tsv
  - config_name: lij
    data_files: data-def/lij.tsv
  - config_name: lim
    data_files: data-def/lim.tsv
  - config_name: lit
    data_files: data-def/lit.tsv
  - config_name: lmo
    data_files: data-def/lmo.tsv
  - config_name: ltz
    data_files: data-def/ltz.tsv
  - config_name: lua
    data_files: data-def/lua.tsv
  - config_name: lug
    data_files: data-def/lug.tsv
  - config_name: lvs
    data_files: data-def/lvs.tsv
  - config_name: mal
    data_files: data-def/mal.tsv
  - config_name: map
    data_files: data-def/map.tsv
  - config_name: mar
    data_files: data-def/mar.tsv
  - config_name: meu
    data_files: data-def/meu.tsv
  - config_name: miq
    data_files: data-def/miq.tsv
  - config_name: mkd
    data_files: data-def/mkd.tsv
  - config_name: mlt
    data_files: data-def/mlt.tsv
  - config_name: mpj
    data_files: data-def/mpj.tsv
  - config_name: mri
    data_files: data-def/mri.tsv
  - config_name: mrq
    data_files: data-def/mrq.tsv
  - config_name: mzj
    data_files: data-def/mzj.tsv
  - config_name: nap
    data_files: data-def/nap.tsv
  - config_name: nci
    data_files: data-def/nci.tsv
  - config_name: nds
    data_files: data-def/nds.tsv
  - config_name: nld
    data_files: data-def/nld.tsv
  - config_name: nno
    data_files: data-def/nno.tsv
  - config_name: nob
    data_files: data-def/nob.tsv
  - config_name: npi
    data_files: data-def/npi.tsv
  - config_name: npl
    data_files: data-def/npl.tsv
  - config_name: nrn
    data_files: data-def/nrn.tsv
  - config_name: nuy
    data_files: data-def/nuy.tsv
  - config_name: oci
    data_files: data-def/oci.tsv
  - config_name: oco
    data_files: data-def/oco.tsv
  - config_name: ory
    data_files: data-def/ory.tsv
  - config_name: pam
    data_files: data-def/pam.tsv
  - config_name: pdt
    data_files: data-def/pdt.tsv
  - config_name: pes
    data_files: data-def/pes.tsv
  - config_name: pms
    data_files: data-def/pms.tsv
  - config_name: pol
    data_files: data-def/pol.tsv
  - config_name: por
    data_files: data-def/por.tsv
  - config_name: que
    data_files: data-def/que.tsv
  - config_name: quy
    data_files: data-def/quy.tsv
  - config_name: quz
    data_files: data-def/quz.tsv
  - config_name: qvi
    data_files: data-def/qvi.tsv
  - config_name: qxs
    data_files: data-def/qxs.tsv
  - config_name: rap
    data_files: data-def/rap.tsv
  - config_name: rmv
    data_files: data-def/rmv.tsv
  - config_name: ron
    data_files: data-def/ron.tsv
  - config_name: rop
    data_files: data-def/rop.tsv
  - config_name: rus
    data_files: data-def/rus.tsv
  - config_name: san
    data_files: data-def/san.tsv
  - config_name: scn
    data_files: data-def/scn.tsv
  - config_name: shh
    data_files: data-def/shh.tsv
  - config_name: slk
    data_files: data-def/slk.tsv
  - config_name: slv
    data_files: data-def/slv.tsv
  - config_name: sme
    data_files: data-def/sme.tsv
  - config_name: smj
    data_files: data-def/smj.tsv
  - config_name: snd
    data_files: data-def/snd.tsv
  - config_name: spa
    data_files: data-def/spa.tsv
  - config_name: srp
    data_files: data-def/srp.tsv
  - config_name: stq
    data_files: data-def/stq.tsv
  - config_name: swe
    data_files: data-def/swe.tsv
  - config_name: swh
    data_files: data-def/swh.tsv
  - config_name: tab
    data_files: data-def/tab.tsv
  - config_name: tam
    data_files: data-def/tam.tsv
  - config_name: taq
    data_files: data-def/taq.tsv
  - config_name: tat
    data_files: data-def/tat.tsv
  - config_name: tel
    data_files: data-def/tel.tsv
  - config_name: tgk
    data_files: data-def/tgk.tsv
  - config_name: tgl
    data_files: data-def/tgl.tsv
  - config_name: tha
    data_files: data-def/tha.tsv
  - config_name: thq
    data_files: data-def/thq.tsv
  - config_name: tlh
    data_files: data-def/tlh.tsv
  - config_name: tpi
    data_files: data-def/tpi.tsv
  - config_name: tpy
    data_files: data-def/tpy.tsv
  - config_name: tsz
    data_files: data-def/tsz.tsv
  - config_name: tur
    data_files: data-def/tur.tsv
  - config_name: tyv
    data_files: data-def/tyv.tsv
  - config_name: udi
    data_files: data-def/udi.tsv
  - config_name: uig
    data_files: data-def/uig.tsv
  - config_name: ukr
    data_files: data-def/ukr.tsv
  - config_name: urd
    data_files: data-def/urd.tsv
  - config_name: uzn
    data_files: data-def/uzn.tsv
  - config_name: vec
    data_files: data-def/vec.tsv
  - config_name: vie
    data_files: data-def/vie.tsv
  - config_name: viv
    data_files: data-def/viv.tsv
  - config_name: vol
    data_files: data-def/vol.tsv
  - config_name: war
    data_files: data-def/war.tsv
  - config_name: wln
    data_files: data-def/wln.tsv
  - config_name: wsg
    data_files: data-def/wsg.tsv
  - config_name: xno
    data_files: data-def/xno.tsv
  - config_name: xsl
    data_files: data-def/xsl.tsv
  - config_name: yao
    data_files: data-def/yao.tsv
  - config_name: ybh
    data_files: data-def/ybh.tsv
  - config_name: ydd
    data_files: data-def/ydd.tsv
  - config_name: yor
    data_files: data-def/yor.tsv
  - config_name: yrk
    data_files: data-def/yrk.tsv
  - config_name: yua
    data_files: data-def/yua.tsv
  - config_name: yue
    data_files: data-def/yue.tsv
  - config_name: zlm
    data_files: data-def/zlm.tsv
  - config_name: zsm
    data_files: data-def/zsm.tsv
language:
  - abk
  - acw
  - afr
  - ain
  - akk
  - alh
  - als
  - ang
  - arb
  - art
  - ast
  - ava
  - azj
  - bel
  - ben
  - bis
  - bkm
  - bos
  - bpy
  - bre
  - bul
  - bvr
  - cat
  - cau
  - cbi
  - ceb
  - ces
  - cgg
  - chc
  - chv
  - ciw
  - ckb
  - cmn
  - cng
  - cnx
  - cor
  - crh
  - ctz
  - cym
  - dan
  - dcr
  - deu
  - dgz
  - dhg
  - dje
  - djk
  - djm
  - dnj
  - ekk
  - ell
  - eng
  - epo
  - eus
  - fin
  - fkv
  - fra
  - frp
  - gla
  - gle
  - glg
  - glv
  - gmh
  - gnd
  - goh
  - got
  - gsw
  - gui
  - guj
  - gvc
  - hat
  - hbs
  - heb
  - hil
  - hin
  - hit
  - hrv
  - hun
  - hye
  - hyw
  - ido
  - ile
  - ilo
  - ina
  - ind
  - isl
  - ita
  - jpn
  - kat
  - kaz
  - kew
  - kfm
  - khk
  - khm
  - klq
  - kmg
  - kmr
  - koo
  - kor
  - ksh
  - ksr
  - ktz
  - lao
  - lat
  - lfn
  - lij
  - lim
  - lit
  - lmo
  - ltz
  - lua
  - lug
  - lvs
  - mal
  - map
  - mar
  - meu
  - miq
  - mkd
  - mlt
  - mpj
  - mri
  - mrq
  - mzj
  - nap
  - nci
  - nds
  - nld
  - nno
  - nob
  - npi
  - npl
  - nrn
  - nuy
  - oci
  - oco
  - ory
  - pam
  - pdt
  - pes
  - pms
  - pol
  - por
  - que
  - quy
  - quz
  - qvi
  - qxs
  - rap
  - rmv
  - ron
  - rop
  - rus
  - san
  - scn
  - shh
  - slk
  - slv
  - sme
  - smj
  - snd
  - spa
  - srp
  - stq
  - swe
  - swh
  - tab
  - tam
  - taq
  - tat
  - tel
  - tgk
  - tgl
  - tha
  - thq
  - tlh
  - tpi
  - tpy
  - tsz
  - tur
  - tyv
  - udi
  - uig
  - ukr
  - urd
  - uzn
  - vec
  - vie
  - viv
  - vol
  - war
  - wln
  - wsg
  - xno
  - xsl
  - yao
  - ybh
  - ydd
  - yor
  - yrk
  - yua
  - yue
  - zlm
  - zsm

Dataset Card for panlex-definitions

This is a dataset of word definitions in several hudnred languages, extracted from https://panlex.org.

Dataset Details

Dataset Description

This dataset has been extracted from https://panlex.org (the 20250201 database dump) and rearranged on the per-language basis (by the language of the definition).

Each language subset consists of definitions (short phrases). Each definition is associated with some meanings (if there is more than one meaning, they are in separate rows). Each meanning is associated with one or more words (and occasionally, there are no words for a meaning, for a reason unknown to me). The database currently contains only one word per meaning, chosen arbitrary. To match a meaning with multiple words, please join the dataset with cointegrated/panlex-meanings.

Thus, by joining per-language datasets by meaning ids, one can obtain a bilingual dictionary for the chosen language pair.

  • Curated by: David Dale (@cointegrated), based on a snapshot of the Panlex database (https://panlex.org/snapshot).
  • Language(s) (NLP): The Panlex database mentions 7558 languages, but only 6241 of them have at least one entry (where entry is a combination of expression and meaning), and only 1012 have at least 1000 entries. These 1012 languages are tagged in the current dataset.
  • License: CC0 1.0 Universal License, as explained in https://panlex.org/license.

Dataset Sources [optional]

Uses

The intended use of the dataset is to extract monolingual or bilingual dictionaries for the purposes of language learning by machines or humans.

The code below illustrates how the dataset could be used to extract French definitions of Finnish words.

TODO

Dataset Structure

The dataset is split by languages, denoted by their ISO 639 codes. Each language might contain multiple varieties; they are annotated within each per-language split.

To determine a code for your language, please consult the https://panlex.org webside. For additional information about a language, you may also want to consult https://glottolog.org/.

Each split contains the following fields:

  • id (int): id of the expression
  • langvar (int): id of the language variaety
  • txt (str): the full text of the expression
  • txt_degr (str): degraded (i.e. simplified to facilitate lookup) text
  • meaning (int): id of the meaning. This is the column to join for obtaining synonyms (within a language) or translations (across languages)
  • langvar_uid (str): more human-readable id of the language (e.g. eng-000 stands for generic English, eng-001 for simple English, eng-004 for American English). These ids could be looked up in the language dropdown at https://vocab.panlex.org/.

Dataset Creation

This dataset has been extracted from https://panlex.org (the 20240301 database dump) and automatically rearranged on the per-language basis.

The rearrangement consisted of the following steps:

  1. Grouping together the language varieties from the langvar table with the same lang_code.
  2. For each language, selecting the corresponding subset from the expr table.
  3. Joining the selected set with the denotation table, to get the meaning id. This increases the number of rows (for some languages, x5), because multiple meannings may be attached to the same expression.

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

As with any multilingual dataset, Panlex data may exhbit the problem of under- and mis-representation of some languages.

The dataset consists primarily of the standard written forms ("lemmas") of the expressions, so it may not well represent their usage within a language.

Citation

Kamholz, David, Jonathan Pool, and Susan M. Colowick. 2014. PanLex: Building a Resource for Panlingual Lexical Translation. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2014).

BibTeX:

@inproceedings{kamholz-etal-2014-panlex,
    title = "{P}an{L}ex: Building a Resource for Panlingual Lexical Translation",
    author = "Kamholz, David  and
      Pool, Jonathan  and
      Colowick, Susan",
    editor = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Loftsson, Hrafn  and
      Maegaard, Bente  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      Moreno, Asuncion  and
      Odijk, Jan  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}'14)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1029_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "3145--3150",
    abstract = "PanLex, a project of The Long Now Foundation, aims to enable the translation of lexemes among all human languages in the world. By focusing on lexemic translations, rather than grammatical or corpus data, it achieves broader lexical and language coverage than related projects. The PanLex database currently documents 20 million lexemes in about 9,000 language varieties, with 1.1 billion pairwise translations. The project primarily engages in content procurement, while encouraging outside use of its data for research and development. Its data acquisition strategy emphasizes broad, high-quality lexical and language coverage. The project plans to add data derived from 4,000 new sources to the database by the end of 2016. The dataset is publicly accessible via an HTTP API and monthly snapshots in CSV, JSON, and XML formats. Several online applications have been developed that query PanLex data. More broadly, the project aims to make a contribution to the preservation of global linguistic diversity.",
}

Glossary

To understand the terms like "language", "language variety", "expression" and "meaning" more precisely, please read the Panlex documentation on their data model and database design.