subham2507/charecterization_paper_dataset · Datasets at Hugging Face

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	EPMA-WDS map data from the cross-section at the corner of C1.
	Relationship between the SCC sensitivity and influencing factors of different Ni-advanced steels.
	(a) Comparative CV curves of bare-NF and different Co3O4@NF electrodes, (b) CV curves of Co3O4@NF-16h electrode, (c) Comparative GCD curves of Co3O4@NF electrodes, (d) GCD curves of Co3O4@NF-16h electrode, (e) Specific capacitance of Co3O4@NF electrodes, (f) EIS spectrums of Co3O4@NF electrodes with electrical circuit.
	SEM microstructures of the Li4Si1-xTixO4 powder samples.
	(a, c) Nyquist plots of full cells utilizing (a) WiSE-A5 and (b) WiSE electrolytes, captured after 1, 2, 3, and 10 cycles. (c) Presents the fitting results of charge transfer resistance (Rct) and solid electrolyte interphase resistance (RSEI) derived from EIS measurements ](#page-23-0). Reproduced with permission from Wiley.
	ML Prediction of the EQE curves for five perovskite devices.a) PSC without hole transport layer, from Ref. (#page-14-0)]; b) PSC with inorganic perovskite, from Ref. ](#page-14-0); c) PSC with narrow-bandgap perovskite, from Ref. ](#page-14-0); d) PSC with unknown elemental ratios of perovskite, from Ref. ](#page-14-0); e)-f) PSC with new hole material, from Ref .
	Torsional buckling strength of steel and composite drive shaft.
	Raman spectra of the Gd doped LaFeO3 multiferroic materials at Room temperature.
	(a, b) EIS curves of SG and SG/Mn2O3-2 electrode before and after cycling. (c) Corresponding fitted equivalent circuit.
	Total deformation of Citrus limetta peel powder composites on the tensile specimen.
	Analysis of the temperature stability of CSP with different antioxidative stabilizers. CSP1 represents the original batch, without additives. (a) Temperaturedependent rheological examinations in ambient atmosphere in terms of dynamic complex viscosities. In a temperature range from 35 ◦C to 165 ◦C measured viscosities were fitted to Arrhenius-Law and extrapolated for temperatures > 165 ◦C. (b) Isothermal rheological examinations in ambient atmosphere. The minimum viscosity after a homogenous sample temperat
	SEM of Cr-coated OPZ quenched from 900 ◦C; (a) Cr/Zr interface showing the roughness caused by the cold spray deposition method; (b) high magnification of the Cr/Zr interface showing the Cr diffusion into the OPZ substrate; (c) EDS of internal oxidation showing zirconium and chromium; (d) location of point measurements of EDS along the diffusion layer.
	Sample orientations for EBSD data acquisition within the electron microscope. a) Primary beam oriented parallel (0° oriented) and b) perpendicular (90° oriented) to the feed direction (red arrow). c) Inverse pole figure (z) colouring used for all EBSD orientation maps.
	SEI images TiCXN1-X-TiCrNbMoTa composites for EDS spot analysis (a) X = 0 (b) X = 0.5 (c) X = 0.7 (d) X = 1.0.
	FT-IR spectra of methylated chitosan derivatives and their corresponding precursors.
	Dark, thermochromic and cool roof standard deviations of surface temperature (σTR), outward sensible heat flux (σHR) and inward heat flux (σQinR) for the monthly-averaged diurnal cycles of the six spring and summer months.
	SEM image and elemental mapping of the produced HEO sample after oxidation.
	Kinetic modelling (a) pseudo1st order & (b) pseudo 2nd order fitting of Mo(VI) sorption onto.mesoporous (MnO2/MWCNTs) at 298 K, pH = 2, Co = 10 mmol L.− 1 .
	(a) Parallel triple ring MRR configuration for OR and AND gate realization. (b) Perspective view of OR AND gate based on EA MRR.
	XRD a) Pattern b) Peak-shift c) FWHM d) Williamson-Hall plot.
	The application of in-situ imaging techniques in battery research. (a) Lithiation process of pomegranate-like silicon particles with sufficient (40 nm) void space observed via in-situ TEM. Reproduced with permission ](#page-9-0). Copyright 2014, Springer Nature. (b) Surface evolution of a single-crystalline LiNi0.76Mn0.14-Co0.1O2 particle during electrochemical cycling observed with in-situ AFM. Reproduced with permission ](#page-10-0). Copyright 2020, AAAS. (c) State of charge heterogeneity within a single
	The quadrilateral element.
	TEM and HRTEM images of pristine LZTO (a, b) and LZTO/C-3 (c, d) particles.
	Frequency plots for the number of strain partition increments for DP800, CP980, and TWIP.
	TEM images after UFH treatment for a) 0.2 s, c) 1.5 s and e) 30 s; KAM maps for b) 0.2 s, d) 1.5 s and f) 30 s obtained from the TKD analysis. White dashed arrows indicate the increase in misorientation in the ferritic matrix due to the martensite formation (HAGBs in black, LAGBs in white).
	(a) Cross-section from m-CT reconstruction juxtaposed with (b) results of segmentation of the different phases: matrix, inclusion, and crack. (c) Specimen with inset showing the crack growing from the inclusion between 20k and 52k cycles. (d) View of the crack along plane P (as defined in c), displaying crack growth relative to the cycle number. (e) View of the crack from vantage point Q (as defined in c), showing a bridge in the crack structure.
	CV curves of (a) MCO and (b) MCO@NS electrodes under different scanning rates. (c) CV curves of the MCO@NS, MCO electrodes and pure Ni foam at 10 mv s − 1 scanning rate. (d) MCO and (e) MCO@NS electrodes' charge–discharge curves under different current densities. (f) MCO@NS and MCO electrodes' Galvanostatic charge–discharge curves at 1 A g− 1 current density. (g) EIS of MCO@NS electrodes before and after 2000 cycle, inset: magnification of the impedance spectra's high-frequency region. (h) Current density d
	(continued).
	Hardness distribution at the cross-section of the produced composites with different solid phase content.
	XPS spectra for (a). C 1s of cathode, (b). C 1s of cathode materials after treatment, (c). O 1s of cathode, (d). O 1s of cathode materials after treatment, (e). F 1s of cathode, (f). F 1s of cathode materials after treatment, (g). Wide range and (h). FT-IR spectra of cathode and cathode materials after treatment.
	Relative density d (compared to sintered density) for a middle cut of the cylinder also used for reverse engineering. (a) is results from neutron measurements, (b) FEM with the currently determined material parameters, (c) parameters according to Brandt and Nilsson and (d) according to Andersson et al. ](#page-6-0).
	Core level spectra of NiMoO4@MnO2, XPS survey (a), XPS scan and fitting peaks of Ni 2p, (b) Mn 2p (c), Mo 3d (d), and O 1s (e).
	(a) In-plane thermal conductivity of BNNs, BNNs + c-Al2O3 and BNNs@f-Al2O3 filled COC composites; (b) Thermal conductivity enhancement of various composites compared with COC; (c) The thermal conductivity comparation of previous works and this work; (d) The illustration of thermal conductivity enhancement mechanism.
	The schematic view of electrospinning setup.
	Correlation between the microstructure and potassium ion storage. (a) Voltammetric responses for CNFs at sweep rates 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mV/s, the inset is fitting of the voltammetric sweep data using Eq. (#page-5-0). (b) Rate capability and cyclic performance of CNF films at current densities ranging from 50 to 1000 mA/g (c) dQ/dV curves of CNF films at the oxidation. The inset shows the illustrations of main K-ion storage mechanism in three different regions. (A colour version of this figure can be viewed onl
	C-14 specific activity in the graphite for the AGR core and sleeve samples as a function of burnup.
	SEM images of the fracture surface of 1440–600 sample. (a) Low-magnification, (b–d) High-magnification. (d) Magnified image of the red rectangular region in (c). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
	3D representations of RL and corresponding 2D maps for (a) BCN, and (b) BCN@LDH-2. (c) Frequency dependence of the real permittivity, imaginary permittivity, and dielectric loss tangent for BCN@LDH-2. (f) RLMin, thickness and EABMax values of BCN@LDH-2 in this work with other absorbers reported recently. (g) The 2D reflection loss and impedance matching of BCN@LDH-2. (d) The mechanisms of EMW absorption in BCN@LDH-2.
	1 H D-HMQC NMR correlation spectra (#page-12-18)] acquired at 34.00 kHz MAS from the MonB specimen, using MQC excitation periods of (a) 176 μs and (b) 529 μs, and shown together with projections along the 1 H (horizontal) and 31P (vertical) dimensions at the top and to the right of the 2D NMR spectrum. Directly excited ("single-pulse") 1 H and 31P MAS NMR spectra recorded at 14 kHz MAS are displayed by red traces. The 2D peaks at δH ≈ 9.6 ppm and δP = ppm originate from NaH2PO4 (see section (#page-7-0). (F
	1 H NMR of (a) pristine starch based PU and (b) pristine chitosan based PU.
	FTIR spectrum of CNC after acid hydrolysis treatment.
	Electrochemical performance of CdSe deposition 20, 30, 40 and 50 min (a) CV curves at a scan rate of 100 mV/s, (b) GCD curves at a current density of 1 mA/ cm2 , (c) Nyquist plots (The insets are equivalent circuit diagrams and enlarged Nyquist curves respectively), and (d) specific capacitance line diagrams.
	Particle size distributions of the raw and ground SCBA and CFA.
	Optical Images (a) AZ31 alloy, (b) AZ31-0.5 B4C, (c) AZ31-1.0 B4C, (d) AZ31-1.5 B4C and (e) AZ31-2.0 B4C.
	Specimen geometry for the IFHS tests (unit: mm).
	The schematic diagram of cBN-MAPs synthesis.
	Effect of saturation of solutions with different concentrations on the resistivity of samples.
	Scheme of the electrochemical reaction process of IL-β-MNV nanorods.
	The relationship between (a) CODcr and (b) CODcr removal rate and treatment time of two electrodes used for electrochemical oxidation of 8 g L− 1 EGBE aqueous solution with the supporting electrolyte of 1 M NaNO3, respectively. The inset shows the digital photograph of the Ti4O7-coated Ti electrode.
	(A) XRD pattern of nanoporous HA. (B) Raman spectrum of nanoporous HA.
	The mechanical quality factors of the PMN-PT composite as a function of the AC driving voltage.
	PCG algorithm (left) and EBE implementation in Julia (right).
	EBSD grain morphology of the ferritic–martensitic microstructure in the order of nugget, SCHAZ, and BM part of JSC1180. (a)(c)(e) image quality map, (b)(d) (f) inverse pole figure map.
	Variation of the lattice parameter as a function of total dopant wt.% for undoped UO2, 25 and 43 GWd/tU AGR SIMFuels and CANDU/LWR SIMFuel samples created by Lucuta et al. (#page-17-0)](#page-18-0), Ishimoto et al. .](#page-18-0), Une and Oguma ,](#page-18-0) Muromura et al. .](#page-18-0) and Cobos et al. .](#page-18-0)
	(a) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph of granular boron carbide powder at as-received state. The average particle size is at sub-micron level with several relatively larger particles. From the transmission electron microscope (TEM) characterization, each particle is a single crystal of boron carbide (#page-16-0) et al., 2019); (b) Initial particle size distribution; average particle size is around 1 μm which is consistent with (a); the CE Diameter stands for the circular equivalent diameter of t
	Morphology and EDX mapping of IBA particles: a) 0.3–1.18 mm; b) 1.18–6.3 mm.
	Crystal structure of rhombohedral R3c-type HoNiO3.
	Reusability of CPANI. Experimental conditions: = 25 mg L− 1 , = 10 μM, = 0.5 mM, and initial pH of 7.0.
	RL curves and 3D maps of Fe3O4@PS -1/MWCNT (a), Fe3O4@PS -2/MWCNT (b), Fe3O4@PS -3/MWCNT (c), and Fe3O4/MWCNT(d).
	Comparison of fluorescence spectra of the paper background (in black), of the written part (in red) and of the stamp (in blue) of the manuscript 157 page 92.
	(a) Diagram of graphene sheets in liquida showing possible corrugation; (b) Chemically converted graphene (CCG) sheets imaged by tapping mode AFM in water; scale bar: 250 nm. The arrows highlight the most corrugated sheets. (c) UV–vis absorbance spectra of DY aqueous solutions showing the higest rejection by the 90 °C reduced membrane, increasing the concentration of the top liquid as the time passes ](#page-18-22).
	SAED patterns for all five individual layers of the graded TiAl(O)N film. Layer 1 shows a dominating w-structure, while for layer 2–5 only the fcc-phase can be observed. With increasing layer number the diffuse ring in the center becomes brighter, indicating an increasing amorphous phase fraction.
	Antenna gain 260 GHz to 400 GHz range.
	Line activity consistency evaluation.
	Monotonic ITT shear stress – shear strain curves for (a) a single specimen evaluated at different radii between 17.03 mm and 17.43 mm after the first stage of interrupted testing (b) total shear stress – shear strain curves for two specimens with interrupted testing (color should be used in print).
	Effect of (a) roasting temperature (H2SO4 dosage = 0.8 mL/g, t = 2 h); (c) H2SO4 dosage (T = 350 ◦C, t = 2 h), (d) roasting time (T = 350 ◦C, H2SO4 dosage = 1.1 mL/g, t = 2 h) on leaching efficiency of valuable and toxic elements, and (b) roasting temperature (H2SO4 dosage = 1.1 mL/g, t = 2 h) on the removal efficiency of F, Cl, Br, and As.
	Masonry panel under flexure: (a) test setup (dimensions in mm), (b) load– displacement response, (c) failure pattern.
	Optical micrographs of LPBF DSS 2205 taken from (a) AB unetched (b) AB build plane (c) AB build direction (d) HT unetched (e) HT build plane and (f) HT build direction.
	The result of inverse identification of the αII parameters: (a) The predicted pile-up height with optimal parameters (red curve) and predicted pile-up height with parameters αII = (blue curve). (b) The distribution of predicted pile-up height for optimal parameters by FEM simulation of IIT with acquisition radius shown with a dashed line.
	FESEM and EDS mapping of the ceramic membranes incorporated by BFS after oily wastewater treatment. a) Outer surface of M-Z-BFS10, a') Cross-section of M-Z-BFS10, a'`) Inner surface of M-Z-BFS10, a'``) Carbon element on the inner surface of M-Z-BFS10, b) Outer surface of M-Z-BFS20, b') Cross-section of M-Z-BFS20, b'`) Inner surface of M-Z-BFS20, b'``) Carbon element on the inner surface of M-Z-BFS20, c) Outer surface of M-Z-BFS30, c') Cross-section of M-Z-BFS30, c'`) Inner surface of M-Z-BFS30, c'``) Carbo
	(a) Schematics of ion drift in perovskite during positive and negative poling, respectively. PL spectra from the perovskite layers close to either a PEDOT:PSS electrode (b) or an Au electrode (c) . Copyright 2015, Springer Nature Limited. (d) PL mapping images after different poling time. Scale bars: 5 lm ](#page-20-0). Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (e) The PL over time under initial illumination. Inset: VOC rise of a full solar cell under 1-sun illumination ](#page-20-0). Copyright 2016, Sprin
	Image and elemental X-ray maps of an area with a Ca/F-rich surface with Ca/I-rich protrusions.
	3D tomographic reconstruction of the distribution of the Al2O3 phase: A) top view; B) top view with an orthoslice inserted at the depth of 7 μm from the top; C) the orthoslice used to generate image 10B.
	C-14 specific activity in the graphite from Magnox and AGR cores against irradiation dose.
	Carbon distribution map from as-sintered H13 sample with 85% biner saturation showing the carbon segregation on lath boundaries using (a) 3D atom maps and (b) 1D concentration profile across the lath boundaries. The analysis direction is the same as the arrow. (c) STEM image shows the evidence of lath martensite.
	(a) Engineering drawing of the RHTT specimen; (b) tensile loading fixture tool used for the RHTT (speckle pattern on the specimen for DIC acquisition).
	(a, b) High-rate capabilities of LMB/BxOy@C at various current densities from 0.04 A g1 to 4.5 A g1 . (c) The cycling performances of LMB/BxOy@C at 2.0 A g1 .
	Capacity pairs at different current densities.
	(a) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve; (b) EIS spectra before cycling; (c) CV curves of five samples at 0.1 mV s − 1 ; (d and e) rate capability and chargedischarge curves; (f) voltage difference at same rate; (g, h) cyclic performance and coulombic efficiency at 0.5 C and 1 C; (i) Comparison of the electrochemical performance of this work with other materials reported in the literature.
	Commercially available PCM and their temperature ranges PCM Products Ltd. ](#page-16-0).
	(a) The utilized strain rig for ionizing radiation , and (b) vertical milling machine for machining experiments .
	FTIR Spectra of HEC, BEC and BEC-EDTA
	(a) Schematic diagram for ray-tracing simulation; (b) Coordinate system setup used for ray tracing simulation in grazing incidence geometry.
	(a) Boundary conditions and (b) input current used in the coupled electromagnetic-mechanical simulation; (c) Illustration of the angle measurement convention used in this study, where Vx is the horizontal component of the impact velocity and Vy is the vertical component of the impact velocity; (d) Vy versus time curves obtained from CEMM model at two different locations.
	Schematic representation of the fabrication process of FGM samples, a− d, and mechanical test procedure, e− f.
	Shear rate− shear viscosity flow curves obtained for water, the phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and the optimized C18Me:C16:C14Me− in− water nanoemulsions prepared with different percentages of dispersed phase (2–12 wt%) at (a) 5 ◦C and (b) 30 ◦C.
	Provenance areas of FSJM rocks: FLC from the fortress implantation site (a, b) and Santana Island (c, d, e); FSS from the quarries on the banks of the Pedreira River where blocks cut at angles similar to that FSJM are seen (f, g) including with manual cutting tools (h).
	(a-b) HAADF-STEM image of the LBG-cl-PAN- IONP HNC; and the corresponding elemental mapping for (c) carbon, (d) oxygen, (e) nitrogen and (f) iron contents.
	Schematic illustration of the synthetic process in aqueous SDS micelle solution; initial state of SDS (a), the formation of a primary micelle structure of SDS in critical micelle concentration (CMC) (b), gradual changes of SDS from a spherical structure (c) to an ellipsoidal structure (d), the final formation of SDS in a cylindrical structure. After adding FeCl3 oxidant, the cylindrical SDS is surrounded by iron(III) cations to be more cylindrical structure (e), the polymerization of PEDOT-C4 and PEDOT-C6 i
	DIC strain field on virgin specimen. Analysis and quantification of noise.
	FT-RAMAN SPECTRUM OF CDMBP
	DSC thermograms: (a) CTAB-bentonite, pure chitosan film, and CS/(Ag-CTAB-bentonite)-5% film; and (b) three films: CS/(CTAB-bentonite)-1%, CS/ (CTAB-bentonite)-3%, and CS/(CTAB-bentonite)-5%.
	Three different categories of specimens on the α, β, and λ plane.
	Variation in wear rate with respect to the addition of rice husk ash (150 rpm).
	Nyquist plots for CNF and CNFeZrO2-18 towards V2þ/V3þ redox reaction at the polarization potential of 0.45 V in 1.6 mol L1 V3þ þ 3.0 mol L1 H2SO4 electrolyte (a), and corresponding equivalent circuit representing the circuit elements in Nyquist spectra (b).
	Captured photographs of the crack configuration at different locations along the path of mode I crack propagation.
	Relative Si fraction (%) of the samples as calculated from the deconvolution of 29Si NMR spectra.
	rshfeld surfaces (a) dnorm (b) di (c) de (d) curvedness (e) shape index
	Schematic illustration of (WF/GO) hybrid preparation.
	Average chemistry of the three identified phases in the dataset presented through this work. As with (#page-10-0),c,e,g; (#page-11-0) and (#page-12-0) this analysis was performed with a variance tolerance, t, of 0.2% and an EBSD weighting, w, of 1. Filled regions plot average composition, dotted lines show +/- a standard deviation from the mean (tabulated data for this is provided in the supplementary information). This is shown for directly quantified RC-spectra (a) and average spectra assigned to the sam

EPMA-WDS map data from the cross-section at the corner of C1.

Relationship between the SCC sensitivity and influencing factors of different Ni-advanced steels.

(a) Comparative CV curves of bare-NF and different Co3O4@NF electrodes, (b) CV curves of Co3O4@NF-16h electrode, (c) Comparative GCD curves of Co3O4@NF electrodes, (d) GCD curves of Co3O4@NF-16h electrode, (e) Specific capacitance of Co3O4@NF electrodes, (f) EIS spectrums of Co3O4@NF electrodes with electrical circuit.

SEM microstructures of the Li4Si1-xTixO4 powder samples.

(a, c) Nyquist plots of full cells utilizing (a) WiSE-A5 and (b) WiSE electrolytes, captured after 1, 2, 3, and 10 cycles. (c) Presents the fitting results of charge transfer resistance (Rct) and solid electrolyte interphase resistance (RSEI) derived from EIS measurements ](#page-23-0). Reproduced with permission from Wiley.

ML Prediction of the EQE curves for five perovskite devices.a) PSC without hole transport layer, from Ref. (#page-14-0)]; b) PSC with inorganic perovskite, from Ref. ](#page-14-0); c) PSC with narrow-bandgap perovskite, from Ref. ](#page-14-0); d) PSC with unknown elemental ratios of perovskite, from Ref. ](#page-14-0); e)-f) PSC with new hole material, from Ref .

Torsional buckling strength of steel and composite drive shaft.

Raman spectra of the Gd doped LaFeO3 multiferroic materials at Room temperature.

(a, b) EIS curves of SG and SG/Mn2O3-2 electrode before and after cycling. (c) Corresponding fitted equivalent circuit.

Total deformation of Citrus limetta peel powder composites on the tensile specimen.

Analysis of the temperature stability of CSP with different antioxidative stabilizers. CSP1 represents the original batch, without additives. (a) Temperaturedependent rheological examinations in ambient atmosphere in terms of dynamic complex viscosities. In a temperature range from 35 ◦C to 165 ◦C measured viscosities were fitted to Arrhenius-Law and extrapolated for temperatures > 165 ◦C. (b) Isothermal rheological examinations in ambient atmosphere. The minimum viscosity after a homogenous sample temperat

SEM of Cr-coated OPZ quenched from 900 ◦C; (a) Cr/Zr interface showing the roughness caused by the cold spray deposition method; (b) high magnification of the Cr/Zr interface showing the Cr diffusion into the OPZ substrate; (c) EDS of internal oxidation showing zirconium and chromium; (d) location of point measurements of EDS along the diffusion layer.

Sample orientations for EBSD data acquisition within the electron microscope. a) Primary beam oriented parallel (0° oriented) and b) perpendicular (90° oriented) to the feed direction (red arrow). c) Inverse pole figure (z) colouring used for all EBSD orientation maps.

SEI images TiCXN1-X-TiCrNbMoTa composites for EDS spot analysis (a) X = 0 (b) X = 0.5 (c) X = 0.7 (d) X = 1.0.

FT-IR spectra of methylated chitosan derivatives and their corresponding precursors.

Dark, thermochromic and cool roof standard deviations of surface temperature (σTR), outward sensible heat flux (σHR) and inward heat flux (σQinR) for the monthly-averaged diurnal cycles of the six spring and summer months.

SEM image and elemental mapping of the produced HEO sample after oxidation.

Kinetic modelling (a) pseudo1st order & (b) pseudo 2nd order fitting of Mo(VI) sorption onto.mesoporous (MnO2/MWCNTs) at 298 K, pH = 2, Co = 10 mmol L.− 1 .

(a) Parallel triple ring MRR configuration for OR and AND gate realization. (b) Perspective view of OR AND gate based on EA MRR.

XRD a) Pattern b) Peak-shift c) FWHM d) Williamson-Hall plot.

The application of in-situ imaging techniques in battery research. (a) Lithiation process of pomegranate-like silicon particles with sufficient (40 nm) void space observed via in-situ TEM. Reproduced with permission ](#page-9-0). Copyright 2014, Springer Nature. (b) Surface evolution of a single-crystalline LiNi0.76Mn0.14-Co0.1O2 particle during electrochemical cycling observed with in-situ AFM. Reproduced with permission ](#page-10-0). Copyright 2020, AAAS. (c) State of charge heterogeneity within a single

The quadrilateral element.

TEM and HRTEM images of pristine LZTO (a, b) and LZTO/C-3 (c, d) particles.

Frequency plots for the number of strain partition increments for DP800, CP980, and TWIP.

TEM images after UFH treatment for a) 0.2 s, c) 1.5 s and e) 30 s; KAM maps for b) 0.2 s, d) 1.5 s and f) 30 s obtained from the TKD analysis. White dashed arrows indicate the increase in misorientation in the ferritic matrix due to the martensite formation (HAGBs in black, LAGBs in white).

(a) Cross-section from m-CT reconstruction juxtaposed with (b) results of segmentation of the different phases: matrix, inclusion, and crack. (c) Specimen with inset showing the crack growing from the inclusion between 20k and 52k cycles. (d) View of the crack along plane P (as defined in c), displaying crack growth relative to the cycle number. (e) View of the crack from vantage point Q (as defined in c), showing a bridge in the crack structure.

CV curves of (a) MCO and (b) MCO@NS electrodes under different scanning rates. (c) CV curves of the MCO@NS, MCO electrodes and pure Ni foam at 10 mv s − 1 scanning rate. (d) MCO and (e) MCO@NS electrodes' charge–discharge curves under different current densities. (f) MCO@NS and MCO electrodes' Galvanostatic charge–discharge curves at 1 A g− 1 current density. (g) EIS of MCO@NS electrodes before and after 2000 cycle, inset: magnification of the impedance spectra's high-frequency region. (h) Current density d

(continued).

Hardness distribution at the cross-section of the produced composites with different solid phase content.

XPS spectra for (a). C 1s of cathode, (b). C 1s of cathode materials after treatment, (c). O 1s of cathode, (d). O 1s of cathode materials after treatment, (e). F 1s of cathode, (f). F 1s of cathode materials after treatment, (g). Wide range and (h). FT-IR spectra of cathode and cathode materials after treatment.

Relative density d (compared to sintered density) for a middle cut of the cylinder also used for reverse engineering. (a) is results from neutron measurements, (b) FEM with the currently determined material parameters, (c) parameters according to Brandt and Nilsson and (d) according to Andersson et al. ](#page-6-0).

Core level spectra of NiMoO4@MnO2, XPS survey (a), XPS scan and fitting peaks of Ni 2p, (b) Mn 2p (c), Mo 3d (d), and O 1s (e).

(a) In-plane thermal conductivity of BNNs, BNNs + c-Al2O3 and BNNs@f-Al2O3 filled COC composites; (b) Thermal conductivity enhancement of various composites compared with COC; (c) The thermal conductivity comparation of previous works and this work; (d) The illustration of thermal conductivity enhancement mechanism.

The schematic view of electrospinning setup.

Correlation between the microstructure and potassium ion storage. (a) Voltammetric responses for CNFs at sweep rates 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mV/s, the inset is fitting of the voltammetric sweep data using Eq. (#page-5-0). (b) Rate capability and cyclic performance of CNF films at current densities ranging from 50 to 1000 mA/g (c) dQ/dV curves of CNF films at the oxidation. The inset shows the illustrations of main K-ion storage mechanism in three different regions. (A colour version of this figure can be viewed onl

C-14 specific activity in the graphite for the AGR core and sleeve samples as a function of burnup.

SEM images of the fracture surface of 1440–600 sample. (a) Low-magnification, (b–d) High-magnification. (d) Magnified image of the red rectangular region in (c). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

3D representations of RL and corresponding 2D maps for (a) BCN, and (b) BCN@LDH-2. (c) Frequency dependence of the real permittivity, imaginary permittivity, and dielectric loss tangent for BCN@LDH-2. (f) RLMin, thickness and EABMax values of BCN@LDH-2 in this work with other absorbers reported recently. (g) The 2D reflection loss and impedance matching of BCN@LDH-2. (d) The mechanisms of EMW absorption in BCN@LDH-2.

1 H D-HMQC NMR correlation spectra (#page-12-18)] acquired at 34.00 kHz MAS from the MonB specimen, using MQC excitation periods of (a) 176 μs and (b) 529 μs, and shown together with projections along the 1 H (horizontal) and 31P (vertical) dimensions at the top and to the right of the 2D NMR spectrum. Directly excited ("single-pulse") 1 H and 31P MAS NMR spectra recorded at 14 kHz MAS are displayed by red traces. The 2D peaks at δH ≈ 9.6 ppm and δP = ppm originate from NaH2PO4 (see section (#page-7-0). (F

1 H NMR of (a) pristine starch based PU and (b) pristine chitosan based PU.

FTIR spectrum of CNC after acid hydrolysis treatment.

Electrochemical performance of CdSe deposition 20, 30, 40 and 50 min (a) CV curves at a scan rate of 100 mV/s, (b) GCD curves at a current density of 1 mA/ cm2 , (c) Nyquist plots (The insets are equivalent circuit diagrams and enlarged Nyquist curves respectively), and (d) specific capacitance line diagrams.

Particle size distributions of the raw and ground SCBA and CFA.

Optical Images (a) AZ31 alloy, (b) AZ31-0.5 B4C, (c) AZ31-1.0 B4C, (d) AZ31-1.5 B4C and (e) AZ31-2.0 B4C.

Specimen geometry for the IFHS tests (unit: mm).

The schematic diagram of cBN-MAPs synthesis.

Effect of saturation of solutions with different concentrations on the resistivity of samples.

Scheme of the electrochemical reaction process of IL-β-MNV nanorods.

The relationship between (a) CODcr and (b) CODcr removal rate and treatment time of two electrodes used for electrochemical oxidation of 8 g L− 1 EGBE aqueous solution with the supporting electrolyte of 1 M NaNO3, respectively. The inset shows the digital photograph of the Ti4O7-coated Ti electrode.

(A) XRD pattern of nanoporous HA. (B) Raman spectrum of nanoporous HA.

The mechanical quality factors of the PMN-PT composite as a function of the AC driving voltage.

PCG algorithm (left) and EBE implementation in Julia (right).

EBSD grain morphology of the ferritic–martensitic microstructure in the order of nugget, SCHAZ, and BM part of JSC1180. (a)(c)(e) image quality map, (b)(d) (f) inverse pole figure map.

Variation of the lattice parameter as a function of total dopant wt.% for undoped UO2, 25 and 43 GWd/tU AGR SIMFuels and CANDU/LWR SIMFuel samples created by Lucuta et al. (#page-17-0)](#page-18-0), Ishimoto et al. .](#page-18-0), Une and Oguma ,](#page-18-0) Muromura et al. .](#page-18-0) and Cobos et al. .](#page-18-0)

(a) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph of granular boron carbide powder at as-received state. The average particle size is at sub-micron level with several relatively larger particles. From the transmission electron microscope (TEM) characterization, each particle is a single crystal of boron carbide (#page-16-0) et al., 2019); (b) Initial particle size distribution; average particle size is around 1 μm which is consistent with (a); the CE Diameter stands for the circular equivalent diameter of t

Morphology and EDX mapping of IBA particles: a) 0.3–1.18 mm; b) 1.18–6.3 mm.

Crystal structure of rhombohedral R3c-type HoNiO3.

Reusability of CPANI. Experimental conditions: = 25 mg L− 1 , = 10 μM, = 0.5 mM, and initial pH of 7.0.

RL curves and 3D maps of Fe3O4@PS -1/MWCNT (a), Fe3O4@PS -2/MWCNT (b), Fe3O4@PS -3/MWCNT (c), and Fe3O4/MWCNT(d).

Comparison of fluorescence spectra of the paper background (in black), of the written part (in red) and of the stamp (in blue) of the manuscript 157 page 92.

(a) Diagram of graphene sheets in liquida showing possible corrugation; (b) Chemically converted graphene (CCG) sheets imaged by tapping mode AFM in water; scale bar: 250 nm. The arrows highlight the most corrugated sheets. (c) UV–vis absorbance spectra of DY aqueous solutions showing the higest rejection by the 90 °C reduced membrane, increasing the concentration of the top liquid as the time passes ](#page-18-22).

SAED patterns for all five individual layers of the graded TiAl(O)N film. Layer 1 shows a dominating w-structure, while for layer 2–5 only the fcc-phase can be observed. With increasing layer number the diffuse ring in the center becomes brighter, indicating an increasing amorphous phase fraction.

Antenna gain 260 GHz to 400 GHz range.

Line activity consistency evaluation.

Monotonic ITT shear stress – shear strain curves for (a) a single specimen evaluated at different radii between 17.03 mm and 17.43 mm after the first stage of interrupted testing (b) total shear stress – shear strain curves for two specimens with interrupted testing (color should be used in print).

Effect of (a) roasting temperature (H2SO4 dosage = 0.8 mL/g, t = 2 h); (c) H2SO4 dosage (T = 350 ◦C, t = 2 h), (d) roasting time (T = 350 ◦C, H2SO4 dosage = 1.1 mL/g, t = 2 h) on leaching efficiency of valuable and toxic elements, and (b) roasting temperature (H2SO4 dosage = 1.1 mL/g, t = 2 h) on the removal efficiency of F, Cl, Br, and As.

Masonry panel under flexure: (a) test setup (dimensions in mm), (b) load– displacement response, (c) failure pattern.

Optical micrographs of LPBF DSS 2205 taken from (a) AB unetched (b) AB build plane (c) AB build direction (d) HT unetched (e) HT build plane and (f) HT build direction.

The result of inverse identification of the αII parameters: (a) The predicted pile-up height with optimal parameters (red curve) and predicted pile-up height with parameters αII = (blue curve). (b) The distribution of predicted pile-up height for optimal parameters by FEM simulation of IIT with acquisition radius shown with a dashed line.

FESEM and EDS mapping of the ceramic membranes incorporated by BFS after oily wastewater treatment. a) Outer surface of M-Z-BFS10, a') Cross-section of M-Z-BFS10, a'`) Inner surface of M-Z-BFS10, a'``) Carbon element on the inner surface of M-Z-BFS10, b) Outer surface of M-Z-BFS20, b') Cross-section of M-Z-BFS20, b'`) Inner surface of M-Z-BFS20, b'``) Carbon element on the inner surface of M-Z-BFS20, c) Outer surface of M-Z-BFS30, c') Cross-section of M-Z-BFS30, c'`) Inner surface of M-Z-BFS30, c'``) Carbo

(a) Schematics of ion drift in perovskite during positive and negative poling, respectively. PL spectra from the perovskite layers close to either a PEDOT:PSS electrode (b) or an Au electrode (c) . Copyright 2015, Springer Nature Limited. (d) PL mapping images after different poling time. Scale bars: 5 lm ](#page-20-0). Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (e) The PL over time under initial illumination. Inset: VOC rise of a full solar cell under 1-sun illumination ](#page-20-0). Copyright 2016, Sprin

Image and elemental X-ray maps of an area with a Ca/F-rich surface with Ca/I-rich protrusions.

3D tomographic reconstruction of the distribution of the Al2O3 phase: A) top view; B) top view with an orthoslice inserted at the depth of 7 μm from the top; C) the orthoslice used to generate image 10B.

C-14 specific activity in the graphite from Magnox and AGR cores against irradiation dose.

Carbon distribution map from as-sintered H13 sample with 85% biner saturation showing the carbon segregation on lath boundaries using (a) 3D atom maps and (b) 1D concentration profile across the lath boundaries. The analysis direction is the same as the arrow. (c) STEM image shows the evidence of lath martensite.

(a) Engineering drawing of the RHTT specimen; (b) tensile loading fixture tool used for the RHTT (speckle pattern on the specimen for DIC acquisition).

(a, b) High-rate capabilities of LMB/BxOy@C at various current densities from 0.04 A g1 to 4.5 A g1 . (c) The cycling performances of LMB/BxOy@C at 2.0 A g1 .

Capacity pairs at different current densities.

(a) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve; (b) EIS spectra before cycling; (c) CV curves of five samples at 0.1 mV s − 1 ; (d and e) rate capability and chargedischarge curves; (f) voltage difference at same rate; (g, h) cyclic performance and coulombic efficiency at 0.5 C and 1 C; (i) Comparison of the electrochemical performance of this work with other materials reported in the literature.

Commercially available PCM and their temperature ranges PCM Products Ltd. ](#page-16-0).

(a) The utilized strain rig for ionizing radiation , and (b) vertical milling machine for machining experiments .

FTIR Spectra of HEC, BEC and BEC-EDTA

(a) Schematic diagram for ray-tracing simulation; (b) Coordinate system setup used for ray tracing simulation in grazing incidence geometry.

(a) Boundary conditions and (b) input current used in the coupled electromagnetic-mechanical simulation; (c) Illustration of the angle measurement convention used in this study, where Vx is the horizontal component of the impact velocity and Vy is the vertical component of the impact velocity; (d) Vy versus time curves obtained from CEMM model at two different locations.

Schematic representation of the fabrication process of FGM samples, a− d, and mechanical test procedure, e− f.

Shear rate− shear viscosity flow curves obtained for water, the phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and the optimized C18Me:C16:C14Me− in− water nanoemulsions prepared with different percentages of dispersed phase (2–12 wt%) at (a) 5 ◦C and (b) 30 ◦C.

Provenance areas of FSJM rocks: FLC from the fortress implantation site (a, b) and Santana Island (c, d, e); FSS from the quarries on the banks of the Pedreira River where blocks cut at angles similar to that FSJM are seen (f, g) including with manual cutting tools (h).

(a-b) HAADF-STEM image of the LBG-cl-PAN- IONP HNC; and the corresponding elemental mapping for (c) carbon, (d) oxygen, (e) nitrogen and (f) iron contents.

Schematic illustration of the synthetic process in aqueous SDS micelle solution; initial state of SDS (a), the formation of a primary micelle structure of SDS in critical micelle concentration (CMC) (b), gradual changes of SDS from a spherical structure (c) to an ellipsoidal structure (d), the final formation of SDS in a cylindrical structure. After adding FeCl3 oxidant, the cylindrical SDS is surrounded by iron(III) cations to be more cylindrical structure (e), the polymerization of PEDOT-C4 and PEDOT-C6 i

DIC strain field on virgin specimen. Analysis and quantification of noise.

FT-RAMAN SPECTRUM OF CDMBP

DSC thermograms: (a) CTAB-bentonite, pure chitosan film, and CS/(Ag-CTAB-bentonite)-5% film; and (b) three films: CS/(CTAB-bentonite)-1%, CS/ (CTAB-bentonite)-3%, and CS/(CTAB-bentonite)-5%.

Three different categories of specimens on the α, β, and λ plane.

Variation in wear rate with respect to the addition of rice husk ash (150 rpm).

Nyquist plots for CNF and CNFeZrO2-18 towards V2þ/V3þ redox reaction at the polarization potential of 0.45 V in 1.6 mol L1 V3þ þ 3.0 mol L1 H2SO4 electrolyte (a), and corresponding equivalent circuit representing the circuit elements in Nyquist spectra (b).

Captured photographs of the crack configuration at different locations along the path of mode I crack propagation.

Relative Si fraction (%) of the samples as calculated from the deconvolution of 29Si NMR spectra.

rshfeld surfaces (a) dnorm (b) di (c) de (d) curvedness (e) shape index

Schematic illustration of (WF/GO) hybrid preparation.

Average chemistry of the three identified phases in the dataset presented through this work. As with (#page-10-0),c,e,g; (#page-11-0) and (#page-12-0) this analysis was performed with a variance tolerance, t, of 0.2% and an EBSD weighting, w, of 1. Filled regions plot average composition, dotted lines show +/- a standard deviation from the mean (tabulated data for this is provided in the supplementary information). This is shown for directly quantified RC-spectra (a) and average spectra assigned to the sam